‫دﻳﻨﺎﻣﻴﻜﻴﺔ اﻟﺠﻤﺎﻋﺎت وﻓﺮق اﻟﻌﻤﻞ‬

‫‪Group Dynamics and Teamwork‬‬

 ‫?‪what is a group‬‬ ‫ﻣﺎ هﻲ اﻟﺠﻤﺎﻋﺔ؟‬

‫¾ﺗﺠﻤﻊ ﻳﻀﻢ اﺛﻨﻴﻦ أو أآﺜﺮ ﺑﻴﻨﻬﻢ ﺗﻔﺎﻋﻞ اﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ‬

‫¾ﻟﻬﻢ هﻴﻜﻞ ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻤﻲ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﺮ‬
‫¾ﻟﻬﻢ أهﺪاف ﻣﺸﺘﺮآﺔ‬
‫¾ﻳﻌﺘﺒﺮون أﻧﻔﺴﻬﻢ أﻋﻀﺎء ﺟﻤﺎﻋﺔ ﻣﻤﻴﺰة‬
 ‫أﺳﺒﺎب اﻻﻧﻀﻤﺎم إﻟﻰ اﻟﺠﻤﺎﻋﺎت‬
‫?‪Why do people join groups‬‬

‫‪o‬إﺷﺒﺎع اهﺘﻤﺎم ﻣﺸﺘﺮك‬

‫‪o‬اﻷﻣﺎن‬
‫‪o‬إﺷﺒﺎع ﺣﺎﺟﺔ اﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ‬
‫‪o‬إﺷﺒﺎع اﻟﺤﺎﺟﺔ إﻟﻰ اﺣﺘﺮام اﻟﺬات‬
‫‪How groups are formed‬‬ ‫آﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﺗﻜﻮن اﻟﺠﻤﺎﻋﺎت‬
‫أو ًﻻ‪ -‬ﻧﻤﻮذج اﻟﻤﺮاﺣﻞ اﻟﺨﻤﺲ ‪The five steps model‬‬
 ‫ﺛﺎﻧﻴ ًﺎ‪ -‬ﻧﻤﻮذج ﺗﺄآﻴﺪ اﻟﺘﻮازن‪:‬‬
‫‪Punctuated Equilibrium Model‬‬

‫وﻗﺖ اﻟﺘﻐﻴﻴﺮ‬ ‫وﻗﺖ اﻟﺘﻌﺎدل‬

‫إﻥﺘﻬﺎء اﻟﻌﻤﻞ‬ ‫إﺝﺮاء اﻟﺘﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﻘﻮم اﻟﺠﻤﺎﻋﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻘﻮم اﻟﺠﻤﺎﻋﺔ ﺑﻌﻤﻞ‬
‫أو إﻥﺠﺎزﻩ‬ ‫ﺷﻜﻠﻪ اﻟﻨﻬﺎﺋﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺤﻀﻴﺮ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﻄﻂ‬

‫هﻨﺎ ﻡﻀﻰ ﻥﺼﻒ اﻟﻮﻗﺖ‬ ‫ﺑﺪایﺔ ﻡﻨﺎﻗﺸﺔ ﺗﻜﻮیﻦ‬

‫اﻟﺘﺎریﺦ اﻟﻤﺤﺪد‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺤﺪد ﻹﻥﺠﺎز اﻟﻌﻤﻞ‬
‫ﻹﻥﺠﺎز اﻟﻌﻤﻞ‬ ‫اﻟﺠﻤﺎﻋﺔ‬

‫اﻟﻮﻗﺖ‬
 ‫•وﻃﺒﻘًﺎ ﻟﻠﻨﻤﻮذج ﻓﺈن اﻟﺠﻤﺎﻋﺔ ﺗﻤﺮ ﺑﻄﻮرﻳﻦ ﻳﻨﺘﻬﻲ اﻷول ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﻣﻨﺘﺼﻒ اﻟﻮﻗﺖ اﻟﻤﺤﺪد ﻹﻧﺠﺎز اﻟﺠﻤﺎﻋﺔ ﻷهﺪاﻓﻬﺎ ﺑﺪءًا ﻣﻦ‬
‫وﻗﺖ اﻟﺘﻘﺎﺋﻬﻢ ﻣﻌًﺎ‪.‬‬

