CHUYÊN ĐỀ 9: CONDITIONAL SENTENCES (CÂU ĐIỀU KIỆN)

1. Câu điều kiện là gì?

Trong tiếng Anh câu điều kiện dùng để diễn đạt, giải thích về một sự việc nào đó có thể xảy ra khi điều
kiện nói đến xảy ra. Hầu hết các câu điều kiện đều chứa “if”. Một câu điều kiện có hai mệnh đề.

 Mệnh đề chính hay gọi là mệnh đề kết quả.

 Mệnh đề chứa “if” là mệnh đề phụ hay mệnh đề điều kiện, nó nêu lên điều kiện để mệnh đề
chính thành sự thật.

Thông thường mệnh đề chính sẽ đứng trước mệnh đề phụ đứng sau. Tuy nhiên chúng ta có thể đảo
mệnh đề phụ lên trước câu và thêm dấu phẩy vào sau mệnh đề phụ để ngăn cách giữa mệnh đề phụ và
mệnh đề chính.

Ví dụ:

 If the weather is nice, I will go to Cat Ba tomorrow.

 If I were you, I would buy that laptop.

 I would have got better marks if I had learned hard.

2. Các loại câu điều kiện trong tiếng Anh

a. Câu điều kiện loại 0 (zero conditional)

Câu điều kiện loại 0 được sử dụng để diễn giải thích tình huống những tình huống được coi là chân lý,
thường là những sự thật trong cuộc sống, ví dụ như khoa học.

Mệnh đề phụ Mệnh đề chính

If + S + V S+V

(Hiện tại đơn) (Hiện tại đơn)

Example:

 If you freeze water, it becomes a solid.

 Plants die if they don’t get enough water.

 If public transport is efficient, people stop using their cars.

Ngoài ra câu điều kiện loại 0 còn được sử dụng để đưa ra những lời chỉ dẫn, lời đề nghị.

Example:

 If Bill phones, tell him to meet me at the cinema.

 Ask Pete if you’re not sure what to do.

 If you want to come, call me before 5:00.

NOTES: Trong câu điều kiện loại 0, chúng ta có thể thay thế “if” bằng “when” mà không làm thay đổi ý
nghĩa của câu nói:

 If you heat ice, it melts. = When you heat ice, it melts.

 Ice melts if you heat it. = Ice melts when you heat it.
b. Câu điều kiện loại 1

Câu điều kiện loại 1 dùng để diễn tả những sự việc có khả năng xảy ra ở hiện tại hoặc tương lai và kết
quả của nó.

Mệnh đề phụ Mệnh đề chính

If + S + V S + will + V

(Hiện tại đơn) (Tương lai đơn)

Example:

 If you don’t hurry, you will miss the bus.

 If I have time, I’ll finish that letter.

 What will you do if you miss the plane?

Trong câu điều kiện loại 1, thay vì sử dụng thì tương lai chúng ta cũng có thể sử dụng các động từ
khuyết thiếu để thể hiện mức độ chắc chắn hoặc đề nghị một kết quả nào đó:

 If you drop that glass, it might break.

 I may finish that letter if I have time.

 If he calls you, you should go.

c. Câu điều kiện loại 2

Câu điều kiện loại 2 được sử dụng để diễn tả những tình huống không có thật, không thể xảy ra trong
tương lai và giả định kết quả nếu nó có thể xảy ra.

Mệnh đề phụ Mệnh đề chính

If + S + V-ed S + would/could + V bare

(Quá khứ đơn)

Example:

 If the weather wasn’t so bad, we could go to the park. (But the weather is bad so we can’t go.)

 If I was the Queen of England, I might give everyone a chicken. (But I am not the Queen.)

 I would be working in Italy if I spoke Italian. (But I don’t speak Italian, so I am not working in
Italy)

d. Câu điều kiện loại 3

Câu điều kiện loại 3 được sử dụng để diễn tả những sự việc không xảy ra trong quá khứ và xác định kết
quả nếu nó đã xảy ra. Cấu trúc câu này thường ám chỉ sự tiếc nuối hoặc lời trách móc.

