B AV BQ IDÙE
]YDI
]YD I NB Ù HD
HDII AE E D ÜNY
[äieddils ka s raaedeh
[äie kdlheùstdin
Deibuya
AAKD Aetravdstl plrl bl Avlbulidùe Kdlheùstdil Defletdb)
YEE
YEE QO Yiraaedeh Eaurnpsdinbùhdin plrl Edüns ‛ Qedvarsdklk ka Ouaens Ldras)

BAC EK_N
EK_N I Y[_N YNB EN

GA_IAKAY
GA_IAK AY
ING]DBLKN_AY FA_EÌEKAS
FA_EÌEKAS BD]N
BD]N_
_ IA
 

[asts puobdilkns
ODOBDN[AIL KA AVLBQLIDÙE ]YDINBÙHDIL

[ast ka Lpariapidùe [agìtdil

[agìtdil [L[) -J. Gurrly
[ast Huastìbtdin Vdsngntn
V dsngntnrr B. Oaekar
[ast ka Lpariapidùe Defletdb ine fdhurls ledglbas
IL[ L . Oabbl` y Y.Y. Oabbl`-
Ab tast kab ìronb -_. Ytnrl y ntrns
Iuastdnelrdn Haearlb ka Detarasas .F. @ukar-
[asts ka Lptdtukas Kdfaraeidlbas .J. Oaeeatt
y ntrns
[ast ka
ka Gltrdias
Gltrdias ]rnhrasdvls Asilbl Inbnralkl,
Haearlb y Lvlezlkl) .I. _lyae-
Devaetlrdn Gdbbne ka Astdbns ka
ka ]arsnelbdklk
]arsnelbdklk GD]Y)
GD]Y )
[. Gdbbne
[ast ka _ablidneas
_ablidneas Nocatlbas [_N) J. ]jdbbdpsne
[äiedils ka avlbulidùe psdinbùhdil ae bns ìgodtns
gdbdtlras L. Ilstrn Ynblen
]rn-iìbiubn. [ast plrl bl avlbulidùe kab
prniaslgdaetn
prniaslg daetn kab eógarn
eógarn y ab iìbiubn ae edüns
D
-V. Fabk I. Lzlrattn
Lzlrattn a Gayar ka [luss-

inetdeól ae bl snblpl pnstardnr)

 

BL AVLBQLIDÙE
]YDINBÙHDIL
AE EDÜNY
 

LBAC LEK_N ILY[_N YNBLEN

LBACLEK_N
GA_ IAKAY FA_EÌEKAS BD
BD]N_LIA
]N_LIA (ingpdblknras)
BQIDLEL OAI A__L • LELBÇ
LELBÇLL O_DSSDN •
GL_ Ç L LBACLEK_L I L__A_L Y • LEL K LEEL •
HQLK LBQ]A K A BL DHBAYDL • BQIDBL BÙ]AS •
GL _ÇL CCNYAFDEL
NYAFDEL YIJ ADEYNJE • FLODLEL Q_DAB

BL AVLBQLIDÙE
]YDINBÙHDIL
AE EDÜNY
[äied
[ä ils ka siraaedeh y kdlheùstd
iedils kdlheù stdin
in
 ]LDKNY
Ouaens Ldras • Olriabnel • Gäxdin

Ilstrn Ynblen Lbaclekrn

Lbaclekrn
Bl avlbulidùe
0 Gariakas psdinbù
psdinbùhdil
Fareìekaz hdil ae edüns
Bdpnrlia. - bl. 3 G -leulb
bl. ak. / Lbaclekrn
Iduklk LutùenglIlstrn Ynblen
ka Ouaens
Ldras 3 ]ldkùs, ?=<8.
?16 p. 0 ?8 x ?= ig.

DYOE Gleulb 48:-41=-<?-4;4;-

48:-41=-<?-4;4;-<<

<. Avlbulidùe ] sdinbùhdil.

sdinbùhdil. D. Fareìekaz Bdpnrlia, Gariakas DD. [çtubn
IKK

Iuodartl ka Hustlvn G lird

<l akdidùe, ?=<8

_asarvlkns tnkns bns karaijns. \uakl rdhurnslgaeta

rdhurnslgaeta prnjdodkl, sde
bl lutnrdzlidùe asirdtl ka bns tdtublras kab inpyrdhjt, olcn bls sleidneas
astlobaidkls ae bls bayas, bl raprnkuiidùe plridlb n tntlb ka astl norl
pnr iulbqudar ga kdn n prniakdg daetn, deibudkns bl raprnhrlfçl y ab trl-
tlgdaetn defnrgìtdin.

?=<8 Lbaclekrn Ilstrn Ynblen y Gariakas Fareìekaz B dpnrlia

ka tnkls bls akdidneas Akdtnrdlb ]ldkùs
Lv. Dekapaekaeidl <6:?/:6, Ouaens Ldras
A-gldb3 kapMlralpldkns.ing.lr
www.pldknskap.ing.lr

\uakl jaijn ab kapùsdtn qua pravdaea bl Bay <<.8?9

Dgprasn ae bl Lrhaetdel - ]rdetak de Lrhaetdel

Dgprasn ae Glstar Hrlf

Gnraen ;84;, G uern, ]rnvdeidl
]rnvdeidl ka O uaens Ldras
ae lordb ka ?=<8

[drlkl3 ?1== acagpblras

 Iùk. Aqudpn ingpbatn3 :=?<<=8 YOE Aqudpn ingpbatn3 48:-41=-<?-8<=8-?
48:-41=-<?-8<=8-?
Iùk. G leulb3 :<?<:1; YOE Gleulb3 48:-41=-<?-4;4;-<
48:-41=-<?-4;4;-<

Bnss lutnr
Bn lutnras
as

ING]DB KN_AY

K_. LBACLEK_N ILY[_N YNBLEN. Bdiaeidlkn ae ]sdinbnhçl pnr bl

bl Qe dvarsdklk
dvarsdklk ka O ua-
ens L dras y knitnr ae ] sdinbnhçl,
sdinbnhçl, ahraslkn ka bl Qedvarsdklk Ingpbutaesa ka G lkrdk.
As prnfasnr lkc
lkcuetn
uetn rahublr ka bl lsdhelturl [anrçl y [ äiedils ka A xpbnrlid
xpbnrlidùe
ùe y Kdlh-
eùstdin ]sdinbùhdin, Gùku bn D, Iìtakrl DD ae bl Qedvarsdklk ka Ouae ns Ldras. Devastdhl-
knr ]rdeidplb kab Inesacn E lidnelb ka Devastdhlidneas Idaetçfdils y [äiedils, ine saka
ae bl Qe dvarsd
dvarsdklk
klk ka ] lbargn. Kdraitnr kab Knitnrlkn ka bl Qe dvarsd
dvarsdklk
klk ka ] lbargn
ae ]sdinbnhçl.

K. GL_ÇL GA_IAKAY FA_EÌEKAS BD]N_LIA. Bdiaeidlkl ae ] sdinbnhçl pnr bbll Qe dvarsd

dvarsdklk
klk
ka Oabhrlen y knitnrl ae ] sdinbnhçl,
sdinbnhçl, ahraslkl ka bl Qedvarsdklk ka Ouaens Ldras. As
prnfasnrl tdtub
tdtublr
lr rahublr ka bl lsdhelturl [anrçl y [äie dils ka Axpbnrlidùe y K dlheùs-
tdin ]sdinbùhdin, G ùkubn D, Iìtakrl DD ae bl Qe dvarsd
dvarsdklk
klk ka O uaens Ldras. Devastd
Devastdhlknrl
hlknrl
]rdeidplb kab Inesacn Elidnelb ka Devastdhlidneas Idaetçfdils
Idaetçfdils y [äiedils ine saka
ae bl Qedvarsdklk ka Ouaens Ldras. Kniaeta raspnesloba ka iursns ka knitnrlkn y
glastrçl ae tagls ka avlbulidùe psdinbùhdil ae uedvarsdklkas elidnelbas, prdvlkls y
kab axtardnr.

INBLON_LKN_AY
BQIDLEL OAIA__L. Bdiaeidlkl ae ]sdinbnhçl pnr bl Qedvarsdklk ka Ouaens Ldras. De-
vastdhlknrl kab Iaetrn ka Devastdhlidneas Ynidlbas y Juglels plrl bl Kafaesl ae ab
Inbahdn G dbd
dbdtlr
tlr ka bl Elidùe.
 LELBDL O_DSSDN. Bdiaeidlkl ae ] sdinb
sdinbnhçl
nhçl y knitnrl ae ] sdinbnhç
sdinbnhçll pnr bl Qe dvarsd
dvarsdklk
klk ka
Ouaens Ldras. As prnfasnrl ae bl Fliubtlk ka Idaeidls Ynidlbas ka bl Qedvarsdklk
ka ]lbargn.

BNY LQ[N_AY 8

GL_DL LBACLEK_L IL__A_LY. Bdiaeidlkl ae ]sdinbnhçl pnr bl Qedvarsdklk Elidnelb ka

[uiug ìe y knitnrl ae ] sdinbnhçl
sdinbnhçl pnr bl Qedvarsd
Qedvarsdklk
klk ka O uaens L dras.
dras. As prnfasnrl
lsnidlkl ka bl lsdhelturl Fueklgaetns ]sdingätrdins y rafaraeta kab ìral ka devas-
tdhlidùe
tdhlidùe ae bl Q edvarsdklk Iltùbdil ka Yletdlhn kab Astarn. As kniae ta astloba ae bls
glastrçls ka ]sdinbnhçl Akuilidnelb y ka H astdùe Lgodaetlb ae bl Qedvarsdklk Elidn-
elb ka [uiugìe.
LEL K LEEL. Bdiaeidlkl ae ]sdinbnhçl pnr bl Qedvarsdklk ka Ouaens Ldras. Cafl ka
[rlolcns ]rìitdins
]rìitdins ka bl lsdheltur
lsdhelturll [ anrçl y [ äiedils ka A xpbnrli
xpbnrlidùe
dùe y K dlheùstd
dlheùstdin
in
]sdinbùhdin Gùkubn < Iìtakrl DD ae bl Qedvarsdklk ka Ouaens Ldras. Kdraitnrl ka
Iaetrn @ d-L (kdlheùstdi
(kdlheùstdinn y trltlgdaet
trltlgdaetnn ka edüns ine trlstnr
trlstnrens
ens ka b eaurnkaslrrnbb
eaurnkaslrrnbbn).
n).

HQLKLBQ]A KA BL DHBAYDL. Bdiaeidlkl ae ] sdinbnhçl y knitnrl ae ]sdinbnhçl pnr bl bl Qe d-

varsdklk ka Ou aens L dras. Aspaidlb
Aspaidlbdstl
dstl ae astlkçstd
astlkçstdil
il plrl idaeidls ka bl slbuk, pnr bl
Fliubtlk ka Idaeidls Axlitls y Elturlbas ka bl Qedvarsdklk ka Ouaens L dras. As Cafa
ka [rlolcns ]rìitdins ka bl lsdhelturl [anrçl y [äiedils ka Axpbnrlidùe y Kdlheùs-
tdin ]sdinbùhdin,
]sdinbùhdin, Gù kubn D, Iìtakrl DD ae bl Qedvarsdklk ka Ouae ns Ldras. Devastdhlknr
Lsdstaeta kab Inesacn E lidnelb ka Devastdhlidneas
Devastdhlidneas I daetç
daetçfdils
fdils y [äiedils, ine saka ae
bl Qedvarsdklk ka ]lbargn.
BQIDBL BÙ]AS. Bdiaeidlkl ae ]sdinbnhçl pnr bl Qedvarsdklk ka Ouaens Ldras. Aspaidl-
bdstl
bdstl ae ]sdinbnhçl I bçedil
bçedil ine nrdaetlidùe ae edüns y lkn basiaetas pnr ab Inbahdn ka
]sdiùbnhnss ka bl ]rnvdeidl ka Ouaens Ldras. ]sdiùbnhl ka Hulrkdl kab Jnspdtlb ka
]sdiùbnhn
Edüns K r. _dilrkn Hu tdärr
tdärraz
az kneka fua rasdkaeta y cafl ka rasdkaetas.

GL_ÇL CNYAFDEL YiJADEYNJE. Bdiaeidlkl ae ] sdinb

sdinbnhçl
nhçl pnr bl Qe dvarsd
dvarsdklk
klk ka Oabhrlen.
As prnfasnrl lkcuetl l ilrhn ka bl lsdhelturl A xpbnrlid
xpbnrlidùe
ùe y A vlbulidùe ]sdinbùhdil
(Edüns y Lknbasiaetas) ae bl Qedvarsdklk ka ]lbargn.

FLODLEL Q_ DAB. Bdiaeidlkl

Bdiaeidlkl ae ]sdinb
]sdinbnhçl
nhçl y ] rnfasnrl
rnfasnrl ka A esaülezl G akdl y Yu pard
pardnr
nr
ae ]sdinbnhçl pnr bl Qedvarsdklk ka Ouaens Ldras. Aspaidlbdstl ae akuilidùe ine
nrdaetlidùe ae devastdhlidùe akuiltdvl, pnr blbl Qe dvarsdklk Elidnelb ka Bleó s. As prn-
fasnrl lkcuetl detardel
detardel ka bl lsdhelturl [an rçl y [äiedils ka A xpbnrlidùe y Kdlheùs-
tdin ]sdinbùhdin,
]sdinbùhdin, Gùkubn D, Iìtakrl DD ae bl Qe dvarsd
dvarsdklk
klk ka O uaens L dras.
 : BL AVLBQLIDÙE ]YDINBÙHDIL AE EDÜNY

Çekdia

H_ KAIDGDAE[NY <9

]_ÙBNHN pnr Krl. Enrgl Inetded <1

]_DGA_L ]L_[A
Lspaitns ineiaptulbas y täiedins plrl bl
avlbulidùe psdinbùhdil ae edüns

Detrnkuiidùe l bl ]rdgarl ]lrta ?<

IL]Ç[QBN <. Bl avlbulidùe psdinbùhdil defletdb. Lspaitns ineiaptulbas

pnr Lbaclekrn Ilstrn Ynblen ?9
< Lpbdilidneas ka bl avlbulidùe psdinbùhdil ae edüns ?:
? ]lsns plrl bl ralbdzlidùe ka bl avlbulidùe psdinbùhdil ae ue edün 9?
dedstrlidùe ka tasts, 9?0 ]lsn ?. Le ìbdsds
]lsn < . Kardvlidùe, sabaiidùe ka oltarçl y lkg dedstrlidùe ìbdsds
ka bl defnrglidùe notaedkl, 910 ]lsn 9. Kavnbuidùe, defnrga y raingaeklidneas, 98
9 ]lblorls
]lblorls fdelbas 94
_afaraeidls odobdnhrìfdils 94

IL]Ç[QBN ?. Dekdilknras glkurltdvns kab kaslrrnbbn defletdb y prdeidplbas

trlstnrens kab eaurnkaslrrnbbn
pnr Lbaclekrn Ilstrn Ynblen y Lel K'Leel ;<
< Elidgdaetn jlstl bns 9 lüns ka aklk ;1
? Kaska bns 9 l bns 6 lüns ka aklk 1=
9 Kaska bns 6 l bns <? lüns ka aklk 19
_afaraeidls odobdnhrìfdils 11

IL]Ç[QBN 9.
IL]Ç[QBN 9. Destrugaetns
Destrugaetns plrl bl avlbulidùe psdinbùhdil ae edüns
pnr Hulklbupa ka bl Dhbasdl
Dhbasdl 18
< Destrugaetns plrl bl avlbulidùe ka bl detabdhaeidl 18
? Bls asilbls Ytlefnrk-Odeat 6=
9 Bls asilbls Xaijsbar 69
; Bl oltarçl Xnnkini`-Cnjesne
Xnnkini`-Cnjesne 6:
 1 Ntrns destrugaetns 8 
6 Destrugaetns plrl bl avlbulidùe ka lspaitns en detabaitulbas3 avlbulidùe
agnidnelb ingpnrtlgaetlb
agnidnelb ingpnrtlgaetlb y snidlb 8<
6 < Ab sdstagl LY AOL Lijaeoli`, 8?0 6.?. Ab OLY I, 8;0 6.9. Ab devaetlrdn ka parsn-
sdstagl
elbdklk ]DI, 860 6.;. Ntrns destrugaetns plrl bl avlbulidùe ag nidnelb, ingpnrtlgaetlb
y snidlb, 8:
8 Ineibusdneas 84
_afaraeidls odobdnhrìfdils :=

ÇEKDIA

YAHQEKL ]L_[A
Destrugaetns ka siraaedeh y kdlheùstdin plrl edüns

Detrnkuiidùe l bl Yahuekl ]lrta :4

IL]Ç[QBN ;. Bl Aetravdstl plrl bl Avlbulidùe Kdlheùstdil Defletdb (AAKD),

pnr Flodlel Qea , Glrçl Cnsafdel Yijadesnje, Buidlel Oaiarrl y Lel K'Leel 41
< . Bl aetravdstl. Lspaitns ineiaptulbas 4
? . Iblsdfdilidùe ka bls aetravdstls 46
?.<. Bls aetravdstls bdoras n en astruiturlkls, 480 ?.?. Bls ae travdstls
travdstls astruiturlkls,
480 ?.9. Bls aetravdstls sagdastruiturlkls 4:

9 . Bl aetravdstl plrl bl Avlbulidùe K dlheùstdil Defletdb

Defletdb (AAK D) (plrl plkras ka edüns
ka ; l <? lüns) 44
rahdstrn ka raspu astls y rasubtlkns, 440 9.?. Ingpneaetas y il-
9.<. Lkgdedstrlidùe, rahdstrn
rlitarçstdils haearlbas ka bl AAKD, <==0 9.9. Destruiidneas haearlbas ka lkgdedstrlid
lkgdedstrlidùe,
ùe,
<=<0 9.;. [dpns ka çtags y ka raspuastls, <=<0 9.1. Lgpbdlidùe ka deklhlidùe, <=;0
9.6. Avlbulidùe, <=10 9.8. Dbustrlidùe
Dbustrlidùe g akdleta ue ilsn ibçedin, <=4

; . Yçetasds y orava huçl plrl ue inrraitn usn kab destrugaetn <<4

_afaraeidls odobdnhrìfdils
odobdnhrìfdils <?

IL]Ç[QBN 1. Ab Kdoucn ka bl Fdhurl Juglel (KFJ) ae aklk asinblr,

pnr Gariakas Fareìekaz Bdpnrlia, Lelbçl Ordzzdn y Buidbl Bùpaz ?9
<. Lspaitns jdstùr
jdstùrdin
dinss y iineiapt
neiaptulbas
ulbas <?;
? . Bls asilbls KFJ ka usn bnilb plrl edüns <9=
?.<. Bns lpnrtas dedidlbas ka Hnnkaenuhj, <9<0 ?.?. Bl pruaol Hnnkaenuhj-Jlrrds,
lklptlidùe ka Ilsubbn plrl ab gakdn bnilb, <9?0 ?.9. Lkgdedstrlidùe ka bl pruaol
Hnnkaenuhj-Jlrrds, varsdùe
varsdùe bnilb (Ilsubbn) Asilbl ka Glku rlidùe Ineiaptulb, <990
?.;. ]uetulidùe kab Kdoucn kab Jngora plrl bl Avlbulidùe ka bl Glkuraz Ineiaptulb
(Hnnkaenuhj-Jlrrds-Ilsubbn), <9;0 ?.1. Bns lpnrtas haearlbas ka @nppdtz, <940 ?.6.
Bns Dekdilknras Agnidnelbas ka @nppdtz <;=0 ?.8. Bns Dekdilknras ka Kdsfueidùe
Eaurnbùhdil sahóe @nppdtz, <;6

9 . Dbustrlidùe gakdletas ilsns ibçedins <1=

; . Yçetasds y huçl plrl ue inrraitn usn kab destrugaetn 18
_afaraeidls odobdnhrìfdils
odobdnhrìfdils <6=
LEAZ N KDOQCN KA BL FDHQ_L JQGLEL (KFJ) <69
Leaxn L . Hrdbbl
Hrdbbl ka Avlbulidùe kab KF J <61
Leaxn O . Çtags Glkurltdvns ka bl Asilbl kab Kdoucn
Kdoucn kab Jngora kab KF J a
destruiidneas
destruiid neas ka puetulidùe <6:
Leaxn I . Huçl ka [lou blidùe plrl
plrl bns ?? Dekdilknras
Dekdilknras Ag nidnelbas vlbdklkns
vlbdklkns
plrl ab Ìral G atrnpnbdtl
atrnpnbdtlel
el ka Ouaens L dras <8;
 Leaxn K. Detarpratlidùe ka bns Dekdilknras Agnidnelbas <86
Leaxn A . Olragn ka Çtags Glkurltdvns kab KFJ plrl ab Ìral Gatrnpnbdtlel
Gatrnpnbdtlel
ka Ouaens L drdras
as <8:

IL]Ç[QBN 6. Ab [ast Huastìbtdin Vdsngntnr ka Oaekar ae edüns,

pnr Glrçl Lbaclekrl Ilrrarls <:
< . Bl pruaol <:9
? . Inesdhel y raingaeklidneas plrl bl lkg dedstrlid
dedstrlidùe
ùe :9

<= EKDIA

9 . Avlbulidùe ka bl pruaol <:1

; . Avlbulidùe ka çtags glku rltdvns <:8
1. Avlbulidùe ka Dekdilknras Ag nidnelbas <4=
6. Avlbulidùe ka Dekdilknras ka K dsfueid
dsfueidùe
ùe E aurnbùhdil <4;
8 . Letaiakaetas a devastdhlidneas ae bns ó btd btdgns
gns lüns 46
: . Astukdns bnilbas.
bnilbas. Enrgls Ouaens Ldras 4:
4 . Dbust
Dbustrlidùe
rlidùe gakdleta ue ilsn ibçedin ?==
< = . Inesdkarlidneas fdelbas
fdelbas y huçl plrl ue inrrait
inrraitnn usn kab destr
destrugaetn
ugaetn ?=1
_afaraeidls o dobdnhrìfd
dobdnhrìfdils
ils ?=:
LEAZN [AY[ OQAY[ÌB[DIN VDYNGN[N_ KA OAEKA_ ?<<
Leaxn L. Hrdbbl ka avlbulidùe ka lspaitns g lkurltd
Hrdbbl lkurltdvns
vns ?<9
Leaxn O. Hrdbbll ka avlbulidùe ka Dekdilknras Ag nidnelbas
Hrdbb ?<6
Leaxn I Hrdbbll ka Dekdilknr
Hrdbb Dekdilknras
as ka Kdsfueidùe E aurnbùhdil ?<:
Leaxn K. Acagpbns ka arrnras ae Çtags G lkurltd
lkurltdvns
vns ?<4
Leaxn A. Olragn y [lo bl ka gakdls y kasvçns, sahóe aklk ??1

IL]Ç[QBN
IL] Ç[QBN 8.
8. Ab Yiraaedeh Eaurnpsdinbùhdin plrl Edüns
Edüns YEE-QOL),
YEE-QOL),
pnr Lbaclekrn Ilstrn Ynblen y Lel K'Leel ??8
<. Bl eaurnpsdinbnhçl defletd
defletdbb y bns destrugaetns ka av lbulidùe psdinbùhdil ??8
?. Ab Yiraaedeh Eaurnpsdinbùhdin plrl Edüns (YEE-QOL) ?9=
l . Nocatdvns ka bl pruaol ?9=
o . Kasirdpidùe ka bl pruaol ?9=
i . Lkgdedstrlidùe ?99
[lral <. Nrdaetlidùe haearlb, 9;0 [lral ?. _apatdidùe ka plblorls 9;0 [lral 9.
Ileiablidùe, 910 [lral ;. _aiuarkn kdfardkn, 960 [lral 1. _ainenidgdaetn ka
nocatns, 960 [lral 6. Fbuaeidl Y agìetdil y F nenbùhdil,
nenbùhdil, 980 [lral 8. Nrdaetlidùe
tagpnrlb, 980 [lral :. Lelbnhçls Vdsulb y Varolb, 9:0 [lral 4. Inpdl ka kdsaün, 940
[lral <=. Inetan ka eógarns, 94
k. ]ue tulidùe a detar
detarpratli
pratlidùe
dùe ?;=
a. ]rnpdaklkas psdingätrd
psdingätrdils
ils ?;<
f. ]ue tulidneas ka inrta plrl ilkl frlec
frlecll ka aklk ?;9
h. Ilsuçstdil ?;;
Ilsn <. Lzub, ;;0 Ilsn ?. G ltan, ;4

9. Yçetasds fdelb y orava huçl plrl u e inrraitn usn kab destrugaetn ?1<
_afaraeidls o dobd
dobdnhrìfdils
nhrìfdils ?1?
 ÇEKDIA <

Lhrlkaidgdaetns

Astl no rl jl sdkn pnsdoba hrlidls lb asfuarzn y kakdilidùe snstaedkns kurle ta tras

lüns pnr euastrns inbahls kniaetas ka bl Iìtakrl DD ka [anrçl y [äiedils ka A xpbn-
rlidùe
rlid ùe y Kdlheùstdin, Gùkubn D, [äiedils ] sdingätrdils
sdingätrdils ka bl Q edvarsdklk
edvarsdklk ka Ouae ns
Ldras.
Ens hudlol u el knoba ga tl. ]nr ue blkn, bl litulbdzlidùe
litulbdzlidùe ka bns gltardlbas ka avl-
bulidùe kdspnedobas, deinrpnrlr
deinrpnrlr bns euav ns jlbblzhns y inesae sns ka bl psdinbnhçl kab
eaurnkasl rrnbb
rrnbbnn y ka bl psdinpltnbnhç
psdinpltnbnhçl.
l. ]nr ab ntrn, ab kdsaün ka eu avls jarrlg daetls
lkaiulkls l bl pnoblidùe bnilb ka edüns ka ; l <? lü ns.
Ab hrupn trlolcù deileslobagaeta ae bl rainbaiidùe y ab leìbdsds ka ilsns liar-
ilekn lpnrtas y suparvdslekn l bns lbugens qua tlgodäe sa devnbuirlrne ae astl
aenrga tlral. ]nr abbn astl norl astì kakdilkl l asa hrle aqudpn ingpuastn pnr
axiabaetas kniaetas ilplias ka gntdvlr l euastrns aetusdlstls y prnlitdvns astu-
kdletas.
Bns ingpdblknras
 LH_LKAIDGDAE[NY <9

]rùbnhn
K rl. E nrgl Inetd
I netded
ed
F L I Q B [ L K K A ] Y DIDI N B N H Ç L
Q E D V A _ Y D K L K E L I DN
DN E L B K A [ Q I Q G Ì E

As plrl gç ue jnenr lsugdr bl hrltl

hrltl tlral ka prnbnhlr asta
asta bdorn axiabaeta prn-
kuitn ka bl inefbuaeidl ka tras bçeals ka trlolcn faiuekn3 bl iìtakrl u edvarsdt
edvarsdtlrdl,
lrdl, bl
bl
devastdhlidùe y bl trlesfaraeidl ka rasubtlkns.
Bns ingpdblknras y lutnras, Lbaclekrn Ilstrn Ynblen y Gariakas Fareìekaz Bd-
pnrlia lirakdtle uel sùbd
sùbdkl
kl trlyaitnrdl ae kni
kniaeidl
aeidl ae ab ilgpn ka bl Avlb
Avlbulidùe
ulidùe
]sdinbùhdil ae bl Qedvarsd
]sdinbùhdil Qedvarsdklk
klk ka O uaens L drasdras (QO L) y ingn devastd
devastdhlknras
hlknras kab Ine-
sacn E lidnelb ka Deva std
stdhlidneas
hlidneas I daetç
daetçfdfdils
ils y [äie dils (Inediat). ]rnbçfd
]rnbçfdins,
ins, nfraiae
astl vaz u el norl kas tdelkl
tdelkl l bl av lbulidùe y ab kdlheùstdin psdinbùhdin ae bl defleidl.
Lingplüle bl prnkuiidùe nijn psdiùbnhns, bl glynrçl kniaetas ka bl iìtakrl [anrçl
y [ä iedils ka A xpbnrlidùe
xpbnrlidùe y K dlheùstdin ]sdinbùhdin D, ka bl iulb as prnfasnrl tdt tdtublr
ublr bl
Krl. Fareìekaz Bdpnrlia. [nkns abbns ine letaiakaetas ae devastdhlidùe ae ab ìral y
lbhuens, ine le taiakaetas ae ab ilgpn p rnfasdrnfasdnelb.
nelb.
Bl eaiasdklk ka inetlr ine defnrglidùe praidsl snora ab kaslrrnbbn kab edün ae
sus kdgaesdneas inhedtdvls
inhedtdvls glkurltdvls y snidn
snidnagnidnelbas
agnidnelbas sa fua li
liaetulekn
aetulekn lb
ingpìs ka bl iraidaeta ingpbacdklk ka bls snidaklkas litulbas, sdhelkls pnr prnfue-
kns inetrlstas ae bns pblens snidlb, aineùgdin y iubturlb0 tlgodäe pnr ab lvleia niu-
 rrdkn ae ntrns ilgpns k ab sloar y prnvae daeta ka bls pnbçtd
pnbçtdils
ils póobdils, tlb
tlbas
as ing n bl
Bay ka ] rntaiidùe
rntaiidùe ka bns Karaijns kab E düns, Edüls y Lknbasiaetas, n bbll haearlidùe
ka prnhrlgls qua prniurlrle
prniurlrle lsahurlr bl pargleaeidl ka edüns ka kdvarsns inetax-
inetax-
tns iubturlbas
iubturlbas ae ab sdstagl
sdstagl akuiltdvn. Ae asta inetaxtn axdstae
axdstae jny euavn s detarrn-
detarrn-
hletas y prnobagì tdtdils
ils qua detarpab
detarpable
le l bns psdiùbnhns y l bns fnrglknras ka psdiù-
bnhns. Lsç, surha astl norl ingpu astl pnr sdata ilpçt
ilpçtubns,
ubns, fr
frutn
utn ka lü ns ka astukdns
a devastdhlidneas y qua ens liaril tanrçls y täiedils ka avlbulidùe ae bl defleidl
lbhuels ibìsdils y ntrls inetagpnrìeals.
Ae bl norl, Lbaclekrn Ilstrn Ynblen ens nfraia ab glrin ineiaptulb qua jl ka
hudlr bl avlbulidùe psdinbùhdil defletd
defletdb,b, cuetn
cuetn l bns kdvarsns acas tagìtdins qu a sa i ne-
sdkarlrìe ae bl norl. Kastlin i ngn i aetrlb bbll rafaraeidl lb gnkabn ainbùhdin y iubturlb
y bl iblrl kdfaraeidlidùe
kdfaraeidlidùe ka bl avlbulidùe k a edüns raspaitn ka bl ka lkubtns. Bl vlrdl-
oba kab kaslrrnbbn ing pbacdzl bbll dkaetdfdilidùe ka pntae idlbas psdinpltnbnhçls y, ae tlb
saetdkn, bl lrtdiublidùe
lrtdiublidùe aetra av lbulidùe y psdinpltnbnhçl defletdb as ue aca ine iaptulb
deabukdoba, tlb
tlb iulb bn rafd
rafdara
ara I lstrn Ynblen . Lsdgdsg n kastlil bls il rlitarçst
rlitarçstdils
dils gu b-
tdgätnkn,
tdgätnkn, g ubtdinetaxtn
ubtdinetaxtn y g ubtd
ubtdefnrgleta,
efnrgleta, prnpdls kab prniasn ka avlbulidùe ka jny.

] _NBNHN <1

Kaska ue puetn ka vdstl gatnknbùhdin saülbl qua bls täiedils kaoae inetlr ine avd-
kaeidl ka in efdlodbd
efdlodbdklk
klk y vlbdkaz sahóe ab inetaxtn ka l pbd
pbdilidùe.
ilidùe. Lb gdsg n tdagpn,
liblrl, ine lidartn, qua tletn n gìs dgpnrtleta qua kdspnear ka olragns lkaiulkns
as taear praidsdùe liaril ka quä avlból bl pruaol, iuìb as ab gnkabn qua bl rasplbkl
y sd tlb gnkabn sa snstdaea ae
ae bl iubturl ae bl iulb sa vl l lpbdilr
lpbdilr kab gdsgn gnkn
qua ae bl iubt
iubturl
url ka nrdhae. Lbuka pnr ntrl plrta l iùg n ineku idr y iarrlr ab prniasn
prniasn
psdinkdlheùstdin
psdinkdlheùstd in y inesdkarl tlgo däe bns ilgpns k a lpbdilidùe
lpbdilidùe ka bl avl bulidùe ka
edüns, aspaidlbgae ta ab ibçedin
ibçedin y ab aku ilidnelb. Bl dkal raitnrl ka asta ilpçtubn, y bl
gìs p ntaeta l g d irdtardn,
irdtardn, as qua bl avl bulidùe psdinbùhdil ddefletdb
efletdb inestd
inestdtuya
tuya ue gnk n
ka detarvaeidùe pravaetdvl, ae tletn dkaetdfdil
dkaetdfdil npnrtuel y tag prlelga eta sdhens y kds-
fueidneas letas ka qua sa irdstlbdiae ingn iulkrns psdinpltnbùhdins.
Lbaclekrn Ilstrn Ynblen y Lel K Leel kastdele kns ilpçtubns -pnr idartn ue
lpnrta envaknsn- l bls rablidneas aetra iaraorn y ingpnrtlgdaetn, ine ab prn-
pùsdtn ka kasirdodr trlstnrens kab eaurnkaslrrnbbn. Ae ue ilpçtubn lonrkle tagls
ineiaptulbas00 ae ntrn lpnrtle uel täiedil aspaiçfdil ka avlbulidùe3 bl YEE-QOL.
ineiaptulbas
Lfdrgle qua as asaeidlb taear ae iuaetl bl eaurnpsdinbnhçl defletdb iulekn sa ral-
bdzl uel avlbulidùe
avlbulidùe psdinbùhdil ae ak
aklkas
lkas tagprlels l fde ka katargdelr pltrneas
pltrneas
defraiuaetas ae fueidneas psdinbùhdils supardnras, yl sal ae ab pblen pariaptdvn-
gntnr ae bl inhedidùe n ae ab in
ingpnrtlgdaetn.
gpnrtlgdaetn. Asibl
Asiblraiae
raiae enidneas k
ka
a kdsfueidùe
y ka klün eaurnbùhdin, lsç ingn ka trlstnrens kab eaurnkaslrrnbbn. Lvlezle ine
tagls ka axtragl litulbdklk
litulbdklk ae bl ine subtl psdinbùhd
psdinbùhdil
il defletdb,
defletdb, ing n bns trlstnrens
hbnolbas kab kasl rrnb
rrnbbn,
bn, bl kdsfueidùe
kdsfueidùe detab
detabaitulb
aitulb y bns trlstnrens
trlstnrens k a bl ingu edilidùe,
bns trlstnrens
trlstnrens kab lpraekdzlca y bns trlstnrens pnr kä fdfdidt
idt ka ltaeidùe, astlobaidaekn
aeblias ine bls iltahnrçls
iltahnrçls kab KYG 1.
Ynora astl olsa taùrd
taùrdil
il kastdele ue ilpçtubn l bl prasaetlid
prasaetlidùe ùe ka u el pruaol ka
rlstrdbblca, aspaidlbgaeta kdsaülkl pnr ab aqudpn ka bl Qedvarsdklk, l bl qua kaengd-
elrne Yiraaedeh Eaurnpsdinbùhd
Eaurnpsdinbùhdin in plrl E düns (YEE -QOL ) y nfraiae enrgls plrl bl
 pnoblidùe
pnoblid ùe ka I duklk ka Ou aens L drdras
as y Ì ral G atrnpnb
atrnpnbdtdtlel.
lel. Ing n odae pbletale, sa
trltl ka uel pruaol guy ótdb
ótdb ae ab ilgpn ka bl ]sdinbnh
]sdinbnhçl
çl Akuilidnelb puastn qua
avlból kdfaraetas fueidneas
fueidneas inhe dtdtdvls
dvls ae ue tdagp n orava0 prnpnridnel lsç defnrgl-
idùe aspaiçfdil plrl edüns ine kdfdiubtlkas ka lpraekdzlca kab iìbiubn y ka bl baiturl.
Lb trltlrsa ka uel täiedil ka siraaedeh Ilstrn Ynblen y K Leel raingdaekle su ag-
pban ingodelkn ine ab Kdoucn ka bl Fdhurl Jug lel y ab [ ast ka Oaekar, l bns qua sa
kastdele saekns ilpçtubns.
Hulklbupa ka bl Dhbasdl nfraia ue ilpçtubn kneka ralbdzl uel kasirdpidùe gdeu-
idnsl ka destrugaetns psdingätrdins ine vlbdkaz y inefdlodbdklk vardfdilkls plrl
avlbulr tletn fueidneas inhedtdvls ingn snidnagnidnelbas ae edüns. Ae su rain-
rrdkn astìe prasaetas bls Asilbls Ytlefnrk Odeat, bls Asilbls Xaijsbar, bl oltarçl
Xnnkini` Cnjesne, bls Gltrdias Inbnralkls ka _lyae y ntrls en kdspnedobas ae
asplünb, ingn XDL[ DDD, XC DDD, YO1, X]]Y
X]]YDD DDD, XEYL. Gaeidnel
Gaeidnel ttlgodäe
lgodäe prua-
ols plrl avlbulr fueidneas asp aiçfd
aiçfdils
ils ae ab ìgodtn asinblr, y ka bls iulbas axdstae
devastdhlidneas ine pnoblidùe lrhaetdel. Lb gdsgn tdagpn jlia uel rasaül rdhu-
rnsl ka destrugaetns plrl avlbulr kdgaesdneas snidnagnidnelbas kab edün, ingn
LYAOL-IO
LYA OL-IOIB,
IB, asilbls, aetravdstls astruiturlkls, rahdstrns ka nosarvlidùe sdsta-
gìtdil IL]D OF\-I. InIngaetl
gaetl tlgodäe astukdns bni
bnilbas
lbas snora fueidneas a
agnidn-
gnidn-
elbas aspaiçfdils
aspaiçfdils ingn lhrasdvdklk axpaitltdvls leta ab inesugn ka lbinjnb litd-
tukas lbdgaetlrdls, jlodbdklkas snidlbas, aetra ntrls.

<6 N_GL INE[DED

Ka plrtdiublr utdbdklk plrl bls prìitdils ae bns ìgodtns ibçedin y akuilidnelb as

ab lpnrta ka uel aetravdstl
aetravdstl astruiturlkl qua ralbdzle Flodle
Flodlel
l Qrdab Glrçl Cnsafdel
Yijadesnje, Buidlel O aiarrl y Lel K Leel. L fdrgle
fdrgle q ua, l plrtdr ka bls
bls inetrdouidn-
inetrdouidn-
eas k a bl psdinb
psdinbnhçl
nhçl ine nrdaetlidùe
nrdaetlidùe inhedtdvn-inekuitulb,
inhedtdvn-inekuitulb, sa inestruyarne varsdneas
astruiturlkls ka aetravdstl
aetravdstl ine ab prnpùsdtn ka n
notaear
otaear kdlheùstdins gìs fdlobas y
gaens kapaekdaetas kab cudidn ibçedin kab psdiùbnhn. Lpnrtle, lsç, ue destrugaetn qua
kaengdelrne Aetravdstl plrl bl Avlbulidùe Kdlheùstdil Defletdb (AAKD), kdsaülkn ae ab
ìgodtn ka bl iìtakrl uedvarsdtlrdl.
uedvarsdtlrdl. Axprasle bls lutnrls qua tdaea ing n nocatdvn dkae-
dkae-
tdfdilr
tdfdilr tletn sdetngltnbnhçl lsnidlkl l trlstnrens psdinpl tnbùhdins
tnbùhdins ‛ y bl pn sdodbd
sdodbdklk
klk
ka vdeiublrbns ine bns irdtardns kab KYG 1‛ ingn vlrdlobas kab kaslrrnbbn, ingpnrtl-
gdaetns slbukl obas, flitnras ka prntaiidùe y ka rdashn. ]nea e l kdspnsdidùe kab baitnr
tletn ab prntninbn ka aetravdstl ingn ab irdtardn ka leìbdsds, qua rasubtl ue desugn
guy lpraidloba plrl bl prìitdil prnfasdnelb.
In gp batle ab bbdorn
dorn kns ilpçtubns kastdelkns
kastdelkns l bls prua ols hrìfdils ibìsdils,
ibìsdils, lg-
pbdlg
pbdlg aeta liaptlkl s y utdbdzlkls
utdbdzlkls a e ab ilg pn ka bl avlbulidùe defletdb3
defletdb3 ab [ast ka bl
Fdhurl Juglel y ab [ast ka Oaekar. Deibusdùe liartlkl, pnr iuletn ab kdoucn gletdaea
losnbutl vdhaeidl y inestdtuya uel vçl rahdl ka axprasdùe kab edün, gìs lbbìlbbì ka bns prn-
fuekns ilgodns iubturlbas niurrdkns ae asta sdhbn ZZD.
Gariakas Fareìekaz Bdpnrlia
Bdpnrlia Lelbçl Ordzzdn y Bu
Buidbl
idbl Bùpaz sne lutnrl
lutnrls
s ka ue
ilpçtubn snora ab K douc
ilpçtubn doucnn ka bl Fdhurl J uglel. Jliae ue rainrrdkn jdstùrd
jdstùrdin
in ka su sdh-
edfdilidùe,
edfdilidùe, kaspbahlekn kdvarsls tanrçls liarl kab nocatn ka astukdn0 kdvarsdklk qua
ntnrhl ka jaijn kdstdetls pars
parspaitdvls
paitdvls ka leìbdsds. ]rn
]rnsdhuae
sdhuae ine uel ravdsdùe ka
bns dekdilknras glkurltdvns prnpuastns pnr Hnnkaenuhj y Jlrrds y ka bns dekdil-
knras ag nidnelbas y ka klün eau rnbùhdin ka @nppdtz0 snora astns kns óbtdgn
óbtdgn s tdpns
tdpns
 ka dekdilknras raingdaekle ue usn prukaeta. Nfraiae olragns litulbdzlkns plrl
pnoblidùe
pnoblidùe ka O uaens L dras
dras (Ilpdtlb y Ì ral G atrnpnbd
atrnpnbdtlel)
tlel) kab KFJ ingn pruaol ka
glkuraz ineiaptulb bns iulbas inestdtuy
inestdtuyae
ae ue lpnrta guy sdhedfdi
sdhedfdiltdvn
ltdvn y eaiaslrdn
plrl bns psdiùbnhns
psdiùbnhns qua sa kasagp aüle ae ab ilgpn ibçedin
ibçedin y akuilidnelb. Qe vlbnr
lhrahlkn ka asta ilpçtubn as bl ilplidklk kdkìitdil ine bl qua sdstagltdzle bns kd-
faraetas dekdilknras
dekdilknras glk urltdvns
urltdvns y agnidnelbas, sahóe bls aklk as y su sdhed
sdhedfdfdilidùe
ilidùe
ineingdtleta.
Inetdeulekn ine bls devastdhlidneas ine pruaols hrìfdils, Glrçl Lbaclekrl Ilrra-
rls lonrkl bl glkurlidùe vdsn-gntnrl ae edüns, fueidùe dgprasidekdoba ka avlbulr ae
bl defleidl0 abbn axpbdilrçl pnr quä ab [ast Hastìbtdin Vdsngntnr ka Oaekar sa jl gle-
taedkn l bn blrhn
b lrhn ka käilkls ingn uel ka bbls
ls pruaols gìs agpbalkls. Bl lutnrl
kaslrrnbbl ineiaptns taùrdins qua rasplbkle bl pruaol y nfraia olragns litulbdzl-
kns plrl bl Iduklk k a Ou aens L drdras.
as. Lsdgdsgn kastdel ue lplrtlkn l bns dekdilknras
dekdilknras
ag nidnelbas prnpuastns pnr @np pdtz y, ine rablidùe
rablidùe l bns kaengdelkns dekdilknras
ka kdsfueidùe eaurnbùhdil,
eaurnbùhdil, lkvdar
lkvdarta
ta qua jle sdkn gu y iuastdnelkns y qua su ag pban
sùbn pargdta haearlr jdpùtasds l vardfdilr
vardfdilr g akdleta góbtdpbas
góbtdpbas fuaetas. \u dzì sal a sta
ab puetn gì s inetrnvarsdlb ka bns faiuekns lp nrtas ka @np pdtz, l g akdn sdhbn
sdhbn ka sus
fnrgublidneas. T tlgodäe puaka sar uel devdtlidùe l inetdeulr devastdhlekn ine ab
prnpùsdtn ka notaea r lbhuels iartazls, sd fuarl abbn pnsdoba.
pnsdoba.
Ae sugl, ka bl baiturl ka astls pìhdels defdarn ue hrle asfuarzn inbaitdvn. Bns
lutnras jle bnhrlkn ue aetrlglkn ka tanrçls y täiedils ine snbvaeidl ineiaptulb
y axqudsdtn nfdidn ae bn gatnknbùhdin. Ynoraslbae bns lpnrtas kaska ab ilgpn ka bl
eaurnpsdinbnhçl defletdb
defletdb,, bl pruaol YE E-Q OL , bl aetravdstl
aetravdstl AK KD, tletn ingn bns kdvar-

]_ÙBNHN <8

sns jlrag ns litulbdzlkns ka pruaol s ibìsdils, ka losnbutl vdhaeidl pnr su utdb utdbdklk,
dklk,
ae plrtdiublr ae bnsbns ilg pns ka bl avlbulidùe ibçedil
ibçedil y akuilidnelb. T lkag ìs, bl ha-
earnsl deibusdùe, plrl bls täiedils
täiedils ibìsdils, ka ue l eaxn ka katlbbas
katlbbas täiedins plrl bl
puetulidùe a detarprat
detarpratlidùe
lidùe ka bls pruaol s, tnkn bn iulb lhrahl vlbnr l bl prnpuastl.
Ab fde ka astl puobdilidùe, lfdrgle bns lutnras, as inetrdoudr lb bnhrn ka kdlheùstd-
ins fdlobas ae bl defleidl, parçnkn
parçnkn sdhelkn pnr bl gnvdbdklk y ab ilgo dn, y ae ab iu lb
sa a etrairuzle vlrdlobas kab ka slrrnb
slrrnbbn
bn ine ntrls ka deidpdaeta
deidpdaeta inrta psdinpltnbùhdi
psdinpltnbùhdin0n0
ingn odae lrhuga etle, sa trltl trltl ka ue su catn qua, pnr su inekdidùe
inekdidùe eaiasdtl ka gób-
tdtdpbas
pbas defnrgletas,
defnrgletas, astlekn l su vaz degarsn ae u e inetaxtn ainbùhdin y iubturlb qua
ba inefdara ingpbacdklk y sdehublrdklk. ]nr óbtdgn, qudsdarl raglrilr ue ineiaptn
iaetrlb vartdkn ae bl norl, y as bl ineiapidùe ka bl avlbulidùe psdinbùhdil ae bl de-
fleidl ingn uel fnrgl ka detarvaeidùe pravaetdvl abb
abbnn bl pnsdidnel ingn uel en oba
tlral l bl qua odae vlba bl pael kakdilrsa, y l bl qua bns lutnras jle jaijn uel guy
vlbdnsl inetrdouidùe.
 <: N_GL INE[DED

]_DGA_ ] _[A

LY]AI[NY INEIA][QLBAY
 T [ÄIEDIN
[ÄIED IN Y ]L_L BL
AVLBQLI D ÙE ]YD
]YDIN
IN BÙH D IL
AE EDÜN
ED ÜN Y

Detrnkuii
Det rnkuiiddùe l bl ] rdrdg
g arl ]lrt
] lrtaa
 Ae astl ] rdgarl ]lrta ens rafardragns lb olslg aetn taùrdin raquardkn
raquardkn plrl bbavlr l
ilon lprnpdlklg aeta bl avlbulidùe psdinbpsdinbùhdil
ùhdil ka ue edün.
Ae ab Ilpçtub
Ilpçtubnn < k astlilgns lbhuens l spaitns l inesdkarlr ae bl avlbulidùe psd-
inbùhdil defletdb
defletdb,, qua ltlüae l sus kdfkdfaraeidls
araeidls raspaitn ka bl avlbulidùe ae lkubtns,
kdfaraeidls qua tnkn aspa idlbdstl
idlbdstl ae ab ìral en ka oa snsblylr ka ilrl l bl afdilz y afd-
afd-
idaetaa tngl ka ka idsdneas.
idaet idsdneas. Bns raid
raidaetas
aetas lpnrtas taùrdins
taùrdins snora a b tagl saülble qua
astl avlbulidùe kaoa snstaearsa gakdleta avdkaeidl agpçrdil, bn iulb supnea qua

tnkn ab prniasn kaoa hudlrsa pnr bl lkaiulkl detarpratlidùe ka bns dekdilknras ae-
inetrlkns ae ab kavaedr kab prniasn ae sç, l bl buz ka bl avdkaeidl idaetçfd
idaetçfdil
il qua ab avl-
iulknr dkùean railolrì ka fuaetas lilkä gdils litulbdzlkls. Astn devnb devnbuirl
uirl ue lg pbdn
ineni dgdaetn pnr plrta kab psdiùbnhn ka bns jl bblzhns idaetçf
idaetçfdins
dins raidaetas snora psd-
inpltnbnhçl defletdb
defletdb,, iltahnrçls kdlheùstdils, destr
destruga
uga etns ka avlbulidùe kdspnedobas y
gnkl bdklkas
bdklkas ka detar
detarvaeidùe
vaeidùe aspaiçfd
aspaiçfdils
ils l taear a e iuaetl l bl jnrl ka afaitulr rain-
gaek lidneas. Ae astl bçeal inorl aspaidlb rabavleidl
rabavleidl ab agpban ka destrugaetns ka
avlbulidùe psdinbùhdil
psdinbùhdil ine lkaiulkls avdkaeidls ka ine fdlodbd
fdlodbdklk
klk y vlbdkaz, kaodaekn
kasilrtlrsa lquabbns tasts tasts qua sa ag pbale pnr sdgpba trtrlkdidùe,
lkdidùe, ingnkdklk n saeid-
bbaz, parn sde avdkaeidls ka ilbdklk psdingätrdil.
Lkag ìs jag ns deibudkn lspaitns aspaiçfd
aspaiçfdins
ins rafardkns l bns ìgodtns ka l pbdilidùe
pbdilidùe
ka bl avlbulidùe psdinbùhdil ae edüns, pnedaekn ka rabdava bl dgpnrtleidl ka bls tlrals
qua bns psdiùbnhns
bl avlbulidùe defletdralbdzle
ralbd
b snezle
defletdb ab akaeuilidnelb
il kl ueny ka abbns.n y,
ab ibçedi
ibçedin Bnsaeìgodtns
gaen r ggìs pa rt
akdkl, rtdeaetas
abdeaetas plrl
fnraesa. Ya
kastlil lsdgdsgn ab ilg pn ka bl devastdevastdhlid
dhlidùe
ùe ing n ue ìgodtn pnin trlesdtlkn
trlesdtlkn qua,
ae bns óbtdgn
óbtdgn s lüns, jl inorlk n aspaidlb rabavleidl ae pns kab kaslrrnbbn y ab leìbdsds leìbdsds
ka bl ilbdklk ka bns destrugaetns ka avlbulidùe (aspaiçfdilgaeta sus prnpdaklkas,
tlbas ingn vlbdkaz, inefdlodb
inefdlodbdklk
dklk y ilpl idklk plrl il ptlr bls kdf
kdfaraeidls
araeidls dekdvdkulbas
aetra bns axlgdelkns). Lsdgdsgn, snora ab fdelb kab ilpçtubn ingaetlgns bns plsns
qua ba parg dtae lb psdiùbnhn odae fnrglkn a e ab ìral pnear ae litn bls tlrals ka avl-
bulidùe psdinbùhdil ae edüns.
Ae ab Ilpçtubn ? lonrklgns bns lspaitns rafardkns lb kaslrrnbbn eaurnbùhdin ka
bns defletas y kasirdodgns bns jdtns avnbutdvns gìs dgpnrtletas l inesdkarlr ae ab
prniasn ka avlbulidùe. Jliagns jdeilpd
jdeilpdää ae bns trlstnrens
trlstnrens kab eaurnkaslrrnbbn
eaurnkaslrrnbbn qua
rasubtle
rasubt le prdnrdtlrd
prdnrdtlrdns
ns ae bl kataiidùe sahóe bl gn karel e nsnbnhçl detar
detarelidnelbgae
elidnelbgae ta

DE[_NKQIIDÙE L BL ]_DGA_L ]L_[A ?<

inesaesulkl ae ab KY G 1. Ynora astl dkal jag ns kdvdkd

kdvdkdkn
kn ab kaslrrnbbn
kaslrrnbbn ae tras atl-
pls3 bl prdgarl, qua ingpraeka kaska ab elidgdaetn jlstl bns 9 lüns0 bl sahuekl,
aetra bns 9 y bns 6 lüns0 y bl tariarl,
tariarl, kaska bns 6 l bns <? lün s. Ae ilkl uel ka astls
atlpls sa kastlile bns pltrneas
pltrneas ka lkqudsdid
lkqudsdidùe
ùe asparlkns ae iule tn l bls fueidneas
inhedtdvls oìsdils, l bns afaitns ka kataitlr iulbqudar dekdidn ka leng lbçl y/
y/nn lbtarl-
idùe ae ab glrin ka u e prniasn ka av lbulidùe psdinbùhdil.
Fdelbgaeta ae ab Ilpçtubn 9 kasirdodgns bns prdeidplbas destrugaetns psdingätrd-
ins utdbdzlkns detarelidnelb y bnilbgaeta plrl bl avlbulidùe ka bl detabdhaeidl y ntrns
lspaitns en inhe dtdvns
dtdvns ka bns edüns, tlbas
tlbas ing n bns ag nidnelbas, ingpnrtlga
ingpnrtlga etlb
etlbas
as
 ykdfaraetas
snidlbas. ìgodtns,
Ae asta hrupn snoraslbaeaetra
kastliìeknsa bls jarrlg
jarr
abbnslgabdaetls
ibçedinagpbalkls fraiuaetag
y ab akuilidnelb. aeta ae
Deibudgns,
lkag ìs, uel fdijl
fdijl qua ine tdtdaea
aea bl defnrglidùe oìsdil ka ilkl ja rrlgdaetl, lsç ing n
kltns rafardkns
rafardkns l su l klptlidùe, astukd
astukdns
ns k a vlbdklidùe y in efd
efdlodb
lodbdklk,
dklk, y enrg ls ra-
hdnelbas sd bls juodara.

?? L A VLBQLIDÙE ]YDINBÙH
]YDINBÙHDIL
DIL AE EDÜN
EDÜNY
Y

< . Bl avlbulidùe psdinbùhdil

psdinbùhdil
ae ed
e düns
 Lspait
Lspa itns
ns ineiaptulb
ineiaptulbas
as
Lbaclekrn Ilstrn Ynblen

Aetaeka gn s bl avlbulidùe psdinb

psdinbùhdil
ùhdil ing n ue prniasn iuyn nocatdvn
nocatdvn fdelb
fdelb as bl
tngl ka kaidsdneas qua pargdtle katargdelr liidneas ka detarvaeidùe tarlpäutdil
y/n pravaetdvl. Bls tlrals prnpdls ka asta prniasn inesdstae ae iltahnrdzlr, ine-
trlstlr, ing plrlr y lelbdzlr kltns, ttletn
letn iulbdtltd
iulbdtltdvns
vns ing n iule tdt
tdtltdvns,
ltdvns, qua puaka e
äiedils kdvarsls (a.h., raspuastls l çtags varolbas, kdoucns,
sar notaedkns gak dleta ttäiedils
rabltns, tlrals
tlrals ine iuons, rng pailoazls, ae travd
travdstls,
stls, nosarvlidneas, rapnrtas ka de-
fnrgletas iblva). L su vaz bl avlbuli dùe psdinbùhdil puaka rafardrsa
rafardrsa tletn l prniasns
ingn l rasubtlkns y astì olslkl ae kdfaraetas gnkabns taùrdins qua bl sustaetle
(Ilsubbn, <4460 @drijear, [nrras y Fnres, <44:).
As eaiaslrdn kdfaraeidlr aetra avlbulidùe psdinbùhdil defletdb y lkubtl. Yd odae
lgols prìitdils sa lsagacle ae bl rdhurnsdklk idaetçfdil y ätdil ine qua kaoae sar
bbavlkls l ilon, sa kdstdehuae pnr lbhuels iuastdneas oìsdils. Ae prdgar buhlr, bl
avlbulidùe defletdb,
defletdb, l kdfaraeidl ka bl lkubtl, tdaea
tdaea in gn nocatn ab astukdn ka ue sucatn
ae ka slrrnb
slrrnbbn
bn y ae inetdeun prniasn ka i lg odn. Ae sa huekn buhlr, ab edün edün tdaea uel
lutnengçl guijn gaenr qua bl ka bns lkubtns y inorle aspaidlb dgpnrtleidl bns ine-
taxtns ae bns qua sa kasaevu abva, aspaidlb
aspaidlbga
ga eta ab flgdbd
flgdbdlr
lr y ab asinblr, y qua a cariae
uel defbuaeidl guijn glynr ae aklkas gìs tagprlels. Ae tariar buhlr, bns edüns
gle tdaeae
tdaeae bl ltaeidùe pnr parçnkns ka tdtdagpn
agpn guijn gìs inrtns. AstlsAstls ilrlitarçstd
ilrlitarçstd--
ils jliae qu a kaolg ns inesdkarlr kdvarsls
kdvarsls fuaetas ka avlbulidùe, ingpraekar bns
prniasn s psdinbùhdins l bl buz ka bls atlpl s ka ka slrrnbbn, sdtulr ab kdlheù
kdlheù stdin ae ab
inetaxtn lg odaetlb gìs lg pbdn y prniurlr bl utdb
utdbdzlidùe
dzlidùe ka g ltardlbas
ltardlbas ltrlitdvns y astd-
gubletas qua flvnrazile bl inblonrlidùe kab axlgdelkn.
Bl avlbulidùe psdinbùhdil defletdb
defletdb gnkarel a stì olslkl ae bl avdkaeidl avdkaeia-
olsak lssassgaet), supuastn qua dgpbdil lb gaens tras iuastdneas fueklgaetlbas
(Olrry, Frdi` y @lgpjlus, ?=<9)3

<) [nkl kaidsdùe ae ab prniasn

prniasn ka a vlbulidùe ka ue edün n ue lkn basiaeta kaoa
astlr hudlkl pnr bl avdkaeidl idaetçfdil. Astn devnbuirl ab inenidgdaetn lgpbdn
ka bns jlbblzhns i daetçfdins
daetçfdins raidaetas sn ora psdinpl tnbnhçl defletdb,
defletdb, iltahnrçls
kdlheùstdils,
kdlheùstdils, destrugae
destrugae tns ka avlbulidùe kdspnedob
kdspnedobas
as y gn klbdklkas
klbdklkas ka detar-
detar-
vaeidùe a spaiçfdils. Ab psdiùbnhn
psdiùbnhn ka oa sar ilplz ka utdb
utdbdzlr
dzlr bl
bl ga cnr avdkaeidl
idaetçfdil kdspnedoba plrl aeinetrlrsa ae inekdidneas ka ingpraekar ab ilsn
ae su ralb kdgaesdùe.

BL AVLBQLIDÙE ]YDINBÙHDIL AE EDÜNY. LY]AI[NY INEIA][QLBAY ?9

?) Ydhudaekn bl gdsgl bçeal ka rlznelg daet

daetn,
n, kaoae ag pbalrsa ddestr
estruga
uga etns ka
 avlbulidùe psdinbùhdil
psdinbùhdil ine l kaiulk ls avdkaeidls ka vlbdkaz plrl ab inetaxtn
kab qua sa trlta.
trlta. En sa raing daekl bl utd
utdbdbdzlidùe
zlidùe ka tasts pnr bl sd
sdgp
gp ba ingn -
kdklk ae su lkg ded
dedstr
strlidùe
lidùe y/n avlbulidùe, n pnr su trlkd
trlkdidùe
idùe ae ue ìgo dtndtn ka
trlolcn klkn ingn sne ab ibçedin, ab akuiltdvn n ab fnraesa. Bns destrugaetns
kaoae jloar sdkn vlbdklkns (pnr devastd
devastdhlknras
hlknras axpartns) plrl su usn aspaiç-
fdfdin
in a e ue inetaxtn.katargdelkn,
inetaxtn.katargdelkn, ae olsa l bns rasub
rasubtlkns
tlkns pnr a bbns
bbns ordeklkns
ae kdvarsns astukdns ka kltl raidaeta.
9) Kurleta ab prniasn ka avlbulidùe kao arçle pbletalrsa jdpùt jdpùtasds
asds ka trlolcn qua
sa vardfdilrì
vardfdilrìee n en ae fueidùe ka bl a vdkaeidl rainhd
rainhdkl
kl ku rleta kdijn prniasn.
Lsdgdsgn bl rainhdkl ka kltns n bl ingpnsdidùe ka bls oltarçls kdlheùstdils
kaoarçle kaidkdrsa y ralbdzlrsa ae fueidùe ka bls jdpùtasds l tastalr, qua sa drìe
inefdrglekn n kasilrtlekn jl idl bl atlpl fdfdelb
elb kab prniasn kdlheù stdin.

]nkrçlgns lfdrglr qua bl avlbulidùe psdinbùhdil trlkdidnelb ka edüns astì glynr-

ga eta iaetrlkl ae ab kdlheùstdin
kdlheùstdin n ae bl pruaol psdinb
psdinbùhdil.
ùhdil. Qel a vlbulidùe defle-
defle-
tdb
tdb gnkarel kaoa in etagpblr, lkagìs ka b ffueidnelg
ueidnelg daetn agnidnelb y inhedtd
inhedtdvn
vn kab
edün, bns
bns flitnras inetaxtulbas
inetaxtulbas y i ubt
ubturlbas
urlbas ing n g nkarlknras asaeidlbas kab kdlh-
eùstdin yl qua astns puakae inetrdoudr n odae l bl axliarolidùe kab iulkrn, n odae
l su g acnrç
acnrçl.
l. Ae sug l, kaoa sar sdagpra uel avlbulidùe inetaxtulb y iubt iubturlbgaeta
urlbgaeta
lcustlkl (H adsd
adsdehar,
ehar, <44;).
Fnres (<449) prnpnea uel a vlbulidùe defletd
defletdbb góbtdpba
góbtdpba a detahrlkl, qua rasubta gub-
t defnrgleta, gubtdinetaxtn, pburdtäiedil y gubtdgätnkn. Ing aetagns ae katlbbakatlbba ilkl
uen ka astns lspaitns.

l Gubtdefnrgleta. Bl avlbulidùe psdinbùhdil kaoa deibudr kdfaraetas fuaetas ka

avdkaeidl y en tnglr snblgae ta lb edün
edün ing n rafaraeidl. Fng s inesdkarl idein fuaetas
defnrgltdvls aspaiçfdils
aspaiçfdils plrl bl defleidl3 plkras, akuilkn ras, nosarvlknras axtarens,
prnfasdnelbas ibçed
prnfasdnelbas ibçedins
ins y ab prnpdn edün. Ilkl def
defnrgle
nrgle ta tdaea
tdaea ue edvab aspaiçfdin
aspaiçfdin ka
praplrlidùe y ue tdpn ka defnrglidùe vlbdnsl l prnpnridnelr. Bns plkras pua kae lpnr-
tlr kltns dgpnrtletas snora bns jdtns
jdtns avnbutdvns y ka kasa gpa ün kab edün ae ab jnhl r0
bns gla strns, defnrglidùe vdtlb snora ab kasag paün ae bl asiuabl, y ab psdiùb psdiùbnhn,
nhn, pnr
su plrta, iuaetl ine kl tns haearlk ns ae ab inetaxtn ibçedin. Asta óbt óbtdgn
dgn as a b aeilr-
hlkn ka sdetatdzlr a detahrlr bl defnrglidùe plrl ralbdzlr fdelbgaeta su kdlheùstdin y
raing aekli dùe. Kaoa snpaslr bns kltns notaedkns gak dleta kdf kdfaraetas
araetas fuaetas, dkaetd-
dkaetd-
fdilekn bls inevarhaeidls l bns
bns afaitns ka ingprae kar ab ffueidnelg
ueidnelg daetn kab avlb
avlbulkn
ulkn
ae tnkns bns ine taxtns dgpbd
dgpbdilkns. ilr bls kdsirapleidls aetra
ilkns. Lsdg dsgn, kaoa dkae tdtdfdfdilr
bns defnrgletas
defnrgletas y astlobaiar su nrdhae,
nrdhae, yl qua pua kae sar fueklg aetlbas plrl ine-
trltlgdaetn (@l zl` at lb., ?=<=0 @lzkde ?==1).
iaptulbdzlr ab ilsn y ab kdsaün ka b trltlgdaetn
Lsç ingn ab edün sa aeiuaetrl defbudkn glynrgaeta pnr bns inetaxtns ka bns qua
fnrgl plrta, tlgodäe bn astìe bns defnrgletas. Iloa inesdkarlr qua bl defnrglidùe
axpraslkl pnr ab axlgdelkn snora su prnpdn ingpnrtlgdaetn niupl ae asta prn-
iasn ue buhlr gaens iaetrlb qua ae bns prniasns ka avlbulidùe ae lkubtns. Abbn en
as kaodkn l uel gdeusvlbnrlidùe liaril kab edün ingn dekdvdkun sden l qua, ingn
kaoa rainrklrsa, bns prniasns ka paeslgdaetn lostrlitns sa kaslrrnbble raidäe ae
bl lknbasiaeidl, pnr bn qua ab plpab kab edün
edün ing n lutndefnr
lutndefnrgl
gl eta sa vuabva ga ens
sdhedfdiltdvn.

?; L. ILY[_N YNBLEN

 
 - Bns plkras ingn defnrgletas. Bns prnhaedtnras sne defnrgletas asaeidlbas kab
prniasn ka a vlbulidùe defletd
defletdb,b, luequa rasubt
rasubtle
le g aens dgpnrtletas ae bl ga kdkl ae
qua ab edün vl iraidaekn. L bl vaz bl defnrglidùe
defnrglidùe l pnrtlkl pnr bns plkras puak a astlr
lfaitlkl pn r psdinpltnbnhçl aspaiçfdil. Lsç, pnr acagpbn, sd ab plkra su fra lbhóe kas-
nrkae ka prasdvn, astn taüdrì
taüdrì tnkn ab defnrga snora su jdcn, yl qua axdstdrì
axdstdrì uel taeka e-
idl l paridodr ka g nkn ea hltdvn ab ffueidnelg
ueidnelg daetn kab edün ae kdfaraetas ìrals vdtlbas
vdtlbas
(_dijtars, <44?). Astl defnrglidùe pua ka rasubtlr dgpnrtleta plrl bl ing praesdùe kab
ilsn, yl qua , lb ttrltlr
rltlrsa
sa ka ue prnobag l detarliid
detarliidnelb
nelb y en dekdvdkulb
dekdvdkulb iaetrlkn
iaetrlkn ae a b
edün, bl pltnbnhçl sufrdkl pnr bns prnhaedtnras pnkrçl lfaitlr ab ingpnrtlgdaetn kab
axlg delkn. Asta tdtdpn
pn ka defnrglidùe rasubtl guy vlbdnsl plrl bl raingaek lidùe ka bl
detarvaeidùe lkaiulkl.
- Ab kniaeta ingn defnrgleta. Ab inetaxtn asinblr rasubtl iblva klkn ab tdagpn
qua bl a siuabl desuga ae bl vdkl deflet
defletdbdb.. Lsdgdsgn tlb inetaxtn
inetaxtn nfraia lbhuens kasl-
fçns3 ab edün kaoa detarlitulr fraiuaetagaeta ine plras, sahudr rahbls, pargleaiar
ltaetn bl glynr plrta kab tdagpn, ati. ]nr bn tletn, ab kniaeta ens prnvaa ka uel
defnrglidùe ka lbtçsdgn vlbnr, l bl qua en tdaeae liiasn bns plkras ed ab prnpdn psd-
iùbnhn ae bl ine subt
subtl.
l. ]nr ntrl plrta, ab gl astrn
astrn tdaea l su ilrhn uel hrle iletdklk
ka lbugen s, pnr bn
bn qua pu aka ing plrlr bbll inekuitl dekdvd
dekdvdkulb
kulb ae iuastdùe ine bl kab
hrupn ka plras. Lsç, as ilplz ka paridodr
paridodr quä ing pnrtlgdaetns rasubtle
rasubtle lkaiul kns
y iuìbas en bn sne plrl ilkl sdtulidùe ae plrtdiublr. Bns lutnras indeidkae ae qua
bns glastrns sne oua ens defnrgletas ka bns prnobagls k a ltaeidùe a jdparlitd
jdparlitdvdklk
vdklk
parn sa vuabvae g aens ine fdlobas
fdlobas iulek n sa trltl
trltl ka prnobagl s detarelbdzletas
detarelbdzletas (a.h.3
dejdodidùe,
dejdodidùe, tdgdkaz, avdtlidùe) y ka ine kuitls letdsnidlbas (a.h.3 rnon) (Olrry, Frdi` y
@lgpjlus, ?=<9).
- Ab edün ingn defnrgleta. Tl ingaetlgns qua l aklkas tagprlels ab rnb kab
edün ingn lu tnd
tndefnrgleta
efnrgleta ka su ing pnrtlgdaetn kaoa sar tng
tng lkn ine ilu tabl.
tabl. _a-
subtl dgpnrtleta inesdkarlr qua ae bl gakdkl ae qua as gìs paquaün, gìs vubea-
rloba sarì leta ab ilesleidn y ab gletaedgdaetn ka bl ltaeidùe, pnr bn qua puaka
prasaetlrsa flbtl ka inblonrlidùe kurleta ab prniasn ka avlbulidùe. Astl sdtulidùe
puaka lfaitlr su kasag paün ae bls pruaols psdinbùhdils y ae bls ineibusdneas kard-
vlkls ka bls puetulidneas notaed
notaedkls
kls (a.h.3¾en
(a.h.3¾en raspnekdù l ue çtag
çtag pnrqua en in en-
içl bl raspua
raspua stl, pnrqua astlol ile slkn , n pnrqua ab gltardlb en ba rrasubtù
asubtù ltrlitdvn
ltrlitdvn
n flgdbdlr>).
flgdbdlr>). Yahóe lbhuens lu tnras, bns
bns edüns rasubtle guy o uaens defnrgletas snora
trlstnrens
trlstnrens detarelbdzletas
detarelbdzletas (dejdod
(dejdodidùe,
idùe, tdgdkaz, aetra ntrns), qua puakae rasubtlr kasin-
enidkns tletn plrl plkras ing n plrl gl astrns (Fr (Frdi`
di` at lb., ?=<=).
- Bns plras ingn defnrgletas. Yd odae en as fraiuaeta deibudr l bns plras ae bns
prniasns avlbultdvns, as pnsdoba y l vaias ótdb tnglr ae iuaetl lqu abbn abbn qua abbns pdae-
sle snora ab axlg delkn ae iuastdùe. ]nr acagpbn, ae edüns ine prnobaglprnobagl s ka snidl-
bdzlidùe
bdzlidùe puaka agp balrsa bl täiedil kab snidnhrlgl plrl notaear, ka gl earl hrìfdil,hrìfdil,
ue asqua gl sn ora bls rab
rablidneas
lidneas ine bns plras qua in efnrgle ab hrupn. Astl täiedil
rainha defnrglidùe qua ordekle bns plras raspaitn ka bns ntrns edüns (a.h.3 l qudäe
prafdarae
prafdarae l bl jnrl ka ralbdzlr
ralbdzlr tlb n iul b litdvd
litdvdklk,
klk, l qudäe prafdarae ga ens, ati.). Astl
puaka s ar uel defnrglidùe vlbdnsl plrl ine fdrglr
fdrglr n k asilrtlr lbhuels jdpùtasds kdlh-
eùstdils ae a spaidlb.

o) Gubtdinetaxtn. _afarçlgns le tard

tardnrga
nrga eta ab rrnb
nb qua lsuga e bns kdfaraetas
kdfaraetas ine-
taxtns ae ab ingpnrtlgdaetn defletdb y iùgn bn defbuyae. Bl defnrglidùe gubtdinetax-

BL AVLBQLIDÙE ]YDINBÙHDIL AE EDÜNY. LY]AI[NY INEIA][QLBAY ?1

 

tulb, suglk l l bl notaedkl ka plrta kab prnpdn edün (det (detrlparsnel

rlparsnel b), pargdta sustaetlr
ab kdlheùstdin dekdvdkulb
dekdvdkulb l bl buz ka flitnr
flitnras
as sn idlb
idlbas
as devnbuirlkns. Bl inesdkarlidùe
inetaxtulb tdaea
tdaea ing n nocatdvn lelbdzlr bl inekuitl ae ab prnpdn lg odaeta ka prnkui-
idùe l bns afaitns ka g ded
dedgdzlr
gdzlr bl kdstnrsd
kdstnrsdùe
ùe prnvnil kl pn r ab inetaxtn g ìs lrtdfd
lrtdfdidlb
idlb
(a.h.33 ab inesubtnrd
(a.h. inesubtnrdn)
n) knek a as notaedkl bl defnrglidùe. Bns ine taxtnstaxtns qua gìs defbu-
defbu-
yae snora bns ing pnrtlgdaetns ka b edün sne ab flg flg dbd
dbdlr
lr y ab asinblr ae prdgar tärgden
y, ka gnk n g ìs lg pbd
pbdn,
n, ab iubturlb.
iubturlb. Bns kns prdgarns astìe praplrlkns y kdsaülkns
plrl acariar uel l iidùe fnrgltdvl y ka trlesg dsdùe iubt
iubturlb
urlb (Fnres, <449). Ab ing pnr-
tlgdaetn dekdvdkulb kaoa detarpratlrsa ae fueidùe ka sus asfuarzns ka lklptlidùe l
bls enrgls ka astns kns hrlekas inetaxtns. Ya pbletal pbletal ae asta ilsn ue ingpneaeta
detarliidnelb3
detarliidnelb3 ab inetaxtn
inetaxtn defbuya ae ab e dün y ab edün ae ab inetaxtn. Jny ae kçl iulb-
qudar baiturl ka bl avlbulidùe psdinbùhdil defletdb
defletdb kaoa tngl r ae iuaetl as tl parspai-
tdvl
tdvl ainbùhdil y en snblg aeta iaetrlrsa ae bls vlrdlobas dekdvdkulbas ing n arl trlkd-
idùe ae bl avl bulidùe defletdb
defletdb ibìsd
ibìsdil.
il. Ae bl in esdkarlidùe ka bns inetaxtns kaoa gn s
inetag pblr tletn
tletn ab gdirninetaxtn ae in etlitn ine ab edün (plkras, plras, glastrns,
vaidens) ingn ab gl irninetaxtn gìs lg pbdn ((bl bl id
iduklk,
uklk, ab plçs, bns gakdns ka ing u-
edilidùe, bl
bl iubturl). Kaska astl parspa itdvl, bl avlbulidùe sa inestdtuya ing n g ubtd-
ubtd-
inetaxtulb, tnglekn bl glynr iletdklk ka inetaxtns pnsdobas ae bns qua sal flitdoba
ingpraekar bl prnobagìtdil prasaetlkl. Ae asta lspaitn iloa inesdkarlr ab plpab
qua acaria bl iubturl
iubturl ingn inetaxt
inetaxtnn g nkablknr ka bl inekuitl juglel. Y a aetdaekae
ingn iubturl bns sdstagls ka iraaeidls y vlbnras sustaetlkns pnr katargdelkn hrupn
snidlb. Ab kdlheùstdin inorl dgpnrtleidl
dgpnrtleidl iulek n sa tng l astl kdgae sdùe ainbùhdil y
iubturlb
iubtur lb ingn uel k a bls iaetrlb
iaetrlbas.
as. Ab psdiùb
psdiùbnhn
nhn kao a praniuplrsa aspa idlbgaeta sd
ab edün pnsaa ue olh lca bdehòçstdin
bdehòçstdin n iubturlb kdfaraeta
kdfaraeta kab ka su hrupn ka rafaraeidl, y
taekrì qua lcustlr bls ineibusdneas ka bl avlbulidùe psdinbùhdil ae fueidùe ka astls
vlrdlobas (]lkdbbl, ?==<). Lsç, iloa inesdkarlr ka fnrgl as paidlb ab baehulca, plrtdiu-
blrgaeta sd ab avlbulkn prnvdaea ka uel rahdùe ine usn ka kdlbaitns. Yd sa trltl ka
ue axtrlecarn g dhrleta, ab psdiùbnhn kao a dkaetdfd
dkaetdfdilr
ilr prdgarn ab hrlkn ka liubturlidùe
letas ka lpbdilr iulbqudar pruaol psdinbùhdil. Qe destrugaetn ine a vdkaeidls ka vlbd-
kaz ae ue inetaxtn bnilb supnea bl liubturlidùe
liubturlidùe kab gae nr l bl iubturl
iubturl juäspak plrl
pnkar utdbdzlr lsç, lkaiulklgaeta, bls enrgls bnilbas. Ka ntrn gnkn, kaoarì raiu-
rrdrsa
rrdrsa l prniakdgdaetns ka avlbulidùe lbtareltdvns
lbtareltdvns qua sa aeiua etrae kdspnedobas.

i ]burdtäiedil y gubtdgätnkn. Lsç ingn axdstae kdfaraetas defnrgletas l plr-

tdr ka bns qua railolr kltns plrl ab prniasn kdlheùstdin, ab edün tlgodäe inestdtuya
ue inetaxtn ae sç gdsg n, lb qua kaoag ns lprnxdglrens ga kdleta täiedils kdvarsls
qua raspnekle l kdstdetns edvabas ka defaraeidl. Ka astl glearl puaka rasubtlr ótdb
uel a silbl iaetrlkl ae bl in ekuitl plrl avlbulr bl prasaeidl ka trlstnr
trlstnrens
ens axtarel-
bdzletas (a.h.3 inekuitls letdsnid
letdsnidlbas),
lbas), bl defnrglidùe det
detrlparsnelb
rlparsnelb snora trlstnrens
trlstnrens
detarelbd
detarelbdzletas
zletas qua prnpnridnel ab edün, ab rlshn psdinpltnbùhd
psdinpltnbùhdinin ae ab qua sa uodil,
su ing pnrtlgdaetn varolb, ab en varolb, su inek uitl hrìfdil,
hrìfdil, ati. Il kl uel k a astls
vlrdlobas puaka sar vlbnrlkl pnr gakdn ka uel täiedil aspaiçfdil qua prnpnridnel

uel defnrglidùe idriuesirdptl tlg odäe l su prnp dn edvab ka defaraeidl (a.h.3 ingpnrtl-
defaraeidl
gdaetn, lutnpariapi dùe, prniasn detr
detrlpsçqudin).
lpsçqudin). Ab psdiùbnhn
psdiùbnhn as ab axpartn aeilrhl kn
ka rauedr astns kdfaraetas tdpns ka kltns (guijls vaias kdsirapletas) plrl lrrdolr
l bl ine iaptulbdzlidùe
iaptulbdzlidùe kab kdlheùstdin. Ae iuletn l bls täiedils l utdb
utdbdzlr
dzlr as praidsn
inesdkarlr3
 ?6 L. ILY[_N YNBLEN

- Avdkaeidls ka vlbdkaz y inefdlodbdklk. [nkls bls täiedils qua abdclgns agpbalr

kaoarìe inetlr ine avdkaeidls ka vlbdkaz y inefdlodb
inefdlodbdklk
dklk sahóe su inetaxtn ka lpbdil-
idùe, prnkuidkls l p lrtd
lrtdrr ka devastdhlidneas sardls, bnilbas y raidaetas. Ka elk l sdrva
utdbdzlr
utdbdzlr ue olrag n ka ue k atargdelkn tast ine gìs ka ?= n 9= lüns ka l etd etdhòaklk,
hòaklk,
yl qua abbn puaka kl r buhlr l arrnras kdlheùstd
kdlheùstdins
ins hrlvas, defr
defrlvlbnrlekn
lvlbnrlekn ab iul krn.
Bls vl rdrdlobas
lobas psdinbùhdils
irniubturlbas, psdinbùhd
pnr bn quailssusne lbt
lbtlg
lg aeta
kaslrrnbbn susiaptdobastçpdin
n raekdgdaetn l blsldefbuaeidls
defb
ueluaeidls g dir
dirnn y g l-
aklk katargdelkl
puaka e vlrdlr ae pnins lüns ae fueidùe ka ilgo dns iubturlbas.
iubturlbas. Ae bl gdsgl bçeal, ue
tast ine avdkaeidls ka vlbdkaz lelbdzlkls ae lknbasiaetas n plrl ntrn rlehn ka aklk
kdstdetn kab utdbdzlkn en iugpba ine bns raqudsdtns gçedgns ka vlbdkaz astlobaidkns,
klkl bl rabavleidl ka flitnras avnbutdvns, jaijn qua tnkn psdiùbnhn kaoa ineniar
ae prnfue kdklk . As fraiuae ta ae bl prìitdil ibçedil vdnblr asta prdeidpdn
prdeidpdn y utdbdzlr,
utdbdzlr, pnr
acagpbn, uel trlkuiidùe ka ue tast axtrlecarn
axtrlecarn sde bl inesdkarlidùe ka bls aqudvlbaeidls
bdehòçstd
bdehòçstdils,
ils, g ätrdils
ätrdils y in eiaptulbas. Bl v dnb
dnblidùe
lidùe ka astns supua stns ltaetl ine trltrl
bl vlbdkaz kab prniasn ka avlbulidùe klekn buhlr l kdlheùstdins arrùeans ine lbtn
dgpli tn plrl ab sucat
sucatnn avlbulk n. Bls aqudvlbaei dls bdehòçstdils
bdehòçstdils en sne uel g arl trl-
kuiidùe, sden qua kle iuaetl ka sutdbazls kaentltdvls y ineentltdvls qua lfaitle

bns sdhedfdilkns
agpbalkns dgpbdilkns
pnr uel ae gnkdsgns,
inguedklk, usns,tlgodäe
inetag pblekn targdenbnhçl a dgìhaeas
bls frlec ls atlrdlsaspaiçfdils
frlecls inrraspne-
inrraspne-
kdaetas, ab edvab akui ltdvn ka bns plkras, bbll rahdùe y jlstl ab astrltn
astrltn snidnaine ùg din
ae ab qua ilkl dekdvd
dekdvdkun
kun sa kasag paül. Bls aqudvlbaeidls
aqudvlbaeidls ineiaptulbas katargdele
sd ab ineiaptn avlbulkn pnr ue destrugaetn pnsaa ae bl ing uedklk ae bl qua ab sucatn
jlodtl ue aqudvlbaeta ae tärgdens ka kafdedidùe
kafdedidùe ineiaptulb y ka ing pnrtlgdaetns qua
bn raprasaetae. ]nr acagpbn, ab inestruitn rlpdkaz plrl bl rasnbuidùe ka prnobagls
gltagìtdins en taekrì ab gdsg n sdhedfdilkn
sdhedfdilkn ed bl gdsgl g ledfastlidùe inekuitulb ae
kns iubturls kneka ab tdagpn ravdsta uel vlbnrlidùe kdfaraeidlb, ingn sne bl iubturl
urolel y bl rurlb
rurlb.. Fdelbgaeta, bls aqudvlbaeidls gätrdils sa vdeiuble ine ab astloba-
idgdaetn ka a vdkaeidls ka vlbdkaz, inefdlodbdklk
inefdlodbdklk y ntrls ilrlitarçstd
ilrlitarçstdils
ils psding ätrdils
ätrdils
ka bns tasts. Abbls ddeibuyae
eibuyae l bns olrag ns, parn astns en sne bl óedil prnpdaklk qua
kaoa sar lelbdzlkl
Bl dgpnrtleidl ae olragn
ka ue ue destrugae tn, ed sne,
sa vuabva eubl,pnr guijn,
l paslr kaabsulspaitn gìs ydgp
litulbdklk nrtleta.
bnilbdklk,
sd en sa jl astlobaidkn quä gdka ab tast, sahóe quä gnkabn taùrdin, sd asa gnkabn
puaka sn staearsa ae euastrl iubturl kab gdsg n gn kn qua ae bl iubturl ka nrdhae,
nrdhae, lsç
ingn sd tlgpnin sa jl ralbdzlkn uel trlkuiidùe qua tnga ae iuaetl tnkns bns ls-
paitns letas g aeidnelkns. T as dekdspaesloba rainrklr qua tnkn bn letardnr en sa ka-
idka ka g nkn detudtd
detudtdvn
vn n bdvdlen,
bdvdlen, sden qua ka oa kardvlrbn ue psdiùbnhn avlbulk nr ka bl
baiturl ineidaezukl y prnfuekl ka devastd
devastdhlidneas
hlidneas idaetçf
idaetçfdils
dils odae ka slrrnbblkls,
slrrnbblkls, kltl-
kls raidaetag aeta y jaijls ae in etaxtns bnilbas. Ka ntrn g nkn, bl litdvdklk
litdvdklk ka avl-
bulidùe ilraiarì ka saetdkn y pnkrì haearlr rasubtlkns
rasubtlkns arrùeans y klüdens plrl bns
detaraslkns, pnr bn iulb astì ae cuahn bl lbtçsdgl
lbtçsdgl raspneslodbd
raspneslodbdklk
klk ätdil kab prnfasdnelb.

- Vlbdkaz deiragaetlb. Ilkl destrugaetn qua sa suga lb prniasn ka avlbulidùe

kaoarçl lpnrtlr vlbdkaz
vlbdkaz deiragaetlb pnr snora bbns
ns kag ìs. Ya aetdaeka ing n vlbdkaz
deiraga etlb lb hr
hrlkn
lkn a e ab qua ue tast lhrahl vlrdlezl axpbdilkl k ab irdtardn
irdtardn (lqua
(lqua bbbbnn
qua sa qudara axpbdilr n avlbulr n gakdr), gìs lbbì ka bn qua sa puaka prakaidr pnr
 ga kdn ka n trns
trns kltns (Jue sbay y Gayar, ?==9). Ae tärgdens hae arlbas ae bls prìitd
prìitd--
ils ka a vlbulidùe psdinbùhd
psdinbùhdil
il sa ousil ue tdpn ka vlbdkaz inefdrgltnrdl kardvlkl kab

BL AVLBQLIDÙE ]YDINBÙHDIL AE EDÜNY.

EDÜNY. LY]AI[NY INEIA][QLBAY
INEI A][QLBAY ?8

usn ka tast
tasts,
s, haearlb
haearlbga
ga eta pnr trlkd
trlkdidùe,
idùe, qua prnvaae defnr
defnrgli
gli dùe rakuekleta y qu a
lugaetle flbslgaeta bl supuastl inevarhaeidl y/ n raiurraeidl aetra bns dekdilknras
ka pru aols su pua stlga eta kdstdetls
kdstdetls (a.h.3 tasts
tasts hrìfdins sdgdblras
sdgdblras -KFJ, kdoucn bdora,
bdora,
kns parsnels, tast ka bl flgdbdl- ae bns qua sa notdaea uel raiurraeidl ae ab trlzn
iulekn ae ralbdklk bl raiurraeidl astì lpuetlekn lb gdsgn edvab ka defaraeidl qua
sarçl bl
bl ine kuitl hrìfdil). Yd bns tasts
tasts ilptle bl g dsgl fuaeta k a arrnr, sa rakuia bl
vlbdkaz
vlbd kaz ka bls ineibusdneas kab kdlheùstdin. Ab kdlheùstdin
kdlheùstdin sa ae rdrdquaia
quaia iulek n bls
fuaetas ka defnrgl
defnrgl idùe dgpbd
dgpbdilkls
ilkls prnvaae praid
praidslga
slga eta defnrglidùe
defnrglidùe en rakuekle ta
qua l pnrtl vlbdkaz deiragaetlb lkdidnelb pnr snora bls n trls täiedils.
täiedils. Ae bl prìitdil
prìitdil sa
rasuabva deinrpnrlekn l bl oltarçl
oltarçl kdlheùstdil tasts qua raspnekl e l kdstdetns edvabas
ka defaraeidl3 tast hrìfdins, inekuitulbas, olslkns ae rlshns, ae lutnpariapidneas,
ae pariapidneas ka bns kagìs, ae tra tra ntrns.

- Flitnras ka vlrdleidl drrabavleta. Astns flitnras sne lquabbns qua en ltlüae l

bl asaeidl ka bn qua bl pruaol ral bgaeta vlbnrl, parn qua detarfdarae,
detarfdarae, haea rlbgaeta
ka g learl ea hltdvl, ine bl raspuastl qua sa pua ka notaea r kab edün. Aetra bns bns fli-
tnras gìs fraiuaetas sa ae iuae trl ab edvab ka baehulca varolb raquardkn plrl raspne-
kar bl pruaol ka g nkn in rrait
rraitn,
n, ab edvab ka liu btbturlidùe
urlidùe eaiasl rdrdnn plrl ing praekar
bns çtags, ab edvab ka akuilidùe lb qua sa jl liiakdkn y bls axpardaeidls vdtlbas,
aetra ntrls. Bl en dkaetdfdilidùe ka astns flitnras detrnkuia ue sashn ae bl avlbul-
idùe, qua puaka klr buhlr l ineibusdneas arrùeals (a.h.3 ¾ab edün notdaea puetul-
idneas olcls ae jlodbdklkas inhedtdvls pnrqua en aetaekdù bns çtags, bl inesdhel,
n pnrqua raquarçle ue axiasdvn gleacn ka jlodbdklkas varolbas>). NtrnsNtrns flitnras
ka vlrdleidl qua puakae lfaitlr bns rasubtlkns sne bl fltdhl kab avlbulkn, ab astdbn
parsnel b kab avlbulknr, bl kdstrliidùe
kdstrliidùe ae a b bbuhlr
uhlr ka bl avl bulidùe, bl flbtl
flbtl ka astloba-
id
idgdaetn
gdaetn ka ue ouae rlppnrt, bl litdtuk
litdtuk eahltdvl ka lbhuen n ka lg ons prnhaedtnras
prnhaedtnras
jlidl bl avlbulidùe , ati.

< L]BDILIDNEAY KA BL
BL AVL
AVLBQLIDÙE
BQLIDÙE ]YDINBÙHDIL
AE EDÜNY

Qe l vaz ing aetlkns bns lspaitns ineiaptulbas oìsdins ka bbll avlbulidùe psdin-
bùhdil ae edüns, rastle kns detarrnhletas fueklga etlbas3 <) ¾]lrl quä sdrva bl avlbul-
idùe psdinbùhdil ae bns edüns> y ?) ¾Iùgn y in e quä destrugaetns sa ralbdzl>
Detaetlragns raspne kar lb prdga
prdga r ddetarrnhleta
etarrnhleta ae asta lpl rtlkn ragdtd
ragdtdaekn
aekn l bns
usns gìs fraiuaetas ka bls tlrals ka avlbulidùe qua sa kaslrrnbble ae bns kdfarae-
tas ìgodtns ka lpbdilidùe. Ab sahuekn detarrnhleta sarì lonrklkn ae ab Ilpçtubn 9,
kneka katlb
katlbblragns
blragns bns destrugaetns ka avlbulidùe psdinbùhdil
psdinbùhdil gìs utd
utdbdbdzlkns
zlkns sahóe
lspa itns aspa içfd
içfdins
ins (inh edtd
edtdvn,
vn, ag nidnel b, flgdbdlr, aetra ntrns), sus ilrlitarçstd
ilrlitarçstdils
ils
 psdingätrd
psdingätrdils
ils y a b inetaxt
L in etdeulidùe
etdeulidùe inetaxtn
asirdodnragn
ka lpbdilidùe
k asirdodragn lpbd ilidùe aeta
s oravag ae abbns
quaprnpùsdt
rasubtlensgìs
prnpùsdtns ka bllkaiul kns. psdin-
avlbulidùe
bùhdil
bùhdil sahóe bns trtras
as ìg odt
odtns
ns ka lpbd
lpbdilidùe
ilidùe gìs in guea s ae bl defleidl, ingn sne a b
ibçedin, ab akuilidnelb y ab fnraesa. Lhrahlragns ue iulrtn ìgodtn, en gaens dgpnr-
tleta3 ab ìgodtn ka bl devastdhlid
devastdhlidùe.
ùe.

?ä L. ILY[_N YNBLEN

Ìgodtn ibçedin. Asta as ab asplidn

asplidn g ìs ingóe k neka niurrae bls tlrals
tlrals ka avl-
bulidùe psdinbùhdil defletdb. Bns p lkras su abae snbdidtlr
snbdidtlr lsdstaeidl psdinbùhdil n odae
sne kardvlkns pnr ue prnfasdnelb gäkdin n bl asiuabl. Ae asta ilsn kaoae dkaetdfd-
ilrsa bls inekuitls prnobagìtdils, qudäeas sne bns pntaeidlbas plidaetas (edüns, pl-
kras, lgo ns), pnsdob
pnsdobas
as nrçhaea s kab n ka bns iulkrns , kd
kdlheù
lheù stdins y tdpn
tdpn ka detarvae-
idùe gìs l kaiulkl , n lóe npidneas k a detarvaeid
detarvaeidneas
neas l btbtareltd
areltdvls.
vls. Asta prniasn sa
lgl ingóegaeta psdinkdlheùstdin y inestl ka u el n k ns aetravdstls
bbbblgl aetravdstls l bns plkras,
bls sasdneas ka lkgdedstrlidùe ka tasts ine ab edün, uel aetravdstl ka kavnbuidùe y
bl rakliidùe ka ue defnrga ae ab ilsn ka qua ue tariarn jlyl snbdidtlkn bl avlbul-
idùe. Ab prnpù sdtn ka bl avlbuli dùe ibçed
ibçedil
il defletdb as lrrdolr l ue kdlheùstdin ibçedin.
Ya aetdaeka ingn kdlheùstdin bl dkaetdfdilidùe tletn ka ingpneaetas slens ingn
pltnbùhdins qua ab inesubtleta prasaetl. Kdlheùstdin en dgpbdil dgpnear ue rùtubn3
kdlhenstdilr as guijn gìs qua asn, devnbuirl bl ineiaptulbdzlidùe kab ilsn ingn
uel tntlbdklk3
tntlbdklk3 ¾\uä iu lkrn/s prasaetl ab edün> ¾I ùg n sa nrdhdeù>
nrdhdeù> ¾I uìbas sne bns
flitnras
flitnr as raspneslobas ka su g letaedgdaetn n lhrlvlgdaetn> ¾Ya p rasaetl ka dhulb
gn kn ae kdfaraetas inetaxtns (flg dbdbdlr,
dlr, asinblr, ati.)>
ati.)> ¾Ya trltl ka lbhn parg leae ta
n ravarsdoba> ¾Ya
¾Ya trltl ka lbhn bava n dgplitl ae guijls ìrals ka su vdkl> ¾\uä
hrlkn ka ilgodn psdinbùhdin as asparloba ae katargdelkn tdagpn> ¾As eaiaslrdn
ralbdzlr lbhuel det
ralbdzlr detarinesubtl>
arinesubtl> ¾E aiasdtl ga kdilid
kdilidùe,
ùe, detarelidùe
detarelidùe u n trn tdpn
tdpn ka lsds-
taeidll g ìs pargleae ta> ¾\uä tdpn ka detarvaeidùe
taeid detarvaeidùe rasubtl
rasubtl gìs lka iulkl> ¾A b ededün
ün
as ab plidaeta dkaetdfdilkn
dkaetdfdilkn parn jly ntrns ingpneaetas ‛ pnr acagpbn, flgdbdlras‛,
flgdbdlras‛, qua
snstdaeae
snstdaeae a b iulkrn> ¾\uä glrhae ka g nkdf nkdfdilid
dilidùe
ùe y ka ineidaeidl ka bl sdetngltn-
bnhçl axdsta ae bl flg dbd
dbdl>
l>
Lsdgdsgn rasub
rasubtl
tl eaiaslrdn qua ab psdiùbnhn
psdiùbnhn en snblgaeta dkaetdfdqua
dkaetdfdqua lquabbns ls-
paitns pltnbùhdins sden qua sal ilplz ka bnilbdzlr bns ingpneaetas slbuhäedin
slbuhäedins sy
fnrtlbazls kab axlgdelkn, l plrtdr ka bns qua sa trlolclrì ae ue avaetulb futurn trl-
tlgdaetn, y abbn
abbn kao a ine sdkarlr ttnkns
nkns bns ine taxtns ae bns qua lquab detarvd
detarvdaea,
aea, lsç
ingn tnkls sus ìrals ka kasagpaün (inhedtdvl, ingpnrtlgaetlb, snidlb, flgdbdlr,
flgdbdlr,
gäkdil).
Ae bl tlobl sdhudaeta deibudgn
deibudgn s ue bdst
bdstlkn
lkn k a bls lpbdilidnea
lpbdilidnea s gìs fraiua etas ka bl
avlbulidùe psdinbùhdil defletdb ae bl prìitdil ibçedil.

[lobl <. Lpbdilidneas gìs fraiuaetas ka bl avlbulidùe psdinbùhdil defletdb

ae ab ìgodtn ibçedin
 Kardvlidneas ralbdzlkls pnr ntrns prnfasdnelbas l bns afaitns ka dkaetdfdilr
dkaetdfdilr ingp neaetas psdinpl tnbùhd-
ins dgpbdilkns qu a raqudarle trltlgdaetn.

Dekdilidùe ka trltlgdaetn y tdpn (a.h.3 psdintarlpdl, psdinpaklhùh din, psdqudìtrdin).

psdqudìtrdin).

Dkaetdfdilidùe ka ingpneaetas agnidnelbas y/u nrhìedins dgpbdilkns ae bns trlstnrens ka lpraekdzlca.

Dkaetdfdilidùe ka ingpneaetas agnidnelbas y/u nrhìedins dgpbdilkns ae bns trlstnrens ka bl inekuitl.

Avlbulidùe ka bns trlstnrens

trlstnrens kab e aurnkaslrrnbbn a dekdilidùe ka trltlgdaetn.

Avlbulidùe kab tlbaetn y/n supa rkntlidùe.

BL AVLBQLIDÙE ]YDINBÙHDIL AE EDÜNY. LY]AI[NY INEIA][QLBAY ?4

Ìgodtn akuilidnelb. Bl asiuabl as ab asplidn kneka ab edün plsl hrle plrta

ka su tdagpn, en snblgaeta kaslrrnbblekn tlrals ka lpraekdzlca sden tlgodäe litd-
vdklkas ka snidlbdzlidùe ine plras. Ab ìgodtn asinblr pbletal vlrdns kaslfçns (a.h.3
fnilbdzlr bl
bl ltaei dùe, snidlbd
snidlbdzlr,
zlr, sahudr rrahbls,
ahbls, lpraeka r inetaedkn s, kastrazls prnia-
kdgdaetns y litdtukas
litdtukas ka k dvar
dvarsl
sl çeknba). Ka astl g learl pua ka pne ar ka g ledfdast
ledfdastnn
idartls
idart ls kdfd
kdfdiubtlkas
iubtlkas ae ab edün qua raqudarle ka uel a vlbulidùe gì s pnrga enrdzlkl.
Bls kdfdiubtlkas
kdfdiubtlkas g ìs fraiuaetas suabae jl bbbblrsa
lrsa ae rablidùe ine ab lpraekdzlca y ine bl
inekuitl vdeiublkl leta plras y/n lku btbtns. ns. Fraiuaetagaeta bl asiuabl pnsaa psdiù-
bnhns asinblras qua ralbdzle
ralbdzle l bhuels tlrals oìsdils ka avlbulidùe psdinbùhdil.
psdinbùhdil. Asta
parsnelb lpbdil täiedils kaengdelkls ka siraaedeh n kaspdstlca qua tdaeae ingn
nocatdvn dkaetdfdilr pnsdobas ilsns ae rdashn. Klkn qua astls täiedils sne lbtlgaeta
saesdobas y pnin aspaiçfd
aspaiçfdils,
ils, puaka e kl r buhlr l bl dkaetdfdilidùe
dkaetdfdilidùe ka flbsns pnsdtdvns
(ilsns qua ae ralbdklk
ralbdklk en sne tlbtlbas)
as) y qua kaoae sar avlbulkns ka uel g learl g ìs
prnfuekl ae u el sahu ekl destleidl. Ae bns Ilpçtubns
Ilpçtubns 1 y 6 katlbblragns
katlbblragns bns usns ka
kns destrugaetns ka siraaedeh jlodtulbgaeta utdbdzlknsutdbdzlkns a e bl prìitdil asinblr (KFJ y
[ast ka Oaek ar), l bns qua lhrahlgns ue l euavl jarrlgdaetl ka avlbulidùe ka g l-
kuraz eaurnpsdinbùhdil, ab Yiraaedeh Eaurnpsdinbùhdin plrl Edüns (Y EE ) (Ilpçtubn 8).
Bl a vlbulidùe ae bns ìg odt odtns
ns ak uiltdvns kaoa taea r ue kn oba nocatdvn3
nocatdvn3 dkaetdfd
dkaetdfdilr
ilr
tagprlelg aeta l bns edüns qua puakle prasaetlr prnobagls ilplia s ka detarf detarfardr
ardr ine
su lpraek dzlca n od odae
ae ka prnk uidr kdf
kdfdiubtlkas
diubtlkas ka snidlbdzlidùe (inekuitl) qua pnk rìe
nostliubdzlr su fueidnelgdaetn ae ab hrupn ka plras. Bl dkaetdfdilidùe tagprlel ka
ilsns tdaea uel fueidùe pravaetdvl, yl qua ue kdlheùstdin prainz pargdta ue gacnr
lonrklca kaska ab puetn ka vdstl ka bl detarvaeidùe ibçedil. Ab siraaedeh sdhedfdil ab
prdgar plsn, qua puaka n en dgpbdilr bl kataiidùe ralb ka ue ilsn. Yarì ab kdlheùstdin
ubtardnr ab qua ine fdrga (n en) bls dgpbdilidneas varklka rls kab rasubtlkn kab siraaedeh.
Ae bl [lobl ? rasugdg ns bns lpbdilidneas
lpbdilidneas g ìs fr
fraiuaetas
aiuaetas ka bl avlbulidùe psdinbù-
hdil ae ab ìgodtn akuil tdvn.

[lobl ?. Lpbdilidneas gìs fraiuaetas ka bl avlbulidùe psdinbùhdil defletdb

ae ab ìgodtn akuiltdvn
 Dkaetdfdilidùe ka flitnras agnidnelbas qua detarfdarle ine ab lpraekdzlca.

Kdfdiubtlkas
Kdfdiubtlkas ae bl snidlbdzlidùe ine plras (a.h.3 asilsls jlodbdklkas snidlbas, lhrasdùe, ati.).

Dkaetdfdilidùe ka trlstnrens kab baehulca (ae aklkas gìs tagprlels).

Dkaetdfdilidùe ka flitnras inhedtdvns, glkurltdvns qua detarfdarle ine ab lpraekdzlca.

lpraekdzlca.

Kdlheùstdin
Kdlheùstdin ka trlstnrens aspaiçfdins kab lpraekdzlca (a.h.3 baiturl, gltagìtdil, asirdturl).

Kdlheùstdin
Kdlheùstdin ka kdsfueidùe detabaitulb l bns
b ns afaitns ka katargdelr detarvaeidneas aspaiçfdils.

Kdlheùstdin ka trlstnrens ltaeidnelbas.

Iloa inesdhelr qua sd odae lquç jagns saplrlkn bns ìg odtns odtns ibç
ibçedin
edin y akuil idn-
elb, ae bl prìitdil
prìitdil ineiratl abbns sa jl bbbble
le çetdglga eta rablidnelkns pnr ab dgplitn k a

9N L. ILY[_N YNBLEN

lgons snora ab ing pnrtlgdaetn

pnrtlgdaetn defletdb
defletdb.. Ha earlbgaeta bns prnob
prnobagl
agl s sne kataitlkns
kataitlkns
ae ab jnhlr n ae bl asiu abl, y ast
astll óbtd
óbtdgl
gl as ine g uijl fraiuaeidl ab asplidn ka ka rd-
vlidùe lb ìgodtn ibçedin.

Ìgodtn fnraesa. Ae asta ìg odtn detarvdaea

detarvdaea bl custdid
custdidl.
l. Qel avlbulidùe psdinbùhdil
fnraesa suaba taear ingn nocatd
nocatdvn
vn katargdelr iùg n lbhóe suiasn aspaiçfdin
aspaiçfdin (a.h.3 glb-
trltn,
trltn, lousn, e ahbdhaeidl, kdvnrid
kdvnridn,
n, g lbl prlxds, ati.) puaka jloa r defbudkn
defbudkn ae bl prnoba-
gìtdil kab edün n, ae ilsn ka en g ledfastlrsa tlb prnobagìtdil ae bl litulbdklk, sd as
pnsdobaa qua in gn inesaiu aeidl ka kdijn suiasn sa k aslrrnbbae
pnsdob aslrrnbbae prnobag ls futurns.
futurns.
Ae ab ilsn ka iustnkdl ka gaenras (qudäe quaklrì l ilrhn ka bl hulrkl kab edün),
as eaiaslrdn katargdelr bls fnrtlbazls y kaodbdklkas ka ilkl uen ka bns plkras ka
ilrl l bl g acnr raingae
raingae klidùe, ttaedaekn
aedaekn ae iuaetl lb gdsgn tdtdagpn
agpn bns det
detarasas
arasas kab
paquaün. Ae bns ilsns ka gl btbtrltnrltn defletdb
defletdb ab nocatd
nocatdvn
vn as avlbulr ab astlkn g aetlb kab
edün y raing aeklr detarvaeid
detarvaeidneas
neas tarlpäutdils.
tarlpäutdils. Ine ab rasubt
rasubtlkn
lkn ka a stl avlbulidùe
psdinbùhdil ab cuaz
cuaz pua ka aeil rlr liidneas plrl prntahar bns karaijns ka b edün. Yd jl
sufrdkn
sufrdkn l bhóe avaetn trlug ìtd
ìtdin
in as eaiaslrdn defnrglr lb ka rdvleta (ab ccuaz
uaz qua snbdidtl
snbdidtl
bl pardidl)
pardidl) iuìbas sne bns prnobag ls psdinbùhdins dgpbdilkns , iuìb as su hrlva klk , sd
ab edün yl plka içl astls pltnbnhçls ine letardnrd
letardnrdklk
klk l b avaetn n odae sd asta axl iaroù
lbhuel prnobagìtdil pravdl, ab hrlkn ae qua sa asparl uel k atargdelkl raiuparlidùe
buahn kab suias n y quä tdtdpn
pn ka trltlgdaetn eaia sdtlrì y pnr iuìetn tdagpn. Il oa ine-
sd
sdkarlr
karlr qua ab psd
psdiùbnhn
iùbnhn ae asta ilsn tdaea
tdaea g uijl g aens lutneng çl qua ae ab ìg -
odtn
odtn ibçedin,
ibçedin, yl qua sa k asag paül ing n luxdbd lr kab cuaz y su fueidùe as bl ka b pardtn
luxdbdlr
psdiùbnhn qua raspnek arì ae ilbdklk
ilbdklk ka in esubtnr
esubtnr l bns puetns k a pardidl
pardidl snbdidtlkns
snbdidtlkns
n odae pnr ab cuaz lituleta ae bl il usl, n odae pnr ab lonhl kn ka plrta n kab fdfdsilb.
silb. Ab
psdiùbnhn
psdiùb nhn ka oarì raklitlr ue defnrga g deuidnsn ing n raspuastl lb pakdkn le tardnr, tardnr,
qua norlrì ae ue axpakdaeta póobdin lb qua taekrìe taekrìe liiasn g uijls parsnels. As g uy
dgpnrtleta rashulrklr aspaidlbgaeta bl defnrglidùe
defnrglidùe sn ora ab edün qua fua ravablkl ae
bls aetravdstls pardidlbas.
 [lobl 9 . Lpbdilidneas
Lpbdilidneas gì s fraiuaetas ka bl avlbulidùe psdinbùhdil
psdinbùhdil defletdb
defletdb
ae a b ìgodtn fnraesa.

Avlbulr ab astlkn psdinbùhdin kab edün ae fueidùe ka ue avaetn trlugìtdin (a.h.3 glbl prlxds, liid-
kaeta, lousn, eahbdhaeidl, ati.).
Astlobaiar karaijns ka tutabl ae ilsns ka kdvnridn.

_albdzlr ue kdlheùstdin kab edün ae ilsns ka glbtrltn, lousn n vdnbaeidl jlidl bns edüns.

Katargdelr dekdilidùe ka trltlgdaetn psdinbùhdin

psdinbùhdin ingn inesaiuae idl kab avaetn

Katargdelr ab klün psdinbùhdin sufrdkn

sufrdkn ing n inesaiua eidl kab avaetn.

Ìgodtn ka bl devastdhlidùe. [rlkdidnelbgae ta asta

asta ìg odtn
odtn en arl inesdkarlkn
ing n ttlb.
lb. Axdstçle, pnr ue blkn bls
bls ttlrals
lrals prnfasdnelbas kab psdiùbnhn,
psdiùbnhn, ka inrta gìs
lpbdilkn, y pnr ntrn, bns idaetçfdins qua prnkuiçle y kdsaülole bls pruaols. Aetaekagns
qua bls tlrals ka devastdhlidùe sne uel plrta guy dgpnrtleta kab kaslrrnbbn ka bl psdin-

BL AVLBQLIDÙE ]YDINBÙHDIL AE EDÜNY. LY]AI[NY INEIA][QLBAY <

bnhdl ingn kdsidpbdel idaetçfdil. Asta ìgodtn pargdta haearlr euavns inenidgdaetns qua
sarìe trlesfardkns,
idnelr trlesfard kns, ing
kdfdiubtlkas
kdfdiub tlkas ga kdltl n dega
n pl rl kdltlgaeta
g acnrlr pr
prnobaglslb ìgn odtn
nobagls odt n ka neas
sdtulid lpbdilidùe,
lpbdilid
sdtulidneas ùe, tletn(Fareìekaz
ineiratls plrl snbu-
Bdpnrlia, ?==4). Ineiaodgns ing n dekdspaesloba bl vd vdeiublid
eiublidùeùe aetra bls tlrals qua
sa ralbdzle ae bns ìgo dtdtns
ns lpbdilkns y bls litdvd
litdvdklka
klka s ka devastdhlidùe, klkn qua bls
prdgarls sa eu trae ka bls óbtdgls.
óbtdgls. Ae a faitn, jjny
ny ae k çl rasubtl
rasubtl dekdspaesloba en a stlr
litulbdzlkn
litulbdz lkn raspaitn ka iuìb n quä tdpn ka destrugaetn as g ìs lprnpdlkn plrl rasnbvar
katargdelkl sdtulidùe avlbultdvl. Vnbvdaekn lb ìgodtn ka bl devastdhlidùe, ae bns óbtdgns
lüns ae bl Lrhaetdel astl ìral jl surhdkn ing n uen ka bns parfdb parfdbas
as prnfasdnelbas axds-
taetas. Yd odae
odae ibìsdilg aeta ab plpa b kab psdiùbnhn sa raku içl l ralbdzlr avlbuli dneas
psdinbùhdils
psdinbùhdils y trltlgdaetns,
trltlgdaetns, jny ae kçl sne ilkl vaz gìs bns inbahls qua sa kasag -
paüle in gn devastdhlknras y qua tdtdaeae
aeae in gn ìg odt odtnn ka trlolcn bbll Qedvarsdklk. Ae bl
[lobl ; kasirdodgns bls prdeidplbas tlrals qua puakae ralbdzlr bns psdiùbnhns ae asta
ilgpn ae rablidùe ine ab kdsaün y lklptlidùe ka täiedils ka avlbulidùe psdinbùhd
psdinbùhdil.
il.

[lobl ;. [lrals ka bns psdiùbnhns qua ralbdzle devastdhlidùe ae ab ilgpn

ka bns destrugaetns ka avlbulidùe psdinbùhdil.

Kdsaün ka euavns tasts ka avlbulidùe psdinbùhdil snora bl olsa ka euavns inestruitns, eaiasdklkas,
tanrçls, ati.

Lklptlidùe rahdnelb ka destrugaetns

destrugaetns k a avlbulidùe yl a xdstaetas
xdstaetas ae n trls iubturls.
iubturls.

Inestruiidùe y litulbdzlidùe
litulbdzlidùe ka olragns. Devastdhlidneas
Devastdhlidneas plrl prnvaar avdkaeidls ka vlbdkaz y ine-
fdlodbdklk.
 _akliidùe ka gleulbas plrl avlbulr y lelbdzlr rasubtlkns ordeklkns l plrtdr ka bl lpbdilidùe ka tasts
ka avl bulidùe psdinbùhdil.
[rlesfaraeidl pargleaeta gakdleta iblsas, iursns, tlbbaras kab inetaedkn kab ìgodtn ka bl devastdhl-
idùe l kdfaraetas tdpns ka póobdin (lbugens ka hrlkn, pnshrlkn, inguedklk gìs lgpbdl, ati.).

Qel vaz suidetlgaeta kaslrrnbblkls

kaslrrnbblkls bls lpbdilidneas
lpbdilidneas ka bl avlbulidùe psdinbùhdil
psdinbùhdil
defletdb,b, katlb
defletd katlbblragns
blragns bls atlpls plrl ralbd
ralbdzlr
zlr ue prniasn k a astl çeknba.

? . ]LYNY ]L_ L BL _ALBDSLID

_ALBDSLIDÙE
ÙE KA BL AVLBQLI DÙE
]YDINBÙHDI AE QE EDÜN

]nka gn s inesdkarlr tras

tras plsns ae a b prniasn ka a vlbulidùe
vlbulidùe psdinbùhdil
psdinbùhdil ae edüns.
Kasirdodragns l inetdeulidùe ilkl uen ka abbns y bls tlrals qua kaoa ralbdzlr ab psd-
iùbnhn ae ilkl plsn.