‫•واﻟﻨﺼﻒ اﻷول هﻮ وﻗﺖ اﻟﺘﻌﺎدل ﺗﻘﻮم اﻟﺠﻤﺎﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻟﻪ‬

‫ﺑﻮﺿﻊ اﻟﺨﻄﺔ وﻟﻜﻨﻬﺎ ﺗﺤﻘﻖ اﻟﻘﻠﻴﻞ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻄﻠﻮب‪.‬‬

‫•وﺧﻼل اﻟﻨﺼﻒ اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ ﺗﺤﺪث اﻟﺠﻤﺎﻋﺔ اﻟﺘﻐﻴﻴﺮ اﻟﺬي ﻳﻘﻮد إﻟﻰ‬

‫ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻖ اﻟﺠﻤﺎﻋﺔ ﻷهﺪاﻓﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺘﺎرﻳﺦ اﻟﻤﺤﺪد‪.‬‬
 ‫دﻳﻨﺎﻣﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﺑﻨﺎء ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺎت اﻟﻌﻤﻞ‪:‬‬
‫‪The Structural Dynamics of Work Groups‬‬

‫یﻌﺒﺮ هﻴﻜﻞ اﻟﺠﻤﺎﻋﺔ ﻋﻦ اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺴﻮد ﺑﻴﻦ أﻋﻀﺎﺋﻬﺎ وﻋﻠﻰ‬

‫اﻟﺨﺼﺎﺋﺺ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺴﺎﻋﺪ اﻟﺠﻤﺎﻋﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻘﻴﺎم ﺑﺄﻥﺸﻄﺘﻬﺎ ﺑﺄﺱﻠﻮب‬
‫ﻡﺮﺗﺐ ﻡﻤﻜﻦ ﺗﻮﻗﻌﻪ‪.‬‬
 ‫وهﻨﺎك أرﺑﻊ ﺥﺼﺎﺋﺺ ﻟﻬﻴﻜﻞ اﻟﺠﻤﺎﻋﺔ هﻲ‪:‬‬

‫اﻟﺤﺼﻮل‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ روح‬
‫اﻟﻔﺮیﻖ‬
 ‫أداء اﻟﻔﺮد ﻓﻲ اﻟﺠﻤﺎﻋﺎت‪:‬‬
‫‪Individuals Performance in Groups‬‬
‫ﺛﻼﺛﺔ ﻗﻀﺎﻳﺎ وهﻲ‪:‬‬
 ‫إﻥﺠﺎز‬
‫ﻡﺴﺆوﻟﻴﺔإﻥﺠﺎز‬
‫ﻡﺴﺆوﻟﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﺪد‬
‫زادﻋﺪد‬
‫آﻠﻤﺎزاد‬
‫آﻠﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﺡﺠﻢ‬
‫زادﺡﺠﻢ‬
‫آﻠﻤﺎزاد‬
‫آﻠﻤﺎ‬
‫اﻟﺘﻜﺎﺱﻞ‬
‫اﻟﺘﻜﺎﺱﻞ‬ ‫ﺑﻴﻦ‬
‫ﺗﻨﺘﺸﺮﺑﻴﻦ‬
‫اﻟﻌﻤﻞﺗﻨﺘﺸﺮ‬
‫اﻟﻌﻤﻞ‬ ‫ﻗﻞ‬
‫آﻠﻤﺎﻗﻞ‬
‫اﻟﺠﻤﺎﻋﺔآﻠﻤﺎ‬
‫اﻟﺠﻤﺎﻋﺔ‬ ‫ﻗﻞ‬
‫آﻠﻤﺎﻗﻞ‬
‫اﻟﺠﻤﺎﻋﺔآﻠﻤﺎ‬
‫اﻟﺠﻤﺎﻋﺔ‬
‫اﻻﺝﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ‬
‫اﻻﺝﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ‬ ‫ﻡﻦ‬
‫أآﺒﺮﻡﻦ‬
‫ﻋﺪدأآﺒﺮ‬
‫ﻋﺪد‬ ‫یﻘﻊ‬
‫اﻟﺬيیﻘﻊ‬
‫اﻟﻀﻐﻂاﻟﺬي‬
‫اﻟﻀﻐﻂ‬ ‫یﻤﻜﻦ‬
‫اﻟﺬيیﻤﻜﻦ‬
‫اﻟﺘﺄﺛﻴﺮاﻟﺬي‬
‫اﻟﺘﺄﺛﻴﺮ‬
‫اﻷﻓﺮاد‬
‫اﻷﻓﺮاد‬ ‫ﻋﺎﻡﻞ‬ ‫ﻡﻦ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻴﻪﻡﻦ‬
‫اﻟﺤﺼﻮلﻋﻠﻴﻪ‬
‫‪Social‬‬
‫‪Social‬‬ ‫آﻞﻋﺎﻡﻞ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰآﻞ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﺼﻮل‬
‫‪Loafing‬‬ ‫ﻡﺴﺘﻮى‬
‫ﻟﻴﺤﺴﻦﻡﺴﺘﻮى‬
‫ﻟﻴﺤﺴﻦ‬ ‫ﻋﺎﻡﻞ‬
‫آﻞﻋﺎﻡﻞ‬ ‫ﻡﺠﻬﻮدآﻞ‬
‫ﻡﺠﻬﻮد‬
‫‪Loafing‬‬ ‫أداﺋﻪ‬
‫أداﺋﻪ‬
 ‫ﻓﺮق اﻟﻌﻤﻞ ‪ :‬ﻧﻮع ﺧﺎص ﻣﻦ اﻟﺠﻤﺎﻋﺎت‬
‫‪Teams: Special Kinds of Groups‬‬

