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TOPIC 6. IF CLAUSE (CÂU ĐIỀU KIỆN)

Các loại câu điều kiện:
Type If Clause Main Clause Usage

0 If + Present simple Present simple Sự thật hiển nhiên

1 If + Present simple (Present Có thật ở hiện tại

Future simple
continuous,)
2 Would/Could/Should (not) + V Không có thật ở
If + Past simple (Past continuous)
(inf) hiện tại
3 If + Past perfect (Past perfect Would/Could/Should (not) + Không có thật
continuous) Have + V3/ed trong quá khứ

Hỗn hợp Một sự việc xảy ra

trong quá khứ
nhưng hậu quả còn
(1) Would/Could/Should (not) _ V
(1) If + Past perfect kéo dài đến hiện tại
(inf)
(2) If + Simple past (Past Một bản chất hoặc
(2) Would/Could/Should (not) +
continuous) một tình trạng vốn
Have + V3/ed
có ở hiện tại gây ra
hậu quả trong quá
khứ

3 Loại câu điều kiện trong tiếng anh

(I) Câu điều kiện loại 1
Khái niệm về câu điều kiện loại 1

 Câu điều kiện loại I còn được gọi là câu điều kiện có thực ở hiện tại.
 Điều kiện có thể xảy ra ở hiện tại hoặc tương lai.

Cấu trúc - Công thức câu điều kiện loại 1

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If + Present simple, Future simple

Ex:

 If you come into my garden, my dog will bite you. (Nếu anh vào vườn của tôi, con
chó của tôi sẽ cắn anh đó.)
 If it is sunny, I will go fishing. (Nếu trời nắng tốt, tôi sẽ đi câu cá.)

Cách dùng câu điều kiện loại 1:

Câu điều kiện loại 1 còn có thể được gọi là câu điều kiện hiện tại có thể có thật. Ta sử
dụng câu điều kiện loại 1 để đặt ra một điều kiện có thể thực hiện được trong hiện tại và
nêu kết quả có thể xảy ra.

(II) Câu điều kiện loại 2

Khái niệm về câu điều kiện loại 2:

 Câu điều kiện loại II còn được gọi là câu điều kiện không có thực ở hiện tại.
 Điều kiện không thể xảy ra ở hiện tại hoặc tương lai, điều kiện chỉ là một giả thiết,
một ước muốn trái ngược với thực trạng hiện tại.

Cấu trúc câu điều kiện loại 2

If + Past simple, Would/Could/Should (not) + V (inf)

Ex:

 If I were a bird, I would be very happy. (Nếu tôi là một con chim, tôi sẽ rất hạnh
phúc.) (Thực tế tôi không thể là chim được)
 If I had a million USD, I would buy that car. (Nếu tôi có một triệu đô la, tôi sẽ
mua chiếc xe đó.) (Ở thời điểm hiện tại tôi không có số tiền đó)

(III) Câu điều kiện loại 3

Khái niệm về câu điều kiện loại 3:

 Câu điều kiện loại III là câu điều kiện không có thực trong quá khứ.
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 Điều kiện không thể xảy ra trong quá khứ, chỉ mang tính ước muốn trong quá khứ,
một giả thiết trái ngược với thực trạng ở quá khứ.

Cấu trúc câu điều kiện loại 3

If + Past perfect, Would/Could/Should (not) + have + V3/ed

Ex:

 If he had come to see me yesterday, I would have taken him to the movies. (Nếu
hôm qua nó đến thăm tôi thì tôi đã đưa nó đi xem phim rồi.)
 If I hadn’t been absent yesterday, I would have met him. (Nếu hôm qua tôi không
vắng mặt thì tôi đã gặp mặt anh ta rồi.)

IV. Câu điều kiện ở dạng đảo.

Trong tiếng Anh câu điều kiện loại 2 và 3 thường được dùng ở dạng đảo (Inversion).