]lsn < . Kardvlidùe, sabaiidùe ka oltarçl y lkgdedstrlidùe ka tasts

b prdgar plsn inesdsta ae bl raiapidùe
r aiapidùe ka ue pakdkn ka avlbulidùe psdinbùhdil
sahóe ab ìgodtn ka kasag paün ae ab qua ab psdiùbnhn trlolca,
trlolca, tlb ingn inga etìrlgns

9? L. ILY[_N YNBLEN

ae a b lplrtlkn letardnr. Ae astl destleidl ab inbahl k aoa dkae tdfd

tdfdilr
ilr bl fuaeta ka kardvl-
idùe (a.h.3 asiuabl, gä kdin, ntr
ntrnn psdiùbnhn) y, ae bl
bl ga kdkl ka bn pnsdoba, pnearsa ae
inetlitn ine a bbbbl,
l, yl qua tletn qudae ralbdzl bl avlbulidùe ing n ab kardvleta eaiasl-
rdlgaeta detarlitóle l bns afaitns ka tnglr bl kaidsdùe gìs lkaiulkl plrl ab edün
(Ylttbar,
(Ylttb ar, ?=<=). Ab psdiùbnhn
psdiùbnhn tdaea qua katargdelr iu ìb as ab prnpùsdtn ka bl avlbulidùe
(a.h.3 kdlheùstdin ka kdsfueidneas, kdlheùstdin kdfaraeidlb, kaglekl ka trltlgdaetn) y
kaoa k aidkd
aidkdrr raspneslob
raspneslobag
ag aeta sd bbll liaptlrì ae fueidùe ka sus inenidgdaetns n ìral
ka aspaidlbdzlidùe. ]uaka niurrdr qua uel vaz ralbdzlkl bl kardvlidùe astl en sal ka
su ing pataeidl, kaodaekn lsç kardvlr ab ilsn eua vlga eta l ntrn prnfasdnelb
prnfasdnelb gìs dkù-
ean. ]nr acagpbn, pnkrçl niurrdr qua ue prnfasdnelb ae ab prdgar inetlitn snspaija
qua ab edün sufra lbhuel kdsfueidùe eaurnbùhdil l ilusl ka ue trlugltdsgn raidaeta0 ae
asa il sn as prafardoba kard
kardvlrbn
vlrbn l ue eau rnpsdiùbnhn aspa idlbdstl
idlbdstl ae asta tdpn ka lfai-
idneas letas qua ralbdzlr uel avlbulidùe psdinbùhdil ka sus ilplidklkas inhedtdvls.
Lsdgdsgn , ab pr
prdgar
dgar inetlitn ine ab edün n ine sus plkras p uaka raqu ardr uel detar-
inesubtl lkdidnelb sd prasaetl lbhuel gledfastlidùe fçsdil y/n inekuitulb qua pukdarl
lfaitlr su ing pnrtlgdaetn a defbdefbudr
udr ae bl avlbulidùe y a e ab kdlheùstdin rasubtleta. ]nr
acagpbn, quacls fçsdils,
fçsdils, gl rans, eìusals, vùgdtns frfraiuae
aiuae tas, ilg odns ingpn rtlgae-
tlbas rapaetdens, drrdtlodbdklk, jdparlitdvdklk axiasdvl, kdfdiubtlkas inhedtdvls tlbas ingn
kdfdiubtlkas
kdfdiubtlkas plrl jl oblr, asird
asirdodr
odr n baar, aetra ntrls. Ae astns il sns ab psdiùbnhn ka oa
ralbdzlr
ralbdzlr uel detar
detarinesubtl
inesubtl lkdidnelb ine ntrn prnfasdnelb -gäkdin, eaurùbnhn, psdqudltrl,
 fnenlukdùbnhn- qua sarì gltardlb l deibudr ae bl avlbulidùe y ab kdlheùstdin.
Yd bl kardvleta jl sdkn bl asiuabl as eaiaslrdn inetlr ine ue defnrga asirdtn kab
kniaeta qua tnga ae iuaetl tletn bns lspaitns rafardkns lb lpraekdzlca ingn l bl

inekuitl ae ab lubl
inetaxtn asinblr y ine
kaska bns plras,
ab puetn llbns
ka vdstl
vdst ka afaitns ka notaear
ue defnrgleta iblvadefnrglidùe
y intd kdlen. snora
intdkdlen. ab
_asubtl
lkagìs inevaedaeta deibudr gltardlb asinblr lkdidnelb tlb ingn trlolcns kab edün ae ab
lubl, onbatçe ka ilbdfdilidneas,
ilbdfdilidneas, iulk arens, kdoucns, ati., qua tlg odäe sarìe ótdbas plrl
bl avlbulidùe. Astns gltardlbas puakae sar raquardkns y lelbdzlkns gdaetrls ab psdiù-
bnhn ralbdzl bl prdgarl y sahuekl aetravdstl ine bns plkras, qua tdaeae ingn nocatdvn
dkaetdfdilr
dkaetdfdilr ab prnobagl y pn earbn ae parsp aitdvl l bl buz ka bns inetaxtns dgpbdilkns y
ka bl jdstnrdl
jdstnrdl kab edün. Ine bns plkras sa dekl hlrì ab gntdvn ka in esubtl, letaiak aetas
kab edün y ka bl flgdbdl ae fueidùe kab prnobagl pnr ab qua sa inesubtl. L bl
b l vaz ka-
oarìe axp bnrlrsa bls snbuidneas
snbuidneas lbtareltdvls qua bns prnhae dtnras juodarle detaetlkn
pravdlgaeta plrl rasnbvar bl prnobagìtdil, y ravdslr ab plpab qua jle taedkn ae ab g le-
taedgdaetn kab gdsgn. Bns plkras rasubtle defnrgletas prdvdbahdlkns snora bns jdtns

kab kaslrrnbbn kab ed

kaslrrnbbn edün
ün (aspaidlb
(aspaidlbgae
gae ta ae ab ilsn ka qua en sa jlyl iug pbdkn
pbdkn ine bls
plutls glkurltdvls asparlkls) y snora ntrns flitnras pardeltlbas n praeltlbas qua
pnkrçle jloar lfaitlkn lb detaraslkn (a.h.3 aefargaklk as ka bl gl kra kurleta ab ag-
olrlzn, prag lturaz, detarelidùe
detarelidùe ae deiuol knrl lb elidgdaetn, defaiidneas, vuabt vuabtls
ls ka
inrkùe, ati.).
ati.). Kaoa kastlilrsa bl pn sdodbd
sdodbdklk
klk ka q ua a b psdiùb
psdiùbnhn
nhn raidol def
defnrglidùe
nrglidùe
inetrlkditnrdl,
inetrlkditnrd l, yl qua sd ralb
ralbdzlgns
dzlgns u el avl bulidùe psdinbùhdil
psdinbùhdil in e g ubtddefnr
ubtddefnrgl
gl etas bl
prnolodbdklk
prnolodb dklk ka qua abb
abbnn suiakl as g uy abavlkl. Astn niurra pnrqua kdfar kdfaraetas
aetas glta-
rdlbas
rdlbas (asin blras, gäkdins, aetravdstls, ttasts)
asts) prnvaae defnrgli
defnrgli dùe kardvlkl ka kdfar
kdfarae-
ae-
tas sahgae tns ka ingp nrtlgdaetn qua ab psd psdiùbnhn
iùbnhn kaoa sar ilpl z ka carlrqudzlr
carlrqudzlr l bl
bl
jnrl ka ineia ptulbd
ptulbdzlr
zlr ab ilsn y ka raklitlr su raing aekl idùe.
Ine astl defnrglidùe ae gaeta ab inbahl avlbulknr kaoa sabaiidnelr bns destru-
gaetns l lkgdedstrlr, ka gnkn ka iuordr tnkns bns lspaitns eaiaslrdns l deklhlr

BL AV
A VLBQLIDÙE ]YDINBÙHDIL AE
A E EDÜNY
EDÜNY.. LY]AI
LY]AI[NY
[NY INEIA][QLBA
INEIA][QLBAYY 99

sahóe ab g ntdvn ka inesubtl y bl ddefnrglidùe

efnrglidùe railo lkl jlstl asa pu etn. Bls litdvdkl-
litdvdkl-
kas ka avlbulidùe psdinbùhd
psdinbùhdil
il trlkdidnelbga
trlkdidnelbga eta jle inesdstdkn ae uel sa rda ka oltarç
oltarçls
ls
fdcls (pnr ac. aetravdstls, tasts hrìfdins prnyaitdvns, tast varolbas prnyaitdvns y tasts psd-
ing ätrdins -asilbls
-asilbls X DYI n s dgdblr-
dgdblr-,, ine asilsl n eubl vlrdlidùe ae asta rapartnrdn).
Ae bl litulbdklk sa supne a qua kao a lcustlrsa bl avlbulidùe l bls ilrlitarç
ilrlitarçstdils
stdils kab
edün y kab ilsn ae fueidùe ka bl defnrglidùe rainbaitlkl qua lilolgns ka ingaetlr.
Ka fnrgl lkdidnelb, kaoae inesdkarlrsa lb abahdr bls täiedils
täiedils ka avlbulidùe psdiùbnhdil
lbhuels iuastdneas fueklg aetlbas qua katlbblragns ae bl [lobl 1.

[lobl 1. Iuastdneas dgpnrtletas lb abahdr destrugaetns ka avlbulidùe

psdinbùhdil
psdinbùhdil ae edüns

]rniurlr qua bns destrugaetns iugpble ine bns astìeklras detarelidnelbas ka inefdlodbdklk y vlbdkaz.
Ae ab ilsn ka q ua sale täiedils axtrlecarls qua jlyle sdkn lk lptlkls, vardfd
vardfdilr
ilr bl lkaiulidùe ine -
 iaptulb, bdehòçstdil y gätrdil raidaetas y bnilbas.

_avdslr sd bns
bns olragns (enrgls) sne lkai ulkns plrl ab usn qua sa ba qudara klr.
Yabaiidnelr tasts qua sa rafdarle l kdfaraetas sahgaetns ka inekuitl prnvdstns pnr góbtdpbas defnr-
gletas (varolb, hrìfdin, inekuitulb, lutndefnrga, jatarndefnrrea, ati.).

Yabaiidnelr täiedils qua raspatae ab oli`hrnuek iubturlb, ätedin y snidlb kab gaenr.

Avdtlr bl rakuekleidl ka gltardlbas l bns afaitns ka kdsgdeudr bl vlrdlezl ka arrnr y avdtlr ab sashn
inefdrgltnrdn.

]lrl ab kdsaün ka bls oltarçls, ae ab Ilpçtubn 9 ingaetlrag ns bls prdeidplbas

prdeidplbas täi-
edils kdspnedobas plrl ralbdzlr uel av lbulidùe psdinbùhdil defletdb ae ab ìg odtn bbnilb.
nilb.
Ab plsn sdhudaeta as lkg dedstrlrbls.
dedstrlrbls. Ae as tn ab psd
psdiùbnhn
iùbnhn kaoa tae ar aspaidlb iudklkn
yl qua su prnpd
prnpdnn astdbn
astdbn parsnelb y su ilplidklk ka ag pltç pltçll ine ab edün puakae lbta-
rlr sdhedfdiltdvlgaeta ab ingpnrtlgdaetn kab avlbulkn y, pnr aeka, bns rasubtlkns l
bns qua sa lrrd
lrrdolrì.
olrì. Ab avlbulknr tdaea qua axpbdilr ib
iblrlga
lrlga eta lb detaraslkn, ine ab
edvab y tdpn
tdpn ka vnilo ublrdn qua rasubtae lkaiul kns plrl sus il rlitarçst
rlitarçstdils
dils y astlkdn
avnbutdvn, ab prnpùsdtn ka bl avlbulidùe l fde ka kdsdplr iulbqudar tagnr, prniurlekn
notaear ue g ltardlb ka bl ga cnr ilb
ilbdklk
dklk pnsdob
pnsdoba.
a. Ya raqudara ue lg odaeta bn
bn g ìs eautrn
pnsdoba, jly qua avdtlr bns afaitns kdstrlitnras
kdstrlitnras qua lbtarae bl ltaeidùe ka b edün jlidl
ab gltardlb. Ab axlg delkn kaoa sae tdr tdrsa
sa bn gìs iùg nkn pnsdoba kurleta ab prniasn ka
avlbulidùe. ]lrl abbn as fueklgae tlb ab rlppnrt qua astlobaia ab psdiùbnhn ine lqu ab.
As ab psdiùbnhn qudae kaoa jliar uel nosarvlidùe gdeuidnsl kab ingpnrtlgdaetn kab
paquaün ae bl lkg dedsdedstrlid
trlidùe
ùe (ineku itl varolb y en varolb)
varolb),, yl qua bl defnrglidùe iul-
bdtltd
bdtltdvl
vl ka rdvlkl kab prniasn ka l kgdedstrlid
kgdedstrlidùe
ùe k a täiedils (sale iuletdt
iuletdtltdvls
ltdvls n iul bd-
bd-
tltdvls)
tltdvls) prnvaa defnrgl idùe rabavleta ka ilrl lb kdlheù stdin (a. (a.h.3
h.3 ¾_aliidnel p anr lb
gl tardlb
tardlb astruiturlkn qua lb g aens a struit
struiturlkn>
urlkn> ¾\ uä astrltahdls utd utdbdbdzl
zl plrl kl r bls
raspuastls>> ¾_ aiuarkl kçhd
raspuastls kçhdtns
tns n jlia np arlid
arlidneas
neas g ltagìtd
ltagìtdils>
ils> ¾Ya aencl iulekn
en pua ka raspnekar l kaiulklg aeta l bl tlr tlral
al sn bdbdidt
idtlkl>
lkl> ¾Detaetl inrrahdr
inrrahdr ab glta-
rdlb hrìfdin> ¾]uaka snstaear bl ltaeidùe n sne eaiaslrdns suiasdvns rafuarzns plrl
gle taearbn ineiaetrlkn ae ab gltardlb> ¾As inblonrlknr ine bl tlral prnpuastl>). Ae

9; L. ILY[_N YNBLEN

iuletn l bl lkg ded

dedstrlid
strlidùe
ùe k a täiedils astleklrdzlkls sa suhdara en lbtarlr bls
bls ine -
sdhels, blpsns ka tdagpn raquardkns y/n edvab
edvabas
as ka l yukl lin esaclkns ae a b gleul b
ka lkgdedstrlidùe kab tast, yl qua astn klrì buhlr l uel glynr vlrdlezl ka arrnr y
sa notaekrì ue kdlheùstd
kdlheùstdinin arrùean. Yde ag olrhn, ast
astaa lpahn l bls destruiid
destruiidneas
neas e n
kaoa sa r nostìiubn plrl qua ab prnfasdnelb sa guastra raiaptdvn, iìbd iìbdkn
kn y lg loba, sde
nbvdklr
nbvd klr eue il qua l b ttrlolclr
rlolclr ine ue edün jly qu a asfnrzlrsa plrl jliarbn saetdr iù-
gn kn y rablc
rablclkn,
lkn, tlb
tlb vaz lonrklekn tagls lkyliae tas parn qua lyukae l rngpar ab
jdabn , tlbas ingn prahu etlr snora su gósdil n aqu dpns ka fótonb prafardkns, jnoodas,
kapnrtas, litdvdklkas, prnhrlgl s ka [V qua ba hustle , pabç pabçiubls,
iubls, ati. Yd sa ralbd
ralbdzl
zl ue
snekan lkdidnelb (inetd
(inetdeulr
eulr prahuetlekn l ue iule kn ab gl eulb kab tast dekdil
dekdil kdsine-
tdeulr bl lkgdedstrlidùe leta ab flbbn ae bl raspuastl), bn qua sa inenia ingn tast ka
bçgdtas ae bls pruaols inhedtd
inhedtdvls
vls y prnyaitdvls (asilbls X DYI n _nrsijlij), sa trltlrì
 ka ue snekan qua lpueta l deibudr defnrglidùe iulbdtltdvl ae ab kdlheùstdin, qua en
kaoa deinrpnrlrsa l bl pu etulidùe kab tast. Bls sasdneas k akdilkls l bl lkg dedstrlidùe
dedstrlidùe
ka täiedils en kaoarçle sar g ìs ka iultrn plrl en prnbnehlr deeaiaslrdlgaeta ab prn-
iasn ed kaspartlr lesdaklkas a e ab edün y sus plkras ine a b plsn kab tdag
tdag pn.

]lsn ?. Leìbdsds ka bl defnrglidùe notaedkl

Qe l vaz lk gdedstr
gdedstrlkls
lkls bls täiedils, sa kaoa prniak ar l su puetuli dùe y leìbd
leìbdsds
sds
plrl ineiaptulbdzlr ab ilsn. Bl puetulidùe sa bbavl l ilon sdhudaekn bns prniakdgdae-
tns astleklrdzlkns dekdilk ns ae bns gl eulbas ka bns tasts utdb
utdbdzlkns.
dzlkns. Kaoa ralbdzlrsa
ue l eìbdsds iuletdtltd
iuletdtltdvn
vn y iulbdtltdvn.
_aspaitn kab leìbdsds iuletdtltdvn, bls puetulidneas notaedkls (orutls n irukls)
kaoae inevartdr
inevartdrsa
sa l puetulidneas tr
trlesfnrgl
lesfnrgl kls (pariae tdbas,
tdbas, puetulidneas t, z, ID,
ati.) ine ab fde ka sdtulr ab ilsn ae rablidùe ine ab kasagpaün kab edün raspaitn ka
su hrupn ka rafrafaraeidl,
araeidl, haearlbgaeta
haearlbgaeta ka su gdsgn jìodt jìodtlt,
lt, aklk y saxn, qua sa tngl
ing n plrìgatrn ka raekdg daetn tçtçpdin.
pdin. Ae tärgdens haearlbas bls puetulidneas trles-
fnrglkl s tdtdaeae
aeae ing n rafaraeidl jd jdpntätd
pntätdil
il ab gnk abn ka bl iurvl enrglb. Asta gn-
kabn as plrtd
plrtdiublrgae
iublrgae ta ótd
ótdbb yl qua ens pargdta rasug dr tnkls bls bls puetulidneas ka
bns kdfaraetas tasts ae ue pltrùe óedin, ka gnkn ka astdglr iuìbas pruaols astìe
ae rablidùe ine ab prngakdn notaedkn raspaitn ka su hrupn ka aklk, iuìbas pue-
tóle pnr aeidgl y iuìbas astìe pnr kaolcn kab raekdgdaetn tçpdin. Ae bns tasts ka
raekdgdaetn gìxdgn (a.h.3 detabdhaeidl) bls puetulidneas pnr kaolcn y pnr lrrdol ka
bl gak dl ka aklk as tlrç
tlrçle
le dekdilek n puetns käodbas y fuart
fuartas,
as, raspaitdvlga eta. Yd sa
trltll ka prua ols ka rae kdgdaetn tçpdin (t(trlstnrens
trlt rlstnrens detarelbdzletas, inekuitls jlodtul-
bas), bns rasubtlkns pnr aeidgl n pn r kaolcn ka bl gak dl astlrçle
astlrçle dekdilekn u e pltrùe
ka raspuastl pnin asparlkn0 sd as pnr axiasn sa trltl ka inekuitls pnin asparl-
obas plrl ue edün ka su ak lk y prasug dobagae ta kdsfueidnel
kdsfueidnel bas. Yd as pnr kafaitn, ab
sdhedfdfdilkn
sdhed ilkn q ua sa ba ltrd
ltrdouyl
ouyl ka paek arì ka bl vlrdlob
vlrdlobaa avlbulk l. Ya trltl aetneias
ka kns edvabas ka leìbdsds, ae prdgar buhlr kaoae trlesfnrglrsa bls puetulidneas y
sdt
sdtulrbls
ulrbls ae rablid
rablidùe
ùe ine bl iurvl enrglb klkl pnr bl guastrl ka in gpl rlidùe snora
bl qua sa i nestruyù ab olragn y, ae sahuek n buhlr, kaoa astlobaiarsa bl sdhedfd
sdhedfdilidùe
ilidùe
psdinbùhdil ka tlbas puetulidneas plrl ralbdzlr uel detarpratlidùe
detarpratlidùe lka iulkl ka bns ra-
subtlkns
subt lkns lpnrtlkns pnr bns tasts tasts plrl asa edün ae ue gn ga etn klkn, ae rablidùe
rablidùe ine
ue gn tdtdvn
vn ka inesu btbtll katargdelkn.

BL AVLBQLIDÙE ]YDINBÙHDIL AE EDÜNY- LY]AI[NY INEIA][QLBAY 91

Kurleta bl lkg dedst

dedstrlidùe
rlidùe ka bns tasts ab psdiùbnhn haearlbga eta tngù e ntls snora
iùg n ab edün raspnek çl lb gltardlb, quä ing aetlrdns jliçl, sd lbhóe tast n tdpn ka çtag
ba rasubtlol gìs fìidb n kdfçidb,
kdfçidb, sd rahdstrlol
rahdstrlol g lynr lhrlkn n kaslhrlk n leta tlb n iulb
sdtulidùe n ine tlb n iulb gltardlb, su pnsturl, sus hastns, bls jlodbdklkas gntrdias,
snidlbas, ati. Astl defnrgli
defnrgli dùe iulbdtltdvl
iulbdtltdvl kaoa s ug lrsa l bns kltns k a bl aetravdstl l
plkras, bns defnrga
defnrga s ka bl asiuabl y/n k a n tr trns
ns prnfasdnelbas, nosarvlid
nosarvlidneas
neas lkdidn-
elbas snora ab edün, ati. [nkns a stns kltns sne ka il rìitar
rìitar iulbdtltd
iulbdtltdvn
vn y ab psdiùbnhn
axpartn kaoa detahrlr astl defdefnrgli
nrgli dùe ine ab leìbdsds iuletdtltd
iuletdtltdvn
vn letas ing aetlkn.
 Qel avlbulidùe psdinbùhdil en kaoa ralbdzlrsa axibusdvlgaeta snora kltns iul bdtl-
bdtl-
tdvns (cudidn
(cudidn ibçed
ibçedin
in ka b psdiùbnhn) ed iuletdtltd
iuletdtltdvns
vns (prniak dgdaetns fnrglbas ka detarpra-
tlidùe ka bns tasts), sden qua lgons abagaetns kaoae ingpbagaetlrsa plrl bnhrlr
ineiaptulbdzlr y ingpraekar ilolbgaeta ab ilsn ae tnkl su prnobagìtdil y inetaxtn,
ag dtdr
dtdr ue kdlheùstdin y afaitulr uel n vlrdls raing aeklidneas l btareltdvls
btareltdvls l bl flg dbdl
dbdl
y l bl a siuabl y/n lb kardvleta sd inrraspnek dara.
Ab psdiùbnhn kaoa sar ilplz ka fnr fnrgu
gu blr uel jdpùtasds kdlheùstd
kdlheùstdil
il axpbdiltdvl
axpbdiltdvl k ab
gntdvn ka inesubtl ine ab prnpùsdtn ka kdsaülr n prnpnear uel detarvaeidùe lka-
iulkl qua lyuka lb edün. Ae ab gacnr ka bns ilsns sarçl inevaedaeta qua ab psdiù-
bnhn pukdarl ralbdzlr ue sahudgdaetn ka su jdpùtasds kdlheùstdil l g akdlen pblzn y sd
fuarl eaiaslrdn, afaitulr uel raavlbulidùe kab edün l fde ka g nedtnralr bl avnbuidùe ka
bl prnobag ìtdil y bl afdilidl kab trltlgdaetn.
Ab kdlheùstdin
kdlheùstdin en sa rakuia l inga etlr bns bns jlbblzhns ka bls puetulidneas ka bls
pruaols ed l ag dtdr
dtdr uel a tdtdquatl
quatl ensn bùhd
bùhdil.
il. Jliag ns aspaidlb jd
jdeilpdä
eilpdä ae asta ls-
paitn yl qua qudaeas en liu arkle ine bns prniasns ka avlbulidùe psdinbùhdil
psdinbùhdil sua-
bae lsnidlrbl ine ue atdquatlkn ka sucatns n ka pltnbnhçls. Yd odae astn en puaka
eahlrsa i ng n jaraeidl k a bls ibìsdils
ibìsdils prìitdils psd
psdqudìt
qudìtrdrdils
ils (sdtulr
(sdtulr l uel parsnel
ae uel ensnbnhçl ine ab fde ka prasirdodrba ab usn ka katargdelkl gakdilidùe), astì
gu y lbaclkn ka lqua bbbbnn qua jn y ae kçl sa ralbdzl
ralbdzl ae bl prìitd
prìitdil
il ka bl avlbulidùe psd-
inbùhdil. Ab psdiùbnhn
psdiùbnhn en kao a kasine niar bns trlstnrens
trlstnrens psdinbùhdins gìs dgpn rtle-
tas ae edüns y su iblsdfdilid
iblsdfdilidùe
ùe ae fueidùe ka bls ensnbnhçls gì s gn karels, parn en
kaoa idriuesirdodr ab kdlheùstdin snblgaeta l astn. L asta raspaitn ab baitnr puaka
inesubtlr ab Ilpçtubn
Ilpçtubn ?, knek a sa jlia u el ravdsd
ravdsdùe
ùe k a bns prdeidplbas
prdeidplbas trlstnrens
trlstnrens kab
eaurnkaslrrnbbnn defletd
eaurnkaslrrnbb defletdbb sahóe bl iblsdfdilid
iblsdfdilidùe
ùe kab KY G 1. [lg odäe kaoa taear lgpbdn
inenidgdaetn snora psdinbnhçl avnbutdvl y snora prnobagìtdils flgdbdlras a defletn-
cuvaedbas ae haearlb, lkagìs ka fnrg lidùe oìsdil ae psdinbnhçl akuilidnel b, klkl bl
dgpnrtleidl qua blbl asinblrdklk
asinblrdklk tdaea ae astls aklk as. [lgpn in puaka g letaearsa
kdstleta
kdst leta kab g uekn def
defletdb
letdb,, taekrì qua l itulbd
itulbdzlrsa
zlrsa pargle aetagae ta snora prnhrl-
gls, pabçiubls, gósdil y kapnrtas ka su prafaraeidl, carhl, gnkdsgns, usns y ins-
tugoras, g akdns vdrtulbas,
vdrtulbas, rakas snidlbas, ati. Lsdgdsgn k aoa astlr defnrglkn lia ril
ka bls vçls degak dltls
dltls ka inetlitn y prntninbns
prntninbns ka liidùe sd kataitl ue pn sdob
sdobaa ilsn
ka vdnbaeidl flgdbdlr n asinblr.
Kaoa pnearsa ka rabdava qua ab psdiùbnhn avlbulknr iuaetl ine defnrglidùe ka
prdgarl glen snora bl inekuitl kab edün ae sdtulidùe ka avlbulidùe, parn sde ag-
olrhn tdaea uel defnrglidùe gìs kdstlb raspaitn ka quä niurra ae ntrns inetaxtns
gìs l baclkns kab inesu btbtnrdn
nrdn y qua puakae astlr def
defbuyaekn
buyaekn ae ab gntdvn ka ines ubtl.
Bls pruaols ka avlbulidùe psdinbùhdil en ens lpnrtle elkl liaril ka quä suiaka
ae bl asiuabl, quä prasdneas raidoa ka su hrupn ka plras, ka sus g lastrns, bl bl ilbdklk
ka bl ae saülezl ka bl asiu abl, at
ati.
i. Ae bl inestruiidùe
inestruiidùe k a bls jdpùtasds
jdpùtasds kdlheùstdils

96 L. ILY[_N YNBLEN

ab psdiùbnhn
psdiùbnhn kaoa inesdkarlr iuìb as bl def
defnrgli
nrgli dùe qua sa jlbbljlbbl g ìs rasplbklkl pn r
avdkaeidl ae fueidùe ka b gltardlb y iuìb eaiasdtl avdkaeidl lkdidnelb.
lkdidnelb. Ing n sa sa ül-
blrl letas, en as ine vaedaeta lkg ded
dedstrlr
strlr gltardlb rakue kle ta plrl rafnrzlr bl jdpùta-
jdpùta-
sds kdlheùstdil, yl qua astn l ug aetlrçl lrtd
lrtdfdfdidlbgaeta
idlbgaeta bl avdkae idl l flvnr ka lquabbl,
 lpnrtlekn snblgae ta vlrdleidl ka arrnr y fltdhl plrl ab edün avlbulkn.
Ae su gl, ae astl atlpl ab psdiùbnhn kaoa ralbdzlr bls
bls sdhudaetas tlrals ([lobl 6)3

[lobl 6 [lrals l ralbdzlr ae bl avlbulidùe ka bl defnrglidùe kab ilsn

Avlbulr bns tasts iuletdtltdvlgaeta.

Avlbulr bl defnrglidùe prniak aeta ka fuaetas iulbdtltdvls
iulbdtltdvls (a.h.3 sdtulidùe ka tast, aetravdstl, def
defnrgas,
nrgas,
ati.).
Detahrlr bl defnrglidùe.
Kdsaülr uel n gìs jdpùtasds kdlheùstdils lkaiulklgaeta vlbdklkls sahóe bl avdkaeidl lpnrtlkl pnr
bns kltns railolkns.
Axpbdilr ab gntdvn ka inesu btl ae fueidùe ka bl a vdkaeidl rainhdkl.

Avlbulr bl pnsdoba prasaeidl ka trlstnrens kab eaurnkaslrrnbbn.

]rnpnear uel n gìs astrltahdls

astrltahdls ka detarvaeidùe lkaiulkl lb ilsn, sd inrraspneka.

]lsn 9. K
Kavnbuidùe
avnbuidùe defnrga y raingaeklidneas

Ab plsn sdhudaeta ine sdsta

sdsta ae in gu edilr lb edün y l bbns
ns plk ras bns rasubtlkns
rasubtlkns k a bl
avlbulidùe, plrl pnstardnrgaeta raklitlr ue defnrga asirdtn y rafardrbn pnr astl vçl lb
kardvleta.
kard vleta. Asta prniasn sa inenia ingóeg aeta ing n kavnbuidùe kdlheùstdil
kdlheùstdil y snbçl
jliarsa ae uel n kns aetravdstls, uel vaz targdelkn ab prniasn kdlheùstdin. Asta
lspaitn ka b prniasn tdaea ing n nocatdvn ingae tlr bnsbns rasubtlkns ka bns tasts parn su
prd
prdeidplb
eidplb vaetlc
vaetlcll rasdka ae i ralr uel sdtulidùe qua e ns parg dtl
dtl avlbulr bl ilplidklk
ka raiapidùe ka bl defnrglidùe pnr plrta ka bns plkras l bns afaitns ka ordeklr bl
gacnr prnpuastl ka det detarvaeidùe
arvaeidùe plrl ab edün y bl flgdbd
flgdbdl.
l. As kaidr qua a sta prniasn
tdaea
tdaea kn s lspaitns3 l) bbll ing uedilidùe nrlb ka bl def defnrgl
nrgl idùe y, o) bl rakliidùe ka ue
defnrga.
Ae iuletn lb prdprdgar
gar lspaitn, haearlbgaeta bl kavnbuid
kavnbuidùeùe ka bns rasubt
rasubtlkns
lkns ka uel
avlbulidùe defletd
defletdbb sa ralbd
ralbdzl
zl buahn ka jlo ar lelbdzlkn bl defnrglidùe
defnrglidùe q ua sa notuvn
snora ab edün. [rlkdidnelbga
[rlkdidnelbga eta sa ilrlitard
ilrlitardzlol
zlol l a stl atlpl ing n bl ing uedilidùe
varolb kdsirdgdelkl y knsdfdilkl qua ab raspnesloba ka bl avl bulidùe jliçl lb plidaeta
ine a b ffde
de ka trlesgdtdr bl defnrgl
defnrgl idùe rainhdkl a e ab prniasn ka bl avlbulidùe psdinbù-
hdil (Ydqudar
(Ydqudar ka Nil gpn y Lrzaen, <48;). Yu nocatd nocatdvn
vn en arl óedilgaeta ing uedilr,
sden tlgodäe avl bulr bl ilplidklk raiaptdvl kab plidaeta y astlobaiar bns bdbdealg ealg daetns
snora bns qua sa vl l ralbdzlr bl detarvaeidùe
detarvaeidùe prnpuastl.
Bl bdtarlturl
bdtarlturl gìs l itulbd
itulbdzlkl
zlkl sdt
sdtól
ól bl kavn buidùe
buidùe k dlheùstdil
dlheùstdil in gn ue prniasn ka
detarvaeidùe psdinbùhdil orava par sa, kneka ab psdiùbnhn psdiùbnhn inga etl y trlolcl bls prde-
idplbas
idplb as ìrals-prnobagl ka b inesubtleta
inesubtleta ralbdzlekn
ralbdzlekn saülblgdaetns ine ab fde fde ka aeil-

BL AVLBQLIDÙE ]YDINBÙHDIL AE EDÜNY. LY]AI[NY INEIA][QLBAY 98

 
 gdelr uel snbuidùe plrl ab ilsn (Fdee y Glrtde, ?=<9). Ab snbn jaijn ka inguedilr
y trlolclr ine bns ine subtlet
subtletas
as (tletn ab edün in gn sus prnhae dtnras)
dtnras) bns prdeidplbas
prdeidplbas
rasubtlkns
rasubtlkns kab prniasn ka avlbulidùe
avlbulidùe lpl raia, ae sç gdsgn, ingn u e g nkn ka det detar-
ar-
vaedr. Ae asta idarra
idarra kab prniasn ab psdiùbnhn
psdiùbnhn kl su p rnpdl rainga eklidùe ae fueidùe
ka lquabbn qua jl ineiaptulbdzlkn snora ab ilsn, aeblzlekn ab gntdvn ka inesubtl
nrdhdelb ine sus prnpdls ineibusdneas, trltlekn ka knsdfdilr bl defnrglidùe qua vl
ingu edilekn, jlidäeknbns detarvaedr,
detarvaedr, detarrnhlekn
detarrnhlekn su plraiar, bbbbavìeknbns
avìeknbns l paeslr,
rablidnelr,
rablid
ka blsnelr, lrgl rka
sasdneas astrltahd
astrltahdls,
ls, plkras
tasts, bns afaitulekn ue l (y
asparle lbdlezl ine
tlb vaz a bbns.
bbns. Klkn
tlgodäe qua,
ab edün) kaspuäs
uel rasn-
buidùe kab ilsn kab gaenr, as asta gngaetn praidslgaeta ab qua raqudara ka uel
gl ynr jlodbdklk
jlodbdklk y iudklkn. A stl dest
destleidl
leidl as iruidlb sd ab ilsn fua kardvlkn pn r ntrn
prnfasdnelb y ab psdiùbnhn kaoa ralbdzlr bls raingaeklidneas haearlbas eaiaslrdls
plrl qu a ab prnfasdnelb trltleta
trltleta sal ntrn.
As fueklg aetlb qua ab avlbulknr litóa litóa sde saetaeidlr , atdquatlr
atdquatlr täiedilga
täiedilga eta n
klr tagls n rasubtlkns iarrlkns. Lb inetrlrdn, su kavnbuidùe kaoa sar baetl, prnhrasdvl,
prnhrasdvl,
jlidaekn plrtdidplr
plrtdidplr l bls pl rtas, ffngng aetlekn bl lbdlezl aetra psdiùbnhn y flgdbd
flgdbdl,
l, deiae-
tdtdvìeknbns
vìeknbns l u el li tdtdtuk
tuk irçt
irçtdil
dil y lutnirçt
lutnirçtdil,
dil, ka ilrl l bnhrlr liuarkns ae in góe snora
quä astì kdspuastl l jliar ilkl plrta plrl prngnvar ue ilg odn jlidl bl gacnrçl. gacnrçl. Lka-
gìs k aoa taearsa ae iblrn iuìbas sne bls raingaeklidneas plrl bl asiuabl asiuabl y iuìbas
plrl bns plkras. As kaidr, qua kao ae tngl rsa ae iuaetl lb gaen s kns lspaitns3
l ) Bl inguedilidùe ine bns plkras. Ya kaoa prnvaar uel sçetasds kdlheùstdil kab
ilsn ae baehulca bblen y ingpraesdoba, bçeals haearlbas ka detarvaeidùe, dekd-
ilr quä tlrals puakae ralbdzlr ae bl ilsl y fuarl ka abbl plrl lyuklr ae bls
kdfdiubtlkas kab edün, iuìbas sne bls inekuitls n litdtukas ka bns plkras qua
rafuarzle n agpa nrle ab ilsn, iuìbas sne bns plsns l sahudr ae rablid
rafuarzle rablidùe
ùe ine ab
prnobagl kab edün.
o ) Bl inguedilidùe ine bl asiuabl. Ae tärgdens hae arlbas blbl ing uedilid
uedilidùe
ùe ine
bl asiuabl sa ralbdzl l trlväs ka ue defnrga asirdtn, qua kaoa sar raklitlkn
ae tärgdens iblrns y sde taiedidsgns. Asta defnrga puaka ingpbagaetlrsa ine
uel ing uedilidùe nrlb ine bns kniaetas, l pnstardnrd ka jloar raidodkn abbns
abbns ab
defnrga plrl iblrdfdilr
iblrdfdilr kukls y bl prnobagìtdil kab ilsn ae hae arlb. Ya k aoa de-
ibudr uel sçetasds
sçetasds kdlheùstdil y sdtulr ab prnobagl
prnobagl kab edün ae ab aetnren asin blr.
Kaoae aspaidfd
aspaidfdilrsa
ilrsa bls inek didneas
didneas qua flidbd
flidbdtle
tle n ag panrle a b lpraekdzlca,
lpraekdzlca,
¾iuìb as ab tdpn ka aesaülezl, gltardlbas y gnklbdklk ka prasaetlidùe gìs
lkaiulkns plrl asta edün> Ka ea iasdtlrsa
iasdtlrsa lbhóe prnhrlgl asp aidlb (a.h.3 j l -
odbdklkas
odb dklkas sn idlbas) n lsdstaeidl lkdidnelb (a.h.
(a.h.33 aesaül ezl a spaidlb), bl asiuabl
¾puaka prnvaarbn> Ae asta defnrga kaoae inetaxtulbdzlrsa bns rasubtlkns nota-
edkns l plrtdr ka bls
bls aetravdstls y ttasts
asts ae fueidùe ka b aetnren asinblr, ka gn kn
qua bl defnrglidùe lbbç inesdhelkl
inesdhelkl taehl bl g lynr vlbdkaz ainbùhdil pnsdobpnsdobaa y
sal ótdb ae ab lubl y a e bl tntlbdklk
tntlbdklk kab asplidn asin blr.

Ae iuletn lb defnrga, kaoa prnkuidrsa sde kagnrl uel vaz fdelbdzlkl bl avlbul-
idùe, y su inetaedkn kaoa sar inguedilkn l bns plkras y lb edün ae tärgdens ing-
praesdobas y inesdstaetas ine bl bl kavnbuidùe. Iloa g aeidnelr qua en a xdsta uel óedil
gl earl k a asi rdrdodr
odr ddefnrgas
efnrgas psdinbùhdins
psdinbùhdins y tlb vaz ae a bbn
bbn rlkdqua bl kdfdiub
kdfdiubtlk
tlk ka su
inefaiidùe. As fueklg aetlb tng tng lr ae iuaetl jlidl qudäe vl kdrdhdkn,
kdrdhdkn, pneka rìeknsa

9: L. ILY[_N YNBLEN

 
ae ilkl ilsn bl deibusdùe
deibusdùe n axibusdùe
axibusdùe ka k atargdelkns kltns y bl gnk lbd lbdklk
klk ka pra-
saetlidùe. Ab psdiùbnhn kao a astlr sdagpra lo dartn
dartn l kdsiutdr ab inetae dkn kab defnrga
ine su s pntaeidlbas usulrdns.
Ae su gl , ab prniasn ka avlbulidùe psdinb
psdinbùhdil
ùhdil as ab puetn ka plrtd
plrtdkl
kl ka bl detar-
detar-
vaeidùe psdinbùhdil, y ing n tlb kaoa ralbdzlrsa ue sahu dgdaetn pns-detarvaeidùe l fde
ka g nedt
nedtnralr
nralr bns lvleias y bl raiuparlidùe kab ededün.
ün. Bl ing plrlidùe aetra lgons
gngaetns kdlheùstdins
hrlkn ka lvleia äxdtnn karasubtl
n äxdt plrtdiublrgaeta
k atargdelkl ótdby,ylpnr
detarvaeidùe qua pargdta
aeka, astlobaiar
avlbulr bl ilplid-ab
klk k a raiupa rlidùe kab edün y ka su flg dbdbdl,
dl, bl afdilidl
afdilidl kab trltlgdaetn y bl pardidl
pardidl ka
qudae bn bbava l ilon , y ab lcusta
lcusta n e n ka bls jdpùtasd
jdpùtasdss kdlheùstdils l bls qu a sa l rrd
rrdoù
où
ae bl avlbulidùe.

]LBLO_LY FDELBAY
L bn blrhn ka asta ilpçtubn sa jl detaetlkn jliar uel ravdsdùe haearlb snora bns
prdeidplbas lspaitns ineiaptulbas y täiedins l inesdkarlr ae a b prniasn ka avlbul-
prdeidplbas
idùe psdinbùhdil ka ue edün. Kaoa rainrkl rsa qua asta tdtdpn
pn ka avl bulidùe kdfdara
kdfdara ka bl
qua sab, bbavl
defletdb,
defletd l ilon
lb dhulb inelkubtl,
qua bl l kubt
kubtns
ns y enralbdzlrsa
kaoa pua ka jng nbnhlrsa
nbnhlrstäiedils
gakdleta a uel l bl
quantrl. Bl avlbulidùe
iuaetae in e lg -
pbdls
pbdls avdkaeidls ka inefdlod
inefdlodbdbdklk
klk y vlbdkaz y k aoae inetagpblrsa bns k dfaraetas
dfaraetas ine-
taxtns ae bns qua ab edün detarlitól. ]lrl abbn as praidsn qua sal g óbtdbpa óbtdbpa a detahrlkl
tnglekn ae iuaetl bl parspaitdvl gubtddefnrgleta, gubtdinetaxtn, pburdtäiedil y gub-
tdgätnkn. Kaoae ltaekarsa a spaidlb spaidlbga
ga eta lqu abbns
abbns flitnras ka vlrdleidl
vlrdleidl drrabavleta
drrabavleta
qua pu akle det detarfard
arfardrr ae bn qua ilkl tast vlbnrl
vlbnrl plrl avdtlr uel avlbulidùe sashl kl.
]nr bn tletn, bl avlbulidùe kaoa sar iubturlbgaeta lcustlkl ltaekdaekn lb inetaxtn
aspaiçfdin
aspaiçfdin ae ab qua sa ka saevuabva ab edün. Ab prniasn tng l su aspai dfdid
dfdidklk
klk sah óe
ab inetaxtn ka lpbdilidùe, puastn qua bls kaglekls sne kdfaraetas ae ilkl ilsn y
abbn
abbn raquardrì ingpa taeidls aspaiçf
aspaiçfdils
dils kab psdiùbnhn
psdiùbnhn ae ilkl npnrtuedklk. Lkag ìs
dgpbdil uel fuarta fnrglidùe a e ps dinbnhçl avnbutdvl, psdinpltnbnhç
psdinpltnbnhçll defletdb, trlstnrens
trlstnrens
kab eaurnka slrrnbb
slrrnbbn,
n, aspaidlb ltaeidùe l bls detarliidneas y inefdhurlidneas flg dbdbdlras,
dlras,
hrle ilplidklk ag pìtdil
pìtdil ine ab edün y litulbd
litulbdzlidùe
zlidùe pargleae ta ae iuletn l usn s,
gnk ls y gn kdsgns ag pbalkns pnr abb abbns.
ns.

_AFA_AEIDLY ODOBDNH_ÌF
ODOBDNH_ÌF DILY
Olrry, I., Frdi`,
Frdi`, ]., y @lg pjlus, _. (?=<9). ]syijnbnhdilb lssassg aet de ijdb
ijdbkk g aetlb jalbtj
sattdehs. Ae3 L]L Jlekonn` nf [astdeh lek Lssassgaet de ]syijnbnhy, Vnb. ?. [astdeh lek
Lssassgaet de Ibdedilb lek Inuesabdeh ]syijnbnhy. Ilp. <1 (pp. ?19-?8=). Xlsjdehtne
K.I.3 L]L.
Ilsubbn, G. G. (<446). Avlbulidùe psdinbùhdil Ouaens Ldras3 Hulklbupa.
Fareìe kaz Bdpnrlia , G. (?==4). ]sding atrçl, avlbulidùe psdinbùhdil y ìg odtns ka lpbdilid
lpbdilidùe.
ùe.
Ae3 Fareì ekaz B dpnrlia, G., Ilyssdlbs,
trçl3 [anrçl ibìsdil. Ilp . < (pp. 8-
8-;;). L., ns
;;). Ouae y ]äraz,
Ldras3 G. L. (aks.),
Ak dtnrd
dtnrdlb
Iursn oìsdin ka psdinga-
lb Buhlr.
Fdee, Y. A., y Glrtde, J. (?=<9). [jarlpau tdtdii lssa ssg aet3 Qsdeh psyijn bnhdilb tastdeh
tastdeh ls ordaf
tjarlpy. Ae3 L]L Jlekonn` nf [astdeh lek Lssassgaet de ]syijnbnhy, Vnb. ?. [astdeh lek
Lssassgaet de Ibdedilb lek Inuesabdeh ]syijnbnhy. Ilp. ?6 (pp ;19-;6
;19-;61).
1). Xlsjdehtne
Xlsjdehtn e
K.I.3 L]L.
 BL AVLBQLIDÙE ]YDINBÙHDIL AE EDÜNY. LY]AI[NY INEIA][QLBAY 94

Fnresd Yletlilel, G . (<449). Avlbulidùe psdinbùhdil defletdb Olriabnel3 Ak dtnr dtnrdlb

dlb Olrilenvl.
Ha dsd
dsdehar,
ehar, @. F. (<44;). Irnss-iubturlb enrgltdva lssassg aet3 [rlesbltdne lek lkl ptltdne ddssuas ssuas
defbuaeideh
defbuaeideh tja enrgl tdtdva
va detarpratltd
detarpratltdne
ne nf lssassg aet destrugaets. ]syijnbnhdilb Lssass-
gaet, 6(;), 9=;-9<?.
Juesbay, C. y Gayar, H. C. (?==9). [ja deiragaetl) vlbdkdty nf psyijnbnhdilb tastdeh lek lssass-
gae t3 ineiaptulb, g atjnknbnhdilb
atjnknbnhdilb,, lek stltd
stltdstd
stdilb
ilb dssuas. ]syijnbnhdilb Lssassgaet, <1(;),
;;6-;11.
@lg pjlus, _. X . y Frd
Frdi`,
i`, ]. C. (?==1). Ibdedilb Lssassgaet nf Ijdbk lek Lknbasiaet ]arsnelbdty
lek Oajlvdnr. Eatjarbleks3 Yprdehar Yidaeia y Ousdeass Gakdl.
@lzl `, L. A., Jnlhwn nk, @., Xa dsz, C. _., Jnnk, @ ., @rltnijwdb
@rltnijwdbb,b, [. _., Vlrhls B. L ., y Oleaz,
H. L . (?=<=). L g atl-sy
atl-systags
stags lpprnlij tn avdkaeia-olsak prlitdia fnr ijd ijdbkrae
bkrae lek lknbas-
iaets. Lgardile ]syijnbnhdst, 61(?), :1-48.
@lzkde L A (?==1). Avdkaeia-olsak lssassgaet fnr ijdbkrae lek lknbasiaeta3 bssuas de
galsuragaet kavabnpgaet lek ibdedilb lppbdiltdne. Cnurelb nf Ibdedilb Ijdbk lek Lknbas-
iaet ]syijnbnhy, 9;(9), 1;:-11:.
@drijear, [. [nrras, G. y Fnres, G. (<44:)3 Avlbulidùe psdinbùhdil3 gnkabns y täiedils. Olria-
bnel3 ]ldkùs.
]lkdbbl, L. G. (?==<). bssuas de iubturlbby lpprnprdlta lssassgaet. Jlekonn` nf Gubtdiubturlb
Lssassgaet3 Ibdedilb, ]syijnbnhdilb, lek Akuiltdnelb Lppbdiltdnes, ?, 1-?8.
_dijtars, C. A. (<44?). Kaprassak g ntjars ls defnrgle ts lonut tjadr ijdb
ijdbkrae3
krae3 l irdtdilb ravd
ravdaw
aw nf
tja avdkaei a fnr kdstnrtd
kdstnrtdne.
ne. ]syijnbnhdilb Oubbatde, <<?(9), ;:1-;44.
Ylttbar, C. (?=<=). Avlbulidùe defletdb, 1   ak. Fueklgaetns inhedtdvns. Gäxdin3 Akdtnrdlb Gleulb
Gnkaren.
Ydqudar ka Nilg pn, G. B. y Hlriçl Lrzaen, G. A. (<48;). Bls täiedils prnyaitdvls y ab prniasn
psdinkdlheùstdin. Euavl V dsd dsdùe3
ùe3 Ouaens Ldras.
 ;N L. ILY[_N YNBLEN

?. D ek
ekdd ilknras
ilk nras g lk lkurltd
urltdvns
vns kkab
ab
kaslrrnbb
ka slrrnbbnn defletd
efle tdbb y prd
p rdei
eiddplb
pl bas
t rlstnrens
rlst nrens kab
ka b eau
eaurnkasl
rnkaslrr
rrnbb
nbbnn
Lbaclekrn
Lbac lekrn Ilstr
I lstrnn Y nblen y Lel K'Leel

Ab kaslrrnbbn eaurnbùhdin as ue prniasn avnbutdvn qua sa dedidl guy tagprlel-

ga eta,bl
bnhrlr bljlidl
jlid l bl tariarl
g lkuraz sagl el
astruiturlb k a hastlidùe,
y fueidnelb. Astlygtrlesdt
trlkurlidùe
lesdtll pnr sa
ue lvlsarda ka flsas pnr
p rnkuidaekn jlstl
bl
iraidaeta gdabdedzlidùe
gdabdedzlidùe ka bls vçls earvdnsls, bl prnhrasdvl
prnhrasdvl fnrglidùe k a sdelpsds eau-
rnelbas y bl ing pbac
pbacdzlid
dzlidùe
ùe ka bl inrtazl iaraorlb. Ab kaslrrnbb
kaslrrnbbnn e aurnbùhdin tdaea
tdaea su
inrrabltn ae uel sarda ka fueidneas inhedtdvls ka nrkae supa rdnr y tlgodäe ae bn ing -
pnrtlgaetlb. Ab raidäe elidkn iuaetl ine ue lintlkn rapartnrdn inekuitulb, inhed-
tdvn y lfaitdvn,
lfaitdvn, kaodkn ae plrta lb asilsn kasl rrnbbn rrnbbn eau rlb y lb bdbdgdtlkn
gdtlkn l iiasn l bls
axpardaeidls
axpardaeid ls g akdnlgodaetlbas letas ka eliar. Ine bl def defbuaeidl
buaeidl kab lpnrta astdastdgu
gu -
bltdvn
bltdvn kab lgodaeta ab sdstagl
sdstagl earvdnsn glku rlrì y jlbblrì jlbblrì su axprasdùe ae ab kasl-
rrnbbnn defletdb
rrnbb defletdb.. Ya i nesdkarl ue e dün glkurn l lqu ab ae qudae a b edvab edvab ka nrhledzlidùe
y kasl rrnbbn
rrnbbn gl kurltdvn
kurltdvn parg dtdtaa ab ka slrrnb
slrrnbbn
bn ka fueidneas inhedtd
inhedtdvls
vls y in ekuitulbas
ka l iuarkn in e bl aklk irnenbùhdil kab sucat sucatnn (]n rt
rtabb
abblen,
len, Gltans, Gl rt rtçeaz,
çeaz, [lpdl y
H rlelkns, ?===). Iloa saülblr qua asta prniasn
prniasn ka g lkurlidùe as aspaidlbga
aspaidlbga eta
vubearloba l bls defbuae
defbuae idls kab lgo daeta, pr
prdeidplbgaeta
deidplbgaeta ae bl atlpl praasin blr y as-
inblr, ae bl qua sa haea rle ilg odns l edvab fueidnelb
fueidnelb y astruiturlb
astruiturlb ae ab sdstag
sdstag l ea r-
vdnsn qua pargdtae bl lkqudsdidùe ka bls jlodbdklkas inhedtdvls oìsdils,
oìsdils, aetra ntrns
prniasns (Qrzól, _lg ns, Lbkly y L bqud
bqudetl,
etl, ?=<=).
Ynora bl olsa k a bn ingae tlkn, uen ka bns nocatdvns
nocatdvns g ìs dgpnrtletas ka bl avl-
bulidùe psdinbùhdil ae edüns inesdsta ae dkaetdfdilr lbtarlidneas inhedtdvls y/n ing-
pnrtlgaetlbas ka as ta pltrùe
pltrùe g lkurltdvn enrglb qua ka entae lbhóe tdpn ka lbt
lbtarlidùe
arlidùe
n kdsfueidùe iaraorlb y qua nostliubdiae bl lkqudsdidùe ka bls fueidneas inhedtdvls
oìsdils.
Kurleta ab prdgar lün k a vdkl bl pblstd
pblstdidklk
idklk iaraorlb kab defleta as gìxdg l, yl qua
ab iaraorn sa gn bkal y g nkdfd
nkdfdil
il fìidbga
fìidbga eta. Astl fbaxd
fbaxdodb
odbdklk
dklk as gu y dgpnrtleta plrl
 ab kaslrrnbbn enrglb y l gakdkl qua lbilezl bl aklk lkubtl bns sdstagls earvdnsns
sa vle astlodbdzlekn y bl pblstdidklk iaraorlb kdsgdeuya parn sde kaslplraiar ing-
pbatlgaeta (_nsabbd, Gltuta y Lrkdbl, ?=<=). Ya aetdaeka pnr pblstdid klk iaraorlb bl
pblstdidklk
ilplidklk ka bls iäbubls earvdnsls plrl ilgodlr sus prnpdaklkas (kaslrrnbblr euavls
sdelpsds,
sdelpsd s, kaslrrnb
kaslrrnbblr
blr euavns prniasns) ing n rasubtlkn n o dae ka l bhuel axpardaeidl
ka lpraek dzlc
dzlcaa n ingn raiuparlidùe fueid
fueidnelb
nelb inesaiuaeidl ka lbhuel basdùe n kds-
fueidùe tletn
tletn aekùhae l ing n axùhael. Klk n qua ab edün pnsaa uel g lynr pblstpblstdid
did--

DEKDILKN_AY GLKQ_L[DVNY KAB KAYL__NBBN DEFLE[DB T ]_DEID]LBAY [_LY[N_ENY... <

klk ea urnelb qua ab lkubtn, bl kataiidùe tagprlel qua pargdtl avlbulr ratrlsns, kas-
vçns, kdsnidlidneas n rahrasdneas kab kaslrrnbbn sa vuabva uel pdazl fuekl ga etlb, Astn
pargdta kdsaülr ue pble ka detarvaeidùe aspa içfdiçfdin
in plrl bl raiuparlidùe ka bl fueidùe
inhedtdvl lbtarlkl.
Bns prniasns inhe dtdtdvns
dvns supard
supardnras
nras ingpraekae uel vl rdrdaklk
aklk ka fueidneas tlbas
ing n bl ltaeidùe, bl ga gn rdrdl,
l, ab lpraekdzlca,
lpraekdzlca, bl pariapidùe, ab baehulca
baehulca y bl ilplid-
klk plrl rasnbvar prnobagls,
prnobagls, aetra ntrntrls
ls I lkl uen ka astns prniasns sdhua uel sa-
iuaeidl prnpdl ka kaslrrnbbn qua sa rablidnel ine bl g lkurlidùe kab sdstagl earvdnsn
iaetrlb. ]lrl abbn rasubtlrì
rasubtlrì ótdb
ótdb ingpraek ar iuìb as bl saiuae idl ka lkqu dsdidneas
dsdidneas inh-
edtdvls
edtdvls y ingp nrtlgaetlbas asparlkls plrl ilk l atlpl kab kaslrrnbb
kaslrrnbbnn kab edün enrglb
y iuìbas kaentle frlhdbdklk kab sdstagl earvdnsn, letaiakaetas ka bls kdfdiubtlkas ka
lpraekdzlca ae bl atlpl asin blr.
Bls kdsfueidneas gaenras, tlbas ingn bls kdfdiubtlkas plrl ab lpraekdzlca, bl jd-
parlitdvdklk, bl lkqudsdidùe n ab kaslrrnbbn kab baehulca y ka bl innrkdelidùe gntnrl,
aetra ntrls,
ntrls, sne inesaiua eidl ka lbtarlid
lbtarlidneas
neas ka b sdst
sdstagl
agl earvdnsn ka g aenr hrlva-
klk sd sa bls ingplrl ine bls ka uel plrìbdsds iaraorlb. Ya prnkuiae ae ab parçnkn
pra, pard n pnseltlb, ae bns prdgarns
prdgarns lüns ka vdkl y ae haearlb guijl s vaias en sn e
nosarvlobas ae astukdns
astukdns ka eaurndglhae leltùgdil. Qen ka bns prnobagls ka astls
kdsfueidneas
kdsf ueidneas as qu a sus sçetngls puakae kag nrlr su g ledfastlidùe,
ledfastlidùe, deibusn
deibusn vlrdns
lüns kaspuäs ka prnkuidkl bl lbtarlidùe kab sdstagl earvdnsn, sde qua ab prnobagl
sal vdsdoba, jlstl qua katargdelkn sdstagl fueidnelb sa litdvl n jlstl qua bls ka-
gl ekls asinblras bn pneae ka g ledfdastn.
ledfdastn. [lbas
[lbas ilplidklkas lfaitlkls sa lsnidle
l bl kdsfueidùe iaraorlb y ab óedin gätnkn fdloba y afdilz plrl su kdlheùstdin as bl
avlbulidùe eaurnpsdinbùhdil. Bl detabdhaeidl kab edün suaba astlr prasarvlkl parn as
fraiuaeta nosarvlr sdhens eaurnbùhdins oblekns n gaenras lsnidlkns (]nrtabblen,
?==8). Asta lutnr jl dekdilkn lbhuens flitnras ka rdashn plrl ab lpraekdzlca ae bl
aklk asinblr3

[lobl < Flitnras ka rdashn plrl

plrl ab lpraekdzlca
lpraekdzlca asinblr

Letaiakaetas flgdbdlras

[rlstnrens pardeltlbas

[rlstnrens kab kaslrrnbbn psdingntrdz

_atrlsn
_atrlsn kab baehulca
 [rlstnrens ka inekuitl

Käodb ineidaeidl fneägdil

Kafdidaeidls ae ab lpraekdzlca ka bl praasirdturl y prabaiturl

[rlstnrens ka bl bltarlbdklk

Ae vdrtuk
vdrtuk ka bn ing aetlkn, bl axpbnrlid
axpbnrlidùe
ùe eaurnpsdinbùhd
eaurnpsdinbùhdil
il defletdb
defletdb sa vuabva uel
pdazl fueklga etlb l aklkas tag prlels plrl bl kataiidùe ka bns pltrneas deusulbas

;? . ILY[_N YNBLEN y L. K'LEEL

ae bls fueidneas inhedtd

inhedtdvls
vls supa rdrdnras,
nras, dekdiltdvns
dekdiltdvns ka uel lbtarlidùe
lbtarlidùe n kdsfueidùe eau-
rnbùhdil,
rnbùhd il, qua pargdta dkaetdf
dkaetdfdilr
dilr l ue edün ae rdashn.
b klün eaurnbùhdin sa kafdea ingn u el basd basdùe
ùe qua pu aka prasaetlrsa ae ab iara-
orn n a e iulbqudar sahg aetn kab sdstagl ea rvd rvdnsn
nsn iae trlb n pa rdrdfärd
färdin.
in. ]uak a niurrdr
ing n inesaiua eidl ka ue trlugltdsgn n uel def defaiidùe
aiidùe y sa puakae kdvdkdr
kdvdkdr ae fnilbas
(ae ue g dsgn sdtdn) n kdfusns
kdfusns (kdsagdelkn s ae kdvarsns sdtdns).
sdtdns). Kaodkn l qua kdfaraetas
kdfaraetas
pnridneas ka b iaraorn inetrnble vlrdls fueidneas, astls bbasdneas
asdneas sa vle l gl edfastlr
ae fnrg l ka käfdid
käfdidts
ts inekuitulbas kdvarsns. [rlkdidnelb
[rlkdidnelbga
ga eta sa utd utdbdbdzlol
zlol ab tärgden
nrhledidklk n sçekrnga iaraorlb nrhìedin plrl dkaetdfdilr uel inekdidùe uedtlrdl ka
bls parsnels qu a bls kdst
kdstdehuçl
dehuçl ka lqu abbls qua taeçle trlstnrens psdqudìtr
psdqudìtrdins
dins y ka bl
pnoblidùe enrglb (Bazl` <441). Ab ttärgdenärgden nrhledidklk sa kardvl ka bns astukdns ka
Hn bkstade
bkstade (<4?8) ine snbklkns ka bl ]rdgarl Hua rrl Guekdlb. Ab lutnr lutnr jloçl kataitlkn
ae astns sucatns uel pärkdkl ka bl ilplidklk ka lostrliidùe, käfdidt ae ab rlznel-
gdae tn a defb
defbaxdodb
axdodbdklk
dklk ae bls tlrals rablidnelk ls ine bl snbuidùe ka p rnobag ls. Ae ab
gdsgn saetd
saetdkn
kn X arear y Ytrluss (<4;<) axlgdelrne bls rablidneas
rablidneas aetra ab iaraorn y
bl inekuitl k a edüns in e basdneas iaraorlbas. AstAstns
ns devastd
devastdhlknras
hlknras detaetlrne
detaetlrne aeine-
trlr ue pltrùe ing óe aetra edüns qua taeçle l bhóe tdpntdpn ka basdùe iarao rlb, bbbbahle
ahle kn l
bl ineibusdùe ka qua tnkn s ing plrtçle bns gdsgns k äfdidts
äfdidts inhedtdvns,
inhedtdvns, inekui tulbas,
saesnrdlbas
saesnrdlb as y g ntnras. Ae bl litulbd
litulbdklk
klk y in e ab lvleia k a bl eaurnpsdinbnhçl sa jl
raagpblzlkn ab tärgden nrhledidklk pnr ab ka klün eaurnbùhdin ingaetlkn (Injae
atlb., ?==6). Ya inesdkarl qua bl nrhledidklk, ab klün n bl kdsfueidùe iaraorlb en
sne ineiaptns uedtlrdns, sden qua astns astìe gubtdkatargdelkns pnr vlrdns flitn-
ras (Bazl`, <441). Kns parsnels ine basdneas dkäetdils
dkäetdils puak ae prasaetlr sçetngls
kdfaraetas y l su vaz ae uel katargdelkl basdùe detarliidnele guijns flitnras tlbas
ing n ab saxn, bl aklk, ab astlkn prag ùrodkn kab sucatn lfaitlkn, bl inekdidùe fçsd
fçsdil
il y
psdinsnidlb, aetra ntrns.
basdùe
cdknAs dg pnrtleta
iaraorlb liblrlr
guartn, sdenqua
quau puaka
tdb
tdbdzlr
dzlr bl
blsdhedfdilr
plblorl lbtarlidùe
en dgpbdil eaiaslrdlgaeta
fueidnelb, ta-
as kaidr kdsfue-
idùe n lbtarlidùe ka idartls fueidneas iaraorlbas qua puakae bbahlr l glkurlr ine
ab tdagpn (Facargle, Lrrnyn, Glsslrn y _uhhdard, <44;). Ya trltl ka uel enxl qua
lfaitù ab kaslrrnbbn
kaslrrnbbn kab iaraorn prnvn ilekn u e kasflslca ae bl ubtardnr
ubtardnr lkqudsdidùe ka
plutls g lkurltdvls, parn sde basd
basdneas
neas gdirnsiùpdils nstaesdobas (Fac
(Facargle
argle , ?=<=).
Ae iuletn l ntrl ka bls kaengdelidneas ingóegaeta utdbdzlkl ae bl odobdnhrlfçl ka
 edüns plrl rafardrsa l asta tagl, ae <46?, ue hrupn ka eaurnpakdltrls rauedkns ae
Nxfnrk, sa prnpusn ilgodlr bl kaengdelidùe ka basdùe n klün iaraorlb gçedgn pnr
kdsfueidùe iaraorlb gçedgl (Facargle, <44;0 Facargle y Fareìekaz L bvlraz, ?==8 0
kdsfueidùe
[lbbds,
[lbb ds, <4:<). L fdelbas
fdelbas ka bns sataetl ae Astlkns Q edkns lplraidù uel euavl targden-
bnhçl qua buahn fua kdfuekdkl pnr ab gleulb kdlheùstdin y astlkçstdin ka bns trlstnr-

ens
KYGgDDDaetlb
aetlbas,
DDD-_ as, L,
-_ (L] KYG<4:8DDDDDD) ka
sa bl Lsnidlidùe
deibuyarne bns Lg ard
ardilel
ilel kab
trlstnrens ka ]sdqudltrç
]sdqudlt
rrnbbrçl
n,l (L]
kasl rrnbbn, bns
bns kaL, <4:=).
jlodbAe
bls jlodbdkl-ab
dkl-
kas li lkäg dils, kab baehul ca y kab jlobl y ka bls jlodbdklk jlodbdklk as g ntnrls0 bns trlstnrens
trlstnrens
ltaeidnelbas sa aehbnolrne kae trn ka bns [rlstnrens ka In ekuitl Kdsruptd Kdsruptdvl.vl. Facar-
gle jloçl kaslrrnbblkn uel iblsdfdilidùe sdgdblr, kneka sa raineniçle iultrn sçekrn-
gas kaetrn ka bl kdsf
kdsfueidùe
ueidùe iaraorlb g çed çedgl3
gl3 sçekrnga jdpar`deät
jdpar`deätdin,din, ttnrpazl
nrpazl g ntnrl,
trlstnrens kab kasl rrnbb
rrnbbnn kab baehu lca (kdsflsdls) y ttrlstnrens
rlstnrens as paiçfdins kab lpraekd-
zlca (kdsbaxdl,
(kdsbaxdl, kdshrlfçl
kdshrlfçl y k dsilbiub
dsilbiubdl).
dl). Aefnquas pnstardnras
pnstardnras rain enidarne lsnidlidneas
aetra sdhens y sçetngls k a bl kdsf kdsfueidùe
ueidùe iarao rlb gçedgl y su prnol oba bnilbdzlidùe.
bnilbdzlidùe.

DEKDILKN_AY GLKQ_L[DVNY KAB KAYL__NBBN DEFLE[DB T ]_DEID]LBAY [_LY[N_ENY... 9

Klkl bl kdfdiubtlk
kdfdiubtlk qua ab rùtubn kdsfueidùe iaraorlb gçedg l prasaetlo l (puastn qua
olcn asta sa raueçl uel aenrg a vlrdaklk ka trlstnrens guy jatarnhäea ns), lquabbl
kaeng delidùe
delidùe sa raagpblzù pnstardnrga
pnstardnrga eta pnr bbll ka trlstnrens
trlstnrens kab kaslrrnbb
kaslrrnbbnn ine
käfdidt ka lpraekdzlca
lpraekdzlca pnr käfdidt n ingprngdsn kab jagdsfardn karaijn (Facargle,
<44;). Gìs lbbì kab engora qua sa utdbdia plrl su kaengdelidùe, ae iulbqudar pnobl-
idùe asinblr axdsta ue eógarn lgpbdn ka edüns ine trlstnrens pariaptdvn-gntnras,
inhedtdvns n ingpnrtlgaetlbas, prnkuidkns pnr lbtarlidneas kab sdstagl earvdnsn,
iuyl axprasdvdklk ibçedil kapaekarì kab hrlkn ka savardklk Iulekn kdijl axpra-
sdùe as bava n sutdb, as prnoloba qua sa gledfdasta ingn prnobagls ka ltaeidùe,
baehulca, baiturl, rlznelgdaetn, iìbiubn n inekuitl, ae edüns ine ue kaslrrnbbn de-
tabaitulb
tabaitulb enrglb (]nrtabblen,
(]nrtabblen, ?==8 ). Ka liuarkn ine bns aefnqua s g ìs litulbdzlkns,
sa jl ine saesulkn -ine a xiapidùe ka lbhuens lutnras- uedf uedfdilr
dilr bls
bls kaeng delid
delidneas
neas
pnsdobas agpbalekn ab rùtubn kdsfueidùe eaurnbùhdil plrl rafardrens l tnkl lbtarlidùe
ka bls fueidneas iarao rlbas y/n ab rastn kab sdstag
sdstag l earvdnsn. As ka k astlilr qua , lb
en sar tnkls bls kdsfueidneas vdsdobas gakdleta dgìhaeas n odae katargdelkls pnr
bl eairnsds n guarta ka bls iäbubls earvdnsls, bl enidùe ka kdsfueidùe plraia gìs
lolrilknrl, lprnpdlkl y praidsl. Lkagìs, en tnkls bls kdsfueidneas sa kle ae ab
iaraorn, sden tlgodäe ae ntrls rahdneas kab sdst
sdstag
ag l earvdnsn. Ka l bbbbçç qua l plrtd
plrtdrr ka
lquç uedfdilragn
uedfdilragn s tlgo däe euastrns irdtardns
irdtardns y ens rafardr
rafardrag
ag ns ae tnkns bns ilsns l
kdsfueidùe eaurnbùhdil.
Ae rasuga e, bl axpbnrlid
axpbnrlidùe
ùe k a bns dekdilknras g lkurltdvns kab kaslrrnbb
kaslrrnbbnn defletdb
defletdb
ens parg dta3
dta3

Dkaetdfdilr edüns ae rdashn

Dkaetdfdilr
Dkaetdfdilr fueidneas inhedtdvls lbtarlkls

Detarvaedr tagprlelgaeta ae bns ilsns kataitlkns

 _ajlodbdtlr fueidneas aspaiçfdils

Avlbulr ab stltus eaurnpsdinbùhdin sd ab edün jl sufrdkn ue klün e aurnbùhdin yl inenidkn

Lkaiu lr ab iurrçiubn
iurrçiubn asinblr ae fueidùe ka bns käfdidts kataitlkns

Kdsgdeudr ab asträs flg dbdlr

Ae lbl k[lobl
tletas ataitlr9 jliag
ae bls ansvlbulidneas
ue bdst
bdstlkn
lkn ka bns ttrlstnrens
rlstnrens
psdinbùhdils kabbas.
defletd eaurnkaslrrnbbn gìs dgpnr-
defletdbas.

;; L. ILY[_N YNBLEN y L. K'LEEL

[lobl 9 ]rdeidplbas trlstnrens

trlstnrens kab eaurnkaslrrnbbn
y aklkas lprnxdglkls ka lplrdidùe gìs detarvlbn ka kdlheùstdin

Aklk ]rdeidplbas trlstnrens kab Eaurnkaslrrnbbn KYG 1)

Letas ka bns <: gasas [rlstnrens kab Aspaitrn Lutdstl

Lutdstl

Letas ka bns 1 lüns _atrlsn H bnolb kab Kaslrrnbb

Kaslrrnbbnn

Kaska bns 1 jlstl <: lüns Kdsilplidklk Detabaitulb

[rlstnrens ka bl Inguedilidùe baehulca, jlobl, ffbuaeidl,

buaeidl,
]rdgarls flsas kab parçnkn ka kaslrrnbbn
kaslrrnbbn
tlrtlgukan
tlrtlgukan y ing uedilidùe snidlb)
snidlb)
Kaska bns 6 jlstl : lüns lprnxdglkl- [rlstnrens aspaiçfdins
aspaiçfdins kab lpraekdzlca baiturl, axprasdùe
gaeta asirdtl,
asirdtl, rlznelg daetn gl tagìtdin)
Letas ka bns <? lüns kaoae prasaetlrsa [rlstnren pnr käfdidt
käfdidt ka ltaeidùe dekdilr sd as kasltaeidùe
lbhuens sçetngls n jdparlitdvdklk)

]rdgarls flsas kab parçnkn ka kaslrrnbbn

kaslrrnbbn [rlstnrens gntnras

Ynora bl olsa ka bn letardnr jagns kdvdkdkn ab kaslrrnbbn enrglb defletdb ae tras

atlpls ine ab fde ka astlobaiar bns jdtns gìs dgpnrtletas, kastlilekn bns pltrneas
ka lkqudsdidùe asparlkns raspaitn ka bls fueidneas inhedtdvls oìsdils ine ab fde ka
kataitlr iulbqudar lenglbçl y lbtarlidùe ae bls gdsgls y su rablidùe ine bls tlrals ka
avlbulidùe psdinbùhdil _nglen, <44?).
 < ELIDGDAE[N JLY[L BNY 9 LÜNY KA AKLK

Ab edvab kab kaslrrnbbn kab raidäe elidkn sa nosarvl ae inekuitls gntnrls y rafba-
cls guy sdgpbas, sdaekn asparloba ue Lphlr ka 8 l <=. Astl pruaol as ue axlgae
rìpdkn qua sa ralbdzl ae ab prdgarn y buahn ae ab qudetn gdeutn l plrtdr kab elidgdaetn
kab oaoä. Bl puetulidùe ae ab gdeutn < katargdel quä tle odae tnbarù ab oaoä ab prn-
iasn ka elidgdaetn. Bl puetulidùe notaedkl lb gdeutn qudetn dekdil quä tle odae astì
avnbuidnelekn ab raidäe elidkn pnr fuarl kab vdaetra gltaren. Ya olsl ae idein dekd-
ilknras qua sa puetóle =, < ù ?, kapaekdaekn ka sd ab sdhen astì lusaeta n prasaeta
(detaesdklk olcl y lbtl raspaitdvlgaeta).
raspaitdvlgaeta). Qe oaoä enrglb prasaetl uel litdvdklk gn-
tnrl aspnetìeal, ue inbnr rnslkn ka pdab, uel tlsl ilrkçlil supardnr l <== y ue bbletn

fuarta. Qe Lphlr olcn as ue dekdilknr ka eaiasdklk ka ltaeidùe gäkdil y iuletn gìs

olcn sal su puetlca glynr kdfdiubtlk taekrì ab raidäe elidkn plrl lklptlrsa fuarl kab
vdaetra
vdaetra gltaren. ]nkrçl astlr dekdile
dekdilekn
kn jdpnxdl n kaprasdùe raspdrltnrdl y puaka sar
ue flitnr ka rdashn ka klün iaraorlb.
L gakdkl qua ab edün iraia ab iaraorn inetdeól ine ue irai
iraidgdaetn
dgdaetn rìpdkn, sa gda-
bdedzle bls vçls earvdnsls y sa ingpbacdzl bl inrtazl iaraorlb klekn buhlr l uel glynr
ingpbacdklk inhedtdvl. Ab prniasn ka gdabdedzlidùe sahudrì kurleta tnkn ab kaslrrnbbn
y targdelrì lbrakaknr ka bns <1 lüns. Lsdgdsgn lugaetl ab eógarn ka ineaxdneas
earvdnsls. Bl glkurlidùe iaraorlb ingdaezl ae bls astruiturls suoinrtdilbas y fdel-
bdzl ae bls inrtdilbas qua sne bls qua sa kaslrrnbble pnstardnrgaeta y, l gakdkl qua
ilkl jagdsfardn glkurl vl lsnidìeknsa ine fueidneas gìs aspaiçfdils. Ab jagdsfardn

DEKDILKN_AY GLKQ_L[DVNY KAB KAYL__NBBN DEFLE[DB T ]_DEID]LBAY [_LY[N_ENY... 1

dzqudarkn sa jlbbl gìs rablidnelkn ine bls fueidneas inhedtdvls vdeiublkls lb baehulca
y ab karaijn ine bl raprasaetlidùe agn idnelb ka bns snedkns y bns
bns lspaitns prlhg ì-
tdins/snidlbas
tdins/snidlb as ka bl ing uedilidùe. Bl kdfaraeidl aetra ue iaraorn defletdb y uen l kn-
basiaeta rasdka
rasdka ae ab gl ynr eógarn ka ineaxdneas earvdnsls lug aetn ka sust sustleidl
leidl
obleil) qua astì inrrablidnelkn ine ue gacnr kasagpaün inhedtdvn ingn odae jl
kniug aetlkn bbll bdtarlturl
bdtarlturl idaetçf
idaetçfdil
dil Yjlw at lb. ?==60 Ynw abb at lb. ?==9).
Bns kns prdgarns lüns ka vdkl rasubtle iaetrlbas plrl ab kaslrrnbbn ka bls jl-
odbdklkas inhedtdvls gìs ingpbacls. Asta iraidgdaetn glkurltdvn inrtdilb niurra pnr
nbalkls, bns parçnkns ka hrle iraidgdaetn sdeìptdin
sdeìptdin sa jle nosa rvlkn aetra bns 9 y ;
lüns, bns <= y <? y aetra bns <; y <6. Kurleta asta prdgar lün k a vdkl bl pblstd
pblstdidklk
idklk
iaraorlb as gìxdgl, yl qua ab iaraorn sa gnbkal y gnkdfdil fìidbgaeta. Astl fbaxdod-
bdklk as guy dgpnrtleta plrl ab kaslrrnbbn enrglb y l gakdkl qua lbilezl bl aklk
lkubtl bns sdstag
sdstag ls earvdnsns sa v le astlodbdzlekn y bl pblstdid
pblstdidklk
klk iarao rlb kdsgdeuya.
Yd odae ab iaraorn defletdb as gìs pbìstdpbìstdin,
in, pnsdodb
pnsdodbdt
dtlekn
lekn uel raiu parlidùe gì s rìpdkl
fraeta l lbhóe
lbhóe trlugltdsgn, as tlgo däe gìs vubearloba yl qua iulbqudar klün savarn
sufrdkn
sufrdkn ae asta parçnkn kacl saiuabls g ìs hrlvas, bn iulb lfait lfaitll bls ilplidklkas ka
lkqu drdr
drdr euav ns lpraekdzlcas _n sabbd, Gl tuta y Lrkdbl, ?=<=).
Bl avlbulidùe psdinbùhdil ae astl atlpl sa ralbdzl ralbdzl ae prasaei dl ka bl glkra, plkra
n lbhóe flg dbdlr,
dbdlr, y ab kaslrrnbb
kaslrrnbbnn ka b baehulca y ka bl axprasdùe hrìfd
hrìfdil
il a s g uy bdgdtlkn
lb dhulb
dhulb qua ab rapartnrdn inekuitulb y snidlb. Bls ìrals g ìs kaslrrnbblkls l nosa rvlr
 y/n avlbulr sarìe bls saesnrdlbas y bls gntrdias. As ingóe qua sa utdbdiae ae astl
atlpl asilbls astlek lrdzlkls plrl avlbulr ue katargdelkn edvab ae ab kaslrrnbb kaslrrnbbnn y sd
asta sa inrraspneka ine bls lkqudsdidneas enrglbas asparlkls plrl asl aklk. Ya
notdaea haearlbgaeta ue in afdid
afdidaeta
aeta ka kasl rrnbb
rrnbbnn qua en s dekdil ab edvab ka glku raz
kab edün.
Asilbls tçpdils plrl avlbulr asta parçnkn sne bl asilbl Olybay ae su varsdùe DDD
?=<1), qua iuaetl ine uel lk lptlidùe asplün bl guy raidaeta, rralbdzlkl albdzlkl pnr ddevas-
evas-
tdhlknras ka bl Qedvarsdklk ka Guridl, qua pargdta vlbnrlr bls ìrals avnbutdvls gìs
dgpnrtletas plrl katargdelr ab edvab ka kaslrrnbbn defletdb, lsç ingn dkaetdfdilr tag-
prlelg aeta ratrlsns ae as ta edvab y notaear defnrglidùe vìbdkl plrl pbledfdilr bbll de-
tarvaeidùe.
tarvaeid ùe. Ya puaka lkg ded
dedstrlr
strlr l oaoäs l plrtd
plrtdrr ka ue gas jlstl bns ;? gasas. Ae
Lrhaetdel,
Lrhaetd el, inet
inetlgns
lgns ine bl ]_QE L]A ]ruaol Elidnelb ka ]asqudsl) qua par pargdta
gdta
kataitlr edüns ae rdashn ka s ufrd
ufrdrr lbtar
lbtarlidneas
lidneas ka b kaslrrnbb
kaslrrnbbnn psding ntnr aetra bns N
y bns 1 lüns << gasas y ?4 kçls. Inestl ka ue inecuetn ka 8: plutls ka bls iultrn
ìrals kab kaslrrnbbn
kaslrrnbbn psdingntnr y astì kastd
kastdelkl
elkl l bl kataiid
kataiidùe
ùe ka prnobagls delpl-

raetas
ue hrupnkabka
kaslrr
kaslrrnbb
nbbnn Baclrr
Baclrrlhl,
devastdhlknras lhl, @abgles`y,
lrhaetdens
lrhaetdens kaslrr]lsiuiid,
kaslrrnbb y Ylblglein,
nbbùù bl asilbl ALDY Asilbl?==;). Lsdgdsgn
Lrhaetdel ka
Detabdhaeidl
Detabdhaeidl Ya esng ntrdz) ine ab prnpùsdtn ka avl bulr ab kaslrrnbb
kaslrrnbbnn psding ntnr ka bns
oaoäs, snora bl bl olsa kab gn kabn ka astastlkdns
lkdns ka ]dlhat Ndoargle , NrabbNrabblel
lel y Glesd-
bbl, ?==6).
Ae ab iulk rn sdhud
sdhudaeta
aeta katlbblgns bl avnbuidùe enrgl b kab bbaehulca
aehulca y bl g ntrd
ntrdidklk
idklk
ka bns edüns ka N l 9 lüns.

;6 . ILY[_N YNBLEN y L. K LEEL

[lobl 9 Kaslrrnbbn kab baehulca

baehulca y bl gntrdidklk ae ab edün ka N l 9 lü
lüns
ns

Kaslrrnbbn Fueidùe B ne h

_aidäe elidkn _afbacns ka Bbletn.

• Yuiidùe
• Oósquakl
• Ijupatan
• ]raesdùe
• Gnrn
Yads saglels Axtdaeka y vnbtal bl iloazl iulekn astì onil lolcn. Ynerça.
Gdrl bl ilrl ka su glg ì.
Ydhua nocatns ine bl vdstl.
[ras gasas Inetrnb vnbuetlrdn
vnbuetlrdn kab lhlrra y kab ijupatan. Bbnrl iulekn n ya bbnrlr.
Ynstdaea bl iloazl. Agpltçl.
Ousil nocatns ae su ilgp n vdsulb.
_aspneka lb snedkn.
Ya gdrl bls glens.
[ngl n ocatns ine bbls
ls kns gle ns.
 Yads gasas Ya rça fraeta lb aspa cn.
Ya kl v uabtl snbn. Olbouial.
Ya sdaetl pnr parçnkns oravas. Kaguastrl pbliar.
Euava gasas Ya sdaetl snbn. Jlia lkdùs ine bl glen.
Lhlrra ine p dezl kdhdtlb. Kdia a dgdtl snedkns sdgpbas.
Hltan.
< lün Yuabtl bns nocatns. Kdia ? l ; plblorls.
Ilgdel ka bl glen. Kl ue oasn iu lekn sa ba pdka.
_afbacn pbletlr fbaxnr. Ingpraeka vlrdns sustletd
sustletdvns.
vns.

? lüns Yuoa y olcl asilblras sde lbtarelr bns pdas. Agdta frlsas ka kns plblorls.
Ka pda rainha nocatns kab suabn. Qtdbdzl yn, tu y gd.
Hdrl bl gle dcl ka bl puartl. Cuahns sa eidbbns.
Ya vdsta plridlbgaeta snbn. Yaülbl ; n 1 p lrtas kab iuarpn.

9 lüns Yuoa asilbarls lbtarelekn bns pdas. Jlia prahuetls.

Ya suoa lb trdidibn. Lpraeka ileidneas.
Ya puaka vastdr snbn. Cuahl ine n trns edüns.

Fuaeta3 _nsabbd, Gltuta y Lrkdb

Lrkdbll ?=<=).

Ab trlstnren kab eaurnkaslrrnbbn gìs dgpnrtleta l dkaetdfdilr ae astl atlpl as ab

trlstnren kab aspaitrn lutdstl [AL). Bns [ A sne ue hrupn ka trlstnrens kab kasl-
rrnbbn
rrnb bn qua n ilsdnele prnobag ls sdhedfdiltdvns
sdhedfdiltdvns ae bl ing uedilidùe snidlb y bl inekuitl.
Bns [AL astìe lhruplkns ae ue aspaitrn. Astn sdhedfdil
sdhedfdil qua lfaitle ka g learl kds-
td
tdetl
etl l ilkl parsnel y pu akae sar kaska g uy bavas l hrlvas. Bls parsnels ine [AL
prasaetle lbhuens sçetngls sdgdblras, ingn prnobagls ka detarliidùe snidlb. ]arn
jly kdfaraeidls
kdfaraeidls ae ab gng aetn ae qua lp lraiae bns sçetngls, su hrlvaklk y elturl-
bazl axlitl.
Ab KYG 1 uedfdiù bns suotdpns ka [AL (L]L, ?=<9), lknptlekn ab ineiaptn ka
aspaitrn kaska uel parspaitdvl ibçedil. \udaeas prasaetle asta iulkrn tdaeae kafd-
idaeidls parsdstaetas
parsdstaetas a e bl ingu edilidùe y bl detarliidùe
detarliidùe snidlb, y pl trneas rastrditdvns
rastrditdvns
y rapatdtdvns ka ingpnrtlgdaetns a detarasas n litdvdklkas. Astns sçetngls sa jlbble
prasaetas ae bls
bls prdgarls fflsas
lsas kab kaslrrnb
kaslrrnbbn
bn luequ a puakae gl edfast
edfastlrsa
lrsa ine bbls
ls
kag lekls sn idlbas n puakae astlr aeglsil rlkns) y ilusle k atardnrn
atardnrn sdhedfdiltd
sdhedfdiltdvn.
vn. Yd

DEKDILKN_AY GLKQ_L[DVNY KAB KAYL__NBBN DEFLE[DB T ]_DEID]LBAY [_LY[N_ENY... 8

odae ae bl odobdnhrlfçl
odobdnhrlfçl sa aeiuaetrle gu ijns lrtçiub
lrtçiubns
ns ae kneka sa lsnidl asta iul-
krn l bl kdsilplidklk detabaitulb
detabaitulb (a deib
deibusn
usn ab KY G lfdrgl qua puakae sar indeid
indeidkae-
kae-
tas). Litulbgaeta astn sa aeiuaetrl ae kdsiusdùe, puas sa ltrdouya astl lsnidlidùe l
bls ilrlitarçstdils
ilrlitarçstdils ka bls pruaols ine bls qu a sa g dka ingó egae ta bl det
detabdhaeidl
abdhaeidl n l
bl kdfdiub
kdfdiubtlk
tlk varolb ka bls parsnels avlbulkls qua en pua kae sar gak dkls ine gätn-
kns inevaeidnelbas, u ntrns flitnras). Ae ab gaeidnelkn gleulb, sa axpbdidtl qua bls
lbtarlidneas jlbblkls ae dekdvdkuns ine [AL en kaoae axpbdilrsa pnr bl kdsilplidklk
detabaitulb n ab ratrlsn hbnolb kab kaslrrnbbn.
]lrl lrrdolr lb kdlheùstdin as praidsn inesdhelr su lsnidlidùe n en in e kdsilplid-
klk detabaitulb y katardnrn kab baehulca, u ntrl lfaiidùe
lfaiidùe g äkdil n trlstnren kab kasl-
rrnbbn eaurnbùhdin.
Ing n sa g aeidneù, bbns
ns [AL lplraiae let
letas
as ka bns 9 lüns ka aklk y kurle tnkl bl
 vdkl, pasa l qua bns sçetngls puakae gacnrlr ine ab tdagpn y/n ine uel detarvaeidùe
tagprlel lkaiulkl. Lbhuens edüns ine [AL kle saülbas ka qua prasaetlrìe prnobagls
futurns l bns
bns pnins g asas ka elidkns. Ae ntrns, ae ilgo dn, bbns ns sçetngls pnkrçle en
gledfastlrsa sden jlstl bns ?; gasas n kaspuäs, klkn qua ae lbhuens edüns ine [AL
bns sçetngls astìe lsnidlkns l flbbls ae ab baehulca y sa prasaetle gìs tlrka, ingn
pnr acagpbn ae ab sçekrnga ka Lsparhar, qua fnrglol plrta ka asta hrupn plrl bls var-
sdneas letardnras
letardnras kab KYG . Lbhuens edüns ine [ AL plraiae kaslrrnbkaslrrnbblrsa
blrsa enrglbgaeta
jlstl lbrakaknr ka bns <: l ?; g asas ka aklk, iulekn ka cle ka lkqudrdr lkqudrdr euavls kastra-
zls n pdarkae bls qua yl taeçle, pnr bn qua sa kaengdele rahrasdvns.
Ab KYG 1 astlobaia tras edvab edvabas
as ka hrlvaklk plrl ilkl kng ded dedn.
n. Ab edvab 9 (raqudara
(raqudara
plrl su g acnrçl ka ue lpnyn guy sustleidlb) sa ilrlitardzl
ilrlitardzl pnr k äfdidts
äfdidts ae bls jlodbdklkas
ka ing uedilidùe snidlb varolb y en varolb, qua bdgdtle sardlgaeta bls detarliidneas
detarliidneas sn-
idlbas, defbaxdodbdklk
defbaxdodbdklk ka bl ineku itl y hrle g lbastlr. Ab edvab ? (raqudar
(raqudaraa lpnyn sustleidlb)
as sdgdblr lb letardnr
letardnr luequa bl kdfaraeidl
kdfaraeidl rasdka ae qua bl raspuastl l bls sdtulidneas sn-
idlbas as gaens bdgdt
bdgdtlkl3
lkl3 astls parsnels puakae kaidr frlsas sdgpbas, lsdgdsgn tdaeae
inekuitls defbaxdobas, rapatdtdvls y gledfdastle kdsinefnrgdklk plrl lbtarlrbls. Ab edvab <
(raqudara lpnyn) as ab edvab gìs avnbuidnelkn ka asta hrupn. Yd odae prasaetle bdgdtlidn-
eas ae bl inguedilidùe snidlb y gledfdastle inekuitls ltçpdils, sa ilrlitardzle pnr taear
ue g aenr edvab ka detaräs ae bls detarliid
detarliidneas
neas sni dlb
dlbas,
as, prasaetle flbbls plrl g letaear
uel ing uedilidùe, ralbdzle
ralbdzle detaetns paiubdlras plrl jliar eua vls lgdstlkas, ati. [daeae
idartls kdfdiubtlkas
kdfdiubtlkas plrl nrhl edzlr y pbledfdilr qua detarfdarae ine su fueidnelg daetn deka-
paekdaeta.
Ab psdiùbnhn puaka jliar ue siraaedeh rìpdkn ka bns prdeidplbasprdeidplbas sçetngls ine ue
sdgpba ijai`bdst ab G-IJL[ Gnkdfdak Ijai`bdst fnr Lutdsg de [nkkbars, ka _nodes,
Fade, Olrtne y Hraae, ?==<) qua jl sdkn vlbdklkl ae Lrhaetdel (Gleznea, ?=<<). Lsd-
gdsgn , as pnsdoba ralbdzlr ue sahudgdaetn tabafùedin ka bns çtags irçtdins plrl lsahu-
rlr bl dkaetdfdilidùe
dkaetdfdilidùe tagprlel kab iulkrn.
Qe edün ine [ AL pua ka gledfastlr bns sdhud sdhudaetas
aetas sdhens3

;: . ILY[_N YNBLEN y L. K LEEL

En raliidnel iulekn bn bblgle pnr su engora.

En saülbl nocatns plrl gnstrlr su detaräs (a.h.3 en saülbl ue lvdùe qua astì vnblekn) jlidl bns <=-<?
gasas.

En cuahl ine sdtulidneas ddglhdelrdls

glhdelrdls ( a.h.3
a.h.3 en kl ka ingar l bl guü ail), jlidl bns <: gasas.

Avdtl ab inetlitn vdsulb y prafdara astlr snbn.

[daea kdfdiubt
kdfdiubtlk
lk plrl ing praekar bns saetdgd
saetdgdaetns
aetns ka ntrls parsnels n plrl axpraslr sus prnpdns sae-
tdgdaetns.
 Guastrl ratrlsns ae ab kaslrrnbbn kab jlobl y ab baehulca.

_apdta plblorls n frlsas uel y ntrl vaz (ainblbdl).

Kl raspuastls qua en tdaeae qua var ine bls prahuetls.

Ba drrdtle bns ilgodns gçedgns.

[daea detarasas nosasdvns.

Lbatal ine bls glens, g uava su iuarpn n hdrl ae içriubns.

_alii dnel ka glearl axtrlül l bl fnrgl ae qua bls insls j uabae, sa vae, sa sdaetae n suaele.

L inetdeulidùe bdstlgns bls saülbas ka lblrgl ka edüns ine [ AL ae bl frlecl ka N

l 9 lüns (Fdbdpa`
(Fdbdpa` at lb.
prniakar l uel avlbulidùe<444). Ae ilsn ingpbatl
kdlheùstdil ka kataitlrsa lb
lbhuen
ka fnrglhuen ka astns sdhens sa kao a
degakdltl.

En olbouial, en jlia has tns (saülblr, kaidr lkd

lkdùs
ùs ine bl glen ) l bns <? gasa s.

En kdia plblorls saeidbbls l bns

bns <: g asas.

En kdia frlsas aspnetìea ls ka kns plblorls (en ainbìbdils) l bns ?; gas as.

Gledfdastl iulbqudar pärkdkl ae ab baehulca n bl jlodbdklk snidlb.

As pnsdoba dkaetdfd
dkaetdfdilr
ilr bns [AL l bns <: g asas ka aklk n letas. Jlidl bns ? lüns,
ab kdlheùstdin
kdlheùstdin qua jlhl ue prnfasd
prnfasdnelb
nelb axpard
axpardgaetlkn
gaetlkn puak a inesdkarlrsa guy ine-
fdloba. Yde
Yde agolrhn, guijns edüns en raidoae ue kdlheùstdin kafded
kafdedtdvn
tdvn sden jlstl
aklkas glynras. Yd odae en axdsta uel iurl plrl astastaa td
tdpn
pn ka iulkrns, bls devastd-
devastd-
hlidneas kag uastrle qua bl detar
detarvaeidùe
vaeidùe tagprlel puaka gacnrlr sdhed
sdhedfdilt
fdiltdvlgaeta
dvlgaeta
su kaslrrnbbn. Astls detarvaeidneas aspaiçfdils lyukle l qua kdijns edüns puakle
lpraekar kastrazls dgpnrtletas ingn bls jlodbdklkas inguediltdvls a deibusn ab
jlobl, qua bnhrae jloblr, ilgdelr a detarlit
detarlitulr
ulr ine bns kagì s ka bl fnrgl gì s lka-
iulkl pnsdoba.
Yd odae en sa jle kasiuodartn tnkns bns flitnras detarvdedaetas ae bns [AL, bl psd-
inbnhçl jl vardfdilkn fajlidaetagaeta qua en sne iluslkns
i luslkns pnr uel delkaiulkl
irdlezl ingn sa supneçl jlstl jlia lbhuens lüns ltrìs. Bl glynrçl ka bns idaetçfdins
indeidkae
indeidkae ae q ua axdsta ue ingpn eaeta haeätdin dgpnrtleta qua nparl ingn flitnr
ka rdashn y jlia qua uel parsnel sal gì s vubearloba
vubearloba l plkaiar ue [AL (Facargle t

lb. <44;0 Frdtj, <4:40 Xdeh, <44:).

DEKDILKN_AY GLKQ_L[DVNY KAB KAYL__NBBN DEFLE[DB T ]_DEID]LBAY [_LY[N_ENY... 4

? KAYKA BNY 9 L BNY 6 LÜNY KA AKLK

Bl sahue kl atlpl ing praeka aetra bns 9 y 6 lüns. Ab edün ae asta parçnkn tdaea
ue baehulca varolb bn sufdidaetagaeta kaslrrnbblkn y, ae bns inetaxtns urolens, sa
 trltl ka edüns asinblrd
trltl asinblrdzlkns
zlkns tag prlelgaeta. Kaska ab puetn ka vdstl pdlhatd
pdlhatdlen
len ens
sdtulgns a e ab parçnkn pranparltnrdn. Ab bç bçgdta
gdta ka astl a tlpl suaba sar ab lpraekdzlca
ka bl baitnasir
baitnasirdtur
dturll y/n ab bnhrn ka bls nparlidneas ineiratls y bl ravarsd
ravarsdodbd
odbdklk
klk n pa-
rltnrdl.

Ab nocatdvn
prlelgaeta blskalbtar
bl avlbulidùe
lidneas ae ae
lbtarlidneas asta gng
ab kaslrrnbb n aetn
kaslrrnbbn ka blfdarle
qua detar vdkl
detarfdar inesdsta
le ine ae kataitlr
ab lpraekdzlca tag-
asinblr
y/n ab kaslrrnbbn
kaslrrnbbn ka bl inguedilidùe. Ka astl glea rl sarì pnsdoba kdsaülr detarvaeidn-
eas tag prlels y/n ordeklr defnr
defnrglidùe
glidùe l bl asiuabl plrl qua bns aspaidlbdst
aspaidlbdstls
ls (a.h.3 ab
psdiùbnhn asinblr, bns psdinpaklhnhns) jlhle bls lkaiulidneas iurrdiublras eaiasl-
rdls plrl bl ltaeidùe
ltaeidùe ka bns edüns k ataitlkns ingn ae rdashn rdashn ltaekdaekn sus eaia-
sdklkas puetulbas, pnr acagpbn deibuyaekn ue glastrn detahrlknr n ka lpnyn. Astl
ilrlitarçstdil pravaetdvl gakdleta bl tag prlel dkaetdf
avlbulidùe taekrì uel ilrlitarçstdil dkaetdfdilidùe
dilidùe ka
pnsdobas ilsns qua raqudar
raqudarle
le ltaeidùe aspa idlbd
idlbdzlkl.
zlkl.
Ab edün ae astl atlpl tdaea lbhuels ilrlitarçstdils aspaiçfdils. Ae
Ae prdgar buhlr
puaka g letaear bl ltaeid
ltaeidùe
ùe pnr parçnkns g uy inrtns ka tdagpn0 g ledfdastl
ledfdastl parçnkns
ka hrle litdvdklk y ka inekuitl arrìtdil, puaka detarrugpdr bl sasdùe ka avlbulidùe

vlrdls vaias, puaka axpardgaetlr gnbastdls leta bl acaiuidùe ka lbhuel tlral prn-
puastl pnr ab psdiùbnhn, puaka raiurrdr l bl glkra plrl gnstrlrba su prnkuiidùe, ati.
Ab psdiùbnhn
psdiùbnhn kaoa sar ilplz ka inestr udr ue ouae rlppnrt plrl lkgdedstrlr bns destru-
inestrudr
gaetns pblealkns y kaoa taear prasaeta qua puaka deiurrdr ae uel suoastdglidùe
ka bls jlodbdklkas kab edün ae fueidùe ka bns flitnras ingaetlkns (]letar y Orli`ae,
?=< 9). Ae iul etn l bls pruaols l l kgdedstrlr
kgdedstrlr,, kaoa sabaiidnelr täiedils praf prafaraeta-
araeta-
gaeta ka siraaedeh qua pargdtle uel dkaetdfdilidùe tagprlel ka bns edüns ae rdashn
y qua eaiasdtae uel avlbulidùe gìs aspaiçfdil ae uel sahuekl atlpl. Ya trltl ka
pruaols guy saeidbbls ka lkgdedstrlr, ka kurlidùe orava y guy saesdobas l prnolobas
lbtarlidneas ae ab kaslrrnbbn y/n pnsdobas kdsfueidneas snidnagnidnelbas. Ae euastrn
gakdn ha earlbgaeta sa axl gdel ab g ltard
ltardlb
lb hrìfdin qua prnkuia ab edün (tast kab kd-
oucn ka bl fdhurl jug lel, tast `deätdin ka bl flg dbdl,
dbdl, kdoucn bdora, ati.),
ati.), inecuetlg aeta
ine ab tast ka Oaekar l plrtdr
p lrtdr ka bns ; lüns ka aklk
ak lk (välesa bns Ilpçtubns 1 y 6).
Ab psdiùbnhn kaoarçl axlgdelr ae astl atlpl bls jlodbdklkas ka baehulca axprasdvn y
raiaptdvn, bls
bls ineku itls lklptltdvls, ab kaslrrnb
kaslrrnbbn
bn gntnr fden y hruasn y ab fueidnel-
gdaetn inhedtdvn, snidlb y agnidnelb kab defleta. Ae iuletn l bns lspaitns agnidnel-
bas y inekuitulbas, inorl aspaidlb rabavleidl lb plpab ka bns plkras y bns glastrns
ingn defnr
defnrgletas
gletas ka bl inekuitl kab edün fuarl ka bl sdtulid
sdtulidùe
ùe ka tast (välsa ab I lpç-
tubn <). ]lrl abbn as eaiaslrdn jliar uel avlbulidùe kab inetaxtn ae ab qua sa k asae-
vuabva ab paquaün. As praid
praidsn
sn axlg delr ae asta parçnkn bl rablid
rablidùe
ùe kab edün ine sus
plkras n iudklknras, ab astdbn plraetlb y bls rablidneas ine bns jarglens (Edi`arsne,
Kuvlbb y Hlhene, ?==8).
Bns destrugaetns ka avlbulidùe psdinbùhdil utdb
utdbdzlkns
dzlkns kaoarçle iug pbdr ine bns as-
tìeklras detarelidnelbas
detarelidnelbas (LA_ L, ?==1 ). Kaoae tnglr ae iuaetl avdkaeidls ka ine-
fdlodbdklk y vlbdkaz sufdidaeta y lusaeidl ka sashn qua lsahura bl aqudklk ae bl avl-
bulidùe ka gdenrçls, ätedils
ätedils n pno blidneas ka olcns raiursns aineùg dins. Ya kaoa
taear ue plrtdiublr iudklkn
iudklkn in e bl avlbulidùe ka pnoblidneas aspaidlbas, tlbas ingn

1= L. ILY[_N YNBLEN y L. K LEEL

 
 edüns iuyl prdgarl baehul en sal ab asplünb, edüns axtrlecarns, ka pnoblidneas as-
ilslgaeta asinblrdzlkls, ka plkras ine olcn edvab ka destruiidùe n ka inetaxtns en
urolens. Ae astns ilsns bl avlbulidùe kaoa ralbdzlr ka gnkn iubturlbgaeta lcustlkn
l bl pnoblidùe aspaiçfdil ka bl qua sa trlta Orl`ae, ?==80 Frle` ka Vartjabyd, ?===).
Ae iuletn l bl sabaiidùe ka destrugaetns sa kaoa abdgdelr ae bn pnsdoba tnkls bls
pntaeidlbas fuaetas ka vlrdleidl drrabavleta kab inestruitn l avlbulr. Aetra bls gìs
dgpnrtletas inesdkarlgns ab edvab ka jlodbdklk varolb raquardkl plrl inetastlr l ka-
targdelkns çtags n plrl raspnekar l katargdelkls tlrals, ab edvab ka akuilidùe kab
edün, ab hrlkn ka liubturlidùe ae ilsn ka sar axtrlecarn n partaeaiar l ue inetaxtn
en urolen y bls axpardaeidls prnpdls ka vdkl.
Ae iuletn l bns lspaitns aspaiçfdins kab kaslrrnbbn, bns jdtns gìs ilrlitarçstdins
ka astl atlpl fuarne rasugdkns pnr ab astukdn ka Hassabb at lb. <4:<), qua sa katlbbl
ae bl [lobl ;

[lobl ;. Jdtns kab kaslrrnbbn aetra bns ; y 6 lüns sahóe Hass abb at lb

aslrrnbbn Fueidùe Baehulca Ntrns

Ya gletdaea plrlkn ae ue Ingpraeka ; ùrkaeas. Ya ltl bns zlpltns.

pda lbhuens sahuekns. Inblonrl ine ntrns edüns.
; lüns Ylbtl sùbn ae ue pda. Jlia gleklkns.
Kdoucl uel parsnel ine
kns plrtas.

Ylbtl uslekn bns pdas lbtar- Yloa su engora y lpabbdkn. Inpdl ue iulkrlkn y ue
eltdvlgaeta ]rahuetl ab sdhedfdilkn ka trdìehubn
]uaka leklr ae puetls ka bls plblorls Iuaetl <= nocatns saül-
pda Kasirdoa dgìhaeas. blekn ine su kakn.
1 lüns Hlrloltal su engora.
Ya vdsta y kasvdsta ine
lyukl
Ya kdsfrlzl ine rnpl ka
lkubtn.

Ae rablidùe ine ab kaslrrnbbn ka bls fueidneas inhedtdvls supardnras

supardnras,, sahóe _nsabbd.
Gltuta y Lrkdbl ?=<=) jloragns
jloragns ka inesdkarlr
inesdkarlr bn sdhudaeta3
sdhudaeta3
Qe edün ae astl atlpl kaoa taear ue baehulca ingpraes
ingpraesdoba
doba plrl axtrlüns. Yd pra-
saetl lusaeidl kab baehulca letas ka bns 1 lüns y en sa aetdaeka quä kdia gìs lbbì ka
bns ; as ue dekdilknr ine glb prneùstdin. L bns 1 lüns kaoae astlr prasaetas tnkns
bns fneagls ka bl baehul y bls kdvarsls ineaxdneas sdbìodils.
sdbìodils. Yne enrglbas letas ka
bns 1 lüns kafaitns ae bl fbudkaz y bl lrtdiublidùe.
Ae iuletn l bl bltarlbdklk as dgpnrtleta inesdkarlr qua jlstl bns 1 lüns en sa
jl kaslrrnbblkn bl nrdaetlidùe. Ab lbileia ka bl nrdaetlidùe karaijl-dzqudarkl sa bnhrl

aetra bns 1 y : lüns. L bns 6 lüns ue edün kaoa sar ilplz ka kdsirdgdelr aetra kara-
ijl a dzqudarkl snora sç gdsgn y l plrtdr ka bns : kaoa pnkar haearlbdzlr asta ine-
iaptn l bns kagìs.
_aspaitn ka bl gagnrdl iloa inesdhelr qua bls tlrals rablidnelkls ine bl ga-
gnrdl en varolb y ab sahudgdaetn ka rutls y/n bloardetns sne guy saesdobas l kdsfue-

DEKDILKN_AY GLKQ_L[DVNY KAB KAYL__NBBN DEFLE[DB T ]_DEID]LBAY [_LY[N_ENY... 1

 
idneas tagprlels. Yd bls kdsfueidneas sa gledfdastle u niurrae kaspuäs kab prdgar
lün ka vdkl, ab edün taekrì gìs kdfdiubtlk ae tlrals en varolbas qua varolbas. Yd niu-
rrae kaetrn kab prdgar lün suiakarì l bl devarsl. Bl jlodbdklk avdkaeidl ue kaslrrnbbn
dgpnrtletaa l gakdkl qua bns edüns iraiae. Astl ilplidklk en astì ae rablidùe ine bl
dgpnrtlet
ilplidklk ka lbgliaelgdaetn ka ilkl eaurnel sden qua sa prnkuia ue deiragaetn
ae ab eógarn ka bls eaurnels qua plrtdidple ae ab prniasn ka gagnrdzlidùe y bns

edüns
orn kaagpbale astrltahdls
astrltahdls
bl defnrglidùe.
defnrglidùe. kdfaraetas
kdfaraetas
Bns edüns ka 1 qua
lünsbas parg dtdtae
prasaetle aeue
g acnrlr
p nora su ilplidklk
kasagpa ün aekatlrals
rain-
ka avnilidùe. Astl jlodbdklk
jlodbdklk vl gacnrlekn l g akdkl qua iraiae, hrlidls l bl gakdl-
idùe ka bl inrtazl prafrnetlb.
Ae iuletn l bls fueidneas acaiutdvls, ab kaslrrnbbn ka bl ilplidklk p lrl dejdodr bns bns
astçgubns
astç gubns prnlitdvlgaeta
prnlitdvlgaeta sa prasaet
prasaetll aetra bns 6 y bns : lüns, lbilezlekn su g ìxdgn
kaslrrnbbn l bns <?. Hrlkulbga eta, bns defletas
defletas vle l kqudrdaekn bls fueidneas acaiu-
tdtdvls
vls y in gdaezle l utdb
utdbdzlr
dzlr astrltahdls
astrltahdls ga tlinhedtd
tlinhedtdvls.
vls. L bns ; lü ns astìe p rasaetas
ab lutninetrnb y ab lutngnedtnran plrl inetrnblr bl acaiuidùe
acaiuidùe ka arrnras n ka k atargd-
elkl litdvdklk, y lbilezl su g ìxdgl raprasa etlidùe aetra bns 6 y bbns ns : lüns .
Ab trlstnren gìs dgpnrtleta kab eaurnkaslrrnbbn l kasilrtlr ae astl atlpl as bl
kdsilplidklk detabaitulb (KYG 1), qua as ab euavn eng ora qua raidoa ab letd
letdhun
hun kdlh-
eùstdin ka Detabaitulbas
plidklkas Detabaitulbas y kaeab bns
ratrlsn gaetlb KY G letard
letardnras.
Kaslrrnbbn nras.
kafd
kafdea Bl Lsnidlidùe
ea l asta trlstnren Lgardilel
trlstnren ing ka K dsil-
n uel kdsilplid-
klk ine bdgdtlidneas ilrlitarçstdils tletn ae bns lspaitns detabaitulbas ingn ae bl
ineku itl lklptltdvl qua iuora bl gl ynrçl ka bls litdvdklkas
litdvdklkas snidlbas y bls jlodbdkl-
jlodbdkl-
kas prìitdils plrl bl vdkl kdlrdl y qua sa gle dfdfdastl
dastl kurleta ab parçnkn ka ka slrrnbb
slrrnbbnn
letas ka bns <: lüns (jttp3//lldkk.nrh/detabbaitulb-kdslodbdty/kafdedtdne#.VfrQXuStkfA)  

Ab fueidnelgdaetn detabaitulb kafdidtlrdn sa rafdara, pnr ue blkn, l bls ilplidklkas

qua devnbuirle l praekdzlca, rlznelg daetn, pbledfdilid
pbledfdilidùe,
ùe, paesl gdaetn lo strlitn, ccud-
ud-
idn, snbuidùe ka prnobagls, y pnr ab ntrn lb lpraekdzlca lilkägdin y l plrtdr ka
bl axpardaeidl, gakdkn haearlbgaeta pnr pruaols dekdvdkulbas ka detabdhaeidl qua
lrrncae rasubtlkns pnr kaolcn ka ue ID ka 8=. Bl inekuitl lklptltdvl sa rafdara l
bls jlodbdklkas prìitdils y snidlbas qua bls parsnels eaiasdtle plrl gleaclrsa ae

bl vdkl kdlrdl. Devnbuirl jlodbdklkas ine iaptulbas a.h.3 baehulca, gleacn kab tdagpn),
snidlbas a.h. jlodbdklk plrl noakaiar y raspatlr rahbls, jlodbdklkas detarparsnelbas)
y jlodbdklkas prìitdils ka bl vdkl kdlrdl (a.h.3 iudklkn parsnelb, slbuk, usn raspne-
sloba kab kdearn, ati.).
ati.). Bls euavls g nkdfdilidneas
nkdfdilidneas detrnkuidkls ae ab KY G 1 dekdile
lb ibçedin qua kaoa tnglr ae iuaetl lgons dekdilknras (detabaitulbas y ka lklptl-
idùe) plrl vlbnrlr asta iulkrn. [rlkdidnelbg
[rlkdidnelbg aeta ab äeflsds astlol gìs pu astn ae ab
fueidnelgdaetn detabaitulb
detabaitulb qua ae bl asfarl l klptltdvl.
Yd ab edün letas ka bns 1 lüns en iugpba ine bns jdtns kab kaslrrnbbn asparlk
asparlkns
ns
ae vlrdns ilgpns k ab ffueidnelg
ueidnelg daetn detabait
detabaitulb
ulb y en puaka sar avlbulkn k a gle arl
sdstagìtdil
sdstagìtdil n as guy paquaün, aetneias sa k dlhenstdil
dlhenstdil ratrlsn hbnolb kab kaslrrnbbn
y raqudara uel raavl bulidùe kaspuä s ka ue pa rçnkn ka tdagpn i ne ab fde ka vardfdilr
vardfdilr sd
sa trltl ka uel kdsilplidklk detabaitulb.
Yd ab ratrlsn
ratrlsn lplraia k aspuäs ka bns <: lüns, yl en sa trltl ka kdsilplidklk deta- deta-
baitulb, sden ka ntrn tdpn ka lbtarlid
baitulb, lbtarlidùe
ùe n k asnrkae y sa kao a l u e trlstnren lkqudrdkn
lkqudrdkn
y en k ab kaslrrnbbn.
Ae ue 9= n ;= % ka parsnels qua sufrae asta iulkrn en sa dkaetdfd
dkaetdfdil
il bl atd
atdnbnhçl.
nbnhçl.
Yahóe _nsabbd at lb. (?=<=) as pnsdoba raineniar kns tdpns ka iulkrns3
 1? . ILY[_N YNBLEN y L. K LEEL

l ) Bl kdsilplidklk gaetlb lsdetngìtdil3 Haearlbgaeta sa nosarvl ae jdcns ka

plkras ine o lcn edvab detabaitulb
detabaitulb akuilkns ae g akdns iubturlb
iubturlbas
as ilraeidlkns.
Astl kafdidaeidl sa inesdkarl deaspaiçfdil y su atdnbnhçl as kasinenidkl. Ae
iuletn l bls kafdidaeidls sne haearlbgaeta guy bavas, ilsd sde bdgdtlidneas fçsd-
ils y ing praekae ab 81% k a bl pnoblidùe ine kdsilplidklk detab
detabaitulb.
aitulb. Astns
edüns ae bl inesu
(Hraaesple, ?==6).btbtll sne g uy kdfçidbas
kdfçidbas ka kdstdehudr
kdstdehudr raspaitn ka ue e dün enrgl b
o ) Bl kdsilplidklk gaetlb sdetngìtdil3 Asta iulkrn as ab rasubtlkn rasubtlkn ka klü n eau-
rnbùhdin pnr flitnras liidkaetlbas (defaiidnsns, gatloùbdins, irngnsùgdins,
pardeltlbas, ati.) y sa rablidnel ine trlstnrens ka tdpn gntnr y saesnrdlb. Astns
edüns prasaetle pnr bn haearlb leng lbçls fçsdils
fçsdils y raprasaetle ue ?1% ka bl
pnoblidùe qua sufra asta trlstnren.