‫ﺗﻌﺘﺒﺮ ﻓﺮق اﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﻥﻮﻋًﺎ ﺥﺎﺹًﺎ ﻡﻦ ﺝﻤﺎﻋﺎت اﻟﻌﻤﻞ‪،‬ویﺮآﺰ أﻓﺮادهﺎ‬

‫ﻋﻠﻰ اﻹﻥﺘﺎج اﻹﺝﻤﺎﻟﻲ ﻟﻠﻔﺮیﻖ وﻟﻴﺲ ﻋﻠﻰ إﻥﺘﺎج اﻟﻌﺎﻡﻞ اﻟﻔﺮد‪،‬‬
‫وهﻢ ﻡﺴﺆوﻟﻮن أﻡﺎم ﺑﻌﻀﻬﻢ اﻟﺒﻌﺾ‪،‬آﻤﺎ أﻥﻬﻢ یﺘﻘﺎﺱﻤﻮن اﻻﻟﺘﺰام‬
‫ﺑﺈﻥﺠﺎز ﻋﻤﻞ ﻡﻌﻴﻦ أو ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻖ هﺪف ﻡﺤﺪد‪ ،‬آﻤﺎ أﻥﻬﻢ ﻋﺎدة یﺪیﺮون‬
‫أﻥﻔﺴﻬﻢ‪.‬‬
‫ﻓﺮق اﻟﻌﻤﻞ‬ ‫اﻟﺠﻤﺎﻋﺎت‬
‫‪Teams‬‬ ‫‪Groups‬‬
‫أﻧﻮاع ﻓﺮق اﻟﻌﻤﻞ ‪Types of Teams‬‬
‫وﺗﻨﻘﺴﻢ وﻓﻘ ًﺎ ﻟﻸﺑﻌﺎد اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪:‬‬

‫• ﻓﺮق ﻣﻜﻮﻧﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻧﻔﺲ اﻟﺘﺨﺼﺺ ‪Intact teams‬‬

‫• ﻓﺮق ﻣﻜﻮﻧﺔ ﻣﻦ أﻋﻀﺎء ﻣﻦ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ اﻟﺘﺨﺼﺼﺎت‬
‫‪Cross-Functional teams‬‬
 ‫اﻟﻤﺮاﺣﻞ اﻟﻮاﺟﺐ إﺗﺒﺎﻋﻬﺎ ﻟﺘﻜﻮﻳﻦ ﻓﺮق اﻟﻌﻤﻞ‬
‫‪Stages of Creating Teams‬‬
 ‫ﻋﻘﺒﺎت أﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ أﻣﺎم ﻧﺠﺎح ﻓﺮق اﻟﻌﻤﻞ‬
Potential Obstacles to Success
‫إرﺷﺎدات ﺣﻮل آﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﺑﻨﺎء ﻓﺮﻳﻖ ﻋﻤﻞ ﻧﺎﺟﺢ‬
‫‪Building Successful Team‬‬