ĐỘNG TỪ KHUYẾT THIẾU

CÁCH DÙNG CỦA ĐỘNG TỪ KHUYẾT THIẾU

1. CAN/ BE ABLE TO

CAN BE ABLE TO

“be able to” và “can” để diễn tả một khả năng hay sự có thể. Tuy nhiên, “can” không
có dạng tương lai nên ta sử dụng “will be able to”

Dùng để diễn tả những điều có thể làm do Dùng để diễn tả những điều có thể làm do cố
khả năng, năng khiếu của bản thân gắng, xoay xở mới làm được
Ví dụ: Ví dụ:
I can swim. (= I have the ability to In spite of his broken leg, he was able to get
swim). out of the burning house.

2. MUST/ HAVE TO

MUST HAVE TO

Cả “must” và “have to” đều có nghĩa là “cần phải/ phải”

Diễn tả sự cần thiết phải làm gì nhưng là
do chủ quan (tự bản thân nhận thức thấy)
Ví dụ:
I must phone my sister. (=> I am aware
that this is necessary).
Diễn tả sự cần thiết phải làm gì nhưng là do
khách quan (nội quy, quy định...)
Ví dụ:
Students have to go to school on time.
(=> It’s school’s regulation).

3. NEED

NEED (cần)

“Need” vừa là động từ thường, vừa là động từ khuyết thiếu

Need là động từ thường Need là động từ khuyết thiếu

- Nó phải dùng trợ động từ khi thành lập - Khi là động từ khuyết thiếu NEED chỉ có
câu phủ định và nghi vấn hình thức hiện tại và có đầy đủ đặc tính của
một động từ khuyết thiếu.
- Động từ theo sau nó phải dùng dạng
“to infinitive” Ví dụ:
Ví dụ: Need he work so hard?

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 She needs to see you. You needn’t go yet, need you?
She doesn’t need to see you.

4. MUSTN’T/ NEEDN’T

MUSTN’T NEEDN’T

MUSTN’T (không được phép): mang ý NEEDN’T (không cần thiết): mang ý
cấm đoán. nghĩa không bắt buộc.
Ví dụ: You mustn’t drink it. It is Ví dụ: You needn’t hurry. We still have a
poisonous. lot time to do it.

5. SHOULD/ OUGHT TO

SHOULD OUGHT TO

“should” và “ought to” đều có nghĩa là “nên” dùng để đưa ra lời khuyên, ý kiến

Chỉ sự bắt buộc hay bổn phận nhưng ở
mức độ nhẹ hơn “Must”.
Ví dụ:
- You should send this report by 8th
September.
Chỉ sự bắt buộc. Mạnh hơn “Should” nhưng
chưa bằng “Must”.
Ví dụ:
She really ought to apologize.

6. SHALL/ WILL

SHALL WILL

“shall” và “will” đều có nghĩa là “sẽ” dùng để đưa ra một quyết định tại thời điểm nói.
“will” có thể đi được với tất cả các ngôi, còn “shall” chỉ được dùng với ngôi I/ we.

- Dùng để xin ý kiến, đưa gợi ý. - Diễn đạt, dự đoán sự việc xảy ra trong
tương lai.
Ví dụ:
Ví dụ:
Where shall we eat tonight?
Tomorrow will be sunny.

- Người ta dùng cấu trúc “Shall I...” để đề - Người ta dùng cấu trúc “Will you...” để đề
nghị ai giúp mình.
nghị giúp ai.
Ví dụ:
Ví dụ:

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 Shall I carry the luggage for you? Will you give me her address?

7. MAY/ MIGHT

MAY MIGHT

“may” và “might” đều có nghĩa là “có lẽ” dùng để diễn tả điều gì có thể xảy ra nhưng
không chắc . “Might” là quá khứ của “may”

- Diễn tả điều gì có thể xảy ra ở hiện tại. - Diễn tả điều gì có thể xảy ra ở quá khứ.
- “Might” được dùng không phải là quá khứ
của “may” với mức độ “có thể” thấp hơn
“may”.

8. CAN/ COULD

CAN COULD

“can” và “could” được dùng trong câu hỏi đề nghị, xin phép, yêu cầu.

Diễn tả khả năng hiện tại hoặc tương lai Diễn tả khả năng xảy ra trong quá khứ.
mà một người có thể làm được gì, hoặc Ví dụ: My brother could speak English
một sự việc có thể xảy ra. when he was five.
Ví dụ: I can swim./ It can rain.