Mệnh đề phụ Mệnh đề chính

If + S + had + V-PII S + would/ could + have + V-PII

(Quá khứ hoàn thành)

Example:

 If I had worked harder I could have passed the exam. (But I didn’t work hard, and I didn’t pass
the exam.

 If I had known you were coming I would have baked a cake. (But I didn’t know and I didn’t bake
a cake.

 If she hadn’t got a job in London, she would have married him.
e. Câu điều kiện hỗn hợp

Câu điều kiện hỗn hợp diễn tả những sự việc trái ngược với sự thật đã xảy ra trong quá khứ và giả định
kết quả nếu những điều này thực sự đã xảy ra. Những kết quả này sẽ trái với sự thật ở hiện tại.

Mệnh đề phụ Mệnh đề chính

If + S + had + V-PII
S + would + V
(Quá khứ hoàn thành)

Example:

 If I had studied I would have my driving license. (but I didn’t study and now I don’t have my
license)

 I could be a millionaire now if I had taken that job. (but I didn’t take the job and I’m not a
millionaire)

 If you had spent all your money, you wouldn’t buy this jacket. (but you didn’t spend all your
money and now you can buy this jacket)

3. Một số lưu ý về cách dùng câu điều kiện

a. Trong câu điều kiện có mệnh đề phụ ở dạng phủ định, chúng ta có thể dùng “unless” thay cho “if
not…”

Example:

 I will buy you a new laptop if you don’t let me down.

=> I will buy you a laptop unless you let me down.

 I will go to Cao Bang tomorrow if it doesn’t rain.

=> I will go to Cao Bang tomorrow unless it rains.

 Mary can’t let you in if you don’t give her the password.

=> Mary can’t let you in unless you give her the password.
b. Trong câu điều kiện loại I, chúng ta có thể sử dụng thì tương lai đơn trong mệnh đề phụ nếu mệnh
đề phụ diễn ra sau khi mệnh đề chính diễn ra.

Example:

 If aspirin will ease my headache, I will take a couple tonight.

 If you will take me to the park at 9 a.m, I will wake you up at 8 a.m.

 If I will have English lesson this afternoon, I will book a grab to school now.

c. Trong câu điều kiện loại 2, chúng ta sử dụng “were” thay cho “was”

Example:

 If I were you, I would never do that to her.

 If I were you, I would take part in this competition.

 If I were you, I would believe in her.

d. Cách dùng của câu điều kiện loại 2 và câu điều kiện loại 3 thường được sử dụng trong cấu trúc câu
wish và cấu trúc câu would rather để thể hiện sự tiếc nuối hoặc ý trách móc ai đó đã hoặc không làm
gì:

Example:

 If I had reviewed for the exam, I would not have got mark D!

=> I wish I had reviewed for the exam.

=> I would rather I had reviewed for the exam.

 If I had gone to that party, I could have met her.

=> I wish I had gone to that party.

=> I would rather I had gone to that party.

Exercise 1:
1. If today were not (tobe/not) cold, we would go swimming.

2. If I throw an object away, it will drop (drop).

3. If Hoang studied (study) harder, he would get good marks.

4. If Kim had not been (tobe/not) lazy, she wouldn’t have failed her exam.

5. If they did not go (go/not) to her birthday party tomorrow, they would be very angry.

6. If Lin (know) knew his father’s telephone number, I would give it to you.

7. If I learnt English harder, I would pass (pass) the test yesterday.

8. If Nam had seen (see) her, he would have said ‘hello’.

9. If my sister had missed (miss) the bus, she would have been late for her interview.

10. If it don’t rain, me and my best friends will go (go) out

Exercise 2:
1/ If I (have) had a typewriter, I could type it myself.

2/ If I had known that you were in hospital, I (visit) would have visited you.

3/ You could make much progress: sự tiến bộ if you (attend) attended class regularly = usually

4/ If I (know) knew his telephone number, I would give it to you.

5/ If you (arrive) had arrived ten minutes earlier, you would have got a seat.

6/ If he (study) studies harder, he can pass an exam.

7/ She may be late if she (not hurry) do not hurry.