Ex:

 Were I the president, I would build more hospitals. (Nếu tôi là chủ tịch, tôi sẽ cho
xây thêm nhiều bệnh viện)
 Had I taken his advice, I would be rich now. (Nếu tôi nghe theo lời khuyên của
anh ấy thì bây giờ tôi đã giàu rồi)

ĐẢO NGỮ CỦA CÂU ĐIỀU KIỆN

Đảo ngữ câu điều kiện loại 1: Should + S + Vo, S + Will +Vo

 If he has free time, he’ll play tennis. => Should he have free time, he’ll play tennis

Đảo ngữ câu điều kiện loại 2: Were + S + to + Vo, S + Would + Vo

 If I learned Russian, I would read a Russian book. => Were I to learn Russian, I
would read a Russian book

Đảo ngữ câu điều kiện loại 3: Had + S + V3/Ved, S + Would have + V3/Ved
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 If he had trained hard, he would have won the match. => Had he trained hard, he
would have won the match.

4. Unless = If...not
Unless cũng thường được dùng trong câu điều kiện - lúc đó Unless = If not. Ví dụ:

 Unless we start at once, we will be late.

 If we don't start at once we will be late.
 Unless you study hard, you won't pass the exams.
 If you don't study hard, you won't pass the exams.

V. Một số biến thể của câu điều kiện:

1. Loại 1
A. Biến thể của cụm động từ trong mệnh đề chính (Main Clause)
- Đối với câu gợi ý, khuyên răn, đề nghị hoặc yêu cầu nhưng nhấn mạnh về hành động
If + present simple, ... would like to/must/have to/should... + V-inf.
Ex. If you go to the library today, I would like to go with you.
If you want to lose weight, you should do some exercise.

- Đối với trường hợp muốn diễn tả hậu quả tất yếu của điều kiện đặt ra theo quy
luật hoặc thói quen
If + present simple, present simple.
Ex. If you eat this poisonous fruit, you die at once.
If you boil water, it turns to vapor.

- Đối với câu mệnh lệnh (chủ ngữ ẩn ở mệnh đề chính)

If + present simple, (do not) V-inf.
Ex. If you are hungry, go to a restaurant.
If you feel cold, don't open the door.

- Đối với câu khuyên răn, trong trường hợp này không thực sự là một câu điều kiện bởi
"if" mang nghĩa như "as, since, because"
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If + present simple, why do (not) + V-inf.

Ex. If you like the movie, why don't you go to the cinema?

B. Biến thể của cụm động từ trong mệnh đề điều kiện (If Clause)
- Đối với trường hợp đang xảy ra ngay trong hiện tại
If + present continuous, simple future.
Ex. If he is working, I won't disturb him.
If you are doing exercises, I shall wait.
If I am playing a nice game, don't put me to bed.(tương đương simple future)

- Đối với câu đề nghị, gợi ý, bày tỏ ý kiến mang tính lịch sự
If + can/may/must/have to/should/be going to + V-inf, simple future.
Ex. If I can help you, I will.
If I may get into the room now, I shan't feel cold.
If I must/have to take the oral test, I shall feel afraid.
If you are going to go to University, you must study hard before an entrance examination.
If you should see her tomorrow, please tell her to phone me at once. (tương đương
probably)

Lưu ý: Trong câu "if + subject + should + V-inf.", should có thể được đưa lên đầu câu
thay "if"
Should + V-inf., simple future.
Ex. Should you see him on the way home from work, please tell him to call on me

2. Loại 2
A. Biến thể của cụm động từ trong mệnh đề chính (Main Clause)
- If + past simple, ... would/should/could/might/had to/ought to + be V-ing.
Ex. If we left Hanoi for Hue this morning, we would be staying in Hue tomorrow.

- If + past simple, past simple. (việc đã xảy ra)

Ex. If the goalkeeper didn't catch the ball, they lost.

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- If dùng như "as, since, because" có thể kết hợp với động từ ở nhiều thì khác nhau trong
mệnh đề chính và không thực sự là một câu điều kiện.
Ex. If you knew her troubles, why didn't you tell me?

B. Biến thể của cụm động từ trong mệnh đề điều kiện (If Clause)
- If + past continuous, ... would/could + V-inf.
Ex. If we were studying English in London now, we could speak English much better.