Bl savardklk kab iulkrn sa kdlhenstdil snora bl olsa kab fueidnelgdaetn lklp-

tltdvn (bava, gnkarlkn, hrlva y prnfuekn ae ilkl uen ka bns kngdedns ineiaptulb,
snidlb y prìitdin),
prìitdin), ae rablidùe ine ab hrlkn ka l pnyns raqu ardkns, y en ae fueidùe kab
ID tlb ingn sa kdlhenstdilol ae bns KY G letardnras.
letardnras.
Ntrn iulkrn ilrlitarçstdin ka astl atlpl astì ingpuastn pnr bns trlstnrens ka
bl inguedilidùe, qua lh ruple l bns trlstnrens kab baehulca, kab jlobl, ka bl fbfbuaeidl
uaeidl
(tlrtlgukan) y ka bl inguedilidùe snidlb0 sd odae ab baehulca lplraia letas ka bns
9 lüns ka aklk y su lusaeidl as ue sdhen ka lblrgl, as ae astl atlpl iulekn bns
sçetngls sa jliae vdsdobas
vdsdobas ka ue g nkn g ìs iblrn. Kastlilgns bns trlstnrens kab bae-
hulca, kneka deibudgns
deibudgns tletn bls lbtarlidneas
lbtarlidneas axprasdvls ingn bls raiaptdvls,
raiaptdvls, yl qu a
sd axdstae
axdstae lbtarlidneas ae ab baehulca l bns ; lü ns sa ine sdkarle rabltdvlg
rabltdvlg aeta astl-
obas y prakditnrls kab kasagpaün futurn. Asta trlstnren sa ilrlitardzl pnr kdfdiubtlkas
parsdstaetas ae bl lkqudsdidùe y usn kab baehulca ae kdfaraetas gnklbdklkas (jloblkn,
asirdtn,
asirdt n, ati.),
ati.), vniloublrdn rakuidkn bdgdtlkl
bdgdtlkl as truiturl
truiturl ka bls frlsas y arrnras k ab kds-
iursn, qua rasubtl pnr kaolcn ka bn asparloba plrl ue edün ka su hrupn ka aklk.
Lsdgdsgn sa ines dkarl
dkarl qua astls kafdid
kafdidaeidls
aeidls en sne ltrdoudobas
ltrdoudobas l uel kafdidaeidl
kafdidaeidl lu-
kdt
kdtdvl,
dvl, saesnrdlb,
saesnrdlb, gntnrl u ntrl inekdidùe g äkdil n eaurnbùhdil (KYG 1, L]L , ?=<9).

9 . KAYKA BNY 6 L BNY <? LÜNY KA AKLK

As ab parçnkn g ìs ilrlitarçstdin ka bl avlbulidùe psdinbùhdil defletdb

defletdb.. Ens a einetrl-
gns ine ue edün ine ine nidgdaetns oìsdins ka baiturlbaiturl y asirdturl
asirdturl y ae pbaen p rniasn
ka asinblrdzlidùe.
asinblrdzlidùe. Bl a vlbulidùe
vlbulidùe sa ralbdzl
ralbdzl sdagpra l snbls i ne ab edün, rasarvìeknsa
uel n kns aetravdstls ine bns plkras plrl iblrdfdilr
iblrdfdilr ab gntdvn ka ines ubtl y lelbdzlr bns
bns
jdtns oìsdins kab kaslrrnbbn
kaslrrnbbn yl inga etlkns. Astl atlpl puaka k dvdkdrsa
dvdkdrsa ae kns suoa-
tlpls. Bl prdgarl
prdgarl sa rafdara l bns edüns gìs paqua üns0 lquç inorl uel gly nr dgpnr-
tleidl bl defnrglidùe
paquaün. defnrglidùe quasuoatlpl,
Ae bl sahuekl prnvaae tletn plkras
bl avlbulidùeingn
avlbulidùe glastrns
sa lsag acl l blsnora
ka bnsbl lknbasiaetas.
ineku itl kab
Ae asta parçnkn kdsgdeuya ab ag pban ka bl axprasdùe hrìfd
hrìfdil
il ingn inekuitl tçpdil
tçpdil ka
bl defleidl
defleidl y as raag pblzlkl plubltdelgaeta pnr bl varolbdzlidùe, ae rlzùe ka bn iulb
 as pnsdoba ab agpban ka iuastdnelrdns y asilbls ka lutndefnrga. Bl devastd
devastdhlidùe
hlidùe gì s
litulb jl kastlilkn ab plpab kab edün ingn lutndefnrgleta ka su prnpdl sdtulidùe,
ae aspa idlb iulekn sa trlt
trltll ka sçetngl s n prnobagls k a ilrlitarçstdils
ilrlitarçstdils detarelbdzle-

DEKDILKN_AY GLKQ_L[DVNY KAB KAYL__NBBN DEFLE[DB T ]_DEID]LBAY [_LY[N_ENY... 9

tas. Astns sçetngls (a.h.3 lesdaklk praniuplidneas aspaiçfdils)

aspaiçfdils) puakae parglea iar
niubtns plrl ntrns defnrgletas tlbas ingn plkras y/n glastrns y quaklr fuarl kab
fnin kab kdlheùstdin (@lgpjlus y Frdi`, ?==1).
Ae tnkl avlbulidùe ka edüns rasubtl suglgaeta dgpnrtleta ralbdzlr ae prdgar buhlr
uelprnobagl,
tls a etravdstl
etravdstl jliar
kdlheùstd
kdlheùstdil
uelilkabdgdtlidùe
ine bns plkras n raspneslobas
kdlheùstdil plrly dkaetdfdilr
prabdgdelr dkaetdf
kdsaülrdilrblbls inekui-
oltarçl ka
tasts l lkg dedst
dedstrlr.
rlr. Yd odae
odae bl aetravdstl aspa içfdil
içfdil ka a vlbulidùe psdinbùhdil ravdsta
ue ilrìitar sagdastruiturlkn, axdstae aetravdstls
aetravdstls astruiturlkls pl rl jliar ka bdbdgdtl-
gdtl-
idneas kdlheùstdils
kdlheùstdils g ìs praidsls y iuastdnelrdns
iuastdnelrdns plrl plkras snora ine kuitls prn-
obagl ka bns defletas. Ae ab Ilpçtubn ; ingaetlgns ine katlbba bls vaetlcls y kas-
vaetlcls ka ilkl ue l y kaslrrnbblgns ae a xtaesn bl lkg dedstrlidùe
dedstrlidùe a detarpratlid
detarpratlidùe
ùe ka
bl aetravdstl AAKD olslkl ae bns dekdilknras kdlheùstdins kab KYG 1 y kdsaülkl plrl
su usn ae pn oblidùe bnilb.
Bl avlbulidùe k a bns lspaitns inh edtdvns
edtdvns rasubtl iaetrlb ae astl atlpl ka b kaslrrn-
bbn,
bbn, aspaidlbgaeta sd bns g ntdvns ka kardvlidùe sa rablidnele in e kdfdiubtlkas
kdfdiubtlkas ka lprae-
kdzlca. Lsdgdsgn as eaiaslrdn deibudr bl avlbulidùe ka bls iuastdneas vdeiublkls ine a b
inetaxtn flgdbdfuaetas
flgdbdlr
ka k dfaraetas
dfaraetas lr y asinblr.
rasubtlAeprd
astl atlpl
prdgnrkdlb
gnrkdlb bl ingodelidùe
(Olrry, Frdi` y @lgka
Frdi` defnrglidùe
pjlus, prniak
?=<9). Ab sdiùbaeta
p sdiùbnhn
nhn
kaoarì p nekarlr bl defnrglidùe raidodkl pnr plrta ka b prnpdn edün y bl ordeklkl pnr bns
plkras plrl inestrudr ab kdlheùstd
kdlheùstdin.in. Bl detahrlidùe fdelb ka bl defnrglidùe
defnrglidùe q uakl sdag -
pra l ilrhn k ab psdiùbnhn. Yd odae ab psdinkdlheùstdin ibìsd ibìsdin
in jl in efdlkn ae ab leìbdsds
ka raiurraeidls y inevarhaeidls, lb deibudr kdfaraetas edvabas ka l eìbdsds ae uel avl bul-
idùe as pnsdoba qua surcle glynras kdsirapleidls ae bl avlbulidùe avlbulidùe iulekn n parlgns
gak dleta pb
pburdt
urdtäiedils
äiedils y g ubtd
ubtdinetaxtns
inetaxtns ing n ing aetlgns a e ab Ilpçtubn <. Ab leìbdsd
leìbdsdss
ka bls kdsirapleidls ae ab kdlheù stdin rasubtl iaetrlb y tdaea tdaea fuartas dgp bdileidls plrl
bl detarvaeidùe (Olrry at lb., ?=<9). ]nr acagpbn, ue edün puaka g ledfastlr kd kdfaraetas
faraetas
prnobagl s inekuitulbas ae bl asiuabl parn en rahdstr rahdstrlr
lr bls gdsgl s kdfdiubtlkas
kdfdiubtlkas ae bl
ilsl0 ae ab gdsgn saetdkn, puaka raspnekar gacnr l ue inetaxtn astruiturlkn ingn ab
ka bl asiuabl qua l uen gaens astruiturlkn ingn ab kab jnhlr. Ab psdiùbnhn kaoa sar
ilplz k a katarg delr iuìb ka astns lspai tns deibudr
deibudr ae ab kdlheùstdin prdeidplb y iuìbas
kastlilr l bns fdeas ka dekdilr bl gacnr detarvaeidùe pnsdoba.
Bns prdeidplbas trlstnrens kab eaurnkaslrrnbbn l kataitlr ae astl atlp l sne ab trls-
tnren aspaidfdin kab lpraekdzlca y ab trlstnren pnr käfdidt ka ltaeidùe.
Bns trlstnrens kab lpraekdzlca devnbuirle bls kdfdiubtlkas
kdfdiubtlkas ae a b lpraekdzlca y ae bls
jlodbdklkas
jlodb dklkas lilkäg dils y puak ae k lrsa ae bl baiturl,
baiturl, ae bl axp rasdùe
rasdùe asirdtl, ae ab
gle acn ka ineiaptns eug ärd ärdins
ins y/n ab rlznelgdaetn gltag ìtd ìtdin.
in. ]lrl kdlhenstdilr
kdlhenstdilr
asta trlstnren
trlstnren bls jlodbd
jlodbdklkas
klkas l ilkägdils kaoa e sar sustleidlbgaeta ga enras qua
bls asparlkls p lrl bl aklk irne nbùhdil kab edün y kaoae detarfdetarfardr
ardr ine ab raekdgdaetn
asinblr. Lsdgdsgn astns edüns kaoae raekdr guijn gaens qua bn asparloba ae prua-
ols astleklrdzlkls qua avlbóae bns bnhrns
bnhrns lilkäg dins, pnr bn bn qua as praidsn avlbulr
 ab fueidnelgdaetn detabaitulb
detabaitulb ga kdleta uel pruao l astleklrdzlkl k a detabd
detabdhaeidl
haeidl ha-
earlb (tasts ka inafdidaeta detabaitulb). Bns edüns qua sa kdlhenstdile ine asta iulkrn
en ka oae iu gp bdbdrr bns irdtardns
irdtardns ka bl kd
kdsilpl
silpl idklk detabaitulb, yl qua a e asa ils n bls
kdfdiubtlkas
kdfdiubtlkas kab lpraekdzlca sa ltrdouyae l ue ratrlsn kab kaslrrnbbn gìs q ua l ue trls-
tnren aspaiçfdin kab lpraekdzlca. Lsdgdsgn sahóe bns irdtardns kdlheùstdins KYG 1,
as eaiaslrdn aspaidfdilr
aspaidfdilr bl hrlvaklk ka b iulkrn (bava, gnkarlkn n hrlva) y ab suotdpn
(baiturl,
(baiturl, axprasdùe asirdtl, gltag ìtdil).

1; L. ILY[_N
I LY[_N YNBLEN y L. K LEE
LEEL
L

Ae iuletn lb trlstnren pnr käfdidt ka ltaeidùe haearlbgaeta sa bn kdlhenstdil

kdlhenstdil letas
ka bns <? lü ns y ine sdsta
sdsta ae ue pltrùe parsdstaet
parsdstaetaa ka kasltaeidùe y/n jdparlitdvd
jdparlitdvdklk-
klk-
dgpubsdvdklk qua detarfdara
detarfdara ine a b fueidnelgdaetn y/n ab kaslrrnbbn y sa ilrlitardzl n
odae pnr ue pltrùe ka kasltaeidùe a.h.3 kdfdiubtlk plrl gletaear bl ltaeidùe ae bls
tlrals, en sahu dr destruiidneas,
destruiidneas, kdfdiubtlk
kdfdiubtlk plrl nrhledzlr tlrals y litdvd
litdvdklkas)
klkas) n odae
ue pltrùe ka jdparlitdvdklk a dgpubsdvdklk a.h.3 gnvdgdaetn axiasdvn ka glens y
pdas, jloblr ae axiasn, inrrar y slbtlr ae sdtulidneas ae bls qua en as lprnpdlkn). Lsd-
gdsgn ae fueidùe ka bl hrlvaklk ka bns sçetngls y s u axtaesdùe puaka ilrlitard
ilrlitardzlrsa
zlrsa
asta trlstnren
trlstnren ing n bava, gnkarlkn n hrlva y sa kaoa inesdhelr ab suotdpn.
suotdpn.
]nr óbtdgn ab KYG 1 deibuya kaetrn ka bns trlstnrens kab eaurnkaslrrnbbn l bns trls-
tnrens ka bl innrkdelidùe, qua sa kataitle tlgodäe ae asta detarvlbn
detarvlbn ka akl k
Ae ab Ilpçtubn 9 dekdilgns uel sarda ka destrugaetns ka avlbulidùe psdinbùhdil
plrl vlbnrlr tletn bns lspaitns inhedtdvns ingn snidnagnidnelbas l fde ka ralbdzlr
uel avlbulidùe psdinbùhdil ka liua rkn ine bns astìeklras ka ilbdklk det
detarelidnelb-
arelidnelb-
gaeta inesaesulkns.

_AFA_AEI DLY ODOBDNH_ÌFDILY

ODOBDNH_ÌFDILY

LA_L , L.].L. ((?==1).

?==1). EIGA (<444 ). Ytleklrks fnr Akuiltdnelb lek ]syijnbnhdilb [astdeh, <;6.
Lga rdile
rdile Lssnidltd
Lssnidltdne
ne ne Detabb
Detabbaitulb
aitulb lek K avabnpgaetlb Kdslodbd
Kdslodbdtdtdas.
as. (?=<9). _aiu parlkn k a-
jttp.//lldkk.nrhLetabbaitulb-kd
jttp.//lldkk.nrhLetabbaitulb-kdslodbdt
slodbdty/kafdedtd
y/kafdedtdne`VfrQX
ne`VfrQX uStktA
Lga rdile ]syijdltrdi Lssnidltd
Lssnidltdne
ne (<4:=). Kdlhenstdi lek Ytltdstdilb Gleulb nf Gaetlb Kdsnrkars,
[jdrk Akdtdne. Xlsjdehtne KI3 L]L.
Lga rdile ]syijdltrdi Lssnidltdne (<4:8). Kdlhenstdi lek Ytltdstdilb Gleulb nf Gaetlb kdsnrkars3
KYG-DDD-_. Xlsjdehtne KI3 L]L.

Lgardile ]syijdltrdi
KYG-1®). LgardileLssnidltdne (?=<9).
]syijdltrdi ]uo.
Kdlhenstdi lek Ytltdstdilb Gleulb nf Gaetlb Kdsnrkars

Olrry, I., Frdi`, ]. y @lgpjlus, _. (?=<9). ]syijnbnhdilb Lssassgaet de ijdbk gaetlb jalbtj
sattdehs. Ae3 L]L Jlekonn` nf [astdeh lek Lssassgaet de ]syijnbnhy, Vnb. ?. [astdeh lek
Lssassgaet de Ibdedilb lek Inuesabdeh ]syijnbnhy. Ilp. <1 (pp. ?19-?8=). Xlsjdehtne
K.I.3 L]L.
Olybay, E. (?=<1). Olybay Yilbas nf Deflet Kavabnpgaet. Varsdne DDD3 Gleulb. ]syijnbnhdilb Inr-
pnrltdne.
Orli`ae, O. (?==8). Iraltdeh tja nptdgl) prasijnnb tastdeh sdtultdne. Ae3 O. L. Orli`ae y
_. C. E lhba (aks.), [ja ]syijnakuiltdnelb Lssassgaet nf ]rasijnnb Ijdbkrae (pp.<98-<19).
 Gljwlj, EC.3 Arbolug.
Injae, _. C., Ywarkbd`, G. A., Ilstlüakl, G. K. B. L., Hlordab, Y. ]., Euüaz, G. K. I. G., y
Guünz, A. H . G. K. (?==6). ]ruaols y avlbulidùe psdinbùhdils3 Detrnkuiidùe l bls pruaols
yl bl gakdidùe. Olriabnel3 GiH rlw-Jdbb.

Facargle, E. (<44
rlitdvdklk.
rlitdvdklk. Ae3 ;). Kdsb
Kdsbaxdl,
axdl, kdsf
E. Facargle, kdsfueidùe
J.ueidùe
Lrrnyn,iaraorlb gçedgl
G . Glsslrn y V.y _u
trlstnr
trlstnren
en, kaLutdsgn
hhdard
hhdard, bl ltaeidùe iney jdpa-
defletdb ntrns
trlstnrens kab kaslrrnbbn (pp. <4<-?91). Ouaens Ldras3 ]ldkùs.
Facargle, E. (?=<=). [rlstnrens kab kaslrrnbbn. Ouaens L dras3 ]ldkùs.
pakdìtrdil. Ouaens Ldras3 ]lelgardilel.
Facargle, E. y Fareìe kaz Lbvlraz, A. (?==8). Eaurnbnhçl pakdìtrdil.
Facargle, E., Lrrnyn, J., Glsslrn, G. y _uhhdard, V. (<44;). Lutdsgn defletdb y ntrns trlstnrens
kab kaslrrnbbn. Ouaens Ldras3 ]ldkùs.
Fdbdpa`, ]. L., Liilrkn, ]. C., Olrlea`, H. [., Inn` Cr, A. J., Klwsne, H., Hnrkne, O. y Gde-
sjaw, E . C. (<444). [ja siraaedeh lek kdlhensds nf lutd
lutdstd
stdii spaitrug kdsnrkars. Cnurelb nf
Lutdsg lek Kavabnpgaetlb Kdsnrkars, ?4 (6), ;94-;:;.

DEKDILKN_AY GLKQ_L[DVNY KAB KAYL__NBBN DEFLE[DB T ]_DEID]LBAY [_LY[N_ENY... 1

Frle` ka Vartjabyd, _. (?===). Bls detabdhaeidls y bl avlbulidùe3 Detarrnhletas y taekaeidls li-

tulbas. ]sdinkaolta, ]sdinbnhçl, Iubturl
Iubturl y Ynidaklk, < <), <=8-<<6.
Frdtj, Q. (<4:4). Lutdsg3 Axpbldedeh tja Aedhgl. Eay Tnr`3 Xdbay.
Hasabb, L. B., Yaraordes`y,
Yaraordes`y, O., ]lslg ledi`, O., Lgltrukl, I. y @en obnij, J. (<4:<). Kdlheùstdin
kab kaslrrnbbn enrglb y lenrglb kab edün3 avlbulidùe y gleacn kab kaslrrnbbn eaurnpsdinbù-
hdin enrglb y lenrglb kab edün paquaün y ab praasinblr. Olriabnel3 ]ldkùs.
Hnbkstade, @. (<4?8). Kda Bn`lbdsltdne de kar Hrnssjdrerdeka3 elij kae Arfljruehae lg `rle`ae
Gaesijae. Knrkraijt3 Y prdehar.
Hraaesple, Y . (?==6). Fueitdnelb ineiapts de g aetlb ratlrklt
ratlrkltdne3
dne3 Fdekdeh tja elturlb assaeia nf
le lrtdfdidlb iltahnry. Axiaptdnelbdty, <; ;), ?=1-??;.
@lg pjlus, _ . X. y Frdi`, ]. C. (?==1). Ibdedilb Lssassgaet nf Ijdbk lek Lknbasiaet ]arsnelrdty
lek Oajlvdnr. Knktraijt3 Yprdehar Yidaeia y Ousdeass Ga kdl.
Baclrrlhl, J., @abgles`y, K., ]lsiuiid, G. I. y Ylblglein, H. (?==;). ]ruaol Elidnelb ka
]asqudsl. ]_Q EL] A. Ouaens L dras3 Fueklidùe Jnspdtlb ka ]akdltrç
]akdltrçll C] Hlrrljle.
Bazl`, G. (<441). Eaurnpsyijnbnhdilb [astdeh. Eaw Tnr`3 Qedvarsdt
Qedvarsdtyy ]rass, N xfnrk.
Gleznea, B. (?=<<). Lklptlidùe y vlbdklidùe kab G-IJL[ plrl pnoblidùe urolel lrhaetdel.
Devastdhlidùe a Deenvlidùe ae Lutdsgn, 61-<1:.
Edi`arsne, L. O., Kuvlbb, I. I. y Hlhene, Y. H. (?==8). Lssassgaet nf Jnga lek Flgdby Kyel-
gdis. Ae3 O. L. Orli`ae y _ . C. Elhba (aks.), [ja ]syijnakuiltdnelb Lssassgaet nf ]ras-
ijnnb Ijdbkrae (pp.<11-<8?). Gljwlj, EC.3 Arbolug.
Ndoargle, L ., Nrabb
Nrabblel,
lel, B. I . y G lesdbb
lesdbbl,
l, G. (?==6). Avlbulidùe ka bl detab
detabdhaeidl
dhaeidl ae oaoäs lr-
haetdens3 Asilbl Lrhaetdel ka Detabdhaeidl Yaesnrdngntrdz. Lrijdvns Lrhaetdens ka ]akdltrçl,
<=;(;), 9<6-9?;.
]letar, C. A. y O rli`ae, O. L. (?=<9). ]rasijnnb lssassgaet. Ae3 L]L Jlekonn` nf [astdeh lek
Lssassgaet de ]syijnbnhy, Vnb. 9. [astdeh lek Lssassgaet de Yijnnb ]syijnbnhy lek Aku-
iltdne. Ilp . ? (pp. ?<-98). Xl sjdehtne K.I.3 L]L .
]nrtabblen, C. L. (?==8). Eaurnpsdinbnhçl defletdb. Glk rdk3 Yçetasds.
]nrtabblen, C., Gltans, _., Glrtçeaz, _., [lpdl, L., y Hrlelkns, G. (?===). Gleulb IQGLEDE,
Iuastdnelrdn ka Glkuraz Eaurnpsdinbùhdil Defletdb. Glkrdk3 [al A kdid kdidneas.
neas.
_no des, K. B., Fade, K., Olrtne, G. B. y Hraae, C. L. (?==<). [ja G nkdfd
nkdfdak
ak Ij ai`bdst ffnr
nr Lutdsg de
[nkkbars3 le dedtdlb stuky devastdhltdeh tja alrby kataitdne nf lutdsg lek parvlsdva kavabnp-
gaetlb k dsnrkars. Cnurelb nf Lutdsg lek Kavabnpgaetlb Kdsnrkars, 9<(?), <9<-<;;.
_ng len, D.I. (<44?). Kdlheùstdin y avlbulidùe defletd
defletdb.Ae3
b.Ae3 L. Asplkl y I _n krçhuaz (aks.), ]sd-
inkdlheùstdin ibçedin (pp. ?4;-9=1). Ylblgleil3 AQK AGL Qedvarsd
Qedvarsdklk.
klk.
_n ssabbd, G ., Gltuta, A. y Lrkdbl, L. (?=<=). Eaurnpsdinbnhçl kab kaslrrnbbn defletdb. Akdtnrdlb Ab
 Gleulb G nkaren.
Yjlw, ]., Hraaestade, K., Barij, C., Idlsae, B., Baernnt, _., Hnhtly, E. A. A. L. y Hdakk, C.
(?==6). Detabbaitulb
Detabbaitulb lodbdt
lodbdtyy lek inrtd
inrtdil'
il' kavabnpg aet de ij dbkr
dbkrae
ae lek l knbasiaets. Eltura, ;;=
(8=:;), 686-684.
Ynwa bb,
bb, A. _., ]atarsne, O. Y., [jngp sne, ]. G., Xabing a, Y. A., Jae`aedus, L. B. y [nhl, L.
X. (?==9). G lppdeh inrtdil' ijleha lirnss tja jug le bdb bdbaa sple. Eltura Eaurnsidaeia, 6 (9),
9=4-9<1.
[lbbds, C. (<4:<). Kdsfueidùe iaraorlb gçedgl. Ouaens L dras3 ]ldkùs.
Qrdab, F., Yijadesnje, G. C., Oaia rrl, B. y K'Leel, L. (?=<6). Aetravdstl plrl bl Avlbulidùe Kdlh-
eùstdil Defletdb ; l <? lüns) AAK-=. Ouaens Ldras3 ae praplrlidùe.
Qrzól, L., _lg ns, G., Lbkly, I. y Lbqudetl, L. (?=<=) Glkuraz ea urnpsdinbùhdil ae praasin bl-
ras3 ]rnpdaklkas psdingätrdils kab tast IQGLEDE. [arlpdl ]sdinbùhdil, ?: <), <9-?1.
Xarear, J. y Ytrluss, L. L. (<4;<). ]ltjnbnhy nf fdhura-oli`hrnuek rabltdne de tja ijdbk. [ja
Cnurelb nf Loenrglb lek Ynidlb ]syijnbnhy, 96 ?), ?96-?;:.
Xdeh, B. (<44:). A lutdsgn ae edüns y lkubtns3 Qel huçl plrl bl flgdbdl. Olriabnel3 ]ldkùs.

16 L. ILY[_N YNBLEN y L. K LEEL

9. Destrug
Destr ugaetns
psdinbùhdilaetnsedplrl
püns
lrls bl avlbulidùe
ae edün
Hulklbupa
Hul klbupa ka bl Dhb
Dhbasdl
asdl

Ae a sta ilpçtubn rainrrar

rainrrarag
ag ns bns prdeidplbas destrug
destrug aetns psding ätrd
ätrdins
ins utdbdzl-
utdbdzl-
kns detarelidnelb y bnilbgaeta plrl bl av lbulidùe ka bl detabdhaeidl
detabdhaeidl y n trns lspaitns
psdinsnidlbas ae pnoblidùe defletdb. Astls jarrlgdaetls ka gakdidùe psdinbùhdil sa utd-
bdzle ae gó btd
btdpbas
pbas ìg odtns, kastliìeknsa ing n bns prdeidplbas
prdeidplbas ab ibçed
ibçedin
in y ab akuil-
idnelb. Ya jl rì aspaidlb jdeilpdä ae lquabbns tast
tastss qua nfraiae glynras hl rletç
rletçls
ls ae
rablidùe ine bls avdkaeidls ka vlbdkaz y inefdlodbd
inefdlodbdklk
klk vardfdilkls. L bn blrhn kab ilpçtubn
sa rasug ae sus il rlitarçstd
rlitarçstdils
ils prdeidplbas gakdleta fdijls täiedils y, ae ab ilsn ka
qua sa juodarle ralbdzlkn,
ralbdzlkn, sa ordekl defnr
defnrglidùe
glidùe li aril ka sus lklptlidneas bnilbas.
 <. DEY[_QGAE[NY ]L _L BL AV LBQLIDÙE KA BL DE[ABD
DE[ABDHAEIDL
HAEIDL

]lrl ing aezlr l axpbnrlr bns ttasts

asts qua avlbóle bl detabdhaeidl
detabdhaeidl kaoag ns prdgarn
ingpraekar quä as bn qua prataekae avl bulr. Axdstae kaoltas ka blrhl kltl iaetrl-
kns ae bls pnsdobas liapidneas q ua bns tärgdens detabaitulb/inhedtdvn,
detabaitulb/inhedtdvn, pnr ue blkn, y
jlodbdklkas/lspaitns/fueidnelg
jlodbdklkas/lspaitns/fueid nelg daetn, pnr ab ntrn,
ntrn, puakae l sugdr. Lquç bns agp balra-
gns dekdstd
dekdstdetlgaeta
etlgaeta y raiurrdr
raiurrdragns
agns l uel ineiaptulbd
ineiaptulbdzlidùe
zlidùe lg pbd
pbdll snora lquabbn qua
dgpbdile bns lspaitns detab
detabaitulbas
aitulbas n bl avl bulidùe ka bl detabdhaeidl.
detabdhaeidl.
Jloblr ka bl detabdhaeidl ens bbavl deabukdobagaeta l jliar rafaraeidl l bn qua
sa inenia ingn flitnr h n flitnr haearlb ka detabdhaeidl, axprasdùe prnpuastl pnr
Ypalrg le ae <4=; , qua rafd
rafdara
ara l uel aspaida ka aea rhçl gaetlb qua pargdta qua bl
litdvdklk detabdhaeta
litdvdklk detabdhaeta sa kaslrrnbba. Kaoa rainrklrsa qua ae lquab g nga etn bns gn-
kabns kdeìg dins ka bl fçsdil
fçsdil indeidkçle ine ab plrlkdhgl idaetçfdin
idaetçfdin vdhaeta, ka gn kn
tlb qua ntrls kdsidpbdels sa liarilole l äb gakdleta jdpùtasds taùrdils sdgdblras.
Ka gnkn saeidbbn, puaka kaidrsa qua ab flitnr h as lquabbn n as lbhn qua tdaeae ae
ingóe tnkn bns ingpnrtlgdaetns qua sa inesdkarle detabaitulbas, ka gnkn tlb qua
sa bn inesdkarl inestleta detrldekdvdkulbga
detrldekdvdkulbga eta (ab sucatn
sucatn en ax pardgaetl vlrdlidneas
ae astl aearhçl gaetlb l bn blrhn ka su axdstaeidl), y vlrdloba detardekdvdkulbgaeta. As
kaidr qua bns juglens ens kdfaraeidlgns uens ka ntrns pnr ab gnetn ka h qua pn-
saagns. Ypalrgle pbletal qua, sd tngìrlgns ue ingpnrtlgdaetn detabaitulb ingn
ue tnkn y lelbdzìrlgns sus plrtas ingpneaetas ‛as kaidr, sus inestdtutdvns‛, uel ka
abbls eaiaslrdlgaeta sarì ab flitnr h . Ae g lynr n g aenr ga kdkl, ab flitnr
flitnr h plrtdidpl
plrtdidpl

DEY[_QGAE[NY ]L_L BL AVLBQLIDÙE ]YDINBÙHDIL AE EDÜNY 18

ka tnkn lquabbn qua dgpbdqua ab usn ka lbhuel fueidùe detabaitulb. T lsç fua kagns-
trlkn pnr ab lutnr gakdleta ab iìbiubn ka inrrablidneas
inrrablidneas ae tra eugarnsçsdgls g akdkls
ka jlodbdklkas, jlbbìeknsa
jlbbìeknsa qu a aetra tnkls axdstçl lbhóe hrlkn ka lsnidlidùe, glynr
n ga enr, parn eueil eubn n parfaitn. Asl plrta qua arl axpbdilkl pnr bl lsnidlidùe
fua engorlkl ingn h n flitnr haearlb.
Bl enidùe ka flitnr h puaka s ar lostrlitl y ka kdfçidb
kdfçidb ing praesdùe. ]lrl aetae-
karbl, pnkrçlg ideätdil y su rablidùe
pnkrçlg ns jliar uel le lbnhçl ine ab ineiaptn ka aearh çl ideätdil
ine bl litdvdklk kap nrtd
nrtdvl.
vl. [nkls bls litdvdklkas kapn rtdvls
rtdvls dg pbdile kdstd
kdstdetn
etn tdpn ka
kastrazls -plrtas ingpneaetas qua vlrdlrìe ka liuarkn ine ilkl litdvdklk-, parn
tnkls tdaeae ae ingó e ab usn ka aearhçl ideätdil. Yd tnglg ns, pnr acagpbn, bl ilpl-
idklk plrl cuhlr lb fótonb pnkrçlg
pnkrçlg ns kaidr qua plrl p rlitdilr
rlitdilr asta kapnrta sarì eaia -
slrdn3 inenidgdaetn
inenidgdaetn ka bls rahbls kab cuahn, gleacn ka bl pabntl sde ab usn ka orlzns y
glen s, ineniar cuhlkls astrltähdils,
astrltähdils, aetra guijn s ntrns abagaetns, y, pnr sup uastn,
ab usn ka bl aearhçl ideätd
ideätdil.
il. Ab lcakraz, pnr ntrl plrta, ingn axtragn ing pbatlgaeta
kdfaraeta, dgp
dgp bdil
bdil ab inen idgdaetn ka n trn tdpn
tdpn ka rahbls, ka ntrls cuhlkls a strltähd
strltähd--
ils, bl jlodbdklk
jlodbdklk plrl g nvar pdazls y lk gdedstrlr ab tdagpn
tdagpn ka cuahn, aetra vlrdns ntrns
ideätdil. En pnkag ns var bl aearhçl
lspaitns y, kaska yl, tlgodäe ab usn ka aearhçl ideätdil.
ideätdil,
ideätdil, parn pnkag ns defard
defardrbl
rbl l trlväs kab gnvdgdaetn y slo agns qua as plrta kab
ingpnrtlgdaetn kapnrtdvn. Ae lbhuels litdvdklkas su usn sarì glynr qua ae ntrls.
]lrl cuhlr ue plrtdkn ka 4= gdeutns ka kurlidùe sa eaiasdtlrì guijl gìs aearhçl
ideätdil
ideätdil qua pl rl cuhlr ue plrtdkn
plrtdkn ka lcakraz. Yde agol rhn, ae lgo ls litdvd
litdvdklkas
klkas ka -
 abbl astlrì prasae ta. Bn gdsg n niurra ine ab flitnr h0 en pnkag ns nosarvlrbn
pnrtdvls, abbl nosarvlrbn
parn defardgn
defardgn s qua as ue ing pneaeta ka tnkls bls litdvdklkas
litdvdklkas detabaitdvls
detabaitdvls y supnea-
gns qu a lbhuels ka abbls raquardrìe uel glyn r n gaenr defbuaeidl ka h.
Lkagìs, bls parsnels ens kdfaraeidlragns pnr inetlr ine glynr n gaenr ile-
tdklk ka flitnr h plrl uslr , lb dhulb qua bns cuhlknras ae ue plrtdkn ka fóton
fótonbb qua
inetlrìe dekdvdkulbgaeta ine glynr n gaenr aearhçl plrl cuhlr
c uhlr bns 4= gdeutns kab
plrtdkn. Ka lquç surha ab detaräs psdingätrdin, iaetrlkn ae ilptlr asls kdfaraeidls
as y ineniar quä iletdklk ka flitnr h pnsaa il kl sucatn. Lsç ingn a b kdrai-
dekdvdkulbas
dekdvdkulb kdrai-
tnr täiedin
täiedin kab aqudpn ka fótonb eaiasdtl sloar quä cuhlk nr iuaetl ine g lynr aearhçl
ideätdil
ideätdil plrl plrtdidplr
plrtdidplr ka bns <1 g deutns axtrl ka cuahn qu a ab ìrodtrn lilol ka astl-
obaiar, kaodkn l qua ab flitnr h cuahl ue dgpnrtleta rnb ae guijls ìrals ka bl vd vdkl
kl ka
bls parsnels -ingn pnr acagpbn, ab kasagpaün a e bl asiuabl n ab trlolcntrlolcn (Hnttf rak-
sne, ?==?)-, ae ab ìgo dtn ka bl psdinbnhçl
psdinbnhçl sarì ótdb inetlr ine defnrglidùe snora as a
lspaitn.
Ypalrgle pnstubù
pnstubù qua pnkçle dkaet
dkaetdfdfdilr
dilrsa
sa kns ilplidklkas ingpneaetas ka h 3
raprnkuitdvl. Bl ilplidklk akuitdvl rafdara l bl
bl ilplidklk akuitdvl y bl ilpl idklk raprnkuitdvl.
jlodbdklk
jlodbd klk p lrl ralbdzlr lostrliid
lostrliidneas,
neas, ilptlr rablidneas n pl trneas qua en sne novdns
l sdgpba vdstl, y lrrdolr l ineibusdneas leta sdtulidneas envakn sls. As uel jlodbd
jlodbdklk
klk
asilslg aeta bdbdhlkl
hlkl l bn varolb, qua sa astdgl pnin aetraeloba y glynrga eta bdhlkl
bdhlkl
l flitnras odnbùhdins pnr sn ora bns iubturlbas. Bl ilplidklk raprnkuitdvl, ae ilgodn,
sa ingpnea ka tnkn ab inenidgdaetn lkqudrdkn pnr uel parsnel, y bl pnsdodbdklk ka
rataear, raiuparlr y avnilr defnrglidùe lbgl iaelk l. L kdfaraeidl ka bl akuitdvl, bbll
raprnkuitdvl
raprnkuitd vl astì lbtlgaeta defbudkl
defbudkl pnr ab inetaxtn ae ab qua ab dekdvdkun sa ae iuae-
trl desartn yl qua kapaeka ka su liiasn lb inenidgdaetn y ka su axpnsdidùe l äb.
Lgons ineiaptns sa aeiuaetrle çetdglg
çetdglg aeta bdbdhlkns,
hlkns, kaska ue puetn ka vdstl kas-
irdptdvn,
irdptdvn, a deibusn snblpìek nsa ae a sa sa etdkn, l bns ka detabdhaeidl
detabdhaeidl fbudkl
fbudkl (Hf) a detabd
detabd--

1: . KA BL DHBAYDL

haeidl irdstlbdzlkl (Hi), prnpuastns nrdhdelbgaeta pnr Ilttabb (<469) y buahn ravdslkns
cuetn l su astukdleta Cnje B. Jnre (Ilttabb y Jnre, <48:). L
Lsç
sç as qua bl detabdhaeidl
fbudkl sa puaka aqudplrlr, ka lbhóe gnkn, l bl ilplidklk akuitdvl y bl detabdhaeidl
irdstlbdzlkl l bl ilplidklk raprnkuitdvl (Fareìekaz Bdpnrlia, Nehl rltn, Yllv akrl y
Ilsubbn, ?==;).
Ae astl tanrdzlidùe
tanrdzlidùe snora bl detabdetabdhaeidl,
dhaeidl, Ypalrgle, lkag ìs ka pnstublr l h ingn
ab flitnr ingóe y haea rlb l tnkn ing pnrtlgdaetn detab detabdhaeta,
dhaeta, tlgodäe jdpntatd
jdpntatdzù
zù ntrn
flitnr plrl a xpbd
xpbdilr
ilr tlbas inek uitls, ab flitnr s n spaidfdi. Asta sa rafdara
rafdara l j lodbd
lodbdklkas
klkas
aspaiçfdils raquardkls
raquardkls ae li tdvdklkas
tdvdklkas plrtdiublras
plrtdiublras y qua, pnr a eka, sa utdbdzlrìe
utdbdzlrìe kdfa-
raeidlbgaeta
raeidlbgaeta s ahóe ab nocatd
nocatdvn
vn ka bl tlral. Yd bbll plrta ae ing óe l tnkls bls jlodbd
jlodbdkl-
kl-
kas qua axpbdilol bls inrrablid
inrrablidneas
neas a etra abb
abbls
ls arl l trdoudkl
trdoudkl l h, bl ntrl plrta, en ax-
pbd
pbdilkl
ilkl pn r h, qua plraiçl sar dekapaekdaeta y p rnpdl ka asl jlodbdklk,
jlodbdklk, inrraspnekçl
l bn aspaiçfdin n prnpdn ka tlb jlodbdklk.
jlodbdklk. As pnr a bbbbnn qua, ae tanrçl, ffnrgubù
nrgubù ue eóg arn
pntaeidlbgaeta defdedtn ka flitnras aspaiçfdins, vlrdlobas detar a detrldekdvdkulbgaeta,
klkn q ua su ka slrrnbbn
slrrnbbn ens kdfaraeidl aetra saras jug lens pa rn, l bl vaz, bl bl inefdhu-
rlidùe plrtdiublr
plrtdiublr ka flitnras aspaiçfd
aspaiçfdins
ins ka il kl parsnel as ing pbatlgaeta kdvarsl,
sde qua puak l nosarvlrsa u e hrlkn aq udvlbaeta ka kaslrrnbbn
kaslrrnbbn kaetrn kab prnpdn parfdb.
parfdb.
 L pnstardnrd ka bls tanrdzlidneas
tanrdzlidneas prdeidplbas
prdeidplbas jlstl lquç aeu garlkls, Yp alrgle (<4?8)
rainenidù bl axdstaeidl ka flitnras ka hrupn plrl rafdarsa l flitnras kdvarsns qua sa
pneae ae cuahn inecuetlgaeta ae lbhuel litdvd litdvdklk,
klk, y qua defbuyae
defbuyae ae ab raekdgdaetn
dekdvdkulb
dekdvdkulb tletn n g ìs qua bns prnpdns h y s, ing n pnr acag pbn bl vnbuetlk, ab detaräs
detaräs
pnr bl litdvdklk, bl
bl parsdstaeidl, n sdgdblras (Fblelhle y J lrrdsne, ?==1).
Jdstùrdilgaeta ae bl avlbulidùe ka bns lspaitns inhedtdvns, ab kdsaün ka destru-
gaetns psdingätrdins astuvn aefnilkn ae bl avlbulidùe ka h. Yde agolrhn, bns ka-
oltas taùrdins jle bbavlkn l qua guijns ka bns tasts gìs raidaetas y ka usn detar-
elidnelb ba lkcukdilrle
lkcukdilrle g aenr dgpnrtleidl (ka tnkls g learls, h as ue lspaitn qua
sdagpra sa gdka) y glynr rabavleidl l sus suolspaitns. Astn bbavù l Ilrrnb (<449,
<448), pnr acagpbn, l ralbdzlr uel sarda ka devastdhlidneas agpçrdils ae bls qua utdbdzù
ab leìbdsds
leìbdsds flit
flitnrdlb
nrdlb ingn gätnkn ka astukdn plrl axlg delr ka gle arl axjlu stdvl stdvl bns
tasts ka detabdhaeidl.
detabdhaeidl. Ineibuyù qua bl avdkaeidl l flvnr ka ue flitnr haearlb ka bl de-
tabdhaeidl
tabdhaeidl arl dekukloba y qua, lkag ìs, sa pnkçl paesl r bl bl detabdetabdhaeidl
dhaeidl gak dleta ue
gn kabn ka tras edvabas,
edvabas, inrraspnekdaetas l bns flitnras ka prdgar, sahuekn y tariar
nrkae jlbblkns ae tlbas astukdns flitnrdlb
flitnrdlbas.
as. Ae ab astrltn DDDDD,D, qua raprasaetl bl ió s-
pdka, sa uodil a b flitnr h ing n óedil kdg aesdùe. Buahn, ae ab astrltn DDDD,, sa dkaetdf
dkaetdfdile
dile
kdstdetls
kdstd etls jlodbd
jlodbdklkas
klkas suo nrkdelkls3 Baehulca, _lzn elg daetn, Ga gnrdl y Lpraekdzlca,
]ariapidùe Vdsulb, ]ariapidùe Lukdtdvl,
Lukdtdvl, ]rnkuiidùe ka Dkals, _l pdkaz Inhe dtdvl, dtdvl, In-
enidgdaetn y _aekdg daetn, y Gdsiabìeals. Ab eógarn ka jlodbdklkas kab sahuekn as-
trltnn haea rlbgaeta vlrçl aetra : y <=, kapaekdaekn kab lutnr. Fdelb
trlt Fdelbgae
gae ta, ab astrltn
astrltn D
astì ingp uastn pnr euga rnsls jlodbd
jlodbdklkas
klkas n flitnras aspaiçfdins. Lquç kaoa rainr-
klrsa qua, sahóe bls fnrgublidneas taùrdils dedidlbas ka Ypalrgle ae <4=;, astls
jlodbdklkas n flitnras aspaiçfdins pnkçle paeslrsa ingn pntaeidlbgaeta defdedtns.
[aedaekn ae i uaetl asta lpnrta y bns ka Ilttab y Jn re snora detabdhaeidl
detabdhaeidl fbudkl
fbudkl y irds-
tlbdzlkl,
tlbdzlkl, G iHraw y Fblelhle (<44: ) pnstublr
pnstublrne
ne ab gnkabn Ilttab-Jnre-Ilrrnbb (IJI)
ae ab iulb, luequa en sa edahl bl axdstaeidl ka h, as ngdtdkn ingn uel gakdkl ka
detaräs y su iìbiubn en sa jlbbl inetag pblkn. Ka li uarkn ine a sta gn kabn, bl detabd
detabd--
haeidl puaka avlbulrsa ga kdleta kdkdaz
az astrltns lgpbdns qua lhruple gìs ka sataetl
astrltns lintlkns -lbhn aqudplrlo ba l bns astrltns DD y D ka Il rrnbb (<448 )-.

DEY[_QGAE[NY ]L_L BL AVLBQLIDÙE ]YDINBÙHDIL AE EDÜNY 14

Axdstae ntrls tanrçls snora bl detabdhaeidl qua kdarne sustaetn lb kdsaün ka gub-
tdpbdidklk ka tasts. Ydagpra qua sa prataekl lpbdilr a detarpratlr lbhuen, ab usulrdn
kaoarì ineniarbns y k lr iuaetl ka abbns ae su detarpratlid
detarpratlidùe.
ùe. L g akdkl qua rainrrl-
gns bns tasts qua jny ae kçl sne bns gìs utdbdzlkns plrl gakdr lspaitns inhedtdvns
ae edüns, sa jlrì ga eidùe l quä ineiap tns sa prataeka avlbulr y bl tanrçl
tanrçl ae bl qua
astìe olslkns.
[lb ingn sa gaeidnelrl pravdlgaeta, bns axpartns ae ab tagl kastlile qua bns
lspaitns inh edtdvns,
edtdvns, y a spaidlbgaeta ab flitnr h, cuahle ue rnb fueklga etlb ae ab ka-
slrrnbbn kab edün ae asl atlpl avnbutdvl, ingn lsç tlgodäe ae bls suosdhudaetas. As
pnr abbn qua su avlbulidùe ine jarrlgdaetls lkaiulkls qua iuaetae ine hlrletçls
ka
inevlbdkaz y inefdlodbdklk
destrugaetns rasubtl fueklgaetlb.
delkaiulkns, en pnkrçlgnsYd astlr
avlbuìrlgns
sahurnstlbas ltrdoutns
ka qua ae edüns
bns rasubtlkns
 notaedkns fuarle vìbdkns y inefdlobas y, ae inesaiuaeidl
inesaiuaeidl,, bls kaidsdneas qua tngì-
rlgns l plrtdr
plrtdr ka abbns pnkrçle astlr aqudvnilkls, parcukdilekn
parcukdilekn bl vdkl kab edün y su
flgdbdl.
Axdstae gó btdpbas
btdpbas asilbls kdsaülkls plrl tlb fde.
fde. Yde agolrhn , lbhuels sa kastlile
pnr uel vlstl trlyaitnrdl qua kl iuaetl ka bl hrle liaptlidùe qua tdaeae
td aeae pnr plrta
ka bns prnfasdnelbas. Ae asta hrupn pnkagns uodilr bls asilbls Ytlefnrk-Odeat, bls
asilbls kdsaülkls pnr Klvdk Xaijsbar y bl oltarçl Xnnkini`-Cnejsne.

?. BLY AYILBLY Y[LEFN_ K ODEA[

Ae <4=1 Lbfrak Odeat cuetn l [janknra Ydgne kaslrrnbblrne ab prdgar tast plrl
ga kdr bl detabd
detabdhaei
haei dl3 ab Odeat-Ydgne Detabbdhaeia [ast (Odeat y Ydgne, <4=1). Astl as-
ilbl en sa ol slol ae edehuel tanrçl y su no catd catdvn
vn prdeidplb inesdstçl
inesdstçl ae avl bulr il-
plidklk detabaitulb
detabaitulb ae edüns plrl ordeklr defdefnrglidùe
nrglidùe l asiuabls plrdsdels qua eaia-
sdtlole kaidkdr ae quä tdpn ka hrupn lóbdin kaoçl iurslr ilkl astukdleta sahóe sus
ilplidklkas.
Ae <4<6 , Bawds [argle -ue psdiùbnhn ka bl Qedvarsdklk ka Ytlefnrk- tngù bl var-
sdùe nrdhdelb
nrdhdelb y, olsìekns a ae abbl
abbl kdsaüù bl prdgarl Ytlefnrk-Odeat Detabbdhaeia Yilba
([argle, <4<6). _avdsdneas ka bl asilbl kardvlrne ae uel sahuekl (T argle y Ga rrdbb
rrdbb,,
<498), uel tariarl (Targle y Garrdbb, <46=, <489), uel iulrtl ([jnrekd`a, Jlhae y
Ylttbar, <4:6), y bl litulb qudetl va rsdùe3 bl Ytlefnrk-Odeat Detabbdhaeia Yil/a, Fdftj Akd-
tdne (YO1) (_n dk, ?==9).
?==9). Astls asilbls Ytlefnrk-Odeat (YO) sa kastlile pnr jlo ar ded-ded-
idlkn bl g akdidùe ka bl detabdhaeidl,
detabdhaeidl, pnr su raineni dkl trlyaitnr
trlyaitnrdl
dl y su kdfuekdkn
kdfuekdkn usn
ae tnkn ab pbleatl.
Bl ineia ptulbdzlidùe ka detabdhaeidl
detabdhaeidl qua fueklga etù ab kdsaün ka bl YO1 (_ ndk,
?==9) fua lquabbl pnstublkl
p nstublkl ae ab gaeidnelkn gnkabn IJI (G
(GiHraw
iHraw y Fblelhle,
<44:). Bl YO1 gdka -luequa ine ntrns engoras- idein flitnras qua partaeaiae lb
gnka bn IJI 3 _lznelg daetn Fbudkn,
Fbudkn, Inenidgdaetn, _ lznelg daetn Iuletdtltdvn,
Iuletdtltdvn, ]rn-
iaslgdaetn Vdsnasplidlb,
Vdsnasplidlb, Gag nrdl ka [rlolcn. Ilkl uen ka a stns flitnras
flitnras as gak dkn
gakdleta ue suotast varolb y uen en varolb -ae tntlb, bl asilbl sa ingpnea ka <=
suotasts-. Yu lkg ded
dedstrlid
strlidùe
ùe lkg dta
dta ab iìbiubn ka uel gak dkl detabaitulb
detabaitulb haearlb, uel
varolb y uel en varolb.
Bls kdstdetls varsdneas ka bls as ilbls YO acagpbdfdile
acagpbdfdile iblrlgaeta bls kdfaraeidls
ineiaptulbas ae rablidùe ine ab tärgden inafdidaeta detaitulb prnpuastn pnr Ytare

6= . KA BL DHBAYDL

(<4?;) plrl engdelr ab rasubtlkn notaedkn ae ue tast ka detabdhaeidl. Bls prdgarls kns
varsdneas ka bls asilbls Y O raiurrçle lb inidaeta detabaitulb -rltdn D\ ae dehbäs- ingn
gak dkl haearlb ka detabd
detabdhaeidl.
haeidl. Asta vlbnr kardvl kab iìbiubn P(aklk g aetlb/
aetlb/aklk
aklk irn-
enbùhdil)m< ==W, qua prasaetlol hrlekas bdgdtlidneas, bl prdeidplb arl qua ae äb suoyl-
içl bl enidùe ka qua bl detabdhaeidl
detabdhaeidl lug aetl ae uel rablidùe bdealb ine bl aklk. Astl
dkal as arrùeal yl q ua ab iraidgdaetn ddetabait
etabaitulb
ulb as raglriloba ae bns prdgarns lün s
ka vdkl, ine uel avnbuidùe en tle lpraidloba ae bns lüns pravdns l bl lknbasiaeidl y
ue slbtn dgpnrtleta jlidl lrrdol ae bl lknbasiaeidl, gngaetn trls ab qua en sa no-
 sarvle ilg odns guy e ntnrdns,
ntnrdns, plrl kairaiar ae bl tariarl aklk (Hrnss, ?=<=). As pnr
abbn qua ab inidaeta detabaitulb
detabaitulb rasubtlol
rasubtlol uel g akdkl delkaiul kl plrl bl astdglidùe
ka bl detabdhaeidl, aspaidlbgaeta ae bns rlehns atlrdns ae bns qua lquabbl yl en sa
deiraga etl ine ab inrrar ka bns lüns. [letn as lsç qua l plrtdr ka bl tariarl varsdùe
ka bl asilbl YO, ae <46= sa kaidkdù utdbdzlr ab inafdidaeta detabaitulb pnr kasvdlidùe
-kavdltdne D\ ae dehbäs- ine ab qua sa ing plrl ab raekdgdaetn kab avlbulkn ine uel
guastrl enrgltdvl. Ae ab ilsn kab YO1, bns puetlcas hbnolbas (ID haearlb, ID ka bl
varsdùe loravdlkl, ID varolb, ID en varolb y bns Fli tnras Çekdia) sa detarpratle inetrls-
tlekn ine uel g akdl ka <== y uel kasvdlidùe astìeklr ka <1. Bns kdaz suotast suotastss sa
detarprat
detarpratle
le ine ue l g akdl ka <= y uel kasvdlidùe astìeklr ka 9.
Qel plrtdiublrdklk
plrtdiublrdklk qua kdfaraeidù
kdfaraeidù l bl glyn rçl ka bls asilbls YO fua y as ab usn ka
çtags avnbutdvns
avnbutdvns olslkn s ae bl aklk. Bns çtags ka ilkl suotast astìe lhruplkns ae
kdstdetns
kdstdetns edvabas ka aklk yl qua fuarne kdsaülkns in e ue irdtardn
irdtardn avnbutdvn qua dekdil
bn qua sa asparlol qua lbhudae ka katargdelkl aklk puakdarl raspnekar. Asta fnr-
gltn jl taedkn guijls irçtdils
irçtdils (Oai`ar, ?==9), aspaidlbgaeta pnrqua nrdhdelbgaeta
sa utdbdzlol
utdbdzlol plrl ka targdelr bl aklk g aetlb kab avlbulkn. Lb kdsaülr bl iulrtl varsd
varsdùe
ùe
[jnrekd`a at lb. (<4:6) kaclrne ka blkn ab fnrgltn
fnrgltn olslk n ae bl aklk y plslrne l uel
asilbl sustaetlkl ae bl kdfdiubtlk kab çtag -ingn sa utdbdzl ae bls asilbls Xaijsbar
qua sa kasirdodrìe
kasirdodrìe ae a b lplrtlkn suosdhudaeta-.
suosdhudaeta-. Ae abbl bns çtags
çtags sa prasaetle sahó e
ue nrkae k atargdelkn pnr ab pnriaetlca ka edüns qua bns raspnekdù axdtnslga eta0 bbns ns
g ìs fìidbas rasubtle
rasubtle sar lqua bbns qua gì s edüns bnhrlrne inetastlr odae-. Asta dekd-
ilknr sa inen ia ing n edvab ka kdfdiubt
kdfdiubtlk,
lk, y as fueklg aetlb l bl bl jnrl ka lkg dedst
dedstrlr
rlr
astns tasts puastn q ua prasaetlr çtags kdfçkdfçidb
idbas
as lb prdeid
prdeidpdn
pdn puaka haearlr lesdaklk,
frustrlidùe
frustrlidùe y gl bastlr psçqudin,
psçqudin, bnhrìeknsa ue o uae rlppnrt sd sa lpbdile prdgarn bns
gìs
lesdakl fìid
fìidbas
kbas y sa
leta bl vl lugaetlekn
tlral y ab sucatn hrlkulbgaeta
sa linstug orl bll abbl.
kdfdiub
kdfdiubtlk
tlk Ka astaplrl
Fdelbgaeta, g nkn sa olclakd-
bl qudetl bl
idùe sa kaidkdù ag pbalr uel astruiturl jçordkl ae bl qua ilkl suo tast prasaetl kds-
tdtdetns
etns edvabas ka akl k -n fueitdnedeh bavabs-, ine ab nocatdvn ka qua ilkl edvab iuaeta
ine çtags qua s a kdfaraeidle avnbutd
avnbutdvlg
vlg aeta ka ue edvab l ntrn0
ntrn0 parn kaetrn ka ilkl
uen ka asns edvabas
edvabas sa deibuyarne
deibuyarne oravas gdedtasts -n tatsbats- ae bns qua sa lhru-
plrne çtags nrkaelkns ka liuarkn ine su h rlkn ka kdfdiubtlk. kdfdiubtlk. Bl avlbulidùe olslkl
ae bl aklk sa kl gakdleta uel gakdkl kaengdelkl Ilsa Yaesdtdva Yinra -puetlca
saesdoba lb ilsn-, ae bl qua ab puetlca orutn sa trlesfnrgl
trlesfnrgl ae uel g akdkl qua dekdil
l quä ak lk irnenbùhdil inrraspnekarçl ab raekdgdaetn notaedkn pnr ab avlbulkn. Astl
gak dkl inrraspneka l uel gak dkl ka irdt
irdtardn
ardn (y en enrgltdvl, ingn tnkls bls ntrls).
Bns lutnras saülble qua astns puetlcas rasubtle suglgaeta ótdbas ae bns ilsns ka
raekdgdaetns axtragns -kdfdiubtlk/tlbaetn-. Dhulbgaeta, ae bl avlbulidùe enrgltdvl,
bl varsdùe YO1 sa kas tlil, lkagìs, pnr deibudr
deibudr ue gì s lg pbdn aspaitrn
aspaitrn ka çtags qua
pnsdodbdtle bl avlbulidùe ka sucatns ae lgons axtragns kab inetdeun.

DEY[_QGAE[N
DEY[_QGAE[NY
Y ]L_
]L_L
L BL A VLBQLIDÙE ]YDINBÙHDIL AE EDÜNY 6<

Ntrn abagaetn kdstdetdvn ka bls asilbls YO sne sus rnutdeh tasts -n asilbls ka ae-
rutlgdaetn dedidlb-. Ya trltl ka suotasts qua sa lkgdedstrle lb ingaezlr bl avlbulidùe
ka gnkn tlb qua ab raekdgdaetn kab avlbulkn ae abbns pargdtl lb avlbulknr katargdelr
 ab edvab ka dedidn plrl bns suotasts rastletas. Ae ab ilsn ka bl qudetl akdidùe, bns rnu
tdeh tasts sne Vniloublrdn (varolb) y Yardas ka Nocatns/Gltrdias (en varolb). Qe kltn
dgpnrtleta inesdsta ae qua astns kns suotasts pargdtae uel avlbulidùe inhedtdvl rì-
pdkl ae ab ilsn ka qua abbl fuara eaiaslrdl y lgons, pnr sç gdsgns, puakae utdbdzlrsa
plrl ilbiublr ue ID loravdlkn.
Lkagìs, ilkl suotast
suotast iuaetl ine su rahbl ka katargdelidùe
katargdelidùe ka edvab olsl y edvab
ka taijn. As kaidr, plrl ilkl suotast axdstdrì uel plutl snora quä kaoarçl inetas-
tlr/jliar ab avlbulkn plrl qua sal pnsdoba lkgdedstrlr bns çtags suosdhudaetas (edvab
olslb) y snora iuìekn kaoarçl kaclr ka lkgdedstrlrsa ab suotast sd ab raekdgdaetn kab
sucatn lbilezù su gìxdg
gìxdgn n puetn (edvab ka taijn). Haearlbg
Haearlbgaeta
aeta bls rahbls olslbas sa
rafdarae l qua ab avlbulkn kaoa inetastlr inrraitlgaeta lb gaens x iletdklk ka bns
çtags dedidlbas, y bls rahbls ka taijn dekdile ue inrta ae bl lkgdedstrlidùe buahn ka x
iletdklk ka arrnras. Asta prniakdgdaetn tlgodäe as inenidkn, ka gnkn guy haearlb,
y en kab tnkn praidsn, parn as uel gnklbdklk ka kaengdelidùe, ingn lklptdva tastdeh
-n tasts lklptltdvns-, qua pargdta lhdbdzlr tdagpns en deingnklekn, saesdodbdzlekn n
frustrlekn
frustrlekn lb avlbulkn ine çtags kag lsdlkn fìidbas n kdfçid
kdfçidbas
bas plrl äb (Oai`ar, ?==9).
Bl astleklrdzlidùe kab YO1 ae Astlkns Qedkns deibuyù bl avlbulidùe ka ;:== dekdvd-
kuns. Ae iuletn l su ilbdklk psdingätrdil, ae tärgdens ka inefdlodbdklk sa ilrlitardzl

lb VDIJG <

YO1
Ytlefnr k-Odeat Detabbdhaeia Yilba Fdftj Akdtdne

Frlecl atlrdl qua lolril3 ka ? lüns ae lkableta.

[dagpn ka lkgdedstrlidùe3 aetra ;1 y 81 g deutns.

[asts/suotasts qua bl ingpneae3 idein suotasts varolbas (Vniloublrdn,

( Vniloublrdn, Lel-
bnhçls, _lznelgdaetn Varolb Iuletdtltdvn, ]nsdidùe y Kdraiidùe, _aiuarkn ka
Nrlidneas) y idein suotasts en varolbas (Yardas ka Nocatns/Gltrdias, Dgìhaeas
Losurklì, _lznel gdaetn En Varolb Iuletdtlt
Iuletdtltdvn,
dvn, [lobl ka Fdhurls, _aspuastl
_atrlslkl). Ilkl suotast tdaea tastbat
tastbatss qua inesdstae ae oravas gdedtasts plrl
ilkl edvab ka kdfdiubtlk.

]uetulidneas qua sa notdaeae3 ID haearlb - ID ka bl varsdùe loravdlkl - Ib var-

olb - ID en varolb - Idein Flitnras Çekdia - <= suotasts

Kltns ka bl puobdilidùe3
_ndk, H. J . (?==9). Ytlefnrk-Odeat betabbdhaeia Yilbas, 1   ak., Dtlil, DB, _dvarsdka
]uobdsjdeh.

Kltns ka bl lklptlidùe lrhaetdel3 en iuaetl ine ue l lklptlidùe lrhaetdel.

6? . KA BL DHB
DHBAYDL
AYDL

 
pnr uel a xiabaeta inesdst
inesdstaeidl
aeidl detarel
detarel (pnr aeidgl ka .4=) y ouael astlodbdklk tagpn-
rlb astlobaidkl
astlobaidkl gak dleta tast-ratast
tast-ratast.. Qe leìbdsds
leìbdsds ka puetulidneas detarcuaias tlgodäe
lrrncù rasubtlkns
rasubtlkns sl tdsflit
tdsflitnrdns.
nrdns. As dgpnrtleta raslbtlr qua, l ga kdkl qua sa bbavlrne l
ilon bns a stukdns psdingätrd
psdingätrdins,
ins, bns lutnras qudtlrne çtags
çtags qua g nstrlrne en taear a b
ingpnrtlgdaetn asparlkn y g letuvdarne
letuvdarne lquabbns qua sç fueidnelr
fueidnelrne
ne kab gn kn raqua-
rdkn ingn plrl hlrletdzlr uel ouael g akdkl. Ae iuletn l bns astukdns ka vlbdkaz, sa
snga tdù
tdù bl asilbl l leìbdsds
leìbdsds ka avdkaeidls ka vlbdkaz ka ine taedkn (c(cudid
udidnn axpartn, as-
tukdns agpçrdins), y astukdns ka avdkaeidls ka vlbdkaz ka irdtardn ineiurraeta (ine var-
sdneas letardnras kab tast y asilbls X aijsbar) y prakditd
prakditdvl
vl (ine ga kdkls ka raekdg daetn
ingn bl ka X aijsbar y bbll ka X nnkini`-Cnjesne). [lgodäe sa jle a faitulkn leìbd leìbdsds
sds
flitnrdlbas qua ineibuyarne qua ue gnkabn ka idein flitnras rasubtlol suglgaeta
lkaiulkn l bns rasubtlkns
rasubtlkns a gpçrdins
gpçrdins (_ndk y Olrrlg, ?==;). Ya trltl ka uel asilbl
guy ingpbatl. Ka jaij n, Injae y Y warkbd` (?==4),
(?==4), kns rafaraet
rafaraetas
as ae ab tarraen ka bl
avlbulidùe psdinbùhdil, en defnrglrne edehuel ka svaetlcl ine raspaitn l abbl.

9. BLY AYILBLY XAIJYBA_

Iulekn Klvdk Xaijsbar trlolclol ae ab Jnspdtlb Oabbavua, ae bl käilkl ka <49=,

sa ba aeilrhù ab kdsaün ka uel pruao l plrl avlbulr ilpl idklk detabaitulb.
detabaitulb. Yu trlolcn
rasubtù ae bl Xa ijsbar- Oabbavua D (X-O D0 X aijsbar, <494). Ka astl asilbl surhdarne
ijsbar-Oabbavua
guijls ntrls varsdneas plrl avlbulr ilplidklk detabaitulb ae kdstdetns hrupns atl-
rdns. Litulbga
Litulbga eta, bls vdhaetas sne3 bl tariarl akdidùe ka bl X aijsbar ]rasijnnb le lekk
]rdglry Yilba nf Detabb dhaeia (X] ]YD-DDD0
Detabbdhaeia ]YD-DDD0 Xaij sbar, ?==?) plrl edüns ka aetra ? lüns
y gakdn y 8 lüns y << gasas ka aklk, bl iulrtl akdidùe ka bl X aijsbar Detabb Detabbdhaeia
dhaeia
Yil ba fnr Ijdbkrae, Fnurtj Akdtd ne (XDYI-DV0 Xaij sbar,
Akdtdne sbar, ?==9) plrl ed
edüns
üns ka aetra 6
lüns y <6 lüns y << g asas, y bl iulrtl akdidùe
akdidùe ka bl X aijsbar Lkubt Detabb
Detabbdhaeia
dhaeia Yilba
(XLDY-D
(XLDY-DV0
V0 Xaijsbar, ?==:) plrl avlbulr lkubtns ka aetra <6 lüns y 4= lüns y <<
gasa s. L paslr ka qua yl axdsta uel iulr
iulrtl
tl varsdùe
varsdùe kab X] ]Y D (X
(X ]] YD-DV0 X aijsbar,
?=<?) y uel qudetl varsdùe kab XDYI (X DYI-V0 Xaij sbar, ?=<;), ae asta ilpç
ilpçtubn
tubn kas-
irdodragns ab X]]YD-DDD y ab XDYI-DV kaodkn l qua ab XDYI-DV iuaetl ine uel raidaeta
lklptlidùe bnilb ([lonrkl, Olroaezl y Oraebbl, ?=<<0 Xaijsbar, ?=<< l) y l qua bl
puobdilidùe kab X] ]Y D-D
puobdilidùe D-DVV y kab X DYI-V, lb gngaetn ka bl rakliidùe
rakliidùe ka asta ilpçtub
ilpçtubn,
n,
as lóe guy raidaeta.
raidaeta.
Ae iuletn l bl ineiaptulbdzlidùe
ineiaptulbdzlidùe ka bl detabd
detabdhaeidl
haeidl qua sustaetl astls asilbls, ae
prdeidpdn sa puaka ratnglr bl inenidkl kafdedidùe kab prnpdn Xaijsbar (<4;;)3 "il-
plidklk hbnolb y lhrahlkl k a ue dekd
dekdvdkun
vdkun plrl litulr ine uel fdelbdklk,
fdelbdklk, paeslr rl-
idnelbgaeta y rablidnelrsa lkaiulklgaeta ine ab aetnren" (p. 9). L kaidr varklk,
Xaijsbar eueil katargdeù axpbçidtlgaeta ae quä gnkabn taùrdin ka bl detabdhaeidl
sa olsle sus tasts, luequa tngù abagae tns ka Ypalrgle y ka [j nrekd`a (Xaijsbar,
<494). L paslr ka abbn, bl bùhdil katrìs kab iìbiubn a detarpratlidùe ka bns puetlcas
rafbacl ka lbhuel glearl uel fnrgl plrtdiublr ka paeslr bn detabaitulb.
Jlstl a b lün ?==9 tnkls bls varsdneas ka b destrugae
destrugae tn sahuçle uel bùhdil sdgdblr
ae iuletn l bl lkgdedstrlidùe, ab iìbiubn ka puetlcas y bl detarpratlidùe. Ine bl akdidùe
kab X DYI-DV
DYI-DV (X aijsbar, ?==9)
?==9),, iulrtl varsdùe
varsdùe ka bl asilbl plrl edüns, astn ilg odù.
Bls prdgarls varsdneas ka bls asilbls prnpnrid
prnpnridnelole
nelole ue g akdkl tntlb ka detabd
detabdhaeidl
haeidl
kaeng delkl Inafdid
Inafdidaeta
aeta Detabait
Detabaitulb
ulb ka Asil bl Ingpbatl (IDAI), qua defnrglol snora

DEY[_QGAE[NY ]L_L BL AVLBQLIDÙE ]YDINBÙHDIL AE EDÜNY 9

 

bl detabdhaeidl haearlb ka bl parsnel, y ntrls kns gakdkls hbnolbas3 ue Inafdidaeta

Detabaitulb Varolb (IDV)
(IDV) ine ab qua s a avlbulo le bls jl odb
odbdklkas
dklkas va rolbas kab sucatn,
y ue Inafdidaeta
Inafdidaeta Detabaitulb
Detabaitulb ka A caiuidùe
caiuidùe (IDA), ilbiublkn
ilbiublkn s nora bl olsa ka pruaols
acaiutdvls
acaiutdvls ‛ gledpubltdvls
gledpubltdvls n en varolbas‛. Luequa X aijsbar eueil katargdeù axpbç axpbç--
idtlgaeta qua sus asilbls sa olslrle ae ab gnkabn ka Ilttab y Jnre, y pasa l qua
asa g nkabn as pnstardnr l sus prdgarns trlolcns, bl kdvdsdùe
kdvdsdùe ka suotasts ae varol bas y
ka acaiuidùe rafbaclol
rafbaclol asl ineiaptulbdzlid
ineiaptulbdzlidùe
ùe k a detabdhaeidl
detabdhaeidl fbudkl y irdstlbd
irdstlbdzlkl.
ab XDYI-DV, sa lolekneù bl kdintngçl Varolb-Acaiuidùe y sa plsù lb usn ka iultrn
zlkl. I ne
puetlcas çekdias qua lhruple kdstdetns suotasts3 Ingpraesdùe Varolb (IV), Gagnrdl
ka [rlolcn (G[), _lznelg daetn ]ariaptulb (_]) y Vabnid Vabnidklk
klk ka ] rniaslg daetn (V]),
(V]),
qua sne dkäet
dkäetdins
dins l bns qua sa ag pbalole ae ab X DYI-DDYI-DDD,
DD, slbvn G[, qua raag pblzù lb
çekdia Lusaeidl ka K dstrlitdod
dstrlitdodbdbdklk
klk (LK ) kab X DYI-DDD.
DYI-DDD. Luequa ab X DYI-DV en sa olsl
ae ab gn kabn IJI (X dbbd
dbbds,
s, Kugn et y @lufgl e, ?=<9), asta ilg odn rasub rasubtl
tl uel liar-
ilgdaetn l lquab. Lb raspaitn, Xaijsbar (?==9) aefltdzù qua, l paslr ka bl rnoustl
avdkaeidl snora bl axdstaeidl ka flitnras ingn bns kasirdptns ae ab astrltn DD, en sa
puaka plslr pnr lbtn bl inetuekaeta vardfdilidùe notaedkl snora bl axdstaeidl ka ue
flitnr h . Injae y Ywarkbd` (?==4) saülblrne qua, jny ae kçl, bl kdintngçl varolb
acaiuidùe inestdtuya
inestdtuya uel ineiaptulbdz
ineiaptulbdzlidùe
lidùe vdhaeta pnr trlkdid
trlkdidùe
ùe g ìs qua ue rafbacn
rafbacn
ka bn qua litulbgae ta sa pdaesl ae rablidùe
rablidùe ine ab tagl . Astl kaidsd
kaidsdùe,
ùe, lkag ìs ka
astlr fueklg aetlkl a e ue detaetn pnr litulbdzlr bbll tanrçl olslb kab tast deinrpnrlekn
ineiaptns ka bl tanrçl IJI, tlgodäe astuvn sustaetlkl ae jlbblzhns agpçrdins yl
qua bns leìbdsds flitnrdlbas dekdilrne qua ue gnkabn ka iultrn flitnras rasubtlol ab
gìs lprnpdlkn. Ka jaijn, ab prnpdn Xaijsbar engdelol astns suotasts ingn prakn-
gdeletagaeta varolbas y prakngdeletagaeta acaiutd
acaiutdvns,
vns, puastn qua l fdfdrglol
rglol qua ae
edehóe ilsn sa pnkçl jloblr ka varolbdklk purl n ka acaiuidùe purl. ]nr acagpbn, ue
edün pnkçl rasnbvar
rasnbvar ue rngpailoazl s ka gn kn prakng deletagaeta acaiutdvn, ltae-
kdaekn lb aeilca aetra bls pdazls, n ka g nkn prakng deletagaeta varolb, dkaetdf
dkaetdfdilekn
dilekn
prdgarn
prdgarn bl fdhurl qua fdelbgaeta pukdarl quaklr fnrglk l y, ae olsa l abbabbn,
n, aeilclr bls
pdazls. Kaoa rainrklrsa qua bl kdstdeidùe aetra varolb y acaiutdvn sa rafarçl l bl ilpl-
idklk jug lel plrl gledpublr sdhens y sçgonbns ka iu lbqud
lbqudar
ar tdpn ae ab prdgar ilsn, y
nocatns ineiratns ae ab sahuekn.
Ae iuletn l bl astruiturl kab tast, kaska bls prdgarls varsdneas, bls asilbls
Xaijsbar sa kdfaraeidlrne ka bls YO pnr su kdsaün olslkn ae bl kdfdiubtlk ka bns
çtag
çtag s. Ästns arle nrkaelk ns ka liuarkn l quä tle kdfç
kdfçidb
idbas
as rasubtlole y lhruplkns
sahóe su inetaedkn ae bns inrraspnekdaetas suotasts. Ae bls asilbls Xaijsbar en
axdsta kdfaraeidlidùe ka çtags pnr hrupn ka aklk kab avlbulkn. Bl lkgdedstrlidùe ka
bns suo-tasts inetagpbl rahbls ka dedidlidùe
dedidlidùe y fdelbdz
fdelbdzlidùe
lidùe ka l iuarkn in e bl iletdklk
ka raspuastls inrraitls n deinrraitls notaedkls. Ka bl sugl ka bns çtags sa kard-
vle bns puetlcas aqudvlbaetas
aqudvlbaetas ka bns suotasts qua sa detarprat
detarpratle
le ka liuarkn ine uel
ga kdl ka <= y uel ka svdlidùe tçpdil
tçpdil ka 9. Yu iìbiubn pargdta lb usulrdn inefaiidnelr
ue kdsparsdhrlgl y katargdelr puetns fuartas y käodbas ae bls jlodbdklkas kab avl-
bulkn. Buahn bns suotasts sa lhruple ae bns g aeidnelkns iultrn puetlcas çekdia
çekdia qua,
lb dhulb qua ab inafdidaeta detabaitulb ka asilbl ingpbatl, sa detarpratle agpbalekn
uel gakdl lrodtrlrdl ka <== y uel kasvdlidùe tçpdil ka <1. Ab jaijn ka qua ab ID
utdbdzlkn ae bls pruaols Xaijsbar sal pnr kasvdlidùe dgpbdil bl ingplrlidùe ka bl
puetulidùe kab sucatn ine bl puetulidùe ka su hrupn ka akl k inrraspnekdaet
puetulidùe inrraspnekdaeta,a, klkl
pnr ab olrag n rahdnelb y litulbdzlkn inetrl ab qua kaoa inetrlstlrsa
inetrlstlrsa ab raekdgdaen de-
 6; . KA BL DHBAYDL

kdvdkulb. Lkag ìs sa puak ae ilbiublr sdata

kdvdkulb. sdata puetlcas ka prniasn qu a pargdtae deklhlr
ab prniaslgdaetn ka bl defnrglidùe qua j lia ab avlbulkn.
Ae rablidùe
rablidùe ine sus prnpdaklkas psdingätrd
psdingätrdils,
ils, bls óbt
óbtdgls
dgls varsdneas ka bls as-
ilbls ka Xaijsbar jle deinrpnrlkn ue rafdelgdaetn psdingätrdin inesdkarloba. Bl
varsdùe astlknuedkaesa inetù ine uel guastrl ka ??== edüns plrl bbavlr l ilon
bl astleklrdzlidùe
astleklrdzlidùe fdelb. ]ravdlgaeta sa jloçle prnolkn varsd
varsdneas
neas prab
prabdgdelras
dgdelras ine
astukdns pdbntn y pruaols elidnelbas. [lgodäe sa astukdù ab ingpnrtlgdaetn ka bns
çtags
çtags ine iìbiubns ka bl [a nrçl ka _aspuastl lb ÇtÇtag
ag ([_D)
([_D).. Ae rablid
rablidùe
ùe ine bl inefdlod
inefdlod--
bdklk sa lelbdzù bl inesdstaeidl detarel y bl astlodbdklk gakdleta tast-ratast y, lkagìs,
ab liuarkn aetra puetulknras. ]lrl astukdlr su vlbdkaz sa bbavlrne l ilon astukdns
flitnrdlbas y sa ousilrne avdkaeidls ka vlbdkaz axtarel ine ntrls pruaols ka detabd-
haeidl. Ae ab ilsn ka bl lklptlidùe
lklptlidùe bnilb ([lonrkl at lb., ?=<<), sa ingaezù ine ab
lcusta bdehòçstdin
bdehòçstdin ka bns astçgu bns g akdleta bl trlkuiidùe lb asplünb. Buahn sa ralbdzù
ue astukdn pra-pdbntn y ue astukdn pdbntn ae bns qua sa avlbuù ab fueidnelgdaetn kab
tast plrl avlbulr bl iblrdklk
iblrdklk k a bns tärgdens utdbdzlkns
utdbdzlkns y ab fueidnelg daetn haearlb ka
lquab. [lgodäe sa bn sngatdù l ue cudidn axpartn plrl ravdslr su vlbdkaz ka inetaedkn.
Lkagìs sa ilbiublrne bns çekdias ka kdfdiubtlk ka bns çtags. Bl guastrl ka tdpdfdil-
idùe astuvn inestdtudkl pnr <;;; ilsns. Lk didnelbgae
didnelbgae ta sa ilbiublrne inafdidaetas
inafdidaetas ka

[DIJG
[DIJG ?

XDYI-DV
X aijsbar Detabbd
Detabbdhaeia
haeia Yilba fnr Ijdbkrae Fnurtj Akdtdne

Frlecl atlrdl qua lolril3 ka 6 lüns l <6 lüns y << g asas.

[dagpn ka lkgdedstrlidùe3 ka 61 l := gdeutns.

[asts/suotasts qua bl ingpneae3 <= suotasts prdeidplbas (Yagaclezls, Vnilou-

blrdn, Ingpraesdùe, Inestruiidùe ine Iuons, Ineiaptns, Gltrdias, _ataeidùe ka
Kçhdtns, Batrls y Eóg arns, Iblvas, Oósquakl ka Yçgon bns) y 1 suotasts lklptltd-
vns (Defnrglidùe, Lkdvdelezls, Ingpbatlgdaetn ka Fdhurls, Lrdtgätdil, Ledglbas).

]uetulidneas
]uetulidneas qua
qua sa notdaeae3 Ya notdaea ue ID tntlb, ; puetulidneas çekdia
(Ingpraesdùe Varolb, _lznelgdaetn Vdsulb, Vabnidklk ka ]rniaslgdaetn y Ga-
gnrdl ka [rlolcn) y bns puetlcas inrraspnekdaetas l bns <1 suotasts.

Kltns ka bl puobdilidùe3
X aijsbar, K. (?==9). Xaijsbar Detabbdhaeia Yilba fnr Ijdbkrae, ; l ak., Yle Letn-
edn, [Z, ] syijnbnhdilb Inrpnrltdne.

Kltns ka bl lklptlidùe lrhaetdel3

[lonrkl, L., Olroaezl, I. y Oraebbl, G. A. (?=<<). "Lklptlidùe lrhaetdel kab
X DYI-DV. ]rniakdgdaetn ka devastdhlidùe, tdpdf
tdpdfdilidùe
dilidùe y kaslrrnbbn ka enrgls
 plrl Ouaens Ldras , ae K. Xaijsbar (ak.), [ast ka Detabdhaeidl plrl edüns
XDYI DV3 gleulb täiedin y ka detarpratlidùe, Ouaens Ldras, ]ldkùs pp. 98-11.
X aijsbar, K. (?=<< l). [ast ka Detabdhaeidl plrl edüns XDYI DV3 gleulb täiedin y
ka detarpratlidùe, Ouaens Ldras, ]l dkùs.

DEY[_QGAE[NY ]L_L BL AVLBQLIDÙE ]YDINBÙHDIL AE EDÜNY 61

fdlodbdklk qua dekdilrne ouael inesdstaeidl detarel y astlodbdklk ka bls puetulidneas

(kdvdsdùe
(kdvd sdùe pnr g dtlkas y tast-ratast) ae bl pnoblidùe haearlb y uel g uastrl ibçedil. Ya
vardfdiù
vardfdiù ab liua rkn aetra il bdfdilknras
bdfdilknras y bl detarinrrablidùe ka bls asilbls0 sa as tukdù su
astruiturl flitnrdlb gakdleta leìbdsds flitnrdlbas axpbnrltnrdns ka sahuekn nrkae, vl-
bdklidùe iruzlkl y leìbdsds flitnrdlbas inefdrgltnrdns. Fdelbgaeta, sa lelbdzù bl vlbdkaz
axtarel inrrablidnelekn ine ntrls gakdkls axtarels.
Axdsta uel varsdùe lg pbdlkl
pbdlkl kab X DYI-D
DYI-DV,
V, bl Xaijsbar Detabbdhaeia Yilba fnr Ijdb-
krae ‛Fnurtj Akdtdne Detahrltak (Xaijsbar at lb., ?==;). Ae abbl sa deinrpnrle
deinrpnrle suo -
tasts supbagaetlrdns ingn Bloardetns, varsdneas ka raspuastl góbtdpba plrl Ing-
praesdùe Varolb y Inestruiidùe ine Iuons, y ntrls varsdneas ka _ataeidùe ka
Kçhdtns. Yu usn parg dtdtaa uel avlbulidùe
Kçhdtns. avlbulidùe g ìs prnfuekl ka idartns
idartns lspaitns qua pua -
kle sar ka detaräs, sde raquardrsa bl lkgdedstrlidùe ingpbatl ka bl asilbl y pukdaekn
lkg ded
dedstrlr
strlrsa
sa sùbn lquabbns suotasts ea iaslrdns.
Ingn sa gaeidnelrl ae ab dedidn ka asta lplrtlkn, plrl edüns gìs paquaüns
axdsta bl tariarl akdidùe ka bl Xaijsbar ]rasijnnb lek ]rdglry Yilba nf Detabbdhaeia
(X ]] YD-DDD0
YD-DDD0 X aijsbar, ?==?). Astì kdvdkdkl
kdvdkdkl ae kns oltarçls ine ue inrta ae bns ; lüns
ka aklk plrl inetagpblr ab rìpdkn iraidgdaetn ilrlitarçstdin ka astl atlpl vdtlb. Yus

  u g l [ ba
bagg bba g ?
X]]YD-DDD
Xaijsbar ]rasijnnb lek ]rdglry Yilba nf Detabbdhaeia
[jdrk Akdtdne

Frlecl atlrdl qua lolril3 ka ? lüns y 6 gasas l 8 lüns y 9 gasas.

[dagpn ka lkgdedstrlidùe3 ka 9= l 1= gdeutns.

[asts/suotasts
[asts/suotasts qua bl ingpneae3 <; suotasts (Kdsaün ine Iuons, Defnrglidùe,
Gltrdias, Vniloublrdn, Ineiaptns ine Kdoucns, Oósquakl ka Yçgonbns, ]dstls,
Iblvas, Ingpraesdùe, Fdhurls Deingpbatls, Yagaclezls, Vniloublrdn _aiaptdvn,
_ngpailoazls y Engorlr Kdoucns).

]uetulidneas qua sa notdaeae3 sa notdaea ue Inafdidaeta Detabaitulb ka Acaiu-

idùe, ue Inafdidaeta Detabaitulb Varolb, ue Inafdidaeta Detabaitulb ka Asilbl Ing-
pbatl, ue Inafdidaeta ka Vabnidklk ka ]rniaslgdaetn, ue Ingpuastn Haearlb ka
Baehulca y bns puetlcas inrraspnekdaetas l bns <; suotasts.

Kltns ka bl puobdilidùe3
 Xaijsbar, K. (?==?). Xaijsbar ]rasijnnb lek ]rdglry Yilba nf Detabbdhaeia, 9 :

Kltns ka bl lklptlidùe lrhaetdel ka bl prdgarl varsdùe kab tast3

[lonrkl, L. (?==?). Kdlheùstdin ka bl kdeìgdil ka bl ilplidklk detabaitulb ka
edüns ka ; l 6 lüns. Astukdn ibçedin ka bns tasts X]]YD, OH y KJ, Ouaens
Ldras, Bugae Jugledtls.
Xaijsbar, K. (<4:9). Asilbl Xaijsbar ka Detabdhaeidl plrl Edüns ae aklk ]raas-
inblr y ]rdglrdl X]]YD), Ouaens Ldras, ]ldkùs.

. KA BL DHBAYDL

<; suotasts kardvle ae bns ibìsdins puetlcas pra-XDYI-DV3 inafdidaeta detabaitulb ka

asilbl ingpbatl, inafdidaeta detabaitulb ka acaiuidùe y inafdidaeta detabaitulb varolb.
Luequa ingn sa puaka var ae bl Fdijl 9, puakae ilbiublrsa ntrns vlbnras hbnolbas.
Ae iuletn l bls prnpdaklkas psdingätrdils notaedkls ae pnoblidùe astlknued-
kaesa, sa puaka saülblr qua lb dhulb qua ab XDYI-DV, sa lelbdzlrne varsdneas pravdls
ine astukdns pdbntns y pruaols elidnelbas, y buahn ine uel guastrl ka <8== edüns
sa ralbdz
ralbdzùù bl astlekl rdzlidùe
rdzlidùe fdfdelb.
elb. X dbbd
dbbdss at lb. (?=<9) dekdilrne qua astl asilbl rasubtl
gìs lgdhloba plrl edüns paquaüns y guijn gìs lcustlkl lb gngaetn avnbutdvn ae
inetrlsta ine sus akdidneas pravdls, luequa saülblrne ingn kafaitn ab jaij jaijn n ka
qua bl lkgdedstrlidùe en tuvdarl ue astdbn gìs bókdin ae ingplrlidùe ine ntrls asil-
bls plrl edüns qua sç bn tdaeae. [lonrkl (?==?) ralbdzù uel lklptlidùe ka bl prdgarl
varsdùe kab tast plrl su usn ae pnoblidùe lrhaetdel.
Iloa inesdkarlr qua ae bns óbtdgns lüns sa jl kaslrrnbblkn ue destrugaetn plrl
avlbulr ab raekdgdaetn aspaiçfdin ae bls ìrals rablidnelkls ine bl baiturl, bl gltagì-

tdil, bl asirdturlka
ab lpraekdzlca y ab baehulca
edüns, nrlb yl lkubtns.
cùvaeas bns afaitns ka katargdelr
Astns pnsdobas kdfdiubtlkas
tasts sne inenidkns ingn tastsaeka
raekdgdaetn (lijdavagaet) y pargdtae ingplrlr ab parfdb ka bls jlodbdklkas inhedtdvls
ka ilkl sucatn ine su raekdgdaetn aspaiçfdin ae ilkl ìral. Bl Xaijsbar Dekdvdkulb
Lijdavagaet [ast, [jdrk Akdtdne (XDL[-DDD) (]syijnbnhdilb Inrpnrltdne, ?==4) as uel
asilbl kdsaülk l plrl tlb fde.

F Q I J L r df
df DI
DI J J I L

X DL[ DDD
Xaijsbar Dekdvdkulb L
Lijdavagaet
ijdavagaet [ast [jdrk Akdtdne

Frlecl atlrdl qua lolril3 ka ; lüns l <4 lüns y << gasas.

[dagpn ka lkgdedstrlid
lkgdedstrlidùe3
ùe3 ka ;1 gdeutns l ? jnrls.

[asts/suotasts qua bl ingpneae3 <6 suotasts (Ingpraesdùe

(I ngpraesdùe Baitnrl
Baitnrl Nrlb, Ax-
prasdùe Nrlb, Jlodbdklkas ka _akliidùe [agprlels, Baiturl ka ]lblorls, Kain-
 kdfdilidùe ka ]sauknplblorls, Ingpraesdùe Baitnrl Asirdtl, Fbuaeidl ka Baiturl
ae Vnz Lbtl, Fbuaeidl ae bl Asirdturl kab Lbfloatn, Kabatran, Ingpnsdidùe ka Nrl-
idneas, Ingpnsdidùe ka [axtns, _asnbuidùe ka ]rnobagls Gltagìtdins, Npa-
rlidneas Eugärdils, Fbuaeidl Gltagìtdil-Yugl, Fbuaeidl Gltagìtdil-_astl,
Fbuaeidl Gltagìtdil-Gubtdpbdilidùe.
Gltagìtdil-Gubtdpbdilidùe.

]uetulidneas qua sa notdaeae3 uel gak dkl ka _aekdgdaetn [ntlb y ntr

ntrls
ls gakd-
kls ing puastls ka Baehu lca Nrlb, Baiturl [ntlb,
[ntlb, Baiturl Oìsdil,
Oìsdil, Ingpraesdùe
Baitnrl y Fbuaeidl, Axprasdùe Asirdtl, Gltagìtdils, Fbuaeidl Gltagìtdil.

Kltns ka bl puobdilidùe3
]syij nbnhdilb Inrpnrltdne (?==4).
(?==4). Xaijsbar Dekdvdkulb Lijdavagaet [ast (9rk
ak.), Yle Letnedn, [Z, Lutjnr.

Kltns ka bl lklptlidùe lrhaetdel3 En iuaetl ine uel lklptlidùe lrhaetdel.

DEY[_QGAE[NY ]L_L BL AVLBQLIDNE ]YDINBNHDIL AE EDENY 8

Yus prnpdaklkas psdingätrdils, astukdlkls ae pnoblidùe astlknuedkaesa -pra-

vdn astukdn pdbntn y pruaols elidnelbas-, fuarne lelbdzlkls snora uel guastrl ka
?881 dekdvdkuns.
dekdvdkuns. Ya ax lgdelrne bns çtags
çtags gakdleta g ätnkns ka bl [_D y ntrns ka bl
[anrçl Ibìsdil ka bns [asts plrl katargdelr ab nrkae ka kdfdiubtlk y su ilbdklk psd-
ing ätrdil.
ätrdil. Bns leì bdbdsds
sds ka inefdlodbdklk
inefdlodbdklk deibuyarne ab hrlkn ka liuarkn detarcuaias,
tast-ratast, kdvdsdùe pnr gdtlkas, y ntrls gakdkls ka inesdstaeidl detarel. Qel ka bls
ga tls prdeidplb
prdeidplbas
as plrl bl tariarl varsdùe fua haearlr uel asilbl ine fuartfuartas
as avdkae-
idls ka vlbdkaz ka inetaedkn. ]lrl abbn sa raiurrdù l ue cudidn axpartn. Ae iuletn l bl
vlbdkaz detarel,
detarel, sa axl gdelrne bls inrrablidneas aetra bns suotasts y, ae rablidùe ine
bl vlbdkaz
vlbdkaz axtarel, sa inrrablidnelrne bns rasubtlkns
rasubtlkns ine g akdkls notaedkls g akdleta
ntrns tasts, vardfd
vardfdiìeknsa
iìeknsa tlgodäe su fueidnelg daetn ae hrupns aspaidlbas (edüns ine
tlbaetn lilkäg din, kd kdsilplidklk
silplidklk detabaitulb gnkarlkl , prnobag
prnobag ls ka baiturl, prnob
prnoba-
a-
gls in e g ltagìtdils, prnobagls
prnobagls ae bl axprasd
axprasdùe
ùe kab baehulca).
Axdstae tlg odäe ntrls varsdneas plrtdiublras
plrtdiublras kab destrugaetn. Bl Xaijsbar Loora-
vdltak Yil/a nf Detabbdhaeia, Yainek Akdtdne (XLY D-<<)
D-<<),, (Xaijs bar, ?=<< o), pnr acagpbn,
fua kdsaülkl plrl klr raspuastl l bl eaiasdklk ka inetlr ine uel g akdkl ka lkg d-
edstrlidùe
edstrlidùe rìpdkl. ]uaka lpbdilrsa l sucatns ka aetra 6 y 4= lüns y s u lkg dedstdedstrlidùe
rlidùe
raqudara snblgaeta 9= gdeutns. GiIrdggne y Ygdtj (?=<9) kastlilrne qua en sa
kaoa parkar ka vdstl
vdstl ab jaij n ka q ua bl X LYD-Db
LYD-Db tdaea
tdaea sus bdgdtlidneas,
bdgdtlidneas, qua rlkdile ae
su flbtl ka praidsdùe ibçedil -rlzùe pnr bl iulb en kaodarl uslrsa plrl ralbdzlr kdlheùs-
tdtdins-,
ins-, lkagìs ka en inetlr ine uel g akdkl ka g agnrdl ka trlolcn ed ka vabnid vabnidklk
klk
ka prniaslgdaetn. Ntrl varsdùe ka detaräs as bl Xaijsbar Enevarolb Yilba nf Lodbdty
(XEYL), (Xaijsbar y Elhbdard, ?==6), qua utdbdzl dgìhaeas y hastns astìeklr pargd-
tdaekn,
tdaekn, lsç, uel lkg dedstrlid
dedstrlidùe
ùe en varolb. ]uak a lkg dedstr
dedstrlrsa
lrsa l sucatns ka ; lüns l
?< lüns y << gasa s. Lb gn gae tn, edehuel
edehuel ka bls kns asilbls iuaetl ine lklptlidn-
eas bnilbas.
 ;. BL OL[A_ÇL XNNKINI@-CNJEYNE
XNNKINI@-CNJEYNE

Ae <4 88 sa pu obdiù
obdiù bl prdgarl varsdùe ka bl Xnnkini`-Cnjesne ]syijn-Akuiltdn-
elb Olttary (XC), (Xnnkini` y Cnjesne, <488). Kaska aetneias bl asilbl tuvn vlrdls
varsdneas kaslrrnbblkls pnr _dijlrk Xnnkini` y inbahls. Bl gìs utdbdzlkl lb gn-
gaetn ka bl rakliidùe ka asta ilpçtubn as bl Xnnkini`-Cnjesne <<< (XC DDD), (Xnnk -
ini`, GiHraw y Gltjar, ?===), luequa jl sdkn kdsaülkl bl Xnnkini`-Cnjesne DV
(XC DV), (Yijrle`, GiHraw y G ltjar, ?=<;l)
?=<;l)..

Bl oltarçl
Inhedtdva astì
Lodbdty ing
(XC DDD puastl
pnr
(Xnnkns
LIJ), suo-oltarç
suo-oltarçls3
kini`, ls3 blG ltjar,
GiH rawy
Xnnkini`-Cnjesne DDD [asts nf
?==< o) n tasts
tasts ka jlo dbd-
dbd-
klk i nhedtdvl, y bl Xnnkini`-Cnjesne DDD [asts nf Lijdavagaet (XC DDD LIJ), (X (X nnk-
ini`, GiHraw y Gltjar, ?==< l) n tasts ka raekdgdaetn. Kaska bl prdgarl varsdùe,
uen ka bns lspaitns gìs detarasletas ka bl prnpuastl inesdstd
inesdstdùù ae bl astleklrdzlidùe
ae inecuetn ka lg ols oltarçls, qua pargdta
pargdta bl ing plrlidùe
plrlidùe ka bns lspaitns inhed-
tdvns
tdvns y ka raekdgdaetn ine enrgls notaedkls ae uel g dsgl guastrl. Bl X C DDDDDD INH,
lkagìs, iuaetl ine ue oltarçl kaengdelkl Yupbag aetn Kdlheùstdin (KY), (Xnnk-
Yupbagaetn
ini` at lb., ?==9) ae bl qua sa deibuyae
deibuyae << suotasts lkdidnelbas.
lkdidnelbas.
Bl varsdùe nrdhdelb
nrdhdelb ka bl asilbl en astlol olslkl ae edehuel tanrçl
tanrçl ka bl detabd
detabdhae-
hae-
idl. Bl X C DDD INH fua kdsaülkl ae sdetneçl ine bns pnstublkns
pnstublkns kab gnka bn IJI. Yu

6: . KA BL DHBAYDL

lkg dedstrlid
dedstrlidùe
ùe pargdta notaear uel hrle ile tdklk
tdklk ka gak dkls ka flitnras aspaiçfdins
aspaiçfdins
n lintlkns -bls elrrnw lodbbtdas kab astrltn D- ga kdleta sus su otasts0 lb lbhuel
huel s jlodbd-
klkas in hedtdvls
hedtdvls lg pbdls
pbdls -bls ornlk lodbdtbas kab astrltn DD-
DD- g akdleta bl sugl ka suo-
tasts, y ue flitnr hae arlb ka bl detabdhaeidl
detabdhaeidl -ab prnpuastn pl rl ab astrltn DDD- DDD- ga kdleta
ab iìbiubn
iìbiubn ka u el g akdkl hbnolb.
[letn ab XC DDD INH ingn a b XC DDD LIJ iuaetle ine uel varsdùe varsdùe astìeklr y uel
varsdùe axtaesl. Ae ab ilsn kab X C DDD DDD INH , bbll varsdùe astìeklr astì ingp uastl pnr
<= suotasts y bl axtaesl deinrpnrl <= suotasts
suotasts lkdidnelbas0 y ae ab ka bl X C DDD LIJ sa
deibuyae <= y <? su otasts, raspaitd
raspaitdvlg
vlg aeta. Ya raing daekl utdbdutdbdzlr
zlr bl varsdùe astìeklr
sd bns fdeas
fdeas ka bl avlbulidùe sne ka siraaedeh y bl axtaesl iulekn a b nocatdvn nocatdvn as ralbd-
zlr kdlheùstdins. Qel plrtdiublrdklk
plrtdiublrdklk kab X C DDD as qua parg dta lb avlbulknr sabaiidnelr
suotasts ka liuarkn in e lquabbns lspaitns qua ba detarasa avlbulr. Ae iulbqudarl ka
bns ilsns
lbhóe bl sabaiidùe
suolspaitn ka bns s uotasts sa pua ka klr pnr ab ìral iurrdiublr
katargdelkn. iurrdiublr ka detaräs n
Bl puetulidùe ka bl X C DDDDDD INH as in gpbacl plrl ralbdzlrsa
ralbdzlrsa gl eulbg aeta, pnr bnbn
qua sa s uaba raiurrdr
raiurrdr l snftwlras plrl afaitulr bns iìbiubns.
iìbiubns. Qel va z trlesfnrglkns ,
tletn bns puetlcas hbnolbas ingn bns ka bns flitnras n ibustars y bns ka bns suotasts
sa detarprat
detarpratle
le ine puetlc
puetlcasas astìeklr ine g akdl ae <== y k asvdlidneas
asvdlidneas astìeklr ka
<1, n ine pariaetdbas. Yahóe bl iletdklk ka suotasts lkgdedstrlkns sa puaka no-
taear ue puetlca hbnolb ka Jlodbdklk Detabaitulb Haearlb ae sus varsdneas astìeklr,
lg pbdlkl n orava. ]l rl ilbiublrb
ilbiublrbn,
n, pnr acagpbn, sùbn sa raqudara bl lkg dedstrlidùe
dedstrlidùe ka
tr
tras
as suotasts qua desugae lprnxdglklg aeta <1 gdeutns. Astl gakdkl rìpdkl ka de-
tabdhaeidl
tabd haeidl ordekl defnrglidùe liaril ka ing praesdùe varolb, ffnrgl
nrgl idùe ka ineiaptns
 y glpan vdsulb.
Bl detarpratlid
detarpratlidùe
ùe ka bl X C DDD INH sa kl ae iultrn edvabas (Yijrle` y Fblelhle,
?==9)3 uen iulbdtltdvn,
iulbdtltdvn, ae ab qua sa in esdkarl bl defnr
defnrglidùe
glidùe sn ora ab ing pnrtlgdaetn
kab avlbulkn, lsç ingn defnrglidùe prnvaedaeta ka defnrgletas sdhedfdiltdvns ingn
puakae sar bns plkras n glastrns0 ue sahuekn edvab ka kaslrrnbbn avnbutdvn, ae ab
qua sa kataitl ine quä aklk irnenbùhdil
irnenbùhdil n hrlkn (ae ab ilsn ka bns edüns) sa inrras-
pneka ab raekdgdaetn kab sucatn0 ue tariar edvab ka kngdedn ae ab qua sa ralbdzl uel
avlbulidùe ka irdtardn ingplrìeknsa ab raekdgdaetn kab axlgdelkn ine idartn edvab
ka kdfdiubtlk -avlbulkn, pnr acagpbn, gakdleta ue puetlca hbnolb kaengdelkn Çekdia
ka ] rnfdidaeidl
rnfdidaeidl Hbnolb-
Hbnolb-00 y ue óbtdgn edvab ka ingplrlidùe ine plras ae ab qua sa ine-
trlstle bns puetlcas
puetlcas ine bl guas trl enrgltdvl y sa bns trlesfnrgl.
Ae rablidùe ine sus prnpdaklkas psdingätrdils, bl astleklrdzlidùe ae pnoblidùe
astlknuedkaesa deibuyù bl avlbulidùe ka ::<: dekdvdkuns.
dekdvdkuns. Kapae kdaekn ka bls ilrli-
tarçstdils
tarç stdils ka bns çtags , sa utdbd
utdbdzlrne
zlrne bns g ätnkns ka kdvdsdùe
kdvdsdùe pnr g dtlkas n le ìbdsds
ìbdsds ka
_lsij ([_D). Lkagìs sa afaitulrne astukdns ka tast-ratast. Yus astukdns ka vlbdkaz
deibuyarne ab cudidn axpartn, bns leìbdsd
leìbdsdss flitnrdlbas axpbnrltnrdns
axpbnrltnrdns y in efdrgl
efdrgl tnrd
tnrdns,
ns, le ì-
bdsds
bdsds kaska g ätnkns ka bl [_D y ka vlbdkaz
vlbdkaz ineiurraeta ine ntrls ga kdkls (Yijrle` y
Fblelhle, ?==9). Ae ab lün ?==1 sa kaslrrnbb
kaslrrnbbùù bl Oltarçl DDD Xnnkini`-Guünz (Oltarçl
DDD), Guünz-Yleknvlb at lb., ?==1l) qua a s bl varsdùe ae asplünb ka bl X C DDD. DDD. ]lrl su
lklptlidùe sa lelbdzù uel guastrl ka <;<9 jdsplenjlobletas astlknuedkaesas.

DEY[_QGAE[NY
DEY[_QGAE[NY ]L_L BL A
AVLBQLIDÙ
VLBQLIDÙE
E ]YDINBÙHD
]YDINBÙHDIL
IL AE EDÜNY 4

 
r~ Ge [DIJADI,<
XC DDD
Xnnkini`-Cnjesne

Frlecl atlrdl qua lolril3 ka ? lüns l 4= lüns.

[dagpn ka lkgdedstrlid
lkgdedstrlidùe3
ùe3 ka 1 l <= gdeutns pnr suotast.

[asts/suotasts qua bl ingpneae3 bl XC DDD INH iuaetl ine <? suotasts (Ing-
praesdùe Varolb, Lpraekdzlca Vdsulb-Lukdtdvn, _ablidneas Asplidlbas, Det
Detahrlidùe
ahrlidùe

ka Ynedkns,
blorls Fnrglidùe
Deingpbatls, ka Ineiaptns,
Gagnrdl ]lean
ka [rlolcn Vdsulb,
Lukdtdvl, Devarsdùe
Gagnrdl ka Eógar
Eógarns,
ns, ]l-
Kdfardkl-Lpraekdzlca
Vdsulb-Lukdtdvn,
Vdsulb-Lukd tdvn, Defnrglidùe Haearlb, Fbudkaz ka _aiuparlidùe) y <= suotasts
lkdidnelbas (_ainenidgdaetn ka Kdoucns, Ltaeidùe Lukdtdvl, Leìbdsds-Yçetasds,
Leìbdsds-Yçetasds,
_lpdkaz ae bl Kaidsdùe, Gagnrdl ka ]lblorls, _lpdkaz ae bl Dkaetdfdilidù
Dkaetdfdilidùe
e ka
Kdoucns, ]blealgdaetn, Ileiablidùe ka ]lras). Bl XC DDD LIJ iuaetl ine <?
suotasts (Dkaetdfdilidùe ka Batrls y ]lblorls, Fbudkaz ae bl Baiturl, _aiuarkn ka
Iuaetns, Ingpraesdùe ka Dekdilidneas,
Dekdilidneas, Iìbiubn, Fbudkaz ae Gltagìtdils, Nr-
 tnhrlfçl, Fbudkaz ae bl Asirdturl, Ingpraesdùe ka [axtns, ]rnobagls Lpbdilkns,
Guastrls ka _akliidùe, Gagnrdl Kdfardkl, _aiuarkn ka Iuaetns) y <= suotasts
lkdidnelbas (Leìbdsds ka ]lblorls, Vniloublrdn snora Kdoucns, Ingpraesdùe Nrlb,
Inrraiidùe ka [axtns, Vniloublrdn ka Baiturl,
Baiturl, Ineiaptns Iuletdtltdvns, Inen-
idgdaetns Lilkägdins, Leìbdsds
Leìbdsds ka Ynedkns, Kdsiaredgdaetn ka Ynedkns, ]uetul-
idùe y Qsn ka Glyósiubls).

]uetulidneas qua sa notdaeae3 bl lkgdedstrlidùe ka bl XC DDD INH ordekl gakd-

kls plrl sdata flitnras qua sa inrraspnekae ine lquabbns pnstublkns pnr ab gn-
kabn IJI (Gagnrdl l Inrtn ]blzn, Ingpraesdùe-Inenidgdaetn
Ingpraesdùe-Inenidgdaetn,, ]aeslgdaetn
Vdsn-asplidlb, _aiuarkn l Blrhn ]blzn, ]rniaslgdaetn Lukdtdvn, _lznelgdaetn
_lznelgdaet n
Fbudkn, Vabnidklk ka ]rniaslgdaetn) y tras gakdkls hbnolbas3 Jlodbdklk Detabai-
tulb Haearlb-Lgpbdlkl, Jlodbdklk Detabaitulb Haearlb-Astìeklr, y Jlodbdklk Deta-
baitulb Orava. Ae ab ilsn ka bl XC DDDDDD LIJ sa notdaeae puetlcas ka raekdgdaetn
(Baiturl-Lgpbdn, Gltagìtdils-Lgpbdn, Axprasdùe Asirdtl-Lgpbdn, Jlodbdklkas ka
Baiturl Oìsdils, Jlodbdklkas Gltagìtdils Oìsdils, _lznelgdaetn Gltagìtdin,
Jlodbdklkas ka Asirdturl Oìsdils, Axprasdùe Asirdtl y Inenidgdaetn Lilkägdin)
y uel gakdkl ka raekdgdaetn tntlb. Lkagìs axdstae ntrls gakdkls hbnolbas ka
detaräs ingn ab Çekdia ka ]rnfdidaeidl _abltdvl y ibustars ibçedins.

Kltns ka bl puobdilidùe3
Xnnkini`, _. X., GiHraw, @. Y. y Gltjar, E. (?===). Xnnkini`-Cnjesne DDD,
Dtlil, DB, _dvarsdka.

Kltns ka uel lklptlidùe asplünbl

asplünbl en kaoarçl uslrsa ae pno
pnoblidùe
blidùe lrhaetdel
sde pravdl lklptlidùe bnilb)3
Guünz-Yleknvlb, L. F., Xnnkini`,
Xnnkin i`, _. X., GiHraw, @. Y. y Gltjar, E. (?==1l).
(?==1l).
Oltarçl DDD Xnnkini`-Guünz, (tlsil, DB, _dvarsdka
_dvarsdka ] uobdsjdeh.

8= . KA BL DHBAYDL

1 N[_NY DEY[_QGAE[NY

Axdstae ntrls gakdkls ka detabdhaeidl ka usn olstleta kdfuekdkn luequa en tletn

ingn bls gaeidnelkls3 bl _ayenbks DetDetabb
abbaitulb
aitulb Lssassgaet Yilbas (_DLY0 _ayenbks y
@lgpjlus, ?==9o), bl Kdffaraetdlb Lodbdty Yilbas, sainek akdtdne (KLY-DD0 Abbdntt, ?==8),
bl Inhedtdva
Inhedtdva Lssass gae t Yystag (ILY 0 Elhbdard
Elhbdard y Kls, <448). Edehuel ka a bbls
bbls iuaetl
ine lklptlidùe bnilb.
Asta ilpçtubn astlrçl deingpbatn sde bl gaeidùe ka bl Asilbl Inbnralkl kab [ast ka
Gltrdias ]rnhrasdvls (_lyae, Inurt y _lyae, <449) qua iuaetl ine olrag ns lrhaetdens
plrl edüns ka ae tra 6 y <? lüns (]abnrnssn, Atij avars y Lrblekd, ?==9) y ordekl
ordekl uel
gak dkl rìpdkl
rìpdkl ka ilplidklk akuitdvl. Lkagìs, axdstae gakdkls g ìs aspaiçfdils
aspaiçfdils ae bls
qua en sa ousil uel gakdidùe hbnolb ka bl detabdhaeidl sden ka lbhóe lspaitn plrtdiublr.
Ab tast ]_N-ILBIQBN (Fabk, [lussd` y Lzzlratn, ?==6), pnr acagpbn, as uel asilbl
kaslrrnbblkl ae bl Lrhaetdel qua sa utdbdzl plrl deklhlr liaril kab prniaslgdaetn ka
 eóg arns y bl jlodbdklk plrl ab iìbiub
iìbiubnn ae e düns ka aetra 6 y 4 lün s. Ab [ast Baar plrl
Ingpraekar ([BI0 Louslgrl, Farraras, _ldtar, Ka Oaed y Inrenbkd, ?=<=) plrl avlbulr
ingpraesdùe baitnrl
baitnrl ae edüns ka 4 l <? lüns, jl sdkn bnilbgaeta lklptlkn. Ab BAA,
Idtnbar at lb., ?==6) pnsaa tlgodäe ol-
[ast ka B aiturl y Asirdturl ae As plünb (Kafdnr Idtnbar
ragns bnilbas y ordekl uel gakdkl ka raekdgdaetn ka bl baiturl y asirdturl ae edüns
qua iu rsae aetra <½ y ;½ hrlkn k a bl asiu abl prdglrdl. Ya jl e ka slrrnbb
slrrnbblkn,
lkn, lk agìs ,
ntrls asilbls aspaiçfdils plrl g akdr kdvarsls fueidneas acaiutdvls ae edüns (Olrrayrn
(Olrrayrn
y Fbnras, ?=<=0 Ilrrlkl y 'sne, ?=<90 Decnqua-_diba y Ourçe, ?==:, ?=<<0 Decnqua-_diba,
Ilbarn y Ourçe, ?=<90 Dsne y Il rrlkl, ?==6, ?=<<0 _ayas, Olrrayrn a Decnqua, ?=<;).