8/ Tell him to ring me if you (see) see him.

9/ If you (speak) speak more slowly, he might have understood you.

10/ What (you do) would you do if you got fat?

Exercise 3:
1. If we meet at 9:30, we (have) will have plenty of time.

2. If you (find) find a skeleton: bộ xương in the cellar: hầm, don't mention it to anyone.

3. The zookeeper would have punished: trừng trị, phạt her with a fine: tiền phạt if she (feed) had fed
the animals…

4. If you pass your examination, we (have) will have a celebration.

5. Lisa would find the milk if she (look) looked for it in the fridge.

6. What (happen) will happen if I press this button?

7. The door will be unlocked if you (press) press the green button.

8. I should have voted for her if I (have) had had a vote then.

9. If you go to Paris, where will you (stay) stay?

10. If you (swim) swim in this lake, you'll shiver: run bởi vì lạnh from cold.

11. If someone offered: đề nghị làm gì cho mình to buy you one of those rings, which you (choose)
would choose?

12. The flight may be cancelled if the fog: sương mù (get) get thick.

13. If the milkman (come) come, tell him to leave two pints.

14. I (call) would call the office if I were you.

15. Someone (sit) will sit on your glasses if you leave them there.

16. You would hear my explanation: sự giải thích if you (not talk) did not talk so much.

Explain (v)

17. What will I (do) do if I hear the burglar: cướp, trộm alarm?

18. If you (read) had read the instructions: hướng dẫn carefully, you wouldn't have answered the wrong
question.

19. If Mel (ask) had asked her teacher, he'd have answered her questions.

20. I would repair the roof: mái nhà myself if I (have) had a long ladder: thang
21/ If you are kind to me, I (be) _will be______ good to you.

22/ He (come) _would come______ if you waited.

23/ If you (ring) __rang_____ the bell, the servant would come.

24/ If I had known that the baby was hungry, I (feed) _would have fed______ him.

25/ If it (not, rain) _wasn’t rain______ a lot, the rice crop wouldn’t grow.

26/ If today (be) _had been______ Sunday, we wouldn’t have to work.

27/ If she had had your address, she (write) _would written______ to you.

28/ We lost the match. If you (play) _had played______ for us, we (win) _would have won______.

29/ They would not be paid unless they (do) _did______ their work well.

30/ If I became very rich, I (build) _will build______ a hospital for the poor.

31/ If he (give) _gives______ up smoking, as his doctor orders, he will be soon well again.

32/ He (not, have) _would not have had______ an accident if he had not been driving so fast.

33/ If she (write) __had written_____ more carefully, she might not have made too many mistakes.

34/ You would have to stay in bed unless your health (improve) _had improved______.

35/ If I (have) __had______ a typewriter, I could type it myself.

Exercise 4:
1. It would be better if you go- went - to his house.
2. If she followed my advice, she would be richer now.
3. If you have any trouble, will call him.
4. If you will help me, it would be easier.
5. I think be very happy if you came to my house.
6. If I am- were a bird, I could fly.
7. If the goalkeepe (thủ môn) didn’t catch the ball, they would lose.
8. If Jane didn’t love her, he hadn’t- wouldn’t have married her.
9. That plant dies if you don’t water it.
10. If you don’t work hard, you can’t pass the exam

if you dont work hard,you will fail the exam

Exercise 5:
1. It rains all day so Jim don’t join in the game.

➔ If it rained all day, Jim wouldn’t join in the game

2. Leave me alone or she’ll stay at home.

➔ If you don’t leave me alone, she will stay at home

3. My mother couldn’t go to the concept because she was so busy.

➔ If my mother couldn’t go to the concept because she was so busy

4. I didn’t buy this house because I didn’t have enough money.

➔ If I had enough money, I would buy this house

5. Ken ate many ice creams so he felt sick.

➔ If Ken had eaten many ice creams,he wouldn’t have felt sick

6. In the snowy weather, they don’t go to school.

➔ If it weren’t snowy,they could go to school

7. His sister doesn’t speak English. She won’t get the job.

➔ If his sister spoke English , she would get the job