3. Loại 3
A. Biến thể của cụm động từ trong mệnh đề chính (Main Clause)
- If + past perfect, ... could/might + present perfect.
Ex. If we had found him earlier, we could have saved his life.

BÀI TẬP.

Exercise 1. Chọn đáp án đúng.

1. I would have visited you before if there _____ quite a lot of people in your house.
A. hadn't B. hadn't been C. wouldn't be D. wasn't
2. If you had caught the bus, you _____ late for work.
A. wouldn't have been B. would have been
C. wouldn’t be D. would be
3. If I _____, I would express my feelings.
A. were asked B. would ask
C. had been asked D. asked
4. If _____ as I told her, she would have succeeded.
A. she has done B. she had done
C. she does D. she did
5. Will you be angry if I _____ your pocket dictionary?
A. stole B. have stolen C. were to steal D. steal
6. You made a mistake by telling her a lie. It _____ better if you _____ to her.
A. would have been/ hadn't lied B. would be/ didn't lie
C. will be/ don't lie D. would be/ hadn't lied
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7. John would be taking a great risk if he _____ his money in that business.
A. would invest B. invested C. had invested D. invests
8. She wouldn't have given them all that money if we _____ her to.
A. wouldn’t advise B. won't advise
C. hadn't advised D. didn't advise
9. If the tree hadn't been so high, he _____ it up to take his kite down.
A. could have climbed B. climb
C. is climbing D. climbed
10. If the wall weren't so high, he _____ it up to take his ball down.
A. climbed B. could climb C. is climbing D. climb
11. If I _____ her phone number, I _____ her last night
A. had known/ could have phoned B. knew/ would have phoned
C. know/ can phone D. knew/ could phone
12. If he ______ the truth, the police wouldn’t arrest him.
A. tells B. told C. had told D. would tell
13. If you press that button what _____?
A. would happen B. would have happened
C. will happen D. happen
14. She says if she _____ that the traffic lights were red she _____.
A. had realized/ would stop B. realized/ could have stopped
C. has realized/ stopped D. had realized/ would have stopped
15. I am very thin. I think, if I _____ smoking, I might get fat.
A. stop B. had stopped C. will stop D. stopped
16. If I _____ that yesterday, I _____ them.
A. had discovered/ would inform
C. had discovered/ would have informed
D. had discovered/ could inform
C. discovered/ can inform
17. If you _______ to the course regularly, they ________ a certificate last year.
A. go/ gave B. go/ give

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C. had gone/ would have given D. went/ would give

18. I think he is not at home. If he _____ in, he ______ the phone.
A. was/ answered B. were/ would answer
C. were/ would have answered D.had been/ would have answered
19. If I ______ in London now, I could visit British Museum.
A. were B. had been C. have been D. would be
20. If I find it, I …................……you.

a. will tell b. would tell c. had told d. told.

Exercise 2. Choose the best answer.

1-I f I …………..a lot of money now, I ……………..a new car.

a. have /will buy b. have / would buy c. had/ will buy d. had/ would buy.

2- If I ………...….…you, I ………...…….do that.

a. am/ will b. were /would c. were/ will d. had been/ would.

3- If I were offered the job, I think I ……........…. it.

a. take b. will take c. would take d. would have

taken.

4- I would be very surprised if he……………..

a. refuses b. refused c. had refused d. would refuse.

5- If you…….....……Tom , tell him I have a message for him.

a. will meet b. would meet c. meet d. met

6- If she sold her car, she ………...… much money.

a. gets b. would get c. will get d. would have got.

7- They would be disappointed if we……………….

a. hadn’t come b. wouldn’t come c. don’t come d. didn’t come.

8- Would John be angry if I ……. …......…his bicycle without asking?

a. take b. took c. had taken d. would take.

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9- She …….......….terrible upset if I lost this ring.

a. will be b. would be c. were d. had been.

10- If someone…..........………in here with a gun, I would be very frightened.

a. would walk b. walks c. had walked d. walked.

11- What would happen if you ……………..to work tomorrow?

a. don’t go b. didn’t go c. won’t go d. wouldn’t go.