6 DEY[_QGAE
DEY[_QGAE[NY
[NY ]L_L BL AVLBQLIDÙE KA LY]AI[NY
EN DE[ABAI[QLBAY3 AVLBQLIDÙE AGNIDNELB
ING]N_[LGAE[LB
ING]N_[LG AE[LB T YNIDLB

Lkag ìs ka bns lspaitns detabaitulbas, bl avlbulidùe agn idnelb, ingpnrtlgaetlb y

snidlb sa ines tdtuya
tdtuya in gn ab ntrn hrle pdblr ka bl avlbulidùe ps dinbùhdil defletdb.
defletdb. Jds-
tùrdilg
tùrdilg aeta, lb deklhlrsa snora bls ag nidneas, bns ing pnrtlgdaetns y ab ìral snidlb,
ab nocatdvn
nocatdvn ka bl avlbul idùe rlkdilol ae ka taitlr puetns ka kasl custa plrl detarvaedr
detarvaedr
ga kdleta ab trltlg
trltlg daetn gìs lk aiul kn. L paslr ka qua a bbn as ka detdetaräs,
aräs, bbns
ns destru-
gaetns g ìs raidaetas
raidaetas jl e deinrpnrlkn
deinrpnrlkn abagae tns kastdelkns
kastdelkns l deklhlr, lkagìs, bl
prasaeidl ka ineku itls lklptltdvls.
Ingn yl sa jl ingaetlkn ae ab Ilpçtubn <, inetlr ine kdstdetls fuaetas ka de-
fnrglidùe ae astns ilsns as asaeidlb yl qua bns lutnrrapnrtas
fnrglidùe lutnrrapnrtas ae edüns guy paqua -
üns en suabae sar lprnpdlkns kaodkn l bl kag lekl inhedtd
inhedtdvl
vl qua dgpbdile
dgpbdile (Ileden,
Odrk, _uodn-Ytdpai y Orlvn, <441). As pnr abbn qua, haearlbgaeta, y kapaekdaekn ka
bl aklk ka b axlgdel kn bl avlbulidùe sa ral bdzl
bdzl raiurrdaekn l g óbtd
óbtdpbas
pbas fuaetas. Abbls
suabae sar bns plkras/tutnras y/n bns glastrns kab edün, lsç ingn louabns, flgdbdl-
ras iarilens y iudklknras . Qel radtarlkl kdfdiubtlk
kdfdiubtlk sa kl a e bls kdfaraeidls ae bl de-
fnrglidùe notaedkl
notaedkl liaril ka ue g dsgn e dün parn l trtrlväs
lväs ka kdstdet
kdstdetns
ns defnrgletas
(Lijaeolij, GiIneluhjy y Jnwabb, <4:8). As flitdoba raiurrdr l kdvarsls astrltahdls
plrl liiakar l uel lpraidlidùe detahrlkl y ingpbatl. Lbhuels ka abbls yl sne uel
npidùe deibudkl kaetrn ka bl detarpr
detarpratlidùe
atlidùe qua ordekl ab destrugaetn psdingätrdin aba-

DEY[_QGAE[NY ]L_L BL AVLBQLIDÙE ]YDINBÙHDIL AE EDÜNY 8<

hdkn, lbtareltdvl
lbtareltdvl qua rasubtl ka sug l utdbdklk
utdbdklk pl rl ab avlbulknr, aspaidlbgaeta pnrqua
suaba trltlrsa
trltlrsa ka raiursns sdstagltdzlkns. Aetra bns bns gätnkns g ìs agpbalkn s sa kas-
tlile bls asilbls, bls aetravdstls
aetravdstls y bls huçls sdstagltdzlkls plrl ab rahdstrn ka nosar-
vlidneas ka ingpnrtlgdaetn.
Kaetrn ka bl hrle vlrdaklk k a destrugaetns plrl ralbdzlr avlbulidneas gìs hbnol-
bas y/n aspaiçfdils, bns gìs uslkns sne ab Lijaeolij Yystag nf Agpdrdilbby Olsak
Lssassgaet (LYAOL0 Lij aeolij y _as inrbl,
inrbl, ?===, ?==<), ab Oajlvdnr Lssassgaet
Yystag fnr Ijdbkrae-[jdrk Akdtdne (OLYI-90 _ayenbks y @lgpjlus, ?=<1) y ab ]ar-
 snelbdty bevaetnry fnr Ijdbkrae-Yainek Akdtdne (]DI-?0 Blijlr y H ruoar, ?==<)
?==<).. [nkns
abbns sne sdstagls gubtdgätnkns plrl ab astukdn gubtdkdgaesdnelb ka bl prnobagìtdil
qua ab edün prasaeta, qua sa katlbble l inetdeulidùe.

6 < Ab sds
sdstagl
tagl LYAOL ka Lijaeoli`
Lijaeoli`

b Lijaeolij Yysta
Yystagg nf Agpdrdilbby
Agpdrdilbby Olsak Lssassgaet (LYAOL0 Lijaeolij
y _asinrbl, ?===, ?==<) fua kaslrrnbblkn plrl avlbulr prnobagls agnidnelbas y ka
ingpnrtlgdaetn lsç ing n tlg odäe fueidnelg
fueidnelg daetn
daetn l klptltdvn
klptltdvn ae edüns. _afb
_afbacl
acl bl kd-
intngçl inekuitls axtarelbdzletas-detarelbdzletas prnpuastl pnr Lijaeolij y Akab-
orni` (<48:). Ab kdsaün kab prdgar LYAOL (Lijaeolij, <466) fua ravablknr yl qua

dekd
dekdilol
rloleilol
ae qua a xdstçle
ab KYGxdstvdhaeta
çle guij
ae ls gìsgng
lquab lhruplidneas
lhruplid
aetn neas ka sçetngl
sçet
(_ayenbks y ngl s qua
@lgpj lus,lquabbls
?==9l). qua fdhu-
Iuaetl ine tras varsdneas3 uel plrl plkras, ntrl plrl kniaetas y ue lutnrrapnrta.
Bl kdrdhdkl
kdrdhdkl l plkras n tutnras as bl Ijdbk Oajlvdnr Ijai`bdst (IOIB), y ka liuarkn ine
bl aklk kab avlbulkn sa u slrì bl IOIB/<   /?-1 ae ab ilsn ka edüns aetra < lün y gakdn
l 1 lüns (Lijaeolij y _asinrbl, ?===) n bl IOIB/6-<: plrl edüns ka 6 l <: lüns
(Lijaeolij y _asinrbl, ?==<). [lgodäe axdsta uel varsdùe plrl lkubtns ka aetra <: y
14 lüns, bl Lkubt Oajlvdnr Ijai`bdst (LOIB0 Lijaeolij y _asinrbl, ?==9). Ab gltardlb
qua sa utdb
utdbdzl
dzl ine bns glastrns g letdaea ilsd tnkns bns çtçtags
ags ka bls varsdneas plrl pl-
kras, l axiapidùe ka lquabbns qua deklhle snora lspaitns rablidnelkns ine a b jnhlr
qua sne raag pblzlkns pnr ntrns ntrns vdeiublkns lb ingpnrtlgdaetn ae ab lubl. Ae ab ilsn
ka bns kniaetas ka e düns paqua üns sa utdbdzl bl bl Ilrahdvar-[alijar _apnrt Fnrg (I (I--
[_F0 Lijaeolij y _asinrbl, ?===) qua as sdgdblr l bl IOIBC<</?-1, y bl [alijar s _a-
pnrt Fnrg ([_F0 Lijaeolij y A kaborni`, < <4:60
4:60 Lijaeolij y _asinrbl, ?==<) qua as
bl fnrgl plrlbabl ka bl IOIB /6-<:. Fdelbgae ta, axdstae
axdstae bns lutnrrapnrtas qua sùbn sa
dzle ine edüns ka << lüns ka ak lk n g ìs. Bl Tnutj Ya bf- _apnrt (TY_0 Lijaeolij
utdbdzle
utdb
y A kaborni`
kaborni`,, <4:80 Lijaeolij y _asinrbl, ?==<) inet inetdaea
daea prìitdilgaeta
prìitdilgaeta bns g dsgns
çtçtags
ags qua bl IOI BC6-<: parnparn raklitlkns ae prdgarl
prdgarl parsnel. ] lrl lkubtns ka aetra
Yabf-_apnr t (LY_0 Lijaeolij y _asinrbl, ?==9).
<: y 14 lüns sa lpbdil bl Lkubt Yabf-_apnrt ?==9). Bl
avlbulidùe sa puaka ing pbat pbatlr
lr ine ntrls gakdkls kdsaülkls pnr Lija eolij3 bl ae-
travdstll s ag dkdrdhdkl
travdst dkdrdhdkl Yagdstruiturak Ibdedilb Detarvdaw fnr Ijdbkrae lek Lknbasiaets
(YIDIL0 GiIneluhjy y Lijaeolij, ?==<), ab fnrgublrdn ka nosarvlidùe kdraitl Kdrait
Nosarvltdne Fnrg (KNF0 Lijaeolij, <4:60 GiIneluhjy, Lijaeolij y Haet, <4::) y

ab ka nosarvlidùe
nosarvlidù
sarvltdne e ka
Fnrg ([NF0 ingpnrtlgdaetn kurleta bl <444).
GiIneluhjy y Lijaeolij, lkg dedstr lidùe ka ue tast, [ast No
dedstrlidùe
Ka liuarkn ine bl varsdùe, bl iletdklk ka prahuetls vlrçl lbrakaknr ka <==. Ya
lhruple sahóe kdstdetns sçekrngas3 Lesdnsn/Kaprdgdkn, Ldsblkn/Kaprdgdkn, \uacls

8? . KA BL DHBAYDL

Yngìtdils, ]rnobagls Ynidlbas, ]rnobagls ka ]aeslgdaetn, ]rnobagls Ltaeidn-

elbas, Ingpnrtlgdaetn ka _upturl ka _ahbls, Ingpnrtlgdaetn Lhrasdvn y Ntrns
 prnobagls. Axdstae g akdkls ae rablidùe ine bl ing pataeid
pataeidll snidlb, asinblr
asinblr y ka li-
tdtdvdklkas,
vdklkas, lsç ingn tras gakdkls h bnolb
bnolbas3
as3 [ntlb ka Inek uitls ]rnobagìtdils, Ine-
kuitls Detarelbdzletas
Detarelbdzletas y Inek uitls Axtarelbdzletas. Lkagìs a s pnsdoba ilbiublr pue-
tlcas olslkns ae kdlheùstdins ka liuarkn ine ab Gleulb Kdlheùstdin y Astlkçstdin ka
bns [rlstnrens Gaetlbas, Iulrtl Akdidùe (KYG -DV0 Lg ardile ]syij dltrdi
I ulrtl Akdidùe dltrdi Lssnidltdne,
Lssnidltdne,
<44;)3 ]rnobagls Lfaitdvns, ]rnobagls ka Lesdaklk, ]rnobagls Yngìtdins, ]rnoba-
gls ka Käfdidt ka Ltaeidùe/Jdparlitdvdklk, ]rnobagls ka Kaslfdleta Npnsdidnedstl,
]rnobagls ka Inekuitl. Astns óbtdgns fuarne kdsaülkns gakdleta cudidn axpartn. Bns
puetlcas
puetlc as orutns notaedkns sa trlesfnrgle a e puetlcas [ n ae pariaetdbas
pariaetdbas sahó e enr-

GIG vLiju=e a
LYAOL - IOIB
Lijaeolij Yystag nf Agpdrdilbby Olsak Lssassgaet -
Ijdbk Oajlvdnr Ijai`bdst

Frlecl atlrdl qua lolril3 ka < lün y gakdn l <: lüns.

[dagpn ka lkgdedstrlidùe3 <= l <1 gdeutns.

[asts/suotasts
[asts/suotasts qua bl ing pneae3 en axdstae suotasts, sden kdstdetls varsdneas
ka liuarkn ine ab defnrgleta y bl aklk kab avlbulkn. Bl varsdùe IOIBC<<?-1
tdaea 44 çtags y bl IOIB/6-<: iuaetl ine <<9 çtags.

]uetulidneas qua sa notdaeae3 ae lgols varsdneas sa puakae notaear tras ga-

kdkls hbnolbas3 [ntlb ka inekuitls prnobagìtdils, Inekuitls detarelbdzletas y
Inekuitls axtarelbdzletas. ]lrl bl IOIB/<<?-1 bns sçekrngas avlbulkns sne3
_alitdvdklk Agnidnelb, Lesdnsn/Kaprdgdkn, \uacls Yngìtdils, Ldsblgdaetn, ]rn-
obagls kab Yuaün, ]rnobagls Ltaeidnelbas, Ingpnrtlgdaetn Lhrasdvn. Ae ab
ilsn ka bl IOIB/6-<: sa notdaea3 ue puetlca ka Ingpataeidl [ntlb n sus plr-
idlbas ka Litdvdklkas, Ynidlb, Asiuabl0 puetlcas ka kdstdetns sçekrngas Lesdnsn/
Kaprdgdkn, Ldsblkn/Kaprdgdkn, \uacls Yngìtdils, ]rnobagls Ynidlbas, ]rnoba-
gls ka ]aeslgdaetn, ]rnobagls Ltaeidnelbas, Ingpnrtlgdaetn ka _upturl ka
_ahbls, Ingpnrtlgdaetn Lhrasdvn y Ntrns prnobagls0 y puetlcas olslkns ae ab
KYG-DV
KYG-D V kaengdelkns ]rnobagls Lfaitdvns, ]rnobagls ka Lesdaklk, ]rnobagls
Yngìtdins, ]rnobagls ka Käfdidt ka Ltaeidùe/Jdparlitdvdklk, ]rnobagls ka Ka-
slfdleta Npnsdidnedstl, ]rnobagls ka Inekuitl.

Kltns ka bl puobdilidùe3
Lijaeolij, [. G. y _asinrbl, B. L. (?===). Gleulb fnr tja LYAOL
LYAOL prasijnnb
fnrgs lek prnfdbas, Ourbdehtne, Qedvarsdty nf Vargnet.
Lijaeolij, [. G. y _asinrbl, B. L. (?==<). Gleulb fnr tja LYAOL sijnnb-lha
fnrgs lek prnfdbas, Ourbdehtne, Qedvarsdty nf Vargnet.

Kltns ka bl lklptlidùe lrhaetdel3

Ylgledahn, V. I. (?==:). "Ab Ijdbk Oajlvdnr Ijai`bdst3 su astleklrdzlidùe ae pn-
oblidùe urolel lrhaetdel , _avdstl ka ]sdinbnhçl QIL, ;(:), <<9-<9=.

DEY[_QGAE[NY ]L_L BL AVLBQLIDÙE ]YDINBÙHDIL AE EDÜNY 89

 
gls kdsaülkls ka liuarkn ine bl aklk y a b saxn ka bns avlbulkns. Ab snft snftwlra
wlra ine ab
qua sa ilbiub
ilbiuble
le bns pue tlcas
tlcas parg dtdtaa uel ingplrlidùe aetra g óbtdpbas
óbtdpbas fuaetas.
Bl sabaiidùe ka bns çtags
çtags qua in gpne ae ab LYAOL sdhudù uel astrltahd
astrltahdll kaeng d-
elkl onttng-up ae bl qua sa tastal uel hrle iletdklk ka abagaetns qua sne puetul-
kns pnr vlrdns avlbulknras y sa vle sabaiidnelek n sahóe su pnkar ka kdsirdgdelidùe
aetra edüns ine y sde
sde prnobagls ka lk lptlidùe (_ayenbks y @lgpjl us, ?==9l). Lka-
gìs, bls asilbls fuarne kardvlkls ka leìbdsds agpçrdins gakdleta astukdns flitnrdlbas.
Bl g uastrl plrl bbll lklptlidùe astlknuedkaesa k a bl IOIB/<<d?-1
IOIB/<<d?-1 fua ka 8== edüns
y bl ka bl IOIB/6-<: astuvn ingpuastl pnr gìs ka <8==. Astlol inestdtudkl pnr
dekdvdkuns sde trlstnrens g aetlbas pnr bn qua bls ing plrlidneas ine abbls
dekdvdkuns abbls parg dtae
dtae
avlbulr kasvdlidneas
kasvdlidneas raspaitn ka bn asparlkn. Ae iu letn l sus avdkaeidls ka vlbdkaz,
lkag ìs ka bns astukdns ka vlbdkaz kd
kdsirdgdeleta
sirdgdeleta gaei dnelkns, sa afaitulrne leìbdsds
leìbdsds
flitnrdlbas y ka vlbdkaz inevarhaeta y kdvarhaeta ine ntrls gakdkls. B
Bns
ns astukdns
ka i nefdlodbdklk
nefdlodbdklk deibuyarne leìbdsds ka ine sdstaeidl detarel, tast-ratast
tast-ratast y in efdlodb
efdlodbdklk
dklk
aetra avlbulknras (Frdi`, Olrry y @lgpjlus, ?=<=).
Asta sdstagl ka avlbulidùe
avlbulidùe fua lklptlkn ae g uijns plçsas (Oäruoä y Lijaeolij ,
?==9). Ae Lrhaetdel, Ylgledahn (?==:) lklptù bl IOIB ‛ varsdùe
varsdùe kdrdhdkl
kdrdhdkl l plkras‛,
ae bl qua sa astukdlrne bns çtags inrraspnekdaetas l prnobagls ka inekuitl. Yu
lklptlidùe deibuyù uel guastrl lbaltnrdl ka ?;= ilsns y leìbdsds ka vlbdkaz kdsird-
gdel eta, inesdstaeidl detarel, tast-ratast,
tast-ratast, liuarkn ae tra plkras y astlodbdklk l blrhn
pblzn.

6.?. Ab OLYI

Ntrn sdstag
sdstag l ka lg pbdn
pbdn usn ae bl avlbulidùe
avlbulidùe ing pnrtlgaetlb ka edüns as ab O a -
jlvdnr Lssassg aet Yystag fnr Ijdb krae (OLYN0 _ayenbks y @lgpjlus, <44:). Kaska
Ijdbkrae
ue aefnqua gubtdkdgaesdnelb y gubtdgätnkn prataeka avlbulr pnsdobas trlstnrens
agnidnelbas y ka ingpnrtlgdaetn ae edüns. Litulbgaeta sa aeiuaetrl vdhaeta bl
tariarl varsdùe kab sdstagl OLYI-9 (_ayenbks y @lgpjlus, ?=<1) qua fua litulbd-

zlkl
ka bnska liuarkn ine
[rlstnrens bns euavns
G aetlbas, \udetlbdealgdaetns
Akdid kab10 Gle
ùe (KYG
Akdidùe ulb Kdlheùstdin y Astlkçstd
Lg ardile ]syijdltrdi Astlkçstdin
in
]syijdltrdi Lssnidltdne,
?=<9). Lolril axlg delkns ka aetra ? y ?1 lüns ka akl k, lkagìs ka deklhlr snora
inekuitls prnobagìtdils, ab OLYI-9 avlból ine kuitls lkl ptlt ptltdvls
dvls y fnrt
fnrtlbazls.
lbazls. Ae
rablidùe
rablidùe ine abbn,
abbn, iloa kastlilr bn saülblkn pn r _ayenbks y @lg pjlus (?==9l), quda-
eas dekdilrne qua bns lspaitns lklptltdvns sne gacnras prakditnras kab lcusta kab
edün ae inetaxtns ing n ab asinblr ae ingplrlidùe ine bns kasl klptltdvns.
[lb ingn ab LYAOL, ab OLYN-9 astì ingpuastn pnr vlrdls varsdneas plrl uslr
ine kdfaraetas defnrgletas y kdstdetns gätnkns ka rainbaiidùe ka kltns. Bls tras
ltdeh Y ilbas ([_Y) plrl uslr ine g lastrns, bbll ]lraet
prdeidplbas sne3 bl [alijar _ ltdeh
_ltdeh Yilbas (]_Y ) kdrdhdkl
kdrdhdkl l bns plkras y ab Yabf-_apnrt nf ]arsne lbdt
lbdtyy (Y_]), uel
ga kdkl ka lu tnrrapnrt
tnrrapnrtaa plrl ab edün qua puaka u tdtdbdbdzlrsa
zlrsa l plrtdr ka bbns
ns : lü ns. [lg-
odäe sa puaka raiurrdr l ntrls jarrlgdaetls ka avlbulidùe ingpbagaetlrdl3 bl Ytrui-
turak Kavabnpgaetlb Jdstnry (YKJ) qua sa utdbdzl plrl notaear kltns snidnkagn-
hrìfdins n avnbutdvns aetravdstlekn haearlbgaeta plrl abbn l bns plkras0 ab Ytukaet
Nosarvltdne Yystag (YNY) as ue gätnkn ka rahdstrn y iblsdfdilidùe nosarvlidnelb
ka ingpnrtlgdaetns kaetrn kab lubl0 ab ]lraetdeh _a bltdnesjdp
bltdnesjdp \u astdneeldra (]_\)
astdneeldra

8; . KA BL DHBAYDL
 

F h © G e V D I J P dG
dG L 8

OLYI 9
Oajlvdnr Lssassgaet Yystag fnr Ijdbkrae - 9

Frlecl atlrdl qua lolril3 ka ? l ?1 lüns.

[dagpn ka lkgdedstrlidùe3 bl [_Y sa lkgdedstrl ae <=-?= gdeutns0 bl ]_Y, ae

<=-?= gdeutns y bl Y_], ae 9= gdeutns.

[asts/suotasts qua bl ingpneae3 en iuaetl ine suotasts, sùbn ine kdstdetls

varsdneas ka bl gdsgl asilbl. Bl [_Y astì ingpuastl pnr <=1-<61 çtags, bl
]_Y iuaetl ine <94-<81 çtags.

]uetulidneas qua sa notdaeae3 bl [_Y y bl ]_Y pargdtae ab iìbiubn ka kdstde-

tls asilbls ibçedils (Lhrasdùe, Lesdaklk, ]rnobagls Ltaeidnelbas, Ltdpdidklk,
]rnobagls ka Inekuitl, Kaprasdùe, Jdparlitdvdklk, ]rnobagls ka Lpraekdzlca,
Yngltdzlidùe, Ldsblgdaetn), asilbls lklptltdvls (Litdvdklkas ka bl Vdkl Kdlrdl,
Lklptlodbdklk, Inguedilidùe Fueidnelb, Bdkarlzhn, Jlodbdklkas Ynidlbas, Jlod-
bdklkas ka Astukdn), asilbls ka inetaedkn (Inetrnb ka bl Drl, Oubbydeh, [rlstnr-
ens kab Kaslrrnbbn Ynidlb, Lutninetrnb Agnidnelb, Fueidnelgdaetn Acaiutdvn,
Agnidnelbdklk Eahltdvl,
Eahltdvl, _asdbdaeidl). Ine abbls sa puakae ilbiublr ue Çekdia ka
Yçetngls Ingpnrtlgaetlbas y bns sdhudaetas puetlcas ingpuastns3 ]rnobagls
Axtarelbdzletas, ]rnobagls Detarelbdzletas, ]rnobagls Asinblras (sùbn plrl [_Y)
y Jlodbdklkas Lklptltdvls. Lkagìs sa puakae ilbiublr çekdias ka vlbdkaz (Çekdia
F, Çekdia ka Inesdstaeidl, Eógarn ka Çtags Ngdtdkns/En Ilbiublobas, ]ltrneas
ka _aspuastl), çekdias ka prnolodbdklk ibçedil (Çekdia ka ]rnolodbdklk Ibçedil,
Çekdia ka ]rnolodbdklk ka [rlstnren Agnidnelb Ingpnrtlgaetlb, Çekdia ka ]rn-
olodbdklk ka Lutdsgn, Çekdia ka ]rnolodbdklk ka LKJK, Çekdia ka ]rnolodbdklk
ka Fueidnelgdaetn Kafdidaeta), çekdias ka fueidnelgdaetn acaiutdvn (Çekdia ka
_asnbuidùe ka ]rnobagls, Çekdia ka Inetrnb Ltaeidnelb, Çekdia ka Inetrnb Ing-

pnrtlgaetlb, Çekdia ka Inetrnb Agnidnelb, Çekdia

Haearlb). Ç ekdia ka Fueidnelgdaetn Acaiutdvn
Ine bl Y_Y as pnsdoba ilbiublr puetlcas kdstdetls asilbls ibçedils y lklptltdvls
(Lousn kab Lbinjnb, Lesdaklk, ]rnobagls Ltaeidnelbas, Litdtuk jlidl bl Asiuabl,
Litdtuk jlidl bns Glastrns, Ltdpdidklk, Kaprasdùe, Jdparlitdvdklk, _ablidneas De-
tarparsnelbas, Bnius ka Inetrnb, _ablidùe ine bns ]lkras, Kaslcusta Asinblr,
Lutnastdgl, Dekapaekaeidl, Oósquakl ka Yaeslidneas, Yaetdgdaetns ka Delka-
iulidùe, Asträs Ynidlb, Yngltdzlidùe), asilbls ka inetaedkn
i netaedkn (Inetrnb ka bl Drl,
Fuarzl kab Tn, Gleçl, Lesdaklk leta bns Axìgaeas). Abbls pargdtae ilbiublr kds-
tdetns puetlcas ingpuastns3 Yçetngls Agnidnelbas, Deltaeidùe/Jdparlitdvdklk,
]rnobagls Detarelbdzletas, Lcusta ]arsnelb, ]rnobagls Asinblras, y ue çekdia
ibçedin3 ab Çekdia ka Fueidnelgdaetn Kafdidaeta. [lgodäe iuaetl ine çekdias ka
vlbdkaz3 F, B y V, inesdstaeidl y pltrneas ka raspuastl.

Kltns ka bl puob
puobdilidùe3
dilidùe3
_ayenbks, I. _. y @lgpjlus, _. X. (?=<1). Oajlvdnr Lssassgaet Yystag fnr
Ijdbkrae, 9k ak., Yle Letnedn, [Z, ]syijnbnhdilb Inrpnrltdne.

Kltns ka bl lklptlidùe lrhaetdel3

 Luequa axdstae varsdneas ae asplünb, lóe en iuaetl ine uel lklptlidùe lr-
haetdel.

DEY[_QGAE[NY ]L_L BL AVLBQLIDÙE ]YDINBÙHDIL AE EDÜNY 81

sdrva plrl deklhlr liaril kab vçeiubn aetra bns plkras y ab edün0 ab Oajlvdnrlb lek
Yiraaedeh Yystag (OAYY) as uel jarrlgdaet
Agntdnelb Yiraaedeh jarrlgdaetll ka siraaedeh plrl avlbulr
rdashn ka prnobagls agnidnelbas y ingpnrtlgaetlb
ingpnrtlgaetlbas0
as0 y bns Fbax Gnedtnr y Fdxak
Gnedtnrdeh Fnrgs sa agpbale plrl gnedtnralr bl avnbuidùe kab avlbulkn l bn blrhn

ka
susue parçnkn ka tdagpn.
jarrlgdaetls Luequa
ingpneae
ingpneaetas axdstae
tas lóe varsdneas
en iuaetle ineaelklptlidneas
asplünb, ab OLYI-9
plrl suyusn
tnkls
ae
pnoblidùe lrhae tdel.
Ilkl u el ka a bbbbls
ls l bl vaz tdaea
tdaea varsdneas ka l iuarkn ine bl aklk kab avlbulkn.
Ae ab OLYI-9, tletn bl bl [_Y ing n bl ]_Y sa prasaetle ae varsdneas
varsdneas plrl edüns ka ? l
1 lüns, ntrl plrl edüns ka 6 l << lün s y ntrl plrl lknbasiaetas ka <? l ?< l üns. Bl
Y_] , pnr ntrl
ntrl plrt
plrta,
a, pnsaa kns varsdneas3 uel plrl edüns ka ae tra : y << lüns, uel
plrl lknbasiaetas ka <? l ?< l üns y n trl plrl astukdletas
astukdletas uedvarsdtlrdns
uedvarsdtlrdns ka aetra <: y
?1 lüns. Yu lkg dedstrlidùe pargdta ab iìbiubn ka kdstd
kdstdetls
etls asilbls ibçedils, lklptltdvls
y ka ine taedkn qua puak ae varsa ae bl Fdijl [äiedil 8. Ine abbls as pnsdoba ilbiub
ilbiublr
lr
kdstdetns çekdias gìs hbnol bas y asilbls ka vl bdkaz plrl deklhlr liaril ka bl vdlodbdklk
ae bl detarpratlidùe
detarpratlidùe kab prntninbn. As kaidr, sa notdaeae g akdkls plrl ine sdkarlr bl kds-
tnrsdùe
gaeta. ka raspuastl
Lkag y bline
ìs iuaetl pnsdodbdklk
çtçtags ka
ags irç
irçtd quaplrl
tdins
ins ab defnrgleta jlyl inetastlkn
kataitlr lspaitns l bns quakasiudklkl-
sa kaodarl
prastlr
prast lr gly nr ltaeidùe. [let
[letnn bns puetlcas ingpuastns ing n bls g akdkls plridlb
plridlbas
as sa
detarpratle
detarpratle ga kdleta puetlcas [ (gakdl ka 1= y kasvdlidùe astìeklr ka <=).
Ab sdstagl OL YN fua kas lrrnbb
lrrnbblkn
lkn sdhudaekn ue irdtardn gdxtn ‛ag pçrd
pçrdin
in y taùrdin‛.
Bl astleklrdzlidùe kab OLYI-9 ae pnoblidùe astlknuedkaesa sa kastlil kaodkn l
qua sa ralbdzù snora guastrl lbaltnrdzlkl ka gìs ka <:.=== dekdvdkuns. Bls kdstde-
tls varsdneas jle notaedkn lka iulkls av dkaeidls ka astlodb
astlodbdklk
dklk ka bls puetulidneas
ga kdleta tast-ratast,
tast-ratast, inesdst
inesdstaeidl
aeidl detarel, ka vlbd
vlbdkaz
kaz inevarhaeta, inei urraeta, kds-
irdgdeleta y ka inetaedkn (_lgsly, _ayenbks y @lgpjlus, ?==?0 _ayenbks, ?=<10
_ayenbks y @lg pjlus, ?==9l). Luequa axdstae lbhuels varsdneas ae asplünb, lóe en
sa jl kaslrrnbblkn
kaslrrnbblkn uel l klptlidù
klptlidùee lrhaetdel.

6 9 Ab devaetlrdn ka parsnelbdklk ]DI

Axdsta ue hrle ka olta ae tnren l sd as lprnpdlkn

lprnpdlkn rafardr
rafardrsa
sa l rlshns ka parsnel bd-
bd-
klk a e pnoblidùe defletd
defletdbb kaodkn l qua sa inesdkarl qua bns edüns sa aeiuae trle ae
uel atlpl avn butd
butdvl
vl ae bl qua ló e lqua bblbbl en sa jl kafded
kafdedkn
kn y as g uy vlrdloba. Ya jl
rauedkn lbhuel avdkaeidl qua dekdil qua lu equa asl vlrdlodbdklk
vlrdlodbdklk axdsta, yl qua lbhu-
ens rlshns en sa astlodbdzlr
astlodbdzlrìe
ìe j lstl bl lkubtaz (Ilspd y _noarts, ?==<), plrl lbhuens
lutnras ästns sne plsdobas ka gakdrsa ae pnoblidùe defletdb y, sahóe asta aefnqua,
sa inestdtuyae ingn ue inestruitn ka sugn detaräs (Yl`bnfs`a, Cnyia, Yub`nws`d y
Ibdgda, ?=<9).
 Qe devaetlrdn kaslrrnbblkn aspaiçfdilgaeta ine asta fde as ab ]arsnelbdt
]arsnelbdtyy bevae-
tnry fnr Ijdbkrae (]DI0 X drt
drt,, Blijlr, @bdeakdest,
@bdeakdest, y Yalt, <488). Kaska uel parspaitdvl
gu btbtdkd
dkdga
ga esdnelb bns lutnras sa prnpus darne avlbulr kaslcusta ae kdstdetns
kdstdetns lspaitns3
ingpnrtlgdaetns kdsruptdvns, glbastlr psdinbùhdin, lcusta snidlb, lcusta flgdbdlr, ka-
slrrnbbn inhedtdvn y ingpnrtlgdaetns asinblras. Bl varsdùe vdhaeta as bl ]DI-? (Blijlr
y Hruoar, ?==<) y prataeka avlbulr lcusta ingpnrtlgaetlb, agnidnelb, inhedtdvn a
detarparsnelb ae edüns y lknbasiaetas ka aetra 1 y <4 lü ns. Bl detahrle tras kdstdetns
kdstdetns

8 6 . KA BL DHBAYDL

 
_ I J d b V DI
DI J J I L R

]DI ?
]arsnelbdty Devaetnry fnr Ijdbkrae - ?

Frlecl atlrdl qua lolril3 ka 1 l <4 lüns.

[dagpn ka lkgdedstrlidùe3 bl ]DI-? bbavl ;= gdeutns0 bl ]DT, ;1 gdeutns y bl

YOY, <1 gdeutns.

[asts/suotasts
[asts/suotasts qua bl ingpneae3 bl ]DI-? as uel óedil asilbl ka ?81 çtags, bl
]DT tdaea ?:= çtags y bl YOY tdaea <=? çtags.

]uetulidneas qua sa notdaeae3 bl ]DI-? iuaetl ine bls asilbls Käfdidt Inhed-
tdvn (Jlodbdklkas Delkaiulkls, _aekdgdaetn ]nora, _atrlsn ae ab Kaslrrnbbn),
Dgpubsdvdklk y Kdstrlitdodbdklk (Ingpnrtlgdaetn Kdsruptdvn, Detrapdkaz), Kabde-
iuaeidl (Inekuitls Letdsnidlbas, Kasinetrnb, Kasnoakdaeidl), Kdsfueidùe Flgd-
bdlr (Inefbditn aetra bns Gdagorns, Kaslcusta ]lraetlb), Kdstnrsdùe ka bl ralbdklk
(Kasvdlidùe ae ab Kaslrrnbbn, Lbuidelidneas y Kabdrdns), ]raniuplidùe sngìtdil
(]raniuplidùe ]sdinsngìtdil,
]sdinsngìtdil, [aesdùe Gusiublr y Lesdaklk), Glbastlr ]sdin-
bùhdin (Gdakn y ]raniuplidùe, Kaprasdùe, ]rnobagls kab Yuaün/]raniuplidùe
pnr bl Guarta), Ldsblgdaetn Ynidlb (Detrnvarsdùe Ynidlb, Ldsblgdaetn) y Jlodbdklkas
Ynidlbas Kafdidtlrdls (Astltus aetra ]lras Bdgdtlkn, Inefbditn ine ]lras). Bl ]DT
deibuya bls asilbls Käfdidt Inhedtdvn (_aekdgdaetn ]nora y Gagnrdl, Jlodbdklkas
Delkaiulkls, ]rnobagls ka Lpraekdzlca), Dgpubsdvdklk y Kdstrlitdodbdklk (Dgpa-
tunsdklk, Kdstrlitdodbdklk/Ynoralitdv
Kdstrlitdodbdklk/Ynoralitdvdklk,
dklk, Dgpubsdvdklk),
Dgpubsdvdklk), Kabdeiuaeidl (Inekui-
tls Letdsnidlbas, Kasinetrnb, Kasnoakdaeidl), Kdsfueidùe Flgdbdlr (Inefbditn aetra
]lkra a Jdcn, Kaslcusta ]lraetlb, Kdsinrkdl Glrdtlb), Kdst
Kdstnrsdùe
nrsdùe ka bl _albdklk

(Yaetdgdaetns ka Lbdaelidùe,
(Yçekrnga ]sdinsngìtdin, Lbuidelidneas
[aesdùe Gusiublry yKabdrdns),
Lesdaklk, ]raniuplidùe Yngìtdil
]raniuplidùe pnr bls
Aefargaklkas), Glbastlr ]sdinbùhdin (Gdakn y ]raniuplidùe, Kaprasdùe, ]rnoba-
gls kab Yuaün), Ldsblgdaetn Ynidlb (Detrnvarsdùe
(Detrnvars dùe Ynidlb, Ldsblgdaetn), Jlodbdklkas
Ynidlbas Kafdidtlrdls (Astltus aetra ]lras Bdgdtlkn, Inefbditn ine ]lras). Bl YOY
iuaetl ine bls asilbls _aekdgdaetn
_aek dgdaetn Lilkägdin, Jìodtns Lilkägdins, Jlodbdkl-
kas Ynidlbas, ]lrtdidplidùe ka bns ]lkras, ]raniuplidneas snora bl Ylbuk, Kds-
träs Agnidnelb, Ingpnrtlgdaetn Deusulb, ]rnobagls Ynidlbas, Lhrasdùe Varolb,
Lhrasdùe Fçsdil, ]rnobagls ka Ingpnrtlgdaetn, Käfdidt ka Ltaeidùe/Jdparlitdvd-
klk, Kaslfdleta Npnsdidnedstl y ]rnobagls ka Inekuitl.
 Kltns ka bl puob
puobdilidùe3
dilidùe3
Blijlr, K. y Hruoar, I.]. (<449). "Kavabnpgaet nf tja ]arsnelbdty Devaetnry fnr
Tnutj3 L sabf-rapnrt ingpledne tn tja ]arsnelbdty Devaetnry fnr Ijdbkrae",
Cnurelb nf ]arsnelbdty Lssassgaet, 6<, :<-4:.
Blijlr, K. y Hruoar, I.]. (?==<). ]arsnelbdty Devaetnry fnr Ijdbkrae Yainek Akd-
tdne ]DI-?) Ytleklrk Fnrg lek Oajlvdnrlb Yugglry gleulb,gleulb, Bns Ìehab
Ìehabas,
as,
Xastare ]syijnbnhdilb Yarvdias.
Blijlr, K. Xdehaefabk, Y.L., @bdea, _.O. y Hruoar, I.]. (?===). Ytukaet Oajlvdnr
Yurvay gleulb, Bns Ìehabas, Xastare ]syijnbnhdilb Yarvdias.

Kltns ka bl lklptlidùe lrhaetdel3

En iuaetl ine uel lklptlidùe lrhaetdel.

DEY[_QGA
DEY[_QGA E[NY ]L_ L BL AVLBQLIDÙE ]YDINBÙ
]YDINBÙHDIL
HDIL AE EDÜNY 8

devaetlrdns. Bl varsdùe prdeidplb as lquabbl raspnekdkl pnr bns plkras (]DI-?), qua sa
ingpbagaetl ine ab ]arsnelbdty bevaetnry nf Tnutj (]DT0 Blijlr y Hruoar, <449) y ab
Ytukaet Oajlvdnr Yurvay (YOY0 Blijlr, X dehaefab
dehaefabk,
k, @bd
@bdea
ea y H ruoar, ?===). Edehuel
ka astls varsd
varsdneas
neas p nsaa lk lptlidùe bnilb lrhaet
lrhaetdel.
del.
Bl ]DI-? iuaetl ine ?81 frlsas qua fuarne litulbdzlkls ae iuletn l su ineta-
edkn plrl qua rasubtlrle gìs ingpraesdobas, iuordarle glynr iletdklk ka lspai-
tns y fuarle gìs saesdobas l bns in
inetaxtns
etaxtns snidlbas y flg
flgdbdlras
dbdlras litulbas _ayenbks
y @lgpjlur, ?==9l). Deibuya ?< suoasilbls qua sa lhruple ae euava asilbls ka
lcusta. As pnsdoba lkgdedstrlr bl asilbl ingpbatl, ka ?81 çtags, n bl varsdùe orava
bblglkl Oajlvdnrlb Yugglry qua ines tl ka bns prdgarns 46 ralitdvns ka bl letardnr.
]nr ntrl plrta, bl ]DT deibuya ?:= çtags y tlgodäe puaka lkgdedst
lkgdedstrlrsa
rlrsa su fnrgl lora-
vdlkl, qua inetagpbl sùbn bns prdgarns := çtags. Yu frlecl atlrdl as ue pnin gìs
rakuidkl yl qua ab pdsn sa jl astlobaidkn ae bns 4 lüns ine taijn ae bns <4 lüns.
[letn bl ]DI -? ing n bl ]DT deinrpnrle asilbls ka vlbdkaz plrl vardfd
vardfdilr
ilr bl detarprat
detarpratl-
l-
odbdklk kab prntninbn3 bls asilbls Deinesdstaeidl, Ydgublidùe y Kafaesdvdklk. Bns çtags
deibudkns
deibud kns ae bl YO Y en a stìe rablid
rablidnelkn
nelkn s ine bns kab ]DI-? ed ine bns kab ]DT. Astl
varsdùe
varsd ùe sa kdsaüù pl rl sar ingpbatlkl pnr bns kniaetas ka liuarkn ine sus nosarvl-
idneas liaril ka bns ing pnrtlgdaet
pnrtlgdaetnsns kab edün ae bl asiuabl.
Bns puetlcas orutns sa trlsfnrgle ae p uetlcas [, qua sne detarpratlkns
detarpratlkns sahóe uel
gakdl ka 1= y uel kasvdlidùe astìeklr ka < = y kdfaraeidlkns pnr aklk y saxn. Bls
astleklrdzlidneas
astleklrd zlidneas ka bls tras varsd
varsdneas
neas inetlrne ine gu astrls eugarnsls ‛ gìs ka
kns g db ilsns ae tnkls abbls‛. Yus astukdns psdingätrdins deibuyarne inrrablidneas
inrrablidneas
çtag-asilbl, inesdstaeidl detarel, astlodbdklk
astlodbdklk tagpnrlb g akdleta tast-ratast
tast-ratast,, inesds-
taeidl aetra defnrgletas y aetra avlbulknras, leìbdsds ka ingpneaetas prdeidplbas,
vlbdkaz ineiurraeta, vlbdkaz kdsirdgdeleta (Blijlr, ?==;).
Ae bl Lrhaetdel, sa kaslrrnbblrne destrugaetns plrl bl avlbulidùe ka parsnelbd-
klk ae edüns. Iupled y _ ulrta (?==:), pnr acagpbn, astukdlrne
astukdlrne ab Iuastdnelrdn ka bns
Idein Flitnras plrl Edüns OF\-I), qua as uel gakdkl olslkl ae ab gnkabn ka
parsnelbdklk dh Fdva plrl lknbasiaetas ka <9 l <1 lüns, y Bagns (?==;) inestruyù
 ab Iuastdnelrdn ]arsnelbdklk Defletdb (IL]D) qua avlból kaska ab gdsgn
rhaetden ka ]arsnelbdklk
gnkabn bl frlecl kaska bns 6 l bns : lüns.

6.;. Ntrns
Ntrns destrugaetns p lrl bl avlbulidùe agn idnelb
ing pnrtlgaetlb y snidlb

Lkagìs ka bns gaeidnelkns, axdsta uel lgpbdl vlrdaklk ka destrugaetns ine

lonrklcas gìs n gaens aspaiçfdins plrl bl avlbulidùe ka lspaitns agnidnelbas,

inekuitulbas y snidlbas ae edüns. Ya suaba raiurrdr, pnr acagpbn l aetravdstls astrui-
turlkls ingn bl Kdlhenstdi Detarvdaw Yijakuba fnr Ijdbkrae (KDYI-DV0 Yjlffar, Fdsjar,
Buils, Kubile y Yijw lo-Ytnea, ?===) olslkl ae bns irdtar
irdtardns
dns kdlheùst
kdlheùstdins
dins kab KYG-
DV-[_. Ae Lrhaetdel sa kaslrrnbbù bl Aetravdstl plrl bl Avlbulidùe Kdlheùstdil Defletdb
(AAKD) olslkl ae ab KYG1 (Qrdab
(Qrdab,, Yijadesnje, Oaiarrl y K Leel, ?=<6), qua sa pra-
saetl ae astl norl. Astl as uel aetravdstl astruiturlkl olslkl ae bns irdtardns kab
KYG 1 qua sa lonrklrì ae asta bdorn, ae ab Ilpçt
Ilpçtubn
ubn ;.
Aetra bls prnkuiidneas bnilbas tlgodäe pnkagns uodilr gubtdpbdidklk ka des-
trugaetns inestrudkns aspaidlbgaeta plrl su usn ae pnoblidùe defletdb lrhaetdel y

8: . KA BL DHBAYDL

lklptlidneas ka destrugaetns prnvaedaetas ka ntrns plçsas. Axdstae asilbls plrl

defletdbb (_nkrçhuaz at lb., ?==1), ingpnrtlgdaetn (Gnbdel, Ilbarn y
ga kdr kaslrrnbbn defletd
_ldguekd, ?=<90 _ayel y Orussden, ?==4), lhrasdùe fçsdil, varolb y rablidnelb (Iuabbn y
Nrns, ?= <9), axpaitltdvls pnsdtd
pnsdtdvls
vls y eahltdvls jlidl ab lbinjnb (]dblttd
(]dblttd,, Hnkny y O rus-
sden, ?=<= ), litdtukas
litdtukas lbdgaetlrdls (Abdzltja,
(Abdzltja, Gu rlws`d, Lrlel, Kdaz, Gdrliin y _ utsz-
tade, ?=<=0 Abdzltja, Gurlws`d, Lrlel, y _ utsztade,
utsztade, ?=< ?), kasalodbdklk
kasalodbdklk snidlb (Bagns,
?==6 ), rlznelgdaetn prnsnidlb (Bagns y _dijluk ka Gdezd, ?=<=), fnrtlbazls
fnrtlbazls y vdrtukas
vdrtukas
(Hrdejluz y I lstrn
lstrn Y nblen, ?=<;), agnidneas p nsdt nsdtdvls
dvls (Nrns, ?=<;), bl pariapidùe
ka bns edüns liaril ka bl rablidùe ine sus plkras (_dijluk ka Gdezd, ?==8), lpnyn
snidlb paridodkn (_nkrçhuaz Aspçenbl, ?=<< ), vçeiubns lgdstnsns (_nkrçhuaz, _a satt,
Hrdeùvarn y Gnraen, ?=<1), jlodbdklkas snidlbas (Bliuezl, Ilstrn Ynblen y Inetded
ka H nezìbaz, ?==4), paeslg daetn iraltdvn
iraltdvn (@rugg , Lrìe Fdbd
Fdbdppattd
ppattd,, Bagns, Lrlehurae
y Vlrhls _ uodblr,
uodblr, ?=<9 0 @rugg , Bagn s y Lrìe Fdbdpattd,
Fdbdpattd, ?=<;), parsnelbdklk iraltdvl
(@rugg y Bagns, ?=<<), fbnw (Gasurlkn, ?==:), lutnastdgl
lutnastdgl (@nrsue y Bag ns, ?==8),
lutnpariapidùe (Gnbdel, _ldguekd, Bùpaz, Iltlbkd y Ouhlbbn, ?=<<), lfrnetlgdaetn
(Hjdhbnea y _dijluk ka Gdezd, ?==40 _dijluk ka Gdezd, ?==60 _dijluk ka G dezd a Dhba-
sdls, ?=<9), aetra ntrns.

8 INEIBQYDNEAY

In eibudgns asta ilp çtub

çtubnn raslbtlekn bl lgpbdl vlrd vlrdaklk
aklk ka destruga etns kdspned-
obas plrl bl a vlbulidùe psdinbùhdil def
defletdb
letdb.. Yd odae sa nosarvl qua detarelidnelbgaeta
ab kaslrrnbbn
kaslrrnbbn as g uy prnbçfd
prnbçfdin,
in, bns hrlekas asfuarzns qua ralbdzle ae eu astrn plçs lb-
huens aqudpns ka devastdhlidùe rlrlgaeta bbahle l bns inbahls ka gnkn glsdvn y
 kdraitn puastn qua parg leaia e ae ab idriudtn idaetç
idaetçfdin.
fdin. Ntrn flitnr qua defbuya
defbuya as a b
asilsn aetraelgdaetn ae devastdhlidùe qua sa raidoa ae bl glynrçl ka bls ilrrarls ka
]sdinbnhçl, qua bbavl l parkar ka vdstl bl eaiasdklk inestleta ka litulbdzlidùe qua
kaoag ns tnglr ing n ue dgparltdvn ätdätdin,
in, pnr ab odae ka euastrns inesubtletas.
Bns destrugaetns kaodklgaeta lklptlkns n inestrudkns ae ab gakdn bnilb, lelbd-
zlkns lkaiulklg aeta ae iuletn l sus prnpdaklkas psdingätrd
psdingätrdils,
ils, pnkrìe sar utdbd-
utdbd-
zlkns ing n ue ing pneae ta gìs kab prniasn ka avl bulidùe psdinbùhdil defletdb
defletdb,, ae ab
qua kao darle inesdkarlrsa ntr
ntrns
ns abagae tns partd
partdeaetas
eaetas qua kae iuaetl ka b inetaxtn
ae ab qua ab edün sa aei uaetrl desartn
desartn lsç ing n defnrglidùe snora su k aslrrnbb
aslrrnbbnn avn-
butdvn.
Ae ab ilsn ka bns tasts qua gdkae lspaitns detabaitulbas ab usn ka olragns li-

tulbd
tulbdzlkns
zlkns lidneas
raingaek a s vdtlb plrl en deiurrdr
ka Fbyee (?=== )aeaeuel avlbulidùe
ùe ine a baafaitn
rablidùe
rablid rrùeal
af sd sabbavl
aitn qua tdaeae
su ae iu aetlAstl
engora. bls
jdpùtasds, sdetätdilgaeta pnstubl qua, ine ab inrrar ka bls lüns, sd utdbdzìrlgns bns
gdsgns olragns plrl ralbdzlr
ralbdzlr bl trlesfnrgli
trlesfnrgli dùe ka pu etlcas orutns l astleklrdzlkns,
bns avlbulkns ka haearlidneas suiasdvls notaekrçle ilkl vaz gacnras puetulidneas
ae bns tasts ka detabdhaeidl, pnr bn qua as eai aslrdn litulbdzlr rahublr
rahublrg
g aeta bls enr-
gl s bnilbas plrl en deiurrdr ae arrnras ing n pnkrçl sar ineibudr qua tnkns bns avl-
bulkns prasaetlrle kasagpaüns axiapidnelbas ingplrlkns ine sus letaiasnras.
Yde ago lrhn, as dgpn rtleta rainrklr qua ab afaitn Fbyee jl sdkn vardfdilkn
vardfdilkn p lrtdiublr-
lrtdiublr-
gae ta ae rablidùe ine bls raspuastls ordeklkls ae tasts ka detabdhaeidl
detabdhaeidl ingpu astns
pnr astçgubns vdsulbas-fdhurltdvns,
vdsulbas-fdhurltdvns, vd
vdeiublkns
eiublkns ine bl ingprae sdùe ka fnrgls lo strla-

DEY[_QGAE[NY ]L_L BL AVLBQLIDÙE ]YDINBÙHDIL AE EDÜNY 84

tls y, pnr aeka, in e bl detabdhaeidl

detabdhaeidl fbfbudkl
udkl ae hae arlidneas suias dvls. Ab ilsn devarsn
ae rablidùe i ne j lodbdklkas
lodbdklkas irdstlbd
irdstlbdzlkls
zlkls en j l sdkn vardfdilkn.
vardfdilkn.
_asubtl dgpardnsn kastlilr bl dgpnrtleidl ka utdbdzlr abagaetns lprnpdlkns ae
tnkns bns ilsns. As pn r abbn
abbn qua lkag ìs ka a stlr ltaetns l sabaiidnelr lquabbl
lquabbl jarrl-
gdaetl lkai ulkl pl rl bl aklk kab avlbulkn, ab prnfasdnelb
prnfasdnelb kaoarì taear uel litdtuk
irçtdil
irçtdil liaril ka bns astukdns psdingätrdins ine bns qua iuaetl ilk l destrugaetn
destrugaetn q ua
abdha, sus lklptlidneas rahdnelbas, lsç ing n pnek arlr sd su lpbdlpbdilidùe
ilidùe a detarpratl-
idùe rasubtle partdeaetas. As raspneslodbdklk ka tnkn avlbulknr gletaearsa pargl-
eaetag aeta litdvn ae bbll oósqu akl ka defnrglidùe liaril ka bls euavls va rsdneas n
lklptlidneas ka bls asilbls kasirdptls, ka euavns astukdns psdingätrdins y enrgl-
tdvns,
tdvns, lsç ing n snora bls euavls p rnpuastls ka avl bulidùe
bulidùe defletdb,
defletdb, inesdkarlekn
inesdkarlekn qua
asta as ue ilg pn ae iraidgdaetn inetd
inetdeun.
eun.

_AFA_AEIDLY ODOBDNH_ÌFDILY
Louslgrl, V., Farraras, L., _ldtar, L., Ka Oaed, _. y Inrenbkd, I. (?=<=). [ast Baar plrl Ing-
ingpraesdùe ka taxtns. Ouaens L dras3
praekar ([BI). Avlbulidùe ka bl ingpraesdùe dras3 ]ldkùs.
Lijaeo lij, [. G. (<4 66). [ja iblssdfdiltd
iblssdfdiltdne
ne nf ijdkrae's psyijdltrdi sygptng s3 L flitnr-lelbytd
flitnr-lelbytdii
stuky. ]syijnbnhdilb Gnenhrlpjs, Haearlb lek Lppbdak, :=(8), <-98.
 Lijaeolij, [. G. (<4:6). [ja Kdrait Nosarvltdne Fnrg nf tja Ijdbk Oajlvdnr Ijai`bdst. (ray.
ak.). Ourbdehtne3 Qedvarsdty
Qedvarsdty nf Varg net, Kaplrtgae t nf ]syijdltry.
Lijaeo lij, [. G. y Akaborni` I. ((<4:6).
<4:6). Gleulb fnr tja [alijar s _apnrt Fnrg lek [alijar
Varsdne nf tja Ijdbk Oajlvdnr ]rnfdba. Ourbdehtne3 Qedvarsdty nf Vargnet, Kaplrtgaet nf
]syijdltry.
Lijaeolij, [. G. y Akaborni`, I. (<48:). [ja iblssdfdiltdne nf ijdbk psyijnpltjnbnhy3 L ravdaw
lek lelbysds nf agpdrdilb affnrts. ]syijnbnhdilb Oubbatde, :1, <?81-<9=<.
]syijnbnhdilb
Lijaeolij, [. G. y A kaborni` I. (<4:8). Gleulb fnr tja Tnutj Yabf-_apnrt lek ]rnfdba. Ourbdeh-
tne3 Qedvarsdty nf Vargnet, Kaplrtgaet nf ]syij dltry.
Lijaeolij, [ . G., GiI neluhjy, Y. J. y J nwabb, I. [. (<4:8). Ijdbk/lknbasiaet
Ijdbk/lknbasiaet oajlvdnrlb
oajlvdnrlb lek
agntdnelb prnobags3 Dgpbdiltdnes nf irnss-defnrglet inrrabltdnes fnr sdtultdnelb spaidfdidty.
]syijnbnhdilb Oubbatde, <=<, ?<9-?9?. knd3<=.<=98/==99-?4=4.<=<.?.?<9
Lijaeolij, [ . G. y _ asinrbl, B. L. (?===). Gleulb fnr tja LYAOL ]rasijnnb Fnrgs lek ]rnfd-
bas. Ourbdehtne3 Qedvarsdty
Qedvarsdty nf Varg net.
Lijae olij, [. G. y _asinrbl, B. L. ((?==
?== <). Gleulb fnr tja LYAOL Yijnnb-lha Fnrgs lek ]rnfd-
bas. Ourbdehtne3 Qedvarsdty
Qedvarsdty nf Varg net.
Lijaeolij, [. G . y _asinrbl, B. ((?==9).
?==9). Gleulb fnr tja LYAOL Lkubt Fnrgs lek ]rnfdbas. Our-
bdehtne3 Qedvarsdty nf Vargnet, _asalrij Iaetar fnr Ijdbkrae, Tnutj, lek Flgdbdas.
Lg ardile ]syijdltrdi Lssnidltd
Lssnidltdne
ne (<44;). Kdlhenstdi lek Ytltdstdilb Gleulb nf Gaetlb Kdsnrkars
;tj ak.). Xlsjdehtne, KI 3 Lutjnr.
Lgardile ]syijdltrdi Lssnidltdne (?=<9). Kdlhenstdi lek Ytltdstdilb Gleulb nf Gaetlb Kdsnrkars
1tj ak.). Xlsjdehtne, KI3 Lutjnr.
Olrrayrn, C. ]. y Fbnras, G. B. (?=<=). [lral ka Lg pbdt
pbdtuk
uk ka N rlidneas Asiuijlkls Vlbdkaz y
 

Fdlodbdklk ka uel tlral ka Ilplidklk ka Gagnrdl ka [rlolcn plrl Edüns. _avdstl L rhaetdel rhaetdel
ka Eaurnpsdinbnhçl,<1, <-<9.
Oai`ar, @. L. (?==9). Jdstnry nf tja Ytlefnrk-Odeat Detabbdhaeia Yilbas3 Inetaet lek ]syijn-
gatrdis (Ytlefnrk-Odeat Detabbdhaeia
Detabbdhaeia Yilbas, Fdftj Ak dtdne
dtdne L ssassg aet Yarvdia O ubbatd
ubbatdee E ½ <).
(tlsil, DB3 _dvarsdka ]uobdsjdeh.
Oäruoä, _. B. y Lijaeolij, [. G . (?==9). Odobdnhrlpjy nf ]uobdsjak Ytukdas Qsdeh LYAOL bes-
trugaets. Ourbdehtne3 Qedvarsdty nf Vargnet, _asalrij Iaetar fnr Ijdbkrae, Tnutj, lek Fl-
gdbdas.

:= . KA BL DHBAYDL

Odeat, L. y Ydgne, [. (<4=1). Gätjnkas enuvabbas pnur ba kdlhenstdi ku edvalu detabbaitulb kas
lenrglux. B Leeäa psyijnbnhdqua, <<, <4<-996.
Ileden, H., Odrk, J. _., _uodn-Ytdpai, G. y Orlvn, G. (<441). Ijdbk psyijdltrdi apdkagdnbnhy3
Xjlt wa jlva balreak lek wjlt wa eaak tn balg. Detareltdnelb Cnurelb nf Gatjnks de
]syijdltrdii _a salrij,
]syijdltrd 1, 84-4?.
Ilspd, L. y _noarts, O. X. (?==<). ]arsnelbdty kavabnpgaet lirnss tja bdfa inursa3 [ja lrhu-
gaet fnr ijleha lek ine tdeud
tdeudty.
ty. ]syijnbnhdilb Dequdty, <?(?), ;4-66.
Ilrrlkl, G . y Dsne, G. Y. (?=<9 ). Bl afdilidl ltaeidnelb. Astukdn enrg ltdvn ae edüns asinblrdzl-
kns ka Gaeknzl. ]YDAEIDL, _avdstl Bltdenlgardilel ka Idaeidl ]sdinbùhdil, 1 ?), 69-89.
Ilrrnbb, C. O. (<449). Jugle Inhedtdva Lodbdtdas3 L Yurvay nf Flitnr-lelbytdi Ytukdas. Ilgordkha,
Aehblek3 Ilg ordkha Qedvarsdt
Qedvarsdtyy ]rass.
Ilrrnbb, C. O. (<448). [ja tjraa-strltug tjanry nf inhedtdva lodbdtdas. Ae3 K. ]. Fblelhle at lb.
(aks.), Inetagpnrlry betabbaitulb Lssassgaet3 [janrdas, [asts, lek bssuas (pp. <??-<9=).
Eaw Tnr`3 Hudbfnr
Hudbfnrkk ]rass.
Ilttabb, _. O. (<469). [janry nf fbudk lek irystlbbdsak detabbdhaeia3 L irdtdilb axpardgaet. Cnurelb nf
Akuiltdnelb ]syijnbnhy, 1;, <-??.
Ilttabb, _. O. y Jnre, C. B. (<4 8:). L ij ai` ne tja tjanry nf fbudk lek irystlbbdzak det
detabbd
abbdhaeia
haeia wdtj
kasirdptdne nf eaw suotast kasdhes. Cnurelb nf Akuiltdnelb Galsuragaet, <1, <94-<6;.
Inja e, _. C. y Ywarkbd`, G. (?==4). ]syijnbnhdilb [astdeh lek Lssassgaet3 Le betrnkuitdne tn
 [asts lek Galsuragaet
Galsuragaet 8tj Akdtdne).
Akdtdne). Eaw Tnr` G iHrlw-Jdbb
Iuabbn, G. y Nrns, B. O. (?=<9). Lklptlidùe ka uel asilbl ka lhrasdvdklk fçsdil, varolb y ra-
blidnelb plrl edüns lrhaetdens ka <= l <9 lüns. _avdstl Doarnlgardilel ka Kdlheùstdin y
Avlbulidùe ]sdinbùhdil, 96, ?=4-??4.
Iupled, G. y _ ulrta, G. (?==:). ]rnpdaklkas psdingätrdils kab Iuastdnelrdn
Iuastdnelrdn ka bns Idein Fli-
tnras plrl Edüns (OF\
(OF\ -I) ae uel g uastrl ka lknbasiaetas lrhaetd
lrhaetdens.
ens. Astukdns ka ]sdinbn-
hçl, ?4(9), 91<-96;.
nttjadb,, l , Lbkray, L., Cdgäeaz Fareìekaz, H., ]uclbs, G. _nsl
Kafdnr Idtnbar, Y., Fnesail , B., H nttjadb
H. y Y arrlen Ijdil, F. K. (?==6). BAA. [ast ka baiturl y asirdturl ae asplünb. Ouaens L dras3
]ldkùs.
Abbdntt, I. K. (?==8). Kdffaraetdlb Lodbdty Yilbas
Yilbas ?ek ak.). Yle L etned
etnedn,
n, K(3 ]syijnbnhdilb Inrpn-
rltdne.
Abdzltja, B.,
B., Gurlws`d, O., Lrlel, F. y _ utsztade, H. (?=<?). ]rnpdaklkas psding ätrd
ätrdils
ils kab I jdb-
krae s Altdeh Lbtdtukas [ast (IjAL[)3 uel asilbl ka dkaetdfdilidùe ka rdashn ka trlstnrens
lbdgaetlrdns
lbdgaetlrd ns ae edüns. _avdstl Av lbulr, <<, <:-94.
Abdzltja, B., Gu rlws`d, O. Lrlel, F., Kdaz, G., Gdrliin, G. y _utsztade, H. (?=<= ). Kataiidùe ka
trlstnrens lbdgaetlrdns ae edüns3 Lklptlidùe bdehòçstdil y ineiaptulb kab Ijdbkrae's Altdeh
Lttdtukas
Lttdt ukas [ast (I jAL[ ). Leulrdn ka Devastdhlidneas ka bl Fliubtlk ka ]sdinbnhçl ka bl Qed-
varsdklk ka Ouaens Ldras, <8, 99-;=.
Fabk, V., [lussd`, D. y Lzzlratn, I. (?==6). [ast ]_N-ILBIQBN.
]_N-ILBIQBN. [ast plrl bl avlbulidùe kab prn-
iaslgdaetn kab eógarn y ab iìbiubn ae edüns. Ouaens L dras3 ]ldkùs.
Fareìekaz Bdpnrlia, G., N ehlrltn, ]., Yllvakrl, A. y Ilsubbl, G. (?==;). Ab [ast ka Gltrdias
]rnhrasdvls, Asilbl H aearlb3 ue leìbdsds psdingätrdin. Avlbulr, ;, 1=-64.
Fblelhle, K. ]. y Jlrrdsne, ]. B. (?==1). Inetagpnrlry Detabbaitulb Lssassgaet3 [janrdas,
[asts, lek bssuas. Eaw Tnr`3 [ja H udbfnrk
udbfnrk ]rass.
Fbyee, C. _. (?===). [ja jdkkae jdstnr
jdstnryy nf D\ lek spaidlb akuiltdne3 Ile tja prnobags oa snb-
vak> ]syijnbnhy, ]uobdi ]nbdiy, lek Blw, 6, <4<-<4:.
Frdi`, ]. C., Olrry, I. [. y @lg pjlus, _. X . (?=<=). Ibdedilb lssassgaet nf ijdbk lek lknbasiaet
oajlvdnr 9rk ak.). Eaw Tnr`, ET3 Yprdehar. knd3<=.<==8/48:-<-;;<4-=6;<-=.
parsnelbdtyy lek oajlvdnr
parsnelbdt
Hjdhbnea, G. A. y _dijluk ka Gdezd, G. I. (?==4). Astukdn psdingätrdin ka uel varsdùe lora-
vdlkl kab iuastdnelrdn lrhaetden ka lfrnetlgdaetn plrl edüns. Litl ]sdqudìtrdil y ]sdinbù-
hdil ka Lgärdil Bltdel, 11 ;), ?94-?;:.
Hrdejluz, L. Y. y I lstrn Ynblen, L. (?=<9). V lbdkaz Flitnrd
Flitnrdlb
lb kab Devaetlrdn ka Vdrtukas y F nrtlb
nrtlba-
a-
zls ]lrl E düns (D. V. y F. Edüns). Leulrdn ka Devastdhlidneas, ?=, 918-96;.
Hnttfraksne, B. Y. (?==? ). h3 Jdhjby haearlb lek jdhjby prlitdilb. Ae3 _. C. Ytareoarh y A. B. Hrd-
Detabbdhaeia3 Jnw Haearlb Ds Dt> Gljwlj, EC3 Akolug
hnrae`n (aks.), [ja H aearlb Flitnr nf Detabbdhaeia3

DEY[_QGAE[NY ]L_L BL AVLBQLIDÙE ]YDINBÙHDIL AE EDÜNY :<

Hrnss, _. (?=<=). ]syijnbnhy3 [ja Yidaeia nf Gdek lek Oajlvdnr (6tj ak.). Kuold3 Jnkkar Aku-
iltdne.
Decnqua _diba, D. y Ourçe, K. <. (?==:). Vlbdkaz y fdlodbdklk
fdlodbdklk ka bl pruaol ka [ nrra ka Bnekras plrl
prabdgdelr.. _avdstl Lrhaetdel ka Eaurnpsdinbnhçl, <<, ?<-9<.
edüns3 Qe astukdn prabdgdelr
Decnqua _diba, <. y Ourçe, K. <. (?=<<). Ga gnrdl ka trlolcn y pbledfdilidùe ae edüns3 Vlbdklidùe ka
bl pruaol [nrra ka Bnekras. Eaurnpsdinbnhçl Bltdenlgardilel, 9(?), 9<-9:.
Decnqua _diba, <., Ilbarn, L. y Ourçe, K. <. (?=<9). Vlbdkaz y inefdlodbdklk
inefdlodbdklk ka uel pruao l ka Ga -
gnrdl ka [rlol cn plrl edüns3 Yarda ka Kdoucns. _avdstl Lrhaetdel ka Idaeidls kab Ingpnr-
tlgdaetn, 1 <), <4-?6.
'sne, G. Y. y Letl, F. (?==6). [ast ka ] ariapidùe ka Kdfaraeidls
Kdfaraeidls IL _LY ae edüns gaekni dens.
Detarkdsidpbdelrdl, ?9 ?), ?=9-?9<.
Dsne, G. Y. y I lrrlkl G (?=<<). Avl bulidùe ka bl afdilidl ltaeidnelb3 Astukdn enrgltdvn prabd-
gdelr ae asin blras lrhaetdens. _avdstl Doarnlgardilel ka Kdlheùstdin y Avlbulidùe ]sdin-
bùhdil, ?4 <), <?4-<;6.
 @nrsue, E. y Ba gns, V. (?==8 ). Inestruiid
Inestruiidùeùe ka ue destrugaetn plrl avlbulr bl lutnast
lutnastdgldgl ae
edüns ka 4 l <? lüns. ]sdinkdlhens tdilr, <8, 41-<<=.
]sdinkdlhenstdilr,
@rugg , E. y Bag ns, V. (?=<<). Astukdn axpbnrltnr
axpbnrltnrdn
dn ka bls prnpdaklkas psdingätrdils ka bl As-
ilbl ka ]arsnelbdklk Iralknrl (A]I) ae su varsdùe Jatarnavlbulidùe. betarlgardile Cnurelb
nf ]syijnbnhy, ;1(<), ?<-?:.
@rug g, H . B., Lrìe Fdb
Fdbdppatt
dppattd,d, V., Bag ls, V., Lrlehurae, G. y V lrhls _uo dblr,
dblr, C. ((?=<
?=< 9). Devl-
rdrdleidl
leidl ka g akdkls ka bl pruaol ka fdhurls kab [ast ka ]aeslg daetn IraltdIraltdvn
vn ka [nrrleia
sahóe bl aklk3 Qe astukdn ae edüns y lknbasiaetas ka jlobl jdsplel. ]lelgardile Cnurelb
nf Eaurnpsyijnbnhy, 8(?), ?4-;;.
@rugg, H., Bagns, V. y Lrìe Fdbbdppattd, V. (?=<;). Flitnr struitura nf tja [nrrleia [asts nf
Iraltdva [jde`deh Fdhurlr Fnrg O de Ypledsj-spal`deh
Ypledsj-spal`deh ijdbkrae3 Galsuragaet devlrdleia

lirnss
Blijlr, K. haekar. Iraltdvdty
(?==;). [ja _asalrij
]arsnelbdty Cnurelb,
Devaetnry <), 8?-:<.
fnr?6Ijdbkrae, Yainek Akdtdne (]DI-?), ]arsnelbdty
Devaetnry fnr Tnutj (]DT), lek Ytukaet Oaj lvdnr Yurvay (YOY). Ae3 G . C. Jdb Jdbsaerntj,
saerntj, K. B.
Yahlb y G Jarsae (aks.). Ingprajaesdva Jlekonn` nf ]syijnbnhdilb Lssassgaet (pp. <4?-
?<?). Eaw Carsay3 Cnje Xdbay y Ynes, Dei.
Blijlr, K. y H ruoar, I.]. (<449). Kavabnpg aet nf tja ]arsnelbdty
]arsnelbdty Devaetnry fnr Tnutj3 L sabf-r
sabf-ra-
a-
pnrt ingple dne tn tja ] arsnelbdt
arsnelbdtyy Devaetnry fnr I jdbkr
jdbkrae.
ae. Cnurelb nf ]arsnelbdty Lssassgaet,
6<, :<-4:.
Blijlr, K. y Hruoar, I.]. (?==<). ]arsnelbdty Devaetnry fnr Ijdbkrae Yainek Akdtdne (]DI-?)
Ytleklrk Fnrg lek Oajlvdnrlb Yugglry Gleulb. Bns Lehabas3 X astare ]syijnbnhdilb Yar-
vdias.
Blijlr K Xdehaefabk, Y.L., @bdea, _.O. y Hruoar, I.]. (?===). Ytukaet Oajlvdnr Yurvay Gl-
Bns Lehabas3 Xastare ]syij nbnhdilb Yarvd
eulb Yarvdias.
ias.
Bliuezl, L., Ilstrn Ynblen, L. y I netded ka Hnezìbaz, E. (?==4). Jlodbdklkas snidlbas praasin-
blras3 uel asil bl plrl edüns ka inetaxtns ka pno razl. _avdstl ka ]sdinbnhçl, Qedvarsdklk
]netdfdidl Iltùbdil ka ]aró, ?8(<), 9-?:.
Bagns, V. (?==;). Nparlidnel
Nparlidnelbdzlidùe
bdzlidùe kab inestruitn parsnelbdklk defletdb l plrtdr kab aefnqua
ka bns idein hrlekas flitnras ka parsnelbdklk (tasdss ka knitnrlkn deäkdtl). Qedvarsd
(tasd Qedvarsdklk
klk E l-
idnelb ka Yle Buds, Yle Buds Lrhaetdel.
Bagns, V . (?==6). Bl kasal odbdklk
odbdklk snidlb ae bl av lbulidùe ka bl parsnelbdklk defletd
defletdb.b. Yugl ]sd-
inbùhdil, <9 <), 8-<;.
Bagns, V. y _dijluk ka Gdezd, G. I. (?=<=). Inestruiidùe ka ue destrugaetn plrl avlbulr ab
rlznelgdaetn prnsnidlb ae edüns ka 8 y : l üns3 uel varsdùe pditùrdil. Qedvarsdtls ]syijnbn-
hdil, 4 9), :84-:4<.
GiIneluhjy, Y. G. y Lijaeolij [ G (<444). [ast Nosarvltdne Fnrg. Ourbdehtne3 Q edvarsdtedvarsdtyy
nf Vargnet, Kaplrtgaet nf ] syijdltry.
GiIneluhjy, Y. J. y Lijaeolij, [. G. (?==<). Gleulb fnr tja Yagdstruiturak Ibdedilb Detarvdaw
fnr Ijdbkrae lek Lknbasiaets (?ek ak.) Ourbdehtne3 Qedvarsdty nf Vargnet, _asalrij Iaetar

fnr Ijdbkrae, Tnutj, lek Flg dbdas.

dbdas.
GiIneluhjy, Y. J., Lijaeolij, [. G. y Haet, I. B. (<4::). Gubtdlxdlb agpdrdilbby olsak

:? . KA BL DHBAYDL

lssassgaet3 ]lraet, talijar, nosarvltdnelb, inhedtdva, lek parsnelbdty inrrabltas nf

Ijdbk Oajlvdnr ]rnfdbas fnr 6-<<-yalr-nbk onys. Cnurelb nf Loenrglb Ijdbk ]syijnbnhy,
<6, ;:1-1=4.
GiIrdggne, L. X. y Ygdtj, L. K. (?=<9). [ast ravdaw. Cnurelb nf ]syijnakuiltdnelb Ls-
sass gaet, 9< 9), 998-9;<.
GiHraw, @. Y. y Fblelhle, K. ]. (<44:). [ja detabrdhaeia tast kas` rafaraeia3 Hf-Hi Irnss-
olttary Lssassgaet. Onstne3 Lbbye y Oline.
Gasurlkn , O. (?==: ). Vlbdkaz flitnrd
flitnrdlb
lb y fdlodbd
fdlodbdklk
klk ka b Iuastdnelrdn ka Axp ardaeidl ùptdgl (Fbnw)
plrl edüns y lknbasiaetas. _avdstl Doarnlgardilel ka Kdlheùstdin y Avlbulidùe ]sdinbù-
 hdil, ?1 <), <14-<8:.
Gnbdel, G. F., Ilbarn, L. y _ldguekd, G. C. (?=<9). Asilbl ka A vlbulidùe kab Ingp nrtlgdaet
nrtlgdaetnn
kab Edün ae su Varsdùe plrl ]lk ras (]_Y)3 Lklptlidùe plrl su Qsn a e Ouaen s Ldras. _ a-
vdstl Avlbulr, <9, <-<:.
Gnbdel G. F., _ldgu ekd, G. C., Bùpa z, I., Iltlbkd, Y. y Ouhlbbn, B. (?=<<). Lkl ptlidùe kab ]arfdb
ka Lutnpariapidneas plrl Edüns plrl su usn ae bl Iduklk ka Ouaens L dras. dras. _avdstl Doa-
rnlgardilel ka Kdlheùstdin y Avlbulidùe ]sdinbùhdil, 9?(?), 19-8:.
Guünz-Yleknvlb, L. F., Xnnkini`, _. X., GiHraw, @. Y. y Gltjar, E. (?==1l). Oltarçl DDD
Xnnkini`-Guünz. (tlsil, DB3 _dvarsdka ]uobdsjdeh.
Elhbdard, C. L. y Kls, C. ]. (<44 8). Inhedtdva Lssassgaet Yystag. btlsil, DB3 _dvarsdka.
Nrns, B. (?=<;), Euavn iuastdnelrd
iuastdnelrdnn ka ag nidneas pnsdtd
pnsdtdvls
vls plrl edüns. Lelbas ka ]sdinbnhçl,
9= ?), 1??-1?4.
]abnrnssn, L., Atijavars, G. y Lrblekd, E. (?==9). Enrgls kab [ast ka Gltrdias ]rnhrasdvls ka
_lyae. Asilbl Haearlb y Inbnralkl. Iduklk Lutùengl ka Ouaens Ldras y Ineurolen On-
elaraesa (<44:-?==9). Ouaens L dras3 ]ldkùs.
]dblttd,
]dblttd, L., Hnkny,
tdnelrdn C. I. y Orussden,
ka Axpaitltdvls Y. Lbinjnb
jlidl ab (?=<=). In estruiidùe
plrl Edüns kay vlbnrlidùe psding ätrdil
Lrhaetdel (IAL-E). kab Iuas-
Lkdiidneas,
?? ?), <<9-<?;.
]syijnbnhdilb Inrpnrltdne. (?==4). Xaijsbar Dekdvdkulb Lijdavagaet [ast (9rk ak.). Yle Letn-
edn, [Z3 Lutjnr.
_lgsly, G. I., _ayenbks, I. _. y @lgpjlus _ X . (?==?). Assaetdlbs nf Oajlvdnrlb Lssassgaet.
Eaw T nr`3 Cnje Xdbay y Ynes, Dei.
_lyae, C. I., Inurt, C. J. y _lyae, C. (<449 ). [ast ka Gltrdias ]rnhrasdvls. Asilbls Inbnralkl,
Haearlb y Lvlezlkl. G leulb. Ouaens L dras3
dras3 ]ldkùs,
_ayas, Y., Olrrayrn, C. ]. y decnhua _diba, D. (?=<;). Avlbulidùe ka ingpneaetas dgpbdilkns
ae bl Fueidùe Acaiutdvl ae edüns ka 4 lüns. Iulkagns ka Eaurnpsdinbnhçl - ]lelgardile
Cnurelb nf Eaurnpsyijnbnhy, :(<), ;;-14.
_ayel, I. y Orussden, Y. (?==4). ]rnpdaklkas psdingätrdils ka bl Asilbl ka Ing pnrtlgdaetn
]raasinblr y Clrkçe Defletdb ae uel guastrl ka edüns lrhaetdens ka 9 l 8 lüns. _avdstl
]sy`jä, <: ?), <?8-<;=.
_ayenbks, I. _. (nituora, ?=<1). ]ravaetdne, kdlhensds, lek avdkaeia-olsak detarvaetdne fnr
oajlvdnr-agntdnelb
oajlvdnr-agntdnelb dssuas vdl OLYI -9. [rlolcn prasaetlkn ae bl ?9rk L eeulb ]rnfassdnelb
Kavabnpgaet Inevaetdne, [axls, Astlkns Qedkns. _aiuparlkn ka jttp3//www.txlsp.nrh/
lssats/inefaraeia-gltardlb
lssats/inefaraeia- gltardlbs/?=<1/olsi-9%?Idtjraa%?=jnur%?N
s/?=<1/olsi-9%?Idtjraa%?=jnur%?N pnwarpndet
pnwarpndet.pkf
.pkf
_ayenbks, I. _. y @lgpjl us, _. X. (<44:). Oajlvdnr Lssassgaet Yystag fnr Ijdbkrae (OLYI)
( OLYI)
Gleulb. Idriba ]deas, GE3 Lga rdile Hudkleia Yarvdias.
_ayenbks, I. _. y @lgpjlus, _. X. (?==9l). Jlekonn` nf ]syijnbnhdilb lek Akuiltdnelb
Lssassgaet nf Ijdbkrae ]arsnelbdty, Oajlvdnr, lek Inetaxt (?ek Akdtdne). Eaw Tnr`3 [ja
Hudbkfnrk ]rass.
_ayenbks, I. _. y @lgpj lus, _. X. (?==9o). _ayenbks Detabbaitulb Lssassgaet Yilbas. Butz,
FB3 ]syijnbnhdilb Lssassgaet _asnurias.
_ayenbks, I. _. y @lgpjlu s, _. X. (?=<1). Oajlvdnr Lssassgaet Yystag fnr Ijdbkrae, [jdrk
Akdtdne. Yle L etnedn, [Z3 ]sy ijnbnhdilb Inrpnrltd
Inrpnrltdne.
ne.
_dijluk ka G dezd
dezd,, G. I. (?==6). Avlbulidùe kab lfrnet
lfrnetlgdaetn
lgdaetn ae edüns ka : l <? lüns. _avdstl
dinbnhçl, ?9 ?), <49-?=<.
Gaxdilel ka ]s dinbnhçl,
_dijluk ka G dezd, G. I. (?== 8). Bl pariapidùe ka astdb
astdbns
ns ka rablidùe ine su plkra y g lkra ae

DEY[_QGAE[NY ]L_L BL AVLBQLIDÙE ]YDINBÙHDIL AE EDÜNY :9

edüns y edüls ka : l < ? lüns. _avdstl Doarnlgardilel ka Kdlheùstdin y Avlbulidùe ]sdinbù-

hdil, ?9(<), 69-:<.
_dijluk ka Gdezd, G. I. y Dhbasdls, G. F. (?=<9). Avlbulidùe kab lfrnetlgdaetn ae edüns paqua-
üns. Yuocatdvdklk y ]rniasns Inhedtdvns, <8(<), ?;;-?16.
 _nkrçhuaz, G., Ilbkarùe, B., Ilo rarl, B.
B.,, Dolrrl, E., Gnyl, ]. y Flls, L. A. (?= =1). Leìbdsd
Leìbdsdss ka
inesdstaeidl detarel ka bl Asilbl Olybay kab Kaslrrnbbn Defletdb plrl bl iduklk ka Iùrknol
(]rdgar lün ka Vdkl). Avlbulr, 1, 11-64.
_nkrçhuaz , B. G., _asatt, Y. L., Hrdeùvarn, G. G. ]. y G nraen, C. A. (?=<1). ]rnpdaklka s psdin-
gätrdils ka bl Asilbl ka I lbd
lbdklk
klk ka bl Lgdstlk ae asp lünb. Leulrdn ka ]sdinbnhçl/[ja QO
Cnurelb nf ]syijnbnhy, ;1(?), ?<4-?9;.
_nkrçhuaz Aspçenbl
Aspçenbl Y (?=< <). Lklptlid
Lklptlidùe
ùe l Edüns kab Iuastdnelr
Iuastdnelrdn
dn GN Y ka Lp nyn Ynidlb ]ar-
idodkn. Bdoarlodt, <8 ?), <<8-<?:.
_ndk, H. J. (?==9). Ytlefnrk-Odeat Detabbdhaeia Yilbas, Fdftj Akdtdne. (tlsil, DB3 _dvarsdka ]u-
obdsjdeh.
_ndk, H. J., y Olrrlg, L. (?==;). Assaetdlbs nf Ytlefnrk-Odeat Detabbdhaeia Yil/as (YA<1) Ls-
sassgaet. Eaw T nr`3 Xdbay.
Yl`bnfs`a, K., Cnyia, K. @., Yub`nws`d,
Yub`nws`d, G. B. y Ibdgda, A. (?=<9). Gnkabs fnr tja parsnelbdty
lssassgaet nf ijdbkrae lek lknbasiaets. Ae3 K. J. Yl`bnfs`a, I. _ayenbks y V. B. Yijwale
(aks.), [ja Nxfnrk Jlekonn` nf Ijdbk ]syijnbnhdilb Lssassgaet (pp. 9;:-961). Eaw Tnr`3
Nxfnrk Q edvarsd
edvarsdty
ty ] rass.
Ylgledahn, V. I . (?==:). Ab I jdb jdbkk O ajlvdnr Ijai`bdst
Ijai`bdst33 su astleklrdzlidùe
astleklrdzlidùe ae pnoblidùe urolel
lrhaetdel. _avdstl ka ]sdinbnhçl QIL, ; :), <<9-<9=.
Yijrle`, F. L. y Fblelhle, K. ]. (?==9). XC Ibdedilb Qsa Lek betarpratltdne. Yidaetdst-]rlitd-
Yidaetdst-]rlitd-
tdnear ]arspaitdvas. Ilbdfnr
Ilbdfnredl3
edl3 Lilkag di ]rass.
Yijrle`, F. L., GiHraw, @. Y. y Gltjar, E. (?=<;l). Xnnkini`-Cnjesne DV. _nbbd _nbbdeh
eh Ga lknws,
DB3 _dvarsdka.
Yjlffar, K., Fdsjar, ]., Buils, I., Kubile, G. y Yijw lo-Ytnea, G. (?=== ). EDGJ K dlhenstd dlhenstdii De-
tarvdaw Yijakuba fnr Ij dbkrae
dbkrae Varsdne DV (EDGJ KDYI-DV)3 Kasirdptdne, kd kdffaraeiaY
ffaraeiaY frng pra-
vdnus varsdnes lek rabdlodbdty
rabdlodbdty nf snga ingg ne kdlhensas. Cnurelb nf tja Lgardile Lilkagy
nf Ijdbk lek Lknbasiaet ]syijdltry, 94(<), ?:-9:.
Ypalrgle , I. A. (<4=;). Haearlb ddetabbdetabbdhaeia
haeia nocaitdvaby katargdeak lek galsu rak. Lgardile
Cnuglb nf ]syijdltry, <1, ?=<-?49.
<4?8 ). [ja Lodbdtdas nf Gle3 [jadr Eltura lek Galsuragaet. Eaw Tnr`3 Gli-
Ypalrgle , I. A. ((<4?8
gdbble.
Ytare, X. (<4?;). [ja ]syijnbnhdilb Gatjnks nf [astdeh Detabbdhaeia. Olbtdgnra3 Xlrwdi` y Tnr`.
[lonrkl, L. (?==?). Kdlheùstdin ka bl kdeìgdil ka bl ilplidklk detabaitulb ka edüns ka ; l 6
lüns. Astukdn ibçedin ka bns tasts X]]YD, OH y KJ. Ouaens Ldras3 Bugae Jug ledtls.
[lonrkl, L., Olroaezl, I. y Oraebbl, G. A. (?=<<). Lklptlidùe lrhaetdel lrhaetdel kab X DYI-DV. ]rnia-
kdgdaetn ka devastdhlidùe, tdpdfdilidùe y kaslrrnbbn ka enrgls plrl Ouaens Ldras. Ae K.
Xaijsbar (ak.). [ast ka Detabdhaeidl plrl edüns XDYI DV3 gleulb täiedin y ka detarpratlidùe
(pp. 98-11). Ouaens L dras3 ]ldkùs.
[argle, B. G. (<4<6). [ja Galsuragaet nf Detabbdhaeia3 Le Axpbleltdne nf lek l Ingpbata
Hudka fnr tja Qsa nf tja Ytlefnrk _avdsdne lek Axtaesdne nf tja Odeat-Ydgne Detabbdhaeia
Onstne3 Jn uhjtne G dffbde.
Yilba. dffbde.
Garrdbb,, G. L. (<498). Galsurdeh Detabbdhaeia. Onstne3 Jnuhjtne
[argle, B. G . y Garrdbb
[argle, B. G . y Garrdbb
Garrdbb,, G. L. (<46=). Ytlefnrk-Odeat Detabbdhaeia Yilba3 Gleulb fnr tja [jdrk _a-
vdsdne Fnrg B-G. Onstne3 Jnuhjtne Gdfbbde.
[argle, B. G. y Garrdb
Garrdbb,b, G. L. (<489). Ytlefnrk-Odeat Detabbdhaeia Yilba3 Gleulb fnr tja [jdrk _a-
vdsdne Fnrg B-G (<48?) Enrg [lobas oy _. B. [jngkd`a. Onstne3 Jnuhjtne
[jng kd`a, _. B., Jlhae, A. ]. y Yattar, C. G. (<4:6 ). Ytlefnrk-Odeat Detabbdhaeia Yilba3 Fnurtj
Akdtdne.
Dtlsil, DB3 _dvarsdka
Qrdab, F., Yijadesnje, ]uo bdsjdeh.
G. C., Oaiarrl, B. y K'Leel , L. (?=<6). Aetravdstl plrl bl avlbulidùe kdlh-
defletdb ; l <? lüns) AA K-<). Ouaens Ldras3 Kaplrt
eùstdil defletdb Kaplrtlgaetn
lgaetn ka ] uobdilid
uobdilidneas,
neas, Fliub-
tlk ka ]sdinbnhçl. QOL.
Xai jsbar, K. (<494). [ja Galsuragaet nf Lkubt Detabbdhaeia. Eaw Tnr`3 Xdbbdlgs y Xdb`des.

:; . KA BL DHBAYDL

 
Xaijsbar, l (<4;;). [ja Galsuragaet nf Lkubt Detabbdhaeia (9rk ak.). Olbtdgnra3 Xdbbdlgs
Xdbbdlgs y
Xdb`des.
Xaijsbar, K. (<4:9). Asilbl Xaijsbar ka Detabdhaeidl plrl Edüns ae aklk ]raasinblr y ]rdglrdl
X]]YD). Ouaens L dras3 ]ldkùs.
Xaijsbar, K. (?==?). Xaijsbar ]rasijnnb lek ]rdglr)/ Yilba nf Detabbdhaeia (9rk ak.). Yle Letn-
edn, [Z3 ]syijn bnhdilb Inrpnrltdne.
Xaijsbar, K. (?==9). Xaijsbar Detabbdhaeia Yilba fnr Ijdbkrae (;tj ak.). Yle Letnedn, [Z3
]syijn bnhdilb Inrpnrltdne.
Xaijsbar, K. (?==:). X aijsbar Lkubt Detabbd
Inrpnrltdne.
Detabbdhaeia
haeia Yilba ;tj ak.). Yle Letnedn, [Z3 ]syij nbnhdilb

Xaijsbar, K. (?=<< l). [ast ka Detabdhaeidl plrl edüns XDYI DV3 gleulb täiedin y ka detarpratl-
idùe. Ouaens L dras3 ]ld
]ldkùs.
kùs.
Xaijsbar, K. (?=<< o). Xaijsbar Looravdltak
Looravdltak Yilba nf Detabbdhaeia, Akdtdne XLYD-DD). Yle
Detabbdhaeia, Yainek Akdtdne
Letnedn,
Letned n, [Z3 E IY ] alrsne.
Xaijsbar, K. (?=<?). Xaijsbar ]rasijnnb Yilba nf Detabbdhaeia ;tj ak.). Yle Letn-
]rasijnnb lek ]rdgle,/ Yilba
edn, [Z3 ]syijn bnhdilb Inrpnrltdne.
Xai jsbar, K. (?=<;). Gleulb fnr tja Xaijsbar Detabbdhaeia Yilba fnr Ijdbkrae (1tj ak.). Yle Le-
tnedn3 ]alrsne.
Xaijsbar, K., @lpble, A. F., Fade, K., @rlgar, C. J., Gnrrds, _., Kabds, K. I. y Glarbaekar, L.
(?==;). Xaijsbar Detabbdhaeia Yilba fnr Ijdbkrae - Fnurtj Akdtdne Detahrltak. Yle Letnedn3
Jlrinurt Lssassgaet.
Xaijsbar, K. y Elhbdatd, C. L. (?==6). Xaijsbar Enevarolb Yilba nf Lodbdty. Yle Letnedn, [Z3
]syijn bnhdilb Inrpnrltdne.
Xdrt, _. K., Blijlr, K., @bdeakdest, C. @. y Yalt, ]. K. (<488). Gubtdkdgaesdnelb kasirdptdne nf
Ijdbk ]arsnelbdty3 L Gleulb fnr tja ]arsnelbdty Devaetnry fnr Ijdbkrae. Bns Lehabas, IL3
Xastare ] syijnbnhdilb Yarvdias.
Xdbbds, C. N., Kugnet, _. y @lufgle, L. Y.
Y. (?=<9). Lssassgaet nf Detabbaitulb Fueitdnedeh de
Ijdbkrae. Ae @. F. Hadsdehar, O. L. Orli`ae, C. F. Ilrbsne, C. I. Jlesae, E. _. @ ueiab, Y. ].
_adsa y G. I. _n krçhuaz (aks.). L]L Jlekonn` nf [astdeh lek Lssassgaet de ]syijnbnhy3
Vnb. 9. [astdeh lek Lssassgaet de Yijnnb ]syijnbnhy lek Akuiltdne (pp. 94-8=). X lsjdeh-
tne, KI3 Lg ardile ]syijnbnhdilb Lssnidltdne.
Xnnkini`, _. y Cnjesne, G. (<488). Xnnkini`-Cnjesne ]syijn-akuiltdnelb Olttary. Lbbae,
[Z3 KBG [alijdeh _asnurias.
Xnnkini `, _. X., GiH raw, @. Y. y Gltjar, E. (?===). Xnnkini`-Cnjesne DDD. (tlsil, DB3 _dvar-
sdka.
Xn nkini`, _. X., GiH raw, @. Y. y Gltjar, E. ((?==<
?==< l ). Xnnkini`-Cnjesne DDD [asts nf Lijda-
vagaet. _lsil, DB3 _ dvarsd
dvarsdka.
ka.
Xnnkini `, _. X., GiHraw, @. Y. y Gltjar, E. ((?==<o).
?==<o). Xnnkini`-Cnjesne DDD [asts nf Inhed-
tdva L odbdty. Dtlsil, DB3 _dvarsdka.
Xnnkini`, _. X., GiHraw, @. Y., Gltjar, E. y Yijrle`, F. L. (?==9).Xnnkini`-Cnjesne DDD
Kdlhenstdi Yuppbagaet tn tja [asts nf Inhedtdva Lodbdtdas. Dtlsil, DB3 _dvarsdka.

DEY[_QGAE[NY ]L_L BL AVLBQLIDÙE ]YDINBÙHDIL AE

A E EDÜNY :1
 

YAHQEKL ]L_[A

DEY[_QGAE[NY
KA Y _ A A E D E H
T KDLHEÙY[DIN
]L_L EDÜN
ED ÜN Y
 

Detrnkuiidùe
Det rnkuiidùe l bl Yahuekl
Yahue kl ]lrt
] lrtaa

Ae asta bdorn plrtdgns ka bl dkal ka qua bls tlrals ka avl bulidùe psdinbùhdil ines-
tdtdtuyae
tuyae uel iltahnrçl guijn g ìs lgp bdbdll qua bls litdvdklkas
litdvdklkas ingó ega eta lsnidlkls
ine ab psdinkdlheùstdin. Ae asta óbtdgn
óbtdgn sa supnea qua ab edün yl j l sdkn dkaetd
dkaetdfdfdilkn
ilkn
ingn i lsn ibçed
ibçedin
in y sa ousil kl r tletn
tletn ine bns raiursns slens ingn ine bns ingpn-
eaetas pltnbùhdins l fde ka kasi rdodr y inei aptulbdzlr asa ilsn, ine a b nocatd
nocatdvn
vn óbtdgn
ka raing aeklr ab gacnr trltlgdaetn n detarvaeidùe pnsdoba.
Yde agolrhn, guijns ilsns en sne dkaetdfd
dkaetdfdilkns
ilkns tagprlelgaeta y parglea-
iae sde liiasn l bl inesubtl psdinbùhdil. Iulekn bn jliae, bl
b l prnobagìtdil yl sa
jlbbl destlblkl y haearlbgaeta ravdsta ue hrlkn glynr ka savardklk qua ae bls flsas
gìs tag prlels ka ing daezn ka bns sçetngls.
sçetngls. Astn dgplitl ka fnrgl eahl tdvl
tdvl snora
ab trltlgdaetn n detarvaeidneas raingaeklobas, y ae inesaiuaeidl lfaitl su vlrda-
klk y afdilidl sahóe ab hrlkn ka avnbuidùe qua bl inefdhurlidùe sdetngìtdil prasaeta
ae ilkl gngaetn. ]nr supuastn, tlgodäe ab prneùstdin kab ilsn rasubtlrì lfaitlkn.
]lrl a bbbbnn sa vuabva eai aslrdn destruga
destruga etlr liidneas ka rlstrdbb
rlstrdbblca
lca (n siraaedeh) plrl
kataitlr prnolobas ilsn s ibçed
ibçedins
ins ae bl pno blidùe haearlb n ae pnoblidneas ka rdashn.
Astls tlrals pnr bn ha earlb sa ralbdz
ralbdzle
le ae ìgo dtns
dtns póo bdins
bdins n prdvlkns (asiuabls,
jnspdtlbas)
jnspdtlb as) y tdtdaeae
aeae ingn nocatdvn dkaetdfd
dkaetdfdilr
ilr pnsdobas trlstnrens psdinbùhdins qua en
jle liuk dkn l inesubtl pnr kdvarsls rlzneas. Bl s täiedils ka avlbulidùe utdbdzlkls utdbdzlkls ae
astls destleidls sa kaengdele destrugaetns ka siraaedeh, rlstrd rlstrdbbbblca
lca n i rdolkn pu as
parg dtae, ing n su eng ora bn bn ddekdil,
ekdil, ab fdb
fdbtrlkn
trlkn ka ilsns ae rdashn y/n ilsns pltnbù-
hdins ae uel pno blidùe
blidùe g ìs n g aens axtaesl, kaodäeknsa fdelbdzlrfdelbdzlr ab kd kdlheùstdin
lheùstdin ae
uel flsa p nstardnr qua inesdstdrì ae bl prnfuekdzlidùe y rafdelgdaetn ka bl avlbulidùe.
Inei ratlgaeta ae as tl norl detaetlgns nfraiar lb baitnr lbhuels jarrlg daetls ótd ótd--
bas l bl jnrl ka afaitulr ue siraaedeh n avlbulidùe rafardkl lb rdashn rdashn ka plka iar lbhóe
trlstnren psdinbùhdin ilplz k a detarfard
detarfardrr ine ab lprae kdzlca n ab odaeastlr agn idnelb
kab edün
edün ae aklk asin blr. Yd asta edün n edül edül as kataitlkn ing n ae rdashn , abbn abbn en
dgpbdil qua eaiasl rdlgaeta plka zil ue trlstnren, sden
sden qua asa dekdilkn r ka rdashn
rdashn
kaoa sar avlbulkn ae bl flsa ubtardnr kab kdlheùstdin, qua tlgodäe fnrgl plrta ka
asta bdorn.
bdorn. Asta sahu ekn p lsn tdaea ab nocatdvn ka ine fdrglr
fdrglr n kasilrtlr ab dekdilknr
 ka rdashn ing aetlkn, y lrrdolr l ue kdlheùstdin aspaiçfdin y kdfkdfaraeidlkn
araeidlkn qua saülba
ue p rneùstdin prnoloba y, sd abbn
abbn as raquardkn, dekdilr
dekdilr uel detarvaeidùe
detarvaeidùe n trltlgdaetn,
trltlgdaetn,
n uel hlgl ka npidneas pnsdobas ae bl gacnr ka bls idriuestleidls. Lquç as kneka

DE[_NKQIIDÙE L BL YAHQEKL ]L_[A :4

bl AAK D (Aetravdstl
(Aetravdstl ka Avlbulidùe K dlheùstdil Defletdb),
Defletdb), qua a s uel jarrlgdaetl ótdb y
aspaidlbgaeta kdsaülkl, ingn su engora bn dekdil, plrl bl sahuekl flsa ka kdlh-
eùstdin -sd as qua ab pravdn suhdara su eaiasdklk- sa vuabva dgpnrtleta.
siraaedeh
Astl aetravdstl jl sdkn raidaetaga
raidaetaga eta kaslrrnbb
kaslrrnbblkl
lkl pnr euastrn aqudpn ka knia etas
a devastdhlknras ae bl
bl Qedvarsdklk ka Ou aens Ldras, y sa prasaetl ae astl sahuekl
plrta ka bl norl.
Bl flsa ka kdlheùstdin sa jlbbl gìs agplraetlkl ine bn qua ibìsdilgaeta jl
klkn ae bblglrsa psdinkdlheùstdin. Ljnrl o dae, plrl ralbd
ralbdzlr
zlr lprnpdlklg aeta bl atlpl
dedidlb ka rls trdb
trdbblca
blca n siraaedeh sa raqudara
raqudara qua bns dest
destrugaetns
rugaetns ag pbalkns pnsale
uel lbtl saesdodbdklk. Bl saesdodbdklk ens dekdil bl ilplidklk ka bls jarrlgdaetls
ka avlbulidùe psdinbùhdil plrl kataitlr ingn ilsns l lquabb
lquabbns
ns edüns qua sa ae-
iuaetrle ralbgaeta ae rdashn y qu a rahdstr
rahdstrle
le lbhóe tdpn ka sdetngltnbnhçl. Ae ntrls
plblorls, uel pruao l lbtlgaeta saes doba tdaea
tdaea bl ilplidklk ka k ataitlr dekdilknras
dekdilknras
prnolobas ka psdinpltnbnhçl,
psdinpltnbnhçl, luequa bl snspaijl sal g aenr, en kaclekn fuarlfuarl ede-
hóe ilsn prnoloba, gìs lbbì ka qua buahn sa inefdrga n en ab kdlheùstdin ae uel
sahuekl destleidl. As kai dr qua, ae tärgdens haearlbas, bns destr
destruga
uga etns ka irdolkn

pnsaae ue llue
fìidbgaeta, lbtl iulekn
saesdodbdklk
saesdodbdab
klk qua jli a en
axlgdelkn quaglrqua
bls puetulidneas
n en axjdolka uel
rdashn sailetdklk
hrle abavae
abavae gka
uy
sçetngls. As tn klrì buhlr l bl flitdodbd
flitdodbdklk
klk ka kataitlr flbsns pnsdtdvns. Bns flbsns pn-
sdtdvns sne prasuetns ilsns atdquatlkns ingn ae rdashn ae ab siraaedeh, parn qua
ae ralbdklk en rasubtle inefdrglkns ingn tlbas ae bl atlpl ubtardnr ka kdlheùstdin.
Bl rlzùe ka astl lbtl saesdodb
saesdodbdklk
dklk rasdka, axprasìeknbl ae baehulca inbnqudlb, ae qua
sa inesdkarl prafardoba supnear qua ilsns en pnsdtdvns (eahltdvns, en ae rdashn, sde
pltnbnhçl) sç sa jlbble ae rdashn,
rdashn, lue ka g nkn aqudvnil kn, letas qua parkar ka vdstl
ae asta prniasn ka fdbtrlkn ilsns varklkarns pnsdtdvns (varklkarlgaeta ae rdashn
y/n ine pltnbnhçl) qua sa plsae pnr lbtn l ilusl ka bl flbtl ka saesdodbdklk kab des-
trugaetn. Ae óbtd
óbtdgl
gl destleidl, asns flbsns pnsdtd
pnsdtdvns
vns qua en arle varklkarns ilsns ,
sarìe kasilrtlkns ae a b gng aetn pnstardnr kab kdlheùstdin.
Lsdgdsgn
suabae y ingn
rahdstrlr inetrlplrtdkl ka su lbtl saesdodbdklk,
olcl aspaidfdidklk, yl qua tdaeae
tdaeae bls pruaols
pni l ilplidklk ka siraaedeh
p lrl astlobaiar kd-
kd-
faraeidls dekdvdkulbas aetra trlstnrens0 ka gnkn qua as dgpnsdoba, l trlväs ka asta
tdpn ka jarrlgdaetls, bbahlr l ue kdlheùstdin kdfaraeidlb y aspaiçfdin
a spaiçfdin kab ilsn. Bls
pruaols ka siraaedeh kaoae sar oravas, fìidbas
fìidbas ka lkgdedstrlr
lkgdedstrlr y ka avlbulr, plrl qua
puakl axlgdelrsa l uel hrle iletdklk ka sucatns ae ab gaenr tdagpn pnsdoba l bns
afaitns ka kataitlr prnetlgaeta bns il sns pns dtdvns
dtdvns pn taeidlbas
taeidlbas y kardvlr
kardvlrbns
bns plrl su
kdlheùstdin kafdedtdvn y pnstardnr trltlgdaetn, sd sa inefdrgl su inekdidùe ka ilsns
pnsdtdvns varklkarns (ae rdashn ralb n ine pltnbnhçl ralb, pnsdtdvl).
]nr ab inetrlrdn bls pruaols ka kdlheùstdin psdinbùhdin sne lbtlgaeta aspaiç-
fdils y tdaeae olcl saesdodbdklk. Bl aspaidfdidklk, sd ka kdlheùstdin jloblgns, sa
kafdea ljnrl ingn bl ilplidklk kab destrugaetn plrl kataitlr bl lusaeidl ka trls-
 tnrens lsç ingn bl ilptlidùe ka sutdbazls ae bl vlrdlodbdklk qua axdsta aetra bns kd-
faraetas iulkrns ibçedins. L bl vaz astns destrugaetns ka kdlheùstdin tdaeae olcl
saesdodbdklk yl qua avdtle kkataitlr
ataitlr ilsns flbsns pnsdtdvns , as kaidr qua
qua en sa
ousil a e asta kdlheùstdin bl kataiidùe ka dekdilknras prnolo bas ka trlstnrens sden
aspaiçfdilgaeta bl dkaetdfdilidùe
dkaetdfdilidùe ka sucatns ralbgaeta inesdkarlkn
inesdkarlkns
s ingn ilsns
(pnsdtdvns varklkarns).
varklkarns). ]nr bn tletn, bls
bls jarrlg daetls ka kdlheùstdin pnsaa e bls il-
rlitarçstdils ka sar gìs axtaesls, deibuyae uel glynr iletdklk ka dekdilknras y su

4= L AVLBQLIDÙE ]YDINBÙHDIL AE
A E EDÜNY

lkgdedstrlidùe
lkgdedstrlidùe as gìs ingp bacl
bacl a desuga gìs tdagpn,
tdagpn, custlgaeta pnr su raquardkl
aspaidfdidklk.
\udzì ab kdbagl ka tnkn avlbulknr inesdsta ae bnhrlr astlobaiar ue lkaiulkn o l-
bleia aetra saesdodbdklk y aspaidfdidklk ae bl avlbulidùe psdinbùhdil yl qua, ae fue-
idùe ka uel puetulidùe n hrupn ka puetulidneas ae kdfaraetas pruaols, kaoae tn-
glrsa kaidsdneas lpuetlekn lb glynr hrlkn ka praidsdùe pnsdoba, puastn qua tlbas
kaidsdneas dgplitlrìe ka fnrg l kdraitl snora ab fut
futurn
urn kab avlbulkn. T ae asta ils n
asa avlbulkn as ed gìs ed g aens qua ue edün ae pbaen kaslrrnbbn avnbutdvn,
avnbutdvn, ine tnkns
bns rdashns y vaetlcls qua abbn dgpbdil. Bls vaetlcls prnvdaeae ka qua, ae guijls
nilsdneas, sa astì l tdagpn plrl pravaedr n ralbd
ralbdzlr
zlr detarvaeidneas
detarvaeidneas p sdinbùhdils,
sdinbùhdils, flgd-
bdbdlras
lras n psdinakuiltdvls. Bns rdashns
rdashns rlkdile ae qua g uijls ntrls, puaka sar kag l-
sdlkn tlrka kaska bns puetns ka v dst
dstll avnbutdvn n agn idnelb, pnr acagp
acagp bn.
Yahóe bns pìrrlfns praiakaetas, ae astl norl prnpneagns uel avlbulidùe psd-
inbùhdil ae kns flsas3 l) uel prdgarl flsa ka siraaedeh, kastdelkl l kataitlr ilsns
prnolobas, y o) uel flsa ka kdlheùstdin, kakdilkl l prnfuekdzlr bl avlbulidùe ka
lquabbns edüns qua jle gnstrlkn dekdilknras ka rdashn, l qudaeas sa bas ralbdzl uel
avlbulidùe psdinbùhdil ae prnfuekdklk plrl inefdrglr n kasilrtlr bl jdpùtasds kdlh-
eùstdil. Ab fnin dedidlb
dedidlb ka bls täiedils ka avlbulidùe p rasaetlkls sa uodil, lsç, ae bls
tlrals ka siraaedeh ine edüns. Aetneias, ingn ingaetìrlgns letas, astls pruaols
kaoarìe sar saeidbb
saeidbbls,
ls, sdgpbas, oravas, ka fìidb lkg dedstrlidùe,
dedstrlidùe, avlbulidùe a detarpra-
detarpra-
tlidùe. Ab psdiùbnhn kaoa s ar ilplz ka i neiratlr bl avlbulidùe ae ue blpsn rabltdvl-
gaeta i nrtn.
Jag ns deibud
deibudkn
kn ae as tl saiidùe destrugaetns ka lg pbdl idridriublidùe
iublidùe y trlkdid
trlkdidùe
ùe ae
euastrn gakdn, ingn sne bns yl odae inenidkns [ast kab Kdoucn ka bl Fdhurl Ju-
gle l y ab [ast Huastìbtdin Vdsngntnr ka Oaekar (välesa bns ilpçtubns 1 y 6), qua sa
agpbale ae tlrals ka rlstrdbblca, tletn ae asiuabls ingn ae sarvdidns jnspdtlblrdns
y ntrns iaetrns ka ltaeidùe psdinbùhdil póobdins y prdvlkns. L paslr ka su hrle kd-
fusdùe, astls asilbls en inetlole ine olragns litulbdzlkns y bnilbas lkaiulkns
ingn plrl lrrdolr l uel inrraitl detarpratlidùe ka bns rasubtlkns notaedkns. ]nr bn
tletn, uen ka bns lpnrtas qua asta bdorn prataeka ralbdzlr inesdsta ae ordeklr enr-
gl s astlkçstdils bnilbas y raidaetas, cuetn ine defnrglidùe idaetçfdil
idaetçfdil litulbdzlkl plrl
bl lkaiulkl vlbnrlidùe
vlbnrlidùe ka bns ilsns sahóe tlb tlbas
as asilbls. Kdijns olrag ns jle sdkn
inestrudkns l plrtdr
plrtdr ka leìbdsds kaslrrnb
kaslrrnbblkns
blkns ae uel l gp bdbdll g uastrl ka edüns, ingn
plrta ka euastrls tlrals kniaetas y ka devastdhlidùe bbavlkls l ilon ae bns óbtdgn óbtdgn s
idein lüns ae bl Iìtakrl DD ka [anrçl y [äiedils ka Axpbnrlidùe y Kdlheùstdin ]sdin-
 bùhdin, Gùkubn D, ka bl Fliu btlk
btlk ka ]sdinbnhçl
]sdinbnhçl ka bl Qedvarsdklk ka Ou aens Ldras.
Bns destrugaetns letas engorlkns snbçle lkgdedstrlrsa ae ue fnrgltn ingod-
elkn, inenidkn ingn bl gdedoltarçl ka siraaedeh psdinakuilidnel
psdinakuilidnelbb ka @nppdtz, ine-
cuetlgaeta
cuetlgaeta ine bl pruaol VL KY Vdsulb Lukdtnr)/ Kdhdt Yple) kdsaülkl pnr bl gdsgl
Krl. @nppdtz0 lgons sa uslole ae inecuetn plrl katargdelr sd ue edün prasaetlol
pnsdobas lbtarlidneas inhedtdvls y/n agni dnelbas qua pu kdarle detarfardr
detarfardr ine su lk a-
iulkn kasag paün ae bl asiuabl.
Ab VLKY a s uel pruaol kdsaülkl pnr Abdzloatj @npp dtdtzz jlidl bl käilkl ka <4:=,
olslkl ae bl tanrçl ka bl detabdhaeidl ka C. ]. Kls. [ngl ingn deput prdeidplb ab
raiuarkn ka kçhdtns qua sa p rasaetle lb edün, lbtareltd
lbtareltdvlg
vlg aeta, ingn astçgubns var-
olbas y fdhurltdvns,
fdhurltdvns, plrl qua buahn raiuarka y rapdtl nrlb
nrlbgaeta
gaeta y/n asirdol asns gl-
tardlbas avnilkns ae ue blpsn orava. Astl asilbl detaetù sar ue praiursnr ka bls

DE[_NKQIIDÙE L BL YAHQEKL ]L_[A 4<

gnkarels oltarçls psdinakuilidnelbas plrl avlbulr ab pntaeidlb y ab raekdgdaetn

inhedtdvns ka edüns paquaüns ine prnobagls ae su kasagpaün asinblr. Yde ag-
olrhn, bl Krl. @ nppdtz flbbaidù
flbbaidù lb pnin tdag
tdag pn ka su akdidùe, sde litulbdzlr bns glta-
rdrdlbas
lbas sahóe bns lv leias ka bns gnkabns g ìs litulbas snora bl detdetabd
abdhaeidl
haeidl y kdfarae-
tas fueidneas acaiutdvls jugle ls, ae asta ilsn, defletdb
defletdbas.
as.
[nglekn
[nglekn bls dkals prdeidplbas ka @nppdtz sa iraù ue destrugaetn qua pargdta
afaitulr ue rìpdkn siraaedeh ka pnsdobas kdfdiubtlkas inhedtdvls ae edüns paquaüns
y qua sa prasaetl pnr prdgarl vaz ae astl norl. Lsç, sa kdsaüù uel pruaol qua de-
ibuya bns lvleias raidaetas ka bl eaurnpsdinbnhçl parn qua en sa jlbbl rastrdehdkl
snblgaeta lb raiuarkn y rapatdidùe ka kçhdtns. Ab prnpùsdtn prdeidplb inesdstdù ae bn-
hrlr uel jarrlgdaetl ka avlbulidùe ka fìi db lkg dedstrlidùe
dedstrlidùe y puetulidùe pl rl tlrals
ka rlstrdbblca,
rlstrdbblca, tletn
tletn ae ì go dtns
dtns aku iltdvns ing n ibçedins. Ae asta saetdkn, sa kdsaüù
y lelbdzù
lelbdzù psdingätkilgaeta ab YEE-QO L Yiraaedeh Eaurnpsdinbùhdin plrl Edüns -
QOL
OL),
), iuyn gltardlb ka lkgdedstrlidùe sa nfraia ine ab aqudpn ingpbatn, y iuyls
prnpdaklkas psdingätrdils sa kasi rdrdoae
oae ae ab ilpçtub
ilpçtubnn 8, deibuyaekn bns astukdns qua
tnkl asilbl idaetçfd
idaetçfdilg
ilg aeta ablonrlkl y pua stl l pruaol kao a dgpbdilr.
Ka asta g nkn, jag ns rauedkn uel euav l g dedoltarçl
dedoltarçl plrl ab rlstrdb
rlstrdbblc
blcaa ka bns ls-
paitns glkurltdvns ka edüns ka aetra 1 y <? lüns, haearlkl ae bl Qedvarsdklk ka
Oua ens Ldras, ingpu astl pnr bbns
ns ibìsdins tasts
tasts kab Kdoucn ka bl Fd
Fdhurl
hurl Jug lel y ab
[ast Huastìbtdin Vdsngntnr ka Oaekar, gìs ab raidaeta Yiraaedeh Eaurnpsdinbùhdin
plrl Edüns (YEE-QOL). Astls tras pruaols en desugae gìs ka gakdl jnrl ka lk-
gdedstrlidùe y pargdtae kasilrtlr prnolobas kdsfueidneas eaurnbùhdils ae edüns qua
prasaetle prnobagls ae su raekdgdaetn asinblr, n odae kasilrtlr iulbqudar tdpn ka
kdsfueidùe eaurnbùhdil ae paq uaüns qu a lsdstae l bl
bl inesubtl psdinbùhdil, lsç ing n
taear ae iuaetl pnsdobas dekdilknras
dekdilknras qua bbavae l bl kaidsdùe ka ag praekar uel avl-
bulidùe psdinbùhdil ae prnfuekdklk, ine ab fde ka lrrdolr l ue kdlheùstdin kafdedkn y
aspaiçfdin.
Klkn qua ab prnpùsdtn ka bl norl inesdsta ae qua ab baitnr iuaeta ine ue glta-
rdlb ka avlbulidùe litulbdzlkn ae asp lünb, sa deibuya, ka fnrgl
fnrgl in gp bagaetlrdl, uel
aetravdstl astruiturlkl (bl Aetravdstl plrl bl Avlbulidùe Kdlheùstdil Defletdb ‛AAKD‛)
 plrl bl avlbulidùe kdlheù stdil ka bns prdeidplbas tr
trlstnrens
lstnrens psdinbùhdins pl sdobas ka
prasaetlrsa ae edüns.
Jagns inesdkarlkn plrl ab kdsaün ka astl aetravdstl, tlgodäe kaslrrnbblkl ae
bl Iìtakrl letas eng orlkl, bl iblsdfdilidùe
iblsdfdilidùe ka tr
trlstnrens
lstnrens psdinbùhdins ag lelkl k ab
KYG 1, ka raidaeta blezlgdaetn y ine vdhaeidl det detarelidnelb
arelidnelb,, ae su lplrtlkn rablidn-
rablidn-
elkn i ne bl defleidl. Abbl
Abbl sa ing pnea k a kns plrtas prdeidplbas3 (l) ue iuastdnelrd
iuastdnelrdnn
plrl plkras qua p argdta ralbd
ralbdzlr
zlr uel deklhlidùe sdstagl tdzlkl ka bns lspaitns vde-
iublkns ine bns jdtns kab kaslrrnbbn, lsç ingn bns ingpnrtlgdaetns lklptltdvns kab
edün, y (o) uel sahuekl p lrta, qua sa kakdil l axlg delr dekdilknras
dekdilknras ka sdetngltnbn-
hçl lsnidlkl l trlstnrens psdinpltnbùhdins gìs fraiuaetas ae edüns (välsa ab Ilp ç-
tubn ; y ab iulkag dbdbbn
bn ka _asubtlkns a Jdstnrdl Ibçedil). Lsç, blbl AAK D, yl en lkai ulkl
plrl ab siraaedeh sden paeslkl plrl ab kdlheùstdin,
kdlheùstdin, sa prnpnea ing n ing pbagaetn
avaetulb plrl uel atlpl ubtardnr sd trlolclgns ae aetnrens destdtuidnelbas ka ilrl l bl
kataiidùe ka rdashn y avaetulb pltnbnhçl sde sde uel kag lekl pnr plrta ka bns plkras n
ka destdtuidùe
destdtuidùe lbhuel. En ae tnkns bns ilsns sa rì eaiaslrdl su lpbdilid
lpbdilidùe
ùe y snblg aeta
sa bl rasarvlrì plrl lq uabbns edüns ae bns qua bns rasubt
rasubtlkns
lkns ka b siraaedeh lpnrtlkn
pnr astl euavl g deddedoltarçl
oltarçl lsç bn suhdar
suhdarle.
le. Bl AA KD iug pba ine tnkns bns raqudsdtns

4? BL AVLBQLIDÙE ]YDINBÙHDIL AE EDÜNY

plrl sar iblsdfdilkl

iblsdfdilkl ing n jarrlgdaetl ka kdlheù std
stdin.
in. As aspai çfçfdil
dil (pnsaa ilpli d-
klk pl rl astlobaiar
obagìtdils plsdobasprasaeidl afaitdvl
ka ltaeidùe, ka dekdilknras
lkagìs dekd
kailknras kaasns
kdstdehudr sdetng ltnbnhçl
dekdidns kay/
y/nn ka prn-
ntrns ine
praidsdùe kdfaraeidlb)0 as pnin saesdoba (sus dekdilknras en raliidnele leta dekdidns
sutdbas
sutdbas sden sdhedfdiltdvns)
sdhedfdiltdvns) y as axtaesl (kag lekl ab tdagpn q ua ue kdlheùs tdin katl-
bblkn
bblkn raqudara). ]nr supuastn qua , ka trlolclrsa ae ìg odtns ka inesubtl aspnetìeal,
ingn jnspdtlbas, sarvdid
sarvdidns
ns ka slbuk gae tlb,
tlb, inesubtnrd
inesubtnrdns,
ns, puaka kdr
kdraitlgaeta
aitlgaeta ing ae-
zlrsa ine abbl
abbl buahn k a bl prasaetlidùe dedidlb y kab astlobaidgdaetn kab kaodkn rlppnrt
ine bns inesubtletas. Lsç, taedaekn ae iuaetl qu a bl aetravdst
aetravdstll pnsaa sdagpra bl var-
sltdbdklk
sltdb dklk ka pnk ar agp balrsa ae atlpls tag prlels sd bl inesubtl as kdraitl ((pnrqua pnrqua
jly ue g lbastlr paridod
paridodkn)
kn) lsç ingn tlg odäe ae gng aetns pnstardnras
pnstardnras sd trlolclgns
trlolclgns
ae ab ìg odtn inguedtlrdn,
inguedtlrdn, astl Yahuekl ] lrta prasaetl bbll AA KD ae prdgar tärgden. As
ab inbahl qudae katargdelrì,
katargdelrì, sahóe ab ilsn, ab ìgodt
ìgodtnn ae a b qua sa kasag paüa y bls
eaiasdklkas pbletalkls,
pbletalkls, su usn ingn prdgarl
prdgarl lprnxdglidùe l bl prnobagìtd
prnobagìtdil il n su
pnstardnr sd ka siraaedehs haearlbas sa trltl.
agp ban pnstardnr
Ing n vag ns, ae astl Yahuekl ]lrta ka bl norl ab baitnr
baitnr aeinetrlrì bbll defnr
defnrgli
gli dùe
eaia slrdl plrl ralbdzlr
ralbdzlr uel avlbulidùe prabdgdelr ka siraaedeh tnglekn ae iuaetl
tletn destrugaetns
destrugaetns ibìsdins ingn g nkarens3 ab Vdsngntnr
Vdsngntnr ka Oa ekar y ab KFJ sahóe
Hnnkaenuhj-Jlrrds y @nppdtz ae ab prdgar ilsn, y uel täiedil raidaetagaeta kdsa-
ülkls3 Ab Yiraaedeh Eaurnpsdinbùhdin plrl Edüns (YEE -QOL ), qua deinrpnrl bls ób óbtd-
td-
gls taekaeidls y fnins ka ltaeidùe qua bl eaurnpsdinb
eaurnpsdinbnhçl
nhçl litulb tdaea
tdaea ae i uaetl. Bl
yl g aeidnelkl A etravdstl
etravdstl plrl bl Avlbulidùe K dlheùstdil Defletdb
Defletdb (AA
(AA KD), tlgodäe ka
raidaeta kaslrrnbbn, sa lülka ingn destrugaetn kdlheùstdin plrl bns ilsns ae qua
abbn fuara eaiaslrdn ae ue gngaetn pnstardnr ingn rasubtlkn kab siraaedeh letas
prnpuastn y sa rasplbkl ae bns irdtardns kdlheùstdins kab KYG 1, ka raidaeta puobd-
ilidùe. Ae ab ilsn ka bns gltardlbas ibìsd
ibìsdins,
ins, sa jl deinrpnrlkn a e bns ilpçtubns in-
 rraspnekdaetas defnrglidùe litulbdzlkl snora devastdhlidneas afaitulkls in e astns
destrugaetns,
destr ugaetns, g ìs uel vlrdaklk ka ilsns a defnrgas
defnrgas ibçedins
ibçedins qua dbdbustrle
ustrle su agp ban.
Ae sus Leaxns sa l hrahle bls destruiid
destruiidneas,
neas, hrdbbls
hrdbbls ka puetulidùe y o lragns litul-
bdbdzlkns
zlkns p lrl ralbdzlr uel inrraitl detarpratlidùe
detarpratlidùe ka bns destruga
destruga etns ing aetlkns.
Ka asta g nkn, asparlg ns qua euastrns baitnras jlbb jlbbae
ae astl no rl ka utdbdklk,
utdbdklk, tletn
pnr bls fueklgaetlidneas taùrdils y täiedils qua deibuya ingn p nr bls envaklkas ae
avlbulidùe qua lpnrtl, sde nbvdklr bl litulbdzlidùe ka kns tasts trlkdidnelbas ka usn
glsdvn ae bl inguedklk bnilb ka psdiùbnhns.