9. MODAL VERB + HAVE + VP2

MUST + HAVE + VP2: chỉ sự suy đoán logic dựa trên

những hiện tượng có thật ở quá khứ

SHOULD + HAVE + VP2: chỉ một việc lẽ ra đã phải

xảy ra trong quá khứ nhưng vì lý do nào đó lại không xảy
ra.
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CAN’T + HAVE + VP2: chỉ những việc không thể đã
MODAL 3
NEEDN’T
MAY/
COULD MIGHT
xảy ra vì + HAVE
có + HAVE
căn + HAVE
cứ, + VP2:
cơ +
sở VP2:
+ ràng
rõ chỉ
VP2:chỉ
những
chỉ
những
những
việcviệc
lẽviệc
đãlẽ xảy
có
ra thể
đã
ra
PERFEC không
đã
nhưng
xảy cần
trên
ra nhưng
thiết
thực phải
tế
không
thìlàm
không
chắc
nhưng
chắn.
đã làm.
Practise
1. You are not allowed to take photos in the museum.
A. You may take photos in the museum.
B.. You should take photos in the museum.
C. You mustn’t take photos in the museum.
D. You needn’t take photos in the museum.
2. I’m certain that Joe attended the ceremony as he can vividly recount the event.
A. Joe could have attended the ceremony as he can vividly recount the event.
B.. Joe must have attended the ceremony as he can vividly recount the event.
C. Joe mightn’t have attended the ceremony as he can vividly recount the event.
D. Joe needn’t have attended the ceremony as he can vividly recount the event.
3. I thought it was not necessary to book tickets for the film in advance, but I was wrong.
A. I needn’t have booked tickets for the film in advance.
B.. I couldn’t have booked tickets for the film in advance.
C. I should have booked tickets for the film in advance.
D. I must have booked tickets for the film in advance.
4. I’m sure that they had practiced hard for the games as they won a lot of medals
A. They couldn’t have practiced hard for the games as they won a lot of medals
B. They must have practiced hard for the games as they won a lot of medals
C. They shouldn’t have practiced hard for the games as they won a lot of medals
D. They might have practiced hard for the games as they won a lot of medals.
5. It was wrong of you to criticise your son in front of his friends.
A. You could have criticised your son in front of his friends.
B.. You must have criticised your son in front of his friends.
C. You mightn’t have criticised your son in front of his friends.
D. You shouldn’t have criticised your son in front of his friends.
6. I’m sure Luisa was very disappointed when she failed the exam.
A. Luisa must be very disappointed when she failed the exam.
B.. Luisa must have been very disappointed when she failed the exam.
C. Luisa may be very disappointed when she failed the exam.
D. Luisa could have been very disappointed when she failed the exam.
7. I really believe my letter came as a great surprise to John.
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 A. John might be very surprised to receive my letter.
B.. John might have been very surprised to receive my letter.
C. John must be very surprised to receive my letter.
D. John must have been very surprised to receive my letter.
8. Sally paid for her travel in advance, but it wasn’t necessary.
A. Sally needn’t have paid for her travel in advance.
B.. Sally might not have paid for her travel in advance.
C. Sally may not have paid for her travel in advance.
D. Sally couldn’t have paid for her travel in advance.
9. You needn’t have taken so many warm clothes there.
A. It was not necessary for you to take so many warm clothes there.
B.. You have taken so many warm clothes there that I don’t need.
C. There’s no need for you to take so many warm clothes there.
D. You took lots of warm clothes there but it turned out not necessary.
10. Mary should never have been allowed to try to swim in the sea alone.
A. When Mary let to swim in the sea alone, she said new what she was doing.
B.. It would probably be wrong to let Mary swims in the sea on her own.
C. No one could have stopped Mary from trying to swim in the sea by herself.
D. Someone ought to have stopped Mary from attempting to swim in the sea on her own.
11. It was impossible that he forgot to wear the helmet.
A. He should have worn the helmet
B.. He must have worn the helmet
C. He might have forgot to wear the helmet
D. He needn’t have forgot wearing the helmet
12. The fishes had died. I’m sure he forgot to feed them.
A. He must have forgot to feed the fishes.
B.. He should have fed the fishes.
C. He needn’t have fed the fishes.
D. He might have forgot feeding the fishes.
13. His parents complained about his absence from school. It’s wrong of him not to tell them about that.
A. He should have told his parents about his absence from school.
B.. He might have told his parents about his absence from school.
C. He must have told his parents about his absence from school.
D. He can have told his parents about his absence from school.
14. I’m sure that she didn’t kill him because she was with me at the supermarket when the murder happened.
She mustn’t have killed him because she was with me at the supermarket when the murder happened.
She needn’t have killed him because she was with me at the supermarket when the murder happened.