12-- If you …….......……with your dictionary, I would like to borrow it.

a. finish b. finished c. will finish d. are finishing.

13- If I go shopping, I …........……some food.

a. buy b. will buy c. would buy d. would have

bought.

14- If I find it, I …................……you.

a. will tell b. would tell c. had told d. told.

15- What would you do if you……………a million dollars?

a. would win b. win c. had won d. won.

16- They would be hurt if I ……...………….

a. don’t go b. didn’t go c. hadn’t gone d. wouldn’t go.

17- If we took the 6: 30 train, we….........………too early.

a. would have arrived b. arrive c. will arrived d. would arrive.

18- Miss An does not want to go on the trip if nobody……......……..with her.

a. go b. goes c. went d. going.

19- Betty will not go to the party unless John ……………….,too.

a. go b. went c. going d. goes

20- I…………....out if I hadn’t been so tired.

a. will go b. went c. would have gone d. would go.

21- You won’t pass the examination……………you study more.

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a. as long as b. unless c. if d. whether.

22- If it………………, they will not go out.

a. rains b. rained c. rain d. raining.

23- What would Lan do if she …………..the Miss world.

a. would be b. were c. will be d. is.

24- If I were in your place, I …….......….a trip to England.

a. will make b. had made c. made. d. would make.

25- If I ………….. you , I would save some of your lottery winning.

a. be b. were c. am d. was

26- If I had enough money, I …........…… abroad to improve my English.

a. will go b. should go c. would go d. should have go to

27- If it …….......... convenient, let’s go out for a drink tonight.

a. be b. was c. were d. is

28- If you ….........…. time, please write to me.

a. have .b. have had c. had d. has

29- If you had the chance, …………… you go finishing?

a. did b. would c. may d. do

30- If someone …......…… into the store, smile and say, “ May I help you?”

a. comes b. came c. would come d. could lend

31- If you stay up late the previous night, you ……..…. sleepy the next morning.

a. feel b. to feel c. feels d. will feel

32- If Peter …….....…, Sarah will be sad because she wants to meet him very much

a. comes b. do not come c. does not come d. will come

33- I won’t make tea unless they ...................

a.arrive b. will arrive c. don’t arrive d. would arrive

34- If Tom forgets his lunch, he ...................hungry at lunchtime.

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a.will be b. is c. would be d. was

35- If I met an alien from outer spaces, I................... him to my home

a.will invite b. would invite c. invited d. invite

36- Would you mind if I .....................you up earlier?

a.picked b.will pick c. would pick d. picks

37- If I ......................my passport, I’ll be in trouble.

a.would lose b. lost c. lose d. will lose

38. If it snowed this summer, we …………………… skiing.

A. goes B. will go C. would go D. go
39. If you drove more carefully, you ………………….so many accidents.
A. would not have B. will not have
C. wouldn’t have had D. has
40.. If he ……………………….. up earlier, he’d get to work on time.
A. gets B. will get C. got D. had got
41. I would tell you more about it if we ……………………………… more time.
A. has B. will have C. have D. had
42.. If I ……………………..you, I wouldn’t worry about going to university.
A. am B. be C. were D. had been
43. If the class. ………………………. full, we will find another one.
A. are B. will be C. were D. is
44. If the train is late, we ………………….. to the office.
A. walk B. will walk C. would walk D. walks
45. I wouldn’t have believed it if I………………… it with my own eyes.
A. not to see B. didn’t see C. don’t see D. hadn’t seen
46. John would be taking a great risk if he _____ his money in that business.
A. would invest B. invested C. had invested D. invests
47. . She wouldn't have given them all that money if we _____ her to.
A. wouldn’t advise B. won't advise C. hadn't advised D. didn't advise
48. If the tree hadn't been so high, he _____ it up to take his kite down.

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A. could have climbed B. climb C. is climbing D. climbed

49. . If the wall weren't so high, he _____ it up to take his ball down.
A. climbed B. could climb C. is climbing D. climb
50. If I ______ in London now, I could visit British Museum.
A. were B. am C. have been D. would be

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