DE[_NKQIIDÙE L BL YAHQEKL ]L_[A 49

;. Bl Aetr
A etravdst
avdstll plrl
pl rl bl
bl AAvlbulidùe
vlbulidùe
K dlheùstd
lheù stdil
il Defletd
Defletdbb (AAKD)
(AAK D)
Flodlel Qrdab,
Qrdab, Glrçl
G lrçl Cnsafdel
Cnsafdel Yijadesnje,
Yi jadesnje,
Buidlel Oaiarrl y Lel K'Leel

<. BL AE[_AVDY[L. LY]AI[N Y INEIA][ QLBAY

Bl aetravdstl puaka inesdkarlrsa ingn ue gnkn plrtdiublr ka inevarslr ine ue
nocatdvn axpbçidtn. Ae psdinbnhçl astl prìitdil inestdtuya ue kdspnsdtdvn fueklgaetlb
plrl bl notaeidùe ka kltns, bl avlbulidùe y bl detarvaeidùe ae bns kdstdetns ìgodtns
ka lp bdbdilidùe
ilidùe (Yjl rp, Xdbbdlgs,
Xdbbdlgs, _j year y Dblr
Dblrkd,
kd, ?=<9 0 Yubbdvle,
Yubbdvle, <41;0 Vdbbl y _adtgle ,
 ?==8).
@lpble y Yli iuzzn (?=< ?) dekdile qua sa trltl
trltl ka bl jarrlgdaetl gìs dgpn rtleta
‛ y guij ls vaias bl óedil‛ ka rainhdkl ka kltns ae tnkns bns ìgodtns kab quajliar
prnfasdnelb. Yuorlyle bls sdgdbdtukas aetra bls aetravdstls y ntrls täiedils ka avlbul-
idùe, lfdrglekn qua en sa kdfaraeidle kaglsdlkn ka ntrns destrugaetns psdinbùhd-
ins, klkn qua tnkns abbns puakae in esdkarlrsa gätnkns pl rl rainbaitlr defnrglidùe
defnrglidùe
snora bns sucatns ae astukdn. Gle dfdfdastle
dastle qua, lb dhulb qua suiaka ine ntrls pruaol s,
pnsaae nocatdvns aspaiçfdins, supneae uel detarliidùe aetra kns n gìs parsnels y
puaka e astukdlrsa ae tärgdens ka sus iulbdklkas psdingätrdils (astukd
(astukdns
ns ka inefdl-
odbdklk y avdkaeidls ka vlbdkaz).
Bl aetravdstl as uel täiedil tle pbìstdil y varsìtdb qua pargdta su gnkdfdilidùe
plrl lklptlrsa l kdfaraetas fdeas,
fdeas, eaiasdklkas kab avlbulkn/avlbulknr y ìg odtns ka
lpbdilidùe (Hrntj-Glrelt, ?==40 Gìrquaz, ?=<;). Bl gnklbdklk qua sa abdcl kapae-
karì ka iulbdklkas
iulbdklkas tlbas ing n ab astdbn
astdbn ka ilkl a etravdstlknr,
etravdstlknr, bns
bns prnpùsdtns qua sa
pbletaae, ab hrlkn ka astruiturlidùe ka bls prahuetls y ab prniakdgdaetn plrl sdsta-
gl tdtdzlr
zlr bls raspuastls, aetra nt
ntrls
rls innrkael kls Yus pl rtdiublrdklkas
rtdiublrdklkas sa aeiua etrle
suonrkdelkls lb glrin taùrdin rafaraeidlb, lb ìgodtn ka trlolcn ae ab qua sa bl ag-
pbaa y l bns no catd
catdvns
vns qu a sa parsdhle. Bl l rtdiublidùe
rtdiublidùe aetra bls sdehublrd
sdehublrdklkas
klkas ka bns
sucatns/idriuestleidls
sucatns/idriuestleidls y bns nocatdvns qua sa prataekle l bilezlr klrì buhlr l qua sa
inefdhurae bns
bns fnrgltns g ìs lprnpdlkns plrl ilkl sdtulidùe
sdtulidùe ka a vlbulidùe. Lkagìs,
astls ilrlitarçstdils
ilrlitarçstdils pn saarìe hrle defbuaeidl
defbuaeidl sno ra bl iletdklk y bl ilbdklk ka bl de-
fnrglidùe rainbaitlkl (G dbdbbar,
bar, ?=<=0 ]dliaeta, ?= <?).
Yd odae as bl jarrlgdaetl ka rainbaiidùe ka defnrglidùe gìs jlodtulb y gìs axtae-
slgaeta uslkl ae euastrl prnfasdùe, tlgodäe as lquabbl qua raqudara kab kaslrrn-
bbbbnn ka glyn ras kastrazls plrl su lkg ded
dedstrlid
strlidùe,
ùe, avlbulidùe a detarpratlid
detarpratlidùe
ùe ([urear,
Jarsae y Jadsar, ?=<9).

BL AE[_AVDY[
AE[_A VDY[L
L ]L_L BL AVLBQLIDÙE KDLHEÙY
KDLHEÙY[DIL
[DIL DEFLE[DB (AA
(AAKD)
KD) 1

Bls irçtdils
irçtdils g ìs jlo dtulbas
dtulbas l bls aetravdstls
aetravdstls jle su rhdkn kab iuastdnelgdaetn ka
tras ka sus lspaitns iaetrlbas (Gìrquaz, ?=< ;0 ]arpdüì, ?=<?)3

l ) Bls kdfdiubtlkas qua prasaetle bns aetravdstlknras plrl destrugaetlrbls lka-

iulklgaeta, kdfaraeidìeknbls täiedil y gatnknbùhdilgaeta ka bns gnkns in-
bnqudlbas
bnqudlbas ka ing pnrtlrsa ae sdtulidneas detarlitd
detarlitdvls.
vls.
o ) Bls pnsdobas kdstnrsdneas ae bl defnrglidùe notaedkl, jlodkl iuaetl ka qua
astl prnvdaea kab lu tnd
tndefnrga
efnrga k ab sucatn avlbulkn.
i ) Bl flbtl ka astleklrdzlidùe y iuletdfdilidùe
iuletdfdilidùe ka bns kltns l railolr.

Kask a gdtlk kab sd

sdhbn
hbn plslkn, l plrtdr ka bns lpnrtas ka envakn sns sdstagls ka
iblsdfdilidùe
iblsdfd
tdne, ilidùe?=<6)
<4;:, ka blsy aefargaklka s gae tlbas,
ab KYG-D (Lgardile ing n bl Lssnidltdne,
]syijdltrdi IDA-6 (Xnrbk <41?,
Jalbtj?=<6),
Nrhledzl-
y ka
inetrdouidneas ralbdzlkls pnr ibçedins
ibçedins ka nrdaetlidùe inekui tulb y inhe dtdvn-inekui
dtdvn-inekui -
tulb, bns
bns asfuarzns s a iaetrlrne ae bls vae tlcls ka astruiturlr ab prniasn
prniasn k a bl aetra-
vdstl. Ae ab detaetn ka hlrle tdzlr ab bnhrn
bnhrn ka defnrglidùe fdloba y rabavl eta, ab kaslrrnbbn
ka aetravdstls
aetravdstls lbtlgaeta astruiturlkls inorù luha. Lquabbls fuarne kdsaülkls ine bl
 rdhurnsdklk gatnkn bùhdil eaia slrdl plrl lirakdtlr rasubtrasubtlkns
lkns ka ilbdklk, ine ia rtdfd
rtdfd--
ilidneas notaedkls l trlväs ka astukdns ka inefdlod
inefdlodbdbdklk
klk y ine sufdidaetas avdkaeidls
ka vlbdkaz (Jarsae y [jng ls, ?==8).
Bls aetravdstls
aetravdstls astleklrdzlkls plrl a b kdlheùstd
kdlheùstdin
in ibçedin, ingn bl YI DK-D -Aetra-
vdstl Ibçedil Astruiturlkl pl rl bns [rlstnrens ka b Aca D kab KYG-DV- (Fdrst, Ypdtzar, Hdo-
one y X dbdbbdbdlg
lg s, <448), bl YLKY -BL -Bdstlkn plrl bl Avlbulidùe ka [rlstnrens Lfaitd-
vns y A squdznfraedl-
squdznfraedl- (Fyar, Aekdintt,
Aekdintt, Gleuzzl y @bade, <4:1), n bls sardas ka bls LKDY
-Aetravdstls plrl Bdstlr
Bdstlr [rlst
[rlstnrens
nrens ka Les daklk- (Ornwe, Kd Elrkn y O lrbnw, <44;),
elidarne ine asa p rnpùsdtn y lsahurlrne qua a b aetravd
aetravdstlknr
stlknr bbbbahlrl
ahlrl l ineibusdneas
kdlheùstdils gìs fdlobas y vìbdkls y, inesaiuaetagaeta, fnrgublrl ubtardnras rain-
gae klidneas y astrltahdls
astrltahdls ka detarvaeidùe gìs praidsls y lkaiulkl s.
Ae bns óbtdgns lüns, y ine ab fde ka deiragaetlr bl inefdlodbdklk
inefdlodbdklk aetra avlbulknras,
ab usn ka aetravdstls astruiturlkls
astruiturlkls y sa gdastruiturlkls jl iraidkn sustleidlbgae ta.
Bl nrhledzlidùe y pbledfdilidùe
pbledfdilidùe qu a bls ilrlitardzle pargdtae lb lkg ded
dedstrlknr
strlknr sahudr
ue fnrgltn y uel saiuaeidl praastlobaidkns. Klkn ab lbtn hrlkn ka sdstagltdzlidùe
ka kltns qua bnhr
bnhrle
le ae ingplrlidùe ine ab fnrgltn
fnrgltn bdora, lugaetle ae fnrgl ine sd-
karloba bl pnsdodbdklk ka inetrlstlidùe aetra astukdns ka devastdhlidùe, aspaidlbgaeta
kdrdhdkns
kdrdhdkns lb astlobaidgdaetn ka kdlheù stdins
stdins (Yahl b, Guabbar y Innbdkha, ?=< ?).
Ka as ta gnkn a dekapaekdaetagaeta ka su nrdaetlidùe
nrdaetlidùe taùrdin-rafaraeidlb
taùrdin-rafaraeidlb,, bns ae-
travdstlknras sarìe g ìs afdilias sd bnhrle u tdbdzlr
tdbdzlr destrug
destrug aetns ka l btl ilbd
ilbdklk,
klk, lkq udrdr
sùbdkns inenidgdaetns taùrdins, kastlilkls kastrazls nrhledzltdvls,
nrhledzltdvls, lkaiulkl ilpl-
idklk plrl astlobaiar rlppnrt y fnrglr y ka slrrnbblr
slrrnbblr bls jlodbd
jlodbdklkas
klkas e aiaslrdls plrl
bbavlr
bbavlr l i lon ae travd
travdstls
stls ine rdhurnsdklk täiedil y ga tnknbùhdil.

? IBLYDFDILIDÙE KA BLY AE[_AVDY[LY

Ae asta asirdtn sa jlrì jdeilpdä ae ab hrlkn ka astruiturlidùe kab destrugaetn,
klkn qua asta as uen ka bns irdtardns
irdtardns gìs kas tlilkns y g ìs jlo dtulb
dtulbgaeta
gaeta utdbdzlkns
utdbdzlkns

ae bl avlbulidùe psdinbùhdil.
psdinbùhdil. Iulekn sa lbuka l bl astruiturl sa pnekarl ab hrlkn ka

46 . Q_DAB, G. C. YIJADEYNJE, B. OAIA__L y L. K'LEEL

tdpdfdilidùe
tdpdfdilidùe y a stleklrdzlidùe
stleklrdzlidùe ka bns ingp neaetas qua bl detahrle,
detahrle, as kaidr, ab gnkn y
nrkae ae q ua sa prasaetle bls prahuetls y bl fnrgl ae qua sa ralbdzlrì
ralbdzlrì ab rahdstrn,
rahdstrn, bl
avlbulidùe y bl detarpratlidùe
detarpratlidùe ka bl defnrglidùe n otaedkl. Inesdkarlekn astl iblsdfdil-
iblsdfdil-
idùe pnkag ns iltahnrdzlr bns tdpns
tdpns ka aetravdstl
aetravdstl ae3

<. Bdoras n en a struiturlkls

struiturlkls
? . Astruiturlkls
9 . Yagdastruiturlkls

?.<. Bls aetravdstls bdoras n en astruiturlkls

 Ya nrhledzle ae fueidùe ka plutls y irdtardns lgpbdns. ]nsdodbdtl qua ab aetravdstl-
knr fnrguba bls prahuetls olsìeknsa ae bl prnobagìtdil y praniuplidneas ka qudae
inesu btbtl,
l, plrtdaekn
plrtdaekn ka uel inesdhel lgpbdl y lodartl
lodartl tlb
tlb ing n Jìo baga ka ustak ,
Bn/s asiuijn . Astl gnklbdklk liaptl bl gnkdfdilidùe kab nrkae y gnkn ka axpra-
slr bns detarrnhletas
detarrnhletas a detarvaeidneas sdg dbdblras
lras ae p ns ka l gp bdbdlr
lr bl def
defnrglidùe.
nrglidùe. Yu
glynr vaetlcl as bl fbaxdodbd
fbaxdodbdklk
klk qua bl ilrlitar
ilrlitardzl
dzl qua, ae guij ns ilsns, pargdta as-
tlobaiar ue vçeiubn n rlppnrt ka gacnr ilbdklk aetra ab aetravdstlkn y ab aetravdstlknr
(Yahlb, Cuea y Glrty, ?=<=). Blgaetlobagaeta su sabbn kdstdetdvn ka ilbdklk inestd-
tuya, lsdgdsgn, uel ka sus g lynras kasv aetlcls klkn qua bl defdedklk defdedklk ka vlrdletas
qua surhae ka bl fbaxd
fbaxdodbd
odbdklk
klk ba rastle rdhurnsdklk y p raidsdùe.
raidsdùe. ] nr ntrl plrta, pnr sus
plrtdiublrdklkas,
plrtdiub lrdklkas, rasubtl guy kdfçidb
kdfçidb bbnhrlr
nhrlr ing plrlidneas ae devastdhlidùe
devastdhlidùe l plrtdr ka
bl ilsd defdedtl
defdedtl vlrdlodbd
vlrdlodbdklk
klk ae bns kltns railolk ns, vnbvdäeknsa g uy in gpbacn lelbdzlr
su fdlodbdklk
fdlodbdklk y astlobaiar avdkaeidls ka vlbdkaz (Gdbbar,
(Gdbbar, ?=<= ).

?.?. Bls aetravdstls astruiturlkls

Yne lquabbls ae bls qua bns abagaetns qua bls ingpneae sa jle nrhledzlkn y
astlobaidkn ine letablidùe. Bls prahuetls sa jlbble pravdlgaeta katargdelkls y sa
axpnea e ae ue nrkae astdpublkn. Ae gui jns ilsns , y ine ab nocat
nocatnn ka avlbulr bl el-
turlbazl,
turlbazl, dgpnrtleidl, avnbuidùe y kurlidùe ka lqu abbn qua sa prahuetl, bls raspuas-

tls sa inkdfdile
sdstagl utdbdzlekn
kdintùgdin asilbls
(sçetngl tdpn bC`art, luequa
prasaeta-lusaeta). ae ntrls
Iuaetle, nilsdneas
lkagìs, sa utdbdzl
ine uel sarda ue
ka
irdtardns
irdtardns nocatd
nocatdvns
vns qu a dekdile iùg n prniaka r plrl avlbulr a detarpratlr bls bls raspua s-
tls kab aetravdstlkn.
aetravdstlkn. Ae ab ìg odtn ka bl avlbulidùe ibç ibçedil
edil bns gätnkns g ìs g nkarens
plrl notaear kdlheù stdins
stdins lbtlgaeta in efdlobas
efdlobas y vì bdbdkns
kns kardvle kab kaslrrnbbn ka ae-
travdstls
travdstls astruiturlkls astleklrdzlkls sahóe irdtardns
irdtardns astlobaidkns y inesaesulk ns,
ingn sne bns ka bns KYG n bl IDA. Bl tdpdfdilidùe kab prniasn ae su inecuetn jl
pargdtdkn kdsgdeudr bl vlrdlodbdklk,
vlrdlodbdklk, bls deines dstaeidls y kdsiraplei dls ka bns rasubtl-
kns notaedkns p nr kdfaraetas
kdfaraetas avlbulknras, gdedgdzlekn l sç ab bblglkn
bblglkn sa shn kab ae-
travdstlknr.
travdstlknr. Ka astl g learl bns kdstdetns
kdstdetns aefnqu as taùrdins y bls kdvarsls ens nbnhçls
agpbalkls pnr bns aetravdstlknras sne uedfdilobas ae uel óedil engaeiblturl qua
hlrletdia uel inguedilidùe afdilz ka bns rasubtlkns ae olsa lb usn ka ue irdtardn
kdlheùstdin óedin,
idùe plrl ilkl ka ilrl l bl abaiidùe ka bls gacnras raingae klidneas ka detarvae-
ilsn.

BL AE[_AVDY[L ]L_L BL AVLBQLIDÙE KDLHEÙY[DIL DEFLE[DB (AAKD) 8

Aetra sus one klkas g ìs rabavletas sa aeiu aetrl ab jaijn ka flidbdtlr

flidbdtlr bl astleklrd-
zlidùe y sdstagltdzlidùe ka bns rasubtlkns, lbhn aspaidlbgae ta ótdb ae tlrals ka devas-
tdhlidùe
tdhlidùe l sç ing n ae destdtuidneas
destdtuidneas tlbas ing n jnsp dtlb
dtlbas,
as, ibçedils,
ibçedils, asiua bls, uedvarsd-
uedvarsd-
klkas, ag prasls, aetas póo bdins.
bdins. Lkag ìs, astls plrtdiublrdklkas
plrtdiublrdklkas pnsdodbdtle
pnsdodbdtle bbavlr
bbavlr l
ilon a stukdns plrl katargdelr su ilbdklk täiedil, as kaidr, klr iuaetl ka su fdlodbdklk
fdlodbdklk
y astlobaiar avdkaeidls ka vlbdkaz. Eugarnsns lutnras indeidkae ae saül blr qua, pnr
sus ilrlitarçstdils y vdrtukas, inestdtuyae ab tdpn ka aetravdstl gìs lkaiulkn plrl
 ralbdzlr kdlheùstdins ae ab ìg odtn ibç
ralbdzlr ibçedin,
edin, avlbulidneas ae a b ìgodtn nrhledzlidnelb-
blonrlb y, lsdgdsgn,
lsdgdsgn, plrl bbavlr l ilon tlrals ka devastdhlidùe.
devastdhlidùe. Klkn qu a sa aei uae-
trle tdpdfd
tdpdfdilkls,
ilkls, parg dtdtae
ae fnrgublr bls gdsgl s prahuetls ae ue nrkae praastlobaidkn
y inkdfdilr bns rasubtlkns ka gnkn ka inesahudr kltns vìbdkns y inefdlobas. Abbn en
dgpbdil qua ab aetravdstlkn en astä jlo dbdtlkn
dbdtlkn plrl axpblylrsa g ìs lbbì ka bl prahuetl,
ordeklekn ka tlbb
tlbbas
as y praidsdneas qua rafdeae ab kdlheùstdin. Ka jaijn , y gìs lbbì ka bl
tdpdfdilid
tdpdfdilidùe
ùe y sdstagltdzlidùe ka bns rasubtlkns, ab avlbulknr ka oa destlr lb aetravdstlkn
l axpblylrsa gakdleta prahuetls lkdidnelbas y ntrls detarvaeidneas sdgdblras, qua ea-
iasdtl rahdstrlr y taear
taear ae i uaetl.
Aetra sus ka svaetlcls y bdgdtlidneas sa kas tlile su flbtl ka fbaxdodb
fbaxdodbdklk
dklk y bl rdhdkaz
ka su fnrgltn, qua puakae haearlr qua bls prahuetls sa fnrgubae ka ue gnkn n
ae ue gng aetn pnin inevaedaeta. Lkag ìs, klkn qua sa prasaet prasaetle
le ing n uel sarda
sarda
devlrdletaa ka detarrnhletas, sne i lplias ka detaesdfd
devlrdlet detaesdfdilr
ilr lbhuels rasdstaeidls kab aetra-
vdstlkn, pnr acagpbn uel litdtuk kafaesdvl iraidaeta. ]nr abbn clgìs kaoa parkarsa ka
vdstl qua ab avlbulknr tdaea qua destruga etlr raiursns prnpdns, kntlekn l bl det detarli-
arli-
idùe ka bl fbaxdodb
fbaxdodbdklk
dklk qua bls prahuetls en tdaeae
tdaeae par sa. Lkag ìs, su astruiturlidùe
astruiturlidùe
puaka kdfdiubtlr bl notaeidùe ka defnrglidùe ka ilrìitar gìs inefdkaeidlb a dgpakdr
prnfuekdzlr
prnfuekd zlr snora lbhuens tagls rab
rabavletas,
avletas, pnr bn qua ab axlgdelknr kao a parg l-
eaiar ltaetn y, ka sar eaiaslrdn, kaoa sar ilplz ka gnkdfdilr ab iursn y ab fnrgltn
praastlobaidkns.

?.9. Bls aetravdstls sagdastruiturlkls

Lbhuens lutnras bls inesdkarle ing n uel varsdùe ga ens rçhd

rçhdkl
kl y g ìs fbfbaxdoba
axdoba ka
bls astruiturlkls Ae asta ilsn bls prahuetls tdaeae lbhóe tdpn ka nrhledzlidùe y ab
aetravdstlknr sa olsl ae ue l sarda ka tùpdins haearlbas snora bls kdfaraetas ìrals ka
detaräs. En nostleta, y ine ab nocatdvn ka notaear y/n prnfuekdzlr snora bl defnrgl-
idùe yl rainbaitlkl, ab prnfasdnelb puaka fnrgublr bns detarrnhletas lkdidnelbas qua
inesdkara npnrtuens plrl ilkl ìral deklhlkl. Ya plrta ka lbhuels plutls n ka uel
huçl oìsdil ka prahuetls liaril ka bns tagls iaetrlbas qua sa kasal devastdhlr, orde-
klekn bdoartlk plrl ralbdzlrbls sahóe ab kavaedr ka bl detarliidùe. En axdsta uel sa-
iuaei dl astlobaidkl plrl fnrgublr bbns
ns detarrnhletas
detarrnhletas y pl rl gnk ablr su inefdhurlidùe0
abbn
abbn kapaek a ae hrle gakdkl ka bls raspuastls qua vlyl p rnpnridnelekn ab aetravdaetravds-
s-
tlkn. Ab glrin ka ralbdzlidùe kao a sar fbaxdoba
fbaxdoba y inrkdlb y plrl astn ab aetravdstlknr
kaoa detaetlr pbletalr
pbletalr uel rablid
rablidùe
ùe ka agpl tçltçl y ue lkaiulkn rlppnrt ine ab aetra-
vdstlkn (Glrtçeaz _nkrçhuaz, ?= <<). Ntrl lbtareltdvl, lbhn
lbhn gì s trlkdidnelb, inesdsta ae
ing aezlr ine ue l prdgarl plrta bdbdora
ora plrl buahn pbletalr, ae sahuekn tärgden, bls
prahuetls lg pbdltnrdls
pbdltnrdls qua fuarae eaiaslrdls ae olsa l bns tag ls pravdstns.

4: . Q_DAB, G. C. YIJADEYNJE, B. OAIA__L y L. K'LEEL

9. BL AE[_AVDY[L ]L_L BL AVLBQLIDÙE KDLHEÙ Y[DIL

DEFLE[DBB AAKD) ]L_L ]LK_AY KA EDÜNY KA ; L <? LÜN Y)
DEFLE[D
 Bl A etravdstl
etravdstl plrl bl A vlbulidùe Kdlheùstdil Defletdb
Defletdb (AAKD) as u el jarrlg daetl ka
kdlheùstdin kdsaülkl ine ab prnpùsdtn ka uslrsa ae prniasns ka avl bulidùe psdinbù-
hdil ae edüns ka aetra ; l <? lüns ka akl k. Ya prnpnea axp bnrlr góbtdpbas lspaitns
ka bl vdkl defletdb,
defletdb, y as k a utdbd
utdbdklk
klk ae bns ìg odtns ibçedin, akuiltdvn, fnraesa y ae tl-
rals ka devastdhlidùe. Astì kdrdhdkl l plkras n tutnras y inestl ka sdata saiidneas3
<. Kltns snidnkagnhrìfdins, ?. Lelgeasds, 9. Ìrals lklptltdvls, ;. Dekdilknras ka
sdetngltnbnhçl lsni dlkl l trlstnrens psdinpltnbùhdins, 1. Vlbnrlidùe ka flitnras ka
rdashn y prntaitnras jlbblkns ae bl aetravdstl, 6. Vlbnrlidùe iulbdtltdvl ka bls raspuas-
tls ka bns plkras l bl aetravdstl,
aetravdstl, 8. _asu btbtlkns
lkns no taedkns ae ntrls täiedils.
Astl aetravdstl flidbdt
flidbdtll l bns prnfasdnelbas envabas ab dedidn
dedidn kab prnia sn ka avlbul-
idùe defletdb.
defletdb. Yu dgp nrtleidl rlkdil ae qua en sa iu aetl ine g ltardlb litulbdzlkn ka
astls ilrlitarçstdils ae euastrn gakdn, pnr bn iulb rasubtl uel envaklk ka detaräs
plrl ab p rnfasd
rnfasdnelb
nelb kab ì ral.
Bl A AKD sa prnpnea astdglr bl prasaeidl ka dekdilknras
dekdilknras ka sdetngltnbnhçl
sdetngltnbnhçl lsn-
idlkl l trlstnrens psdinpltnbùhdins sa hóe irdtardnsirdtardns kdlheùs tdins astlobaidkns pnr ab
KYG 1, qua iuaetl ine lbtn inesaesn detarelidnelb (Lgardile ]syijdltrdi Lssnidl-
tdne, ?=<;). _ain ha bns kltns eaiaslrdns plrl fnrgublr ue pble ka prniasn kdlheùs-
tdtdin
in q ua in etagpba tletn bls g ledfast
ledfastlidneas
lidneas ibçedils qua pu kdarne bbavlr
bbavlr l bns plkras
kab edün l inesubtlr,
inesubtlr, ingn tlg odäe iuastdneas vdeiublkls lb lgodaeta ae ab qua asa
edün vdva.
Yde agol rhn, en sa pbletal snblgaeta bl inesdkarlidùe
inesdkarlidùe ka lsp aitns kdsfueidnel-
bas. [lgodäe ltdaeka l jdtns jdtns kab kaslrrnbbn
kaslrrnbbn y l inek uitls lklptltdvls y slbuklobas0 ka
asta gnkn sa axlg del quä ìrals sa aeiuaetrle lfaitlkls pnr bl bl pltnbnhçl, ine quä
raiursns iuaetl ab sucatn plrl lfrnetlr bl prnobagìtdil qua bn lqua cl y quä lsp aitns
sa jlbble bdoras
bdoras ka inefbditn.
inefbditn. Ineni ar astl ralbdklk pargdta lonrklr bl ine subtl kaska
uel parspai tdvl tdvl g ìs lg pbdl
pbdl a detahrlknrl, en ffnilbdzlkl
nilbdzlkl axibusdvlgaeta ae lsp aitns
pltnbùhdins. Lkagì s, bl avlbulidùe sa ing pbatl ine bl vlbnrlid vlbnrlidùe
ùe ka bns flitnras ka
rdashn
rdashn (lquabbns qua lu gaetle bl prnolodbdklk
prnolodbdklk ka notaear rasubtlkns
rasubtlkns pa rsnelbas y sn-

idlb
idlbas
as kasflvnrlobas)
gacnrle y ka
bls raspuastls bnslgae
l bls
bls flitnras
lzlsprntaitnras (lquabbns
(lquabb
kab lgodaeta qua ns raiursns
pnkrçle q ua
jloa g nkdfd
nkdfdile
ile n
r prakdspuastn
prakdspuastn
l kaslcustas lklptltdvns).  

9.<. Lkgdedstrlidùe, rahdstrn ka raspuastls y rasubtlkns

Ab ka bl AAKD kaoa lkgdedstrlrsa l plkras. ]nr

Iulkaredbbn ka Lkgdedstrlidùe
su fnrgltn, sa trltl ka uel aetravdstl astruiturlkl yl qua pbletal ka letaglen ab
nrkae y ab aeueidlkn plrtdiublr plrl ilkl prahuetl, nfraia ue fnrgltn prakatargd-
elkn ka raspuas tls (< 7 prasaeidl, N 7 lusaei dl) y, ae lbhuens puetns pl rtdiublras,
rtdiublras,
saülbl gnklbdklkas ka prnfuekdzlidùe ka bl defnrglidùe ine iuastdnelgdaetns as-

<. Lhrlkaiagns lb ]rnfasnr Glriabn ]äraz pnr sus vlbdnsls suharaeid

suharaeidls
ls raspaitn kab fnrgltn ka bl Aetra-
vdstl.

BL AE[_AVDY[L ]L_L BL AVLBQLIDÙE KDLHEÙY[DIL DEFLE[DB (AAKD) 4

 
 paiçfdins. En nostleta, y luequa bl glynr plrta kab destrugaetn prnpnea prahuetls
iarrlkls tlgodäe jly asplidn plrl deinrpnrlr bls lentlidneas qua ab aetravdstlknr
inesdkara partdeaetas, lsç ingn plrl iulbqudar lgpbdlidùe qua pukdarle jliar bns
aetravdstlkns.

9.?. Ing pnea etas y ilrlitarçstd

ilrlitarçstdils
ils hae arlbas ka bl AAKD
Bl aetravdstl inestl ka tras iulkaredbbns3
iulkaredbbns3

Iulkaredbbn ka Lkgdedstrlidùe3
Lkgdedstrlidùe3 inetdaea tnkls bls prahuetls qua kaoa ralbd-
zlr ab prnfasdnelb, y ue leaxn lb fdelb
fdelb ine _afaraeidls Ydetngìtdils. Ae ästls
sa dekdil bl pnsdoba rablidùe aetra katargdelk ns çtags y bns trlst
trlstnrens
nrens rabavl-
kns pnr bl AA KD, defnrglidùe qua p uaka rasu btlr ka utdbdklk
utdbdklk lb prnfasd
prnfasdnelb
nelb plrl
jliar uel detarpratlidùe gìs rafdelkl y inetrdoudr l ue inrraitn kdlheùstdin
kdfaraeidlb.
- _ahdstrn ka _aspuastls3 kneka ab prnfasdnelb puetulrì bls raspuastls qua
ordekl ab sucatn l ilkl çtag.
_asubtlkns a Jdstnrdl
Jdstnrdl I bçedil3
bçedil3 ine asta Iu lkaredbb
lkaredbbnn sa prniaka l bl avlbulidùe y

sçetasds
stlkaAAKD.
aetravdstl
aetravd bns kltns
Ae äbqua fuarnelsaetlkl
quaklrì rainh dkns
bl ldefnr
bn blrhn
bglidùe
lrhn karabavleta
defnrglidùe bl lkg dedstrlidùe
dedstr
qualidùe
jlylekain-
bl
guedilkn bns plkras snora bns letaiakaetas kab edün y bls plrtdiublrdklkas ka
su kaslrrnbbn. [lgodäe sa avlbulrìe y quaklrìe rahdstrlkls tletn bl prasaeidl
n lusae idl ka trlstnrens psdinpltnbùhdins ing n bls ìrals bdbdorasoras ka in efbditn.
efbditn.
Asta inecuetn ka kltns inestdtuya uel Jdstnrdl Ibçedil, pargdta ue gnkn afdilz
ka sçetasds y raiuparlidùe ka bl defnrglidùe
defnrglidùe kab ilsn, y puaka sa r ingp bagae-
tlkl pnr bl deklhlidùe qua ab prnfasdnelb inesdkara npnrtuel.

Ab Iulkaredbbn ka Lkgdedstrlidùe sarì sdagpra ea iaslrdn plrl bl ralbdzlidùe

ralbdzlidùe k a bl
aetravdstl.
aetravdst l. Ya trltl ka ue g ltardlb
ltardlb ae ab qua ab prnfasdnelb
prnfasdnelb en k aoa ralbdzlr
ralbdzlr g lrils n
asirdodr, puas bn utdbdzlrì
utdbdzlrì ilkl vaz qua qu darl agpbalr bl AAK D.

sne]nr a b inetrlrdn,
fnrgublrdns qua abinrraspnekae
_ahdstrn ka _aspuastls y ab ka _asubtlkns a Jdstnrdl Ibçedil
l ilkl aetravdstlkn n plracl ka prnhaedtnras ae-
travdstlkl,
travdstlkl, ae bns qua a b prnfasdnelb
prnfasdnelb kaoa rì inesdhelr bns kltns notaedkns y su s no-
sarvlidneas. ]nr tletn, jle ka raenvlrsa plrl ilkl ilsn avlbulkn.  
Bl avlbulidùe ka bl AAKD puaka sar gleulb, y sa ralbdzlrì snora ab iulkaredbbn
k a _asubtlkns a Jdstnrdl Ibçedil. ]arn tlgodäe, plrl flidbdtlr bns iìbiubns, as pnsdoba
ilrhlr bns kltns ae uel pbledbbl
pbledbbl Axiab qua sa puak a kasilrhlr ae bls ing putlknrls

?. Bl Akdtnrdlb pnea l kdspnsdidùe kab prnfasdnelb bl pnsdodbdklk ka kasilrhlr a dgprdgdr bns lrijdvns kab
_ahdstrn ka _aspuastls y ab ka _asubtlkns a Jdstnrdl Ibçedil. ]lrl abbn, sdhl bls sdhudaetas (qua fdhurle
lsdgdsgn ae ab knrsn ka lgons iulkaredbbns3 Dehrasa ae ab sdtdn wao www pldknskap ing lr y sabai-
idnea ae ab gaeó
gaeó bl np
npidùe
idùe [asts y sarvdidns defnrgltdzlkns . Lbbç aeinetrlrì ue raiulkrn kaengdelkn
kaengdelkn
Oaeafdidns lb prnfasdnelb , qua inetdaea uel ilsdbbl.
ilsdbbl. ]lrl kasilrhlr ab _ahdstrn ka _aspuastls, dehrasa
ab iùkdhn3 AAKD_ah_ T plrl kasilrhlr ab ka _asubtlkns a Jdstnrdl Ibçedil, dehrasa ab sdhudaeta iùkdhn3
AAKD_aJI Lgons lrijdvns pnkrìe sar kasilrhlkns ae su ingputlknrl plrl su utdbdzlidùe y pnstardnr
dgprasdùe.

< Q_DAB, G. C. YIJADEYNJE, B. OAIA__L y L. K'LEEL

 
parsnelbas kaska a b sd
sdtdn
tdn wao ka Akdtnrd
Akdtnrdlb
lb ]ldkùs, Kaplrtlga etn ka Avlbulidùe ]sd-
inbùhdil.  
[äehlsa a e iuaetl qua ab prnfasd
prnfasdnelb
nelb puaka utdbd
utdbdzlr
zlr bl AAKD ka gnkn loravdlkn y
ingo delr bls kdstdetls
kdstdetls saiidneas sahóe bns no cat
catdvns
dvns ka bl avlbulidùe qua kasaa ral-
bdzlr.
Ab tdagpn ka bl lkgdedstrlidùe ingpbatl sa astdgl aetra 6= y <?= gdeutns, qua
puakae k dst
dstrdrdoudrsa
oudrsa ae uen n k ns aeiuae trns.

9.9. Destruiidneas haearlbas ka lkgdedstrlidùe

Ab prnfasdnelb kaoarì inetlr ine ab Iulkaredbbn ka Lkgdedstrlidùe, ab _ahdstrn

ka _a spuastls y ue bìpdz plrl inesdhelr bls raspuastls sahóe sa katlbbl ae bbns ns kns
lplrtlkns sdhudaetas (välesa 9.;. [dpns ka çtags y ka raspuastls y 9.1. Lgp bdlidùebdlidùe
ka Deklhlidùe). Baarì bls prahuetls
prahuetls ae fnrgl plu slkl y ine vnz iblrl. As dgpraside-
kdoba inesubtlr ab destruitdvn qua sa deibuya lb dedidn kab Iulkaredbbn ka Lkgdedstrlidùe.
[lgo däe as vdtlb taear ae iuaetl qua, ae n ilsdneas, kaoarì lklptlrsa ab vniloublrdn
y fnrgltn ka bls prahuetls lb edvab akuiltdvn y ka ing praesdùe qua bns plkras n tutn-
ras defnrgae
vuabva lóe gy/n a xjdole,
uijn sde lbtarlr
lbtarlraeab absaetdkn
g ìs eaiaslrdn ka qua
ilsn ka bns detarrnhletas l pbletalr.
bns aetravdstlkns
aetravdstlkns Astn sa
prnvaehle ka
ntrls iubturls
iubturls y tnklvçl en sa jlyle lklp tlkn ingp batlgaeta l bns gnkdsgns y usns
bnilbas kab baehulca.
Kao a rainrklrsa taear l g len jn cls ae oblein n utdbd utdbdzlr
zlr ab knrsn kab _ahdstrn ka
_aspua stls plrl lentlr dgprasdneas haearlbas, nosarvlidneas lkdidnelb lkdidnelbas
as a defnrgl-
idùe lgpbdlkl qua rasubta ka detaräs plrl ab ilsn.

9.;. [dpns ka Çtags y ka raspuastls

Bl g lynrçl ka bns çtags deibudkns ae ab Iulkaredbbn ka Lkgdedstrlidùe tdaea ab fnr-

gltn ka uel prahuetl iarrlkl0 en nostleta sa deibuyae prahuetls lkdidnelbas
lkdidnelbas qua en
raidoae puetulidùe y qua ousile notaear gìs kltns snora uel sdtulidùe n pnsdoba
prnobagìtdil. Ae ab Iulkaredbbn ka Lkgdedstrlidùe sa saülbl leta quä raspuastls sa
kaoa in etdeulr ddetarrnhlekn
etarrnhlekn plrl lg pbdlr
pbdlr defnr
defnrgli
gli dùe (välsa ab Hrìfdin <). Qel gu as-
trl ka asta tdpn
tdpn ka çtags sa n osarvl ae bl saiidùe ? . Lelgeasds (välsa AAKD. Iulkar-
edbbnn ka Lkg dedstrlidùe).
edbb dedstrlidùe).

9. Yd ab prnfasdnelb kasal kasilrhlr ab lrijdvn Axiab qua ba pargdtdrì ilrhlr bls puetulidneas ka bl AAKD
y lbdharlr bns iìbiubns, sdhl bns sdhudaetas plsns3 Dehrasa ae ab sdtdn wao www pldknskap ing lr y sa-
baiidnea ae ab gaeó bl npidùe [asts y sarvdidns defnrgltdzlkns . Lbbç aeinetrlrì ue raiulkrn kaengdelkn
Oaeafdidns lb prnfasdnelb , qua inetdaea uel ilsdbbl. Dehrasa ae bl ilsdbbl ab sdhudaeta iùkdhn3 AAKDAxi
Aetneias sa kaspbahlrì ab lrijdvn, ab iulb pnkrì sar kasilrhlkn ae su ingputlknrl plrl su utdbdzlidùe y
pnstardnr dgprasdùe.
 BL AE[_AVDY[L ]L_L BL AVLBQLIDÙE KDLHEÙY[DIL DEFLE[DB (AAKD) =<

Hrlfdin <. Çtags

Çtags ka prahuetls iarrlkls y lkdidnelb
lkdidnelbas
as

¾Ab/bl oaoä bbnrù degakdltlgaeta lb eliar> N \uä suiakdù> Yd inetastl

inetastl EN deklhlr gìs
¾]asù gaens ka ?,1== n gìs ka 9,:== `h. lb eliar>
eliar> Iuìetn pasù> Yd inetastl Yç deklhlr gìs
¾Ab rasubtlkn kab tast ka L]HL _ fua gaenr l 8> En deklhlr inetdeulr ine
(Axlgae ka asfuarzn raspdrltnrdn, fraiuaeidl ilrkçlil, tnen gusiublr, rafbacns y inbnr ka pdab lb eliar.) sdhudaeta dtag

Ae ab acagpbn gnstrlkn, leta uel raspuastl eahltdvl lb çtag ?.?<, ab iulkared-

bbn su hdara ingpbagae tlr bl
bbn bl defnrg
defnrg lidùe gak dleta prahuetls lkdidnelbas. Kab g dsg n
g nkn, sd bl raspuastl as YÇ l bl prahuetl
prahuetl ?.??, sa vu abva
abva l deklhlr bl defnrglidùe
defnrglidùe in e
uel prahuetl lodartl. Yd bns plkras raspnekae qua YÇ n qua EN lb çtag ?.?9, en sa
inetdeól deklhle kn, y sa pr prns
ns dhua ine bl prahu
prahu etl ?.?;.
Ae iule tn l bns
bns tdpns ka raspuas tl astdastdpublkns,
publkns, bls prahuetls iarrlkls prnpneae
tras
tr as npidneas3 YÇ, EN y E Y/EI (en sloa, en in etastl) etastl) (välsa
(välsa ab Hrìfd
Hrìfdin
in ?). Ae ab _a-
hdstrn ka _ aspuas tls, fdfdhu
hu rle ine < (uen) lquabbls
lquabbls n pidneas qua dgpbdile
dgpbdile bl prasaeidl
ka u el kdfdiubtlk
kdfdiubtlk (q
(qua
ua puak a sar YÇ n E N lbtareltd
lbtareltdvlgaeta
vlgaeta s ahóe ab iulk rn ibçedin)3
ibçedin)3 ab
aetravdstlknr
aetravd stlknr idriublrì ab < (uen) iulek n bns plkras dekdquae u el raspuas tl ae kdijn
saetdkn, n odae, sd su raspuastl en dgpbdil uel pnsdoba prnobagìtdil, sa glrilrì N
(iarn) ae ab ntrn ils dbdbbarn
barn kdspnedoba. Iu lekn bns aetravdstlkns en pu akle ordeklr bl
defnrgli dùe sn bdbdidtlkl,
idtlkl, ab lkg dedstrlknr g lrilrì ine u el iruz (x) ae ab ilsdb ilsdbbarn
barn in-
rraspnekdaeta
rraspnekdaeta l EY/E I. Ae ilsn s ldsblkns,ldsblkns, en sa ine sdhel ab < (uen)
(uen) ae bl raspuastl
praastlob
pra astlobaidkl
aidkl ka YÇ ed ka EN . Astn sui aka ae bns çtçtags ags qua deklhle sn ora lspaitns
lspaitns
dgpnrtletas
dgpnrtlet as ae bl vdkl kab ed edün
ün qua rafd
rafdarae
arae l s us ab
abaiidneas
aiidneas n jìodt
jìodtnsns parn qua en
dgpbdile
dgpbd ile ae sç gdsg ns bl prasaeidl ka kdfd kdfdiubtlkas
iubtlkas n sçetngls . Astls prahuetls lpue-
tle l bl kasirdpidùe haearlb kab sucatn, kltns qua rasubtlrìe ótdbas plrl inesdkarlr
lb gng aetn ka bl avlbulidùe ae tärgdens hbnolbas (ac3(ac3 Çtag
Çtag ? .8=. Bltarlbdklk).
Bltarlbdklk). Ab ls-
tardsin *) buahn kab < uen) saülbl qua ab çtag sa inesdkarl irçtdin, as kaidr qua su
prasaeidl puaka ine stdtudr ue ls paitn pltnheng ùedin kab iulkrn n rasu btbtlr,
lr, ka lbhóe
gnkn, dgpnrtleta gìs lbbì kab rasubtlkn fdelb ka ilkl saiidùe. Lsç, sdagpra qua sa
rahdstra,, as inevaedaeta prnfuekdzlr plrl katar
rahdstra katargg delr su dgpbdileidl
dgpbdileidl ae bl vdkl
vdkl k ab edün
y bnhrlr
bnhrlr ue kdlheùs tdtdin
in g ìs rdhurnsn.

Hrlfdin ?. Acagpbns ka raspua stls

Letaiakaetas gäkdins
EY/
EN E I Nosarvlidneas
.;8 aasfrdns. lebdels. Vlrdiabl

?.;:

?.;4
 < N? . Q_DAB, G. C. YIJADEYNJE, B. OAIA__L y L. K'LEEL

Ab hrìfdin letardnr acagpbdfdil bls raspuastls rahdstrlkls ae bl aetravdstl l ue

plkra. Leta bl prahuetl ?.;8 snora aefargaklkas fraiuaetas ae bl defleidl, ab ae-
trtravdstlkn
avdstlkn raspneka Y Ç, ine bn iulb sa rakne kal bl raspuastl qua i netdaea ab < y sa
lentl bl defnrglidùe qu a surha ka bls prahuetls lk didnelbas suh ardkls ae ab iulk ar-
edbbn (¾\uä aefargaklkas>). Ynora ab çtag sdhudaeta ab plkra en ordekl defnrglidùe
(¾[uvn iùbdins>),
iùbdins>), ine bn iulb ab lkgdedstrlknr
lkgdedstrlknr g lril bbll raspuastl ae ab ilsdbba
ilsdbbarn
rn E Y/
EI. Ae ab çtag ?.;4 sa detarrnhl snora quacls fraiuaetas kab edün ine rablidùe ine
knbnras0 ab plkra raspneka qua asn en suiaka, pnr bn qua sa rahdstrl bl raspuastl
g lrilekn N (iarn) ae ab ilsdbb
ilsdbbarn
arn inrraspnek daeta.
Lk ag ìs k a kltns s nidn-kagnh rìfdins,
rìfdins, defnrglidùe s nora ab kaslrr
kaslrrnbb
nbbnn kab dekdvd
dekdvd--
kun a dekdilknras ka trlstnrens , bbll aetravdstl
aetravdstl railol defnrglidùe s nora bl prasaeidl
ka inek uitls n litdtukas qua s nidlbg
nidlbg aeta sa vlbnrle
vlbnrle ka g nkn pns dtdvn.
dtdvn. Asa tdpn
tdpn ka
ingpnrtlgdaetns
ingpnrtlgdaetns vlrçl ka liuarkn ine bl aklk. ]nr acagpbn, as asparloba qua ue
edün/l ka <= lüns yl s a olüa snbn/l, parn
edün/l parn bns g aenras ka 6 puakae bbahlr l eaiasdtlr
lsdstaeidl, y asn en eaiaslrdlgaeta dgpbdil bl prasaeidl ka uel kdfdiubtlk dgpnrtleta.
As ls ç qua ae bl Yaiidùe 9, qua avlból Ìrals Lkl ptltd
ptltdvls,
vls, bl lkgdeds trlidùe sa ralbdzl
ines dkarleknsahblóeaklk
prahuetlrsa aklk kab edün.
bl aklk Aen/l3
k ab edü ilkl saiidùe sa as paidf
edün/l3 paidfdile
dile bns
bns çtags qua kaoae

l) Bns ralitdvns
ralitdvns ae bns qua s a saülbl [nkns , kaoae sar lkg dedstrlkns
dedstrlkns l tnkns
bns plkras.
o ) Lquabbns qua kdiae 2 6 lüns sùbn kaoae prahuetlrsa l bns plkras ka bns
edüns/ls iuyls aklkas en s uparae bns
bns 6 lüns.
i ) Bls prahuetls saülblkls
saülblkls ine 6 ù + kaoae sar fnrgublkls l tnkns bns plkra
plkrass
ine jdcns/ls
jdcns/ls g lynras ka asl aklk.
k) Lquabbns qua kdiae 2 4 lüns sùbn kaoae prahuetlrsa l bns plkras ka bns
edüns/ls iuyls aklkas en s uparae bns
bns 4 lüns.
a) Bls prahuetls tdtublkls 4 ù + kaoae sar fnrgublkls l tnkns bns plkras ine
jdcns/ls
jdcns/ls g lynras ka asl aklk.
Ae ilsns axiapidnelbas, plrl bns edüns gaenras puakae utdbdzlrsa bns çtags ka
avlbulidùe kas tdelkns l bns g lynras, ine ab fde ka lg pbdlr
pbdlr bl
bl defnrgli dùe iulbdtltdvl.
iulbdtltdvl.
Astl prìitdil
prìitdil sa bbavl
bbavl l ilon iulek n bns plkras jle raspnekdkn qua s u jdcnjdcn lbilezl
bns bnhrns asparlobas sahóe bls prahuetls qua inrraspnekae l su aklk. As dgpnr-
tleta kastlilr qua asns çtags en kaoae suglrsa lb puetlca ka bl Yaiidùe pnrqua
fuarne lkg ded
dedstrlkns
strlkns k a g learl npidnelb.
npidnelb.
L bl vaz,
vaz, plrl bns edüns glynras puakae u tdtdbdbdzlrsa
zlrsa bns çtags ka avlbulidùe
avlbulidùe k astdel-
kns l bns g aenras iulekn bns plkrasplkras jle raspnekdkn ine bl npidùe
npidùe < (uen) (frlilsn
(frlilsn
ae asa bnhrn as parloba
parloba)) l bbls
ls prahuetls qua inrraspnekae s ahóe aklk. Yde ag olrhn,
asns çtçtags
ags en kaoae su g lrsa yl qua qua fuarne lkg dedstrlkns
dedstrlkns ka g nkn nptltdvn
nptltdvn (välsa
 ab Hrìfdin 9).
Ya raing daekl prastlr ltaeidùe
ltaeidùe l bl inbug el ka bl dz
dzqudarkl,
qudarkl, qua dekdil aklkas.

BL AE[_AVDY[L ]L_L BL AVLBQLIDÙE KDLHEÙY[DIL DEFLE[DB (AAKD) N9

Hrìfdin 9. Çtags npidnelbas

,•
D c.3 Gaenras c.3 Gly nras
ka 4 lüns ., a 4 lüns

ahurdklk
9.<: Y u a b a ttaa e a r l i i d k a e t a s k l e ä s t ddii n s , tlt l b a s i n r e n q u a g l r s a n i n r t l r s a >
kgdedstrlr nkns
9.<4 A s i u d k l k n s n / l i n e b n s a e i j u f a s n l p l r l t n s a b ä i trt r d i n s >
kgdedstrlr
24 .?= u l e k n i r u z l b l i l b baba ¾ s u a b a s n b tlt l r s a n l b a c l rsrs a k a b n s f l g d b d l r a s n l i n g p l ü l e t a s >
Lkgdedstrlr <
.?< ] d k a l s d s t a e i d l p l r l o l c l r n s u o d r l b u h l r a s g u y a b a v l k n s > ( O l e i n s , s dbd b bbll s , a s i l b a r l s .). ) pidnelb
9.?? V l s d e l s d sts t a e i d l l bub u h l r a s s a ü l b l k n s p n r b n s f l g d b ddll r a s i n g n p a b d h r n s n s n puetulr
p n r a c a g p b n p d b a t l s , g l r , rçr ç n , z n e l s l b a c l k l s , i l b b a s , a t i . >
4n• - L e t a s k a i r u z l r u e l i l b bbaa , s a fdf d clc l s d v dad a e a e l u t n s n p r a s t l l t a e i d ù e l b s a g ì f n r n
Npidnelb 9 n t r l s s a ü l b a s k a t r ì e s d tnt n >
E n puetulr ; ] d k a p a r g d s n p l r l d r l b u h l r a s f u a rlr l k a s u i l s l n p l r l t n i l r i n s l s k a s i n e n i d k l s > Lkgdedstrlr
1 J l s ddkk n k a t a e d k n / l k a g n r l k n / l l b h u e l v a z p n r b l p n b d i ç l > d D5 asirdodr g ntdvn

Acagpbn3
[ng lekn ae in esdkarlidùe ab iulkrn letard
letardnr3
nr3

l ) Yd sa astuvdarl avlbulekn l ue edün ka : lüns, sa lkg dedstrlr dedstrlrçle

çle bbns
ns çtçtags
ags
kas ka ab 9.<: lb 9.??. Yùbn sa deibudrìe
deibudrìe bns çtags s dhudaetas (9.?9 l 9 .?1) plrl plrl
lg pbd
pbdlr
lr bbll defnrgli dùe iulbdtltdvl,
iulbdtltdvl, sd as qua sa ine sdkarlrl eaias lrdn.
o) Yd sa astuvdarl avlbulekn l ue edün ka <= lüns, sa lkg dedstrlrçle dedstrlrçle bls
bls prahuetls
9.<: y 9 .<4, inetdeule
inetdeule kn buahn pnr blbl 9.?9 y jlstl bbll 9.?1 (en sa lkg dedstr
dedstrlrç
lrçle
le
ae prdgarl destleidl bns çtags inesdhelkns plrl gaenras ka 4 lüns). Yd bns
plkras raspnekdarle qua E N l bns bns çtags 9 .?9 y 9.?; n ine YÇ lb çtçtag
ag 9 .?1, pn-
krçlgns lg pbd
pbdlr
lr bl
bl def
defnrg
nrg lidùe prahuetlek n bns çtçtag
ag s 9 .?= lb 9.??. As tl defnr-
defnr-
g lidùe (ç
(çtags
tags 9.?= lb 9.??) ordeklrç
ordeklrçll kltns s nora bls jlodbd
jlodbdklkas
klkas kab edü
edünn qua
astäe pnr kaolcn ka bn asparlkn plrl su aklk, vnbvdäekns a astns k ltns vlbd vlbdn-
n-
sns plrl uel kasirdpidùe haearlb. Kaoa rainrklrsa en suglrbns lb iùgputn ka
bl saiidùe.

9.
9.1.
1. L g pbd
pbdlidùe
lidùe ka deklhlidùe
Ae bl Yaiidùe ; k ab Iulka
Iulkaredbbn
redbbn ka Lkgdeds
Lkgdedstrli dùe, bl deklh
trlidùe, deklh lidùe ka bns kdfaraet
kdfaraetas
as
trlstnrens astì kdvdkdkl ae çtags
çtags oìsdins y ka lgpbdlidùe.
 l. Bns çtag
çtag s oìsdins s ne lquabbns
lquabbns qu a kaoae fnrgublrsa l tnkns bns plkras pnr
dhulb.
o . Bns çtags ka lgpbdlidùe prnfuek dzle bl bl deklhli dùe kab ìral prnobag
prnobag ìtdil ae
plrtdiublr
plrt diublr railolekn kltns s nora gìs dekdilknras rab
rablidnelkns
lidnelkns .

Astl kdvdsdùe s a ralbdzù

ralbdzù ine ab nocatn
nocatn ka lin rtlr bl aetravdstl
aetravdstl ae bns ils ns ae bns
qua bns plkras en axprasae prasaeidl ka sçetngls vdeiublkns l bns trlstnrens. Yd ae
ab ìral avlbulkl
avlbulkl sa rahdstrl lb gaens bl pprasaeidl
rasaeidl ka u e sçetng l ae iu lbqudar
lbqudarll ka bns
çtags oìsdins, ab aetravdstlknr kaoarì prahuetlr tnkns bns çtags ka lgpbdlidùe ka
kdijl ìral. Ae ilgodn, sd bns plkras en defnrg le sn ora kdf kdfdiubt
diubtlkas
lkas , en tdaea
tdaea sae tdkn
inetdeulr
inetd eulr deklhlekn y en sa fnrgu bl blee bns çtags ka lg pb
pbdlid
dlidùe.
ùe. Bns çtçtags
ags ka lg pbpbdl
dl--
idùe sa aeiuaetrle l inetdeulidùe ka ilkl iulkrn, inesarvle ab gdsg n nrkae y as-

< N; . Q_DAB, G. C. YIJADEYNJE, B. OAIA__L y L. K'LEEL

truiturl qua ab rastn ka bl aetravdstl

aetravdstl ((lueq
lueq ua as tìe praiakdkns k ab ób
óbtdtdg
g n eóg arn ka
asl sai idùe y uel batrl g deósiu bl kdfaraeta
kdfaraeta plrl ilkl ue n ka abb
abbns
ns ) y sa lkg ded
dedstrle
strle
kab gdsgn gnkn qua bns çtags oìsdins. Ya puetól < (uen) iulekn bl raspuastl sa
vdeiu
vdeiu bl ine u el pns do
doba
ba kdfd
kdfdiubtlk
iubtlk y, ae lbhu
lbhu ens ilsns , sa s nbdidt
nbdidtll g lynr ddefnrglidùe
efnrglidùe
snora bn prahuetlkn. Qe l vaz fdelbd fdelbdzlkns,
zlkns, sa inetdeól ine ab rastn
rastn ka bls
bls prahu etls
(välsa
(väl sa Hrìfdin ;).

Hrlfdin ;. Çtags
Çtags ka lg pbdlidùe
pbdlidùe

Dekdilknras ka trlstnrens ka bl inguedilidùe

[rlstnren
[rlstnren kab baehulca
¾Ab/bll edün/l tlrkù gì s qua bn jlodtulb ae lkqudrdr ab bbaehu
¾Ab/b aehu lca> ¾Ya kaodù n lbhuel
(Jloblr, asirdodr, hastns.) r" aefargaklk gäkdin>
¾Ingpraeka lkaiulklgaeta ùrkaeas n frlsas saeidbbls>
saeidbbls>
Lkgdedstrlr ¾En tl kdfdiubtlkas
kdfdiubtlkas ae ab jlobl ka su jdcn/l> \uä kdfdiubtlk>
ae tnkns (]norazl ka vniloublrdn. astruiturl ka bl frlsa, kdsiursn. ati.) ç • ¾ ¾Ine quä fraiuaeidl sa kl>
bns ilsns.
¾]uaka ing uedilr l ntrns, yl sal varolb
varolbgaeta
gaeta n ine hastns, bn qua qudara n eaiasdtl>
¾Ya kl iuaetl iulekn lbhudae astì aenclkn n sa ba kdia 'eenn l lbhn>
;.:.l Yu vniloublrdn as asilsn n pnora> (Ydag pra utdbdzn bnnss gdsgns plblorls n en sn oa iùgn kaidr lbhuels insns)
Lkgdedstrlr ¾]uaka kaidr frlsas ingpbacls> (]nr acagpbn 'Ga hustle bns tnrtls ka ijninblta y euaz'
;.:.o
sd inetastù n ½½LL bl tlrka qudarn rn bn pblzn n cuhlr ine gds lgdhns")
ine < ae , Entù lbhuel kdfdiubtlk plrl ingpraekar lbhóe tärgden aspaiçfdin>
; • :•‚ ]nr acagpbn, iulekn sa rafdara
rafdara n buhlras n tdagpns.) YÇ ¾\uä kdfdiubtlk>
lbhóe çtag
aetra ab Yd raspnekdù Yd ae lbhóe çtag letardnr3 ¾Lbhuel ka astls kdfdiubtlkas
;.; y ab ;.:. ;.:.k ba trla prnobagls ae ab raekdgdaetn ae bl asiuabl u ntrls ìrals s5 ¾\uä prnobagl>
ka bl vdkl kdlrdl>

[nkns bns çtags ka bl Yaiidùe ; sa lkgdedstrle l plkras ka edüns aetra ; y <?

lüns, l axiapidùe ka bns deibudkn s ae Dek dilknras k a trlstnrens k ab lp
lpraekdzlc
raekdzlca,
a, qua
sa fnrgu
Kaoable l pplkras
taearsa lkras
ae ka edünsqua
iuaetl g lynras
tnkls ka
bls6prahuetls
lüns. vdeiublkls ine fraiuaeidl y/n
blpsns
blpsns ka tdtdag
ag pn ka prasaeidl ka sdetng
sdetng ltnbnhçl
ltnbnhçl astìe ae in esn eleidl ine bns pbl-
zns qua astlobaia ab KYG 1 plrl inesdkarlr bl prasaeidl n lusaeidl ka ilkl trls-
tnren.
 ] nr ntrn blkn, ae bl aetravd
aetravdstl
stl en sa deibuyae çtag
çtag s qu a ine tagpbae edva
edvabb ka hrl-
vaklk ed aspaidfd
aspaidfdilidneas
ilidneas ka ilk l iulkrn, ing n lsç tlgpnin ralitdvns
ralitdvns ls nidlkns l
irdtar
irdtardns
dns ka axibusdùe
axibusdùe ka n trns
trns trlstnrens
trlstnrens psdinpltnbùhdins.
psdinpltnbùhdins. As tns lspaitns kaoarìe
sar avlbulkns pnr ab prnfasdnelb
prnfasdnelb plrl
plrl lrrdolr
lrrdolr l ue kdlheùs tdin
tdin g ìs lilolkn .

9.6. Avlbulidùe
Ab iulkare dbdbbn
bn ka _asu btlkns .a Jdstnrdl
Jdstnrdl I bçed
bçedil
il pargdta rasug dr bls raspu
raspu astls no-
taedkls ae ab ilsn y nrhledzlr bl defnrglidùe railolkl ae bls kdstdetls saiidneas.
] rniurl nfraiar lb prnfasdnelb
prnfasdnelb asquagls plrl sdetatdz
sdetatdzlr
lr bl defnrglidùe
defnrglidùe notaedkl ine ab
nocatdvn
nocat dvn ka s dstagltdzlr
dstagltdzlr sus lpraidlidneas
lpraidlidneas k dlheùstdils. Bl vlbnrlidùe
vlbnrlidùe rainha puetul-
idneas k a tnkl bl aetravd
aetravdstl,
stl, jlidaekn ine fbudr
fbudr bbls
ls as tdglidneas sdhedfdiltdvls
sdhedfdiltdvls ka i lkl
ìral. ]nr acagpbn, ae ab ilsn ka k dlheùstdin ka k dsilplidklk
dsilplidklk detaba
detabaitulb
itulb sa nosarvlrì
lbtl
lbtl puetulidùe , prnku
prnku itn, pnr ue blkn, ka raspu astls pns dtdtdvlsdvls snora kdfdiubt
kdfdiubtlkas
lkas ra-
fardkls
fard kls ae bl Yaii dùe ? (Le lg eas ds), tlb ing n kdfdiubtlk plrl slbtlr ((çtçtagag ?.;1), y ae
bl Yaiidùe 9 (Ìrals Lk lptltdvls),
lptltdvls), kdfdiubtlk
kdfdiubtlk plrl vastdrsa y ilbzlrsa
ilbzlrsa (çtags 9.4 y 9 .<=,

BL AE[_AVDY[L ]L_L BL AVLBQLIDÙE KDLHEÙY[DIL DEFLE[DB (AAKD) =1

aetra ntrns), y lhrahlkn l as tn, sa ine tlod

tlodbdbdzlrìe
zlrìe puetulidneas pnsdtdvls
pnsdtdvls ka bns sçetn-
g ls ka bl Yaiidùe ; (Dekdilknras
(Dekdilknras ka Ydetngltnbnhçl
Ydetngltnbnhçl lsnidlkl l [rlstnrens ] sdinpl-
tnbùhdins).
]lrl ilkl saiidùe ab aetravdstlknr suglrì bl iletdklk ka raspuastls vlbnrlkls
rahdstrlkls ae ilkl s aiidùe kab _ahdstrn ka _aspuastls. Bns iulkrns de-
ine < (uen ) rahdstrlkls
kdile ab engora ka bl saiidùe l avlbulr y bns eóg arns ka çtags i nrraspnekdaetas. Ab
vlbnr
vlb nr notaedkn ka bbll sug l ka raspuastls ine < (uen ) sa inbnilrì
inbnilrì ae bl inbug
inbug el kaen-
gdelkl ]uetlca y sarì kdvdkdkn pnr ab tntlb ka çtags qua fdhurl ae bl inbugel sdhudaeta
bblglkl [ntlb çtags, notaedäekns a lsç ue çekdia ka savardklk, inrraspnek daeta l bl
rablidùe aetra bl iletdklk ka sçetngls dekdilkns pnr bns plkras y bl iletdklk tntlb
ka sçetng ls pravdstns ae ab Iulkaredbbn ka Lkgdedstrlidùe (vä (välsa
lsa H rìfdin
rìfdin 1 ). Iulekn
ab çekdia
çekdia ka s avardklk sal dhu lb n supardnr l =,1, ab prnfasdnelb kaoa ines dkarlr ine
glynr kataedgdaetn asl saiidùe, yl qua sahóe bl defnrglidùe ordeklkl pnr bns pl-
kras, ab edün/l prasaetlrçl
prasaetlrçl sçetng ls n prnobagìtdils sdhe dfd
dfdiltdvls
iltdvls ae kdijl ìral.

Hrì fdin 1. Avlbulidùe (ae rasubtlkns a jdstnrdl ibçedil)

•
Dkdi
ä , ―, Inesdkarlidneas
dtares tdklk,j<1/Ea ]DE, kdlhenstdils
?.< lb ?.<8 Agolrlzn ... 8
?.<: lb ?.?8 Elidgdaetn y pnst-plrtn N
...... = N
..
?.?: lb ?.91 ]rdgarns <? gasas ka vdkl 3 /
...... =./q
..-... Dblrb+n

?.96 lb ?.;6 Jdtns kab kaslrrnbbn /

....... = 4??.
?.;8 lb ?.1: Letaiakaetas gäkdins
gäkdins ..?.. ? 4< < .
 ?.14 lb ?.6< ]arsnels l ilrhn kab iudklkn .

L. N .
?.6? lb ?.64 Asinblrdklk y .. = ,1? Ybywrsil+jbn

?.8= Bltarlbdklk = Karaijl Dzqudarkl

?.8< _utdel jlodtulb Ba iuas+l kaspartlrsa. Haearlbr°ae+a bn lingplül s

(Dekdilr inesdkarlidneas sdhedfdiltdvns) ?.albd?.l kds+de+ls litdNklkas. jarglel.

Ae ab acagpbn hrlfdilkn snbn uen ka bns çtags ka bl saiidùe fua glrilkn ine
E Y/E I (välsa iabkl
iabkl su pardnr),
pardnr), pnr bn qua puaka supne arsa qua bl ddefnrg
efnrg lidùe orde-
klkl jl s dkn su fdidaet
fdidaeta.
a. Yahóe sus plkras, ab edün snbn prasaetlr
prasaetlrççl letaiakaetas ka
prnobagls ae ab ìral asinblr (gledfdastle qua en fua lb clrkçe ka defletas, qua ra-
pdtdù tariar hrlkn y qua raidodù lpnyn asinblr ae iulrtn hrlkn çekdia ka savardklk
glynr l =,1). ]uaka nosarvlrsa qua edehuel ntrl ìral ka bl Y aiidùe Lelgeasds
Yaiidùe
lrrncl puetlcas
puetlcas su pardnras
pardnras l =,1, as kai dr, en s a jle rahdstrlkn dekdilknras k a ntrns
letaiakaetas s dhedfdilt
dhedfdiltdvns.
dvns. Bl detahrlidùe ka asta jlbblzhn
jlbblzhn ine bns kltns notaedkns
ae ab rastn ka bls saiidneas pargdtdrì avlbulr sd axdstae raiurraeidls ae ab gltardlb
rabavlkn. ]nr acagpbn, sd ab lplrtlkn Asinblrdklk ka bl Yaiidùe 9 (Ìrals Lklptltd-
vls) y ab ka dekdilknras ka [rlstnrens ka Lpraekdzlca ka bl Yaiidùe ; (Dekdilknras
ka Ydetngltnbnhçl) lrrnclr
lrrnclrle
le tlgodäe ue çekdia ka savardklk glyn r l =,1, asta
asta edün
astlrçll prasaetlekn prnoba
astlrç prnobagg ls y s çetng ls qu a inevarhae ae ab ìral asinblr,
asinblr, rahds-
rahds-
trlekn letaiakaetas ka prnobagls asinblras (Yaiidùe ?), kdfdiubtlkas litulbas ae
su detahrlidùe lb ìgodtn lilkägdin Yaiidùe 9), y sçetngls lsnidlkns l [rlstnren
kab Lpraek dzlca
dzlca (Yaiidùe ; ).

< =6 . Q_DAB, G. C. YIJADEYNJE, B. OAIA__L y L. K'LEEL

saülblAe kls
saülblklsbl Yaiidùe
Yaiid
ine ùe ? (Lelg
< (uen) easds)tnglrsa
en kaoae kaoa rrainrklrsa
ainrklrsa
ae iu aetlqua bbns ae bl sug
ns çtags l ka bls
bls raspuastls
lkgdedstrlkns npidnelb-
g aeta ae aklkas kdstdet
kdstdetls ls l bls astd
astdpublkls
publkls ae ab Iulkaredbbn.
Iulkaredbbn. Ls dgdsg n iulek n en s a
eaiasdta lkgdedstrlr çtags çtags ka lg pbdlid
pbdlidùe
ùe ae bl Yaiid
Yaiidùe ùe ; (kaodkn
(kaodkn l qua bns plkras en
dekdilrne
dekdil rne prnobag
prnobag ìtdil
ìtdilss ae ab ìral avl avlbulkl)
bulkl),, ae ab iìbiub
iìbiubnn s nblgaeta sa s ug lrìe bns
çtag
çtag s afaitdvlg
afaitdvlg aeta lkgdedstrlkns y lquabbns qua fuarne prahuetlkn s ae ntrls ìrals
y astìe glrilkns ine ab sçg sçg onb
onbnn N .
Bl avlbulidùe
avlbulidùe k a bl Yaiidùe ; parg dta klr iuaetl ka Dekdilkn ras ka Ydetng ltnbn-
hçl Ls nidlkl l [rlstnrens ] sdinpltnbùhdins. ] lrl abbn, abbn, a dekapaekdaetag
dekapaekdaetag aeta ka qua
bl defnrglidùe
defnrglidùe jlyl sdkn railolkl ae uel n vlrd vlrdls
ls s aiidneas kab I ulkared
ulkaredbbbbnn ka Lkgd-
edstrlidùe, ae ab iulkare dbdbbn bn ka _asubtlkns a Jdstnrdl
Jdstnrdl I bçedil
bçedil sa tng l ae iuaetl bl ib ibl-
l-
sdfdilidùe
sdfd ilidùe ka bns trlstnrens psdinplt
psdinpltnbùhdins
nbùhdins kab KYG 1. As pnr astn qua, ae g uijns
ilsns , sa deibudrìe
deibudrìe çtçtag
ag s prnvaedaetas ka kdfa kdfaraetas
raetas saiidneas ka bl aetravdstl
aetravdstl plrl
lrrdolr
lrrd olr l ineibusdneas vìbdkls. Ae astl saiidùe tnkns bns çtag çtag s, as k aidr bns
bns i nrras-
pnekdaetas l bl saiidùe katlbblkns
katlbblkns ae bl prdg
prdg arl inbuge l, bns bns lkdidnelb
lkdidnelbas
as qu a fdhurle
ae bl sahuekl inbug el (sùbn sd fuarne lkgdedstrlkns) y lquab lquabbns
bns qua fuarne prahuetl-
kns ae ntrls
ntrls ìrals y astìe
astìe g lril
lrilkns
kns ine ab sçgsçg onb
onbnn N , kaoae sar suglkns , inetl inetl--
odb
odbdzìeknsa
dzìeknsa iuìetns ka abbns abbns n otuvd
otuvdarne
arne raspuastls ine < (uen). Kab gdsg n g nkn qu a
ae bl avlbulidùe
avlbulidùe k a bls Yaiidneas letard letardnras,
nras, ab vlb
vlbnr
nr notaedkn pnr bl su g ltnrdl
ltnrdl kaoa
kdvdkdrsa
kdvdkd rsa pnr ab tntlb ka çtags
çtags qua fdhurl ae bl inbuge l [ntlb btags plrl lsç notaear ab
 çekdia k a s avardklk
çekdia avardklk inrraspnekdaeta.
Ae ilkl ìral avlbulkl puak a inetlodbdzlrsa
inetlodbdzlrsa bl
bl iletdklk ka çtags g lrilkns ae bl
npidùe EY/EI. Yd bl ngdsdùe ka raspuastls
raspuastls EY/EI) suparl
suparl l bl gdtlk ka bns çtags
vlbnrlkns ka bl saiidùe, ab prnfasdnelb
prnfasdnelb kaoarì ines dkarlr kataedklg aeta bl defnrgl-
idùe notaedkl plrl lrrdolr
lrrdolr l lpraidlid
lpraidlidneas
neas kdlheù stdils yl qua bns kltns i ne bns qu a
iuae tl sne bdgdtlkns y, avaetulbg aeta, kukn sns . Bl fflbt
lbtll ka raspuas tl en axibuya bl
bl
pnsdoba prasaeidl ka sdetngltnbnhçl, parn sç pnea ae iuastdùe bl raprasaetltdvdklk
ka bns rasubt
rasubtlkns
lkns notaed
notaedkns,
kns, sdaekn eaiaslrdn ing pbagaetlr
pbagaetlr bl avlb
avlbulidùe
ulidùe ine ntrns
abagaetns ka leìbdsds.
Klkn qua lbhuens sçetngls psdinpltnbùhdins puakae sar prnkuidkns pnr ine-
sugn ka sustleidls y/n gakdilgaetns n odae pnr lfaiidneas gäkdils, rasubtl dg-
pnrtleta kdfaraeidlr
kdfaraeidlr sd sa trltl ka sdetng ltnb
ltnbnhçl
nhçl prnpdl kab ttrlstnren
rlstnren deklh lkn n sd as
afaitnn ka bn letas g aeidnelkn (välsa ing n acagpbn [rlstnren
afait [rlstnren nosas dvn-ing
dvn-ing pubsdvn
pubsdvn
;.:?.a, ae ab I ulkaredbb
ulkaredbbnn ka L kgdedstrlid
kgdedstrlidùe).
ùe). As pnr astn qua ae ab _ahdstrn ka _as-
puastls plr
plrll bns çtçtags
ags qua deklhle snora inesug n ka sustleidls
sustleidls n aefargaklkas
aefargaklkas
gäkdils ab < (uen) astì inbnilkn ae bl inbugel ka bns EN. Ka asta gnkn puaka
kdfaraeidlrsa sd bns sçetng ls rafdarae
kdfaraeidlrsa rafdarae l ue iu lkrn eatlg aeta psdinpltnbùhdin
psdinpltnbùhdin n s d sne
afaitn
afa itn ka dehastl ka sus tleidls
tleidls psdinlitdvls,
psdinlitdvls, gakdilgaetns n ka aefar aefarg
g aklkas g ä-
kdils. Ae ab ilsn ka qu a bl raspuas tl sal eahltdvl, en sarì eaias lrdn ing pbatlr pbatlr bbls
ls
iabkls ka avlbulidùe
avlbulidùe ka bns iulkrns prnku idkns pnr inesu g n ka su stleidls (pnr (pnr ac.
ac.
[rlstnren ka suaün dekuidkn pnr su stleidls).
L b fdelb
fdelb kab I ulkaredb
ulkaredbbn
bn ka Lkg dedstr
dedstrlidùe
lidùe sa prasaetle _afaraeidls Ydetngìtdils.
Lsnidlidùe aetra prnobagìtdils ka kdstdetns iulkrns plrl ilkl uel ka bls ìrals avl-
bulkls, kn eka s a dekdil bl pnsdob
pnsdobaa rab
rablidùe
lidùe aetra bns çtags y trlstnrens rab
rabavlkns
avlkns pnr
bl AAKD. Astl defnrg lidùe puaka rasubtlr ka utdbdklk
utdbdklk lb prnfasdnelb
prnfasdnelb plrl jliar uel de-
tarpratlid
tarp ratlidùe
ùe g ìs rafd
rafdelkl
elkl ka bls kdfd
kdfdiubtlkas
iubtlkas dkaetdfdilkls
dkaetdfdilkls ine ue çekdia ka savardklk
sdhedfdiltdvn. ]nr acagpbn, sd sa jl notaedkn ue çekdia ka savardklk supardnr l =,1

BL AE[_AVDY[L ]L_L BL AVLBQLIDÙE KDLHEÙY[DIL DEFLE[DB (AAKD) =8

ae lbhuen ka bns [rlstnrens ka bl Inguedilidùe, sarì ótdb ragdtdrsa l bl raspuastl

lsdhelkl lb çtag ?.1?. ¾[daea
¾[daea prnobagls ka vdstl
vdstl n ka lukdidùe> kltn notaedkn ka
bl Le lg easds ). Ka asta g nkn s a lgpbdl y kdsirdgdel bl defnrg
defnrg lidùe kdspnedoba ine ab
nocatn ka ijaqualr sd axdstae
axdstae letaiaka etas ka prnobagls qua en s ne plrta kab [rls-
tnren ka bl Inguedilidùe
Inguedilidùe ae sç gdsgn, parn qua puakle inlkyuvlr l deiragaetlr
su h rlvaklk. Ls dgdsg n, ae astls _ afaraeidls
afaraeidls Ydet
Ydetng
ng ìtdils
ìtdils s a lib
liblrle
lrle lbhu
lbhu els plr-
tdiublrdklkas plrl taear ae iuaetl ae katargdelkns trlstnrens y inetrdoudr tlgodäe
l ue inrraitn kdlh eùs tdin kdf
kdfaraeidlb.
araeidlb. ] nr acagpbn, ae ilsn ka jlbblr dekdilknras k a
prasaeidl ka ]dil kaoa ijaqualrsa qu a ab ingpnrtlgdaetn en s a kaol l flb flbtl
tl ka kds-
pnedodbdbdklk
pnedod klk ka lbd
lbdg
g aetns n l prìitdils iu bturlbas
bturlbas aspaiçfd
aspaiçfdils.
ils.

9.8.
9.8. DDbu
bustrlidùe
strlidùe g ak dleta ue i lsn ibç
ibçedin
edin
L gn kn k a dbustrlid
dbustrlidùe
ùe s nora ab usn ka bl AAKD prasaetl
prasaetlg g ns ab Iulkaredb
Iulkaredbbn ka _ a-
subtlkns a Jdstnrdl Ibç
Ibçedil
edil ka Cule, l bn qua sa lh rahl lb fdelb ab defnrga ralbdzlkn
ralbdzlkn pnr
 bl prnfasdnelb liaril kab ilsn. Asta defnrga inetdaea rafaraeidls lb Iulkaredbbn ka
_ asu btbtlkns
lkns plrl flidbd
flidbdtlr
tlr lb baitnr
baitnr bl ing praesdùe k ab prniakdg
prniakdg daetn ka axtrliidùe ka
defnrglidùe rab rabavleta.
avleta.
Ae bl Yaiidùe < sa jle ingpbatlkn bns kltns snidnkagnhrìfdins, kltns ka fdbdl-
idùe, g ntdvn
ntdvn k a lpbd
lpbdilidùe
ilidùe ka bl aetravd
aetravdstl
stl AAKD y letaiakaetas k a aefargaklk as.
Ae bls Yaiidneas ? y 9, ae bl inbugel Ine Inesdkarl
sdkarlidneas
idneas kdl
kdlheù stdils sa jle ing-
heùstdils
pbatlkn
pbatlkn bls i lsdbbls
lsdbbls k a ilkl i ltahnrçl deklhlkl (Ag olrlzn, elidgdaetn y pns t-p t-plrtn,
lrtn,
ati.) ine bns inetaedkns ka bls raspuastls puetulkls ine <, l fde ka qua ab usulrdn
puakl in etlr ine bl tntlbdklk
tntlbdklk ka bl defnrg
defnrg lidùe rainh dkl ae bl aetravdstl.
aetravdstl. Ae bls il-
tahnrçls kn eka bl su g l ka lrrncl ab vlbnr = (iarn) (iarn),, sa jl inbnilkn bl loravd
loravdlturl
lturl s/p
(sde plrtdiublrd
plrtdiublrdlkas
lkas n s de prnobagls), qua s dhedfd
dhedfdil
il qua asl ìral e n jl lrrnclkn plrtd-
plrtd-
iublrdklkas
iublr dklkas lb gng aetn ka bl ddeklhlidùe.
eklhlidùe. Ls dgdsgn, ae bns ils ns ae qua ab çekdiaçekdia ka
savardklk lrrncù
lrrncù u e vlbnr ddhulb
hulb n s upardnr l =,1, sa saülbl qua kdijn vlbnr as YDHE DFD- DFD-
IL[DVN plrl astlob astlobaiar
aiar kdlheùstdin.
Lb fdelb
fdelb ka ilkl u el ka bls sa iidneas , ab Iulk aredb aredbbn
bn ka _as ubtlkns a J dstnrdl Ibç-
Ibç-
edil iuae tl ine ue saitnr plrl rahdstrlr entls snora bl saiidùe y ralbdzlr ralbdzlr uel sçetasds
snora ab lplrtlkn. Lbbç sa jle vartdkn kltns qua ab ibçedin inesdkarù fueklgaetlbas
plrl lrrdolr l bl lpraidlidùe kdlheùstdil kab ilsn y tlgodäe sa rahdstrlrne bls ras-

puastls kbla Yaiidùe

acagpbn, bls iltahnrç
iltahnrçls
ls quaLklptltdvls,
9, Ìrals jle lrrnclkniltahnrçl
rasubtlknsJlodbdklkas
dhulbas n s Ynidlbas3
upardnras Jugnr,
l =,1. ]nrjl
lbilezlkn ab vlbnr
vlbnr =,10 klkn qu a asta vlbnr as sdh edfdiltdvn,
edfdiltdvn, ae ab sai tnr ka entls s a
vuabile bls raspuastls qu a lbilezlrne
lbilezlrne pu etulidùe <. Ae as ta ilsn sa trltl ka qua ab
edün sa aen cl ine fraiuaeidl. Asta kltn s arì sdhe dfdiltd
dfdiltdvn
vn lb gn g aetn ka s detat
detatdzlr
dzlr bl
bl
defnrglidùe kab ilsn puas, ing n sa varì, ab kdlheùs tdin sa vdeiubl
vdeiubl ine ue [rlstnren
kab Astlkn kab Ìedgn.
Ae bl Yaiidùe ;, bl inbugel InInesdkarl
esdkarlid
idneas
neas Kdlheùst
Kdlheùstdi ls tlgodäe inetdaea
dils
bls raspuastls l bns çtags qua jle puetulkn ine vlbnr < y bl bayaekl YDHEDFDIL-
[DVN plrl bns
bns i lsn s ae qu a ab vlb
vlbnr
nr kab çekdia
çekdia ka s avardklk as dhulb n su pardnr
pardnr l =,1.
Iulekn en s a jle rahdstr
rahdstrlkn
lkn sçetngls ka ue [rlstnr
[rlstnren
en n iulekn ab vlb
vlbnr
nr lbil
lbilezlkn
ezlkn
en bbahl l sar sdhedfdiltdvn, bl iabkl sa inesarvl ae oblein. Ka asta gnkn raslbtle
leta bl vdstl fìidbg
fìidbg aeta bls ìrals knek a sa aeiu aetrle kdfdiubtlkas
kdfdiubtlkas .

< N : . Q_DAB, G. C. YIJADEYNJE, B. OAIA__L y L. K'LEEL

Ae iu letn l bls iltahnrçls

iltahnrçls kdlheùs tdtdils
ils ka [rlstnrens Dekuidkns pnr Yu stleidls,
stleidls,
Gakdilidùe n A efargak lk Gäk dil, sùbn kaoa inetlodbd
inetlodbdzlrsa
zlrsa ab puetlc
puetlcaa sd ab aetravds-
aetravds-
tlkn jl raspnekdkn
raspnekdkn qua bns sçetngls sne afaitn kab inesu g n ka su stleidl
stleidls, s, dehastl
ka gakdilidùe n prnkuidkns pnr uel aefargaklk gäkdil. Ae ab ilsn ka qua en bn
sale, sa inbnil uel bçeal tletn
tletn ae bl inbug el ka su g l ka puetlc
puetlcas
as ing n ae bl ka çe-
çe-
kdia ka s avardklk.
avardklk. Välsa, pnr acagpbn,
acagpbn, [rlstnren
[rlstnren N osasdvn Ing pubsdvn
pubsdvn Dekuidkn pnr
Yus tleidls/Gakd
tleidls/Gakdilg
ilg aetns n Lfaiidùe Gäkdil.
Ae bls Yaiidneas 1 y 6 sa in g pbatle
pbatle ine iruias bns çtags qua ab aetravdstlknr
aetravdstlknr jl
vlbnrlkn ing n prasaetas ae ab ilsn . ]nr acagpbn, ouae edvab akuilidnelb ka bbns ns pl-
kras i ng n flitnr prntaitnr (Yaiidùe 1) y astdbn
astdbn ka ras puastl rafbaxd
rafbaxdvn
vn pnr plrta ka bl
aetravdstlkl (Yaiidùe 6).
 _ aspaitn ka bl Ya Yaiiiidùe
dùe 8. _
_asubtl
asubtlkns
kns n notaedkns
otaedkns ae ntrls täiedil
täiedils,s, bls iabkls
iabkls en
sa jle ing pbatlkn
pbatlkn pnrqua ae ab ilsn dbustrlkn
dbustrlkn en sa jle lkg dedstrlkn
dedstrlkn ntrns destru-
destru-
g aetns lb edü
edün.n. Yd ab usulrdn iuaetl ine defnrglidùe snora s u ils n, pnkrì vnbilr bbns ns
puetlcas
puetlc as orutns y trlesfnrglkns ae bls bçealsbçeals ka pue tns ka bls inbuge ls inrraspne-
kdaetas l fde
fde ka ine tlr ine uel sçetasds ka bns rasu btbtlkns
lkns notaedkns.
Fdelbgaeta, plrl
plrl inefaiidnelr ab Defnrga kab Ilsn sa in esu btbtlrne
lrne bns iulkrn s ka
_afaraeidls Ydetngìtdils u odilkns lb fdelb kab Iulkaredbbn
Iulkaredbbn ka L kg dedstrlid
dedstrlidùe.
ùe. Y a tuvda-
rne ae iuae tl bbls
ls sdhu daetas rafaraeidls3
rafaraeidls3

Yaiidùe ?. ] arsnels l ilrhn k ab iudklkn kab edün

edün Yaiidùe ;.i. ]rnobagls ka rablidùe flgdbdlr. Glb-

(ae nilsdneas s u g lkra ba hrdtl

hrdtl y bn sliuka). trltn fçsdin defletdb ae nilsdneas su glkra ba hrdtl
y bn sliuka.)
Yaiidùe ?. ]rdgarns knia gasas ka vdkl (bbnrlol Yaiidùe ;.o. [rlstnren ka asträs pnst-trlugìtdin
ine fraiuaeidl).
fraiuaeidl). (kurleta ab prdgar
prdgar lün ka vdkl su plkra sa aefarg l
y flbbaia.
flbbaia. Bbnrlol in e fraiu aeidl.)
Yaiidùe 9. Jlodbdklkas
Jlodbdklkas Ynidlbas. _ablidneas (en Yaiidùe ;.o. [rlstnren ka ineku itl y [rlstnren
[rlstnren ka
tdaea lgdhns ). Asiuabl (kdfd
(kdfdiubtlkas
iubtlkas ine ing plüa- lpahn ralitdvn.
rns).
Yaiidùe ;.l. I ngu edilidùe (tdaea
(tdaea k dfdiubt
dfdiubtlkas
lkas plrl
gletaear vçeiubns s nidlbas y inevarslidneas).
Yaiidùe 9 . Jlodbdklkas
Jlodbdklkas Yni dlbas3
dlbas3 Jug nr (sa aencl Yaiidùe ;.o. [rlstnrens kab astlkn kab ìedgn y
ine fraiuaeidl).
fraiuaeidl). [rlstnren ka lpah n ralitdvn (drrdtlod
(drrdtlodbdklk).
bdklk).
Yaiidùe 9. As iuabl (en ba hustl dr l bl asiuabl). Yaiidùe ;.l. [rlstnrens kab lpraekdzlca
lpraekdzlca kdfdiubtl-
kas ae baiturl
baiturl y ingpraesdùe).
Yaiidùe 9. Nidn. Cuahn (klül cuhuatas). Yaiidùe ;.o. [rlstnren ka inekuitl klül ledgl-
bas).
Yaiidùe 9. Kaslrrnbbn agnidnelb en sa ingpnrtl Yaiidùe ;.o. [rlstnren ka inekuitl (en raspatl
odae, en noakaia rahbls, s uaba kaidr gaetdrls). enrgls, dedidl pabals, lgaelzl l su glkra y bl
blstdgl).
Yaiidùe ;.o. [rlstnren ka axinrdlidùe lutnbasdn- Yaiidùe ;.o. [rlstnrens kab astlkn kab ìedgn (jl
eas). detaetlkn qudtlrsa bl vdkl).
Yaiidùe ;.i. Ynorapasn. Yaiidùe ;.o. [rlstnrens kab astlkn
astlk n kab ìedgn
ìedg n
(inga guijn)

L inetdeulidùe sa nfraia ab iulkaredbb

iulkaredbbnn ka _asubtl
_asubtlkns
kns a Jdstnrdl Ibç edil qua ing-
Ibçedil
pbatù ab prnfasdnelb, sahu dkn kab ddefnrg
efnrg a kab ilsn.

BL AE[_AVDY[L ]L_L BL AVLBQLIDÙE KDLHEÙY[DIL DEFLE[DB (AAKD) =4

saiidùe KL[NY YNIDN-KAGNH_ÌFDINY

Lpabbdkn y engora kab edün3 Cule
Buhlr y faijl ka elidgdaetn3 Ouaens ;dras. ?? ka lbns n ka ?==6 Aklk3 4 lüns ? gasas
Buhlr y tdpn ka rasdkaeidl3 rle Ouaens Gdra
Gdras.
s. Akdfdidn ka
k a kaplr+lgae+ns.
kaplr+lgae+ns.
 Edvab ka asinblrdklk3 <<-=. lün. Asiuabl ]rdglrdl. \as-D-dùe ]rdvlkl. Cnrelkl sdgpba
Faijl ka bl aetravdstl3 ?9 ka ni-f-uora ka ?=<1 Aetravdstlknr. . N.

Aetravdstlkn3 Ydbol Vdeiubn ine ab/bl edün/l3 lkra

I ngpnsdidùe
ngpnsdidùe flgdbdlr
flgdbdlr
Vçeiubn Engora Aklk Edvab akuiltdvn Niuplidùe Inevdva

]lkra3 Cnsä
nsä -- Yaiueklrdn Agpbalkn Flbbaidkn
Glkra3 YdbNl <9 NedVarsd-b-lrdn ;on4lkl Yd
Jen./l3 --
^^ ^^ --

Jen./l3
Jen./l3
Ntrns3
Nosarvlidneas3
Bl ae-f-ravds+l sa ra bdz ae ab YaEidn ka ]aijl-jUdl kab b-bnspd-f-lb Snelb ZZ kneka Cule sa aeiuaetrl

detarelkn.
]lkra Flbbaidkn ae ?==8 (ilrkdnpltçl). Asilsn vdeiubn ine bl Iledbbl ax+aesl.
Bl glkra rlolcl ae ue astukdn curdrdin

Yd EN inevdva ine bl glkra n ab plkra. fnrgublr bls sdhudaetas prahuetls3 Ç EN ' Lgpbdlidneas/Nosarvlidneas
. . .. ^..^. .
¾Iu ìekn flbbaidù>
flbbaidù>
¾Vdva ab plkra/pg3fls"> Z EN Ae q uä idriuestleidls
idriuestleidls>>
¾Iùgn lfaitù lb edün/l>
d d, ¾Gletdaea uel ouael
Yd vdva3
vdva3 ¾ Va ine rahublrdklk
rahublrdklk lb edün/l> ' ablidùe
ablidùe ine ab plkra/glk ra>

Yd e n bn va rahu
rahublr
blrgaeta3
gaeta3 ¾ Kaska iuìekn kacù ka taear inetlitn ine ab plkra/glkra> ¾]nr quä gntdvn>
gntdvn>

bdt Gntdvn ka inesubtl

Ynbdid - Fuk ka ,e+arinesub+l kab Yarvdidn ka ]akdltrçl kab bbnspd+lb plrl as+lobaiar kdlheùstdin y avlbulr kardVlidùe. Gn-fdVn
ka de+arel
de+arelitùe3
itùe3 Cule bls debl
debl l ssuu g lkra ine ue noca = inr-ble-f-a. bl lgael-;; ka r'uar+a a de ae l lrrnclrsa pnr ab olbiùe.
inr-ble-f-a. bl

Kardvleta .<.
<.<<<
<<<<<<<< < < < < < < < < < < < <<<<<<<<<<<<<<<~

 
Yarvdidn k a ]akçl-Frçl. bbnspd-blb Snelb ZZ.

Astukdns gäkdins ralbdzlkns

ralbdzlkns / G akdilidùe
akdilidùe litulb
Avlbulidùe li+ulb
li+ulb k
kaa Ibç edil Gäkdil3 <?-abds - b - rl snorapasn. Ya snbdid+l de+arinesub+l ine Yarvdidn ka Lbu - frdidùe.
Ibçedil
Kdlbeùs+din ka deh
Kdlbeùs+din dehra
rasn
sn (?=/<=/<1)3 [rls nren ]sdiù din en aspaidfdilkn.
blbnpardknb ?1 r <</;.
Gakdilkn ine ] blbnpardknb

.L taidkaetas ka trltlgdaetns
trltlg daetns psdintar~dbps n psdqudì trdins
psdqudìtrdins
¾Ab/bl edün/l jl ralbdzlkn n ralbdzl trltlgdaetn psdintarlp
psdintarlpäutdin
äutdin n psdqudìtrdin> Yd. ab bns y bns lüns. rrrfloba. asnoa
asnoa -
sç A e quä faijl>¾]nr quä gntdvn> ¾Kurleta iuìetn tdagpn>
di d  d3e  a  nks a drifl rkl ava s d k r  Vdeiublidùe
  ls id . fnelbni s l . d i [ n ;d;s   p bat  a
[ngù ad
k r e  l  idùe

Letaia aetas ka aefärG äklidbXl flrnb

 

raspdrltnrdls,
¾Lbhóe pltnbnhçls
flgdbdlr psdinbùhdils
sufra n jl n psdqudìtrdils,
sufrdkn lbhuel aefargaklkkdsilplidklk fçsdil
rabavleta, pnr u ntrls>
acagpbn kdloatas,d. Aiìei ar,plk
b plkra aefargaklkas ilrkçlils,
aiçl prnobagls ilrkdlins.
Yd <<5 ¾Iu ìb/Iuìbas> [dpn ka aefargaklk y tdpn ka vçeiubn. l ai dra bdfsafrS. fr  a3a3baaee+ =  <
7< 8.?
d k aasekal abl Snl.?=/?.

< < = L AVLBQLIDÙE ]YDINBÙHDIL AE EDÜNY

LELGEAYDY
 [ntlb Çekdia Inesdkarlidneas
çtags Iletdklk EY/EI3 ]uetlca çtags savardklk kdlheùstdils
?.< lb ?.<8 Agolrlzn ? <8 =,b (dbugaeù <9 `h. T inetrnbas)

?.<: lb ?.?8 Elidgdaetn

Elidgdaetn y pnst-plrtn ? <= =,? (Iasìral.
(Iasìral. 9.4== @..1..)
@..1.. )

?.?: lb ?.91 ]rdgarns <? gasas ka vdkl < 8 = < (Bbnrlol ine fraiuaeidl)
?.96 lb ?.;6 Jdtns kab kaslrrnbbn = bn = s/p (sde plr+diubl
plr+diublrdibl
rdibliba
ibas)
s)
?.;8 lb ?.1: Letaiakaetas gäkdins ? <? =,b (Aeaagarklkas jpdils. Kargltd-Js

ltnpdil)
?.14 lb ?.6< ]arsnels l ilrhn kab iudklkn < ? =.1 YDLC(FDI;[DVN
?.6? lb ?.64 Asinblrdklk = 8 = s/p
?.8= Bltarlbdklk ? Karaijl Dzqudarkl s/p
?.8< _utdel jlodtulb Ya kaspdar-b-l +agprlen pnr bl glülel. Kaslyuel ine su glgù. Vl l
lbb inbahdn.
(Dekdilr inesdkarlidneas sdhedfdiltdvls) ]nr bl +lrka ae su ilsl cuahl l bl pbly s+l+dne y gdrl [V "Inga +nkn ab kdl -

Yçetasds snora bl avlbulidùe ka bl Lelgeasds Cule bbnrlol ine fr

fraiuaeidl
aiuaeidl iburle-d-a ab prdgar lün ka Vdkl. Ae
asa parçnkn su plkra aebaredl y flbbaia.

]arsnels l ilrhn kab iudklkn3 Iulekn en sa inrepnr-b-l odae su glkra ba bn sliuka.

Yaiidùe ‚―,, Ì_ALY LKL][L[DVLY

LKL][L[DVLY
[ntlb Çekdia Inesdkarlidneas
Aklkas Çtags Iletdklk EY/EI3 ]uetlca çtags savardklk kdlheùstdils
^
26 9.< l 9.? ?
Lutnengçl3 Jdhdaea
6n+ 9.9 l 9.6 = ; = s/p

26 9.8 l 9.: - ?
^
Lutnengçl3 Vastdgaetl
n+ 9.4 l 9.<< = 9 = s/p
24 9.<? l 9.<9 Lutnengçl3 Qtdb
Qtdbdzlid
dzlidùe
ùe ka raiursns ?
n+ 9.<; l 9.<8 inguedtlrdns ; =,? Iabn Vl l ue ibuo)

24 9.<: l 9.?? -
4n+ 9.<: l 9.<4 Lutnengçl3 Yahurdklk
1 L . < = pdka pargdsn plrl
/ =.?
9.?9 l 9.?1 +nilr insls lcaels)
[nkns 9.?6 l 9.9< Vdkl intdkdlel3 Ingdkl = 6 = 1/p
[nkns 9.9? l 9.91 Vdkl intdkdlel3 Yuaün ; =,? (Kuarga iulr+n glgì)

[nkns 9.96 l 9.98 Vdkl intdkdlel3 Nrkae =

9
? =
=,9
s/p
[nkns 9.9: l 9.;1 Jlodbdklkas snidlbas3 _ablidneas : f,pbaar. l ] ò  ìiV8;   ?;
[nkns 9.;6 l 9.;8 Jlodbdklkas snidlbas3 Jugnr ? ? YLCDDI;[L/=

24 9.;: l 9.1= 9
Lptdtukas
Lptdtukas ffueidnelbas
ueidnelbas (Lo ine+rnbl Vuabtns. en
n+ 9.1< l 9.1: . .. . : \.d9 baa rabnc. en jlia ingprls
[nkns 9.14 l 9.64 << d
ba asiuabl.
Asiuabl / [rlolcn at.? sine ingplüarns)
[nkns 9.8= l 9.81 Nidn3 Cuahn ; al bdlra3l3<3='ls
ka cuahn.

[nkns 9.86 Nidn3 Kapnrtas (Dekdilr sd prlitdil y iuìb) /Cn

[nkns 9.88 l 9.8: Nidn3 Jnoodas y litdv. ka asplridgdaetn = < = <-3durs+l
kdouclr gnkablr
t
26 9.84 l 9.:4 <<
Kaslrrnbbn agnidnelb
n+ 9.4= l 9.44 6 <= =,6 YDL<<<I;[VN

Yçetasds snora bl avlbulidùe ka Ìrals Lklptltdvls Ya jdbdaer?..l y sa vdsa snbn kaska bns 6 lüns. ]lr;-didpl ae li+Gklkas
jnhlraüls. Guas+rl asilsl defarliidùe snidlb. Kuarga ae ab iulrfn ka su glkra. Guas+rl lif-d+ukas ka kasdejdodidùe snidlb.
Ae bl asiuabl en +da
+daea
ea ouae vdeiubn ine sus ingplüarns. Jlodbdklkas
Jlodbdklkas snidlbas (jugnr)3 Ya aencl ine frai
fraiuaeidl
uaeidl.. Kaslrrnbbn
agnidnelb3 <..-a iuas+l liaplr bdgd+as y iugpbdr inesdhels. ; Vaia
Vaiass kdia gae+drls. L bn jlia orngls. Lbn de+ae+l ingpn r+lr
r+lrsa
sa ka
liuarkn l bn qua sa asparl ka äb. Lbn raidoa
raidoa ird+d
ird+dils
ils ka gn kn lkaiulkn. Ubn raspa+l = -  ns pue+ns ka Vds+l.

BL AE[_AVDY[L ]L_L BL AVLBQLIDÙE KDLHEÙY[DIL DEFLE[DB (AAKD) <<

 
 Yaiidùe E K D I L K N _ A Y K A Y DE
DE [ N G L [ N B N H Ç L L Y N I D L K L L [ _ L Y [ N _ E N Y ] Y DDII N ] L [ N B Ù H D I N Y
[lb ingn sa prniakdù ae bls Yaiidne
Yaiidneas
as ? y 9, kao
kaoaa suglrsa ab puetlca ka ilkl [rlstnren n prnobagl plrl ilkl rlehn ka çtags çtags astlobaidkn y inesdhelrsa
inesdhelrsa
astl sugl
su gl ae bl inbugel ]uetlca. Yde agolrhn, astl Yaiidùe ; (deibuy
(deibuyaekn
aekn sus lplrtlkns
lpl rtlkns l, o y i
i)) kdfdara ka bls l etardnras ae iuletn l qua lhrahl
l hrahl çtags ka
lgpbdlidùe ae bl sahuekl inbugel, qua tlgodäe kaoae suglrsa, ingpnedaekn ab puetlca tntlb. Astns çtags ingpraekae l bns ka lgpbdlidùe prnpdlgaeta
kdijns ka ilkl trlstnren n prnobagl qua fuarne detarrnhlkns ae ab Iulkaredbbn ka Lkgdedstrlidùe a çtags ka ntrls saiidneas vdeiublkns ine bns trlstnrens
lquç katlbblkns ae bns qua sa letapnea ab sdhudaeta sdhen N

;. l) Dekdilknras ka trlstnrens kab kaslrrnbbn eaurnbùhdin

L bls destruiidneas letardnras kaoa lülkdrsa, snbn plrl astl saiidùe ;.l, bl sdhudaeta slbvaklk3 ]lrl bls inesdkarlidneas kdlheùstdils ka Kdsilplidklkas De-
tabaitulbas, [rlstnren kab Aspaitrn kab Lutdsgn, [rlstnren pnr Käfdidt ka Ltaeidùe ine Jdparlitdvdklk y [rlstnren kab Lpraekdzlca, sùbn kaoa inesdhelrsa ab
puetlca tntlb notaedkn (n sal bl sugltnrdl ka bls fdbls qua ingpneae ilkl trlstnren).

[ntlb  Çekdia eY ?ardcl3F

< ardcl3FD 
Dtaets Lgpbdlidùe Iletdklk EY/EI3 ]uetlca çtags savardklk kdlheùstdils
KDYIL]LIDKLKAY DE[AB
BAA I [ Q L B A Y •
(<?.ae;dedae+n lilkägdin
;.< l ;.9 --- Kdsilplidklk Detabaitulb
Detabaitulb ganbdn-olcn).
Yd ae Jdtns kab Kaslrrnbbn (Yn, , Gdb ?)
•••• ((Gdtns kab sa notuvn ue dekdia ka savardklk l l =.1. lqud
kaslrrnbbn vnbilr < puetn

.... (=Ìrals Yd ? n gìs Ìrals Lklptltdvls (Yaiidùe 9) < Ìrals J-ugnr y Kaslrrnbbn
lklptltdvls) tdaeae puetlcas
puetlcas l l =9. lquç vnbilr < puetn agnidnelb)
[ntlb plrl KDYIL]LIDKLKAY DE[ABAI[QLBAY S 1
= df
[_LY[N_ENY KA BL INGQEDILIDÙE
;.; lb ;.: ;.:l lb ;.:k [rlstnren kab baehulca
baehulca = 4
;.4 ;.4l lb ;.4i [rlstnren fnenbùhdi
fn enbùhdin
n ;

;.<= lb ;.<< ;.<<l lb ;.<<i [rlstnren ka bl fbudkaz •

1
;.<? lb ;.<1 --- [rlstnren ka bl inguedilidùe
inguedilidùe snidlb ••/...• ; = • (Detarrugpa inevarslidneas)

[ _L Y[ N _E N K A B A Y]A I [ _N
KAB LQ[DYGN
;.<6 lb ;.<4 Detarliidùe snidlb - Ingpnertlvgr 
tnss (Kdfdiubtlk plrl dedidlr y
;.<4ly ;.<4o gletaear Cdeiubns snidlbas)
;.?= lb ;.?? ;.??l _aidprnidklk snidlb
([daea kdFdiub-b-lkas plrl gle-b-a-
;.?9 lb ;.?6 ;.?6l lb ;.?6f Inguedilidùe ear inevarslidneas ine nrns)

;.?8 lb ;.9< .- ]ltrneas ka ingpnrtlgdaetn

ingpnrtlgdaetn - Cuahn <
;.9? lb ;.96 ]ltrneas ka ingpnrtlgdaetn
ingpnrtlgdaetn n
- Detarasas
(Bbnrlol ine Fraiuaeidl
;.98 y ;.9: ?4
?4,, ?-9=,
?9<
Dekdilknras hbnolbas / kurleta r
lün ka Nkl)

[ntlb plrl [_LY[N_EN KAB 9

AY]AI[_N KABLQ[DYGN 91 =<

[_LY[N_EN ]N_ KÄFDID[

KA L[AEIDÙ E INE JD]A_LI[DVD
JD]A_LI[DVDKLK*
KLK*
Ba iuastl nrhledzlr
n rhledzlr bls
;.94 lb ;.;; =9.61 Deltaeidùe D tlrals)
(Ya plrl ae iblsa. Ba
lb ;.1= ;.1=l lb ;  1=a Jdparlitdvdklk
Jdparlitdvdklk - Dgpubsdvdklk iuastl raspatlr +urens.
=9.?9 9 Kd
Kdfdiubtlkas
fdiubtlkas asinblras)
[ntlb plrl [_LY[N_EN ]N_ KÄFDID[ y <4
KA L[AEIDÙE INE JD]A_LI[DVD KLK =?