She can’t have killed him because she was with me at the supermarket when the murder happened.
She shouldn’t have killed him because she was with me at the supermarket when the murder happened
15. Perhaps he will return before you call.
A. He may be returning before you called.
B.. He may/might have returned before you called.
C. He should have returned before you called.
D. He may return before you call.
16. You don’t need to type the letter right now. You can do it later.
A. You mustn’t type the letter right now because you can do it later.
B.. You can’t have typed the letter right now because you can do it later.
C. You needn’t type the letter right now because you can do it later.
D. You needn’t have typed the letter right now because you can do it later.
17. It’s against the law if you hunt the endangered species.
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 A. You don’t need to hunt the endangered species.
B.. You mustn’t hunt the endangered species.
C. You needn’t hunt the endangered species.
D. You can’t hunt the endangered species.
18. I’m sure he knew all about the secret because he was there when we were talking.
A. He must be knowing all about the secret because he was there when we were talking.
B.. He should have known all about the secret because he was there when we were talking.
C. He must have known all about the secret because he was there when we were talking.
D. He might have known all about the secret because he was there when we were talking.
19. It isn’t mandatory to submit my assignment today.
A. I mustn’t submit my assignment today.
B.. My assignment must have been submitted today.
C. I needn’t submit my assignment today.
D. My assignment is required to submit by today.
20. Tom went on and on apologizing about it, which was quite unnecessary.
A. Tom can’t have apologized. I quite understand.
B.. Tom shouldn’t have apologized. I quite understand.
C. Tom wouldn’t have apologized. I quite understand.
D. Tom needn’t have apologized. I quite understand.
21. It’s possible that she didn’t hear what I said.
A. She might have not heard what I said.
B.. She might not hear what I said.
C. She may not hear what I said.
D. She may not have heard what I said.
22. It’s was wrong of you to betray her because she was kind to you.
A. You shouldn’t have betrayed her because she was kind to you.
B.. You needn’t have betrayed her because she was kind to you.
C. You can’t have betrayed her because she was kind to you.
D. You mustn’t have betrayed her because she was kind to you.
23. I’m sure he did this because I saw him standing there.
A. He must have done this because I saw him standing there.
B.. He can have done this because I saw him standing there.
C. He need have done this because I saw him standing there.
D. He may have done this because I saw him standing there.
24. I’m sure it wasn’t Mr. Pike you saw because he is in London.
A. It mustn’t have been Mr. Pike you saw because he is in London.
B.. It can’t have been Mr. Pike you saw because he is in London.
C. It mightn’t be Mr. Pike you saw because he is in London.
D. It couldn’t be Mr. Pike you saw because he is in London.
25. You have to do clean the house every morning because there is a lot of smoke out there.
A. The house has been cleaned every morning because there is a lot of smoke out there.
B.. The house has to do by you every morning because there is a lot of smoke out there.
C. The house has to be done every morning because there is a lot of smoke out there.
D. The house have to be done every morning because there is a lot of smoke out there.
26. It isn’t necessary for you to send her a letter today.
A. Her letter must have been sent today.
B.. I mustn’t send her letter today.
C. Her letter was required to send today.
D. You needn’t send her a letter today.
27. Is it possible for me to phone you at about 10 pm tomorrow?
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 A. Will I phone you at about 10 pm tomorrow?
B.. Can I phone you at about 10 pm tomorrow?
C. Must I phone you at about 10 pm tomorrow?
D. Could phone you at about 10 pm tomorrow?
28. It’s time for me to start to think about the job I will do in the future.
A. I should start to think about the job I will do in the future.
B.. I may start to think about the job I will do in the future.
C. I needn’t start to think about the job I will do in the future.
D. I must have started to think about the job I will do in the future.
29. James should have been told the news a long time ago.
A. James did not tell the news a long time ago.
B.. James had not told the news for a long time.
C. James was not told the news although it was necessary for him.
D. James has not been told the news for a long time although he should know it.
30. Smoking is not allowed in public places such as: hospitals, schools.
A. You needn’t smoke in public places such as: hospitals, schools.
B.. You mustn’t smoke in public places such as: hospitals, schools.
C. You don’t smoke in public places such as: hospitals, schools.
D. You may smoke in public places such as: hospitals, schools.