[_LY[N_EN KAB L]_AEKDSLCA

lp,rwdr
nirm<″ kb thiidbzue` w
.1< lb ;.11 ^^^ Baiturl . ..
ra.s dRrle , (- ½.s.,- dg d,..<
;.16 lb ;.1: --- Iìbiubn ^a
;.14 lb ;.6; - Axprasdùe asirdtl (Arrnras nrtnhrìfdins )
[ntlb plrl [_LY[N_EN KAB L]_AEKDSLCA - .. <; lz
[_LY[N_ENY GN[N_AY
;.61 lb ;.64 ;.64l lb ;.64f [rlstnren ka bl innrkdelidùe

;.8= y ;.8< ;.8<l lb ;.8<i [abastrnanetdnpklbngsnvdgdaetns

? 1 =.V Ya lutnbasdnel)

[rlstnrens ka tdis3 [rlstnren

;.8? ka bl [nuratta
[nur atta / [di gntnr
gntnr n vnilb
= < =
irùedin
irùe din / [di trlesdtnrdn

Yçetasds snora bl avlbulidùe ka trlstnrens kab kaslrrnbbn eaurnbùhdin Bns sde-b -bngls prasae+as en bbahle l Inr<Y+t   jlr edehóe
[rlstnren kab kaslrrnbbn eaurnbùh din. Ya aVdkaeidl olcn raekdgdaetn lilkägdin ae bls ìrals ka Baehul y Idaei
eaurnbùhdin. Idaeidls
dls Ynidlbas. Ya
radtarl bl kdFdiubtlid plrl Neiublrsa snidlbgaeta. Ya rahdstrle lutnbasdneas.

<<? L AVLBQLIDÙE ]YDINBÙHDIL AE EDÜNY

 

;. o) Dekdilknras ka ntrns trlstnrens

[ntlb eia nesdkarlidneas
Çtags Lgpbdlidùe Iletdklk EY/EI3 ]netlca savardklk dlheùstdils
çtags
[_LY[N_E NY KAB AY[LKN
AY[LKN KA ÌEDGN
;.8;o lb ;.8;f. Drrd-f-lobdklk. Guijl
;.89 ;.8;g y ;.8;e Apdsnkd
pdsnkdn
n gleç
gleçlin
lin
9 <= =9
=9.9? y ;.;= delkaiulkns)
;.8;o lb ;.8;f.
;.89 ;.8;g, Apdsnkdn jdpngleçlin 4 kae le-fardnr
=9.9? y ;.;= 9 = .9
;.89 y ;.8; ;.8;h
; lb ;. ;e Apdsnkdn kaprasdvn glynr T <<
=.9 rn-blodbdklk• Guijn lpa-Drtv. <;.=
<;.=
=9.9? . de-d-ae+lkn qut-flrsa bl nkl)

;.89 ;.8;l, [rlstnren ka kasrahublidùe

kasrahubl idùe kdsruptdvl
kdsruptdvl
;.8;g y ;.8;e kab astlkn ka ìedgn ; =.8 swlFtnrevn
;.8;g (YD) [rlstnren odpnblr n kaprasdvn dekuidkn
;.89 y ;.8; pnr sustleidls/gakdilgaetns n ...^ ; ^
T ;.8;e lfaiidùe gäkdil
[_LY [N _EN Y KA LEY DA
DAKLK
KLK
;.81 ;.81l lb ;.81f [rlstnren ka lesdaklk pnr saplrlidùe
=

 
;.86 ;.86l y ;.86o Gutdsgn sabaitdvn 9
;.88 ;.88l lb ;.88i Fnodl aspaiçfdil

;.8:l lb ; 8:k Lesdaklk sn idlb (Kdfdiub+lkas p lrl ~G ea .

 
;.8: =;.?1. / 6 =. ian/agnidneas)
;.84 ;.84l lb ;.84i [rlstnren ka pìedin = ;
;.:= ;.:=l lb ;.:=a Lhnrlfnodl = 6
;.84 y ;.:< ;.:<l y ;.:<o [rlstnren ka lesdaklk haearlbdz
haearlbdzlkl
lkl = ;
;.84 y ;.:< ;.:<l (1<) [rlstnren ka lesdaklk pnr sustleidls/
; -
y ;.:<o
;.:<o gakdilgaetns n lfaiidùe gäkdil

[_LY[N_EN NOYAYDVN
ING]QBYDVN
ING]QBYDVN T [_LY[N_EN Y
_ABLIDNELKNY
;.:? ;.:?l lb ;.:?a [rlstnren nosasdvn-ingpubsdvn = 6
;.:9 ;.:9l lb ;.:` [rdintdbngleçl = ;
;.:; ;.:;l lb ;.:;i [rlstnren ka axinrdlidùe ; =.? (Ya lu+ndasdnel ine bls idbls)

;.:? k
[rlstnren
ren nosasdvn ingpubsdvn
;.:? ;.:?a (YD) akdi s tlleii
=;.:9i (1<< 1
lidùe
lfaiidùe
idùe gäkdil
y ;.:;i (YD ^
.......
[_LY [N _EN Y _A B LI
LI DN ELKN Y I N E
[_LQGLY T FLI[N _AY KA AAY[_ÄY
Y[_ÄY
;.:6l y ;.:6o (frrd-b-losdbklk• Kdfdiub+lkas
[rlstnren ka lpahn ralitdvn
;.:1 y ;.:6 =;.?1, ;.89,
? : =?   plrl gle-b-a
g le-b-aear
ear
;.8;, ;.88 inevarslidneas)
;.:8 y ;.:: --- _ablidùe snidlb kasdejdodkl

;.:4l l ;.:4ft (Kurle+a su prdgar lün ka

;.:4 [rlstnren ka asträs pnstrlugìtdin vdidl aeI
aeIareaklk
areaklk y guara
=;.4?, ;.4?l <4 ab plkra. Bbnrlol ine
y 9.9; = .<
fraiuidl
ae

;.4= ;.4=l y ;.4=o [rlstnren ka lklptlidùe

;.:4l lb ;.:49
;.:4 ;.:4` lb ;.:4e [rlstnren ka asträ
asträss lhuk n <1
=;.4?l,
=;.4?l, 9
9.9;
.9; = =
;.4< y ;.4? ;.4?l lb ;.4?i [_LY [N _EN Y KD
KDYY N I DL[DVN Y = 1

[_LY [NINY
YNGÌ[DINY
YNGÌ[D _EN TY [_LY[N_E
KA Y ÇE[N GNY
LY
_A B LI DN ELKN Y
;.49 y ;.4; ;.4;o [rlstnren ka sçetngls sngìtdins

;.4; ;.4;o y ;.4;i Lesdaklk pn

pnrr aefargaklk = 9
;.49 =;.4;i lb ;.4;f [rlstnren ka inevarsdùe = 1
 BL AE[_AVDY[L
AE[_AVDY[ L ]L_L BL AV
AVLBQLI
LBQLIDÙE
DÙE KDLHE
KDLHEÙY[D
ÙY[DIL
IL DEFLE[DB (AAKD) <9

[ntlb Çekdia Inesdkarlidneas

Çtags Lgpbdlidùe Iletdklk EY/EI3 ... ].... ]netlca..0 çtag s savardklk kdlheùstdils
=;.4;l y ;.4;o, Flitnras psdinbùhdins qua defbuyae
-'- ;.4;f, ?.1:, ;.<9= ae ntrls lfaiidneas gakdils = 1 =
;.49 =;.4;i [rlstnrens flitdidns = ? =
[_LY[N_ENY LBDGAE[L_DNY
LBDGAE[L_DNY

;.41 --- ]dil = < =

;.46 --- _ugdlidùe = < =
=;.4:l, ;.4:i, [rlstnren
[rlstnren ka avdtlidùe/rastrdiidùe
;.48 ka bl dehas
dehas tdùe ka lbd
lbdgae
gae tns = 1 =
;.4:` y ;.4:<
=;.4:l lb ;.4:f 4
;.48 ;.4:c y ;.4:<
Lenraxdl earvdnsl = =
;.4: ;.4:f y ;.4:c Oubdgdl earvdnsl = 9 =
;.4: ;.4:h y ;.4:d [rlstnren ka ltrlineas = 9 =
[_LY[N_ENY KA BL AZI_AIDÙE

;.44 ;.44l l ;.44k Dekdilknras

Dekdilknras ka aeurasds/a
aeurasds/aeinprasds
einprasds =
[_LY[N_ENY K AB YQAÜN - VDHDBDL

;.<== y ;.<=< ;.<=<d lb ;.<=<` [rlstnren

[rlstnren ka desngedn
;.<=< ;.<=< c y ;.<=<` [rlstnren ka jdparsngedl = 9

;.<=< ;.<=<j Elrinbapsdl = ?

[rlstnren kab s uaün rablidnelkn
;.<== y ;.<=< ;.<=<l ine bl raspdrlidùe = 9 =
[rlstnrenvkhad d rdtgn
g n ilrkdlin
;.<==y ;.<=< ;.<=<h y ;.<=<c = ; =
]lrlsngedls

;.<== =;.<=<o Ynelgoubdsgn

;.<== =;.<=<i [arrnras eniturens = ?
9;.<=<k, [rlstnrens ka paslkdbbls ;
;.<== ;.<=<c y ;.<=<` = =
=;.<=<a y [rlstnren kab ingpnrtlgdaetn
;
;.<== ;.<=<d lb ;.<=<` kab suaün

;.<== =;.<=<f, ;.<=<W Yçekrnga ka pdarels Dequdatls ;

y ;.<=<` = =
;.<=<` [rlstnren kab suaün dekuidkn 9 ^
;.<== y ;.<=<
pnr sustleidls n gakdilgaetns
;.<=? ;.<=?l l ;.<=?f KDYFN_DL KA HÄEA_N = 8 =
[_LY[N_ENY KDY_Q][DVNY
KAB INE[_NB KA BNY DG]QBYNY
T KA BL INEKQI[L
T =,V nzloCa+ls. kdsi(;;   a.
;.<=9 y ;.<=; ;.<=;l lb ;.<=;h [rlstnren eahltdvdstl kaslfdleta 4 raijlzl
raijlzl enrgls)
;.<=1 ;.<=1l lb ;.<=1a [rlstnren
[rlstnren axpbnsdvn detargdtaeta 9 6 ...t... 18\"DfFDI;GVN
;.<=6l lb ;.<=6`
;<=6
.<=1k
[rlstnren ka bl inekuitl 8 <9 =,1 YDLTF[ILD[VN

;.<=8 ;.<=8l lb ;.<=8k ]drngleçl

;.<=: ;.<=:l Ibaptngleçl
[l ?   rdrdd Ys[L _[E  I rLAsB L I D N E L K N Y
;.<=4 ;.<=4l lb ;.<=4 = << =
[v d_tLKV ENY ]N_ AEFA_GAKLK
;.<<= ;.<<=l y ;.<<=o = 9 =
 Yçetasds snora bl avlbulidùe ka ntrns trlstnrens ?,aóea ird+ardns ka [rls+nren ka kasra[dblidùe kdsrup+@rl kab
as-b lkn ka ìedgn (prasae+l drrd+lbldbdiblk y liiasns ka iùbarl 4rlVas y raiurrae+as As+ns inrjpnr+lgdaa+ns ba
-

ilusle prnobagls ae bl Nkl kdlrdl). <-bl de+ae+lkn qud+lrsa bl Nkl. bn inrraspneka kdlvùsfdin ka [rls+nren
axpbnsdvn de+arredfae;- a. Ab iulkrn sa axpbdil gacnr pnr ab kdleùs-Vdin ka [rls+nren kdsrup+dVn kab as-Flkn ka
de+arredfae;-a.
ìedgn. (KYG-1). ?..aóea ird+ardns ka [rls+nren ka inekui+l (,C n rasp a+l enrgls, l Vaias kdia rlae-Vdrls, dedidl
(,Cn
pabals. ine fraiuaeidl lgaelzl l su glkra. bareae+ns plrl klülrbl sardlreae -Va, jl sdkn iruab ine
ledglbas. as+ns ingpingpnr+lreda
nr+lredaens
ens ba il
ilusle
usle s ard
ardn
n ralba
ralbas+lr
s+lr ae su Nkl kdlrdl)

<<; L AVLBQLIDÙE ]YDINBÙHDIL AE EDÜNY

;. i) Dekdilknras ka ntrns prnobagls q ua pu

puakae
akae sar noca tn ka ltaeidùe ibçedil
Çtags Lgpbdlidùe
Lgpbdl idùe Iletdkl
Iletdklkk EY/E
EY/EI3
I3
[ntlb ekdia Inesdkarlidneas
]netlca savardklk kdlheùstdils
]_NOBAGLY _ABLIDNELKNY
INE BL I_DLESL

.<<< ;.<<<l lb ;.<<<i ]rnobagls ka rablidùe flgdbdlr T ; 68; </FDI_[L/=

_upturl flgdbdlr pnr saplrlidùe

;.<<? ;.<<?l n k d vn r i d n ? -
;.<<9l
;.<<9 =?.9? y ?.6=
Irdlezl y akuilidùe bacns ka bns plkras
- ; -
;.<<; ;.<<;l y ;.<<;o KQABN EN ING]BDILKN < 9 =.9 çeuar+a ab plkra)

GLB[_L[N, LOQYN T EAH BDHAEIDL

=;.<<8l lb ;.<<8k 1i; glkra ae
;.<<1 Glbtrltn fçsdin defletdb / 6 = < nilsdneas ba srd-b-l y bn
y ?.6< sliuka)
=;.<<8l lb ;.<<8k
;.<<6
y ?.6<
Glbtrltn psdinbùhdin defletdb = 6 =
;.<<8 ;.<<8l lb ;.<<8k Lousn saxulb kab edün kab edün/l = 1
;.<<: ;.<<:l Ea h bd h a e i d l a e bl d e f l e i d l

]_NOBAGLY KA VDVDAEKL
T AINEÙGDINY

;.<<4 lb ;.<?< ;.<?<l ]rnobagls ka vdvdaekl

;.<?? lb ;.<?1 ;.<?1.l ]rnobagls aineùgdins = 1
=;.?, ;.19,
;.<?; ;.6<y ?.61
]rnobagls ka liiasn l bl akuilidùe = 1 =
--- =9.64 ]rnobagls
]rnobagls blonrlbas = <

N[_NY ]_NOBAGLY _ABLIDNELKNY

INE AB AE[N_EN YNIDLB
;.<?6 ;.<?6l ]rnobagls ka flsa ka bl vdkl

;.<?8 ;.<?8l Kdfdiubtlkas ka liubturlidùe ? ^

;<?: ;.<?:l lb ;.<?:k

=9.6= y 9.6<
Axibusdùe n raijlzn snidlb
..=.....
8 =
. ]_NOBAGLY _ABLIDNELKNY INE
;.<?4 ;.<?4l y ;.<?4o BL KABDEIQAEIDL N DE[A_LII
DE[A_LII DÙE 9
INE AB YDY[AGL BAHLB = =
]_NOBAGLY _ABLIDNELKNY
INE N [_LY
;.<<1 =;.:4 y ?.;6
N LGODAE[LBAY = 9 =
N[_LY ID_IQEY[LEIDLY
KA BL JDY[N_DL ]A_YNELB
=;.8<, ;.8<l
---
lb ;.8<i d sstnrl
tnrdlparsnelb ka lutnasdùe / ; =,? (Ya lu+nbasdnel bl
pdab ine bls uüls)

;.<=1 ;.<=1l y ;.<=1o

;.<=6 ;.<=6i lb ;.<=6h Ingpnrtlgdaetn letdsnidl
letdsnidlbb defle
d efletdb
tdb 8 4 .8
=8 ..Y8\DCDFDIL[VN

]_NOBAGLY _ABLIDNELKNY INE

;.<?1 --- AB LIIAYN L BL LYDY[AEIDL GÄKDIL = <
=
T N[_L LY DY[AEIDL YLED[L_D
YLED[L_DL
L
DEIQG]BDGDAE[N KA (Lolekneù +rl+ne. le+as
;.<9= -- [_L[LGDAE[N GÄKDIN < kab lb+l l bns : lüns)
]asl 6= @.. Lureae+n
--- =?.19 YNO_A]AYN Q NOAYDKLK
T <<4.
<<4. ae sads gasas)
 Yçetasds snora bl avlbulidùe ka ntrns prnobagls qua puakae sar nocatn ka ltaeidùe ibçedil

]rasae+l prnobagls ka rablidùe pl+aren Fdbdlb (rablidùe inefbdi+dVl qua deibuya hrlvas apdsnkdns ka
Vdnbaeidl
Vdnba eidl Varolb
Varolb y fçsdil
fçs dil y prnVnil prnobagls
prno bagls ae bl de+arliidùe flgdbdlr y ae bl Vdkl kab edün).
"bn inrraspn
inrraspneka
eka kdl1.eùs+din ka Ingp
In gpnr+lgdae+n
nr+lgdae+n le+dsnidl
le+dsnidlbb pnrqua bns sde+nelY as+ìe Vdeiublkns ine ab
[rls+nren kdsrup+dVn kab as+lkn ka ìedgn (KYG-1).
Ibçedil Gäkdil jl kdlvns+dilkn sn orapasn y kardvlidùe
kardvlidùe l Yar
YarVdi
Vdidn
dn ka edu+rdidùe.
<?.ads+rl lolekne
lolekne n ka frl+lgdae+=.
,Cn sa inesdkarl kdleùs+din ka [rls+nren ka bl ;Ddgae+lidùe pnrqua en sa rads+rle ineibui+ls
ras+rdi+dVls ed ingpaesl -fnrcls ed l+rlineas. Ya lsnidl ine [rls+nren As+lkn kab ;edgn.
[rls+nren kab As+lkn

BL AE[_AVDY[L ]L_L BL AVLBQLIDÙE KDLHEÙY[DIL DEFLE[DB (AAKD) <1

Yäiidùe VLBN_LIDÙ E KA BNY FLI[N_AY KA _DAYHN T ]_N[AI[N_AY

VLBN_LIDÙ
JLBBLKNY AE BL AE[_AVDY[L
L inetdeulidùe sa bdstle flitnras ka rdashn y flitnras prntaitnras qua ab aetravdstlknr kaoarì inesdkarlr lb ralbdzlr
bl avlbulidùe. Glrqua ine uel iruz bns çtags qua sa aeiuaetrle prasaetas ae ab ilsn kab sucatn avlbulkn.

Flitnras ka rdashn odnbùhdins3 Flitnras ka rdashn lgodaetlbas3 Flitnras ka rdashn psdinbùhdins3

Olcn pasn lb eliar Olcn edvab snidn-aineùgdin Inesugn ka lbinjnb ka bns plkras
Nxdhaentarlpdl axtaesl eaneltl) Olcn edvab akuiltdvn ka bns plkras Inesugn ka krnhls ka bns plkras
Dehastl ka tarltùhaens (lbinjnb, tlolin, Olcn edvab ka detarliidùe edün-plkras [rlstnrens gaetlbas ka plkra y g lkra
quçgdins) kurleta ab agolrlzn n ka astdgublidùe ae ab jnhlr (aspaidlbgaeta kaprasdùe ae bl glkra)
]raglturaz Agolrlzn lknbasiaeta Z Vdnbaeidl kngästdil
Kaseutrdidùe n glbeutrdidùe Kdvnridn n saplrlidùe Eahbdhaeidl
_atlrkn ae ab iraidgdaet
iraidgdaetnn Flbtl ka liiasn lb sdstagl ka slbuk Lousn fçsdin y/n saxulb
ae ab prdgar
prdgar y sahue kn lün n ka akuilidùe
Flitnras prntait
prntaitnras3
nras3
]ltnbnhçlss irùedils
]ltnbnhçl Gdhrlidneas
efaiidneass inehäedtls kab YE I
efaiidnea Vdvdaekl prailrdl x Edvab snidn-aineùgdin gakdn n lbtn
Ouae edvab ka ltaeidùe jlidl sdhens
[rlstnrens saesn rdlb
rdlbas
as dtulidùe ka ilbba ka lblrgl ae ab edün
_dashn astlobai
astlobaidkn
dkn n destlblkn* Aeilriablgdaetn
Aeilriabl gdaetn ka plkras [agparlgaetn aqudbdorlkn
ka sus iu dklknra
dklknrass
Yçekrngas haeätdins Ntrns flitnras ka rdashn3 Lpnyn k a bl flgdbdl axtaekdkl
A e f a r g a k l k y flbbaidedae   = kab plkra
Glbfnrglidneas inehäedtls
VDJ/YDKL
kurle-Fa ab prdgar iddçn kl. x Inenidgdaetn lkaiulkn ka bns raiursns
ka bl inguedklk
DSN ne+aeidùe snidlb asilsl. Vçeiubn pnsdtdvn ine destdtuidneas
Aefargaklkas eaurnbùhdils u nrh ledzlidneas
ledzlidneas inetaeaknrls
Ntrns flitnras prntaitnras
p rntaitnras33
[ugnras iaraorlbaass Liiasn lprnpdlkn ka bns sarvdidns
akuiltdvns y ka slbuk
x
Yaiuabls ka defaiidneas kab YEI
Ouael kdspnsdidùe plrl raidodr lsdstaeidl
• _afdara l edüns ine aefargaklkas ka atdnbnhçl
inenidkl n en. qua lfaitle ab kaslrrnbbn psdingntnr
inenidkl
Ouae edvab akuilidnelb ka bns plkras
Ouael inguedilidùe flgdbdlr

VLBN_LI DÙE I QLBD

VLBN_LI QLBD[L[DVL
[L[DVL KA BLY _AY]QAY[LY K A BNY BNY ]LK_AY
L BL AE[_AVDY[L (]lrl ing pbatlr l ird
irdtardn
tardn kab ae travd
travdstlknr.)
stlknr.)
Yahóe bls dgprasdneas rainhdkls, dekdqua iùgn ilrlitardzlrçl bl litdtuk ka bns aetravdstlkns. Bl vlbnrlidùe ka bls
raspuastls ka bns aetravdstlkns pargdta lpraidlr ab edvab ka inefdlezl y vlbdkaz ka bl defnrglidùe notaedkl.
Guy rasarvlkl
¾Iuìb as bl litdtuk ka bns plkras leta bl avlbulidùe> (Kafaesdvl} ]lridlbgaeta rasarvlkl Lodartl

Kasirdol ab astdbn ka raspuastl qua ordekle bns plkras. Dgpubsdvn ]lridlbgae ta rafbax
rafbaxdvn
dvn _afbaxdvn Z
¾\u ä hrlkn ka inefdlezl ba garaia bl defnr
defnrglidùe
glidùe Guy pnin inefdloba ]lridlbgaeta inefdloba Guy inefdloba Z
ordeklkl>
 Kasirdol ab hrlkn ka injaraeidl aetra ab baehulca Yde injaraeidl Lbhuels deinjaraeidls Guy injaraeta Z
varolb y en varolb.
¾Iuìb as su lpraidlidùe liaril kab edvab ka desdhjt Kafdidaeta _ahublr Ouaen Z
kab aetravdstlkn>

<<6 L AVLBQLIDÙE ]YDINBÙHDIL AE EDÜNY

DEFN_GA

Engora3 Cule
Aklk3 4 lüns, ?gasas.
Asinblrdklk3 ;tn. lün
lün ka Asiu abl ]rdglrdl, Hrle Ouae ns L dras.
Kastdeltlrdn3 Yarvdidn ka ] akdltrç
akdltrçl.
l. Jns pdtlb Sne lb.
lkgdedstrlkn3 Aetravdstl ka Avlbulidùe Kdlheù stdil Defletdb (AAK-D)
Destrugaetn lkgdedstrlkn3 (AAK-D)..
Faijl ka avlbulidùe3 ?9 ka nituora ka ?=<1.

_aspnekdaekn lb pakdkn ka detarinesubtl ine ab ìral ka Ylbuk Gaetlb ae nilsdùe ka bl

detarelidùe ka Cule ae asta jnspdtlb, sa trlesgdtae bns kltns notaedkns l trlväs ka bl lkgd-
edstrlidùe ka bl Aetravdstl ka Avlbulidùe Kdlheù stdil Defletdb (AAK-D) l bbll Yrl. Y dbvdl,
dbvdl, glk ra kab
edün. (Var Yaiidùe <. Kltns snidnkagnhrìfdins. Gntdvn ka inesubtl. Kardvleta). Ya jl ralbdzlkn
lelg easds kab kaslrrnbbn y lspait
lspaitns
ns lk lptlt
lptltdvns,
dvns, lsç ingn k a bl pprasaeidl
rasaeidl ka sçetngls lsnidl-
kns l trlstnrens psdinpltnb
psdinpltnbùhdins.
ùhdins.

Kltns snidnka
sn idnkagnhrìfdins
gnhrìfdins
Cule elidù ae bl prnvdeidl ka Ouaens Ldras ab ?? ka lhnstn ka ?==6. As jdcn ka Ydbvdl y
Cnsä. Ab plkra flbbaidù
flbbaidù iu lekn ab edün taeçl < lün. Ydbvd
Ydbvdll as lonhlkl, trlolc
trlolcll ae ue astukdn curç-
kdin. Cule iursl iu lrtn lün ae uel Asiu abl ]rdglrdl pr prdvlkl
dvlkl ka ccnrelk
nrelk l sdgpba. _asdkae ae ab
ineu rolen onelaraesa. (Var Yaiidùe <. Kltns snidnka
sn idnkagnhrìfdins.
gnhrìfdins. Ingpnsdidùe
Ingp nsdidùe flgdbdl
flgdbdlr).
r).

Lelgeasds
E n sa rahdstr
rahdstrle
le letaiakaetas jarakn-flgdbdlras sdhedfdilt
sdhedfdiltdvns
dvns ka psdinpltnb
psdinpltnbnhçls.
nhçls. Agolrlzn,
elidgdaetn
eli dgdaetn y pnst-pl rtn iurslrne sde plrtdiub
pns t-plrtn plrtdiublrdklkas.
lrdklkas. Ab edün bbbbnrlol
nrlol ine fraiuaeidl kurleta ab
prdgar
prdg lün ka vdkl. Yu plkra aefargù ae asa parçnkn y flbb
ar lün flbbaidù
aidù kaodkn l u el ilrkdnpltç
ilrkdnpltçl.
l. Bns
bnhrns kasa
kab kaslrrnbbn
Letaiakaetas lbilezlrne
slbuk3 l bls
_ahdstrù aklkas asparlob
asparlobas.
aefargaklkas as. (VarkaYaiidùe
jlodtulbas ? . Lelgeasds).
bl defleidl y kargltdtds ltù-
pdil l bns idein lüns. En jl sufrdkn liidkaetas. Bl glkra bn kasirdodù ingn ue edün enrglb
jlstl bns ; lüns, luequa rabltù qua sdagpra gnstrù ue astlkn ka ìedgn drlsidoba. En rafdrdù
rlzneas plrl asa ing pnrtlgdaetn. Ae ab clrkçe
clrkçe ka defleta
defletass su hdrd
hdrdarne
arne detarinesubtl ine ] sdinbn-
 hçl pnrqua prasaetlol g lrilkl drr drrdtdtlodb
lodbdklk,
dklk, en noakaiçl bls plutls dekdilkls pnr bns k niae-
tas y gn strlol kdfdiubtlkas plrl vdeiublrsa ine plras . Fua trltlkn pnr trlstnren pnr käfdidt ka
ltaeidùe ine jdparlitdvdklk. Ab trltlgdaetn psdintarlpäutdin sa kdsinetdeuù jlidl fdeas kab lün
plslkn pnr k aid aidsdùe
sdùe ka bl glkra lb inesdkarlr qua su jd jdcn
cn jloç
jloçll g acnrlkn
acnrlkn su ing pnrtlgdaetn.
pnrtlgdaetn.
_ah dstr
dstrùù kns deta
detarelidneas,
relidneas, lgols ae ab gdsg n jnspdtlb,
jnspdtlb, vd
vdeiublkls
eiublkls l iuastdneas ine kui-
tulbas.
tulba s. Bl prdgarl, l bns 8 lüns pnr s avarns prnoba prnobagls
gls ka ing pnrtl
pnrtlgdaetn
gdaetn (rngpçl noca
nocatns
tns y
bns lrrnclol kaetrn y fuarl ka s u ils l) y glbns trlt trltns
ns jlidl su g lkra (ba hrd
hrdtlol
tlol y bl hnbpalol)
hnbpalol)..
Ba lkg ded
dedstrlrne
strlrne _dspard
_dspardkne
kne l. Bl sahuekl detarelidùe as bl lit litulb.
ulb. Jl lugaetlkn ; `h ae bns
óbt
óbtdgns
dgns sads gas as, pasl 6= @h0 bbll glk ra bbnn lsnidl l bl tng l ka gak dilid dilidùe.
ùe.
Ydb
Ydbvdl
vdl ralb
ralbdzl
ka trltlgdaetn
dzl trl
trltlgdaetns.
trltlgdaetn
s. Le
tlgdaetn ps dintarlp
Letai
taiaka
akaetas
dintarlpäutdin
äutdin kas ka ab lün ? =<?. (Var Y aiidùe <. Letaiakaetas
etas ka aefargaklk
aefargaklkas
as ka bl flgdbdl).
f lgdbdl).

Ingpnrtlgdaetn
Litdtukas3 As dequdatn y kaslfdleta. Ine fraiuaeidl prasaetl liiasns ka iùbarl. Jl axjd-
odkn litdtukas
litdtukas tag arlrd
arlrdls.
ls. Ae nils dneas sa lu tnbasdnel bblstdgìek
lstdgìek nsa bl pdab ine s us u üls. Aetra
bns ; y bns 6 lüns hnbpalol l sus glsintls. Jle idtlkn l su glkra kaska ab inbahdn pnr su
ingpnrtlgdaetn en noakaia plutls, en ingpbatl bls tlrals, en sa vdeiubl ine plras). Var
Yaiidùe 9 . Ìrals lklptltdvls y Yaiidùe ;.l.3 Dekdilknras ka trlstnrens kab kaslrrnbbn eaurnbù-
hdin).

BL AE[_AVDY[L ]L_L BL AVLBQLIDÙE KDLHEÙY[DIL DEFLE[DB (AAKD) < 8

  çeiubns detarparsnelbas

Bl rablidùe aetra glkra a jdcn sa ilrlitardzl pnr uel entnrdl lgo dvlbaeidl. Bns liiasns ka
iùbarl hrlvas y raiurraetas ka Cule sa prnkuiae sùbn ine su glkra. Buahn ka ilkl avaetn sa
iùbarl
gledfdastl lpaelkn y sa kdsiubpl. Ae ntrls nilsdneas as lfaitunsn y kdsfrut kdsfrutll lb cuhlr ine Ydbvdl.
Bl glkra rafd
rafdara
ara qua l vaias kdsiuta ine su jdcn, bbaa hrdtl y bn sliuka pnr sus lrraoltns. Lkagì s,
lhrahl qua ae ntrls npnrtuedklkas ingplrtae tdagpn
tdagpn ka gnkn lg aen y kdsfrut
kdsfrutle
le ka plsans.
Bl rablidùe ka Cule ine sus kniaetas as gakdlelgaeta ouael luequa ae bl asiuabl ba
iuastl liap tlr bçbçgdtas
gdtas y iug pbdr ine bls inesdhels. Ab vçeiubn ine plras as a silsn y jnstdb3 en
lsdsta l avaetns ine ingplüarns ed bns raidoa ae su ilsl.
Ae bns óbtdgns lüns bl rak ka lpnyn snidlb ine bl qua inetlole jl kdsgdeudkn, sahóe Ydbvd
Ydbvdl,
l,
pnrqua abbl sa sdaeta guy ileslkl plrl devdtlr haeta l su ilsl n slbdr ine lgdhns. Bns plkras
ka Ydbvdl agdhrlrne jlia qudeia lüns pnr iuastdneas blonrlbas. Eueil tuvdarne ue vçeiubn as-
traijn ine bns
bns louabns pltarens. Var Yaiidùe 9. Ìrals lklptltdvls y Yaiidùe ;.l.3 Dekdilknras
ka trlstnrens kab kaslrrnbbn eaurnbùhdin).

Lspaitns lklptltdvns
Cule sa jdhdaedzl y sa vdsta snbn kaska bns 6 lüns. ]lrtdidpl ae litdvdklkas
Lutnengçl3
jnhlraüls ingn pnr acagpbn ae bl praplrlidùe ka bl gasl plrl ingar. As iudklknsn ine
sus ótdbas
ótdbas asinblras. Eaiasdt
Eaiasdtll lyukl plrl ralbdz
ralbdzlr
lr tlrals kab inbahd
inbahdnn sa ba kaoa rainrklr qua
tdtdaea
aea litdvd
litdvdklkas
klkas p lrl rasnbvar, raqud
raqudara
ara qua ab lkubtn astä saetlkn l su blkn plrl ing pbatlr
bns kaoaras, luequa astn plraia niurrdr gìs pnr npnsdidnedsgn qua pnr flbtl ka jlodbdklkas).
Luequa iuaetl ine uel jlodtlidùe prnpdl sdagpra jl knrgdkn ae ab iulrtn ka su glkra ae
ilgls kdfaraetas, pnrqua tdaea tagnr ka knrgdr snbn. Kasilesl tnkl bl enija sde kdfdiubtlk.
Var Yaiidùe 93 Ìrals lklptltdvls).
Jlodbdklkas3 Iuaetl in e jlodbdklkas plrl kdouclr y gn kablr ine lridbb
lridbbl.
l. Yuaba ralbdzlr astls
litdvdklkas
litd vdklkas ine fraiuaeidl, sa ineiaetrl ae dr lb lbilezlekn
ilezlekn bns nocatd
nocatdvns
vns qua sa prnpnea y kds-
frutl lb bnhrlrbns.
bnhrlrbns. ]rasaetl gnkarlkls k dfdiubtlkas
dfdiubtlkas asinblras ae bls ìrals ka Baehul y Idaeidls
Ynidlbas. Eueil sa ba ba jl ralbdzlkn avlbulidùe eaurninhedtdvl. Var Yaiidùe 9. Ìrals lklptltdvls
y Yaiidùe ;.l.3 Dekdilknras ka trlstnrens kab kaslrrnbbn eaurnbùhdin).
 Cuahn3 Cuahl ine vdkancuahns ka suparjärnas
suparjärnas y parsnelcas ka [V ae bl ingputlknrl y ae
bl ]blystltdne.
]blystltdne. Klül l sus g uüains bas qudt
qudtll plrtas n bns rrngp
ngp a). En suaba ccuhlr
uhlr ine cuahns
rahblkns. Var Yaiidùe 93 Ìral lklptlt
lklptltdvls
dvls - Cuahn)
Cuahn)..

Letaiakaetas ka aefargaklk litulb

Ya rahdstrle apdsnkdns
apdsnkdns ka iùbarl raiurraetas kurleta ab óbtdgn
óbtdgn lün rngpa nocatns, bns lrrnc
lrrncll
pnr bl vaetlel kab kaplrtlgaetn y hnbpal l su glkra sd detaetl kataearbn). Qen ka abbns lgardtù
prasaeidl ka pa rsnelb pnbdid
pnbdidlb.
lb. Bl glkra en bnhrl inetaea rbn ed ttlgp
lgp nin dkaetdfdilr
dkaetdfdilr kasaei lka-
eletas pravdns plrl astls
astls idriuestleidls. Var Yaiidùe ;.o.3 Dekdilknras ka ntrns trlstnrens y
idriuestleidls.
;.i.3 Dekdilknras ka ntrns prnobagls qua puakae sar nocatn ka ltaeidùe ibçedil).
Bl prasaeta detarelidùe
detarelidùe sa prnkuia buahn ka blstd
blstdglr
glr l su g lkra ine ue pu ezùe, lgae l-
zlrbl ka guarta a detaetlr qudtlrsa bl vdkl. Ab kdlheùstdin prasuetdvn ka dehrasn as trlstnren
psdiùtdin en aspaidfdilkn. Ya aeiuaetrl gakdilkn ine Jlbnpardknb ?1 gh/k).

prnvdsdne lb - KYG 1 l inefdrglr buahn ka avlbulr lb edün gakdleta euavls vçls

Kdlheùstdin prnvdsdnelb
ka defnrglidùe) Var Yaiidùe ;.o.3 Dekdilknras ka ntrns trlstnrens, ;.i.3 Dekdilknras ka ntrns
prnobagls qua puakae sar nocatn ka ltaeidùe ibçedil, y Yaiidùe 63 lbnrlidùe iulbdtltdvl ka bls
raspuastls ka bns plkras l bl aetravdstl).
Ka bl aetravdstl l Ydbvdl
Ydbvdl sa kasp raeka qua Cule prasaetl sçetngls ingpltdobas ine3

- [rlstnren ka kasrahublidùe
kasrahublidùe kdsruptd
kdsruptdvl
vl kab astlkn ka ìedgn F.9;.:).
- [rlstnren ka bbll inekuitl F.4<.<).
- ]rnobag ls ka rablidùe pltaren-fdbdlb S.6?.: ?=).

<<: L AVLBQLIDÙE ]YDINBÙHDIL AE EDÜNY

_aingaeklidneas
Ynbdidtlr trlsblkn l bl Ibçedil ZTS, prastlknrl ka bl norl snidlb kab edün, qua iuaetl ine
Yarvdidn ka Ylbuk Gae tlb a detarelid
detarelidùe
ùe ae ìral defletn-c
defletn-cuvaedb.
uvaedb.
Qel vaz ingpaeslkn ab iulkrn litulb afaitulr avlbulidùe psdinkdlheùstdil l Cule plrl
vlbnrlr lspaitns agnidnelbas, inekuitulbas y inhedtdvns. L plrtdr ka bns rasubtlkns, sa katar-
gdelrìe bls ilrlitarçstdils kab trltlgdaetn
trltlgdaetn tarlpäutdin dekdvdkulb
dekdvdkulb qua sa raingdaeka. A s gae as-
tar afaitulr aetravdstls
aetravdstls ka nrdaetlidùe ine bl glkra ae a b glrin kab trltlgdaetn kab edün, ine-
iakdaekn aspaidlb ltaeidùe lb lonrklca ka lspaitns vdeiublras. Bl rablidùe glkra-jdcn raqudara
detarvaeidneas
detarvaeidneas plrl astlobaiar bçbçgdtas
gdtas ae ab gnkn ka vdeiublrsa.
Lsdgdsgn kaoarì katargdelrsa bl eaiasdklk ka lklptlidùe ka liiasn l bns inetaedkns
iurrdiublras asinblras ae Baehu l y Idaeidls Ynidlbas y bl pnsdoba prasaeidl ka ue lingp lületa
iurrdiublras
tarlpäutdin.
Ya s uhdara qua Cul e plrtdidpa ae tlbbar
tlbbaras
as ka lrta deflet
defletdbdb,, yl q ua kdsfrutl lb kdouclr y gnkablr,
y puastn qua deibuyae litdvdklkas
litdvdklkas qua bn gletdaeae ineiaetrlkn rablclkn y .qua ba pargdtae
iralr y inestrudr.
inestrudr. Astls tlrals puakae tlgodäe inev artdrsa
artdrsa ae uel vçl ka axprasdùe y ing uedil-
idùe flidbd
flidbdtlknrl
tlknrl plrl qua ab edün sa vdeiub
vdeiubaa ka ntrn gnkn ine plras y lkubtns. Ya inetagpbù
Yaiidùe 13 Flitnras ka rdashn y prntaitnras
prntaitnras).
).

Kaoa kastlilrsa qua bl defnrglidùe lquç vartdkl sa idriuesirdoa l kltns railolkns ga-
kdleta bl AAKD l bns fdeas dbustrltdvns
dbustrltdvns snora su ag pban ae ue ils n ineiratn. Yde ag olrhn, astns
kltns kaoae ingpbatlrsa ine ntrns prnvaedaetas ka g óbtdpbas
óbtdpbas jarrlgdaetls ka avlbulidùe lsç
ing n ka avlbulidneas snora bl avnbuidùe kab iulkrn.

; YÇE[AYDY T O_AVA HQÇL ]L_L QE IN__AI[N QYN KAB

 DEY[_QG E[N

Ae asta ilp çtubn

çtubn jag ns kaslrrnbblkn iuastdneas ineiaptulbas y täiedils snora bl
aetravdstl
aetravd stl ing n destrugaetn ka avlbulidùe psdinbùhd
psdinbùhdil.
il. Ya jdzn rafaraeidl
rafaraeidl l bl varsl-
tdb
tdbdklk
dklk ka bl g dsgl pl rl lklptlrbl sahóe kdstdetns glrins taùrdins
taùrdins y ì go dtns
dtns ka lpbd-
ilidùe ae fueidùe ka bns prnpùsdtns ka bl axpbnrlidùe. Lsdgdsgn, sa ax pusn uel ibl-
sdfdilidùe iaetrlkl ae ab hrlkn ka astruiturlidùe kab destrugaetn, axjdodaekn vaetlcls
y kasvaetlcls ka ilkl iltahnrçl y sa pusn ka gledfdastn bl utdbdklk ka sdstagltdzlr
ab prniasn ka l kgdedstrlidùe-avlbulidùe
kgdedstrlidùe-avlbulidùe plrl hlrletdzlr bl notaeidùe ka defnrglidùe
fdloba y rabavleta.
L inetdeulidùe sa prasaetù bl Aetravdstl plrl bl Avlbulidùe Kdlheùstdil Defletdb
AAKD), ótdb plrl sar lpbdilkl l plkras ka edüns aetra ; y <? lüns ka aklk. Astl jarrl-
gdaetl inetagpbl bl axpbnrlidùe ka lspai tns lklptltdvns
lklptltdvns y pltnbùhd
pltnbùhdins,
ins, astns óbtdgns

sahóe irdtardns yl
ka avlbulidùe kabqKYG 1. Abbn
ua parg flidbdtl lgbns
dtdtaa railolr óbtdprnfasdnelbas
óbtdpbas envabas
pbas kltns snora ab dedidn kab
ab kaslrrnbbn prniasn
y ingpnr-
tlgdaetn defletdb. Inestl ka tras iulkaredbbns, uen plrl bl lkgdedstrlidùe, ntrn plrl
rahdstrlr bls raspuastls k a bns plk ras y ab tariarn, prasaetlkn i ngn Jdstnrdl
rahdstrlr Jdstnrdl I bçbçedil,
edil,
kneka sa sdetatdzle rasubtlkns.
Ab hrìfdin 6 ka bl pìhdel sdhudaeta inetdaea ue rasug ae ótdb plrl ab agp ban ka bl
AAKD.

BL AE[_AVDY[L ]L_L BL AV
AVLBQL
LBQLIDÙE
IDÙE KDLHEÙY[DIL DE
DEFLE[DB
FLE[DB AAK
AAKD)
D) 4

Hrìfdin 6. Huçl prìitdil plrl ue inrraitn usn ka bl AAKD

L YAGD

<) Lkgdedstrlr bl AAK D utdbd

utdbdzlekn
zlekn ue bìpdz, ab Iulkaredbbn ka Lkgdedstrlidùe lsç ingn ab _ahdstrn ka
_aspuastls y lbhuels jncls ae o blein. Fnrgublr bls prahuetls lkdidnelbas
lkdidnelbas qua sa ae iuaetrle l bl
karaijl ka ilkl çtag n lhrahlr nosarvlidneas ae bns ilsns qua inrraspnekl. Yahudr iudklknsl-
gaeta bls destruiidneas qua sa deibuyae ae ab lplrtlkn 9.9 ka asta ilpçtubn, Destruiidneas haearl-
bas ka lkgdedstrlidùe.

?) Inesdkarlr qua ae bl Yaiidùe 9 qua avlból Ìrals Lklptltdvls (välsa bl p. 6 kab Iulkaredbbn ka Lk-
gdedstrlidùe) sa aspaidfdile bns çtags
çtags qua kaoae prahue tlrsa ka liuarkn ine bl aklk k ab edün/l.

9) Inetagpblr qua ae bl Yaiidùe ; (välsa p. 4 kab Iulkaredbbn ka Lkgdedstrlidùe) bl deklhlidùe ka

bns kdfaraetas trlstnrens astì kdvdkdkl ae çtags oìsdins y ka lgpbdlidùe. Bns prdgarns kaoae fnr-
gublrsa l tnkns bns plkras pnr dhulb. Bns çtags ka lgpbdlidùe
deklhl idùe ka ue ìral prnobagì tdilsaaeaeiuaetrle
ilkl iulk rn y prnfuekdzle bl deklhl plrtd
plrtdiublr, l inetdeulidùe
iublr, sa ka
railole kltns
snora gìs dekdilknras rablidnelkns ine a b ìral ka detaräs ae ab ilsn ka qua bns plkras axprasae
prasaeidl ka sçetngls vdeiublkns l bns trlstnrens qua nosarvae ae ab ing pnrtlgdaetn kab edün.

;) Lkgdedstrlr tnkns bns çtags ka bl Yaiidùe ; l plkras ka edüns ka aetra ; y <? lüns , l axiapidùe
ka bns deibudkns ae Dekdilknras ka [rlstnrens kab Lpraekdzlca, qua sa fnrguble l plkras ka edüns
glynras ka 6 lüns.

1) Lsaetlr bls raspuastls ka b aetravdst

aetravdstlkn
lkn ae ab _ahdstrn ka _aspuastls, inesdhelekn < plrl lquabbls
 qua dekdquae prasaeidl ka sdetngltnbnhçl, N plrl bls qua rafdarle lusaeidl y uel iruz ae ilsn ka
qua ab plkra gledfdasta en sloar n en inetasta bl prahuetl (EY/EI ). Ab lstard
lstardsin
sin ( ) buahn kab <
(uen) saülbl qua ab çtag sa inesdkarl irçtdin ae iuletn l su sdhedfdilidùe
sdhedfdilidùe pltnbùhdil (baar ae katlbba
ae asta ilpçtubn kaska 9.<. Lkgdedstrlidùe, rahdstrn ka raspuastls y rasubtlkns jlstl 9.1. Lgpbdl-
idùe ka deklhlidùe deibusdva).

6 ) Qtdbdzlr ab iulkaredbbn ka _asubtlkns a Jdstnrdl Ibçedil plrl bl avlbulidùe (baar ab lplrtlkn 9.6. Avl-
bulidùe. Vnbilr bns puetlcas kab _ahdstrn ka _aspuastls y nrhledzlr bl defnrglidùe rainbaitlkl ae
bls kdstdetls
kdstdetls saiidneas ka asta iulkaredbbn. Inetlodbdzlr
Inetlodbdzlr bl iletdklk ka raspuastls vlbnrlkls ine <
(uen) rahdstrlkls ae ilkl saiidùe kab iu lkaredb
lkaredbbn
bn ka _ahdstrn ka _aspuastls.

8) Entlr qua ae bl avlbulidùe ka bl Yaiidùe ; sa deibuyae çtags prnvaedaetas ka kdfaraetas saiidneas

ka bl aetravdstl. Ae astl Yaiidùe tnkns bns çtags, as kaidr bns inrraspnekdaetas l bl saiidùe katl-
bblkns ae bl prdgarl
prdgarl inbugel, bns ka lg pbdlidùe qua fdhurle ae bl sahuekl inbugel (sùbn sd fuarne
lkgdedstrlkns
lkgdedstrlkns pnrqua abbn jlyl inrraspnekdkn sahóe bls raspuastls l bns çtags oìsdins) y lquabbns
qua fuarne prahuetlkns ae ntrls ìrals y astäe glrilkns ine ab sçgonbn kaoae sar inesdkarl-
kns, inetlodbdzìeknsa
inetlodbdzìeknsa iuìetns ka abbns notuvdar
notuvdarne
ne raspuastls ine < (uen).

:) Kdvdkdr ab vlbnr notaedkn ka bl sugl ka raspuastls ine < uen) pnr ab tntlb ka çtags qua fdhurl ae
bl inbugel sdhudaeta, notaedäeknsa lsç ue çekdia ka savardklk (vä lsa Hrìfdin 1 ka asta ilpçtubn).
Iulekn a b çekdia ka savardklk sal dhulb n supardnr l =,1, ab pr
prnfasdnelb
nfasdnelb kaoa tnglr ae iuaetl ine
glynr kataedgdaetn y iudklkn asl sa iidùe, yl qua sahó e bl defnrglidùe ordeklkl pnr bns plkras,
ab edün/l prasaetlrçl sçetngls n prnobagìtdils sdhedfdiltdvls ae kdijl ìral.

4) [aear ae inesdkarlidùe bl iletdklk ka çtags glril kns ae bl npidùe EY/EI . Yd bl ngdsdùe

ngdsdùe ka ras-
puastls (EY/EI) supa rl l bl gdtlk ka bns çtags vlbnrlkns ka bl saiidùe, kataearsa aspaidlbgaeta
ae asl defnrglidùe notaedkl plrl lrrdolr l lpraidlidneas kdlheùstdils yl qua bns kltns ine bns
qua iuae tl sne bdgdtlkns y, avaetulbgaeta, kuknsns.

<= ) Inetagp blr qua plrl ilkl uel ka bls ìrals avlbulkls sa prasaetle _afaraeidls Ydetngìtdils lb
fdelb kab Iulkaredbbn ka Lkgdedstrlidùe qua dekdile bl pnsdoba rablidùe aetra bns çtags y trlstnrens
rabavlkns pnr bl AAKD. Astl defnrgl idùe puaka rasubtlr ka utdbd
utdbdklk
klk lb prnfasdnelb plrl jliar uel
detarpratlidùe gìs rafdelkl ka bls kdfdiubtlkas dkaetdfdilkls ine ue çekdia ka savardklk sdhedfdiltdvn.

<< ) Inesdhelr bl prasaeidl ka flitnras prntaitnras

prntaitnras y ka rdashn jlbblkns ae bl AAK D sahóe bl Yaiidùe 1
ka _asubtlkns a Jdstnrdl Ibçedil

?N . Q_DAB, G. C. YIJADEYNJE, B. OAIA__L y L. K LEEL

<? ) Vlbnrlr bls raspuastls ka bns plkras lb raspnekar bl Yaiidùe 6 ka _asubtlkns a Jdstnrdl Ibçedil.

<9 ) Inesdhelr ae bl Yaiidùe 8 ka asa iulka redb

redbbn
bn bns rasubtlkns ka ntrns destrugaetns lkg dedstrlkns.
dedstrlkns.

DG]N_[L
DG]N _[LE[A3
E[A3 Astl
Astl huçl en rasubtl sufdidaeta
sufdidaet a plrl ralbdzlr ue ouae usn ka bl aetravdstl sden
qua jl sdkn inefaiidnelkl l gnkn ka rasugae kdkìitdin qua kaoa inesubtlrsa uel vaz ral-
bdzlkl uel baiturl katlbblkl ka tnkn ab ilpçtubn lsç ingn ka tnkns bns iulkaredbbns ine as-
paidlb ltaeidùe l bls inesdhels qua lbbç fdhurle.

Ae rasug ae, bl Aetravdstl plrl bl Avlbulidùe Kdlheùstdil Deflet

Defletdbdb qua lquç prasae-
tlgns as uel jarrlgdaetl litulbdzlkl plrl afaitulr kdlheùstdins ae edüns. Dgpbdil
bl axpbnrlidùe ka bns kdstdetns jdtns kab kaslrrnbbn
kaslrrnbbn y ka bns lspaitns lklp tltdtltdvns
vns qua
prasaetl ab edün sahóe bl defnrglidùe ordeklkl pnr sus prnhaedtnras n tutnras, lsç
 ing n tlgodäe l puetl l kataitlr sdet
sdetngl
ngl tnbnhçl psdinpltnbùhdil y l lelbdzlr flitnras
ka rdashn y prntaitnras. [nkn abbn sa vlbnrlrì sahóe ab ilsn dekdvdkulb, bl kaglekl
ka inesubtl, ab ìgodtn ka trlolcn ae ab qua ens kasagpaüagns (ibçedin, akuiltdvn
n fnraesa), ab rastn
rastn kab gltardlb railolkn a e ab prniasn ka a vlbulidùe (o ltarçl ae su
tntlbdklk,
tntlbdklk, nosarvlidneas k a ing pnrtlgdaetn, aetravd
aetravdstls
stls ine ntrns defnrgletas iblvas
ing n kniae tas, nt
ntrns
rns flgdbdlras, iudklknras, aetra ntrns, y kagìs j lbblzhns ibçedins
y fuaetas ka defnrglidùe lkdidnelbas), inetagpblekn tlgodäe bls vçls ka detarvaeidùe
flitdobas ka sar dgpbag
dgpbag aetlkls ae ue g nga etn pnstardnr, uel vaz astlo baidkn y pra-
idslkn ab kdlheùstdin.
Asparlgns qua astns lpnrtas rasubtae ka utdbdklk plrl euastrns lbugens ka bls
Ilrrarls ka ] sdinbnhçl
sdinbnhçl lsç ing n plrl prnfasdnelbas qua sa dedidae ae bl prìitdil ka bl
avlbulidùe psdinbùhdil ae edüns.

_AFA_AE ID Y ODOBD
ODOBDNH_Ì
NH_Ì FDI
FD I Y

syijdltrdiLssnidltdne (?=<;). Huçl ka inesubtl ka bns irdtardns kdlheùstdins kab

Lgardile ] syijdltrdiLssnidltdne
KYG-1. Glkrdk3 Akdtnrdlb G äkdil ]lelgardilel.
Lgaridile ] syijdltrdi
syijdltrdi Lssnidltdne (<41?). Kdlhenstdi lek Ytltdstdilb
Ytltdstdilb Gleulb nf G aetlb Kdsnr-
kars. Xlsjdehtne K.I.3 Lutjnr.
syijdltrdi Lssnidltdne (?=<6). [ja Kdlhenstdi lek Ytltdstdilb Gleulb nf Gaetlb Kd-
Lgardile ] syijdltrdi

snrkars - Jdstnry. _aiuparlkn ka jttps3//www.psyijdltry.nrh/psyijdltrdsts/prlitdia/ksg/

jdstnry-nf-tja-ksg.
Ornwe, [. L., Kd Elrkn, ]. L. y Olrbnw, K. J. (<44;). Lexdaty Kdsnrkars Detarvdaw Yijakuba fnr
KYG-<V LKDY-DV). Eaw T nr`, ET3 Nxfnrk Qedvarsdty ]rass.
Fdrst,, G. O ., Ypdtzar,
Fdrst Ypdtzar, _. B., Hdoone, G. y X dbbd lgs, C. O. X . (<448). Ytruiturak Ibdedilb Detarvdaw
dbbdlgs,
fnr KYG-DV Lxds D Kdsnrkars, _asalrij Varsdne, ]ltdaet Akdtdne YIDK-D/]). Eaw T nr`3 Odn- Odn-
gatrdis _asalrij, Eaw Tnr` ]syijdltrdi Destdtuta.
Destdtuta.
Fyar, L. C., Aekdintt, C., Gleuzzl, Y. y @bade, K. F. (<4:1). Yijakuba nf Lffaitdva Kdsnrkars lek
Yijdznpjraedl-Bdfatdga
Yijdznpjraedl-Bdfatd ga varsdne gnkdfdak fnr tja stuky nf lexdaty kdsnrkars).
kdsnrkars) . Eaw Tnr`3 Eaw
Tnr` Ytlta ]syijdltrdi Destdtuta,
Destdtuta, Lexdaty Kdsnrkar I bdedi.
bdedi.
Hrntj-Glrelt, H. (?==4). Jlekonn` nf ]syijnbnhdilbLlssassgaet 1tj ak.). Eaw T nr`3 Xdbay.
Jarsae, G. y [jng ls, C. I. (?==8). Jlekonn` nf Ibdedilb Detarvdawdeh wdtj Lkubts. Bns Lehabas3
Ylha.
@lpble, _. G. y Yliiuzzn, K. ]. ?=<?). ]syijnbnhdilb [astdeh3 ]rdeidpdas, Lppbdiltdnes, lek

bssuas. Oabgnet IL3X lkswnrtj

lkswnrtj I aehlha Balredeh.

BL AE[_AVDY[L ]L_L BL AVLBQLIDÙE KDLHEÙY[DIL DEFLE[DB (AAKD) ?<

Gìrqu az, G. =. (?=<;). Bl aetravdstl. Ae3 _. Fareìek az-Olbbastarns (ak.), Avlbulidùe psdinbù-
hdil. Ineiaptns, gätnkns y astukdn ka ilsns (pp. ?64-?4?). Glkrdk3 Akdidneas ]drìgdka.
Gl rtç
rtçeaz
eaz _ nkrçhuaz, C. (?=<<). Gätnkns ka devastdhlidùe iulbdt
iulbdtltdvl.
ltdvl. _avdstl ka Devastdhlidùe
Ydbnhdsgn, <(=:).
Gdbbar, I. ?=<=). Detarvdawdeh strltahdas, rlppnrt, lek agpltjy. Ae3 K. B. Yahlb y G. Jarsae
(aks.), Kdlhenstdi Detarvdawdeh, ;tj ak. (pp. ?9-9:). Eaw Tnr`3 Yprdehar.
]arpdüì, I. (?=<?). Gleulb ka bl aetravdstl psdinbùhdil. Glkrdk3 Akdidneas ]drìgdka.
]dliaeta, [. (?=<?). Destrugaetns ka avlbulidùe psdinbùhdil en tdpdfdilkns. Nosarvlidùe, aetra-
vdstl y aeiuastl. Inesdkarlidneas Haearlbas. Fdijl ka bl iìtakrl Fueklg aetns, täied
täiedils
ils a
destrugaetns
destrugaetns ka axpbnrlidùe psdinbùhdil. Bl ]bltl3 Qedvarsdklk Elidnelb ka bl ]bltl.
Yahl b, K. B., Cuea, L. y Glrty, G. L. (?=<= ). Olsdi dssuas de ddetarvdawdeh
etarvdawdeh lek tja detarvdaw p rn-
 iass. Ae3 K. B. Yahlb y G . Jarsae (aks.), Kdlhenstdi betarvdawdeh ;tj ak.), Eaw Tnr`, Yprde- Yprde-
har Yidaeia y Ou sdeass Gakdl, pp. <-??.
Yahl b, K. B., Guabbar, L. A. y Innbdkha, F. B. (?=<?). Ytruiturak lek sa g dst dstruiturak
ruiturak detarvdaws
fnr kdffaraetd
kdffaraetdlb
lb kdlhensds3 DDssuas
ssuas lek lpp bdilt
bdiltdnes.
dnes. Ae3 G. J arsae, Y. G. [ urear y K. I . Oadkab
(aks.), Lkubt ]syijnpltjnbnhy
]syijnpltjnb nhy lek Kdlhensds 6tj ak.), Eaw Tnr`, Yprdehar Yid Yidaeia
aeia y Ousd-
eass Gakdl, pp. 4<-<<6.
Yjlrp, @. B., Xdbbdlgs, L. C., _jyear, @. [.
[. y Dblrkd, Y. Y. ?=<9).[ja Ibdedilb Detarvdaw. Ae3 @.
F. Hadsdehar (ak.),
L]L Jlekonn` nf [astdeh lek Lssassgaet de ]syijnbnhy3 Vnb. ?. [as-
tdeh lek Lssassgaet de Ibdedilb lek Inuesabdeh ]syijnbnhy (pp. <=9-<<8). Xlsjdehtne KI3
Lg ardile ]syijnbnhdilb Lssnidltdne.
Yahl b, K. B., Cuea, L. y Glrty, G. L. (?=<= ). Olsdi dssuas de ddetarvdawdeh
etarvdawdeh lek tja detarvdaw p rn-
iass. Ae3 K. B. Yahlb, y G. Jarsae (aks.). Kdlhenstdi Detarvdawdeh ;tj ak.) (pp. <-??). Eaw
Tnr`3 Yprdehar Yidaeia y O usdeass Gakdl.
Yahl b, K. B., Guabbar, L. A. y Innbdkha, F. B. (?=<?). Ytruiturak lek sa g dst dstruiturak
ruiturak detarvdaws
fnr kdffaraetdlb
kdffaraetdlb kdlhensds3 bbssuas
ssuas le k lppbdiltdnes. Ae3 G. Jarsa e, Y. G. [ urear y K. I . Oad-
kab (aks.), Lkubt ]syijnpltjnbnhy
]syijnpltjnb nhy lek Kdlhensds 6tj ak.) (pp. 4<-<<6). Eaw Tnr`3 Yprdehar
Yidaeia y Ousdeass Gakdl.
Yubbdvle, J. Y. (<41;). [ja ]syijdltrdi Detarvdaw. Eaw Tnr`3 Enrtne.
[urear, G., Jarsae, G. y Jadsar, E. (?=<9).[ja detarvdawdeh
detarvdawdeh prniass. Ae3 G. Jarsaey Y . [urear
(aks.). Kdlhenstdi Detarvdawdeh 9t au ) Eaw Tnr`, Yprdehar Yidaeia y Ousdeass Gakdl, pp.
j <  ,

9-<8.
Vdbbl, G. y _adtgle, K. (?==8). Nvarvdaw nf detarvdawdeh strltahdas wdtj ijdbkrae, plraets lek tal-
ijars. Ae3 G. Jarsae y C. I . [jng ls (aks.)
(aks.),, Jlekonn` nf Ibdedilb betarvdawdeh wdtj Ijdbkrae,
[jnu slek Nl `s, Ilbdfnr
Ilbdfnredl,
edl, Ylha ]uobdiltd
]uobdiltdnes,
nes, pp. ?-<1.
X nrbk Jalbtj Nrhledzltd
Nrhledzltdne
ne (<4;:). Gleulb nf tja Detareltdnelb Ytltdstdilb Iblssdfdiltdne nf Kdsal-
sas, Decurdas
Decurdas lek Ilusas Kaltj DIK-6). Haeavl3 Lutjnr.
Ilusas nf Kaltj
Xnrbk Jalbtj Nrhledzltdne ?=<6). Detareltdnelb Iblssdfdiltdne
Iblssdfdiltdne nf Kdsalsas DIK) Defnrgltdne

Yjaat. _aiuparlkn kajttp3//www.wjn.det/iblssdfdiltdnes/dik/flitsjaat/ae/

< ?? L AVLBQLIDÙE ]YDINBÙHDIL AE EDÜNY

1. Ab Kdouc
Kdoucnn k a bl
b l Fdhurl Ju g lel
K FJ ) ae aklk asinb
asinblrlr
 Ga riakas Fareìeka
Gariakas Fareìekazz Bdpnrlia, Lelbç
Lelbçll Ordzzd
Ordzzdnn y
Buidbll BBùpaz
Buidb ùpaz

Ab trlolcn ine edüns ae ab ilgpn ka bl avlbulidùe psdinbùhdil pargdta lpraidlr

qua abbns rlrlgaeta kdspneae n j liae usn kab baehulca varolb l bl jnrl ka gledfastlr
sus paeslg daetns,
daetns, agnidneas, praniuplidneas, det
detarasas
arasas n g dakns. Astl glearl ka
inguedilrsa ens kaslfçl l aeinetrlr fnrgls, astdbns y raiursns plrl trlolclr lka-
iulklgaeta ab gntdvn ka inesubtl, bls prnobagìtdils qua sus litnras prasaetle y
sus idriuestleidls. ]nr
]nr ntrn blkn, bl nosarvlidùe, deibusn ae aklkas defletdbas guy
tagprlels, g uastrl qua uel ka sus litdvdklkas flvnrdtls
flvnrdtls as ab kdoucn y g uy plrtdiu-
blrgaeta bl hrlfdilidùe ka fdhurls juglels, pnr bn iulb astl tlral rasubtl ue gakdn
axprasdvn kaspn clkn ka lesdaklkas ea hltdvls y, ae sç gdsgn , bbókdin.
ókdin.
Astls inesdkarlidneas jdidarne qua, kaska prdeidpdns kab sdhbn ZDZ, prnfasdnelbas
ka bl ]sdinbnhçl
]sdinbnhçl devastdhlrle
devastdhlrle ab kdoucn ae bl defleidl. Bns trlolcns g ìs kastlilkns sa
vdeiuble, pnr ue blkn, ine ab usn kab hrìfdin ing n destrugaetn plrl g akdr ab edvab ka
glkurlidùe detabaitulb y, pnr ab ntrn, ine su vlbnrlidùe prnyaitdvl ae tletn dekdilknr
ka lspai tns rablidnelkns
rablidnelkns ine bl parsnelbd
parsnelbdklk.
klk. Ae ab prdgar ilsn sa plrta ka trlolcns
g ìs kasirdptdvns qua rabavle lspaitns avnbutdvns jlstl bbahlr l sdstagltdzlidneas
sdstagltdzlidneas qua
lkgdtae ue lonrklca nocatdvn y idaetçfdin pnr gakdn ka asilbls ingn ab [ast kab Kd-

oucn
Kaetrnkakab
bl Fdhurl
sahueknJuglel -KFJ-
lonrklca (Hnnkaenuhj,
sa prnpnea <4?60
ue leìbdsds Jlrrds, <4690
iulbdtltdvn @nppdtz,
kab kdoucn <46:).
olslkn ae
bls jdpùtasds kardvlkls kab psdinleìbdsds0 parn tlgodäe axdstae lutnras qua, tnglekn
ae inesdkarlidùe tlbas prasueidneas, inekuiae astukdns iuletdtltdvns ka kdfaraeidls
aetra hrupns ingn gnk n ka p near l pruaol bls jdpùtasd
jdpùtasdss psdinlelbçt
psdinlelbçtdils.
dils.
Ae asta i lpçtubn
lpçtubn jlrag ns ue suidetn rainrr
rainrrdkn
dkn jdstùrdin
jdstùrdin pnr bns lpnrtas g ìs raba-
vletas ae rablidùe ine bns KFJ plrl uodilr lb bait baitnr,
nr, prdgarlg
prdgarlg aeta, ae innrkaelkls
irnenbùhdils.
irnenbùhd ils. Kastlilragns ab tr trlolcn
lolcn ka Fbnraeia H nnkaenuhj, qudae ae <4?6 pu-
obdiù su [ast kab Kdoucn ka ue Jngora, uel rafaraeidl pdnearl y lóe jny ótdb plrl bl
vlbnrlidùe kab hrìfdin
hrìfdin defletdb
defletdb.. Ae bl g dsgl bçeal lonrklrag ns bl ravdsdùe qua J lrrd
lrrdss
<469) ralbdzù snora lquab trlolcn fueklidnelb, en sùbn rasiltlekn bl norl ka Hnn-
kaenuhj, sden tlgodäe gacnrìeknbl y lgpbdìeknbl. Buahn ens kataekragns ae bns
astukdns ka Abdzloatj
Abdzloatj @np pdtz ((<46:
<46: ) qudae, l bns lspaitns tlet
tletnn g lkurltd
lkurltdvns
vns yl ine-
sdkarlkns pnr Hnnkaenuhj y J lrrd lrrds,
s, lülkdù vlbnr lb deinrpnrlr
deinrpnrlr sdhens agnidnelbas a
dekdilknras ka pnsdoba kdsfueidùe eaurnbùhdil. Yd odae bns kaslrrnbbns
kaslrrnbbns snora bns K FJ
jle sdkn eug arnsns ae su tdagpn, rasubtl dgprasidekd
dgprasidekdoba
oba saülblr qua bl rlzùe pnr bl

AB KDOQCN KA BL FDHQ_L JQGLEL

JQGLEL KFJ) AE AKLK AYINBL_ ?9

 
qua ab fnin astì puastn ae bls inetrdouidneas ka astns tras lutnras rasdka ae qua sne
sus lpnrtas bns qua jle j aijn asiuabl ae euastr
euastrnn g akdn, gletaedaekn
gletaedaekn su vdhaeidl y
saülblekn bl dgpardnsl eaiasdklk ka raenvlr asfuarzns plrl pnear l p ruaol su partd-
eaeidl ae euastrl pnoblidùe, lsç ingn plrl litulbdzlr sus enrgls y afaitulr kdsirdgd-
elidneas g ìs fdels l bl jnrl ka avlbulr prnobagìtdils ineiratls.
Bns KFJ jle bnhrlkn, ae su gngaetn, lgpbdl kdfusdùe guekdlb, lb puetn ka sar
uel ka bls asilbls gìs agpbalkls pnr bns prnfasdnelbas kab ilgpn lpbdilkn. ]nr
]nr

astl rlzùe
lrrdolr tlgodäe
l uel ljneklragns
inrraitl detarpratlidùeaeka
susbnsplutls ka lkg
rasubtlkns dedstr
dedstrlidùe
lidùe yaspai
a dekdilknras puetulidùe
çfdins. plrl
Lsd-
gdsgn sa prasaetlr
prasaetlrìe
ìe astukdns bbavlkns
bbavlkns l ilon j lstl bl faijl ae euastrn gakdn plrl
lpnrtlr avdkaeidls
avdkaeidls ka vlbdkaz
vlbdkaz ka bns dekdilknras
dekdilknras y p lrl bl lklptlidùe kab KFJ ae bls
varsdneas ka Hnnkaenuhj-Jlrrds ae iuletn l asilbl glkurltdvl y ka @nppdtz ae bn
rafardkn l su vlbnr ingn destrugaetn plrl rlstralr pntaeidlbas dekdilknras agnidnel-
bas y eaurnbùhdins
eaurnbùhdins ae bl aklk a sinblr. Iloa liblrlr qua sus usns ae lknbasiaetas y
lkubtns en sarìe taedkns ae iua etl lquç klkns bns bçgdtas astlobaidkns pnr bl tag
tag ìtdil
lonrklkl ae astl norl.
Ab ilpçtubn, y fueklgaetlbgaeta bns astukdns bnilbas litulbas lquç defnrglkns,
inefnrgle, ae lbhuel gakdkl, ue paquaün jngaelca l bns trlolcns, pdnearns ae
euastrn gakdn, ralbdzlkns
ralbdzlkns pnr bl K rl. Glrçl Glrtdel Ilsubbn ae rablidùe ine astl as-
ilbl. Inesdkarlgns qua sus asfuarzns jle sdkn ka vdtlb dgpnrtleidl plrl trlzlr ue
ilg den ka devastdhlid
devastdhlidùe
ùe y lpbdilid
lpbdilidùe
ùe rabavleta pl rl bns psdiùbnhns devastdhlknras
devastdhlknras y
prnfasdnelbas ae haearlb qua, asparlgns, sal inetdeulkn prnbçfdilgaeta. [lgodäe
lhrlkaiag ns lb Kr. Hustlvn Fdevlro, cafa ka bl Qedklk ka Ylbuk G aetlb kab Jnspdtlb
ka E düns Kr. _dilrkn Hutdärraz pnr sus lpnrtas y inblonrlidùe, y l bl Bdi.
Bdi. Tledel Bu-
ijattd, qudae fnrgù plrta kab Aqudpn k a Devastdhlidùe kakdilkn l afai tulr bns astukdns
bnilbas ka vlbdklidùe ka bns dekdilknras agnidnelbas kab KFJ.

<. LY]AI[NY J DY[Ù_DINY

Y[Ù_DINY T I NEIA][QLBAY
Bl vlstl odobdnhrlfçl
odobdnhrlfçl snora ab kdoucn ka bl fdhurl jug lel kdstdehua kdvarsns lonrkl-
cas qua sdhuae uel parspa itdvl tletn jdstùrdil ingn ineiaptulb (Fareìekaz Bdpnrlia,
<4460 Hn nkaenuhj, <4?6, <4?: 0 Hnnkaenuhj y J lrrds, lrrds, <41=0 Jlrrds, <4690 @npp dtdtz,
z,
<46: ). Ae rab
rablidùe
lidùe ine ab Aca Jdstùrdin, Jlrrds (<469 ) kdvdkdù bns
bns trlolcns ae astukdns
kasirdptdvns, astukdns sdstagìtdins n lelbçtdins, y astukdns prnyaitdvns. Fareìekaz Bd-
pnrlia (<446) deinrpnrù uel rasaül ka bns trlolcns raidaetas qua, gìs lkableta, in-
gaetlrag ns oravag aeta. ]nr ntrn blkn, Jlrrds (<469) prnpusn ntrn irdtardirdtardnn iblsdfd
iblsdfdil-
il-
tnrdn vdeiublkn l bns Aefnquas Ineiaptulbas qua detaetlole axpbdilr asta faeùgaen
hrìfdin. Astl iltahnrdzlidùe fua lgpbdlkl pnr Yabfa ae <4:9, quaklekn inestdtudkl
pnr bns sdhudaetas aefnquas3 ab ka bns ineiaptns gaetlbas, ab agpçrdin, ab jnbçstdin n
huastìbtdin, y ab qua aefltdzl ab vlbnr axprasdvn y agnidnelb kab kdoucn. [lg odäe deibud-
ragns ae asta lplrtlkn uel rafaraeidl l ue qudetn lonrklca pnsdoba, carlrqudzlekn

su rablidùe ine bl inestdtuidùe suocatdvl kab edün, lelbdzlkl kaska ue pue tn ka vdstl
psdinlelbçtdin.
Ingaezlekn pnr bl ]arspaitdvl Jdstùrdil, bns astukdns kasirdptdvns sa dedidlrne
ine bns kaslrrnbbns
kaslrrnbbns ka I nn`a (<: : 1), qua ilrlitardzù bns astlkdns
astlkdns avnbutdvns
avnbutdvns nosar-
vlkns ae bls prnkuiidneas defletdbas,
defletdbas, inevdrtdäeknsa
inevdrtdäeknsa ae ue jdtn qua saü lbù ab detar
detaräs
äs

< ?; . FA_EÌEKAS BD]N_LIA, L. O_DSSDN y B. BÙ]AS

 

idaetçfdin pnr ab leìbdsds

leìbdsds kab hrìfdin defletdb ing n destrugae tn ka avlbulidùe kdlhe ùs-
tdtdil.
il. Ae astl bçeal
bçeal Buquat (<4<9), _nug l (<4<9) y Ourt (<4?<) fuarne bns axpneaetas
prdeidplbas.
L inetdeulidùe, y l gn kn ka rasug ae puastn qua bns katlbkatlbbas
bas jdstùrd
jdstùrdins
ins en inestd-
inestd-
tuyae ab eukn iaetrlb ka bl norl, sa prasaetl bl [lobl < qua ing plrl bns lpnrtas kas-
irdptdvns
irdpt dvns ka Buquat, Ourt y _nugl ae fueidùe ka bn asparlkn sahóe bl aklk irnenbù-
hdil kab edün. Kaoa entlrsa qua bls kdvdsdneas ka aklk astlobaidkls pnr ilkl lutnr
plrl bls atlpls kdfaraeidlkls en indeidkae ae tnkns bns ilsns, pnr bn qua lbhuels
lolrile g ìs ka ue parçnkn ka aklk klkn (raprasaetlkns ae bl inbugel dzqudarkl).
Bl flbtl ka bçeals kdvdsnrdls jnrdznetlbas ae lbhuels iabkls detaetl gnstrlr asl inetd-
eudklk ae bns astlkdns kneka a bbn lsç sa jl prnp uastn.

[lobl <. A tlpls avnbutdvls kab hrlfdsgn defletdb sahóe bl parspaitdvl kasirdptdvl

Aklk Buquat <4<9) Ourt <4?<) _nugl <4<9)

?/9 lüns Atlpl ]raasquagìtdil Hlrloltn Atlpl ]rabdgdelr

[rlzns ilùtdins sde kdraiidùe nr- Lklptlidùe ka bl glen lb bìpdz
bbaelkl n rainenidoba. eng delidùe ka bls bçeals ddeinja-
einja-
raetas y leueidn letdidplkn kab
nocatn l kdouclr, jlstl bl pariap-
Ab kdoucn ka uel fdhurl juglel en idùe pnr plrta kab edün ka idartl
sdagpra rasubtl rainenidoba plrl sagaclezl aetra katargdelkns
ab ncn lkubtn. nocatns y sus trlzns.

; lüns Lóe jly kdfdiubtlkas ka innrkdel- Bçeal Avnbuidùe ka bl

idùe y sçetasds ka bns abagaetns. Gnv dgdaetns sdgpbas kab bbìpdz
ìpdz qua _aprasaetlidùe ka bl
raagpblzle ab hlrloltan glsdvn. Fdhurl Juglel

Detaetns ka raprasaetlidùe.
_aeliulcn.

1/6 lüns Atlpl Asquagìtdil Ydgonbdsgn Kasirdptdvn Iloazl-pdas.

n _albdsgn Detabaitulb Ab asquagl k a bl fdhurl as dgpar- Buahn fdhurl juglel vdstl ka
faitn, lsdhelekn
lsdhelekn asilsl rabavle- fraeta.
idl l bl fnrgl y prnpnridùe.

8/4 lüns Ya kdoucl bn qua sa inen ia letas _albdsgn Fdhurl juglel ka fraeta.
qua bn qua sa va. Ya liaetól bl kasirdpidùe letas
qua bl raprasaetlidùe.

<=/<< lüns _albdsgn vdsulb _albdsgn Vdsulb [rlesdidùe aetra fdhu

_aprasaetlidneas lcustlkls l su
vdkl ralb qua sa ralbdzle sahóe
]uoartlk parspaitdvls kdvarsls.
fdhurl
rl juglel
Bl täiedil gacnrl y sa aeslyle vdstl ka fraeta y ka parfdb.
raprasaetlidneas vdsulbas ka
gnkabns elturlbas.
_aprasdùe Fdhurl jugle l ka parfdb.
<< l <; lüns3 kdoucns ine rahra-
sdneas n katardnrns.

_aelidgdaetn rtçstdin
]uoartlk3 en tnkns liiakae. Ka
jliarbn, sa lbilezl
lbilezl ue abavlkn de-
taräs pnr bns abag aetns astätdins,
täiedins y sdgo ùbdins.
 AB KDOQCN KA BL FDHQ_L JQGLEL
JQGLEL KFJ) AE AKLK AYINBL_ ?1

Ydhudaekn astls nosarvlidneas, sa lkvdarta qua bns

bns edüns sa vuabvae g ìs ilpl-
ias ka raprnkuidr bls kdfaraetas plrtas ka bl fdhurl juglel l gakdkl qua lvlezle
ae aklk irnenbùhdil (Bnosdae, <4=1) y qua ab hrìfdin avnbuidnel
avnbuidnel l p lrtdr
lrtdr ka ilg odns
suiasdvns ae iule tn l iulbdklk y hrlkn (Ourt, <4?<). L g nkn ka sçetasds
sçetasds rasubtl
rasubtl ótdb
hrlfdilr bl ilrlitardzlidùe qua ralbdzlrl Hnnkaenuhj (<4?6) snora bls inetrdouidneas
prdeidplbas ka bns bblglkns lutnras jdstùrdins ([lobl ?)3

[lobl ?.
?. ]rdeidplbas lpnrtas kab
kab parçnkn jdstùrdin
jdstùrdin Hnnkaenuhj, <4?6)
<4?6)

Astlobaiar uel rablidùe aetra bl detabdhaeidl' ka bns edüns paquaüns y su kaslrrnbbn ineiaptulb l plrtdr
kab leìbdsds ka sus kdoucns.

Aetaekar ab kdoucn ingn ue g akdn ka axprasdùe defletdb y, pnr abbn, ingn ue baehulca.

Kastlilr qua ab edün axlharl y prdnrdzl ae sus kdoucns bns çtags qua, l su aetaekar, rasubtle gìs dg-
pnrtletas n detarasletas.

Nosa
nrkaervlr qua blskatargdelkn,
avnbutdvn kdstdetls
kdstdgdelkn,
katar etls plrtas kabsakdoucn
y astn ka bl
suiaka inefdhurl
fdhurl jug lel lplraiae
dekapaekaeidl ae bns hrlfdsgns
hrlfdsgns
ka bns letaiakaetas sahóe ue
snidnakuiltd-
vns kab kdoucleta.
Lkvartdr qua jlstl bns <= lüns ab hrìfdin ka parsnels as a b tagl prafardkn ae bls prnkuiidneas defle-
tdbas.

[rls p uetulbdzlr bls

bls ilrlitarçstdils prdeidplbas ka bl atlpl kasi rdptdvl
rdptdvl sahóe bl ibl-
sdfdilidùe prnpuastl pnr Jlrrds (<469), trltlragns bns acas gìs rabavletas ka bns a s-
tukdns sdstagìtdins n lelbçtdins. Ae asta g lrin ab ttrlolc
rlolcnn ka Fbnraeia H nnkaenuhj
liaril kab [ast kab Kdoucn kab Jngora puobdilkn ae <4?6 raprasaetù tlgodäe ue
puetn ka defbaxdùe ae iuletn l bls sdstagltdzlidneas psdingätrdils plrl ab astukdn kab
hrlfdsgn
hrlfdsgn ka bl fdhurl
fdhurl jug lel, puas lp nrtù ue euavn g ätnkn nocatd
nocatdvn
vn plrl bl avlbul-
idùe ka bns kdoucns defletdbas. Letas ka Hnnkaenuhj bns detaetns ka iblsdfdili
iblsdfdilidùe
dùe ka
tlbas prnkuiidneas hrìfdils jloçle sdkn guy rukdg aetlrdns y ilraiçle ka sdstaglsdstagl tdzl-
idùe (Jlrrds, <469).
Yahóe Hnnkaenuhj ab kdoucnkdoucn ka bns edüns pnsaa ue sdhedfdilkn
sdhedfdilkn gìs inhedt
inhedtdvn
dvn qua
astätdin, y ab tast pnr abbl
abbl iral kn rasubtlol ó tdb plrl bl a vlbulidùe kab kas lrrnbbn deta-
deta-
baitulb, l bl vaz qua ue prìitdin ingpbaga
ingpbagaetn
etn plrl bl defnrglidùe ordeklkl pnr bls
asilbls ka detabdhaeidl deibudkls ae uel oltarçl glynr. L plrtdr ka bns <</<? lüns, ab
tast en kdsirdgdelol
kdsirdgdelol kdfaraeidls
kdfaraeidls ae bl acaiuidùe yl qua bns deirag aetns ae sus p ue-
tulidneas iaslole. Astn dgpbdilrçl
dgpbdilrçl qua ab hrlfdsgn
hrlfdsgn guastrl ae asls aklkas su p uetn
avnbutdvn iubgdeleta. Bl asilbl pnsaa lgpbdl kdfusdùe ae ìgodtns idaetçfdins, ibçedins
y akuiltdvns. Gìs ka tradetl
tradetl lüns buahn k a su pu obd
obdilidùe,
ilidùe, Jlrrds (<469) ravdsù asl
 <. As dgpnrtleta liblrlr qua bl targdenbnhçl utdbdzlkl ae astl tlobl sdhua bns bdealgdaetns ka Hnnkaenuhj
(<4?6). Bl lbusdùe l bl enidùe ka detabdhaeidl tlb ingn lquç sa aspai dfdil
dfdil en supn ea qua ab tast prnpuastn
pnr bl lutnrl bl gdkl ae tärgdens haearlbas, sden qua sus rasubtlkns sa vdeiuble ine ue lsp aitn rastrdehdkn
rastrdehdkn
glkuraz ineiaptulb) kab ineiaptn detabdhaeidl. Ab inestruitn glkuraz ineiaptulb sa kafdedrì
kafdedrì gìs lka-
bleta, ae ab lplrtlkn ? y ae plrtdiublr ae ab suolplrtlkn ?.?.

< ?6 . FA_EÌEKAS BD]N_LIA, L. O_DSSDN y B. BÙ]AS

varsdùe pdnearl kastlilekn sus iudklknsns kdsaün y astleklrdzlidùe

astleklrdzlidùe.. ]lrl Jlrrds,
bl asilbl avlból lspaitns g lkurltdvns
lkurltdvns y en rlshns ed kdeìgdils ka bl pa rsnelbdklk0
rsnelbdklk0
astn as, aspaiçfdilg
aspaiçfdilg aeta lquabbn qua kafdea
kafdea ing n glkuraz ineiaptulb, enidùe qua
lonrklragns
lonrklr agns gìs lkableta.
lkableta.
Ae a stl bçbçeal
eal k a devastdhlidùe
devastdhlidùe tlgodäe pua kae uo dilrsa bns trlolcns
trlolcns ka Abdzloatj
Abdzloatj
@nppdtz qudae tuvn ab gärdtn ka detahrlr bns lspaitns avnbutdvn/eaurnbùhdins y bns
agnidnelbas ae bl avlbulidùe kab KFJ. En lgpbdlragns gìs lquç bns kaslrrnbbns ine-
iaptulbas y gatnknbùhdins prnpuastns pnr Hnnkaenuhj
Hnnkaenuhj,, bl ravdsdùe ka Jlrrds n bl
norl ka @ nppdtz puastn qua ae ab lplrtlkn ? sa katlbble sus prnpuastls.
]lslekn lj nrl l bns astukdns prnyaitdvns, inesdkarlgns qua bns kaslrrnbbns ka
astl äpnil kaoa e ing praekarsa ka il rl lb luha kab psdinleìbdsds
psdinleìbdsds l plrtd
plrtdrr ka <4?=.
Bns psdiùbnhns ka astl bçeal olslrne sus detarpratlidneas ka bns kdoucns ae ab ga-
iledsgn ka kafaesl qua kl eng ora lb aefnqua, bbll prnyaiidùe. Ya trltl ka uel npa-
rlidùe ae bl qua ab dekdvdkun lkcukdil lb axtardnr (sdtulidùe
(sdtulidùe n p arsnel/s) ltrdoutns, dg-
pubsns n saetdgdaetns qua en as ilplz ka raineniar inesidaetagaeta ae sç gdsgn

kaodkn lbl raijlzn

tlgodäe qua Yij
bns kdoucns. ba prnkuiae
dbkar (Blpbleija
dbkar (<491 ) prnpneçlyaxlg
] netlbd
netlbds,
s, bbns
delr <4: <), trlsblkìeknsa
trsgns
ns hrlfdsgns
hrlfd lsblkìeknsa
kab gnknastnae
qua ab psdinleìbdsds
psdinleìbdsds lelbdzl bns suaüns. I nesaiua etag aeta ralbdzù ralbdzù uel sdstagl tdtdzl-zl-
idùe plrl defardr kdvarsns
kdvarsns abag aetns ka bl parsnelbdklk l p lrtdr lrtdr ka dekdilknras hrìfd-
ins, inesdkarìeknsa su norl ing n uel ka bls olsas g ìs sùbd sùbdkls
kls plrl bl detarpratl-
detarpratl-
idùe prnyaitdvl hrìfdil. Kaska aetneias bns kdoucns ka bl fdhurl juglel sa jle vuabtn
ue kdfuekdkn luxdbdlr plrl ab kdlheùstdin
kdlheùstdin ka bl kdeìg dil ka bl parsnelbdklk (Fareìekaz
Bdpnrlia, <446).
Yd odae bl
bl prnpdl @nppdtz (<46:) pbletalol ab KFJ ingn ue destrugaetn destrugaetn qua pa r-
g dta
dta ralbdzlr uel baiturl
baiturl tletn psding ätrdil
ätrdil ing n prnyaitdvl kab kdoucn, bns bns g lynras
axpneaetas ka astl bçealbçeal ka trtrlolcn
lolcn jle sdkn Oui` (<4;: ), Glijnvar (<4;4, <419),
Bavy (<41: ) y Jlg ga r (<41: ), ae vdrtuk
vdrtuk ka bns
bns leìbdsds
leìbdsds afaitulkns
afaitulkns snora eug arnsns
hrìfdins
hrìfd ins ka lknbasiaetas y lkubtns, sdaekn
sdaekn g aenr su trlolcn ine p rnkuiidneas def defle-
le-
tdbas. Astns lutnras tlgodäe olslrne sus jdpùtasds ae ab gnkabn psdinlelbçtdin, kasl-
rrnbblekn
rrnbb lekn sdstagls i ulbdtlt
ulbdtltdvns
dvns ka avlbulidùe ka bns KFJ nrdaetlkns pnr bl prasaeidl n
lusaeidl ka abag aetns inesdkarlkns ing n sdhens. En nostleta rasub rasubtl
tl dekd
dekdspaesloba
spaesloba
kastlilr qua en sustaetlole sus detarprat
detarpratlidneas
lidneas ae edehóe gätnkn ka tloublid tloublidùe
ùe ed
ae kltns railolkn s pnr gak dn ka prniakdgdaetns astleklrdzlkns. [lg odäe sa ird irdtdtd--
ilol ab jaijn ka q ua fraiuaetag aeta utdb utdbdzlrle
dzlrle bbns
ns gdsg ns çtags ing n dekdilknras
ka inefbditn agnidnelb n ka glkuraz gaetlb, iuastdùe qua pneçl ae tabl ka cudidn bl
vlbdkaz ka tlbas
vlbdkaz tlbas dekdilknras, aspaidlb
aspaidlbga
ga eta ae edüns, ae qudaeas bns p rniasns g lku-
rltdvns
rltdvns sa j lbble deingp batns.
 Ae asta saetdkn fua @nppdtz <46:) qudae detrnkucn uel iblrl kdstdeidùe aetra
lgons tdpns ka dekdilknras, kafdedaekn bns agnidnelbas ingn sdhens nocatdvns no-
sarvlobas ae bns kdoucns ka bns edüns, qua sne pntaeidlbgaeta detarpratlobas sahóe
prdeidpdns
prdeidpd ns prnyaitdvns, luequa i ne bls rasarvls kab ilsn sahó e vdidsdtukas
vdidsdtukas g lkurl-
tdvls. Lsdgdsgn prasaetù eugarnsns astukdns astleklrdzlkns qua dkaetdfdilrne bns
dekdilknras ine ilplidklk kdsirdgdeltdvl aetra edüns ine y sde prnobagìtdils agn-
idnelbas. ]lrl detarpratlr bl prasaeidl ka ilkl sdhen sa olsù, pnr ue blkn, ae lpnrtas
ka lu tnras prnyaitdvns, parn tlg odäe ae astukdns ine trnblkns
trnblkns k a kdfaraeidls sdhedfd
sdhedfd--
iltdvls aetra
aetra hrupns ae i uletn l fraiuaeidl ka lp lrdid
lrdidùe
ùe ka ilkl sdhen hrìfdin.
hrìfdin. ]nr
acagpbn, iulekn ue dekdilknr ingn trlesplraeidl sa vardfdilol
vardfdilol ine uel fraiuaeidl

AB KDOQCN KA BL FDHQ_L JQGLE

JQGLEL
L KFJ) AE AKLK A
AYINBL_
YINBL_ ?8

sdhedfdiltdvlgaeta glynr ae ab hrupn ka edüns qua prasaetlole lhrasdvdklk gledfdastl

ae ingplrlidùe ine ab hrupn qua en bl axjdoçl, jdpntatdzù uel vdeiublidùe aetra bl

niurraeidl ka asa sdhen

pbdilrçle inrrabltns hrìfdin y ae
nosarvlobas bl detarpratlid
detarpratlidùe
bl ineku itlùekab
kasucatn.
ilrlitarçstdils
ilrlitarç stdils
Lsç, lhrasdvls
bbll prasae idl kaqua
ue dg-
de-
kdilknr hrìfdin en eaiaslrdlgaeta sdhedfdil qua su detarpratlidùe ingpnrtlgaetlb sa
gl edfd
edfdasta
asta ae bl ralbd
ralbdklk,
klk, sden qua ae tärg dens prnolodbçstd
prnolodbçstdins
ins astl rablidùe sa supne a
flitdoba. Buahn, bl defnrglidùe railolkl a e bl avlbulidùe, inesdkarlkl jnbçstdilgaeta,
y ab irdtardn ibçedin targdelrìe vardfdilekn n rafutlekn asl jdpùtasds. Bl sdtulidùe de-
varsl as tlgo däe vìbdkl, yl qua bl lusae idl kab sdhen hrìfdin en dekdil bdbdealbgealbg aeta bl
lusaeidl kab ing pnrtlgdaetn ae iuastdùe.
]nr ntrn blkn, bns astukdns bnilbas raidaetas sa iae trlr trlrne
ne ae inetdeulr y rapbdilr
bls devastdhlidneas kab parçnkn lelbçtdin
lelbçtdin lsç ingn ae prasaetlr kdstdetns
kdstdetns sdstagl s plrl
bl puetulidùe y avlbulidùe ka bns KF J. Ae i uletn l bns trlolcns ka lklptlidùe ka bl
asilbl lb ìgodtn bnilb sa kastlil ab ralbdzlkn pnr Ilsubbn ae <4::, ae ab qua sa ines-
truyarne enrgls astlkçstdils plrl bl asilbl glkurltdvl ka uel varsdùe gìs orava ol-
slkl ae bl ka H nnkaenu hj-Jlrrds, plrl tnkl bl _apó obdobdil
il Lrhaetdel. Ya trlolcù
trlolcù ine
uel g uastrl
uastrl elidnelb ka 91.=== edüns k a lg ons saxns, aetra 1 y <9 lü ns, rasdkaetas
rasdkaetas
ae kdstdetls
kdstdetls rahdneas kab p lçs (nijn rahdneas kdvdkdkls
kdvdkdkls ae ;4 s uorahdneas), rurlbas
rurlbas y
urolels, inefnrglekn ab astukdn elidnelb ka glynr aevarhlkurl snora astl tagìtdil.
Ydhudaekn astl bçeal ka devastd
devastdhlidùe,
hlidùe, sa uodile bns kasl rrnbbns
rrnbbns gì s raidaetas ka
Ilrrarls y inblonrlknras (I lrrarls, Qrdab, ]äraz, Yuìraz, Liao lb y Fareìekaz Bdpn-
rlia, ?=<<0 Ilrrarls, Qrdab y Fareìekaz Bdpnrlia, ?=<9), qua litulbdzlrne enrgls as-
tlkçstdils
tlkçstdils plrl bl Iduklk ka Ouae ns Ldras y ab Ineurolen O nelaraesa y lelbdzlrne
ae katlbba lbhuens jlbblzhns. [lgodäe bls devastdhlidneas ka [lonrkl (?==?) sne ra-
glrilobas, puas lpnrtlrne olragns plrl edüns p aquaüns, ka aetra ; y 6 lüns. Ntrls
inetrdouidneas bnilbas ine fdhurlrne astukdns enrgl tdvns y ka vlbd
vlbdklidùe
klidùe ibçedil ka bns
dekdilknras agnidnelbas ka @nppdtz plrl uel avlbulidùe gìs lolrilknrl kab KFJ
(Olrrns a Dsne, ?==? 0 Ordzzdn,
Ordzzdn, Bùpaz, Bui jattd y Ytnvar, ?=<;). Lbhuens ka a stns astu-
kdns sarìe lgpbdlkns ae ab lplrtlkn ?.
[lg odäe garaia g aeidnelrsa bl puobdilidùe
puobdilidùe ka bl Asilbl Lrhaetdel
Lrhaetdel ka Kdoucn De-
De-
fletdb -ALKD- plrl edüns ka ? l 6 lüns qua sa olsù ae bl avlbulidùe kab kdoucn ka bl
 fdhurl
fdhurl jug lel tng lekn ing n rafaraeidl bbll tanrçl psdinhaeät
psdinhaeätdil
dil plrl bl notaeidùe ka
ga kdkls kab edvab inhensidtdvn
inhensidtdvn y g lkurltdvn
lkurltdvn (_lkrdzzled Hnü d, Ndoargle, I lslourd,
]len y _nslbas, ?=<1).
]nr su plrt
plrta,
a, astukdns detarelidnelbas olstleta raidaetas inestruyarne enrgls
plrl bns dekdilknras avnbutdvns
avnbutdvns ka @ nppdtz (Garden Yntn, Jnenras, H lriçl y Ylblzlr,
?==8) y ue leìbdsds kdfaraeidlb ka bns irdtardns olslkns ae bl prnpuastl ka Hnnka-
enuhj (Fareìekas Ydstn, ?==8). Ntrns defnrglrne rasubtlkns inetrnvarsdlbas raspaitn
ka bl inrrablidùe aetra ab kasagpaün ae ab KFJ y ae lbhuens tasts ka detabdhaeidl
fbudkl y haearlb ingn sne ab ka G ltrd
fbudkl ltrdias
ias ]rnhrasdvls ka _lyae, ab X DYI DDD y bbll Asilbl
Ytlefnrk-Odeat (Loabb, Jnr`ja dgar y Ehuyae , <44: 0 @lgp jlus y ]badss, <44<0 Gl rçe rçe
_uakl y Ydstn, ?==6).
Lbtareltdvlgaeta, lbhuens devastdhlknras jle kaslrrnbblkn ntrns sdstagls ka pue-
tulidùe a dkaetdfdilid
dkaetdfdilidùe
ùe ka bns dekdilknras ag nidnelbas kab KFJ qua, sd odae inetag-
pblole lbhuens sdhens inesdkarlkns pnr @np pdtz, sug lrne ntrns euavns, ttlbas lbas ing n
bns trlolcns
trlolcns ka Banenw aes ]a ttttarsae
arsae (?==;) ae H ultaglbl, Glhletn y H lrldhnrknodb
lrldhnrknodb
(?==4, ?=<<) ae Asplül, y E lhbdard
lhbdard,, GiE adsj y Olrkns (<44<) ae A stlkns Qedkns.

<?: . FA_EÌEKAS BD]N_LIA, L. O_DSSDN y B. BÙ]AS

Buahn k a asta rainrrdkn

rainrrdkn jdstùrdin
jdstùrdin snora bns KFJ , y kastlilekn qua en a xdsta ue
gl rin rafaraeidlb óedin plrl su detar
detarpratlidùe,
pratlidùe, puetulb
puetulbdzlragns
dzlragns g uy oravag aeta bls
prdeidplbas lprnxdglidneas taùrdils ka bl ]arspaitdvl Ineiaptulb (Jlrrds, <4690 Yabfa,
<4: 9), puastn qua ab aca kab ilpçtubn
ilpçtubn en sa uodil ae abbns sden ae bns trtrlolcns
lolcns ka H nn-
kaenuhj, Jlrrds, Ilsubbn y @nppdtz gìs sus litulbdzlidneas. Ingn letas sa rafdrdarl,
bl vdsdùe ineiaptulb sa detahrl ine bns aefnqua s ka bns ineiaptns gaetlbas, agpçrdin,
jnbçstdin n huastìbtdin y axprasdvn-agntdvn. [lg odäe axdst
axdstaa ue qudet
qudetnn lonrklca olslkn
ae bl rablidùe aetra a b kdoucn y bl inestdtuidùe suocatdvl, detarasleta äe bl ibçedil ine
edüns, ing n destleidl pnstardnr l blbl avlbulidùe ka il rl l bl pbledf
pbledfdilidùe
dilidùe ka detarvae-
idneas lkaiulkls.
Ab aefnqua ka bns ineiaptns gaetlbas sa iaetrù ae lutnras ingn Aeh y ]dlhat,
qudaeas raslbtlrne bl dgpnrtlei dl ka bl ineiaptul bdbdzlidùe
zlidùe ae ab leìbdsds
leìbdsds ka bl prnkui-
idùe hrìfdil defletdb.
defletdb. Aeh (<49<) le lbdzù bns
bns prnia sns inhe dtd
dtdvns
vns kasi rdodaekn
rdodaekn ab kasl-
rrnbbn
rrnb bn kab hrlf
hrlfdsgn
dsgn ae tärgdens ka npa rlidneas gae tlb tlbas
as suoyliae tas. Ynstdaea
Ynstdaea qu a
ab edün hrlfdil nocatns sahóe bl raprasae tlidùe ga etlb qua ka abbns tdaeatdaea l plrtdr ka su
axpardaeidl letas qua olsìeknsa ae ab gnk abn ralb qua va. ]dlhat a Dejabkar (<416,
<48<) lpnrtlrne uel axpbdilidùe odnbùhdil, pnstublekn qua bl dglhae gaetlb detardnrd-
zlkl kapaeka ka bl litdvdklk saesnrdn-gntnrl kab paquaün. [nglrne bns kdoucns plrl
custdfdilr
custdf dilr iùgn bl dgl hae g aetlb praiaka l bl litdvdklk g ntrdz, lfdrglekn q ua ab edvab
ka bns kdoucns defletdbas
defletdbas sarçl ue rafb
rafbacn
acn ka sus bdgdtlidneas ae ab kaslrrnbbn pariaptulb.
Ab aefnqua agpçrdin, ka inrta inekuitdstl, inesdkarlol ab kdoucn ae tärgdens ka
leìbdsds ka bl tlral y rasnbuidùe ka prnobagls letas qua ingn gledfastlidùe ka ing-
pbacns prniasns inhedtdvns
inhedtd vns y/n gaetlbas. F
Fua
ua Fraagle
Fraagle <48?, <4:=)
<4:=) ue axpneaeta
kastlilkn ka astl bçeal
bçeal ka paeslg daetn, ine ue l prnbçfdil
prnbçfdil devastdhlid
devastdhlidùe,
ùe, qudae pusn
ae suspaesn bls jdpùtasds rafardkls l ineiaptns rabltdvns l bn gaetlb y l bn gntdvl-
idnelb ae bl prnkuiidùe hrìfdil defletdb, gìs lbbì ka bl kdsiusdùe qua astl prnpuastl
 haearl (Yabfa,
(Yabfa, <4: 9). Ka astl g learl bl fdfdhurl
hurl juglel sarì vdsulb
vdsulbgaeta
gaeta bn g ìs lcus-
tlkl pnsdoba lb gnkabn ralb puas rap rnkuidr uel dglhae fntnhrìfdil
fntnhrìfdil kab gnkabn as ab
nocatdvn.
Ae ab aefnqua jnbçstdin, Lrjadg <468, <48=) as saülblkn ingn prdeidplb axpn-
eaeta, puas detaetù zleclr ab kulbdsgn aetra ab kdoucn detarpratlkn ingn prniasn
gaetlb y ab kasirdptn ingn bdhlkn l uel vdsdùe agpdrdstl/inekuitdstl. Bl fnrglidùe
huastìbtdil kab lutnr y su inen idgdaetn snora lrtas iral tdvls pargdtdarne asta pbletan
detahrlknr. Kdstdehudù
Kdstdehudù raprasaetli dùe ka dgdtlidùe, kafdedaekn
kafdedaekn bl óbtdgl
óbtdgl ing n prnia sn
ka inp dl ka bl lplrdaeidl vdsulb kab nocatn. Ae asta sae tdkn, l kdf
kdfaraeidl
araeidl ka bl pnsturl
letardnr, ab kdoucn en as uel garl dgdtlidùe kab nocatn paridodkn sden tlgodäe uel
prnkuiidùe sdgoùbdil ka lspaitns ka bl axpardaeidl tletn vdsulb ingn agntdvl ine ab
nocatn.
]lrl ab aefnqua axprasdvn-agntdvn ab KFJ en snblgaeta rafbaclol lspaitns avnbu-
tdvns kab kdoucleta sden tlgodäe sus iuastdneas agnidnelbas. Bns astukdns ka @nppdtz
fuarne saülblkns ingn p lrlkd
lrlkdhgìtdins
hgìtdins lquç luequa sa bns deibuyl ae ab ilg pn ka bls
devastdhlidneas sdstag
sdstag ìtdils. ]lrl Yabfa (<4: 9) bls kdf
kdfdiubtlkas
diubtlkas ka bls inrrdaetas iae-
trlkls ae astukdlr bns lspaitns ag nidnelbas, gntdvlidnelbas
gntdvlidnelbas n ax prasdvns kab kdoucn
rlkdile ae qua en sa tng le ae iuaetl bls jdpùtasds inhedtdvn-avnbutdvls,
inhedtdvn-avnbutdvls, prnpnedaekn
bl inestdtuid
inestdtuidùe
ùe ka ue gnka bn pntaeidlb
pntaeidlb guijn gìs ingp bac bacn.
n.
]nr óbtdgn, ab aefnqua olslkn ae ab kdoucn ae rablidùe ine bl inestdtuidùe suocatdvl
sa sustaetù ae ntrls bçeals ka devastdhlidùe psdinlelbçtdils, qua en sa fnilbdzlole

AB KDOQCN KA BL FDHQ_L JQGLEL KFJ) AE AKLK AYINBL_ ?4

ae bl detarpratlidùe
detarpratlidùe prnyaitdvl
prnyaitdvl kab K FJ y jliçle rafar
rafaraeidl
aeidl inestleta l bl ibçedil ine
edüns. Kaska asta ìehubn ab kdoucn sa vlbnrl ingn çekdia ravablknr ka bns tdagpns
kab sucatn Fbasbar, ?==8) ae tärgdens ka tagpnrlbdklk
tagpnrlbdklk bùhdil gìs qua irnenbùhdil.
_nkubfn <44?, <444) snstuv
snstuvnn bl pnsdodbdklk ka deklhl
deklhlr,
r, l trlväs kab K
KFJ
FJ,, ae quä
prniasn sdg oùbdin y ka inestruiidùe kab lplrltn psçqudin sa aeiuae trl ue edün, ka-
taitlekn kataeidneas n kdfdiubtlkas
kdfdiubtlkas ae su kaslrrnbb
kaslrrnbbn,
n, astlobaidaekn rablidneas aetra
lspaitns g lkurltdvn-gntrdias
lkurltdvn-gntrdias y ab kng dedn dgdg lhdelrdn kab iuarpn, sustaetlkls ae bl
avnbuidùe fdsdnbùhdil,
fdsdnbùhdil, lb tdag
tdag pn qu a defbuyaekn snora a stl. Fbasbar (?==8),
(?==8), Fu`abg le
(?===) y Glrrnea (?==1 ) lkjdrdarne
lkjdrdarne l sus jdpùtasds. Ka asta g nkn sa aetaekçl ab KFJ
ingn raspuastl prnpdl l bns raquardgdaetns ka bns ntrns sdhedfdiltdvns, ab inetaxtn, bl
jdstnrdl parsnelb y bls idriuestleidls litulbas ae rablidùe ine bns plras, kdfdiubtlkas
flgdbdlras,
flgdbdlras, a sinblras, ati.
Ae astl prdgarl plrta kab ilpçtubn jagns lo nrklkn bls prdeidplbas enidneas, tletn
tletn
kaska uel parspaitdvl jdstùrdil ingn ineiaptulb, snora ab astukdn kab kdoucn ka bl
fdhurl
fdhurl jug lel. L inetdeulidùe, y tng
tng lekn ing n aca bn kasirdptn ae ab lplrtlkn snora
bns astukdns sdstagìtdins n lelbçtdins, ens rafardragn
rafardragn s ae plrtdiublr y lgpbdlragns bns
trlolcns y lpnrtas g ìs sdhedfdiltdvns lbbç
lbbç raprasaetlkn s qua, l bl vaz, sne bns qua ae-
iuaetrle su lp bdilidùe gìs axtaekdkl ae tra bns
bns prnfasdnelbas bnilbas ae bl litulbdklk.
Abbns sne bls asilbls detahrletas kab KFJ prnpuastls pnr Fbnraeia Hnnkaenuhj, Klba
Jlrrds y Abdzloatj @npp dtz.
 ? . BLY AYILBLY KFJ K A QYN BNILB ]L_L ED
EDÜNY
ÜNY
Qel vaz detrnkuidkns
detrnkuidkns ae bns lpnrtas y letaiakaetas taùrdins
taùrdins g ìs rabavletas, ens
iaetrlragns ae bls asilbls KFJ plrl usn ae ak lk asinblr qua sa jlbble vdhaet
vdhaetas
as ae
bl Lrhaetdel
Lrhaetdel y plçsas bdgçtrnfas l bl faijl, ine ab fde ka en axtaekar ab ilpçtubn pnr
fuarl ka bns nocatdvns pbletalkns a e bl norl3 liarilr lb prnfasdnelb qua trlolcl ae a b
ìg odtn ka lpbd
lpbdilidùe
ilidùe defnrglidùe snora bns destrug
destrug aetns qua sa jlbble ae inekdidneas
ka sar a g pbalkns ae vdrt
vdrtuk
uk ka su sustaetn idaetçfdin,
idaetçfdin, devastdhlidùe bnilb y litulbdzl-
idùe ka olragns.
As dg pnrtleta taear
taear prasaeta qua, ae euastrn inetaxtn, ab usn kab KFJ ae edüns
aetrlül tras asilbls kardvlkls ka uel óedil lkgdedstrlidùe, qua as bl qua deibuya
tras kdoucns sahóe bl varsdùe Hnnkaenuhj-Jlrrds-Ilsubbn. Ka lbbç surhae, custlgaeta,
tras bçeals ka defnrglidùe snora ab edün avlbulkn. ]nr ue blkn su edvab ka Glkuraz

Ineiaptulb, qua sa ka tlbbl

tlbbl ae bns lp lrtlkns ?.<. l ?.;.,
?.;., aspaidlbgaeta suo lplrtlkn
?.;.<., lsç ingn ae bns Leaxns L, O y A qua sa jlbble lb fdelb ka asta ilpçtubn0 pnr
ntrn, bns
bns dekdilknras ka pnsdoba Kdsfueidùe Eaurnbùhdil (rablidnelkns
(rablidnelkns ine bns g lku-
rltdvns, kaslrrnbblkns ae ab lplrtlkn ?.8., aspaidlbgaeta ae bls [lobls 8, : y 4) y,
fdelbgaeta, bns Dekdilknras Agnidnelbas, trltlkns
trltlkns ae ab lplrtlkn ?.6. y suolplrtlkn
?.6.<., aspaidlbgaeta ae bl [lobl 6, y Leaxns I y K lb fdelb ka asta ilpçtubn. Astns
kns óbtdgns hrupns ka çtags fuarne prnpuastns y lelbdzlkns pnr A bdzloatj
bdzloatj @n ppdtz,
qudae tlgo däe trlolcù
trlolcù dekdilknras glku rltd
rltdvns
vns qua en sarìe kaslrrnbblkns ae prnfue-
kdklk puastn qua en jle sdkn bnilbgae ta lklptlkns n lelbdzlkns. Ka asta g nkn, bl
varsdùe bnilb lquç prasaetlkl lpnrtl bns sdhudaetas
sdhudaetas kltns snora edüns ka 1 l <? lü ns3

< 9= . FA_EÌEKAS BD]N_LIA, L. O_DSSDN y B. BÙ]AS

KFJ varsdùe bnilb)

Hnnkaenuhj-Jlrrds-Ilsubbn-@nppdtz

Glkuraz Ineiaptulb Dekdilknras Agnidnelbas

Kdoucn kab Jng ora, Hnnkaenuhj-Jlrrds-Ilsubb
Hnnkaenuhj-Jlrrds-Ilsubbn,n, tras kdoucns sahóe inesdhel Hnnkaenuhj-Jlrrds-Ilsubbn,
puetulidùe tntlb pnr inetan k a çtags prasaetas) detarpratlidùe sahóe kdoucns, @nppdtz, avlbulidùe
iulbdtltdvl, sde puetulidùe)

Lplrtlkns ?.< l ?.;

suolplrtlkn ? .;.< Lplrtlkn ?.6 y
Leaxn L , O y A) suolplrtlkn ?.6.<
Dekdilknras
Dekdilknras ka p nsdoba Kdsfueidùe Eaurnbùhdil Leaxns I y K)
tras kdoucns sahóe inesdhel Hnnkaenuhj-Jlrrds-Ilsubbn,
detarpratlidùe sahóe @nppdtz, avlbulidùe iulbdtltdvl,
sde puetulidùe)
Lplrtlkn ?.8
 ? < Bns lpnrtas dedidlbas ka Hnnkaenuhj

Ing n sa pbletalrl ae lplrtlkns pravdns, ab trlolc

trlolcnn ka H nnkaenuhj (<4?6) delu-
hurù bl arl ka bns astukdns sdstagìtdins ae tnren l bns KFJ , l plrtdr ka bl puobdilidùe
puobdilidùe
kab [ast kab Kdoucn kab Jng ora, prnpnedaekn ue euavn gätnkn n ocatdvn
ocatdvn plrl bl avl-
bulidùe ka puastn
letardnras bns kdoucns
qua udefletdbas.
defletdb as.irdtardns
tdbdzlol
tdbdzlol Astlnsg atnknbnhçl,
irdtard aspa içfdins sahóe
plrl abJlrrds
Jastlobaidgdaetn
lrrds (<469), kdfarç
kdfarçl
ka lblskaenblsr-
g ls y ka bls avdkaeidls ka vlbdkaz ka bl pruaol. [lg odäe kafdeçl ilkl ilrlitarçstdil
ka bns kdoucns ine ab glynr hrlkn ka nocatdvdklk pnsdoba sde inesdkarlr astìeklras
lrtçstdins.
lrtçstd ins. H nnkaenuhj prnpneçl su tast ing n uel g akdkl ótdb plrl bbll avlbulidùe kab
kaslrrnbbn detabaitulb
detabaitulb kab edün ing n ing pbag aetn ka bls asilbls ka detabd
detabdhaeidl
haeidl axds-
taetas ae bl äpnil. ]bletalol qua bns kdoucns taeçle ue sdhedfdilkn
sdhedfdilkn g ìs inhedtdvn qua
astätdin.
L plrtdr ka sus astukdns,
astukdns, Hnnka enuhj lfdrglol qua, ka tnkns bns tagls pnsdobas,
ab kdoucn
kdoucn ka ue jng ora sarçl
sarçl ab g ìs lkaiulkn plrl ralbd
ralbdzlr
zlr astl avlbulid
avlbulidùeùe klkn qua
sa trltl ka ue tùpdin intdkdlen plrl bns edüns, prasaetl pnil vlrdlodbdklk
vlrdlodbdklk ae sus prn-
pdaklkas asaei dlbas,
dlbas, as saeidbbn
saeidbbn parn l su vaz i ne katlbbas ingpbacns qua p argdtae
kaspbahlr bl jlodbdklk ka bns edüns g lynras y rasubtl ltrlitdvn
ltrlitdvn kaska ab puetn ka vdstl
gn tdtdvlidnelb.
vlidnelb. Bl abaiidùe
abaiidùe ka ue j ng ora sa jdzn ka i lrl l bl gaen r vlrd
vlrdlodbd
lodbdklk
klk ae bl
vastdgaetl axj dodkl pnr bns vlrneas ae rablidùe ine ab häearn fagaeden ae bl äpnil .
Kdsaüù uel prdgarl asilbl ka ;= çtags çtags (prasaeid
(prasaeidll ka iloazl, iloazl prnpnridnelkl,
prasaeidl ka vastdga
vastdga etls, prasaeidl ka nracls, dekdilidùe
dekdilidùe ka fraeta y ga etùe, aetra
ntrns, lsdhelekn
lsdhelekn u e pue tn pnr dekdilknr prasaeta) ae fueidùe kab leìbd
leìbdsds
sds ka gì s ka
;=== k doucns ka edüns asi nblrd
nblrdzlkns
zlkns ka bns Astlkns Q edkns, dkaetdf
dkaetdfdilekn
dilekn y kdfarae-
idlekn bns ilgodns rahdstrlkns sahóe ab lugaetn ae bl aklk irnenbùhdil. [rls ue
axtaesn trlolcn ka vlbdklidùe ka çtags ae idein ravdsdneas suiasdvls, bl asilbl kab
Kdoucn ka ue J ng ora sa puobdiù ae <4?6 , tnt
tntlbd
lbdzlekn
zlekn 1< ralitd
ralitdvns.
vns. Ya kdvdkçl ae kns
iblsas, bl L, plrl fdhurls jug lels qu a rasubtlsae drrainenidobas, y bl O, plrl bls fdfdhu-
hu-

rls juglels
odbdklk
odbdklk dkaetdfdilobas.
ine guy ]rasaetlol
ouaens rasubtlkns. En astukdns
kasi rdod ka avdkaeidls
rdodragns
ragns kalbdklk
lquç bl tnt vlbdkaz
tntlbdklk kay bns
ka sdhens
inefdl-

AB KDOQCN KA BL FDHQ_L JQGLEL

JQGLEL KFJ) AE AKLK AYIN
AYINBL_
BL_ 9

prnpuastns yl qua ae eua strn gakdn sa utdbdzl bl ravdsdùe

ravdsdùe ralbdzlkl pnr Jl rrds y lora-
vdlkl pnr Ilsubbn l pnstardnrd, qua ing aetlragns ae katlb
katlbba
ba ae ab lp lrtlkn
lrtlkn sdhudaeta.
sdhudaeta.

?.?. Bl
Bl p ruaol Hnnk aenuh j-
j-Jlrrd
Jlrrds,
s, lklp tlid
tlidùù e k a Ilsub
Ilsubbb n p lrl
ab gak dn bbnilb
nilb
Ab trlolcn
trlolcn dedidlkn
dedidlkn pnr H nnkaenuhj fua inetdeulkn pnr Jlrrds (<469) ae uel ravd-
sdùe qua detaetlol iralr uel euavl asilbl qua p argdtdarl axtaekar bl
bl avlbulidùe jlstl
lbilezlr bl frlecl atlrdl lknbasiaeta, railolr euavl s avdkaeidls ka v lbdkaz y inefdlod-
 bdklk l trlväs ka bl deibusdùe
deibusdùe ka eu avns çtags, lg pbdlr bbll inesdhel ka b destrugaetn,
destrugaetn, lsç
ingn litulb
litulbdzlr
dzlr enrgls. Lkag ìs sa detarasù
detarasù pnr saetlr lbhuels olsas plrl p nsdobas
nsdobas
usns prnyaitdvns ka bl pruaol.
Jlrrds utdbdzù ab tärgden Glkuraz Detabaitulb n Ineiaptulb ae raagp blzn kab ine-
iaptn hbnolb ka detabd
detabdhaeidl
haeidl qua ag pbalol H nnkaenuhj plrl kafdedr kafdedr ab nocatn
nocatn ka as-
tukdn ka bl pruaol. Bl kafdedù ing n bl ilpli dklk iraidaeta qua, ae bl aklk defletdb-as-
inblr, guastrl ue edün plrl fnrgublr ineiap tns ine g lynr hrlkn ka lostrliidùe, as
kaidr, ingn ab prniasn ka fnrglidùe ka ineiaptns. Astl jlodbdklk dgpbdil prniasns
tlbas ingn bl pariapidùe -kdstdehudr sdgdbdtukas y kdfaraeidls aetra nocatns-, bl los-
trliidùe -iltahnrdzlr
-iltahnrdzlr nocatns sahóe rlshns ing ueas y kdstdetd
kdstdetdvns-,
vns-, y bl haearlbdzlidùe
-iblsdfdilr ue nocatn ae bl iltahnrçl inrraitl ka liuarkn ine asns ltrdoutns letas

kdsirdgdelkns-.
Iraù uel pruaol ka tras kdoucns3
kdoucns3 ab ka ue j ngora (ing n pbletalrl
pbletalrl H nnkaenuhj),
ab ka uel g ucar y ab ka sç gdsgn. Kdsaüù asil bls ka avlbulidùe plrl bns prdgarns kns,
kaclekn ab óbtdgn
óbtdgn (sç gdsgn) plrl lonrklrbn prnyaitdv
prnyaitdvlg
lg aeta. _avdsù bns çtag
çtag s ine-
sdhelkns pnr Hnnkaenuhj ae bl aetneias bblglklbblglkl Asilbl kab Jng ora, astl
astlobaidaekn
obaidaekn
irdtardns astrditns. Ae
Ae prdgar buhlr ilkl çtag kaoçl gnstrlr ue lugaetn rahublr ae
fraiuaeidl ka lplrdidùe
lplrdidùe ae inesn eleidl ine bl aklk. Lkag ìs ab çtçtag ag kaoçl inrrabl-
idnelrsa ine lbhuel g akdkl haearlb ka bl detabdhaeidl0
detabdhaeidl0 ae sus astukdns agpbalol bns
ID l saetlkns ae bns rahdstr
rahdstrns
ns asinblras. ]nr óbtdgn ilkl ralitd
ralitdvn
vn kaoçl pn saar vlbnr
kdsirdgdeltdvn
kdsirdgdeltdvn aetra sucat
sucatns
ns ine puetulidneas abavlkls ae bl asilbl a dekdvd
dekdvdkuns
kuns ine
puetulidneas olcls.
]lrtdaekn ka idae çtags
çtags dedidlbas,
dedidlbas, sug lekn l bns ka H nnkaenuhj (<4?6) ntrns ttn- n-
relkns pnr Jderdijs (<491) gìs lbhuens prnpdns, sabaiidneù fdelbgaeta sataetl y tras
qua iug pbçle bns irdtard
irdtardns
ns letardnras. [lg odäe trlolcù
trlolcù ae ab K doucn ka bl Gucar parn
puastn qua asta en jl sdkn lklptlkn l euastrn gakdn, quaklrì pnr fuarl plrl en
loueklr a e katlbbas deeaiaslrdns.
]uastn qua astl varsdùe H nnkaenuhj-J lrrds
lrrds kab kdoucn ka bl fdfdhurl
hurl jug lel as bl
gìs agpbalkl ae euastrn gakdn, ab Leaxn O prasaetl bns çtags glkurltdvns ka bl
Asilbl kab Kdoucn kab Jngora, sdhudaekn bns dekdilknras qua fuarne inesdkarlkns ae
bl lklptlidùe lrhaetdel
lrhaetdel ralbdzlkl pnr I lsubb
lsubbnn (<4: : ), ae bl qua deibuyù bns
bns prdgarns
6? çtags ka bns 89 prnpuastns pnr Jlrrds ae <469. E
En
n sa lülkae bn
bnss inrraspne-
kdaetas lb kdoucn
kdoucn fag aeden ae vdr
vdrtuk
tuk ka bl yl axpu astl ilraeidl ka lklptlidùe bnilb.
Bns ralitdvns abdgdelkns ae ab trlolcn ka Ilsubbn inrraspnekçle l dekdilknras ka
ing pbacdklk
pbacdklk iul bdbdtltd
tltdvl
vl fraiuaetas ae lkn basiaetas n póoaras q ua, pnr su ol cl ine-
fdlodbdklk kab puetulknr, prasaetlole prnobagls l bl jnrl ka sar vlbnrlkns pnr bns
prnfasdnelbas avlbulknras.

<9? . FA_EÌEKAS BD]N_LIA, L. O_DSSDN y B. BÙ]AS

Bns astukdns ka inefdlodbdklk ka bl varsdùe ka Jlrrds lrrnclrne rasubtlkns ùptdgns,

ae tletn qu a bls avdkaeidls ka vl bdkaz
bdkaz sa railolrne lelbdzlekn bl pnsdoba defbuaeidl
defbuaeidl
qua ka targdelkls axpardaeidls n lp raekdzlc
raekdzlcas
as pn krçle taear snora bl ralbdzlidùe
ralbdzlidùe ka
bns kdoucns, tlbas ingn bl jlodbdklk lrtçstdil n bl flgdbdlrdklk ine ab axlgdelknr. [lg-
odäe sa kaslrrnbblrne astukdns ka inrrablidùe ine ntrls g akdkls ka detabdhaeidl y lptd-
 tukas lfdeas. L inetdeulidùe sa rasugae bls prdeidplbas inei busdneas ka asns trlolcns
(Hnnkaenuhj, <4?6 0 Jlrrds, <469)3

[lobl 9. Ineibusdneas ka bns astukdns snora bl varsdùe Hnnkaenuhj-Jlrrds

Bl fdhurl kab axlgdelknr acaria gçedgl defbuaeidl, en rabavleta, snora bls puetulidneäs notaedkls.

b aetraelgdaetn
aetraelgdaetn lrtçstdin en inefnrgl ue flitnr defbuyaeta ae ab raekdgdaetn ka bns edüns ae ab tast.

Bls inrrablidneas ine ntrls gakdkls ka detabdhaeidl ingn bns [asts ka Jl

Jlodbdklkas
odbdklkas Gaetlbas ]rdgl-
]rdgl-
rdls, ab Ytlefnrk-Odeat n ab XDYI prasaetle inafdidaetas gnkarlkns, luequa en abavlkns.

Bl inrrablidùe aetra bl varsdùe nrdhdelb Hnnkaenuhj y bl ravdsdùe ka Jlr

Jlrrds
rds lrrncle inafdidaetas sdhedfd-
iltdvns y abavlkns, supardnras l .4= sahóe aklk.

?.9. Lkg d edstrlid

edstrlidùù e ka bl p ruaol Hnn kaen uhj-Jlrrd
uhj-Jlrrds,
s, varsd
varsdùù e
bnilb Ilsubb
Ilsubbn),
n), Asilbl ka G lkurlidù e Ineiap tulb
Bl lkg dedstrlid
dedstrlidùe
ùe ka bl pruaol prnp uastl pnr J lrrds
lrrds jl sdkn litulbdzlkl,
litulbdzlkl, tletn ae
bn rafaraeta
rafaraeta l usns y g nkdsgns kab vn san rdnpbltaesa
rdnpbltaesa ing n lb inetaxtn iubturlb litlitulb
ulb
y l bls plrtdiublrdklkas
plrtdiublrdklkas qua ab trlolcn prnfasdnelb ine edüns dgpbdil. Lsdg dsgn sa i ne-
sdkarù aspaidlbgaeta qua asa jl sdkn ab gnk n ae qua sa lkgdedstrù ab destrugaetn
destrugaetn ae
bls tlrals ka devastdhlidùe
devastdhlidùe l p lrtd
lrtdrr ka bls qua sa ine faiidneù ab olrag n bnilb litulb
(välsa, Leaxn A). Jlo däeknsa afaitulkn astls liblrlidneas, l inetdeulidùe
inetdeulidùe prasaetl-
g ns bls dekdilidneas gìs dg pnrtletas l bl jnrl ka lkg dedstrlr
dedstrlr ab ttast
ast ingp batn3

[dpn ka lkgdedstrlidùe3 dekdvdkulb (prafaraetagaeta,

(prafaraetagaeta, plrl taear ae iu aetl nosarvlidn-
eas ka i ng pnrtlgdaetn), n inbaitdvl, ka en sar bl dekdvdkulb pnsdoba.

Gltardlbas3 jncl ka plp ab ae oblein bdsl, ttlglü

lglü n nfdidn, lpldslkl y knoblkl l bl g dtlk
dtlk
(ing n sd sa fnr
fnrgl
gl rl ue iulkaredbbn
iulkaredbbn ka kns tlpls), bìpdz
bìpdz eahrn JO eó g arn ? y hngl.

Lgodaeta3 kntlkn ka inek didneas

didneas eaia slrdls plrl haearlr ue ibd
ibdg
g l inefnrtloba. Ya
suhdara ratdrlr fntns
fntns n dbustrlidneas qua p ukdarle sarvdr ka g nkabn plrl ab kdoucn.

Inesdhel3 [a vny l pakdr qua jlhls tras kdoucns. Ae bl prdgarl jncl (sa saülbl ilrl
axtarel n tlpl qua sa fnrgl lb lrg lr ab iulka redbb
redbbn)
n) qudarn qua kdoucas ue jngora.
[rltì ka jliarbn bn gacnr qua puakls0 tngì tnkn ab tdagpn qua qudarls. Kdoucì bl par-
snel aetarl, en snblgaeta bl iloazl y bns jngorns.
Qel vaz inei budkl
budkl bl tlral sa lbdaetl lb edün l trlväs ka lbhuens i ngaetlrdns abn-
hdnsns y sa ba snbdidt
snbdidtll qua inetdeóa ae ab ravarsn ka bl jncl ae bl qua k doucù lb jng -

AB KDOQCN KA BL FDHQ_L JQGLEL KFJ) AE AKLK AYINBL_ 99

 
ora (ravarsn
(ravarsn ka bl
bl tlpl kab iulkaredbbn, qua as su ilrdbbl dzqudarkl ddetarel),
etarel), kdidaekn3
\udarn qua lquç kdoucas uel gucar. Jliabl bn gacnr qua puakls. Kdoucì bl gucar ae-
tarl, en snblgaeta bl iloazl y bns jngorns. Lb fdelbdzlr astl sahuekl litdvdklk sa sn-
bdidtl ab tariar kdoucn3 Ljnrl vls l kdouclr l lbhudae qua ineniäs guy odae. \udarn qua
jlhls ue kdoucn ka vns gdsgn aetarn/l, en snblgaeta tu ilrl y jngorns, sden tnkn
ab iuarpn(y sa saü lbl bl ilrdbb
ilrdbbll karaij l detarel kab iulka redbbn).
redbbn). En sa ralbdzle kdoucns
ae bl inetrltlpl kab dgprnv dslkn iulka redbbredbbn.
n.
Bns edüns gìs paquaüns puakae raquardr ue kasilesn aetra bns kns óbtdgns
kdoucns.

[dagpn astdglkn ka ralbdzlidùe3 en jly tdagp n bçgdta.

Yuharaeidls l taear ae iuaetl3

- _al
_albdzl
bdzlrr ue i
iudkl
udklknsn
knsn rahd
rahdstrn
strn ka bl
bls
s nos
nosarvl
arvlidne
idneas
as ka
kabb ing
ingpnrt
pnrtlgda
lgdaetn
etn k
kab
ab
avlbulkn, pnr bn qua sa raingdaekl, ae bn pnsdoba, lkgdedstrlrbn dekdvdkulb-
gaeta.
- _ahdstrlr bl saiuaeidl ae bl qua kdoucl bls kdfaraetas plrtas ka bl parsnel .
- Ab axlg delknr kaoa lostaearsa ka ralbdzlr suharaeidls n ddekuiidneas.
ekuiidneas.
- Leta iulbqudar prahuetl aspaiçfdil kab avlbulkn snora bl fnrgl, tlglü n, ag-
pblzlgdaetn y/n il rlitarçstdils
rlitarçstdils kab kdoucn sa raspn eka3 Jliabn ingn qudarls.

?.;. ]uetulidùe kab Kdoucn kab Jngora plrl bl Avlbulidùe ka bl

Glkur
lkuraz
az Inei
Ineiaptulb
aptulb Hnnkaenuhj
Hnnkaenuhj-Jlrrds
-Jlrrds-Ilsub
-Ilsubbn)
bn)

Yd odae bl pruaol sa lkgdedstrl ingpbatl ine bns tras kdoucns prnpuastns pnr
Jlrrds, bls plutls ka avlbulidùe ka bl asilbl sa rafdarae axibusdvlgaeta l bl fdhurl
kab jngora y snblgaeta l bns fdeas ka avlbulr bl Glkuraz Ineiaptulb, klkn qua bls
lklptlidneas bnilbas (Ilrrarls at lb., ?=<<0 Ilsubbn, <4: : ) sa lonilrne óedilgaeta l
trltlr
trltlr asta kdoucn y en ab ka bl fdhurl ka bl g ucar, ed ab ka sç gdsg n.
Bl puetulidùe kab kdoucn kab jngora rasubtl guy saeidbbl yl qua plrl ilkl çtag
prasaeta sa lsdhel ue puetn, y sa notdaea buahn bl sugltnrdl n inetan ka tnkns bns
çtags prasaetas, qua inefnrgl ab puetlca irukn tntlb, qua buahn sarì trlesfnrglkn
plrl su p nsdoba
nsdoba detarpratlidùe
detarpratlidùe gakdleta ab olragn i nrraspnekdaeta.
nrraspnekdaeta. L g nkn ka acag-
pbn, sd ab edün
edün kdoucl bl iloazl ka b jng ora, sa ba lsdhel ue p uetn0 sd kdoucl
kdoucl ab iuabbn,
notaekrì ntrn puetn. Yd ng dtadta bl elrdz, not
notaekrì
aekrì iarn p uetns ae asa çtag, y lsç suia-
sdvlgaeta ine bns 6 ? çtags p rnpuastns ae bl óbtd óbtdgl
gl varsdùe rafnrglkl
rafnrglkl p nr I lsubb
lsubbn0
n0 as
kaidr qua ab puetlca kdraitn
kdraitn puak a vlrdlr aetra
aetra N y 6?. ]l rl uel inrraitl puetulidùe,
ae ab Leaxn O sa prasaetle bls aspaidfdilidneas katlbblkls plrl lirakdtlr puetns
sahóe prasaeidl n lusaeidl ka il kl plrta kab kdoucn
kdoucn (välsa tlgodäe [lobl ; ae asta
ilpçtubn).
ilpçtub n). As dgpnrtleta liblrlr
liblrlr qua ab axlgdelknr kaoa i netlr ine ue lkaiulk n ae-
traelgdaetn ae avlbulidùe psdinbùhdil
psdinbùhdil ae haearlb y ae astl asilbl a e plrtdiublr
plrtdiublr plrl
ralbdzlr ue trlolcn lprnpdlkn. Bls destruiidneas ka puetulidùe plrl ilkl çtag glku-
rltdvn
rltdvn kaoae sar iudklknslgaeta sahudkls, l fde ka kdsgdeudr ab glrhae ka arrnr. Ae
ab Leaxn L sa deibuya bl hrdbbl
hrdbbl plrl lsaetlr astl puetulidùe ae ilkl ilsn avlbulkn.

<9; FA_EÌEKAS BD]N_LIA, L. O_DSSDN y B. BÙ]AS

 

[lobl ;. Lk cukdilidùe ka puetlcas pnr ççtag

tag plrl bbll Fdhurl kab J ngo ra varsdne bbnilb)
nilb)

]lrl rainrklr3

Ya lirakdtl < puetn pnr çtag prasaeta ae ab kdoucn y N pnr çtag lusaeta sahóe ab Leaxn O.

Ab inetan ka çtags prasaetas n sugl, puastn qua ilkl çtag prasaeta vlba <) tntlbdzl ab puetlca kd-
raitn qua kaoa inevartdrsa l pariaetdb ]) sahóe ab olragn bnilb inesdhelkn ae ab Leaxn
Leaxn A.
A.

Ae bn qua sa rafdara
rafdara l bl trlesfnrglidùe
trlesfnrglidùe ka pu etlcas, l paslr ka q ua H nnkaenuhj
(<4?6) prnpneçl notaear puetulidneas jngnbnhlkls l bl Aklk Gaetlb (AG) vdeiubl-
kls l bl enidùe ka Inidaeta Detabaitulb ka Odeat, qua pbletalol uel rablidùe bdealb
aetra aklk irnenbùhdil y ilplidklk g aetlb, y ka qua buahn J lrrds
lrrds (<469) sdhudarl
sdhudarl bls
dkals ka X aijsbar (<494/<48=), trlolclekn
trlolclekn in e ab Inafdidaeta Detab aitulb ka kasvdl-
Detabaitulb
idùe qua pravä uel gakdl lrdtgätdil ka <== y ue kasvçn astìeklr ka <1, bl varsdùe
bnilb lquç prasaetlkl -Hnnkaenuhj-Jlrrds-Ilsubbn- jl agpbalkn ae bns olragns
litulbdzlkns plrl Ouaen s Ldras y Ìral G atrnpnbdtlel,
atrnpnbdtlel, ab pariaetdb (]) ing n puetlca
tr
trlesfnrglkn
lesfnrglkn (välsa ab Leax n A), dekdilekn
dekdilekn l quä pnriaetlca ka sucatns ka bl g dsgl
aklk a e bl gua strl ka rafaraeidl
rafaraeidl suparl ab edün ae su acaiui dùe kab kd kdoucn
oucn kab jng -
ora. Astns olragns sa ine faiidnelrne l plrtdr plrtdr ka uel gu astrl ingpu astl pnr edüns
y edüls ka 1 l < ? lün s, y bns leìbdsds
leìbdsds fuarne
fuarne ralbdzlkns pnr knia etas ka bl I ìtakrl DD
ka [a nrçl y [äiedils ka Axp bnrlidùe
bnrlidùe y Kdlheùstd
Kdlheùstdinin (Gùkubn <) ka bl Fliubtlk ka ] sd-
inbnhçl ka bl Qedvarsdklk
Qedvarsdklk ka O uaens Ldras (Ilrrarls, Qrdab, ]äraz, Yuìraz Jareìek az,
Liaolb, y Fareìekaz Bdpnrlia, ?=<<). Lkag ìs ab ID sa usl jlodtulbgaeta ae tasts ka
detabdhaeidl
detab dhaeidl haearlb, pnr bn qua lquç sa bn jl kaclkn ka blkn.
I ng n letas sa ing aetlrl y ine ab fdfdee ka flidbdtlr
flidbdtlr bl
bl tlral ka avlbulidùe ka bl as-
ilbl glkurltdvl, ae ab Leaxn L sa deibuya uel Hrdbbl ka Avlbulidùe a destruiidneas
praidsls ka puetulidùe ae ab Leaxn O . Ae bl H rdrdbbbbll ka A vlbulidùe
vlbulidùe (Leaxn L ), lkagìs
ka bl Asilbl ka Dekdilknras Glkurltdvns tlgodäe sa lülka e ntrns lspaitns ka avl-
bulidùe kab kdoucn
kdoucn inesdkarlkns g ìs lkableta ae asta ilp çtub çtubn,
n, ing n sne bns Dekdil-
knras Agnidnelbas y sus detarpratlidneas gìs ingueas (Ordzzdn at lb., ?=<;0 @n ppdtz,
<46: ). ]lrl astns Dekdilknras
Dekdilknras Ag nidnelbas, välsa
välsa pravdlgaeta ab lplrtlkn ?.6., as-
paidlbgaeta ab suolplrtlkn ?.6.<., lsç ing n ab Leaxn I, kneka sa o rdekl uel ing-
pbatl Huçl ka [ loublidùe plrl astns Dekdilknras. Bns Dekdilknras ka pnsdoba Kdsfue- Kdsfue-
idùe Eaurnbùhdil (@nppdtz, <46:) sa kaslrrnbble ae ab lplrtlkn ?.8., aspaidlbgaeta ae
bls [lobls : y 4 (baar tlgo
tlgo däe [lobl 8). Ab lplrtlkn
lplrtlkn ; ( Yçetasds y huçl
huçl plrl ue inrraitn
usn kab destrugaetn ) lb ffdelb
delb kab ilpçtubn,
ilpçtubn, inetdaea uel orava hu çl ka plsn s ine des-
truiidneas saeidbbls
saeidbbls y rasugdkls plrl afaitulr uel nrkae lkl y lprnpdlkl a vlbulidùe
ka ue prntninbn KFJ q ua kaol i nesdkarlrsa ae uel sdtulidùe
sdtulidùe ka avlbulidùe psdinbù-
hdil ibçedil n akuilidnelb (välsa lbbç aspaidlbgaeta bl [ lobl <=).

? ; < Astukdns bnilbas raidaetas

raidaetas liaril ka bns Dekdilkn
Dekdilkn ras
Glkurltdvns

Ydhudaekn bn pbletalkn pn
pnrr Glrçe <4:6) y bls enrg
enrgltdvls
ltdvls plrl bl lkl
lklptlidùe
ptlidùe ka
tasts ka bl Detareltdnelb [ast Inggdssdne (?=<;) y ka L]L/LA_L/EIGA (?==6), bls
 devastdhlidneas ae ab ilgpn ka bl psdinbnhçl kaoae avdtlr bl supnsdidùe ka qua bns

AB KDOQCN KA BL FDHQ_L JQGLEL KFJ) AE AKLK AYINBL_ < 91

ineiaptns y gätnkns raspaitdvlgaeta liuülk ns y kaslrrnbb

kaslrrnbblkns
lkns ae ue l iubtur
iubturll sne
dhulbgaeta vìbdkns ae uel iubturl
iubturl kdfaraeta, y qua puakae haearlbd
haearlbdzlrsa
zlrsa n lpbdilr
lpbdilrsa
sa
ka g learl uedvarslb. Ae asta saetdkn sa saülbl qua as raqudsd
raqudsdtn
tn ka iulbqudar lklp-
tlidùe ka ue destrugaetn
destrugaetn afaitulr bns inrraspnekdaet
inrraspnekdaetas
as astukdns plrl a stlobaiar bblsls
aqudvlbaeidls ineiaptulbas, bdehòçstdils
bdehòçstdils y gätrdils plrl l quab. Ae astl bçeal bl Detarel-
tdtdnelb
nelb [ast Ing gdssdne -D[I- (?==1, ?=<=) astlobaia qua iulekn sa ralbdzle lklp-
tlidneas ka tasts as fuekl gaetlb inesdkarlr ab inetaxtn iubturlb haearlb ae ab qua bl
euavl varsdùe sarì ag pbalkl, klkn qua bl sdgpba trlkuiidùe kab destrugaetn
destrugaetn en ra-
subtl sufdidaeta plrl vnbvar lkaiulkn su usn ae uel pnoblidùe ka kastden. ]nr ntrn
blkn tlgodäe sa lkvdarta
lkvdarta qua bns devastd
devastdhlknras
hlknras asp aidlbd
aidlbdzlkns
zlkns a e trlkuidr y lklptlr
tasts kaoae ka jliar inestlr bl fnrgl ae bl qua sa bbavle l ilon astls gnkdfdilid
gnkdfdilidn-
n-
eas, prnpnridnelekn defnrglidùe praidsl snora bns rasubt
rasubtlkns
lkns n otaedkns ae astukdns
qua kae iu aetl ka bls avdkaeidls ka vlbdkaz ka bl asilbl ae bl euav l iubturl n pnobl-
idùe, lsç ingn bl aqudvlbaeidl
aqudvlbaeidl ka bl varsdùe trlkuidkl
trlkuidkl y lklptlkl l bl eua vl pnoblidùe
raspaitn ka bl varsdùe nrdhdelb, tletn ae tärgdens ineiaptulbas, ingn bdehòçstdins y
gätrdins. Bns lspaitns ineiaptulbas ragdtae lb inestruitn n ineiaptn qua sa avlból,

qua en eaiaslrdlgaeta
sls iubturls, iuastdùe qua
iuastdùe lsug a bl gdsgl
deibuya kafdedid
kafdedidùe
astukdns ùe bl
snora n bls gdsgls
vlbdkaz k dgaesdneasaeaelgkdvar-
kab inestruitn ons
inetaxtns0 bns bdehòçstdins
bdehòçstdins sa rafd
rafdarae
arae l i nesdhel, inetaedkn y fnrgltn ka bns çtags, lsç
ingn lb sdstagl ka raspuastl, qua en eaiaslrdlgaeta sarì ótdb ae bl euavl pnoblidùe
ka kastden kab gdsgn g nkn ae qua bn arl ae bl nrdhdelb.
nrdhdelb. Eùtasa, lkagìs, qua lb ra-
fardrens
fardrens l lspa itns bdbdehòçstdins
ehòçstdins en snblg aeta aehbnolg ns ab usn kab baehulca varolb,
sden ka iulbqudar gltardlb sdgoùbdin
sdgoùbdin prasaeta ae astçgu bns, inesdhel y sdstagls ka
raspuastls. ]nr óbtdgn, bns lspaitns g ätrdins sa rafdarae
rafdarae l bls prnpdaklkas täiedils n
psding ätrdils kab destruga
destruga etn (avdkaeidls ka vlbdkaz, inefdlodbdklk
inefdlodbdklk y ilpli dklk kdsird-
gdeltdvl, cuetn ine bns euavns olragns, tnkls prnpdaklkas qua kaoae sar lelbdzlkls
euavlg aeta ilkl vaz qua ab destr destrugaetn
ugaetn sa lklptl l uel euav l iubturl n pnoblidùe).
pnoblidùe).
Bns astukdns qua lquç sa prasaetle tdaeae ab vlbnr ka axjdodr axjdodr kltns litulbd
litulbdzlkns,
zlkns,
bnilbas y qua prataekae lpnrtlr lbhuels avdkaeidls ka vl bdkaz snora bl Asilbl ka Gl-
kurlidùe kab KFJ varsdnelkl pnr H nnkaen uhj-Jlrrd
uhj-Jlrrds-Ilsubbn.
s-Ilsubbn. Ae aspaidlb ens iae-
trlragns
trlragns ae bl kasirdpidùe ka bns trlolcns vdeiublkns ine ab prniasn ka lklptlidùe
gätrdil kab destrugaetn.
Ae p rdgar
rdgar buhlr, y ae bn qu a sa rafdara l bls enrgls astlkçst
astlkçstdils
dils ka ing plrlidùe
ka bls pue tulidneas lrrnclkls pn r ab tast
tast,, sa inetlol l edvab bnilb ine ab vlbdnsn raba-
vlgdaetn elidnelb ralbdzlkn pnr bl Krl. Ilsubbn (<4::), letas ingaetlkn. [lgodäe bl
Krl. [lonrkl (?==?), ae bl prnvdeidl ka Yle Buds, lpnrtù olragn s plrl edüns paqua -
üns, aetra ; y 6 lüns. L paslr ka astls inetrdinetrdouidneas
ouidneas sa raquarçl dgpardnslgaeta
litulbdzlr
litulbdzlr enrg ls bnilbas. Ilrrarls at lb. (?=<<) bbavlrne
bbavlrne l ilon ue astukdn iaetrlkn ae
asa nocatdvn, ablonrlekn olragns snora uel guastrl ka :;= astukdletas ka asiuabls
prdglrdls ka bl bl Iduklk ka Oua ens Ldras (1?,?%)
(1?,?%) y kab Ineurolen One laraesa (;8,:% ).
 Ae tlb guastrl, ;<,8%
;<,8% ka bns plrtd
plrtdidpletas
idpletas arle vlrneas y 1:,9% , gucaras, aetr
aetraa 1 y
<? lüns (Gakdlaklk7 :.:10 KA 7 <.86). Ya ilbiublrne gakdkls ka taekaeidl iaetrlb y
ka kdsparsdùe, ingn lsç tlgodäe bns pariaetdbas (]) inrraspnekdaetas l ilkl puetul-
idùe kdraitl notaedkl qua sa abdhdarne pnr rasubtlr ue puetlca trlesfnrglkn detudtdvl-
gaeta gìs ingpraesdoba. [lb ingn suharçle bls jdpùtasds qua sustaetle bl asilbl, sa
vardfdilrne
vardfdilrne kdfaraeidls astlkçstdilgaeta sdhedfdiltdvls,
sdhedfdiltdvls, deiragae tìeknsa bls puetulidn-
eas sahóe ak lk, pnr bn qua sa inestruyarne
inestruyarne olragns kdfaraeidlkns plrl ilkl hrupn

< 96 . FA_EÌEKAS BD]N_LIA, L. O_DSSDN y B. BÙ]AS

atlrdn. ]lrl ab rastn

rastn ka bls vlrdlobas lelbdzlkls en sa inestruyarne en rgls sap lrlkls,
klkl bl lusaeidl ka kdfaraeidls ka raekdgdaetn aetra bns hrupns sahgaetlkns (saxn y
znel ka rasdkaeid
rasdkaeidl).
l). Ae ab Leaxn A. kab prasaeta ilpçtubn sa prasaetle bns olragns li-
tulbdzlkns
tulb dzlkns plrl ab KFJ, taedaekn ae iuaetl ab sdst
sdstagl
agl ka puetulidùe ka Hnnkaenuhj-
Jlrrds-Ilsubbn
Jlrrds-Ilsub bn ka 6? çtags (Ilsubbn, <4::) plrl gakdr G lkuraz Ineiaptulb.
Ine ab fde ka ingplrlr
ingplrlr bns olragns ka Ilsubbn <4::) ine bns litulbdzlkns p pra-
ra-
saetlkns ae asta ilpçtubn (Ilrrarls at l b., ?=<<), sa ralbdzlrne
ralbdzlrne pruaol s ka kdfaraeidls
ka gakdls aetra lgons sahóe aklk. Bns rasubtlkns dekdilrne kdfaraeidls astlkçstdil-
gaeta sdhedfdiltdv
sdhedfdiltdvls
ls l flvnr ka bl gua strl gìs litulb. As kaidr qua ae ab hrupn ka edüns
avlbulkn ae ?=<< sa nosarvle puetulidneas sdhedfdiltdvlgaeta gìs abavlkls qua ae
bl guastrl ka <4 :: (välsa bl [lobl 1). Asta jlbblzhn inefdrinefdrgl
gl bl eaia sdklk ka litul-
bdzlr pardùkdilga
pardùkdilga eta bls enrg ls ka bns tasts (D[I, ?=<=) plrl avdtlr detarpratlidneas y
kdlheùstdins
kdlheùstd ins arrùeans, y ens in efrnetl
efrnetl ine detarrnhletas
detarrnhletas liaril ka pnsdobas axpbd axpbdil-
il-
idneas ka asta faeùgaen ka puetulidneas iraidaet
iraidaetas
as buahn ka trlesiurrdkns
trlesiurrdkns lbh
lbhnn g ìs
ka vadeta lün s aetra g akdkls. Qel jdpùtasds
jdpùtasds taetltdvl pnkrçl rafardrsa
rafardrsa l bl defbuaeidl ka
bns eugarnsns a dgpnrtletas ilgodns qua vdaeae prnkuidäeknsa ae euastrn inetaxtn
snidniubturlb ae iuletn l gnklbdklkas ka irdlezl, astlobaidgdaetns ka blzns snidlbas,
akuilidùe fnrglb y en fnrglb ae pargle aeta ilgodn, lsç ingn lb vlbnr ka bl dglhae dglhae
ingn g lril ka äpnil. [lg odäe, bbls ls euavls taienbnhçls ka bl defnrglidùe
defnrglidùe y bls ingu-
edilidneas -[DI- detrnkuiae
detrnkuiae g nkdfdilidneas
nkdfdilidneas ka rabavleidl ae bl iubturl, bl snidaklk y bl
akuilidùe. Ab inetlitn intdkdlen ine astçgubns vdsulbas prnbdfarl y jlia gìs liiasdobas
lbhuens lpraekdzlcas, pnr bn iulb bnsbns edüns bns bnhrle letas qua ae käil kls plsl kls.
Astls trlesfnrglidneas
trlesfnrglidneas pnkrçle taear ae asa saetdkn ue dgplitn ae ab kasag paün kab
edün ae rablidùe ine su G lkuraz Inei aptulb avlbulkl l plrtdr ka ue tast hrìfdin hrìfdin y en
varolb, ingn as ab KFJ, qua ousil gakdr bl ilplidklk plrl haearlr ineiaptns ka
lostrliidùe iraidaeta y plrl pblsglrbns gakdleta ue kdoucn. [lgpnin puakae nbvd-
klrsa bns trlolcns rablidnelkns
rablidnelkns ine ab afaitn Fbyee, qudae
qudae kataitù lug aetns haearlidn-

elbaspneçle
qua ae bns ae
raekdgdaetns ae tasts jlodbdklkas
cuahn bls bblglkls ka detabdhaeidl
detabdhaeidl
fbuden
klsvarolb
fbudkls g ìs vdeiublkns
(Fareìekaz Bdpnrlia latbll b.,
dglhae,
?==90
Fbyee, <4:8 ). Lsç, ab avlbulknr taekrì ae iuaetl plrl ilkl il sn bl astdgublidùe y lbd-
gaetlidùe raidodkls, lsç ingn ab edvab akuiltdvn plraetlb ingn flitnras ka p asn.

[lobl 1. Kdfaraeidls ae bls puetulidneas notaedkls ae ab KFJ, lün <4:: vs. ?=<<

Olragn <4:: Olragn ?=<< Kdfaraeidls

Aklk ]ruaol t
 Gakdl asvçn Gakdl Kasvçn Losnbutls
1 <9,81 ;,9? <6,9< 1,8 ?,16 <=,1<**
6 <8,== 1,=< ?<,81 6,8< ;,81 <1,86**
8 ?<,69 1,<6 ?1,6< 8,?; 9,4: <?,14**
: ?9,91 1,?9 ?4,<1 8,?6 1,:= <:,?9**
4 ?6,46 6,6; 99,8; :,9; 6,8: <8,4;**
<= 9=,9? 6,<1 91,;; 4,?; 1,<? <8,6;**
<< 9?,91 8,8? 94,9: :,:8 8,=9 <6,64**
<? 99,=6 8,?4 94,:6 <=,1 6,:= <1,9 **

** Ydhedfdiltdvn p 2 .==<

AB KDOQCN KA BL FDHQ_L JQGLEL (KFJ) AE AKLK AYINBL_ < 98

[nglekn ingn olsa bl gdsgl guastrl defnrglkl ae ab astukdn enrgltdvn in-

ga etlkn, Ilrrarls, Qrdab y Fareìekaz B dpnrlia (?=<9) puobdilrne ntrn trlolcn
trlolcn snora
prnpdaklkas
fdfdil ralbdzlklpsdingätrdils
il ralbdzlkl psdingätrd ils kabklK FJ
p nr bls lutnrls plrlk edüns
iuaetl ae astukdns
a vlrdns aklk a sinblr.
sinblr. Bl rasaül
enrgltdvns odobdnhr
odobdnhrì-
qua snora ì-
bns
kdstdetns
kdst detns sd
sdstagls
stagls ka puetulidùe ka a sta tast sa jle prnkuidkn (Hn nkaenu hj, <4?60
Jlrrds, <4690 @nppdtz, <46:0 Elhbdard,
Elhbdard, <4::0 _ayenbks y J di`gle, ?==;). ]asa l astn
en axdstae guijns rapnrtas snora sus prnpdaklkas täiedils ae Bltdenlgärdil, ed as-
paiçfdilgaeta ae euastrn plçs. L bl vaz raslbtlrne devastdhlidneas raidaetas kneka
sa jlbblrne rasubtlkns
rasubtlkns in etrnvarsdlbas
etrnvarsdlbas raspaitn ka bl inrrablidùe
inrrablidùe kab KFJ ine prua-
detabdhaeidl a.h. Loabb, Jnr`jadgar y Ehuyae, <44:0 @lg pjlus y
ols qua a vlbóle bl detabdhaeidl
]badss, <44<0 Glrçe _ uakl y Y dstn, ?==6).
?==6). ]nr tnkn abbn sa kaidkdù inekuidr ue astukdn
ine bns dekdilknras
dekdilknras glku rltdvns
rltdvns kab KFJ ae asinblras ka bl Iduklk ka Ouaens Ldras
y ab Ineurolen, inesdkarìeknsa bns irdtardns ka puetulidùe ka Hnnkaenuhj-Jlrrds-
Ilsubbn (<4::), lsç ing n bns ka @nppdtz (<46:), qudae iblsdf
iblsdfdil
dil bns sdhens glku rltdvns
ae aspa rlkns, ingu eas, y axiapidnel bas (välsa ab lplrtlkn ?.1), snora bl olsa kab
leìbdsds ka fraiuaeidl ka lplrdidùe ka lquabbns. Yd odae sa trltl ka kns sdstagls ka
puetulidùe kdfaraetas, sa jl vardfdilkn
vardfdilkn u el a bavlkl lsnidlidùe (r7.:4) aetra
aetra bls pue -
tulidneas ka bl fdhurl kab jngora, ae bns ilsns ae bns qua abbl arl ingóe l lgols
asilbls (Fbnras Gaekn zl, Lbvas, Lolk y Babä, ?=<=). Ka astl g learl sa le lbdlbdzù
zù bl jn-
gnha eadklk y bl kdfdiubtlk
kdfdiubtlk ka bns 6? çtags
çtags pl rl ab sdstagl
sdstagl ka puetulidùe ka bl lklp-
tlidùe ka Il subbn
subbn (<4::) snora bl varsdùe nrd
nrdhdelb
hdelb ka Hn nkaenu hj-Jlrrds
hj-Jlrrds y sa rapbd
rapbdiù
iù
ab astukdn ralbdzlkn pnr @nppdtz. L plrtdr kab leìbdsds ka bns sdhens prnpuastns pnr
Hn nkae nuhj-Jl rrd
rrds-Ilsubbn,
s-Ilsubbn, sa inesarvlrne aetra <: y ;< ralitdvns sahóe ab hrupn
atlrdn inrraspnekdaeta y sa notuvdarne guy ouaens çekdias ka inesdstaeidl detarel
(aetra .:< y .49). Lb lelbdzlr bl kdfdiubtlk ka tnkns bns ralitdvns plrl ilkl hrupn ka
aklk, y olsìeknsa ae bns trlolcns ka @nppdtz, sa ralbdzlrne iìbiubns ka fraiuaeidl
tnglekn ing n puetn ka rafaraeidl
rafaraeidl bl prasaeidl kab çtag.
çtag. [ng lekn ab irdtardn
irdtardn ka @np-
pdtz,
pdtz, sa k aengdeù çtags ingueas l lquabbns deibudkns
deibudkns ae ab :1% n gìs ka bns kdoucns
ae ilkl hrupn ka aklk, çtags axiapidnel bas l bns prasaetas
axiapidnelbas prasaetas ae <1% n gaens ka bns
prntninbns ka ilkl aklk, a çtags asparlobas l bns qua lplraiçle aetra ab <6 y :;%
 ka bns kdoucns ae ilkl frlecl atlrd
atlrdl.
l. As detarasleta railbilr qua lqua bbns bbns çtags qu a
kdfdiubtlk (a. h., parfdb sdgp
sa k astlilrne pnr su kdfdiubtlk sdgp ba, parfdb ing pbacn, fraeta ing pbatn),
indeidkdarne
indeidkdar ne ine bns qua sa abdgdelrne ae bl g lynrçl ka bls akl kas ae a b leìbdsds
leìbdsds ka
jngn haeadklk, inefdrgìeknsa su deilplidklk plrl kdfaraeidlr bns kdstdetnskdstdetns edvabas
edvabas ka
jlodbdklk
jlodbdklk ae bns sucatns kab ga kdn bnilb.
Yd odae ae ab astukdn bnilb ka Ilrrarls at lb. (?=<9) bns çtags iltahnrdzlkns ingn
asparlkns y bns axiapidnelbas avdkaeidlrne sdgdbdtuk, ae bçeals haearlbas, ine bns de-
fnrglkns pnr @nppdtz, en katlbblragns astns óbtdgns ae astl norl pnr en jloarsa
lklptlkn l euastrl pnoblidùe. Bls bdgdtlidneas kab trlolcn bnilb raidaeta, lkagìs,
rasdkae ae qua sus rasubtlkns en jle sdkn ineibuyaetas klkns ab tlglün guastrlb
rakuidkn y bl yl ingaetlkl asilsl kdfusdùe kab usn ka bl asilbl glkurltdvl ka @np-
pdtz ae euastrn gakdn y, inesaiuaetagaeta, ka astukdns qua ba ordekae sustaetn ae
pnoblidùe bnilb. ]nr asta gn tdvn sa ngdta ordeklr katlbbas ka bns euavns jl bbbblzhns,
lzhns, ae
vdrtuk ka su asilsl lpbdilodbdklk jlstl qua sa kaslrrnbbae euavns trlolcns qua supa-
rae bls bdgdtlidneas gaeidnelkls.
Ka tnkns gnk ns, y sahóe bns letaiakaetas jlstl lquç kasirdptns,
kasirdptns, sa inesdkarl lb
KFJ ingn ue destrugaetn qua, l plrtdr
plrtdr kab leìbdsds
leìbdsds afaitulkn
afaitulkn p nr ue prnfasdnelb dkù-

< 9: FA_EÌEKAS BD]N_LIA, L. O_DSSDN y B. BÙ]AS

ean, pargdta pbledfdilr y kdsaülr astrltahdls psdinakuiltdvls taekdaetas l astdgublr ab

edvab glkurltdvn
glkurltdvn ineiaptulb lbilezlkn jlstl ab gngaetn, gacnrlekn ab kasagp aün
ae ab inetaxtn asinblr ae ilsn ka sar abbn eaiaslrdn (Ilrrarls at l b., ?=<9).

? 1 Bns lpnrtas haearlbas ka @nppdtz

Lsç ing
i ngn
n jagns ka
kastdelkn
stdelkn lplrtlkn
lplrtlkns
s aspaidlbas l bl kasirdpidù
kasirdpidùee ka bl varsdù
varsdùee
Hnnkae nuhj-Jlrrds-Ilsubbn plrl avlbulr bbll G lkuraz Ineiap tulb kab asinblr, tlgodäe
bls inetrdouidneas ka Abdzloatj @nppdtz (<46:) garaiae ue orava ingaetlrdn, l bl buz
ka su rabavleidl, aspaidlbgaeta pnr prasaetlr ab KFJ in gn tast avnbutdvn aqudvlbaeta
lb letardnr, y pnr bl deinrpnrlidùe ka Dekdilknras ka pn sdoba
sdoba Kdsfueidùe Eau rnbùhdil pnr
uel plrta, lsç ingn pnr inetagpblr Dekdilknr
Dekdilknras
as Ag nidnelb
nidnelbas
as vdeiublkns ine praniu-
plidneas, litdtukas
litdtukas y l esdaklkas detarparsnelbas ka bns edüns pnr bl ntrl. Bl lutnrl
sdstagltdzù, plrl edüns
edüns ka 1 l <? lüns, uen ka bns detaetns gìs rdhurnsns qua lpnrtl-
rne avdkaeidls rnoustls plrl axpbnrlr bls
bls tras ìrals g aeidnelkls. ]rnpusn sdstagls
ka puetulidùe astleklrdzlkns plrl bns tras
tras aefnquas prasaetlkns ‛ glkurltdvn, eaurn-
bùhdin
bùhdin y ag nidnelb‛
nidnelb‛ , kastlilekn qua bns Ydhens Agnidnelbas y ka K dsf
dsfueidù
ueidùee Ea urnbù-
hdil snblgaeta pnkçle sar taedkns ae iuaetl ae ab glrin ka uel avlbulidùe prabdgdelr
ka rlstrdbblca y ka edehuel glearl ae tärgdens ka ue kdlheùstdin kafdedtdvn.
kafdedtdvn. Ae iuletn
l bns ag nidnelb
nidnelbas,
as, fnrglbdzù
fnrglbdzù ue g ätnkn ka detarpratlidùe
detarpratlidùe prnyaitd
prnyaitdvl
vl ka bns KFJ ine-
tagpblekn bls rasarvls qua kaoae taearsa a e vdrtuk
vdrtuk ka qua ab ka slrrnb
slrrnbbn
bn glku rltdvn
rltdvn
dekdvdkulb
dekdvdkulb inestrdüa su vlbnr ing n dekdilknr prnyaitdvn, ka gnkn tlb qua en as pnsdoba
afaitulr uel a xtrlpnblidùe l bl defleidl ka bls ibìsdils detarpratlidneas qua sa ra lbd-
zle ine lkubtns. ]nr acagpbn, ue trlzn guy hruasn, raglrilkn, pnin prnbdcn y pnin
 inetdeun puaka kaoarsa ae ue edün paquaün l uel sdgpba deglkuraz gntrdz
inetdeun gntrdz y en l bl
ibìsdil lsnidlidùe ine dgpubsdvdklk n lhras dvd
dvdklk
klk qu a suaba jdpntatdzlrsa ae lk ubtns.
Bl lutnrl olsù sus trlolcns ine Ydhens Agnidnelbas ae bl tanrçl ka bls rablidn-
r ablidn-
eas detarparsnelbas
detarparsnelbas ka Jlrry Ytli` Y ubbdvle.
ubbdvle. ]bletaù bl jdpùtasds
jdpùtasds ka qua bns KFJ ra-
fbacle,
fbacle, lkag ìs kab edvab g lkurltdvn kab edün, sus vçeiubns detarparsnelbas, as ka idr,
sus litdtukas jlidl sç g dsgn y jli dl ntrns sdhedf
sdhedfdiltdvns.
diltdvns. Lfd
Lfdrglo
rglo l qua astns k doucns
sne uel vçl plrl dkaetdfdilr bls litdtukas kab edün jlidl bls axdhaeidls y taesdneas ka
bl vdkl y su fnrgl ka aefraetlrbls, lsç ingn bls lesdaklkas y gdakns qua puakle
lfaitlrbn inesidaeta n deinesidaetagaeta ae ue gngaetn klkn. Ka asta gnkn en
inesdkarù bns
bns KF J ing n uel dglhae ka lplrdaeidl ralb ed ingn u e rafb
rafbacn
acn ka rlshns
ka parsnelbdklk
parsnelbdklk pargleaetas ka ue e dün ‛ sd as qua pnkagns pargdtd
pargdtdrens
rens bl bdbdiaeidl
iaeidl

ka
quarafardrens l parsnelbdklk
ab kasliuarkn jl jlbblknaeolstleta
astl atlpl vdtlb, iuastdùe
inesaesn nocatn
lkvarsn‛, sdenka kaolta
ingn y snorakab
bl guastrl bl
astlkdn litulb kab kaslrrnbbn
kaslrrnbbn gaetlb y ka bls litd
litdtukas
tukas y praniuplidneas kab edün ku-
rleta ue parçnkn klkn. L trlväs kab tdagpn, y kaodkn l bl glk urlidùe y bl axpardaeidl,
bns lspaitns avnbutdvns
avnbutdvns puaka e vlrdlr, lsç ingn bns ag nidnelbas (qua sa trltlrìe
trltlrìe ae
ab lplrtlkn ?.6.)
?.6.)..
@nppdtz tlgodäe deinrpnrù bl avlbulidùe ka dekdilknras ka pnsdoba Kdsfueidùe
Eaurnbùhdil, qua sa kardvle ka bns G lkurltdvns
Eaurnbùhdil, lkurltdvns ine lbhuels slbvaklkas, y sa kasl-
rrnbble
rrnbble ae ab lplrtlkn ?.8.
L kdfaraeidl
kdfaraeidl ka bls inesdhels ka Hnn kaenuhj (<4?6) y H nnkaenuhj-J lrrdlrrdss (<469),
@nppdtz snbdidtlol
snbdidtlol snblga eta ab kdoucn ka uel parsnel aetarl. Ynstaeçl astl kdstdeidùe,

AB KDOQCN KA BL FDHQ_L JQGLEL (KFJ) AE AKLK AYINBL_ <94

deibdelkl l en asp aidfdilr ab saxn ka bl parsne l l kdouclr ed l snbdidtlr kdoucns lkdidn-

elbas yl qua su axpardaeidl ibçedil
ibçedil ba dekdilol qua bns edüns kdouclole haearlbgaeta
ae prdga r buhlr bl fdhurl
fdhurl ka su prnpdn saxn, sdaekn a sta hrìfdin ka gacnr ilbdklk qua
pnsdobas kdoucns ubtardnras. _aingaeklol ingpbagaetlr ab KFJ ine bl lkgdedstrl-
idùe ka ntrl pruaol orava ingn ab [ast Huastìbtdin Vdsngntnr ka O
Oaekar
aekar Oaekar,
<488 /?=<?0 @nppdtz, <46:) n lbhóe kdoucn bdor
bdoraa n ka bl flgdbd
flgdbdll ing pbatl, lsç ingn bl
prnkuiidùe ka jdstnrdls u nrlidneas deingpbatls, qua pnkçle rasubtlr gìs aerdquaia-
knrls qua uel sahuekl fdhurl juglel, avlbulekn ntrns lspaitns ing pbagaetlrd
pbagaetlrdns.
ns.
_aslbtlgns bl dgpnrtleidl qua lsdhelol @nppdtz l qua bl tlral fuarl ralbdzlkl pnr
pakdkn kab axlgdelknr, ga kdleta uel lkg dedstrlidùe
dedstrlidùe dekdvdkulb y ae su prasaeidl, plrl
dekdvdkulb
lsç agpbalr ab tast ingn uel fnrgl in guediltdvl hrìfdhrìfdil
il aetra ab edün y su detarbniutnr
(ae asta ilsn ab psdiùbnhn avlbulknr), kdf
kdfdrd
drdaekn
aekn ka b kdoucn aspnetìean.  

?.6. Bns Dekdilknras Agnidnelbas ka @nppdtz

L plrtdr ka bl ravdsdùe
ravdsdùe ka bls prnpuastls taùrdils ka lutnras
lutnras qua detarpratlol
detarpratlole
e
hrìfdins ka bns edüns k aska ue aefnqua prnyaitdvn a. h.3 Jlg gar, <41:0 Cnbbas,
bns hrìfdins
<41?0 Bavy, <41:0 G lijnvar, <4;4, <419) y, inetlekn tlgodäe ine bl axpardaeidl
axpardaeidl ka
su prnpdl prìitdil ibçedil,
ibçedil, @nppdtz sabaiidneù plrl bl avlbulidùe kab KF J, Dekdilknras
qua kaengdeù Agnidnelbas (ae lka bleta, DAs). Astns çtags kdfdarae ka bns G lkurltd-
 vns qua sa gaeidnelrne asiuatlgaeta ae ab lplrtlkn ?.1. puastn qua deinrpnrle
uel euavl gnklbdklk ka avlbulidùe kab hrìfdin
hrìfdin ka bl fdhurl
fdhurl juglel ae aklk asinblr,

taedaekn
kns ing naesdhens
iua etl lspaitnsaeprnyaitdvns.
nocatdvns prnyaitdv ns. Bns
ab KFJ jdpnt
jdpntätd Dekdilknras
ätdilgaeta
ilgaeta Agnidnelbas
rablidnelkns inefuarne kafded-
bls lesdakl-
kas, praniuplidneas y litdtukas ka lquabbns qua bns prnkuiae ae sus kdoucns. Astl-
obaidù qua bns DAs kaoae sa r ilplias ka iug pbdr ttras
ras irdtard
irdtardns3
ns3 l) kaoae sa r deusulbas
lb prasaetlrsa ine asilsl fraiuaeidl ae bns edüns qua en i nesubtle pnr prnobagìtd-
ils ka çeknba ag nidnelb, as kaidr, ab sdhen
sdhen kaoa astlr prasaeta ae gaens kab <6% ka
bns edüns en inesubtletas ka ue edvab ka aklk klkn. o) En kaoae astlr rablidnelkns
rablidnelkns
ine bl aklk y bl glkurlidùe kab edün, aetaekdäeknsa
aetaekdäeknsa qua su fraiuaeid
fraiuaeidll ka n iurraeid
iurraeidll
ae bns KFJ en kaoa lug aetlr snb snblgaeta
lgaeta y/n eaiaslrdlgaeta snora bl olsa kab ira-
idgdaetn irnenbùhdin kab sucatn. i) Kaoae sar ilplias ka kdfaraeidlr aetra KFJ ka
edüns ine prnobagls ag nidnelbas y bns KFJ ka bns qua en bns tdaeae.
tdaeae.
Bl lutnrl prnpusn dedidlbgaeta ue bdstlkn ka 9: sdhens nocatdvns qua, buahn ka
astukdns enrgltdvns y ka vlbdklidùe ibçedil, rakucn l 9= DAs. Ae bl [lobl 6 qua sa

?. Lkvartaeidl dgpnrtleta plrl ab baitnr3 vnbvdaekn lb ìral Glkurltdvn-Ineiaptulb l bl qua @nppdtz tlg-
odäe prastlol aspaidlb ltaeidùe luequa agpbalekn çtags kdfaraetas ka bns ka bl varsdùe Hnnkaenuhj-
Jlrrds-Ilsubbn prasaetlkl ae bns lplrtlkns ?.<. l ?.;. y Leaxns L y O, kaoagns lkvartdr qua tlb asilbl
ka Glkuraz Ineiaptulb ablonrlkl pnr @nppdtz en sarì lquç trltlkl ae katlbba puastn qua en axdsta uel
varsdùe bnilb raidaeta
raidaeta kaodklgaeta lelbdzlkl y lklptlkl. As pnr abbn qua astl Asilbl G lkurltdvl sa tnglrì
ka Hnnkaenuhj-Jlrrds-Ilsubbn
Hnnkaenuhj-Jlrrds-Ilsubbn y sç ens axtaekaragns ae bns Dekdilknras
Dekdilknras Ag nidnelbas
nidnelbas y Eaurnbùhdins
Eaurnbùhdins ka
@nppdtz lplrtlkns ?.6. y ?.8., aspaidlbgaet
aspaidlbgaeta
a [lobls : y 4 y Leaxns I y K), qua as bl óedil lutnrl qua
bns kaslrrnbbl y sdstagltdzl. Lsç, l bns fdeas ka bl oravaklk y bl partdeaeidl, en jagn s deibudkn ab bdstlkn
bdstlkn ka
Çtags Avnbutdvn-Ineiaptulbas ka @nppdtz -iblsdfd
-iblsdfdilkns
ilkns pnr abbl ingn asparlkns, inguea s y axiapidnel-
bas- pnr ilraiar ka utdbdklk plrl ab prnfasdnelb ka euastrn ga kdn.

<;= . FA_EÌEKAS BD]N_LIA, L. O_DSSDN y B. BÙ]AS

prasaetl ae ab suolpl rtlkn ?.6.

?.6.<.
<. Astukdns enrgl tdvns y ka vlbdklidùe ib
ibçedil
çedil ka bns
DAs , sa bdstle bns dekdi
dekdilkn
lknras
ras ae fueidù
fueidùee ka bls tras iltahnrçl
iltahnrçls
s qua @nppdtz usl
uslol
ol
plrl lhruplrbns3 4 Ydhens I ulbdtltdvns, <9 Katlbbas Aspaidlbas y : Ngdsdneas ka lb-
huel plrta ka bl fdhurl. Kasilrtù ntrns : sdhens pnr en iugpbdr bns irdtardns aeue-
idlkns ae a b pìrrlfn
pìrrlfn praiaka eta. Abb
Abbns
ns sne Fdhur
Fdhurll hrleka , Iloazl h rleka, Ncns vl-
içns, Bçeal ka olsa, [ rlzns fr
içns, frlh
lh ga etlkns, Gdr
Gdrlkl
lkl s bltarlbas, Fdhurl detarr
detarrugpdkl
ugpdkl ae
ab onrka ka bl jncl y Ynb. ]nr su plrta, ae ab Leaxn I . sa prasaetle plutls plrl dkae-
tdfdilr bns bAs, inesdkarlekn snblgaeta bns ?? qua notuvdarne rasubtlkns pnsdtdvns ae
iuletn l su vl bdklidùe
bdklidùe ae bl lklp tlidùe rraidaetagae
aidaetagae ta jaijl plrl ab inetaxtn bnilb
(Ordzzdn at lb., ?=<;, qua tlgodäe sa lülk ae l bl [lobl 6 plrl glynr iblrdklk.
iblrdklk. Ae asta
saetdkn, bns astukdns ka Ordzzdn y inblonrlknras jle vardfdilkn bl vdhaeidl detarpratl-
tdvl
tdvl ka bns DAs pa rn sucatl l bl aklk ae pnoblid
pnoblidùe
ùe bnilb, puast
puastnn qua bns lspa itns gl-
kurltdvns, ingn letas sa ingaetlrl, inestrdüae bls detarpratlidneas prnyaitdvls, lue
plrl ab ilsn ka Fdhurl detarrugpdkl, qua fuarl pravdlgaeta kasilrtlkn pnr @nppdtz.
Ine ab nocatdvn ka pnear l pruaol
pruaol bns kns pr
prdgarns
dgarns irdtardns pr
prnpuastn
npuastns
s plrl
 inesdkarlr astns Dekdilknras ingn Agnidnelbas lplrdidùe deusulb y en rabli
rablidnel-
dnel-
kns ine bl aklk y glkurlidùe kab edün), @nppdtz lelbdzù <:16 kdoucns ka edüns ka
pnoblidùe haearlb aetra 1 y <? l üns, vardf
vardfdilekn
dilekn qua astns 9= sdhens arle, afaitdvl-
gaeta, ilplias ka iugpbdr ine asns kns irdtardns. [lgodäe l plrtdr ka bns rasubtlkns
ka astns astukdns snstuvn qua bl prasaeidl ka kns n gìs Dekdilknras Ag nidnelbas
ae ue KFJ pnkrçl suhardr
suhardr prnobagls agnidnelbas ae ab edün @nppdtz, <466, <46:)
iuastdùe qua, ka tnkns gn kns, ae bl litulbdklk, y ae sdt
sdtulidneas
ulidneas ka avlbulidùe psd-
inbùhdil
inbùh dil lpbd
lpbdilkl,
ilkl, rainga
raingaeklg
eklgns
ns inetagpblr ine bl gl
glynr
ynr p
pruk
rukaeidl
aeidl l bbl
l buz kab
rastn kab gltardlb railolkn
railolkn a e bl oltarçl y ka bls kagìs fuaetas ka defnrglidùe (pl-
kras, knia etas, ati.).
]nr óbtdgn, y l bns fdeas ka vardfdilr bl vlbdkaz ibçedil ka astns dekdilknras, @np-
pdtz ingplrù kns hrupns, ingpuastns lgons pnr edüns y edüls aetra 1 y <? lüns,
jng nhaeadzlkns sahó e saxn y aklk. Ab prdgar
prdgar hrupn sa aeinetrlol ae tr
trltlgdaetn
ltlgdaetn
psdqudìtrdin gdaetrls qua ab sahuekn astlol detahrlkn pnr lbugens ka asiuabls ka
pnoblidùe haearlb. Bns rasubtlkns dekdilrne qua <? ka bns 9= DAs notuvdarne kdfarae-
idls astlkçstdilg
astlkçstdilg aeta sdhedfd
sdhedfdiltdvls
iltdvls l flvnr ka bl gu astrl inesubtleta0 as kaidr, qua
bns edüns y bls edüls kab hrupn ae trltlgdaetn
tr ltlgdaetn psdqudìtrdin gnstrlrne uel prasaeidl
sdhedfdiltdvlgaeta glynr ka ilkl uen ka asns dekdilknras raspaitn kab hrupn en
inesubtleta. Bns <: DAs rastletas fuarne inesarvlkns inesdkarlekn ntrns irdtardns,

ingn pnr acagpbn su dgpnrtleidl l bl jnrl ka fnrglr ue cudidn ibçedin, bl glynr fra-
iuaeidl ka niurraeidl ae ab hrupn inesubtleta (lue sde sdhedfdilidùe astlkçstdil), lsç
ingn bl rlrl n eubl prasaeidl ka lbhóe dekdilknr qua en pargdtdpargdtdarl
arl bl ralbd
ralbdzlidùe
zlidùe kab
leìbdsdss astlkçstdin inrraspnekdaeta. Ae asta ó btd
leìbdsd btdgn
gn ilsn, as dg pnrtleta liblrlr qua
sd ue sdhen ka lpl rdid
rdidùe
ùe dejlodtulb sa aeiua etrl prasaeta ae ue hrìfdin klkn puak a
vlbnrlrsa iulbdtltdvlga
iulbdtltdvlga eta ae vdstl ka su pnsdoba sdhedfdilidùe
sdhedfdilidùe ibçedil,
ibçedil, sd abbn inrraspne-
kdara, sdagpra taedaekn ae iuaetl bl tntlbdklk kab gltardlb rainhdkn ae bl avlbuli dùe.
]nr ilsn, ab dekdilknr Haedtlbas as ue DA ka g uy olcl lpl rdidùe ae bns kdoucns defletd
defletd--
bas, parn sd sa prasaetl as linesacloba taearbn ae iuaetl klkls sus pnsdobas detar detarpra-
pra-
tlidneas ae ab glrin ka uel avlbulidùe hbnolb.
Inetdeulekn bns astukdns ka @nppdtz sa rahdstrle trlolcns enrgltdvns y ka vlbdkl-
idùe ibçedil ka bns DAs prnpuastns pnr bl lutnrl, luequa asilsns y en sdagpra raidae-
tas. Aetra abbns sa uodile bns kaslrrnbbns bnilbas qua sa katlbble ae ab suolplrtlkn

AB KDOQCN KA BL FDHQ_L JQGLEL (KFJ) AE AKLK AYINBL_ < ;<

?.6.<. -ae asta ilsn sç gìs litulbas-, lsç ingn ntrns prnkuidkns pnr Olrrns a Dsne
(?==?), Iltta
Iltta y Inx (<444), Kdaffaeolij
Kdaffaeolij (<48: ), y Fubbar, ]rauss y Jlw `des (<48=). ]nr
ntrn blkn, lbhuens devastdhlknras kaslrrnbblrne ntrns sdstagls
sdstagls k a puetulidùe ka çtag s
ka çeknba ag nidnelb rabavlkns ae kdoucns ka fdhurls juglels qua , sd odae inetagp ble
lbhuens sdhens inesdkarlkns pnr @nppdtz, sugle ntrns euavns Banenwaes ]attar-
sae, ?==;0 Gl hletn y Hlrldhnrknodb, ?==4, ?=<<0 Elhbdard,
Elhbdard, GiE adsj y Olrkns, <44 <).
Lplrta ka inesdkarlr bl prasaeidl n lusaeidl ka bns dekd
dekdilknras,
ilknras, @nppdtz kastdeù
plrta ka sus astukdns l lsdhelr pnsdobas sdhedfdilkns
sdhedfdilkns l ilkl uen ka bns Ydhens Ag n-
idnelbas qua prnpusn. Ae asta saetdkn, sa olsù ae su prnpdl axpardaeidl ibçedil
ibçedil a de-
vastdhltdvl, lsç ingn ae bls jdpùtasds fnrgublkls y kltns no taedkns pnr ntrns lutnras
ingn G lijnvar (<4;4), Bavy (<41:), Jlg gar (<41:) y Cnbbas (<41?). Ae bn qua ras-
 paitl l bls devastdhlidneas qua detaetlrne sustaetlr bls jdpùtasds prnyaitd
prnyaitdvls,
vls, @npp dtz
bbavù l ilo
i lon
n astu
astukdns
kdns ine edü
edüns
ns ine prnoba
prnobagl
gls
s ka ingpnrtlgdaetn
ingpnrtlgdaetn y lpraekdzlca,
ine ilrlitarçstdils
ilrlitarçstdils parsnelbas tlbas ingn tdgdkaz
tdgdkaz n bl lhrasdùe,
lhrasdùe, ine ae fargaklkas
psdinsngìtdils, y tlgodäe
tlgodäe in e edüns qua taeçle letaiakaetas ka rnon, aetra ntrns.
Ae bl gl ynrçl ka bns ilsns suo rlyù qua en as p nsdoba afaitulr ue leìbdsds bbdealb
dealb n rç-
hdkn ae ab qua sa lsnida ue dekdilknr ine uel inekuitl katargdelkl, sden qua pnkrçl
gledfastlrsa lbhuel taekaeidl n prnolodbdklk sdhedfdiltdvl l aeinetrlr idartn dekdil-
knr agnidnelb
agnidnelb vdei
vdeiubl
ublkn
kn ine lbhuel ilrlitarçstdil ka parsnelbdklk n prnobag
prnobagìtdil
ìtdil
agnidnelb gìs haearlb. Qe acagpbn ka astns jlbblzhns sarçl bl prasaeidl gìs lsdkul
kab DA Fdhurl paquaül ae bns prntninbns ka edüns ine rlshns ka tdgdkaz y kapra-
sdùe. Yde agolrhn asta sdhen en sa aeinetrù ae tnkns bns prntninbns ka edüns ine
asta ltrdoutn psçqudin, rlzùe pnr bl qua en puaka praidslrsa qua bl lusaeidl ka ue
dekdilknr avdkaeida bl deaxdstaeidl ka uel ilrlitarçstdil katargdelkl ae ue sucatn.
[lgpnin bl prasaeidl kab DA puaka lsahurlr tlxltdvlgaeta su inrrabltn ingpnrtl-
gae tlb sdaekn
sdaekn astl uel jdpùtasds ibçedil
ibçedil qua kaoarì sng atarsa l pruaol gak dleta ab
rastn kab g ltardlb
ltardlb railolkn (defnrgletas
(defnrgletas iblva, ing pnrtlgdaetn nosarvlkn, rastn ka
bl oltarçl, gn tdvn ka inesubtl, sdtulidùe
sdtulidùe flgdbdlr) ae ue inetaxtn glyn r, luequa astls
lpraidlidneas a detarpratlidneas pn krìe sar ótdbas l bl jnrl ka ilrlitardzlr ab parfd
parfdbb kab
avlbulkn sdagpra qua sa bls lelbdia ine ilutabl. As dgpnrtleta
dgpnrtleta kastlilr qua bl lu-
tnrl lkvdrtdù
lkvdrtdù snora bns p abdhrns ka uslr g aiìedil y bdealbgae ta tlbas detarpratlidneas.
detarpratlidneas.
Indeidkdgns ine @ nppdtz ae avdtlr
avdtlr klr asta tdpn ka ag pban l astls inecaturls puastn
qua bns kdoucns, lb lelbdzlrsa kaska uel ùptdil prnyaitdvl kaoae sar avlbulkns ka
fnrgl jnbçstdil, inetagp blekn ntrns lspaitns rabavletas ae ab prniasn ka avlbulidùe
psdinbùhdil, ingn ab inetaxtn ka lkgdedstrlidùe, bl aklk, bl glkurlidùe, ab astlkn
agnidnelb, ab edvab snidnakuiltdvn, bl iubturl ka snidlbdzlidùe, lsç ingn ab rastn kab
gltardlb rainhdkn letas gaeidnelkn. Ae ab Leaxn K sa bdstle bns prdeidplbas sdhedfd-
ilkns qua @nppdtz inesdkarù pnsdobas plrl ilkl sdhen, tnglekn ae inesdkarlidùe
axibusdvlgaeta bns Dekdilknras
Dekdilknras Ag nidnelbas plrl bns qua jag ns jlbblkn avdkaeidls
ka vlbdkaz ae eua strn gakdn (Ordzzdn at l b., ?=<;).

?.6.<. Bns astukdns enrgltdvns y ka vlbdklidùe ibçedil ka bns

Dekdilknras Agnidnelbas

]lslekn ljnrl
prasaetlragns lquçlabastukdns
trlolcn ka
qualklptlidùe bnilblka
jagn s bbavlkn bns lbhuels
ilon Dekdilknras Agnidnelbas,
ka bls lutnrls kab
prasaeta ilpçtubn y qua pargdtdù lpnrtlr lbhuels avdkaeidls agpçrdils plrl vlbdklr

< ;? . FA_EÌEKAS BD]N_LIA, L. O_DSSDN y B. BÙ]AS

ibçedilgaeta astns sdhens kab KFJ, kafdedkns pnr @nppdtz (Ordzzdn, Bùpaz, Buijattd
y Ytnvar, ?=<;). Agpraekdgns astl devastdhlidùe olsìeknens ae bl rabavleidl qua
lsdhelgns l tnglr ae inesdkarlidùe bls kdfaraeidls iubturlbas ae bns prniasns ka
lklptlidùe ka pruaols psdinbùhdils (Fareìekaz Bdpnrlia, Ilyssdlbs y ]äraz, ?==40
Glrde, <4:60 G uüdz, Abnsól y Jlg obatobatne,
ne, ?=<9). Astl tlr
tlral
al lpnrtl, lkagìs, abagae-
tns sdhedfdiltdvns
sdhedfdiltdvns plrl bl dkaetdfdilidùe
dkaetdfdilidùe ka edüns a e rdashn ka aeine trlrsa plkaidaekn
 uel prnobagìtdil ka tdpn agnidnelb, pnr bn qua tlgodäe sa bl prasaetl ingn uel
jarrlgdaetl ótdb plrl su usn ae tlrals ka prng nidùe y pravaeidùe kaetrn kab ilgpn
ka bl ltaeidùe prdglrdl ka bl slbuk Ordzzdn, Bùpaz y Buijattd
Buijattd,, ?=<?). As dgpnrtleta
liblrlr qua en jagns bbavlkn lkableta devastdhlidneas taekdaetas l va rdf
rdfdilr
dilr bls detar-
pratlidneas
pratlidneas prnyai tdvls
tdvls qua prnpnea @ nppdtz, sd odae
odae asta aq udpn ka trlolcn ralbdzù
lbhuens asfuarzns ae asta saetdkn (Bùpaz, Buijattd y Ordzzdn, ?=<9), sden qua jagns
iaetrlkn bns leìbdsds óedilgaeta ae klr iuaetl ka bns dekdilknras qua pargdtle kd-
faraeidlr y kataitlr pnsdoba prasaeidl ka prnobagìtdil ag nidnelb. Bls detarprat
detarpratlidn-
lidn-
eas qua sa kaspraekle kab leìbdsd
leìbdsdss ka ilkl dekdilknr plrtdiublr
plrtdiublr inetd
inetdeóle
eóle quaklekn
prnvdsdnelbgae
prnvdsdnelb gae ta sucatls l bls prnpuastls ka @np pdtz,
pdtz, lhulrklekn euav ns astukdns
ae pnoblidùe bnilb, qua rasubtle dgprasidekdobas y sne uel urhaeta ìral ka vlileidl
devastdhltdvl.
Ae fueidùe ka bn axpuastn, sa sdhudù ab nocatdvn ka pnear l pruaol ae pnoblidùe
bnilb bns tras
tras irdt
irdtardns
ardns prnpuastns pnr @np pdtz plrl inesdkarlr ilkl Dekdilknr Ag nidn-
elb ingn tlb (Ordzzdn at lb., ?=<;). As kaidr, ousiìolgns vardfdilr
vardfdilr sd ilkl dekdilkn r arl
defraiuaeta, sd en sa rablidnelol ine bl aklk n bl glkurlidùe, y sd pnsaçl ilplidklk
kdsirdgdeltdvl
kdsirdgdeltd vl aetra edüns ine y sde prnobag ìtdils agnidnelbas. Ya trlolcù, raspai-raspai-
tdtdvlg
vlg aeta, ine kns gua strls (L y O) inefnrglkl s pnr <9< edüns ae inesu btl btl psdin-
bùhdil (11 edüls
edüls y 86 vlrneas) y ;:: edüns ka pnoblidùe haearlb (?:: gucaras y <::
vlrneas). [nkns bns avlbulkns rasdkçle
rasdkçle ae Iduklk ka O uaens Ldras y Hrle O uaens
Ldras) y sa aeinetrlole asinblrdzlkns ka ska praasinblr l 8 ½ hrlkn. Bls akl kas vlrdl-
ole aetra bns 6 y bns <? lüns (Gakd laklk 7 :.980 KA 7 <.:).<.:). Lb gngaetn ka bl lkg ded deds-
s-
trlidùe
trlid ùe bns edüns ka bl guastrl L sa aeinetrlole ae inesubtl psdinbùhdil
psdinbùhdil lgoubltnrd
lgoubltnrdll
y su puetulidùe ka KF J ae lsp aitns glku rltd rltdvns
vns suparlol, ae prng akdn, ab pariaetd
pariaetdbb
9=, as kaidr, sa uodilol ae ab tärgden ga kdn ae iule tn l kaslrrnbbn ineiaptulb. Ae ra-
blidùe ine ab gntdvn ka inesubtl, ab <?,?% (e 7 <6) kagl eklol ltaeidùe pnr prnobagls
ka lpraekdzlca, ab <9% (e 7 <8) pnr prnobagls ka inekuitl, ab <1,9% (e 7 ?=) inesub-
tlol pnr kdfdiubtlkas
kdfdiubtlkas ine ab hrupn prdglrdn y ab 4,4% (e 7 <9), pnr irdsds ka lesdaklk.
Bl gu astrl ka pnoblidùe haearlb (O) sa tngù ine bl inblonrlidùe ka lbugens y kn-
iaetas ka bl lsdhelturl [anrçl y [äiedil ka Axpbnrlidùe y Kdlh Kdlh eùstdin.
eùstdin. Gùkubn <, Iìta -
krl ?, ka bl Fliubtlk ka ] sdinbnhçl ka bl Qedvarsdklk ka O uaens L dras, y ffua ua utdbd
utdbdzlkl
zlkl l
bns fdeas
fdeas ka rabavlr bns raqudsdtns prnpuastns pnr @npp dtz plrl inesdkarlr ue Dekdilknr
ingn Agnidnelb, axlgdelekn su lplrdid lplrdidùe
ùe deusulb, su kasvdeiublidùe raspait
raspaitnn ka bl
aklk y bl glkurlidùe, lsç ingn su vlbdkaz ibç ibçedil
edil n ilplidklk plrl kdfaraeidlr
kdfaraeidlr prnt
prntn-
n-
inbns ka sucatns ka bl guastrl ibçedil y ka bl ka pnoblidùe haearlb avlbulkns l idahls.
Ae prdgar buhlr
buhlr lkgdedstrlgns ab [ast kab Kdoucn ka bl Fdhurl Juglel varsdùe
Hnnkae nuhj-Jlrrds-Ilsubb
nuhj-Jlrrds-Ilsubbn)
n) l edüns k a pnoblidùe haearlb (guastrl O) y l edüns qua
lsdstçle
agnidnellb inesubtl
(guastrl psdinbùhdil
L). Ae lgonslb ilsns,
gngaetn ka bl savlbulidùe
snbdidtlgn
snbdidtlgn pnr lbhuel
inesaetdgdaetn kdfdiubtlk
defnrglkn ka bns
plkras plrl jliar usn ka bns prntninbns ae bl devastdhlidùe, rahdstrlekn kltns snidn-
kagnhrìfdins -qua sa gletuvdarne leùedgns- y bns ibçedins partdeaetas.

AB KDOQCN KA BL FDHQ_L JQGLEL (KFJ) AE AKLK AYINBL_ < ;9

 
 Ingn yl ingaetlgns ine letardnrdklk, ae prdgar buhlr sa dkaetdfdiù bl fraiuaeidl
ka lplrdidùe
lplrdidùe ka bns 9: DAs kab K FJ prnpuastns deddedidlb
idlbgaeta
gaeta pn r @nppdtz ae bns prntn-
inbns ka bns edüns ka pnoblid
pnoblidùe
ùe haearlb, kdsirdgdelkn
kdsirdgdelkn sahóe aklkas plrl katargdelr
sd sa lkvartçl
lkvartçl ue lu gaetn ae su fraiuaeid
fraiuaeidll ka lp lrdi
lrdidùe
dùe l gakdkl qua sa deiragae-
tlole bl aklk y g lkurlidùe ka bns ed edüns,
üns, ka gn kn ka ka silrtlr lquabbns
lquabbns sdhens
sdhens qua
gle dfastlrae
dfastlrae astl ilrlitarçstd
ilrlitarçstdil,
il, ousilekn su dekapaekae idl raspaitn ka bl aklk y
ka bl glkuraz.
L plrtdr ka astns kltns sa nosarvù
nosarvù q
qua
ua bns dekdilknras ]darels cuetls y Orlzns
inrtns sa prasaetle ae g ìs kab <1% a e ilsd tnkls bls
bls aklka s, kaodaekn abdgdelrsa
abdgdelrsa
ka bl bdstl ka DAs plrl astl guastrl. Lbhuens sdhens en pnkrçle inesdkarlrsa ingn
agnidnelbas ae bls aklkas gaenras klkl su lbtl fraiuaeidl ae asns hrupns. Abbns
sne Detahrlidùe pnora ka bls plrtas ka bl fdhurl, ]rneueidlkl lsdgatrçl ka bls axtra-
gdklkas y Glens ngdtdkls, iuyl lplrdidùe ae bns prntninbns ka edüns ka 6 lü ns fua
gìs ing óe qua bn asparlkn ingn p lrl inestdtud
inestdtudrr ue sdhen ka kaspdstlca
kaspdstlca ag nidnelb.
nidnelb.
]nr su plrta, Fdhurl paquaül, Ncns vliçns y Ngdsdùe ka iuabbn, rasubtlrne pnin fra-
iuaetas raidäe l plrtdr ka bns : lüns g daetrls
daetrls qua Ngdsdùe ka elrdz y Orlzns inrtns,
kaska bns 4 y <= lüns raspaitdvlg
raspaitdvlg aeta, rasubtlekn
rasubtlekn DAs kaska asls akl kas ae lka-
bleta, yl qua su lplrdidùe pnr aeidgl ka asa bçgdta ka aklk kdsgdeuçl jlstl sar defa-
rdnr lb <1% ka bns ilsns.
Gdrlkls bltarlbas ka lgons ncns sa aeinetrù ae g ìs kab <1% k a bns sucatns kab
hrupn ka << lüns axibusdvlgaeta pnr bn qua ae ab rastn ka bls aklkas pnkrçl sar
deusulb
deusulb y, pnr aeka taear vlbnr ingn <A, axibuyäe
axibuyäeknsa
knsa ing
ingn
n tlb plrl bns <
<<< lüns.
[rlzns frlhgaetlkns/asqudidlkns pnkrçl inesdkarlrsa DA jlstl bns <= lün s, yl qua
l bns << y <? parkarçl su ilrlitarçstdil ka deusulb. ]arn, lkagìs kab pnriaetlca ka
lplrdidùe, lgons dekdilknras gledfastlrne ue deiragaetn plubltden l gakdkl qua
lsiaekçl bl akl k, lb dhulb
dhulb qua ae bns astukdns ka @ nppdtz. As pnr astl rlzùe qua sa
kaidkdù abdgdelrbns ka bl bdstl ka tloublidùe fdelb ka DAs, linrklekn ine bl prasue-
idùe ka asl lutnrl ka qua sa trltlrç
trltlrçll ka sdhens ka snfdstdilidùe
snfdstdilidùe ae ab kdoucn. Edehóe
ntrn DA gnstrù ue lugaetn rahublr y inesdkarloba ae su fraiuaeidl ka lplrdidùe
sahóe ab lugaetn ka aklk irnenbùhdil, aetaekdaekn qua tnkns bns rastletas iug-
pbae ine asl plutl. Qel vaz katarg
katargdelkns
delkns astns rasubtlkn
rasubtlkns,
s, sa pusn l p
pruao
ruaol
l bl
vlbdkaz ibçedil ka bns 9; DAs inesarvlkns, as ka idr qua pnsayarle ilpl idklk kdsird-
vlbdkaz kdsird-
gdeltdvl aetra bns kdoucns ka bns sucatns ka bl g uastrl ibçed
ibçedil
il y en ibçedil
ibçedil (gu astrls
L y O ).
Bns jlbblzhns ka asta astukdn vardfdilrne bl vlbdkaz ibçedil ka lbhuens ka bns 9;
DAs. Bns Z? ilbiublkns plrl lelbdzlr kapaekaeidl sdhedfdiltdvl
sdhedfdiltdvl aetra astns y bl par-
taeaeidl kab edün lb hrupn inesubtleta (guastrl L) n ka p noblidùe haearlb (gu
(gu astrl
O) fuarne flvnrlobas
flvnrlobas p
plrl
lrl bns sdhudaetas e
eua
uava
va Dekdi
Dekdilknras3
lknras3 Detahrlidùe pnora ka
bls plrtas ka bl fdhurl, Yngoralkn ka bl ilrl n plrta ka bl gdsgl, Fdhurl paquaül,
[rlesplraeidl, Orlzns pahlkns, Glens hrlekas, Glens ngdtdkls, Ngdsdùe ka pdas
y Ngdsdùe ka iuabbn. En n ostleta, sd odae
odae bns DAs Yngoralkn y Orlzns pahlkns pra-
saetlrne kdfaraeidls sdhedfdiltdvls
sdhedfdiltdvls ae lgons hrupns, ab glynr pnriaetlca sa kdn ae
ab hrupn ka pnoblidùe haearlb, rlzùe pnr bl qua sa kaidkdù abd
abdgdelrbns
gdelrbns tlgodäe ka bl
bdstl fdelb ka DAs.
]nr ntrl
ntrl plrta, taedaekn ae iuaetl ntrns irdtardns qua @nppdtz (<46:)
(<46: ) inesdkarù
plrl gletaear lbhuens DAs, lkagìs
lkagìs ka bl vlbdkaz ibç
ibçedil
edil astlk
astlkçstdilga
çstdilgaeta
eta sdh
sdhedfd
edfd--
iltdvl, ntrns <1 sdhens kaoarçle prasaetlrsa ae asta ilsn ae vdrtuk ka su vlbnr

< ;; . FA_EÌEKAS BD]N_LIA, L. O_DSSDN y B. BÙ]AS

 
ibçedin, bl glynr niurraeidl kab dekdilknr ae bl guastrl inesubtleta raspaitn ka
bl guastrl ka pnoblidùe haearlb -luequa asl kdfaraeidl en fuarl astlkçstdilgaeta
sdhedfdiltdvl-, n su rlrl lpl rdidùe, qua dgpdkdarl afaitulr bns leìbdsds astlkçstdins in-
sdhedfdiltdvl-,
rraspnekdaetas. Ae asta astukdn sa kaidkdù gletaear sads DAs pnr g lynr niurraeidl
en sdhedfdiltdvl
sdhedfdiltdvl (]rneueidlkl lsdgatrçl ka bls axtragdklkas, Deibdelidùe ka bl fdhurl,
Kdaetas, Orlzns blrhns, Fdhurl gnestrunsl, Ngdsdùe ka elrdz) y euava qua en pu-
kdarne lelbdzlrsa klkl su rlrl n eubl prasaeidl ae bns prntninbns ka bls guastrls
utdbdzlkls, sdaekn gletaedkns pnr uel trlkdidùe ka irdtardn ibçedin (Yngoralkn ka
glens y/n iuabbn, Haedtlbas, Kdoucn aspnetìean, Fdhurl detarrugpdkl pnr ab onrka
ka bl jncl, Ngdsdùe ka ncns, Ngdsdùe ka onil, Ngdsdùe ka iuarpn, Ngdsdùe ka orl-
zns y Ngdsdùe ka pdarels).
[lgodäe sa ralbdzlrne pruaols plrl astlobaiar sd bl iletdklk ka DAs prasaetas ae
 

bns kdoucns ka bns edüns avlbulkns inestdtuç

inestdtuçll uel avdkaeidl kdstd
kdstdetdvl
etdvl aetra lgons hru-
pns. Bns rasubtlkns
rasubtlkns g nstrlr
nstrlrne
ne qua, ka liuarkn ine bl aklk, bl prasaeidl
prasaeidl ka g ìs ka
ue dekdilknr ae bns prntninbns pnkrçl klr buhlr l bl jdpùtasds ka uel pnsdoba prnoba-
gìtdil agnidnelb. Ka tnkls glearls, ae bçeal ine bn raingaeklkn pnr Fareìekaz
Bdpnrlia (<446), fraeta
fraeta l bl lplrdidùe ka ue snbn n pnins DAs ldsblkns ae u e KF J, sa
suhdara suglr ntrls pruaols ka rlstrdbblca, ingn pnr acagpbn bns Çtags Agnidnelbas
kab [ast Hua stìbtdin
stìbtdin Vdsngntnr ka O aekar, bl aetravdstl
aetravdstl l plkras, bls nosarvlidneas
kurleta bl avlbulidùe, aetra ntrns dekdilknras (välsa ab ilpçtubn 6), plrl inetagpblr bl
eaiasdklk ka u el kardvlidùe l uel avlbulidùe psdinbùhdil gìs katlbblkl ine pruaols
gìs aspaiçfdils.
aspaiçfdils.
Ae sug l, l plrtdr
plrtdr ka bns rasubtlkns
rasubtlkns nosarvlkns a e asta astukdn, ousilgns liar-
ilr avdkaeidls plrl inesdkarlr bl utdbdklk ka lbhuens ka bns DAs prnpuastns pnr @np-
pdtz y prnpneagns ue bdstlkn ótdb y lklptlkn plrl su usn prukaeta ae bl Iduklk ka
Ou aens Ldras y ab Ineurolen, ae Lrhaetdel. L inetdeulidùe ae bl [lobl 6 prasaetl-
gn s bl bdstl
bdstl ine bns ?? DAs l rabavlr sahóe a b astukdn bnilb rrafardkn,
afardkn, lsç ingn bls akl -
kas l plrtdr ka bls qua puakae sar inesdkarlkns ingn sdhedfdiltdvns. Bls iabkls ine
bçeals puetalkls inrraspnekae l dekdilknras qua en iugpbdarne ine edehóe irdtardn
ka vlbdklidùe ae bl guastrl bnilb. ]nr ntrn plrta, ae ab Leaxn I sa prasaetl ab Gl-
eulb ka [l oublidùe plrl astns DAs ine bls ilrlitardzlidneas partdeaetas qua parg dtle
dkaetdfdfdilrbns
dkaetd ilrbns inrraitlgaeta. Ab L eaxn K deibuya sus detarpratlid
detarpratlidneas
neas p sdinbùhd
sdinbùhdils
ils y
ingpnrtlgaetlbas gìs ibìsd ibìsdils,
ils, luequa eueil ueçvnils, pnr bn qua asa puetn kaoa
lonrklrsa ine il utabl inesdkarlekn bl avlbulidùe ka fnrgl jnbçstdil tlb tlb ingn fuarl
raingaeklkn pravdlgaeta.
pravdlgaeta.
 AB KDOQCN KA BL FDHQ_L JQGLEL (KFJ) AE AKLK AYINBL_ ;1

[lobl 6. Dekdilknras Agnidnelbas sahóe @nppdtz (sdhens iulbdtltdvns,

katlbbas aspaidlbas y ngdsdneas) y aklkas ae bls qua sa vardfdiù
su vlbdkaz ae Iduklk ka Ouaens Ldras y Ineurolen, sahóe aklk
(Ordzzdn, Bùpaz, Buijattd y Ytnvar, ?=<;)

b  sgnsx~~~§~
Aklkas ae bls Aklkas ae bls Aklkas ae bls
Ngdsdneas
Ydhens I ulbdtltdvns qua inesdkarlr Katlbbas Aspaidlbas qua inesd
inesdkarlr
karlr qua inesd
inesdkarlr
karlr
@nppdtz,
@nppdtz, <46:) ab DA O rdzzdn
rdzzdn at @nppdtz, <46:) ab bbA
A Ordzzdn at ab DA Ordzzdn at
<46:)
lB, ?=<;) lb., ?=<;) lb., ?=<;)

Detahrlidùe pnora ka bls

Kaska 8 lüns Iloazl paquaül Ncns Kaska 6 lüns
plrtas

Yngoralkn ka bl ilrl,
Ncns odzins Elrdz Kaska 4 lüns
kab iuarpn

Yngoralkn ka bls ax-

Kdaetas Kaska 6 lüns Onil Kaska 6 lüns
tragdklkas

Yngoralkn a ls
Kaska 6 lüns Orlz ns inrtns ---- Iuarpn Kaska 6 lüns
glens y/n ab iuabbn

]rneueidlkl lsdgatrçl Orlzns blrhn

blrhnss jlstl
ka bls axtragdklkas Kaska 8 lüns kaolcn ka bls rnkdbbls)
Kaska 6 lüns Orlzns Kaska 6 lüns

Deibdelidùe ka bl fdhurl, Orlzns ahlkns b

Kaska 6 lüns ---- ]darels Kaska 6 lüns
<1½ n gìs iuarpn

Fdhurl paquaü l lbturl Glens hrlekas kab tl-

Kaska : lüns Kaska 6 lüns ]das Kaska 6 lüns
; ig n g aens) glün ka bl ilrl

[rlesplraeidls Kaska 6 lüns Glens ngdtdkls Kaska 8 lüns Iuabbn Kaska : lüns

Fdhurl detarrugpdkl pnr ]darels cuetls, orlzns

Kaska 6 lüns ----
ab onrka ka bl jncl sde glens ed kakns

Haedtlbas Kaska 6 lüns

Fdhurl gnestrunsl n
.. Kaska 6 lüns
hrntasil

Kdoucn aspnetìean ka
tras fdhurls n gìs Kaska 6 lüns

E uoas, bbuvdl y/n edava ----

? 8 Bns Dek
Dekdilknras
dilknras ka K
Kdsf
dsfueidùe
ueidùe E
Eaurnbùhdil
aurnbùhdil sahóe @
@nppdtz
nppdtz

Fraiuaetagaeta sa utdbdzl
utdbdzl ab K FJ ae ing odelid
odelidùe
ùe ine ntrns dest
destrugaetns
rugaetns ka avl-
bulidùe psdinbùhdil a.h.3 Oaekar, X DYI y ntrns) plrl katargdelr bl pnsdodbdklk ka pra-
saeidl ka kdsfueidùe eaurnbùhdil. @nppdtz (<46: ) sa rafdrdù
rafdrdù dedidlbgaeta lb tagl ine ab
tärgden basdùe iaraorlb u nrhledidklk, kafdedaekn lsç iulbqudar prniasn ka elturlbazl
nrhìedil y eni ngn
sa ineiaoçl ag nidnelb n snidlb,ka
inesaiuaeidl ilplz ka lfaitlr bbll(praeltlb,
ue trlugltdsgn inekuitl pardeltlb
kab eltlb
pard edün. nAstl basdùe
pnseltlb)
n uel def
defaiidùe,
aiidùe, gledfastìeknsa ing n käfdidts
käfdidts inekui tulbas kdvarsns, avdkaeidlkns
avdkaeidlkns
 tlgodäe ae bl prnkuiidùe hrìf
hrìfdil.
dil. Eùtasa qua ab tärgden ka nrhledidklk lb qua lbukçl
@nppdtz dkaetdfdilrçl uel inekdidùe uedtlrdl ka bls parsnels qua bls kdstdehudrçl tletn
ka lquabbls qua plkaidarle trlstnrens psdqudìtrdins ingn ka bl pnoblidùe haearlb
(Bazl`, <441).

< ;6 . FA_EÌEKAS BD]N_LIA, L. O_DSSDN y B. BÙ]AS

Ine ab lvleia k a bl eaurnpsdinbnhçl sa jl kasilrtlkn ab usn kab ttärgden

ärgden nrhled-
idklk, qua fua raagpblzlkn pnr ab ka klün eaurnbùhdin (Injae at. l b., ?==6). Lüns
gìs tlrka, sa detrnkucn uel kdfaraeidl aetra basdùe iaraorlb y kdsfueidùe eaurnbùhdil,
lfd
lfdrglekn
rglekn qua bl prdgarl dgpbdil
dgpbdil ue klün iaraorlb afaitd
afaitdvn,
vn, gdaetrls qua bl sahuek l
pnkrçl sar inesaiuaeidl ka ue trlugl praeltlb n pardeltlb, ka liidkaetas n ka aefar-
gaklkas, ka flitnras haeätdins, gatloùbdins, fueidnelbas lsç ingn ka ilraeidls n
flb
flbtl
tl ka iudklkn agnidnelb y/n fçsd
fçsdin
in ae bl tagprlel def
defleidl,
leidl, n tlgodäe iluslkl pnr
ntrns flitnras inenidkns n dkdnpìtdins (@np pdtz, <441).
Ae bl litulbdklk sa inesdkarl qua bl nrhledidklk y ab klün iaraorlb en sne ine-
iaptns uedtlrdns, klkl su gubtdkatargdelidùe (Bazl`, <441). Kns parsne ls qua pra-
saetle basdneas dkäetdils puakae prasaetlr sçetngls kdfaraetas y, l bl vaz, ae uel ka -
targdelkl basdùe detarliidnele guijns flitnras tlbas ing n ab saxn, bl aklk, ab astlkn
pragùrodkn ka b plidaeta, bl inekdidùe fçsdil y ps dinsnidlb, aetra ntrns. Ae lkableta utd-
bdzlragns
bdzlragns bl enidùe ka kdsfueidùe eaurnbùhdil ingn raagpblzn ka bl axprasdùe basdùe
iaraorlb plrl klr iuaetl tletn ka bns lvleias eng orlkns ae tärgdens eaurnpsdinb
eaurnpsdinbù-
ù-

hdins ingn ka bll katargdelid

idriuesirdodrens katargdelidùe
bl rastrdiidùeùedejaraeta
pburdiluslb
pburdiluslb kab faeùgaen,
lb vnilobn basdùe, lsç
quaing n tlgodäe
ragdta plrl en
l ue dekdilknr
dekdilknr
vdsdoba
vdsd oba pnr gakdn ka dgìhaeas. L bl vaz ab tärgden iaraorlb iral bl dkal ka qua ab
sdstag
sdst ag l earvdnsn sa ingpnea sn blgaeta ka asa ùrhlen, iulekn jl y ntrns ùrhlens,ùrhlens,
plrtas y tacdkns ka dgpnrtleidl qua puakae lpnrtlr fueidnelbdklkas n kdsfueidnelbd-
klkas k dvarsls, katargdeìeknsa uel k dsf
dsfueidùe
ueidùe en eaia slrdlgaeta vdsdoba
vdsdoba ed eaia-
slrdlgaeta rakuidkl l ìrals iaraorlbas. Ynora bl olsa ka bn ingaetlkn y tngl ekn
ae iuaetl qua bns astukdns ka @nppdtz kltle ka bl käilkl ka <46=, litulbgaeta as
dgprasidekdobaa en pa rkar ka vdstl bl dgpn
dgprasidekdob dgpn rtleidl ka en inesdkarlr ab KFJ , lsç ingn
tlgpnin ab ibìsd
tlgpnin ibìsdin
in [
[ast
ast ka Oaekar, su tle usu
usulblb ingpbaga
ingpbagaetn,
etn, i
ing
ngnn dekdi
dekdilknras
lknras
iartarns, praidsns n kao
kaodklg
dklgaeta
aeta saesdoba
saesdobas
s yy/n
/n aspaiçf
aspaiçfdins
dins p
plrl
lrl ab kdlheùstdin ka
kdsfueidùe
kdsfueid ùe ea urnbùhdil.
urnbùhdil. ]n r ab inetrlrdn, sa trltl ka jarrlg daetls ka kaspdstlca, y bl
defnrglidùe ordeklkl pnr abbls pargdta uel avlbulidùe guy bdgdtlkl y pnin aspaiçfdil
ka astns flitnras. Ae a b ilsn ka qua bns dekdilknras rasubtlrae pnsdtdvns,
pnsdtdvns, astl defnr-
glidùe kaoa ingplrlrsa ine bns rasubtlkns notaedkns gakdleta ntrns destrugae-
tns ka avlbulidùe eaurnpsdinbùhdil. Lsç ab psdiùbnhn kaoarì lkgdedstrlr destrugaetns
ka kdlheùstdin aspaiçfdins
aspaiçf dins l bns afaitns ka dkaetdfdilr bls kdsfueidneas ineku
i nekuitul
itul--
bas plrtdiublras kab ilsn qua pukdarae aeinetrlrsa lfaitlkls, cuetn ine sus pnsdobas
dgpbdilidneas
dgpbdilidneas sahóe bl pltnbnhçl qua sa jdpn
jdpntatdzl
tatdzl ingn suoyli
suoyliaeta
aeta Bazl`, <441)
plrl buahn, ka sar eaiaslrdn, afaitulr bls kardvlidneas inrraspnekdaetas l pakdltrçl
y/n eaurnpakdltrçl ae inesubtls defletdbas. ]arn ae edehóe ilsn ab kdlheùstdin puaka
sar kafdedtdvn
kafdedtdvn puastn qua flbtl bl inefdrglidùe pnr plrta kab aspai dlbdst
dlbdstll gä kdin. Lka-
gìs, bls kdsfueidneas puakae astlr klkls pnr fueidneas qua en sne avlbulkls pnr
 bls pruaols ga eidnelkls, pukdaekn p lslr kaslpa ridodkls
ridodkls l bns ncns kab prnfasdnelb
ine gaens axpardaeidl. As pnr abbn qua ae ilsns prasuetdvns sa vuabva dgpardnsn
jliar uel kardvlidùe l uel avlbulidùe ralbdzlkl pnr ue eaurnpsdiùbnhn aspaidlbdzlkn
y kaodklg aeta iartdfdilkn.
iartdfdilkn.
Ab trlolcn ka @nppdtz detaetù dkaetdfdilr Dekdilknras ka Kdsfueidùe Eaurnbùhdil ae
ab KFJ ae edüns ka 6 l <? lüns tnglekn ae iuaetl sus Dekdilknras Avnbutdvns y
Agnidnelbas yl ingaetlkns ae bns lplrtlkns ?.1. y ?.6. Ya ineiaetrù ae katargd-
elr sd astns dekdilknras bnhrlole kdsirdgdelr lkaiulklgaeta aetra edüns ine y sde
kdsfueidùe,
kdsfueidùe, aetaekdaekn qua bl g lynr kdstdeidùe
kdstdeidùe aetra astns hrupns astlrçl klkl p nr

AB KDOQCN KA BL FDHQ_L JQGL

JQGLEL
EL (KFJ) AE AK
AKLK
LK AYINBL_ ;8

bl fraiuaeidl ka lplrdidùe ka bns sdhens, gìs qua p nr bl prasaeidl ka tlb n iulb sdhen
sdhen
plrtdiublr. ]lrl abbn lelbdzù prntninbns ka 9:: edüns ine kdsfueidùe eaurnbùhdil sde
katardnrn gntrdz savarn, ed qua juodarle sufrdkn trlugltdsgns pra, pard y pnseltlbas,
kdvdkdkns
kdvdkdkns sahóe aklk. Y a tnglrne ingn inetrnbas
inetrnbas :=9 edüns sde Dekdilknras ka Kds-
fueidùe Eaurnbùhdil. Ae bl [lobl 8 rasugdg ns bls prdeidplbas kdfaraeidls
kdfaraeidls aetra lgons
hrupns.

[lobl 8. Dekdilknras KFJ ka Kdsfueidùe Eaurnbùhdil sahóe çtags avnbutdvns

y agnidnelbas (@nppdtz, <46:).

<<

En sa aeinetrù edehóe Çtag Avnbutdvn n Agnidnelb qua l plraidarl axibusdvlgaeta

axibusdvlgaeta ae bns kdoucns ka
uen u ntrn hrupn.

En sa aeinetrù edehóe dekdilknr ldsblkn qua sa kdarl axibusdvlgaeta ae uen u ntrn hrupn.

Bns vlrneas ine kdsfueidùe eaurnbùhdil

eaurnbùhdil prasaetlole g ìs ngdsdneas ka çtags avnbutdvns tlbas ingn
Iuarpn, ]updbls, Iuabbns, Orlzns odkdgaesdnelbas, Orlzns jlidl lolcn, Orlzns uedkns inrraitlgaeta
lb jngorn, Glens, Eógarn inrraitn ka kakns, ]darels odkdgaesdnelbas y Gaens ka ; praekls ka
vastdgaetl.

Ae edüns y edüls ine kdsfueidùe eaurnbùhdi

eaurnbùhdil
l lplraiçle : ka 9= Çtag
Ç tags
s Agnidnelbas
Agnidnelbas ka fnrgl
fnrgl gìs
fraiuaeta qua ae edüns sde tlb kdsfueidùe3 Glbl detahrlidùe ka bls plrtas, Hrnsarl lsdgatrçl ka bls
fraiuaeta
axtragdklkas, Deibdelidùe ka bl fdhurl ae <1 hrlkns n gìs, [rlesplraeidls (ka 8 l <? lüns), Ngdsdùe
kab iuarpn (6 lüns ae lkableta), Ngdsdùe ka iuabbn (<= l <? lüns), Fdhurl paquaül y Glens inrtlkls.

Bazl` (<441) jl rasugdkn bls ilrlitarçstdils kab kdoucn

kdoucn ka bl fdhurl juglel ae pl -
idaetas qua rahdstrle kdsfueidùe eaurnbùhdil. Bns kdoucns ka astns plidaetas sah óe ab
lutnr taekrçle bls sdhudaetas ilrlitarçstdils
ilrlitarçstdils ([lobl :)3

[lobl :. Ilrlitarçstdils ka bns KFJ ae plidaetas ine kdsfueidùe eaurnbùhdil

 Lsdgatrçl (aspaidlbgaeta ae bls axtragdklkas)
Agpblzlgdaetn kdfaraeidlb ae bl jncl. ]lidaetas ine ingprngdsn ae jagdsfardn dzqudarkn tdaekae l
uodilr bns kdoucns ae ab ìehubn supardnr dzqudarkn y lquabbns ine ingprng dsn ae ab jagdsfardn karaijn
tdaekae l uodilrbn snora ab glrhae ka raijn ka bl pìhdel.

Lusaeidl ka lbhuel plrta dgpnrtleta kab iuarpn.

Kdoucns axtraglklgaeta paquaüns.
Ae ab ilsn ka qua tuvdar
tuvdarle
le qua kasirdod
kasirdodrr ab kdoucn, bns plidaetas ine kdsfueidùe eaurnbùhd
eaurnbùhdil
il ralbdzle
kasirdpidneas sdgpbdfdilkls, pnoras y kasdetahrlkls.

< ;: FA_EÌEKAS BD]N_LIA, L. O_DSSDN y B. BÙ]AS

L ine tdtdeulidùe,
eulidùe, ae bl [lobl 4, sa katlbble
katlbble bns Çtags A vnbutdvns
vnbutdvns y A gnidnelbas ae

bns qua @nppdtz jlbbù

aetaekdäeknbns ingn avdkaeidls
Ydhens ka plrl kdfaraeidlr
_lstrdbblc
_lstrdb vlrneas
blcaa ka pnsdoba
pnsdob ine y sdekakdsfueidnelbdklk,
a prasaeidl Kdsfueid
Kdsfueidùe
ùe Ea u-
rnbùhdil
rnbùhdil sahóe bl aklk kab edün. Ing n yl s a liblrlrl letardnrgaeta,
letardnrgaeta, bl prasaeidl ka
lbhuen/s ka astns sdhens en dgpbd
dgpbdil
il edehóe tdpn ka kdlheùstdin
kdlheùstdin ka kdsfueidùe
kdsfueidùe eaurn-
bùhdil, sden snblgaeta uel kataiidùe ka rdashn lsnidlkn l kdijl inekdidùe qua ra-
qudara uel avlbulidùe eau rnpsdinbùhdil gìs praidsl y ingpbatl.
As eaiaslrdn liblrlr qua, ingn sa inesdhelrl ae ab kdlhrlgl prasaetlkn ae ab
lplrtlkn ? (välsa pìh. <9<) gakdleta uel bçeal puetalkl (- - - -), @nppdtz bdhlol, ka
lbhóe gn kn, bns Dekdilknras
Dekdilknras ka K dsfueid
dsfueidùeùe Eau rnbùhd
rnbùhdilil ine bns G lkurltd
lkurltdvn-Ineiap-
vn-Ineiap-
tulbas, yl qua ae guijns ilsns su ng dsd dsdùe
ùe l pl rtd
rtdrr ka idartls aklkas kneka su fra-
iuaeidl ka lpl rdid
rdidùe
ùe lug aetlol, sd abb
abbnn en sa klol, pnkrçl sar ue sdhen 'prasuetdvn ka
prnobagìtdil eaurnbùhdil.

[lobl 4. Dekdilknras ka Kdsfueidùe Eaurnbùhdil (@nppdtz, <46:)

Ydhens ka kdsfueidùe eaurnbùhdil klk kaska bl qua dhens ka kdsfueidùe eaurnbùhdil klk kaska bl qua
ae bns KFJ ka vlrneas aetra 6 y aoa taearsa ae e bns KFJ ka vlrneas aetra 6 y aoa taearsa ae
<? lüns
lüns @nppdtz, <46:) uaetl ? lüns @nppdtz, <46:) uaetl

Ngdsdùe a darels e ns L plrtdr ka bns 6

Ngdsdùe kab iuarpn Kaska 6 lüns
kdgaesdneas pdarels plbntas) lüns

Ngdsdùe ka pupdbls Kaska 8 lüns Qel praekl ka rnpl n edehuel Kaska 8 lüns

Ngdsdùe ka iuabbn Kaska 8 lüns Gaens ka iultrn praekls ka rnpl Kaska 8 lüns

Ngdsdùe a rlzns e ns Kaska 6 lüns ]nora detahrlidùe ka bls plrtas ka Kaska 8 lüns
kdgaesdneas orlzns plb
plbntas)
ntas) bl fdhurl
 Orlzns qua en lpuetle jlidl
Kaska 6 lüns Lsdgatrçl ka bls axtragdklkas Kaska 6 lüns
lolcn orlzns jnrdznetl
jnrdznetlbas)
bas)

Orlzns uedkns deinrraitlgaeta lb Deibdelidùe ka bl fdhurl ae <1½ n

Kaska 8 lüns Kaska 8 lüns
jngorn gìs

Ngdsdùe ka bls glens Kaska 6 lüns [rlesplraeidls Kaska 6 lüns

E ógarn deinrrait
deinrraitnn ka kakns Kaska 6 lüns Fdhurl paquaül Kaska 6 lüns

Jlstl lquç jagns kaslrrnbblkn bns prdeidplbas lpnrtas ka @nppdtz lb astukdn kab
KFJ, buahn ka jloar kasirdptn tlgodäe bns trlolcns
trlolcns ka H nnkaenuhj, Jlrrds y Ilsu-
'bn, cuetn
cuetn ine astukdns bnilbas raidaetas
raidaetas plrl Dekdilknras G lkurltd
lkurltdvn-Ineiaptulbas
vn-Ineiaptulbas y
agn idnelbas.
idnelbas. ]lslrag ns ljnrl l ing aetlr oravagaeta kns ilsns dbustr
dbustrltdvns
ltdvns qua,
asparlgns, sale k a lyukl plrl ab envab prnfasdnelb.

AB KDOQCN KA BL FDHQ_L JQGLEL (KFJ) AE AKLK AYINBL_ ;4

9 DBQY[_LIDÙE GAKDLE[A ILYNY IBÇEDINY

ILYN <

Edinbìs as ue edün ka : lüns y 8 gasas ka aklk. Lsdsta l 9ar hrlkn ka uel asiuabl póobdil
ka bl Iduklk ka O uaens Ldras. Ineiurra l inesubt
inesubtll l ue sarvdidn ka Ylbuk Gaetlb ka ue J ns-
pdtlb ]óobdin ae ingplü çl ka su gl kra. Vdva ine su glkra y tras jarglens vlrneas g lynras.
Yus plkras sa aeiuaetrle saplrlkns0 bl glkra rafdara qua ab plkra arl vdnbaetn, ine abbl fçsd-
ilgaeta, y ine bns edüns, ka glearl varolb. Jlia tras gasas qua Edinbìs en va l su plkra.
Kaska bl asiuabl snbdid
snbdidtle
tle qua bl glk ra ralbdia
ralbdia uel ine subtl psdinb
psdinbùhdil
ùhdil yl qua nos arvle qua
Edinbìs jl aetloblkn uel rablidùe ka glbtrltn jlidl sus ingplüarns, bas pahl y sa ourbl ka
abbns.
abbns. [lgodäe prasaetl prnobagls k a lpraekdzlca y ka ingp nrtlgdaetn ae iblsa.
 Kdoucn ka Edinbìs,
Edinbìs, : lüns y 8 gasas

KL[NY YNIDNKAGNH_ÌFDINY KAB EDÜN

Engora3 bdinbks aijl ka elidgdaetn3 x/xx/xxxx

Aklk ae lüns y gasas3 lüns y gasas axn3 lsiubden

Asinblrdklk3 ³ Drlidn estdtuidùe póobdil/prçvlkl)3 óobdil

Buhlr ka rasdk
rasdkaeidl3
aeidl3 ;:; trn kltn3 nrelkl sdgpba

Vdva ine... (glrilr ine uel Z) dvab akuiltdvn ka bns plkras (glrilr ine uel Z)
< gons plkras lkra lkra
? ne lgons plkras y jarglen/s de akuilidùe fnrglb

9 nbn/l ine lbhuens ka bns plkras rdglrdn deingpbatn

; ne lbhuen ka bns plkras y jarglends rdg. ingp./Yai. deingpbatn

1 ne flgdbdl aeslgoblkl ai. ingp /[aridlrdn n Qedvarsdtlrdn deingpbatn

6 ne lgons plkras, jarglens y louabns aridlrdn n Q edvarsdtl

edvarsdtlrdn
rdn ingpbatn

8 nbn ine jarglens

: trl aspaidfdilr)3

< 1N . FA_EÌEKAS BD]N_LIA, L. O_DSSDN y B. BÙ]AS

Dekdilk nras Gl kurl td

tdvns
vns DG) Hnnka enuhj, <4?60 Jlr rds, <469) Lkl ptlidùe
ptlidùe Ilsubbn
Ilsubbn <4::)
DG ]rasaeidl DG ]rasaeidl
<. Iloazl 9?. Jngorns DD N

?. Iuabbn = 99. Orlzns ka blkn n ae litdvdklk N

9. Iuabbn kns kdgaesdneas = 9;. Lrtdiublidùe inkn N

;. Ncns / 91. ]darels /

1. Katlbba ncn3 iacls n pastlüls = 96. Ilkarl D =
6. Katlbba ncn3 pupdbl = 98. Ilkarl DD N

8. Katlbba ncn3 prnpnridùe = 9:. Lrtdiublidùe rnkdbbl N

:. Katlbba ncn3 Gdrlkl N 94. ]das D /

4. Elrdz D ;=. ]das DD /
<=. Elrdz kns kdgaesdneas N ;<. ]das DDD N

<<. Onil / ;?. ]das DV N

<?. Blodns kns kdgaesdneas N ;9. ]das V N

<9. Elrdz y blodns kns kdgaesdneas N ;;. Lrtdiublidùe

Lrtdiublidùe orlzns y pdarels D /
<;. Fraeta y gaetùe ;1. Lrtdiublidùe
Lrtdiublidùe orlzns y pdagls DD N
 <1. ]rnyaiidùe gaetùe N ;6. [rnein /
<6. Bçeal ka g lekdoublr N ;8. [rnein kns kdgaesdneas /
<8. ]uaeta ka elrdz = ;:. ]rnpnridùe iloazl D /
<:. Iloabbn D N ;4. ]rnpnridùe iloazl DD N

<4. Iloabbn DD N 1=. ]rnpnridùe ilrl /

?=. Iloabbn DDD = 1<. ]rnpnridùe orlzns N

?<. Iloabbn DV N 1?. ]rnpnridùe orlzns DD N

??. Nracls 19. ]rnpnridùe pdagls N

?9. Nracls3 prnpnridùe y uodilidùe N 1;. ]rnpnridùe gdagorns kns kdgaes.