Practise 2
I. Choose the best option for each sentence:
1) Young people ______ obey their parents.
a. must b. may c. will d. ought to
2) Laura, you and the kids just have dinner without waiting for me. I ______ work very hard today.
a. can b. may c. should d. would
3) I ______ be delighted to show you round the factory.
a. ought to b. would c. might d. can
4) Leave early so that you ______ miss the bus.
a. didn’t b. won’t c. shouldn’t d. mustn’t
5) Jenny's engagement ring is enormous! It ______ have cost a fortune
a. must b. might c. will d. should
6) You ______ to write them today.
a. should b. must c. had d. ought
7) I hope I ______ find it.
a. will b. shall c. could d. must
8) Unless he runs he______ catch the train.
a. will b. mustn’t c. wouldn’t d. won’t
9) ______ you be in Rome tonight.
a. will b. may c. might d. maybe
10) We ______ have time to help you tomorrow.
a. may b. must c. will d. could.
11) "______ you hand me that pair of scissors, please?"
a. May b. Will c. Shall d. Should
12) Jeanette did very badly on the exam. She _____ harder.

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a. must have studied c. could have studied
b. should have studied d. must studied
13) He was very lucky when he fell off the ladder. He _____ himself.
a. could have hurt c. must have hurt
b. should have hurt d. will have hurt
14) Marcela didn't come to class yesterday. She _____ an accident.
a. should have had c. must have
b. might have d. may have had
15) John still hasn't come out. He ______ everything for the trip now.
a. must have been preparing c. must be preparing
b. will be preparing d. will have prepared
16) Thomas received a warning for speeding. He _____ so fast.
a. shouldn't have driven c. should have
b. would have driven d. might have driven
17) The photos are black. The X-ray at the airport _____ them.
a. should have damaged c. would have damaged
c. would damage d. must have damaged
18) Tom didn't do his homework, so the teacher became very angry. He _____ his homework.
a. must have done b. should have done
c. might have d. will have done
19) My car stopped on the high way. It _____ out of gas
a. may run c. must be
b. may have run d. should have run
20) Robert arrived without his book. He _____ it.
a. could have lost c. would have lost
b. should have lost d. will have lost
21) "Where do you think Rooney is today?". "I have no idea. He _____ late."
a. should have left c. would sleep
b. would have sleep d. may have sleep
22) Berbatov painted his bedroomblack. It looks dark and dreary. He _____ a different color.
a. had to choose c. must have chosen
b. should have chosen d. could have been choosing
23) The children _____ "thank you" to you when you gave them their gifts.
a. will have said c. should have said
b. must say d. should say
24) If we had known your new address, we _____ to see you.
a. came c. will come
b. would have come d. would come
25) These two boys look identical. They _____ twins.
a. must have been  c. should be
b. must be d. should have been
Exercise 3
1. When my father was young, he _____ work in the garden for long hours.
a. can b. could c. will d. should
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2. He_____ have committed the crime because he was with me that day.
a. mustn't b. shouldn't c. won't d. couldn't
3. Since we have to be there by 8.30, we_____ take a taxi.
a. had better b. may c. ought d. are able to
4. It_____ rain this evening. Why don't you take an umbrella?
a. could be b. must c. might d. had better
5. _____ you help me with the homework?
a. May b. Shall c. Should d. Will
6. She hasn't eaten anything since yesterday. She_____ be really hungry.
a. might b. will c. must d. can
7. I put my keys on the table, but now it's gone. Someone_____ have taken it.
a. may b. had to c. should d. would rather
8. Daisy is reading her English test because she has a test tomorrow. She_____ be studying.
a. will b. should c. must d. can
9. We _____ put the fish in the fridge before it spoils.
a. had to b. may c. can d. had better
10. Mr. Brown is very rich. He_____ work hard for a living.
a. mustn't b. shouldn't c. can't d. doesn't have to
11. Tom has just got a new job. He_____ be very pleased.
a. might b. must c. should d. will
12. Tom panted his room black. It looks dark and dreary. He _____ have chosen another colour.
a. should b. must c. could d. may
13. _____ you carry this bag for me?
a. May b. Should c. Will d. Shall
14. You _____ throw litter on the streets.
a. mustn't b. couldn't d. needn't d. won't
15. My mother permitted me to go out at night. She said, "You_____ go out tonight".
a. may b. have to c. must d. ought to
16. It is possible that she will come to our party tonight. She come her tonight.
a. need b. may c. should d. will
17. They can type. They_____ type.
a. lean how to b. are able to c. know how to d. both B &C
18. He advised me to take an English course. I_____ take it early.
a. should b. shall c. will d. may
19. I'd rather_____ in the field than_____ home.
a. to work/ to stay b. work/ stay c. working/ staying d. worked/stayed
20. As an orphan, he _____ earn his living alone.
a. have to c. has had to c. ought to d. had to

Exercise 4
1. They prayed that their daughter_____ be lucky again.
a. may b. will c. could d. might
2. He _____ all that money, so she could save some.
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 a. didn't need to spend b. needn't have spent
c. shouldn't spend d. oughtn't to spend
3. He spent all that money last week. He_____ so much.
a. didn't need to spend b. shouldn't spend
c. needn't have spent d. didn't have to spend
4. He had to work hard so that he _____ his family.
a. may support b. supported c. can support d. might support
5. They have plenty of time, so they need not_____
a. be hurry b. to hurry c. hurry d. to be hurry
6. You're having a sore throat. You'd better_____ to the doctor.
a. to go b. went c. go d. going
7. I would rather_____ poor but happy than become rich without happiness.
a. being b. be c. to be d. was
8. Sit down please _____ a cup of tea?
a. Do you like b. Do you like to drink
c. Would you like d. Will you like
9. Must you come when your neighbout calls?
No, I_____
a. must not b. mustn't c. don't have to d. must not come
10. May I have 2 tickets, please? two tickets, please?
a. You must given me
b. You have got to give me
c. Could I have
d. You may give me
11. He will have to stay in hospital. That's what he_____
a. has done b. must do c. must be doing d. must have done
12. Do you have to buy this hat? No, I _____. It isn't necessary.
a. mustn't b. won't c. needn't d. don't need
13. A man never have too many ties. It's ______
a. unable b. impossible c. improbable d. incapable
14. It could not tell the difference between Indian music and jazz……….
a. might not b. may not c. mustn't d. wasn't able to
15. This plane could get over the mountain if it rose to 10,000 feet. This means it______ over the
mountains.
a. would succeed in getting b. got c. was bale to get d. had got
16. The plane was then able to rise. This means it______
a. could rise b. might rise c. might succeed in rising d. rose
17. Byrd knew that he would be able to reach the South Pole. It would be______.
a. impossible b. necessary c. able d. possible
18. He ought not______ him but she did.
a. to tell b. to telling c. tell d. to have told
19. I’d rather you______ that.
a. do b. don't do c. won't do d. didn't do
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20. ______ run so fast?
a. Does he need b. Need he to c. Need he d. Needs he

Exercise 5
1. He didn't need______ out of his room in Moscow.
a. go b. to going c. going d. to go
2. I could not ______ it even though I had wanted to do so.
a. had bought b. buy c. buying d. have bought
3. I left my pen in this box, but it isn’t there now. Someone______ it.
a. must have taken b. must take c. had to take d. had taken
4. Mary received 100 dollars from her sister. She______ the ring she wanted. It only costs 10
dollars.
a. buys b. had bought c. bought d. might have bought
5. It lost my Honda last week; I hadn't locked it. You______ it.
a. should lock b. should have locked c. ought to lock d. could lock
6. In 1900 the world had no deaths from rabies. Scientists______ wonderful vaccine.
a. has discovered b. discovered c. must have discovered d. should have discovered
7. Mary received 100 dollars from her sister. She______ the computer she wanted. It costs 200
dollars.
a. wouldn't buy b. hadn't bought c. couldn't have bought d. didn't buy
8. Once Helen failed in her exam. She played too much. She______ too much.
a. shouldn't have played b. should play
c. shouldn't play d. wouldn't have played
9. If I had liked that watch, may be I ______ bought it.
a. will have b. must have c. would have d. shall have
10. Did my sister tell you that I had been to Dalat?
a. might have b. could have c. would have d. must have
11. The women of this tribe______ precious ornaments for slat because they didn’t have any salt.
a. have traded b. traded c. would have traded d. could trade
12. I took my only son to the park but he didn't like it. You ______ him to the zoo.
a. should take b. had to take c. took d. should have taken
13. We are now wet. You______ the raincoats with you.
a. should bring b. should have brought c. must bring d. have to bring
14. The yard is wet. It______ last night.
a. must rain b. must have rain c. must have rained d. had to rain
15. Many birds will______ more than 3,000 miles to reach their winter homes.
a. flying b. fly c. be fly d. flew
16. The pen won't write; it______ out of ink.
a. must run b. must be running c. must have run d. must have ran
17. The line is busy; someone______ the telephone now.
a. must be using b. must have used c. must used d. must have been using
18. Bob is absent; he______ sick gain now.
a. must have been b. must be c. must be being d. must being
[Date]
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19. He______ his j ob because he seems very happy.
a. would like b. can like c. will like d. must like
20. She told me that she'd rather______ on the committee.
a. not to serve b. not serving c. not serve d. serving not

[Date]
12