?;. Kakns / 11. Vastdgaetl D /
?1. Kakns3 eógarn inrraitn / 16. Vastdgaetl DD N

?6. Kakns3 k atlbbas inrraitns = 18. Vastdgaetl DDD N

?8. ]ubhlr ae npnsdidùe N 1:. Vastdgaetl DV N

?:. Glens / 14. Vastdgaetl V N

?4. Guüai l n tnodbbn

tnodbbn = 6=. ]arfdb D =
9=. Orlzns / 6<. ]arfdb DD N

9<. Jngorns D N 6?. Fraeta N

]QE[LCA K D_AI[N3 <4 ]A_IAE[DB3 ae+ra 1 y <

AB KDOQCN KA BL FDHQ_L JQGLEL (KFJ) AE AKLK AYINBL_ 1<

Dekdilknras Agnidnelbas
Agnidnelbas <A) @nppdtz, <46:)
]rasaeidl
Lklptlidùe Ordzzdn, Bùpaz, Buijattd y Ytnvar, ?=<;

<. Ydhens iulbdtltdvns (YI)

YI< Detahrlidùe pnora ka bls plrtas ka bl fdhurl (l plrtdr ka bns 8 lüns) N

YI? Yngoralkn ka bls glens y/n iuabbn N

YI9 ]rneueidlkl ls dgatrçl ka bls axtragdklkas (l plrtdr ka bns 8 lüns) N

YI; Deibdelidùe ka bl fdhurl ae <1 hrlkns

hrlkns n g ìs N

YI1 Fdhurl paquaü l, ka ; ig n gae ns ka lbturl (l plrtdr ka bns : lüns) N

YI6 [rlesplraeidl N
 << Katlbbas aspaidlbas KA)
KA8 Kdaetas N

KA: Orlzns blrhns, qua pnkrçle bbahlr jlstl kaolcn ka bl bçeal ka bls rnkdbbls /
KA4 Glens h rlekas, kab tlglün
tlglün ka bl ilrl /
KA<= Gle ns ngdtdkls, orlzns sde glens ed kak ns (l plrtdr ka bns 8 lüns) N

KA<< Haedtlbas N

KA<? Fdhurl gnestrunsl n hrntasil N

KA<9 Kdoucn aspnetìean k a tras n gìs fdhurls N

KA<; Fdhurl detarrugpdkl pnr ab onrka ka bl jncl N

DDD3 Ngdsdneas =)

=<1 Ngdsdùe ka bns ncns N

=<6 Ngdsdùe ka bl e lrdz (l plrtdr

plrtdr ka bns 4 lüns) N

=<8 Ngdsdùe ka bl onil N

=<: Ngdsdùe kab iuarpn N

=<4 Ngdsdùe ka bns orlzns N

=?= Ngdsdùe ka bls pdarels N

=?< Ngdsdùe ka bns pdas N

=?? Ngdsdùe kab iuabbn (l plrtdr ka bns : lüns) /

De kd iill k n r a s ka Kdsfueidùe Eaurnbùhdil @nppdtz, <46:)

Kdsfueidùe
DKE ]rasaeidl DKE ]rasaeidl

=<. Ng dsdùe kab iuarpn N =4. Eóg arn deinrraitn ka kakns N

=?. Ngdsdùe ka bls pupdbls = <=. _npl3 =-< çtag N

=9. Ngdsdùe kab iuabbn / <<. _npl3 gaens ka ; çtags /

=;. Orlzns plbntas = <?. Detahrlidùe pnora N

=1. Orlzns jnrdznetlbas N

<9. Lsdgatrçl ka bls axtragdklkas N

=6. Orlzns uedùe deinrraitl N

<;. [rlesplraeidls N

=8. Ngdsdùe ka bls glens = <1. Fdhurl paquaül N

=:. Ngdsdùe ka bls pdarels ae kns <6. Fdhurl deibdelkl

N N
kdgaesdneas

Nosarvlidneas inesdhelr
inesdhelr bns kltns qua ine
inesdkara
sdkara rabavletas)3

Ya edns+rk lban kaslfdlrl-fa frae-f-a l bl inesdhel. Lrglekn qua bn olrçl glb l

prnpùsd;-=". ]arn Drae+a l bl dr<;-arVaeidùe nba bl axlgdelknrl plrl gacnrlr ab rlppnr-,‚ y

kaska ab aefnqua bókdin pble+alkn

pble+alkn pnr abbl. bl li-D-X
li-D-Xdklk
dklk pukn ralbdzlrsa inrrai+lreae+a.

< 1? FA_EÌEKAS BD]N_LIA, L. O_DSSDN y B. BÙ]AS

Detarpratlidùe y leìbdsds kab prntninbn

Edinbìs as ue edün ka : lüns ka aklk iuyl g lkuraz ineiaptulb, aet

aetaekdkl
aekdkl ingn bl ilpl-
idklk ka haearlr ineiaptns ine hrlkn iraidaeta ka lostrliidùe, as aetra kafdidaeta a defardnr lb
 tärgden gakdn ingp lrlkl ine bl ka edüns ka su gdsgl aklk y edvab snidnakuiltdvn.
Yd odae ltaedäeknens l bl defnrglidùe qua ordekl ab Leaxn A. Olragn ka bns Dekdilknras
Glkurltdvns kab KFJ ‛varsdùe Hnnkaenuhj-Jlrrds (lklptlidùe Ilsubbn, <4::)‛ ka Ìral Ga-
trnpnbdtlel
trnpnbdtlel (Ilrrarls, Qrdab, ]äraz, Yuìraz Jareìeka z, Liaolb y Fa reìekaz Bdpnrlia, ?=<<), bl
glku raz ineiaptulb ka Edinbìs sa aeiuae trl aetra kns pnsdodbdklkas kdlheùstdils (defardnr
(defardnr lb
tärgden gak dn y kafdidt
kafdidtlrdl),
lrdl), kaska ue l gdrlkl ibçedil y jnbçstdil kab ilsn sa kaspraek a qua as
defardnr
defardnr l bl asparloba plrl su aklk y edvab snidn-akuiltdvn y taedaekn ae iuaetl ab lgo daeta
iubturlb ae ab qua fua snidlbdzlkn.
_aspaitn ka bl avlbulidùe ka bns dekdilknras agnidnelbas ae ab prntninbn sa jle nosar-
vlkn tras3 orlzns blrhns, glens hrlekas y ngdsdùe ka iuabbn. Bns prdgarns kns dekdilknras
pnkrçle rablidnelrsa ine taekaeidls lhrasdvls a dgpubsdvls, ae ab saetdkn ka plslr l bl lii dùe
sde bl detarvaeidùe pravdl ka bl rafbaxdùe, iuastdùe
iuastdùe qua, l prdgarl vdstl, sa vdeiubl ine a b gntdvn
ka inesubtl prngnvdkn pnr bl asiuabl. ]nr ntrn blkn bl ngdsdùe kab iuabbn pnkrçl ragdtdr l idartns
rlshns ka dgpubsdvd
dgpubsdvdklk,
klk, lsç ingn l delkaiulkns inetrnbas det detarens,
arens, tlgodäe indeidkaetas ine
bls kdfdiubtlkas ka ingpnrtlgdaetn kasirdptls.
[aedaekn ae iuaetl bn letardnr, sahóe ab rastn kab g ltardlb avlb
avlbulkn,
ulkn, bl prnobagìtdil agn-
idnelb qua sa prasaetl kaodarl sar avlbulkl ine glynr prnfuekdklk.
Ae rablidùe ine bns dekdilknras ka kdsfueidùe eaurnbùhdil, sd odaeodae snblg aeta prasaetl kns,
taedaekn ae iuae tl bls ilrlitarçstdils
ilrlitarçstdils y bn rafard
rafardkn
kn pnr bl gl kra snora bns prnobagls k a lprae-
kdzlca ka su jdcn, sa raingdaekl tlgodäe uel avlbulidùe gìs prnfuekl lb raspaitn. Yu litd-
tuk kurleta bl avlbulidùe fua lbhn kaslfdleta0 trls
trls lbhuels detarvaeidneas ka bl axlg delknrl
plrl gacnrlr ab rlppnrt, bnhrù trlolclr
trlolclr lkaiulklg aeta, ineiaetrlkn y ine ouael kdspnsdidùe, l
paslr ka sus ingaetlrdns dedidlb
dedidlbas
as ka qua bn jlrç
jlrçll glb l prnpùsdt
prnpùsdtnn .

Kaoa taearsa ae iuaetl qua sa trltl ka ue defnrga plridlb plrl dbustrlr ab usn kab
tast, y qua ae tnkns bns ilsns ka inesubtl kaoa lgpbdlrsa bl defnrglidùe gakdleta
ntrls fuaetas ka kltns, tlbas ing n ntrns destrugaetns, aetravdstls y nosarvlidneas.

ILYN ?

Letneabbl as uel edül ka : lüns y 9 gasas ka aklk, iuyns plkras inesubtle pnrqua bl
nosarvle ilkl va z gìs lehustdlkl iulek n kaoa saplrlrsa ka a bbns ((lb
lb dr l bl asiuabl, iulekn
sus plkras vle l trlolclr, sd tdaea ue iugpbalüns, sd sus plkras slbae n sd kaoa quaklr lb
iudklkn ka n trl parsnel). Letneabbl as jdc
jdcll óedil, ineiurra l 9ar hrlkn ka uel asiuabl prdvlkl
ine knoba cnrelkl kab H rle Ouaens Ldras. Bns plkras rabltle qua bl sdetngltnbnhçl ka bl edül
ingaezù uels saglels kaspuäs ka qua l bl glkra ba kdlhenstdilrle uel aefargaklk neinbù-
hdil. Bns plkras tlgodäe sa aeiua etrle guy lehustdlkns pnr astl sdtulidùe.

AB KDOQCN KA BL FDHQ_L
FDHQ_L JQGLEL
JQGLEL KFJ) AE AKLK AYINBL_ < 19

 
 Kdoucn ka Letneabbl, : lüns y 9 gasas

KL[NY YNIDNKAGNH_ÌFDINY KAB EDÜN

Engora3 ;e neabbl Faijl ka elidgdaetn3
elidgdaetn3 xx/xx/xxxx

Aklk a e lüns y ga sas3 : lüns y 9 gasas Yaxn3 Fagaeden

Asinblrdklk3 9* Drlidn Destdtuidùe póobdil/prdvlkl)3 ]rdVlkl
Buhlr ka rasdkaeidl3 =9; Ntrn kltn3 Knoba cnrelkl

Edvab aluiltdvn ka bns pllr as glrilr ine uel L

pllras
^ ^ ^ ^ vdva ine...
ine... glrilr ine uel )4
Lgons plkras Z ]lkra Glkra

? Ine lgons plkras y jarglen/1 < Yde akuilidùe fnrglb

9 Ynbn/l ine lbhuens ka bns plkras ? ]rdglrdn deingpbatn

; Ine lbhuen ka bns plkras y jarglen/s 9 ]rdg. ingp./Yai. deingpbatn

1 Ine flgdbdl aeslgoblkl ; Yai. ingpç[aridlen n Qedvarsdtlrdn deingpbatn

6 Ine lgons plkras, jarglens y louabns 1 [aridlrbn n Qedvarsdtl

Qedvarsdtlrdn
rdn ingpbatn

8 Ynbn ine jarglens

: Ntrl aspakfdilr)3

< 1; . FA_EÌEKAS BD]N_LIA, L. O_DSSDN y B. BÙ]AS

 

De
Dekk dilk
dilk nras G lk urltdvns
urltdvns DG) Hnnka enuhj,
enuhj, <4?60 Jlrr ds
ds,, <469) Lkl ptlidùe
ptlidùe Ilsubbn
Ilsubbn <4::)
DG ]r asaeid l DG ]rasaeidl
<. Iloazl
Iloazl / 9?. Jngorns DD
?. Iuabbn / 99. Orlzns ka blkn n ae litdvdklk
9. Iuabbn kns kdgaesdneas / 9;. Lrtdiublidùe
Lrtdiublidùe inkn
;. Ncns / 91. ]darels /
1. Katlbba
Katlbba ncn3 ia
iacls
cls n pastlüls N 96. Ilkarl D /
6. Katlbba ncn3 pupdbl / 98. Ilkarl DD N

8. Katlbba ncn3 prnpnridùe / 9:. Lrtdiublidùe rnkdbbl

:. Katlbba ncn3 Gdrlkl = 94. ]das D /
4. Elrdz < ;=. ]das DD /
<=. Elrdz
Elrdz kns k
kdgaesdneas
dgaesdneas < ;<. ]das DDD
<<. Onil / ;?. ]das DV
<?. Blodns kns kdgaesdneas = ;9. ]das V
<9. Elrdz
Elrdz y blodns kns kdgaesdneas
k dgaesdneas = ;;. Lrtdiublidùe
Lrtdiublidùe orlzns y pdarels D /
<;. Fraeta y gaetùe / ;1. Lrtdiublidùe orlzns y pdarels DD /
<1. ]rnyaiidùe
]rnyaiidùe gaetùe = ;6. [rnein /
<6. Bçeal
Bçeal ka glek
glekdoublr
doublr = ;8. [rnein
[rnein kn s kdgaesdneas /

<8. ]uaeta
]uaeta ka e
elrdz
lrdz ;:. ]rnpnridùe iloazl D
<:. Iloabbnb / ;4. ]rnpnridùe iloazl DD
<4. Iloab
Iloabbn
bn DD / 1=. ]rnpnridùe ilrl
?= Iloabbn DDD = 1<. ]rnpnridùe
]rnpnridùe orlzns < /
?<. Iloabbn DV = 1?. ]rnpnridùe
]rnpnridùe orlzns DD
??. Nracls = 19. ]rnpnridùe
]rnpnridùe pdare
pdarels
ls
?9. Nracls3
Nracls3 prnpnridù
prnpnridùee y uodilidùe = 1;. ]rnpnridùe
]rnpnridùe gdagorns kns kdgaes. /
?;. Kakns / 11. Vastdgaetl < /
?1. Kakns3 eógarn inrraitn 16. Vastdgaetl DD /
?6. Kakns3 katlbbas inrraitns 18. Vastdgaetl DDD <

?8. ]ubhlr
]ubhlr ae npnsdidùe 1:. Vastdgaetl DV
?:. Glens 14. Vastdgaetl V
?4. Guüail n tnodbbn = 6=. ]arfdb D N

9=. Orlzns / 6<. ]arfdb DD

9<. Jngorns 6?. Fraeta
]NE[L CA KD_AI[N3 ?8 ]A_IAE[B3 T
 AB KDOQCN KA BL FDHQ_L JQGLEL (KFJ) AE AKLK AYINBL_ < 11

Dekdilknras Agnidnelbas
Agnidnelbas (@nppdtz, <46:)
< 46:)
]rasaeidl
Lklptlidùe Ordzzdn, Bùpaz, Buijattd y Ytnvar, ?=<;

D. Ydhens iulbdtltdvns

YI< etahrlidùe pnora ka bls plrtas ka bl fdhurl (l plrtd

plrtdrr ka bns 8 l üns)
YI? ngoralkn ka bls glens y/n iuabbn
YI9 rneueidlkl lsdga trçl ka bls axtragdklkas
axtragdklkas (l plrtdr ka bns 8 lüns)
YI; eibdelidùe
eibdelidùe ka bl fdhurl ae <1 hrlkns n g ìs
YI1 dhurl paquaül, ka ; ig n gaen s ka lbturl (l plrtdr
plrtdr ka bns : lüns)
YI6 rlesplraeidl
DD. Katlbbas aspaidlbas
aspaidlbas

KA8 Kdaetas /
KA: Orlzns blrhns, qua pn krçle bbahlr jlstl kaolcn ka bl bçeal k a bls rnkdbbls
KA4 Glens hrlekas, kab tlglün ka bl ilrl
KA<= Glens ngdtdkls, orlzns sde glens ed kakns (l plrtdr ka bns 8 lüns)
KA<< Haedtlbas
KA<? Fdhurl gnestrunsl n hrntasil
KA<9 Kdoucn aspnetìean ka tras n g ìs fdhurls
KA<; Fdhurl detarrugpdkl
detarrugpdkl pnr ab onrka ka bl jncl
DDD3 Ngdsdneas

=<1 Ngdsdùe ka bns ncns

=<6 Ngdsdùe ka bl elrdz (l plrtdr ka bns 4 lüns)
=<8 Ng dsd
dsdùe
ùe ka bl onil
=<: Ngdsdùe kab iuarpn
=<4 Ngdsdùe ka bns orlzns =
=?= Ng dsdùe ka bls
bls pdarels
=?< Ng dsdùe ka bns
bns pdas
=?? Ng dsdùe kab iuabbn (l plrtdr
plrtdr ka bns : lüns)

Dekdilknras ka Kdsfueidùe
Kdsfueidùe Eaurnbùhdil @nppdtz, <46:)
DKE ]rasaeidl DKE ]rasaeidl

=<. Ngdsdùe kab iuarpn = =4. Eógarn deinrraitn ka kakns /

=?. Ng dsdùe ka bls pupdbls

pupdbls = <=. _npl3 =-< 'tag =
=9. Ng dsdùe kab iuabbn
iuabbn = <<. _npl3 gaens ka ; ftares /
=;. Orlzns plbntas = <?. Detahrlidùe pnora =
=1. Orlzns jnrdznetlbas
jnrdznetlbas = <9. Lsdgatrçl ka bls axtragdklkas
=6. Orlzns uedùe deinrraitl = <;. [rlesplraeidls
=8. Ng dsdùe
dsdùe ka bls glens = <1. Fdhurl paquaül

=:. Ng dsdùe ka bls pdarels

pdarels ae kns = <6. Fdhurl dekdelkl
kdgaesdneas
....
 Nosarvlidneas
Nosarvlidneas (inesdhelr
(ine sdhelr bns kltns qua inesdkara
ine sdkara raba
rabavletas)3
vletas)3

Ab KF<-< Fua lkg deds+rlkn ae ab prdgar aeiuae-b-rn ine bl edül. buahn ka ele-d-aear uel orata
deds+rlkn

ae+rabjs+l ine abbl y l pns

p ns-b-
-b-ardnrd
ardnrd ka bl lkg
lkgdeds-frlid
deds-frlidùe
ùe kab [as+ ka Oaekar. Yd odae <;e-b-neabbl
pukn as+lobaiar ue
u e ouae vç
vçeiub
eiubn
n ine bl axl
axlgde
gdelknrl, en qudsn quaklrsa snbl ae ab inesubtnrdn
lknrl,

ine abbl. pnr bn qua bl glkra rasae+a iburle+a bl +n+lbdklk ka asa prdgar aeiuae+rn.

. FA_EÌEKAS BD]N_LIA, L. O_DSSDN y B. BÙ]AS

< 16

Detarpratlidùe y leìbdsds kab prntninbn

Letneabbl as uel edül ka : lüns iuyl glkuraz ineiaptulb, aetaekdkl ingn bl ilplidklk
plrl haearlr ineiaptns ine hrlkn iraidaeta ka lostrliidùe, as tärgden gakdn sd sa bl ing-
plrl ine edüns ka su gdsgl aklk y edvab snidn-akuiltdvn. Abbn sdhedfdil qua en prasaetlrì
kdfdiubtlkas ka lostrliidùe sahóe bn asparlkn pnr aklk kaska ue puetn ka vdstl avnbutdvn.
Kurleta bl lkg dedst
dedstrlidùe
rlidùe kab tast astuvn ilbblkl y sa g nstrù trlequdb
trlequdbll y trlolcù ine ine iae-
trlidùe a detaräs, luequa rasubtù eaiaslrdn qua bl gl kra astuvdarl prasaeta kaetrn kab inesub-
tnrdn puas bl edül en qudsn quaklrsa l snbls ine bl axlgdelknrl, pasa l astlobaiar ue ouae
vçeiubn ine a bbl.
_aspa itn ka bl avlbulidùe ka bns dekd
dekdilknras
ilknras ag nidnelbas, ae ab prntninbn sa jle nosar-
vlkn kns3 deibdelidùe ka bl fdhurl ae <1½n gìs y kdaetas qua, ae ab astukdn raidaetagaeta
ralbdzlkn ae pnoblidùe bnilb rasubtle sdhedfdiltdvns l plrtdr ka bns 6 lüns. Ab prdgarn ka bns dekd-
ilknras pnkrçl vdeiublrsa ine uel saeslidùe suocatdvl ka deastlodbdklk y ka flbtl ka aqudbdor
aqudbdordn
dn
ae haearlb (ilraeidl ka olsa fdrga
fdrga ). Yd sa tdtdaeae
aeae ae iuaetl bls idriuestleidls qua rrnkalrne
nkalrne
bl inesubtl (aefargaklk ne inbùhdil ka bl glk ra, lehustdl plraetlb)
plraetlb),, asta dekdilknr pnkrçl astlr
rafbaclekn ab astlkn ka lesdaklk litulb ka bl edül, ingn inesaiuaeidl ka bl lesdaklk qua
astìe sufrdaekn sus plkras. ]n r ntrn bblkn
lkn bl prasaeidl ka kdaetas ae ab kdoucn kaoa inesdka-
rlrsa ine ilutabl ingn dekdilknr ka kdfdiubtlkas agnidnelbas ae vdrtuk ka su glynr parn en
sdhedfdiltdvl fraiuaeidl ka lplrdidùe ae pnoblidùe ibçedil, luequa pnkrçl raprasaetlr ue sdhen ka
pnsdoba lhrasdvdklk qua kaoa axpbnrlrsa gakdleta vçls lbtareltdvls puastn qua ae bl guas trl
bnilb rasubtl
rasubtl dgpnrtleta kaska bns 6 lüns. \ udzì su kdoucn tlgodäe rafbacl bl praniuplidùe pnr
bl prnobagìtdil
prnobagìtdil g äkdil qua ltrlvdasl su flgdbd
flgdbdl.
l. Astl pnsdodbd
pnsdodbdklk
klk g araia sar avlbulkl a e g lynr
prnfuekdklk ae destleidls pn stardnras l fdfdee ka in esdkarlr pnsdobas detarvaeidneas aspaiçfdils
qua parsdhle bl gacnrçl ka bl sdtulidùe pbletalkl, lsç ingn bl lkaiulkl ilelbdzlidùe ka bl
lesdaklk ka bl p lracl ka plkras y ka bl prnpdl Letneabbl, fnrt
fnrtlbaidäeknbns
lbaidäeknbns ingn h rupn flgdbdlr
plrl lfrnetlr bl sdtulidùe gäkdil pnr bl qua ltrlvdasle ka sar abbn eaiaslrdn.
Ae iuletn l bns dekdilknras ka kdsfueidùe eaurnbùhdil, sd odae sa prasaetle tras, y sahóe bn
rafardkn pnr bns plkras ae bl lelgeasds snora kaslrrnbbn avnbutdvn y ab guy ouae kasagpaün
asinblr ka bl edül, en rasubtle lblrgletas ingn plrl snbdidt
snbdidtlr
lr detarinesubt
detarinesubtl,
l, puakae inetrnblrsa
ae ab tärgden ka tras g asas ae uel euavl avlbulidùe, n odae lülkdaekn gìs pruaols aspaiçfd
aspaiçfd--
ils l fde ka lonelr n kasastdglr astl jdpùtasds ae ab gakdlen pblzn.

Kaoa taearsa ae iuaetl qua sa trltl ka ue defnrga plridlb plrl dbustrlr ab usn kab tast, y
qua ae tnkns bns ilsns ka inesubtl kaoa lgpbdlrsa bl defnrglidùe ine ntrls fuaetas ka
kltns, tlbas ingn ntrns destrugaetns, aetravdstls y nosarvlidneas.
 ;. YÇE[AYDY T HQÇL ]L_L QE IN__AI[N QYN KAB
DEY[_QGAE[N

Ae ab prasaeta ilpçtubn jagns detaetlkn ordeklr lb baitnr bns lpnrtas gìs rabavle-
tas y lk aiulkn s l bl pnoblidùe bnilb rafard
rafardkns
kns l b leìbdsd
leìbdsdss ka bns kdoucns defletdbas,
defletdbas, ae
aspaidlb iaetrìeknens
iaetrìeknens ae ab KFJ sahóe bls varsdneas ka Hnnkaenuhj-Jlrrd
Hnnkaenuhj-Jlrrds-Ilsubb
s-Ilsubbnn
plrl Dekdilknras Glkurltdvn-Ineiaptulbas y bl ka @nppdtz plrl bns Agnidnelbas y
Eaurnbùhdins.

AB KDOQCN KA BL FDHQ_L JQGLEL (KFJ) AE AKLK AYINBL_ < 18

Jag ns kasirdptn bns prdeidplbas lonrklcas sno ra ab kdoucn ddefletdb,

efletdb, tletn kaska u el
parspaitdvl jdstùrdil ingn ineiaptulb. ]nr ntrl plrta, jagns rainpdblkn bns kaslrrn-

bbnsbns
ka ka lutnras
bns lutnras g ìs raprasaetltdvns
pdnearns gaeidnelkns aeae bl tag ìtdil
iuletn lsçtras
l bns ingn bns trlolcns
lspaitns nrdhd
nrdhdelbas
elbas
inetagpblkns
ae bns KFJ plrl bl a klk a sinb
sinblr3
lr3 ab gl kurltd
kurltdvn-i
vn-ineiaptulb,
neiaptulb, ab agnidnelb y ab eaurn-
bùhdin. [lgodäe jag ns klkn iuaetl ka bns astukd
astukdns
ns bnilbas gìs raidaetas liaril ka
bns Dekdilknras
Dekdilknras G lkurltdvns
lkurltdvns y A gnidnelbas, prnpnedaekn olragns litulbdzlkns plrl
bl avlbulidùe
avlbulidùe ka bl Asilbl G lkurltd
lkurltdvl
vl kab KFJ ae bl varsdùe Hnnkaenuhj-Jlrrds-
Hnnkaenuhj-Jlrrds-Il-Il-
subbn,
subbn, lsç ingn ka bns Çtags
Çtags A gnidnelbas ka @npp dtz
dtz jlbblkns ae euastrn gakdn ae a b
glrin ka bl oósqu akl ka su il plidklk kdsirdgdeltdvl y ka su saetdkn ib
ibçedin.
çedin. ]nr ntr
ntrll
plrta sa rasaülrne bns trlolcns ka @nppdtz liaril ka bns Dekdilknras ka Kdsfueidùe
Eaurnbùhdil, lspaitn qua en j l sdkn jlstl bl faijl sufdidaetagae
sufdidaetagae ta inesdkarlkn ae
bls lklptlidneas bnilbas y kaoa prnfuekdzlrsa.
Lsdgdsgn linrklgns ae iuletn l bl dgpnrtleidl ka liarilr lb baitnr uel sarda
ka bdealgdaetns ka trlolcn plrl avlbulr ab KFJ sahóe astls varsdneas lklptlkls l
euastrn gakdn, tnglekn ae inesdkarlidùe
inesdkarlidùe bns usns gìs jlodtulbas
jlodtulbas y fueidnelb
fueidnelbas
as kab
tast, ka gnkn ka detaetlr lolrilr tletn bl dkaetdfdilidùe ka lspaitns avnbutdvn-ine-
iaptulbas
iaptulbas (Hnnkaenuhj-Jlrrd
(Hnnkaenuhj-Jlrrds-Ilsubb
s-Ilsubbn),
n), ing n agnidnelbas y eaurnbùhdins
eaurnbùhdins (@nppdt
(@nppdtz)
z)
ka ilrl l lbilezlr uel gìs ingpbatl detarpratlidùe ka bl pruaol sahóe ab ilsn ae
inesubtl. Ingn ingpbagaetn ka astns bdealgdaetns, pnr ue blkn, ae ab Leaxn L sa
rdbbl ka Avlbulidùe kab KFJ qua prataeka l yuklr l rainbaitlr bl defnr-
prasaetl uel H rdbbl
gli dùe eaiaslrdl plrl bl avlbulidùe
avlbulidùe kab [ast ka g nkn saeidbbn y nrkaelkn y, pnr ab
ntrn, ae ab lplrtlkn 9 sa deibuya ab leìbdsds ka kns ilsns ka K FJ qu a ab baitnr puaka
tnglr ingn acagpbn ka usn ka bl H rd bbl ka Avlbulidùe y ka bl rakliidùe kab defnrga
rdbbl
inrraspnekdaeta. As dgpnrtleta kastlilr qua bls defaraeidls lbbç ralbdzlkls
ralbdzlkls sa prasae-
tle snblgaeta ine prnpùsdtns kdkìitdins, pnr bn qua as praidsn rainrklr qua bls ine-
ibusdneas vartdkls
vartdkls ae ue p rniasn ka avlbulidùe psdinbùhdil en sa rakuiae l bns rasub-
tlkns notaedkns gakdleta ue snbn destrugaetn sden qua kardvle kab leìbdsds detahrlkn
ka tnkns bns prniasns y atlpls qua ingpneae bl avlbulidùe (aetravdstl l plkras,
jnrl ka cuahn, nosarvlidùe ka ingpnrtlgdaetn kab edün, defnrgas kniaetas y rastn
ka bl oltarçl, aetra ntrls fuaetas ka defnrglidùe). Jliagns jdeilpdä, aetneias, ae bl
 prukaeidl qua kaoa dgprdgdrsa l bls detarpratlidneas vartdkls, klkl bl inestrdiidùe
qua bl glkurlidùe -ineiaptulb ae asta ilsn parn tlgodäe ae plrtdiublr vdsngntnrl
y ae saetdkn psdinbùhdin sd bl aetaekagns ae tärgdens haearlbas- dgprdga lb kdoucn
defletdb. Astn puaka bbavlr lb arrnr ka detarpratlr ue sdhen hrìfdin ing n dekdidn ka uel
defletdb.
kdfdiub
kdfdiubtlk
tlk ag nidnelb, iulekn puaka kaoarsa l flitflitnras
nras avnbutd
avnbutdvns,
vns, pnr acagpbn. Klk n
bn letardnr, clgìs
clgìs kaoae axtrlpnblrsa bdealbgaeta bls detarpratlidneas prnyaitdvls ibì-

sdils
rlr ab ralbdzlkls
rastn ka bnsine
rastn sucatnsdgpbdilkns
flitnras lkubtns n ae
lknbasiae
bl edüaztas l bns
. Lsç, ilsnsousil
jagns defletdbas
defletdb
knasnfraiar
sde inesdka-
jarrl-
gdaetls prìitdils y nrhledzltdvls plrl ab psdiùbnhn kakdilkn l tlrals ka avlbulidùe
psdinbùhdil pbletalekn, aetneias, sahóe tnkn bn aeueidlkn, bl sdhudaeta Huçl prìitdil
estrugaetn (välsa [lobl <=)3
plrl ue inrraitn usn kab ddestrugaetn

< 1: FA_EÌEKAS BD]N_LIA, L. O_DSSDN y B. BÙ]AS

[lobl <=. Huçl prìitdil plrl ue inrraitn usn kab KFJ sahóe Hnnkaenuhj-Jlrrds-

Ilsubbn (Dekdilknras Glkurltdvn-Ineiaptulbas) y @nppdtz (Dekdilknras

Agnidnelbas y Eaurnbùhdins)

[  >

<) Lkgdedstrlr ab KFJ sahóe bl inesdhel prnpuastl pnr Jlrrds ae su ravdsdùe kab [ast kab Jngora ka
Hnnkaenuhj-Jlrrds (välsa lplrtlkn ?.9.), ine bns 6? çtags fdelbgaeta inesarvlkns ae bl ravdsdùe
jaijl pnr Ilsu bbn.
?) ]uetulr bl Asilbl ka Gl kurlidùe kab Kdoucn kab Jngora, sdhudaekn bls plutls ka Hnnkaenuhj-Jl -
rrds, snblgaeta plrl bns 6? çtags ka bl lklptlidùe ka Ilsubbn (<4::) (välsa lplrtlkn ?.;. y Leaxns
Ly O).
9) Detarpratlr bl puetulidùe notaedkl (Asilbl Glkurltdvl) l plrtdr kab olragn bnilb Iduklk ka Ouaens
Ldras y Ineurolen (Ilrrarls at lb., ?=<<). Välesa lplrtlkn ?.;., aspaidlbgaeta ?.;.<., y Leaxn A).

; ) _abavlr sd sa prasaetle Dekdilknras Agnidnelbas (bAs), utdbdzlekn ab Gleulb ka [loublidùe ka

DAs lklptlkns bnilbgaeta Ordzzdn at lb., ?=<;) (välesa lplrtlkns ?.6., aspaidlbgaeta ?.6.<, y
Leaxn I).
1 ) Detarpr
Detarpratlr
atlr bns Dekdilknras Agnidnelbas prasaetas sahóe bl prnpuastl ka @nppdtz (<46:) y ab astukdn
bnilb ka Ordzzdn at lb. (?=<;) (välesa lplrtlkn ?.6., aspaidlbgaeta ?.6.<., y Leaxn K ).

6) Dkaetdfdilr sd sa prasaetl
p rasaetle
e Dekdilknras ka Kdsfueidùe Eaurnbùhdil
Eaurnbùhdil (@nppdtz,
(@nppd tz, <46:)
< 46:) (välesa lplr-
tlkn ?.8., [lobls
[lobls 8, : y 4 y Leaxn L).
8 ) Lelbdzlr bns rasubtlkns ka bl pruaol ae ingplrlidùe y rablidùe ine ntrns destrugaetns lkgdedstrl-
kns ae bl oltarçl abahdkl (pnr acagpbn, AAK-D, [ast Huastìbtdin
Huastìbtdin Vdsngntnr ka O aekar, YEE, X DYI-DV,
aetra ntrns.). Ae asta saetdkn rainrklgns qua clgìs kaoarçl tnglrsa ingn ineibuyaeta bl defnr-
glidùe ordeklkl snblgaeta pnr ue tast ldsblkn sden qua kaoa rablidnelrsa ine rasubtlkns ka ntrns
destrugaetns ae ab glrin ka ue prniasn ka avlbulidùe psdinbùhdil hbnolb qua deibuyl l tnkns bns
litnras plrtdidpletas y lolrqua tnkns bns lspaitns ka detaräs ae iuletn l bl prnobagìtdil prasae-
tlkl.
 _asug daekn, bl varsdùe
varsdùe kab K FJ defletdb qua lquç prasaetlg ns, cuetn ine bls li-
tulbdzlidneas
tulbdzlidneas bnilbas inrraspnekdaetas, dgpbd
dgpbdil
il tras vaitnras fueklga etlbas ka defnr-
defnr-
glidùe l bns qua ens jagns kakdilkn ae asta ilpçtubn, y qua ab avlbulknr kaoa
inesdkarlr l bl buz kab gntdvn ka inesubtl a defnrglidùe vdeiublkl3 prdgarn, bl avl-
bulidùe kab edvab ka glkurlidùe ineiaptulb0 sahuekn, bl dkaetdfdilidùe ka prasaeidl/
lusaeidl ka Ydhens Agnidnelbas y, tariarn, bl dkaetdfdilidùe
dkaetdfdilidùe k a pnsdobas Dekdilknras
ka Kdsfueidùe Eaurnbùhdil. [nkn abbn sa vlbnrlrì sahóe ab ilsn dekdvdkulb, bl kaglek l
ka inesubtl, ab ìgodtn ka trlolcn ae ab qua ens kasagpaüagns, ab rastn kab glta-
rdlb railolkn
railolkn a e ab prniasn k a avlbulidùe (oltarçl ae su tntlbd
tntlbdklk,
klk, nosarvlidneas ka
ingpn rtlgdaetn, aetravdst
aetravdstls
ls ine defnr
defnrgletas
gletas iblva ingn plkras, kniaetas, ntrns fl-
gdbdlras, iudklknras,
iudklknras, aetra ntrns, y kag ìs jlbblzhns ibçedins), lsç ingn inetag pblekn
tlgodäe bls vçls ka detarvaeidùe flitdobas ka sar dgpbagaetlkls ae ue gngaetn pns-
tardnr.
Asparlgns qua astns lpnrtas rasubtae ka utdbdklk plrl euastrns lbugens ka bls
Ilrrarls ka ]sdinbnhçl lsç ing n plrl prnfasdnelbas qua sa dedidae ae bl prìitdil
prìitdil ka bl
Avlbulidùe ]sdinbùhdil ine edüns.

AB KDOQCN KA BL FDHQ_L JQGLEL (KFJ) AE AKLK AYINBL_ < 14

_AFA_ AEIDLY O D OBDNH_ÌFDILY

Loabb, Y., Jnr`jadgar,
Jnr`jadgar, _. y Ehuyae, Y . (<44:). Detab
Detabbaitulb
baitulb avlb
avlbultdnes
ultdnes nf lknbasiaets vdl jug le
fdhura krlwdehs3 Le agpdrdilb ingplrdsne nf twn gatjnks. Cnurelb nf Ibdedilb ]syijnbnhy,
1; 6), :<<-:<1.
Lgardile
Lgardile ]syijnbnhdi
]syijnbnhdilb
lb Lssnidlitdne/
Lssnidlitdne/Lg
Lgardile
ardile Aku
Akuiltdnelb
iltdnelb _asalrij Lssnidltdne/
Lssnidltdne/Elt
Eltdnelb
dnelb
Inueidb fnr Galsurag aet de Akuiltdne (?==6). Ytleklrks fnr Akuiltdnelb lek ]syijnbnhdilb
[asts. X lsjdehtne, KI3 Lg ardile ]syijnbnhdilb Lssnidltdne.
Lssnidltdne.
Lrejadg, _. (<468). Lrt lek Vdsulb ]ariaptdne. L ]syijnbnhy nf tja Iraltdva Aya. Bnekne3 Floar
lek Floar.
Lrejadg, _. (<48=). Vdsulb [jde`deh. Bnekne3 Floar lek F loar.
Olrrns, G. I. y Dsne, G. (?==?). Inekuitls prnobagls defletdbas3 Dekdilknras avnbutdvns y agnidn-
elbas B.
Oaekar, ae (<488/?=<<).
ab Kdoucn ka bl Fdhurl Jug lel. Vdsngntnr3 Qsns y lpbdilidneas ibçedils.?84-?4:.
[ast Huastìbtdin
_avdstl Detarlga rdilel
rdilel ka ]sdinbnhç
]sdinbnhçl,96
l,96 <),
Ouaens
Ldras3 ]ldkùs.
Ordzzdn, L., Bùpaz, B. y Buij attd
attd,, T. (?=<?). Avlbulidùe ka bns dekdilknras ag nidnelbas kab Kd-
oucn ka bl Fdhurl Juglel ae edüns ae inesubtl psdinbùhdil lgoubltnrdl, _a vdstl
vdstl Avlbulr,
<?, ?<-;?.
Ordzzdn, L., Bùpaz, B., Buijattd, T. y Ytnvar, C. (?=<;). Astukdn enrgltdvn y ka vlbdklidùe ibçedil
ka bns dekdilknras agn idnelbas kab tast kab KdKdoucn
oucn ka bl Fdhurl Ju gle l. Devastdhlidneas ae
]sdinbnhçl, <4 <), 8-9=.
Oui`, C. E . (<4;:). [ja J-[-] taijedqua3 L qulbdtlt
qulbdtltdva
dva lek qule tdtltdva
tdtltdva sinrd
sinrdeh
eh g leulb.Cnugl/
nf Ibdedilb ]syijnbnhy, ;, 9<8-946.
 Ourt, I. (<4?<). Gaetlb lek Yijnblstdi [asts. Bnekne3 _apnrt nf tja Bnekne I nuety Inueidb, ].
Y.@deh y Yne.
Ilrrarls, L., Qrdab, F. y Fareìekaz Bdpnrlia, G . (?=<9). Litulbdzlidneas
Litulbdzlidneas ae ab leì bdsds
bdsds ka çtags
glku rltd
rltdvns
vns kab Kdoucn ka bl Fdhurl Jugle l ae edüns asinblrdzlkns ka O uaens Ldras. Detar-
kdsidpbdelrdl, 9=, <=<-<<:.
Ilrrarls, G. L., Qrdab, F., ]äraz, G ., Yuìraz Jareìek az, E., Liaolb, L. y Fareìekaz Bdpnrlia,
G. G . (?=<<). Olragns ka Edüns Asinblrdzlkns (6 l <? Lüns)3 [ast Huastì
Huastìbtdin
btdin VVdsngntnr
dsngntnr
ka Oaekar, [ast kab Kdoucn ka bl Fdhurl Juglel (KFJ) y [ast ka Gagnrdl Lukdtdvl y Vdsulb
Vdsulb
ka Kçhdtns
Kçhdtns VLKY). Ouaens Ldras3 Kaplrtlgaetn ka ]uo bdilidneas,
bdilidneas, Fliubt
Fliubtlk
lk ka ] sdinb
sdinbnhçl.
nhçl.
QOL.
Ilsubbn, G. G. <4::). Ab [ast kab Kdoucn ka bl Fdhurl Juglel. Enrgls rahdnelbas. Ouaens
Ldras3 Hulklbupa.
Iltta, G., y Inx, G . (<444). Agntdnelb dekdiltnrs
dekdiltnrs de ijdb
ijdbkrae's
krae's jugl e fdhura krlwdehs. Aurnpale
Ijdbk y Lknbasiaet ]syijdltry, Vnb :(?), :6-4<.
Injae, _. C. y Ywarkbd`, G. A. ?==6). ]ruaols y avlbulidùe psdinbùhdils3 detrnkuiidùe l bls
pruaols yl bl gakdidùe. Gäxdin3 G iHrlw-Jdbb.
Inn`a, A. (<::1). Ne lrt@npp
talijd
talijdeh
eh Jug
le k le
ijdbk eltura. Cnurelb nf Akuiltdne,
Kdaffaeolij, A. (<48:). dtz's
dtz's F dhura Krlwdeh (JFK) [a st3 [ja :, <?-<1.
rabdlod
rabdlodbd
bdty
ty lek Ibdedilb
Ibdedilb
vlbdkdty nf dts
dts agn tdnelb dekdiltnrs. Kdssartltdn e Lostrlits Detareltdnelb, 9:(<=-L), 6=19.
Kdssartltdne
Aeh, J. (<49<). [ja ]syijnbnhy nf Ijdbkrae s Krlwdeh. Bnekne3 _nutbakha y @ahle ] lub.
Farelekas
Farele kas Ydstn, F.F. (?==8). Kdoucn ka bl fdhurl juglel 3 Leìbdsds
Leìbdsds kab fueidnelg daetn kdfaraeidlb
ka bns irdtardns. betarlgardile Cnurelb nf ]syijnbnhy, ;<(?), ?<1-??=.
Fareìekaz Bdpnrlia, G. (<446). Ab Kdoucn
Kdoucn ka bl Fdhurl Jugl el. Ouaens Ldras3 ]sdintail.
Fareìek az Bdpnrlia, G ., Vlrabl, C., Ilsubbn, G. G . y _dlb, L. (?==9). Astukdn bnehdtukdelb snora bl
ilplidklk akuitdvl ae lknbasiaetas asinblrdzlkns
asinblrdzlkns ka O uaens Ldras. Lelbas ka ]sdinbnhçl,
<4 ?), ?49-9=;.
Fareìekaz Bdpnrlia, G. G., Ilyssdlbs, L. y ]äraz, G. ?==4). Iursn oìsdin ka ]sdingatrçl.
Ouaen s Ldras3 Buhlr.
Fbasbar, L. (?==8). Ab edün ae leìbdsds y ab buhlr ka bns plkras. Ouaens Ldras3 ]ldkùs.
Fbnras Gaeknzl, I., Lbvas, G., Lolk, F. y Babä, L. (?=<=). = qua gaka n kasaejn kl fdhurl
jugl el> Astukns ka vlbdklka inevarhaeta a kdsird
kdsirdgdeleta
gdeleta PX jlt tja jugle fdhur
fdhuraa krlwdeh

< 6= . FA_EÌEKAS BD]N_LIA, L. O_DSSDN y B. BÙ]AS

tast galsura> Inevarhaet l ek kdsird

kdsirdgdelet
gdelet vlbdkdty stukyW
stukyW.. Onbatçe ka ]sdinbnhçl, 6= (<9?),
9?-16.
Fbyee, C. _. (<4:8). Glssdva D\ hldes de <; eltdnes3 Xjlt D\ tasts ralbby galsura. ]syijnbnhdilb
O ubb
ubbatde, <=< ?), <8<-<4<.
atde, <=<
Fraagle, E . J. (<48?). ]rniiass lek prnkuit de ijdbkr
ijdbkrae's
ae's krlwdeh, ]ariaptdne
]ariaptdne,, <, <?9-<;=.
Fraagle, E. J. (<4:=). Ytrltahdas nf _aprasaetltdne de Tnueh ijdbkrae. Lelbysds nf Ypltdlb Y`dbbs
lek Krlwdeh ]rniassas. Bnekne lek Eaw Tnr`3 LilkagdLilkagdii ]rass.
Fu`abgl e, C. (?===). Inefaraeidls kditlkls ae ab Yarvdidn ka Ylbuk Gaetlb kab Jnspdtlb Aspl-
ünb, Ouaens L dras.
Fubbar, H., ]rauss, G . y Jlw `des, X. (<48=). [ja vlbdkdt
vlbdkdtyy nf tja jugl e fdhura krlwdehs wdtj kds-
turoak lek enrglb ijdbkrae. Cnurelb nf Yijnnb ]syijnbnhy, :(<), 1;-16.
Hnnkaenuhj, F. (<4?6). [ast ka detabdhaeidl defletdb pnr gakdn kab Kdoucn ka bl Fdhurl Juglel.

HnnOuaens Ldras3
kaen uhj, ]ldkùs.Ytukdas de tja psyijnbnhy nf ijdb
F. (<4?:). ijdbkrae's
krae's krlwdehs. ]syijnbnhdilb Oubb.,
?1, ?8?-?:9.
Hnnk aenuhj , F. y Jlrrds, K. (<41=). Ytukdas de tja psyijnbnhy nf ijdbkrae's krlwdeh, DD3 <4?:-
<4;4. ]syijnbnhy Oubbatde, ;8, 96=-;99.
 Jlrrds, K. O. (<469). Ab [ast ka Hnnkaenuhj. _avdsdùe, lgpbdlidùe y litulbdzlidùe. Olriabnel3
]ldkùs.
Jlggar, A. (<41:). [ja Ibdedilb Lppbdiltdne nf ]rncaitdva Krlwdehs. Yprdehfd
Yprdehfdabk3
abk3 Ijlrbas I. [jn-
gls ] uobdsjar.
Jderdijs, X. A. (<491). [ja Hnnka enuhj krlw deh tast ddee rabltd
rabltdne
ne tn kabdequaeiy lek prnobag
oajlvdnr, Lrij. ]syijnb., Eaw Tnr`, Vnb. <81.
Detareltdnelb
Detareltdnelb [ast In gg dssd
dssdne
ne (?==1). Hudkabdeas fnr [rlesbltd
[rlesbltdeh
eh lek Lklptdeh [asts. _aiupa -
rlkn ka jttp3//www.detasting.nrh  
Detareltdnelb
Detareltd nelb [ast In gg dssd
dssdne
ne (?=<=). Hudkabdeas fnr [rlesbltd
[rlesbltdeh
eh le k Lk lptdeh [asts. _aiupa-
rlkn ka jttp3//www.detasting.nrh
Detareltdnelb [ast Inggdssdne ?=<;). [ja Yaiurdty nf [asts, Axlgdeltdnes lek Ntjar Ls-
sassgaets. Bnekne3 Lutjnr.
n f tja J-[-]. Oavarby J dbds, Ilbd-
Cnbbas, B. (<41?). L Iltlbnhua fnr tja \ulbdtltdva Detarpratltdne nf Ilbd-
fnredl3 Xastare ]syijnbnhdilb Yarvdias.
@lg pjlus, _. y ] badss, @. ((<44<).
<44<). Krlw -l-parsne taijedquas3 [asts de salrij nf l inestruit.
Cnurelb nf Yijnnb ]syijnbnhy, ?4, 941- ;4<.
@nppdtz, A. (<466). Agntdnelb dekdiltnrs ne jugle fdhura krlwdehs nf ijdbkrae3 L vlbdkltdne
stuky. Cnurelb nf Ibdedilb ]syijnbnhy, ??(9), 9<9-9<1.
@np pdtz, A. (<46:). Ab Kdoucn ka bl Fdhurl Juglel ae bns edüns. Akdidùe ilstabblel3 Ouaens
Ldras, Hulklbupa.
@nppdtz, A. (<441). Ab [ast ka Oaekar. Olriabnel3 Nd`ns-[lu.
Blpbleija C. y ]netlbds, C. (<4:<). Kdiidnelrdn ka ]sdinleìbdsds. Ouaens Ldras3 ]ldkùs.
Banenwaes
kab Kdoucn]attarsae, C. (?==;).
ka bl Fdhurl Ju glel]rnpuastl
, ralbdzlknkapnrueedüns
destrugaetn
ka 1 lb ?plrl
lü ns.bl ([asds
inrraiidùe ka blQedvarsd-
deäkdtl). pruaol
klk Frleidsin Glrrnqud
Glrrnqude,e, Hultaglbl.
Bavy, Y. (<41:). ]rncaitdva fdhura
fdhura krlwdehs. Ae A. F. Jlg gar (ak.), [ja Ibdedilb Lppbdiltdnes nf
]rncaitdva Krlwdehs (pp. :9-<<?). Yprdehfdabk, DB3 Ijlrbas I. [jngls ]uobdsjar Btk.
Bazl`, G. K. (<441). Eaurnpsyijnbnhdilb Lssassgaet. Eaw Tnr`3 Nxfnrk Qedvarsdt Qedvarsdtyy ]rass.
Bnosdae, G . (<4=1). @dekarzad
@dekarzadijeueh
ijeueh uek @ uest`leneSa dtdtsijrd
sijrdftft fur pìklhnhdsija ]syijnbnhda,
8 , 949-;=;.
Bùpaz, B., Buijattd,
Buijattd, T. y Ordzzdn, L. ((?=<9).
?=<9). Dekdilknras agnidnelbas kab K FJ y su rablidùe ine
bns gntdvns ka inesubtl psdinbùhd
psdinbùhdil
il ae edüns. Leulrdn ka Devastdhlidneas ka bl Fliubtlk ka
]sdinbnhçl ka bl Qedvarsdklk ka Ouaens Ldras, ZZ, 964-986.
Buqua t, H.J. (<4<9). Ba kassdes k ue aeflet. ]lrçs3 F. Lbile.
Gl ijnvar, @. (<4;4). ]arsnelbdty prncaitdne3 de tja krlwdeh nf l jugle fdhura. Yprdehfdabk, DB3
Ijlrbas I [jngls ]uobdsjar.
Glijnvar, @. (<419). Jugle Fdhura Krlwdehs nf Ijdbkrae. Cnurelb nf ]rncaitdva ]rncai tdva [aijedquas,
<8(<), :1-4<.

AB KDOQCN KA BL FDHQ_L JQGLEL (KFJ) AE AKLK AYINBL_ 6<

Glhletn, I. y Hlrldhnrknodb, G. (?==4). Ab kdlheùstdin defletdb kaska bl axprasdùe hrìfdil3 ab tast

ka kns fdhurls juglels. Ibçedil y Ylbuk. Inbahdn Nfdidlb ka ]sdiùbnhns ka Glkrdk, ?=(9),
?98-?;:.
Glhl etn, I. y Hlrldhnrknodb
Hlrldhnrknodb,, G. (?=<<). Dekdi
Dekdilknras
lknras ag nidnelbas ingpbagaetlrdns plrl bl avl-
bulidùe agnidnelb kab [ast kab kdoucn ka kns fdhurls juglels ([?F). _avdstl Doarnlga rdilel
rdilel
ka Kdlheùstdin y Avlbulidùe ]sdinbùhdil, 9<(<), 89-41.
Glrçe, H. (<4: 6). Gatnknbnhçl ka bl Devastdhlidùe
Devastdhlidùe ] sdinbùhd
sdinbùhdil.
il. Litl ]sdqudìtrdil y ]sdinbùhdil
ka Lgärdil Bltdel, 9?, <:9-<4?.
Glrçe _uakl, F. C. y Ydstn, F. (?==6). Astukn snora ls iltahnrdls ka detarpratl\ìn kls Gltrdzas
kls ka _lyae a KFJ Yilbl Ydstn. Lbatjadl, ?9, <8-?6.
Inbnrdkls
Inbnrd
 Glrrnea , I. (?==1). Ab cuahn, uel kaukl kab psdinleìbdsds. Oua ens Ldras3 Akdtnrdlb Blzns.
Garden Yntn, I., Jnen ras, B., Hlrid
Hlridl,
l, X . y Ylblzlr, H. (?==8). Qel a vlbulidù
vlbulidùee enrg ltdv
ltdvll ka bns
dtags avnbutdvns ae ab kdoucn ka bl fdhurl jugle l ka @n ppdtz. Euavns ]lrlkdhgl s < <)3 88-41.
Guüdz, C., Abnsól, ]. y Jlgobatne, _. (?=<9). Kdraitrdias plrl bl trlkuiidùe y lklptlidùe ka bns
tasts3 sahuekl a kdidùe. ]sdijntagl, ?1(?), <1<-<18.
Elhbdard, C. <4::). Krlw l ]arsne, l \uletdtltdva Yinrdeh Yystag. Yl
Yle
e Letnedn, [Z3 [ja
]syijnbnhdilb Inrpnrltdne.
Elhbdard, C., G iEadsj, [. y Olrk
Olrkns,
ns, L. (<44<). KL]3 Y]AK. Krlw l ]arsne3 Yiraaedeh prniakura
fnr agntdnelb kdsturoleia3 Axlgdear's Gleulb. Lustde3 ]rn-Ak.
]dlhat, C. y Dejabkar, O. (<416). Bl ineiapidùe kab asplidn ae ab edün. Bnekne3 _nutbakha y
@ahle ]lub.
]dlhat, C. y Dejabkar, O. (<48 <). Gaetlb Dglhdeae/ de tja Ijdbk. Bnekne3 _nutbakha y @ahle ] lub.
_lkrdzzled Hnüd, L. G., Ndoargl e, L., Ilslourd, B., ]len, ]. y _nslbas, I. (?=<1). Asilbl Lr-
haetdel ka Kdoucn Defletdb (ALKD)3 ue destrugaetn ka avlbulidùe plrl edüns ka ? l 6 lüns y
<< gasas. Ouaens Ldras3 Buhlr.
_ayenbks, I. _. y Jdi`gle, C. L. (?==;). Krlw L]arsne Detabbaitulb Lodbdty [ast fnr Ijdbkrae,
Lknbasiaets, lek Lkubts (KL]3 D\). Lustde, [Z3 ]rn-Ak.
_nkubfn, G. (<44?). Ab edün kab kdoucn. Astukdn psdinlelbçtdin kab hrlfdsgn y sus fueidneas ae bl
inestruiidùe tagprlel kab iuarpn. Ouaens Ldras3 ]ldkùs.
_nkubfn, _. (<444). Kdoucns fuarl kab plpab. Ouaens Ldras3 ]ldkùs.
rìfdin kab edün. Ouaens Ldras3 Ab Ltaean.
_nug l, H. (<4<9). Ab baehul ca h rìfdin
Yijdbkar, ]. (<491). [ja Dglha lek Lppalrleia nf tja Jugle Onky. Bnekne3 ]lub @ahle.
Yabfa, B. (<4:9). Enrglb lek Enrglbnus _aprasaetltdnelb Krlwdeh Lodbdty de Ijdbkrae. Bnekne
lek Eaw Tnr`3 Lilkagdi ]rass.
[lonrkl ka Vablsin, _. (?==?)
(?==?).. Kdlheùstdin ka bl kdeìgdil ka bl ilplidklk detabaitulb ka edüns
ka ; l 6 lüns.
lün s. Astukdn ibçedin ka bns tasts
ta sts X]]YD, OH y KFJ. Ouaens Ldras3
X]]YD, Ldras3 Bugae J ugl-
e dtls.

X aijsbar, K. (<48=). Bl gakdkl ka bl detabdhaeidl kab lkubtn. Ouaens L dras3 ]rabdgdelr.

< 6? . FA_EÌEKAS BD]N_LIA, L. O_DSSDN y B. BÙ]AS

 
 LEAZN
Kdoucnn ka bl Fdhurl
Kdouc Fd hurl Jug lel (KFJ )

Leaxn L. Hrdb
Hrdbbl
bl ka Avl bulidùe
bulidùe ka b KFJ

Leaxn O . Çt
Çtag
ag s Glku rlt
rltdvns
dvns ka bbll Asilbl kab Kdoucn kab Jng ora kab
KF J a dest
destruiidneas
ruiidneas ka puetulidùe

Leaxn I. Hu çl ka [loublidùe plrl bbns

ns ?? DDekdilknras
ekdilknras Ag nidnelbas
vlbdklkns plrl ab Ìral G atrnpnb
atrnpnbdtdtlel
lel ka Ou aens L dras
dras

Leaxn K . Det
Detarprat
arpratlidùe
lidùe ka bns DDekdilknras
ekdilknras A g nidnelbas

Leaxn A . Olragn ka Çt
Çtag
ag s Glku rlt
rltdvns
dvns kab KFJ plrl ab Ìral
Ga trnpnbd
trnpnbdtlel
tlel ka Oua ens Ldras (Astukdn ka Il rrarls, Qrdab,
]äraz, Yuìraz Jareìeka z, Liaolb y Fareìekaz Bdpnrlia,
?=<<)

 
 L e a x n L . H rdbb
rdbbll ka Avlbulidùe kab KFJ

ENGO_A KAB AVLBQLKN_3 FAIJL KA BL AVLBQLIDÙE3

KL[NY YNIDNKAGNH_ÌFDINY KAB EDÜN

Engora3 Faijl ka elidgdaet

elidgdaetn3
n3
Aklk ae lüns y gasas3 Yaxn3
Asinblrdklk3 Destdtuidùe (póobdil/prdvlkl)3
Buhlr ka rasdkaeidl3 Ntrn kltn3

Vdva ine... (glrilr ine uel
Lgons plkras
? Ine lgons plkras y jarglen/s
9 Ynbn/l ine lbhuens ka bns plkras
; Ine lbhuen ka bns plkras y jarglen/s
1 Ine flgdbdl aeslgoblkl
6 Ine lgons plkras, jarglens y louabns
8 Ynbn ine jarglens
Ntrl aspaidfdilr)3
<<<<<<<.<<<<<<•<< .
.< <~-,
Z) Edvab akuiltdvn ka bns plkras (glrilr ine uel Z)
]lkra Glkra
Yde akuilidùe fnrglb
? ]rdglrdn deingpbatn
9 ]rdg. ingp./Yai. deingpbatn
; Yai. ing p/[aridlrdn n Qedvarsdtlrdn deingpbatn
[aridlrdn n Qedvarsdtlrdn ingpbatn

Dekdilknras Glkurltdvns (DG) (HNnkaçdnuhj~lrrd<0<4 688<8.8

DG ]rasaeidl DG ]rasaeidl
< . Iloazl ?<. Iloa bbn DV
DV
?. Iuabbn ??. Nracls
9. Iuabbn kns kdgaesdneas ?9. Nracls3 prnpnridùe y uodilidùe
;. Ncns ?;. Kakns
1. Ka tlbb
tlbbaa ncn3 iacls n pastlüls ?1. Kakns3 eóga rn inrraitn

6. K atlbba
atlbba ncn3 pupdbl ?6. Kakns3 katlbbas inrraitns
8. Katlbba ncn3 prnpnridùe ?8. ]ubhlr ae npnsdidùe
:. Ka tlbb
tlbbaa ncn3 Gdrlkl ?:. Glens
4. Elrdz ?4. Guüail n tnodbbn
<=. Elrdz kns kdgaesdneas 9=. Orlzns
<<. Onil 9<. Jngo rns D
<?. Blodns kns kdgaesdneas 9?. Jngorns DD
<9. Elrdz y blodns kns kdgaesdneas 99. Orlzns ka blkn n ae litdvdklk
litdvdklk
<;. Fraeta y gaetùe 9;. Lrtdiublidùe inkn
<1. ]rnyaiidùe gaetùe 91. ]darels
<6. Bçeal ka glekdoublr 96. Ilkarl D
<8. ]uaeta ka el rdz 98. Ilkarl DD
<:. Iloabbn D 9:. Lrtdiublidùe
Lrtdiublidùe rnkdbbl
rnkdbbl
<4. Il oabbn DD 94. ]das D
?=. I loabbn DDD ;=. ]das DD

LEAZN - KDOQCN KA BL FDHQ_L JQGLEL (KFJ) 61

 
 r[<=

Dekdilknras Glkurltd
Glkurltdvns
vns DG) Hn n kae n uhj, <4?60 Jlrr
Jlrrds,
ds, <469) L klptli
klptlidùe
dùe I lsub
lsubbn
bn <4::)
DG ]rasaeidl DG ]rasaeidl
;<. ]das DDD 1?. ]rnpnridùe orlzns DD
;?. ]das DV 19. ]rnpnridùe pdarels
;9. ]das V 1;. ]rnpnridùe
]rnpnridùe g dagorns kns kdgaes.

;;. Lrtdiublidùe orlzns y pdarels D 11. Vastdgaetl D

;1. Lrtdiublidùe orlzn s y pdarels DD 16. Vastdgaetl DD
;6. [rnein 18. Vastdgaetl DDD
;8. [rnein kns kdgaesdneas 1:. Vastdgaetl DV
;:. ]rnpnridùe iloazl D 14. Vastdgaetl V
;4. ]rnpnridùe iloazl DD 6=. ]a rfdb D
1=. ]rnpnridùe ilrl 6<. ]a rfdb DD
1<. ]rnpnridùe orlzns D 6?. Fraeta
] Q E [ L C A K DD__ A I [ N 3 ]A_IAE[DB3

Dekdilknras Agnidnelbas
Agnidnelbas <A) @nppdtz, <46:) ]rasaeidl
L klptl
klptlidùe
idùe O rdzzdn,
rdzzdn, Bùpaz, Buijattd y Yt
Ytnn var, ?=<;
D. Ydhens i ulbdtltdvns (YI)
YI< Det
Detahrlidùe
ahrlidùe pnora k a bls plrtas ka bl fdhurl (l pl rtd
rtdrr ka bns 8 lüns)
YI? Yngo ralkn ka bls glens y/n iuabbn
YI9 ]rneue idlkl lsdga trçl
trçl ka bls axtragdklk as (l plrtdr ka bns 8 lüns)
YI; Deibdelidùe
Deib delidùe ka bl fdhurl ae <1 h rlkns n g ìs
YI1 Fdhurl paquaül, ka ; ig n gaen s ka lbturl (l plrtdrplrtdr ka bns : lüns)
YI6 [rlesplraeidl
DD. Katlbbas aspaidlbas (KA)
KA8 Kdaetas

KA: Orlzns blrhns, qua pnkrçle bbahlr j lstl kaolcn ka bl bçeal ka bls rnkdbbls
KA4 Glens hrlekas, kab tlglün ka bl ilrl
KA<= Glens ngdtdkls,
ngdtdkls, orlzns sde glens ed kakn s (l plrtd
plrtdrr ka bns 8 lüns)
KA<< Haedtlbas
KA<? Fdhurl gnestrunsl n hrntasil
KA<9 Kdoucn aspnetìean ka tras
tras n g ìs fdhurls
KA<; Fdhurl detarrugpdkl
detarrugpdkl pnr ab onrka ka bl jncl
DD
DDD3
D3 Ngdsdneas (=)
=<1 Ng dsdùe
dsdùe ka bns ncns
=<6 Ng dsdùe
dsdùe ka bl elrdz (l plrtdr
plrtdr ka bns 4 lün s)
=<8 Ng dsd
dsdùe
ùe ka bl onil
=<: Ng dsd
dsdùe
ùe kab iuarpn
=<4 Ng dsd
dsdùe
ùe ka bns orlzns
=?= Ng dsd
dsdùe
ùe ka bls pdarels
pdarels
=?< Ng dsd
dsdùe
ùe ka bns pdas
=?? Ng dsdùe
dsdùe ka b iuabbn (l plrtdr ka bns : lün s)
 < 66 . FA_EÌEKAS BD]N_ LIA, L. O_DSSDN
O_DSSDN y B. BÙ]AS

Dekdilknras ka Kdsfueidùe Eaurnbùhdil (@nppdtz, <46:)

DKE ]rasaeidl DKE ]rasaeidl
=<. Ng dsd
dsdùe
ùe kab iuarpn =4. Eóg arn deinrraitn
deinrraitn ka kakns
=?. Ngdsdùe ka bls pupdbls <=. _npl3 =-< çtag

=9. Ngdsdùe kab iuabbn <<. _npl3 gaens ka ; çtçtags

ags
=;. Orlzns plbntas <?. Detahrlidùe pnora
=1. Orlzns j nrdznetlbas <9. Lsdgatrçl ka bls axtragdklk as
=6. Orlzns uedùe deinrraitl
deinrraitl <;. [rlesplraeidls
=8. Ngdsdùe ka bls glens <1. Fdhurl paquaül
=:. Ng dsdùe
dsdùe ka bls pdarels
pdarels ae k ns <6. Fdhurl deibdelkl
kdgaesdneas
 LEAZN - KDOQCN KA BL FDHQ_L JQGLEL (KFJ) 68

L e a x n O . Çtag
Çtag s G lkurltdvns
lkurltdvns ka bl Asilbl kab
Kdoucn kab Jng ora kab KF J a destdestruiid
ruiidneas
neas ka puetulidùe*
puetulidùe*

Liblrlidneas
hrìfdils
< . ]rasaeidl ka Iulbqudar raprasaetlidùe iblrl ka iloazl. Fliidneas sde inetnren ka iloazl, en
iloazl sa lsdhel ab puetn.
?. ]rasaeidl ka iuabbn Iulbqudar dekdilidùe iblrl kab iuabbn ingn kdfaraeidlkn ka bl iloazl y ab trnein. L
bl garl yux tlpnsdidùe ka bl iloazl y ab trnein, en sa lsdhel ab puetn.
9. I u a b b n k n s Inetnren kab iuabbn ing n inetdeulidùe ka bl iloazl,
iloazl, kab tr
trnein
nein n ka lg ons. Bl
kdgaesdneas bçeal kab iuabbn kaoa fbudr kaetrn ka bl bçeal ka bl iloazl n ka bl bçeal kab trnein. r. 1 > ―
--,

Ab iuabbn detarpuastn ing n ue pdblr aetra bl iloazl y ab trnein en sa lirakdtl, l v

)

gaens qua bl detaeidùe juodasa sdkn gnstrlr uel kafdedkl inetdeudklk aetra ab
x)
iuabbn y bl iloazl, yl sal gakdleta bl deibusdùe kab iuabbn, ka uel praekl ka va stdr
n iurv lekn bls bçeals.
; . ]rasaeidl ka ncns Iulbqudar
Iulbqudar raprasaetlidùe
raprasaetlidùe ka uen n lg ons ncns.

1. Katlbb
Katlbbaa kab ncn 3 _aprasaetlidùe ka bls iacls n bls pastlüls,
pastlüls, n lg ols.
iacls n pa stl
stlüls
üls
6 . Katlbb
Katlbbaa kab ncn 3 Iulbqudar dekdilidùe iblrl ka pupdbl n drds, kdfaraeidlkns
kdfaraeidlkns kab inetnren haearlb kab
pupdbl ncn. Yd sa vae bns kns ncns, kaoae fdhurlr lgols pupdbls.
8. Katlbb
Katlbbaa kab ncn 3 Bl kdgaesdùe jnrdznetlb kab ncn kaoa sar glynr qua bl vartdilb
vartdilb.. Yd lg ons ncns
prnpnridùe astìe raprasaetlkns, bns kns kaoae iugpbdr asta raqudsdtn. Ae kdoucns ka parfdb ka
etdfdrw ablpdB
ue hrlkn supardnr, ab ncn sa rap rnkuia ae p arspaitdvl. Ae astns ilsns, iulbqudar
iulbqudar 2Z5 I S D 
fnrgl trdlehublr lprnxdglkl l astns acagpbns, sa lirakdtl.
: . Katlbb
Katlbbaa kab ncn 3 Fraeta3 Bl gdrlkl ka lgons ncns kaoa sar avdkaeta. En puaka jloar inevarhaeidl
gdrlkl n kdvarhaeidl ka lgols pupdbls. Tnusrs A_N B .
]arfdb3 Ncns ing n ae ab puetn letardnr, n sd sa jl gletaedkn bl ffnrg
nrg l lbgaekrlkl, 2DDK
bl pupdbl kaoa astlr jlidl ab fraeta kab ncn y en ae a b iaetrn. ]u etlca astrditn.
4 . ]rasaeidl ka elrdz Iulbqudar raprasa etlidùe iblrl ka elrdz.
elrdz.
<= . Elrd
Elrdzz kn s Fraeta3 Iulbqudar raprasaetlidùe ka bl elrdz ae kns kdgaesdneas, iulekn ab
kdgaesdneas
ly
bçtaeA
puaeta sal g ìs blrhn qua ab leijn ka bl olsa n ka bl puetl.
]arfdb3 Iulbqudar detaetn ka raprasaetlidùe, sdagpra qua bl puetl n bl olsa jlyle TBY C (v)
sdkn raprasa etlkls ka llbhuel
bhuel fnrg l. Ab kdoucn ka ue sd
sdgp
gp ba ontùe sa inesdkarl ....., , .. Z)
eahltdvn.
]A_FDB

j( B2 )

i I. Z)

< <. ]rasaeidl ka onil Iulbqudar raprasaetlidùe iblrl ka bl onil.

<? . B l o d n s k n s _aprasaetlidùe iblrl ka lgons blodns.
ab .. 7zd .4..
kdgaesdneas

<
atsfrt

,
  alfd
 <

<9 . Elrdz y blodns kns Asta puetn lkdidnelb sa lirakdtl sùbn sd bns çtags <= y <? sne pnsdtdvns.
kdgaesdneas

* Lklptlidùe Ilsubbn (<4::) snora bl varsdùe ka Hnnkaenuhj, <4?60 Jlrrds, <469.

< 6: . FA_EÌEK AS BD]N_LIA, L. O_ DSS

DSSDN
DN y B. BÙ]AS

Liblrlidneas
Çtag Glkurltdvn Kasirdpidùe
hrìfdils
<<.<<- <<<<~§<&
< ;. ]rasaeidl ka Kaoa e fdhurlr lgon s ncns y bl onil y axdstdr sufdidaeta
sufdidaeta asplidn lrrdol ka bns ncns
fraeta y gaetùe ing n plrl raprasaetlr bl fraeta.
fraeta. [lgodäe kaoa axdstdr asplidn
asplidn kaolcn ka bl onil /'.¾..R ( ) x)
ingn plrl raprasaetlr bl olrodbbl.
< 1 . ]rnyaiidùe kab Ab gn kablkn kab gaetùe kaoa astlr dekdilkn
dekdilkn ka lbhuel glearl, yl sal
sal pnr uel
gaetùe iblrlgaeta bçeal iurvl kaolcn ka bl onil n kab blodn, n gakdleta bl puetl kab gaetùe dekdilkl
.3,./ . /; )
kdfaraeidlkn kab blodn pnr ue lkaiulkn gnkablgdaetn flidlb, n ue puetn n bçeal uodilkns kaolcn ka bl
defardnr onil y iaril kab bçgdta defardnr kab rnstrn.
< 6. Dekdilidùe bçeal Fraeta3 Bl bçeal ka bl g lekçoubl y bl olrodbbl trl
trlzlkl
zlkl l trlväs kab iuabbn parn en .*«... ;3<<=<-

i
ka bl glekçoubl sdhudaekn ue inetnren iulkrlkn. Ab iuabbn kaoa sar bn sufdidaetagaeta leijn y bl v)
olrodbbl astlr
astlr kdouclkl ka tl
tlbb gn kn qua bl bçeal ka bl glekçoubl fnrga ue ìehubn ; d
lhukn odae ka fdedkn
fdedkn ine bl bçeal kab iuabbn. Avlbulidùe astrditl.
]arfdb3 Bl bçeal ka bl g lekçoubl sa axtdaeka jlidl bl nracl. V.c^^ (x)

< 8. ]uaeta ka bl elrdz Fraeta3 Elrdz inrraitlgaeta uo dilkl y gnkablkl. Bl olsa ka bl elrdz kaoa lplra- [
A

iar, lsç ingn tlg odäe bl dekdilidùe

dekdilidùe ka ue p uaeta raitn. Bl uo dilidùe ka bl plrta
supardnr kab puaeta tdaea sugl dgpnrtleidl3 kaoa axtaekarsa jlidl lrrdol jlstl
f
< ?Y <=
bns ncns n aetra bns gdsgns. Ab puaeta kaoa sar gìs astraijn qua bl olsa. ì< nc , = x)
]arfdb3 Ab ìehubn aetra bl elrdz y bl
bl ilrl kaoa lprnx dglrsa l bns 91/;1½. Bl
iurvlturl aetra bl elrdz y bl fraeta kaoa p aridodrsa ae fnrg l iblrl l bl lbturl
lbturl kab
]I LT

.3.
ncn. V)
C.3.
I   .‚

<:. I l o a b b n D Iulbqudar raprasaetlidùe ka iloabbn.

<4. I l o a b b n D D Ab iloabbn axiaka bl idriuefaraeidl kab irìean y as gìs ingpbacn qua ue hlrloltn.
En kaoa jlo ar trlesplraeidls,
trlesplraeidls, uel garl bçeal ka iloabbn l trlväs kab irìean, sde ay
)
detaetns
detaetns ka sng oralkn plrl sahudr ab iloabbn sa ing putl eahltdvn.
eahltdvn.

?=. I l o a b b n D D D Iulbqudar taetltdvl

taetltdvl ka raprn kuidr ue inrta n p adelkn.
? < . I l o a b bbnn D V Iloabbn sng oralkn n sap lrlkn ae kns plrtas, qua suhdarl bl rlyl rlyl n ue padelkn
n iapdbblkn,
iapdbblkn, pnr g akdn ka bçeals
bçeals kdrdhdkls
kdrdhdkls.. K lkn qua en kao a lsdhelrs
lsdhelrsaa puetlca ; V=< v)
lb çtag
çtag ?< sd ab ?= en fua in esdhelkn pnsdtdvn,
pnsdtdvn, sa bn inesdkarl ue puetn ka hrlkn ;z-. Lrz3S., ;39 ,w x)
supardnr.
? ? . ]rasaeidl ka Iulbqudar raprasaetlidùe ka nracls.
nracls
? 9 . N r a clc l s 3 p r n p n r i d ù e Qodilidùe lprnxdglkl ae ab sahuekn taridn ka bl iloazl. F_AE[A

y uodilidùe Fraeta3 Bl plrta supardnr ka bl nracl kaoa a stlr saplrlkl

saplrlkl ka bl bçeal ka bl iloazl
y lgo ls nracls kaoae plrtdr ka bl il
iloazl.
oazl. q ' v)
 ]arfdb3 Iulbqudar katlbba qua dekdqua ab ilelb lukdtdvn. Ab ploabbùe kao a nrdaetlrsa
jlidl bl plrta pnstardnr ka bl iloazl.
x)
I( i

]A_FDB

L td
? ; . ]rasaeidl ka Iulbqudar raprasaetlidùe ka bns kakns saplrlkns ka bl g len y ab orlzn. Ae hrì-
kakns fdins ka edüns g lynras, ine taekaeidl lb onsquacn, sa lirakdtl sd axdsta lbhuel
desdeulidùe ka kakns.

LEAZN - KDOQCN KA BL FDHQ_L JQGLEL KFJ) 64

―.----
Çta g Liblrlidneas
Kasirdpidùe hrìfdils
Glkurltdvn
?1 . Kakns3 eógarn Ab eógarn inrraitn kaoa no sarvlrsa
sarvlrsa ae lg ols glens sd bls kns fuarne
fuarne kdouclkls.
kdouclkls.
inrraitn Ya lirakdtl ae kdoucns-oniatns ka edüns g lynras, luequa en puakle kdstdehudrsa
kdstdehudrsa
ae fnrg l kafdedkl bns idein kakns.
?6 . Kakns3 katlbbas En sa lirakdtle hlr
hlrfdns
fdns ed plbdtns.
plbdtns. Bl bnehdtuk ka ilkl kakn kaoa suparlr entn-
inrraitns rdlgaeta lb leijn. [lg odäe sa lirakdtl iulekn pnr jlbblrsa
jlbblrsa bl g len lpratlkl,
lplraiae bns eukdbbns n plrta ka bns kakns. Ae kdoucns odae ralbdzlkns, ae bns qua
bl glen puaka lplraiar ae pa rspaitdvl,
rspaitdvl, n iulekn bns kakns sne asonzlkns, sa
lirakdtl asta çtag.
?8 . ]ubhlr ae Iblrl kdfaraeidlidùe kab pubhlr raspaitn ka bns kakns raprasaetletas. Avlbulidùe
npnsdidùe astrditl.
astrditl. Ya lirakdtl sd uen ka bns kakns bltarlbas
bltarlbas as avdkaetag aeta g ìs inrtn qua
iulbqudarl ka bns
bns ntrns, aspaidlbg
aspaidlbg aeta ing plrlkn ine ab g aüdqua, n sd ab ìehubn
ìehubn (
  )
aetra asta y ab kakn çekdia en as gaenr qu a ab knoba kab tlglün kab ìehubn aetra
kns kçhdtns, n sd su puetn ka uedùe l bl g len astì gìs iaril ka bl guüail qu a ab
ka bns ntrns kakns. Bls inekdidneas kaoae iug pbdrsa ae bl blss kns glens sd lgols (x)

fuarne hrlfdil
hrlfdilkls.
kls. Bns kakns
kakns kaoae astlr ddekdil
ekdilkns.
kns. Bl glen ing n gdtùe‗ en
sa ing putl, l en sar qua bl fdhurl astä
astä iblrlgaeta vastdkl ka devdaren y uslekn
gdtneas.
?: . ]rasaeidl ka Iulbqudar dekdilidùe
dekdilidùe ka g len, lplrta ka bns kakns. Y d abbns sa jle raprasaetlkn,
glens kaoa quaklr ue asplidn aetra bl olsa ka astns y ab onrka ka bl glehl n puün . Yd
en jly puün ab orlzn kaoa aesleijlrsa plrl suhardr bl plbgl n ab knrsn ka bl ;a  

glen ingn lbhn kdfaraeta ka bl guüail. Kaoa varsa ae lgols glens sd bls kns pu t dgd[a
jle sdkn kdouclkls.
?4 . ]rasaeidl ka Guüail n tlbùe iblrlgaeta
iblrlgaeta dekdilkns,
dekdilkns, ingn lbhn kdfaraeta
kdfaraeta ka bl g lehl n ab ple- c
gu üail n tnodbb
tnodbbnn tlbùe.
tlbùe. Qel bçeal
bçeal ltrlvaslekn
ltrlvaslekn ab gdag orn plrl dekdilr ab fdel
fdelbb ka bl g lehl n ab ihH)

pletlbùe,
pletlb ùe, l paslr ka qua sa lirakdtl ae ab çtag 11, lquç en as sufdidaeta.
sufdidaeta.
x)

9= . ]rasaeidl ka Iulbqudar dekdilidùe iblrl ka orlzns. Bns kakns sn bns en rasubtle sufdidaetas, parn
orlzns ab puetn sa lirakdtl sd sa
sa jl kaclkn a splidn aetra bl olsa ka bns kakns y bl plrta
kab iuarpn lb qua astìe uedkns. Ab eóg arn ka orlzns kaoa sar in rraitn, slbvn
slbvn ae
kdoucns ka parfdb.
9< . Jngorns D Fraeta3 Ilg odn ae bl kdraiidùe kab inetnren ka bl plrta supardnr kab trnein, ine
lspaitn ka ineilvdklk letas qua ka inevax dklk. Bl fnrgl abçptdil nrkdelrdl eueil
sa lirakdtl y ab puetlca as eahltdvn l en sar qua jlyl avdkaeidl ka rainenid-
g daetn kab loruptn aesleijlgdaetn kab trnein, kaolcn kab iuabbn, prnkuidkn
prnkuidkn pnr
 bls iblvçiubls. Ìehubn raitn n trnein iulkrlkn en sa lirakdtle, sç sa lirakdtl sd bl -, ' c V)

asqudel lplraia raknekalkl.

]arfdb3 ]uetulidùe g ìs abìstdil qua ae bls fdhurls ka fraeta. Ab kdoucn ka p arfdb as
l[><   r .x)

lquab qua ae ab qua trnein y iloazl sa vae ka parfdb. Yd bls bçeals qua fnrgle ab
inetnren ka bl plrta supardnr kab trnein kdvarhae ae bl olsa kab iuabbn, ka g nkn
qua guastrle bl axplesdùe kab tùrlx, ab puetn sa lirakdtl.
9? . Jngorns DD Fraeta3 Bl puetulidùe
puetulidùe as g ìs astrditl
astrditl qua ae ab çtag letardnr. Bns jng orns kaoae
taear inetdeudklk ine ab iuabbn y orlzns lehublrsa y en ilar. Yd ab orlzn astì Y
;
; ;< b'm() N
sucatn
]arfdb3 lbCueturl
iuarpnkab
kaoa lplraiar
jngorn bl lxdbl. lprnxdglklgaeta inrraitl. Ab orlzn kaoa
ae pnsdidùe -,- -2; l1 r  , N S N 5=

astlr raprasaetlkn pnr kns bçeals.

99 . Orlzns ka blkn n Fraeta3 Ae haearlb bns edüns paquaüns hr hrlfdile
lfdile bns orlzns axtaekdkns rçhdkl-
ingprngatdkns ae gaeta. Y a ing putl pnsdtdvn
pnsdtdvn iulekn pnr bn ga ens ue orlzn sa jlbbl cuet cuetnn lb trnein
litdvdklk ae ìehubn en g lynr l <=½ raspaitn ka bl inbug el vartaorlb, axiaptn qua bns orl-
zns astäe ingp rng atdkns ae lbhuel litdvdklk
litdvdklk ineiratl, pnr ac. bbavlr ue nocatn.
Ya lirakdtl iulekn bls glens astìe ae bns onbsdbbns, snora bls ilkarls n katrìs
ka bl asplbkl.
]arfdb3 Ya ing putl pnsdtdvn
pnsdtdvn sd bls glens sa jlbble ingprng atdkl
atdklss ae uel
litdvdklk ineiratl, n sd bl pnridùe supa rdnr kab orlzn astì su spaekdkl, lóe sd ab
orlzn astì axtaekdkn.

< 8N L AVLBQLIDÙE ]YDINBÙHDIL AE EDÜNY

Çtag Liblrlidneas
Kasirdpidùe
Glkurltdvn hrìfdils
9; . Lrtdiublidùe inkn Kaoa prasaetlr uel deibdelidùe loruptl (en iurvl) lprnxdglklgaeta ae bl gdtlk ''2-- ..,―^
kab orlzn. Ya lirakdtl lóe ine ue orlzn, tlgodäe ine ab gnkablkn n pbdahuas ka y) ¾/ )

bl g l e h l .
N ,2)

91 . ]rasaeidl ka Iulbqudar dekdilidùe ka pdarels ae su iletdklk inrraitls (kns ka fraeta, uel n k ns

pdarels ka parfdb). Ya kaoa uslr gìs ab saetdkn ingóe qua ue irdtardn ka avlbulidùe. Qel
snbl pdarel ine kns pdas, pnsdtdvn.
pnsdtdvn. Bls pdarels puakae astlr lknslkls l iulbqudar
pnridùe ka bl fdhurl.
96 . Ilkarl D Fraeta3 aetrapdarel dekdilkl. Ya guastrl gìs fraiu aetagaeta l trlväs ka bls

db ‚t
aetrapdarel n bçeals detarels ka bls pdarels qua sa aeiuaetrle ae ab puetn ka uedùe ine ab .•.« Glrdl-

odfurilidùe) iuarpn. Bns edüns paquaüns haearlbgae ta uodile bls pdarels tle saplrlkls ingn LD
dd  <
bas rasubta pnsdoba,
pnsdoba, astn eueil sa ingpu tl.
] a r f dbd b 3 A e a b i l s n k a u e l s n b l p d a r e l v d s ddoo b a , s a r a q u d a r a a b g n k a b l g d a e t n k a b l e l b h l .

98 . Ilkarl DD Ab çtag letardnr kaoa sar lgpbdlgaeta ingputlkn pnsdtdvn. Ab kdoucn kaoa raprn-
kuidr bl ilkarl ka uel gl earl gìs iblrl qua bn axdhdkn ae ab praiakaeta.
9: . Lrtdiublidùe Kaoa axdstdr uel fbaxdùe orusil, en iurvl, lprnxdglklgaeta ae bl gdtlk, n, inren
rnkdbbl ae bns kdoucns ka guijl ilbdklk, ue astraijlgdaetn ka bl pdarel l astl lbturl. Bns
pletlbneas j lstl bl rnkdbbl en sne sufdidaetas. Bns pbdahuas n ab sngoralkn plrl
dekdilr rnkdbbl sç sa ingputle.

h<
94 . ]das D Iulbqudar dekdilidùe ka pdas. Bns edüns paquaüns puakae dekdilr pdas uedkns l bns dz
tlbneas lb fdelb ka bl pdarel, y astn sa ingputl pnsdtdvn. <CKB

;= . ]das DD prnpnridùe ]das y pdarels raprasaetlkns ae kns kdgaesdneas. Bns pdas en kaoae taear fnrgl
ka plbn ka hnbf. Bl bnehdtuk kab pda kaoa sar glynr qua bl lbturl kaska bl pbletl P? nc v)
jlstl ab agpadea. Ab pda en kaoa sar gìs blrhn qua ue taridn n gaenr qua ue ?3
käidgn kab blrhn tntlb ka bl pdarel. [lgodäe sa lirakdtl ae bns kdoucns ka fraeta, sd
sa va ab pda ae parspaitdvl, gìs blrhn qua leijn , saplrlkn ka lbhuel gle arl kab I
rastn ka bl pdarel, en garlgaeta dekdilkn ine uel bçeal l bn leijn ka bl pdarel.
;< . ]das DDD tnodbbn Iulbqudar dekdilidùe ka tlbùe n tnodbbn. Ae kdoucns ka fraeta, ab çtag sa lirakdtl
lrodtrlrdlgaeta iulekn ab pda lplraia ingn ae bl dbustrlidùe jlodaekn lbhuel ka-
 lrodtrlrdlgaeta iulekn ab pda lplraia ingn ae bl dbustrlidùe jlodaekn lbhuel ka-

T
glrilidùe aetra ab pda y bl pdarel.
pdarel. Ae bns parfdbas kaoa lplraiar ab agpadea.

;? . ]das DV [aetltdvl ka asinrzn n astraijlgdaetn frnetlb ae pnr bn gaens ue pda.

parspaitdvl (;
―
)

;9 . ]das V katlbbas Iulbqudar katlbba ingn ue linrknel kn, blzn, tdrls, suabl ka zlpltn y/n j aodbbl.
;; . Lrtdiublidùe Lgons orlzns y lg ols pdarels uedkns lb trnein ae iulbqudar puetn, n orlzns lr-
orlzns y pdarels D tdiublkns
trnein as lb iuabbn en
ngdtdkn, n blsauedùe ka iloazl
lirakdtl. y trneinlgsdols
Yd lplraiae sa jpdarels
l ngdtdkn ab iuabbn.
y lgons Yd ab
orlzns,
bns gdagorns ka ilkl plr kaoae uedrsa ka glearl lprnxdglklgaeta sdgätrdil.
Yd sa va sùbn ue orlzn n uel pdarel, sal ae kdoucns ka fraeta n parfdb, sa puaka
inesdkarlr pnsdtdvn ae olsa lb gdagorn qua sa va. Orlzns ue dkns l pdarels sa
ingputl eahltdvn.

LEAZN - KDOQCN KA BL FDHQ_L JQ GLEL (KFJ) 8<

  ,?8<=X.D.VL[araXdbf

GlkÇtag
u rltdvn
^ ^^^..
..^..
^.. Liblrlidneas
. <-- hrìfdils
;1 . Lrtdiublidùe ]darels y orlzns uedkns lb trnein ae a b puetn inrraitn. E n sa lirakdtl sd bl lrtd-
lrtd-
o r l z n s y p ddaa r e l s DDD D iublidùe kab orlzn niupl uel gdtlk n gìs kab ìral kab tùrlx (iuabbn l ideturl).
Iulekn en jly iuabbn, bns orlzns kaoae astlr iblrlgaeta uedkns l bl plrta supa-
rdnr kab trnein.
Fraeta3 sd ab çtag 9< fua pnsdtdvn, bl lrtdiublidùe kaoa uodilrsa ae bns jngorns.
Yd ab 9< fua eahltdvn, bl lrtdiublidùe kaoa jlbblrsa ae ab buhlr qua bns jngorns
kaodarle niuplr. Ab iùg putn kaoa sar astrditn.
astrditn.
]arfdb3 As eahltdvn sd bls bçeals kab orlzn sa a xtdaekae l plrtdr kab inetnren ka bl
asplbkl n sd ab puetn ka inetlitn lbilezl bl olsa kab iuabbn, n ila kaolcn ka bl
plrta gìs leijl ka bl bçeal kab tùrlx.
;6 . ]rasaeidl ka Iulbqudar raprasaetlidùe iblrl ka trnein, ae uel n kns kdgaesdneas. Yd en jly
trnein kdfaraeidlidùe
kdfaraeidlidùe iblrl aetra iloazl y trnein, parn bls fliidneas lplraiae ae ab ax -
tragn supardnr ka uel fdhurl sdgpba, ab çtag
çtag sa ineiaka sd bls fliidneas en niu-
ple g ìs ka bl g dtlk ka bl bnehdtuk ka bl fdhurl0 sd en, ab puetlca as eahltdvn, l
en sar qua sa jlyl kdouclkn uel bçeal ltrlvaslkl plrl dekdilr
dekdilr bl targdelidùe ka
bl iloazl. Qel sdg pba fdhurl uodilkl aetra bl iloa zl y bls pdarels sa inesdkarl
sdagpra trnein, luequa su tlglün y kdsaün suhdarle
suhdarle g ìs iuabbn qua ue trnein.
Qel bçeal ka ontneas qua sa ax tdaekl aetra bl
blss pdarels, as eahltdvn ing n trnein
parn pnsdtdvn ingn vastdgaetl.
; 8. [rnein ae [rnein gìs blrhn qua leijn. Yd bls gakdkls sne dhulbas n bl kdfaraeidl as gç-
prnpnridùe kns edgl, ab puetlca as eahltdvn.
kdgaesdneas
; :. ] r n p n r i d ù e Ìral ka bl iloazl en glynr qua bl gdtlk ed gaenr qua ue käidgn kab trnein.
iloazlb Iùgputn en astrditn. n
N N
=
 K
n

;4 . ] r n p n r i d ù e Iloazl ilsd dhulb l ue iulrtn kab ìral kab trnein. Iùgputn astrditn. Iulekn bl
iloazl DD odfurilidùe en as vdsdoba, ingn ae lbhuens parfdbas, ssaa inesdkarl ab ideturùe n bl
ideturl ingn bns kns taridns ka bl bnehdtuk tntlb kab trnein.

--- -

1= . ]rnpnridùe ilrl Fraeta3 Bnehdtuk ka bl iloazl glynr qua su leijn. Ka oa ax jdodr fnrgl haearlb-
gaeta nvlblkl.
nvlblkl.
]arfdb3 Iloazl lblrhlkl ka glearl kafdedkl. Ilrl gìs blrhl qua bl iópubl kab
irìean.
1< . ] r n p n r i d ù e Orlzns lb gaens tle blrhns ing n ab trnein. Bl puetl ka bl g len kaoa bbahlr jlstl
orlzns bl gdtlk ka bl ilkarl parn en jlstl bl rnkdbbl.
rnkdbbl. Bls glens en kaoae ax taekarsa
eaiaslrdlga
eaiaslrdl ga eta jlstl n pnr kaolcn ka bl odfurilid
odfurilidùe,
ùe, aspaidlbgaeta sd bls pdarels
sne inrtls. Ae kdoucns ka fraeta, bls kns glens kaoa e axtaekarsa dhulb. Ya lira-
kdtl pnr bnehdtukas rabltdvls, en pnr p nsdidùe ka bns orlzns.
1? . ] r n p n r i d ù e Orlzns ine fnrgl pdrlgdklb3 letaorlzn gìs lehnstn qua bl pnridùe supardnr. Iulb-
orlzns DD qudar taetltdvl ka astraijlr ab letaorlzn ae bl guüail sa lirakdtl. Yd bns kns
orlzns sne vdsdobas, ab lijdilgdaetn kaoa astlr ae bns kns.
19 . ] r n p n r i d ù e Blrhn ka bls pdarels en defardnr l bl ga kdkl vartdilb kab ttrnein,
rnein, ed g lynr qua ab
pdarels knoba ka bl gdsgl. Leijn ka ilkl pdarel
pdarel gaenr qua a b kab trnein.
trnein.
1; . ] r n p n r i d ù e Gdagorns ae kns kdgaesdneas. Yd lgons plras fdhurle ka astl glearl, ab puetn
g dagorns kns sa lirakdtl luequa bls glens n bns pdas sale bdealbas.
kdgaesdneas

< 8? L AVLBQLIDÙE ]YDINBÙHDIL AE EDÜNY

Çta
Çta g • iblrlidneas
as rd dùe
glltdrltdvn   hrltdils
...<.-   •
1 1 . Vastdgaetl D Iulbqudar dekdilidùe
dekdilidùe iblrl ka vastdgaetl, luequa sal uel snbl. Bls fnrg ls gìs
prdg lrdls ka raprasaetlidùe inesdstae ae uel jdbarl
jdbarl ka ontnea s n ue sng orarn,
y astn sa ing putl pnsdtdvn luequa sal sùbn asl bbll vastdgaetl raprasaetlkl. Qe
sdgpba puetn n içriubn
içriubn uodilkn ae ab iaetrn kab trnein suaba raprasaetlr ab ng obdhn
y en sa ing putl. Yardas ka bçeals vartdilbas
vartdilbas u jnrdznetlbas trlzlkls
trlzlkls ae ab trnein
suabae dekdilr rnpls y pnr bn gdsg n sa ing putl, lb dhulb
dhulb qua dekdilidneas ka onb-
sdbbn y fdelb ka glehl.
16 . Vastdgaetl DD Lb g aens kns praekls, sde trlesplraeidls,
trlesplraeidls, niubtlekn
niubtlekn bl plrta kab iuarpn qu a sa
supnea iuorae. Qe sng orarn qua astì garlg aeta ae inetlitn
inetlitn ine bbll plrta ssupa-
upa-
rdnr ka bl iloazl parn en iuora edehuel plrta ka abbl
abbl en sa ing putl. [lgpnin sa
lirakdtle ontneas snbns sde edehuel ntrl dekdilidùe
dekdilidùe ka rnpl. Kns ka bns sdhudaetas
puetns kaoae a stlr plrl inesdkarlr
inesdkarlr slin3 glehls, iuabbn n bçeal ka iuabbn, ontn-
eas n on bsdbbns.
bsdbbns. ]lrl pletlbùe3 ideturùe, pbdahuas, onbsdbbns, ontlglehl n iulbqudar
saplrlidùe kab pda n pdarel ka bl olsa kab pletlbùe.
pletlbùe. Ab pda ing n axtaesdùe ka bl
pdarel en sa lirakdtl iulekn uel bçeal trlzlkl l bn leijn ka bl pdarel as bl óedil
glearl ka dekdilr bl saplrlidùe kab pda y bl pdarel.
18 . Vastdgaetl DDD Kdoucn sde trlesplraeidls ka edehuel iblsa. Glehls y pletlbneas kaoae fdhurlr,
kdfaraeidlkns ka guüails y g lens y ka pdarels y pdas.
1: . Vastdgae tl DV Lb gaens ; praekls odae dekdilkls ingpraekdkls aetra bls sdhudaetas3 sngorarn,
zlpltns, slin, ilg dsl, iuabbn, inroltl, ideturùe, pletlbneas, ijlquatl, ilg dsl,
 rnpl ka trlolcn, gakdls. Bns zlpltns kaoae taear lbhóe katlbba, ab tlin snbn en
as sufdidaeta. Bns pletlbneas kaoae taear vuabn n pbdahuas, onbsdbbn n ontlglehl.
[nodbbn snbn en as sufdidaeta. Ab slin n ilg dsl kaoae taear iuabbn, glehls, onb-
sdbbns,
sdbbns, snblpls n lbhóe sng oralkn, ontneas snbns en sne sufdidaet
sufdidaetas.
as. A b iuabbn en
kaoa inefuekdrsa ine ab pasiuazn. Bn s pletlbneas
pletlbneas kaoae taear pbdahuas n vuabns,
onbsdbbns y/n ontlglehl.

14 . Vastdgaetl V Dekuginwony,
klkn, aetlrdl ing pbatl
ati.). sdejloar
Kaoa deinehruaeidls. ]uaka sar plrl
gìs qua bn eaiaslrdn uel vastdg
iugpbdraetl
ine tdpn (snb-
ab irdtardn
kab çtag 1:.
6=. ] arfdb D Iloazl, trnein y pdas vdstns ka parfdb sde arrnras. Ab trnein en sa inesdkarl ka parfdb
l en sar qua bl ilrlitarçstdil bçeal ka ontneas sa jlyl gnvdkn kab iaetrn lb instlkn
ka bl fdhurl, u ntrl dekdilidùe, ingn bl pnsdidùe ka bns orlzns, onbsdbbns, eukn ka
inroltl, guastrae iblrlgaeta
iblrlgaeta astì pnsdidùe.
pnsdidùe. Ab kdoucn tntlb puaka g nstrlr sùbn
sùbn uen
ka bns sdhudaetas arrnras3 < ) uel trlesplraeidl kab iuarpn0 ?) pdarels en ka p arfdb0 9)
orlzns lrtdiublkns lb inetnren ka bl asplbkl y axtaekdäeknsa jlidl lkableta.
6<. ] a r f d b D D Bl fdhurl kaoa sar vdstl ka frlein parfdb, sde arrnras ed trlesplraeidls.
6?. F r a e t a Deibuya ab parfdb plridlb iulekn sa jl detaetlkn ralbdzlr bl fdhurl ae parspaitdvl.
[nkls bls prdeidplbas plrtas kab iuarpn ae su uodilidùe lkaiulkl y lprnpdlklga eta
uedkls, axiaptn sd astìe tlplkls pnr bl parspa itdvl n bl vastdgaetl. Çtag s asaeidl-
bas3 pdarels, orlzns, ncns, elrdz, onil, nra cls, iuabbn, trnein, glen s y pdas. Bls plr-
tas kaoae hrlfdilrsa
hrlfdilrsa ae kns kdgaesdneas. Bns pdas puakae astlr ae parspaitdvl parn
en ka parfdb, l gaen s qua astäe kdouclkns jlidl lfuarl ae kdraiidneas npu astls.

LEAZN - KDOQCN KA BL FDHQ_L JQGLE L (KFJ) 89

Leaxn I. H uçl ka [lo ublid

ublidùe
ùe plrl bns
?? DDekdilkn
ekdilkn ras Ag nidnelbas vlbdklk
vlbdklk ns plrl ab
Ìral G atrnpnbd
atrnpnbdtlel
tlel ka Ouae ns L dras*

Ydhens iulbdtltdvns

< . Detahrlidùe pnora ka bls plrtas (l plrtdr

plrtdr ka bns 8 lüns)3 uel n g ìs plrtas en astìe ued-
kls lb rastn ka bl fdhurl, uel ka bls plrtas sùbn
sùbn astì uedkl pnr ue pu etn, rlyl,
rlyl, n lpael s
sa tnil ine ab rastn.
rastn.
? . Yngoralkn ka bls glens y/n iuabbn.
9 . Lsdgatrçl hrnsarl ka bls axtragdklkas (l plrtdr
plrtdr ka 8 lün s)3 ue orlzn n pdarel kdfdara g lr-
 ilklg aeta ka bl ntrl ae bbll fnrg l. Yùbn sa ing putl sd bl kdfaraeidl as gnrfnbùhdil, y en
ka tlglün.
;. Deibdelidùe ka bl fdhurl a e <1½ n gìs3 ab aca vartdilb
f dhurl ae vartdilb ka bl fdhurl tdaea u el deibdelidùe ka
<1½ n g ìs ine raspaitn l bl parpae kdiublr.
1. Fdhurl paquaül (l plrtdrplrtdr ka bns : lüns)3 bl fdhurl tdtdaea
aea ; i g n ga ens ka lbturl (sd sa trltl
ka kdoucns ae jncl nfdidn lpldslkl
lpldslkl (inesdhel Hnnka enuhj -Jlrrds)0
-Jlrrds)0 1 ig n g aens sd sa
trltll ka k doucn ae j ncl ilrtl vartd
trlt vartdilb).
ilb).
6. [rlesplraeidls3 sa ing putle bls bls tr
trlesplraeidls
lesplraeidls qua ing praekae bls pnridneas
pnridneas g lyn-

ras kab ltrlvdasle

orlzns iuarpn n bls
bls
ab axtragdklka
iuarpn. s. En sa ing putle bls rrlyls
lyls n iule kn bls bçeals
bçeals ka bns

Katlbbas aspaidlbas

8 . Kdaetas3 iulbqudar raprasaetlid

raprasaetlidùe
ùe ka uen n gìs k daetas.
: . Orlzns blrhns3 orlzns axiasdvlg aeta blrhns, pnr su bnehdt
bnehdtuk
uk pua kae bbahlr
bbahlr ka olcn ka bls
rnkdbbls,
rnkdb bls, n kneka astls kaoarçle astlr.
4 . Glens hrlekas3 gl ens ka ue tlg lün dhulb n glynr lb ka bbll ilrl.
< = . Glens ngdtdkls (l plrtdr ka 8 lüns)3 orlzns sde glens ed kakns. En sa ingputle bls
gl ens niu btls
btls katrìs ka bl fdhurl n ae bns on bsd
bsdbbbbns.
ns.
<<. Haedtlb as3 raprasaetlid
Haedtlbas3 raprasaetlidùeùe ralbd
ralbdstl
stl n deinefuekdobagae ta sdgoùbdil ka bns haedtlbas.
haedtlbas.
< ? . Gnestrun n fdhurl hrntasil3 fdhurl quasar
raprasaetl
j ugl el0 bn
bn hrntasin ka bl fdhur
fdhurll kaoa ousilkn uel parsnel
kabdoar lklg rdkçiubl,
kabdoarlklg aeta pnr kahrlk
edün,lkl
ab edün, y enn ab
en
rasubtlkn
rasubtlkn k a su deg lkuraz n fl btbtll ka j lodbdklk
lodbdklk plrl ab kdoucn.
<9. Kdoucn aspnetìean ka tras n gìs fdhurls3 vlrdls fdhurls qua en astìe detarrablidnelkls n
ralbdzlekn u el li tdvd
tdvdklk
klk sdhe dfdiltd
dfdiltdvl0
vl0 kdoucn rapatdkn ka fdhurls iu lek n sa ba snbdidtù
snbdidtù sùbn
uel parsnel. En sa ingputl ae kdoucn ka ue vlrùe y uel edül, n ab ka bl flgdbdl kab
axlgdelkn.
< ; . Fdhurl detarrugpdkl pnr ab onrka ka bl jncl.

* Astukdn ralbdzlkn
ralbdzlkn pnr Ordzzdn,
Ordzzdn, Bùpaz, Buij attd
attd y Ytnvar (?=<;), snora bns 9= çtags a gni dnelbas nrdhdelbas
nrdhdelbas prnpuastns

pnr @nppdtz
@nppdtz (<46:), ae Iduklk ka Ouaens Ldras y ineurolen on elaraesa.

< 8; L AVLBQLIDÙE ]YDINBÙHDIL AE EDÜNY

Ngdsdneas

< 1. Ngdsdùe ka bns ncns3 lusaeidl tntlb ka ncns, ncns iarrlkns n vliçns en sa i ng putle.
<6. N gd sd
sdù e k a bl el rdz (l plrtdr ka bns 4 lüns).
el rd
< 8. Ngdsdùe ka bl onil.
< :. Ngdsdùe kab iuarpn.
< 4. Ngdsdùe ka bns orlzns.
?=. N gd sd
sdù e ka
ka bbl
l s pd
pda re
re ls.
ls.
? <. Ngdsdùe ka bns pdas.
??. N gd sd
sdù e k ab abbn (l plrtdr ka bns : lüns).
ab iu ab
 LEAZN - KDOQCN KA BL FDHQ_L JQGLEL (KFJ) 81

Leaxn K. Detarprat
Det arpratlidùe
lidùe ka bns Dekdilk
Dekd ilk nras
Agnidnelbas'
.., ^

Dekdilknr L plrtdr ka
]rasaeta ae... Ya puaka lsnidlr ine...
 Agnidnelb bns...

Detahrlidùe pnora 8 lüns ...edüns paquaüns a deglkurns0 ae pakae- ...deastlodbdkl

...deastlodbdklk,
k, parsnelbdklk ka p nora de-

ka bls plrtas ka bl
fdhurl tas ibçedins,
ka prdgar edünslbugens
hrlkn, lhrasdvns,
ka glbns
hrlknslbugens
aspa- tahrlidùe, dgpubsdvdklk,
avnbutdvn, katardnrn deglkuraz,
eaurnbùhdin ratrlsn
n rahrasdùe
içlbas y edüns basdnelkns iaraorlbas. pnr parturolidùe agnidnelb.
Yngoralkn ka bls [nkls bls aklkas ...edüns tçgdkns
tçgdkns y edüns lhrasdvns0 ae p l- ...lesdaklk pnr lbhuel litdvdklk ralb n fle-
glens y/n iuabbn idaetas ibçedins
ibçedins y a e edüns ine letaiakaetas tlsalkl ae bl qua detarvdaeae bls glens.
ka rnon.
]rneueidlkl 8 lüns ...edüns lhrasdvns, plidaetas ibçedins, ...glbl innrkdelidùe, tnrpazl fçsdil n inefu-
lsdgatrçl
lsdgatrçl ka bls lbugens ka hrlkns aspaidlbas y edüns sdùe ae ab prakng dedn bltarlb.
bltarlb.
axtragdklkas ine kdsfueidneas eaurnbùhdils (n ine
saetdgdaetn ka gdeusvlbçl kaodkn l bl
kdsfueidùe).
Deibdelidùe ka bl [nkls bls aklkas ...edüns ine kdsfueidùe eaurnbùhdil, lbug- ...deastlodbdklk y flbtl ka aqudbdordn ae haea-
fdhurl ae <1 hrlkns ens ka iblsas aspaidlbas, glbns lbug ens, rlb (ilraeidl ka olsa fdrga ).
n gìs edüns tçgdkns, edüns ine aefarg aklkas
psdinsngìtdils, edüns lhrasdvns y plidaetas
ibçedins.
Fdhurl paquaül, ka : lüns ...plidaetas ibçedins,
ibçedins, lbugen s ka iblsas ...desahurdklk axtragl, ratrldgdaetn y
; ig n gaens ka aspaidlbas y edüns tçgdkns. kaprasdùe, saetdgdaetns ka delkaiulidùe,
lbturl dejdodidùe
dejdodidùe yndil y pran iuplidùe pnr bls rabl-
idneas ine ab lg odaeta.
[rlesplraeidl [nkls bls aklkas ...plidaetas ibçedins y ine kdsfueidùe eaurn- ...dgpubsdvdklk, deglkuraz y inekuitls li-
bùhdil00 ae edüns ine letaiakaetas ka rnon y
bùhdil tulknrls. Yd bl trlesplraeidl as ae uel znel
ine lhrasdvdklk g ledfdastl.
ledfdastl. plrtdiublr, puaka dekdilr lesdaklk, gdakn n
inefbditn rafardkns l bl plrta trlesplraetlkl.
Kdaetas [nkls bls aklkas ...hrupns ka edüns lklptlkns
lklptlkns y en lklptl
lklptl-- ...en sa bn puaka inesdkarlr ingn sdhen ka
kns. En sa nosarvlrne kdaetas ae ab hrupn
hrupn psdinpltnbnhçl pnr en sdhedfdilt
sdhedfdiltdvdklk.
dvdklk. ]nkrçl
ka edüns tçgdkns. sar ue sdhen ka lhrasdvdklk y en snbn nrlb.
Ka tnkns g nkns, en eaiaslrdlgaeta as uel
gledfastlidùe parcukdidlb.
Orlzns blrhns, qua [nkls bls aklkas ...gìs fraiuaeta ae ab hrupn ibçed
ibçedin.
in. [lg- ...rafbacn ka uel deibusdùe lhrasdvl ae ab
pnkrçle bbahlr jlstl odäe ae edüns lhrasdvns. lgo daeta, eaiasdklkas lhrasdvls kdrdhdkls
kaolcn ka bl bçeal jlidl lfuarl.
ka bls rnkdbbls
Glens hrlekas, kab [nkls bls aklkas ...plidaetas ibçedins,
ibçedins, lbugens ka iblsas ...inekuitls lhrasdvls y litulknrls, ine
tlglün ka bl ilrl aspaidlbas y sucatns ine letaiakaetas ka devnbuirlidùe n en ka glens.
rnon n lhrasdvns.
lhrasdvns.
Glens ngdtdkls 8 lüns ...plidaetas ibçedins,
ibçedins, ine kdsfueidùe
kdsfueidùe eau- ...saetdgdaetns ka delkaiulidùe n ka iubpl,
...saetdgdaetns
orlzns sde glens ed rnbùhdil, y lbugens ka iblsas aspaidlbas. lsç ingn lesdaklk n praniuplidùe.
kakns [lgodäe ae edüns qua rno lole y plidaetas
psdinsngìtdins.

* [nglkn ka @nppdtz, <46:.

< 86 L AVLBQLIDÙE ]YDINBÙHDIL AE EDÜNY

Dekdilknr L plrtdr ka
 ]rasaeta ae... Ya puaka lsnidlr ine...
Agnidnelb bns...

Haedtlbas [nkls bls aklkas ...g uy olcl fraiuaeidl ka niurraeidl ae ...taesdùe, pnsdoba detaetn ka inetrnblr dg-
haearlb. Ine p rasaeidl ae plidaetas ibçed- pubsns saxulbas
saxulbas n tagnr ka sufrdr ue ltlqua
ins ine savarl parturo lidùe y gledfdastl saxulb.
lhrasdvdklk.
Fdhurl g nestrunsl
nestrunsl [nkls bls aklkas ...pli daetas ibçedins, lbug ens ka iblsas ...saetdgdaetns ka delkaiulidùe y lutnas-

n hrntasil aspaidlbas
aspaidlbas y glbns lbugens. tdgl axiasdvlgaeta olcl. ]uaka avdkaeid
avdkaeidlr
lr
rafbacn ka kasp raidn y jnstdbdkl
jnstdbdklkk jlidl sç
gdsgn.
Kdoucn aspnetìean [nkls bls aklkas ...g ìs fraiuaeta
fraiuaeta ae g lbns lbugens
lbugens y lbug- ...olcn raekdgdaetn asinblr. ]uaka rablidn-
rablidn-
ka tras n gìs ens ka iblsas aspaidlbas. Ae sucatns ine elrsa ine ilraeidls lfaitdvls kurleta su
fdhurls kdsfueidùe eaurnbùhdil n ine bdgdtlkl lptdtuk irdlezl.
detabaitulb n kaprdvlidùe iubturlb.
Fdhurl detarrugpdkl [nkls bls aklkas ...lrrncl avdkaeidls inetrlkditnrdls. @npp dtz ...dgpubsdvdklk vdeiublkl ine pnora il-
pnr ab onrka ka bl pnea ae kukl su detarpratlidùe. plidklk plrl pbledfdilr jlstl saetdgdaetn
saetdgdaetn
jncl ka ilraeidl ka lpnyn y ka o lsa ae bl qua
snstaearsa.
Ngdsdùe ka bns ncns [nkls bls aklkas ...ka niurraeidl deusulb parn kaoa sar ltae- ...ldsblgdaetn snidlb, taekaeidl l bl eahl-
kdkl ingn sdhen ka rabavleidl ibçedil.
ibçedil. Ya idùe ka bns prnobagls, raijlzn pnr ab ae-
aeinetrù ae plidaetas ibçedins en lhrasdvns. fraetlgdaetn
fraetl gdaetn ine a b guekn y asilpa jlidl
bl vdkl ka fletlsçl.
Ngdsdùe ka bl elrdz 4 lüns ...edüns tçgdkns, ine aefargaklkas psdin- ...inekuitl tçgdkl y ratrlçkl, lsç ingn ine
sng ìtdils,
ìtdils, lbugens ka iblsas aspaidlbas
aspaidlbas y flbtl ka lhrasdvdklk gledfdastl. Axprasl
plidaetas ibçedins. saetdgdaetns ka dekafaesdùe, deilplidklk ka
prnhrasn y, nilsdnelbgaeta, lehustdl pnr ab
iuarpn y iubpl p nr bl g lsturolidùe.
lsturolidùe.
Ng dsdù
dsdùee ka onil [nkls bls aklkas ...plidaetas ibçedins y psdinsngìtdins, ...desahurdklk, ratrldgdaetn, lehustdl, rasds-
glbns lbugens y lbugens ka iblsas aspa- taeidl plsdvl a deilplidklk n raijlzn jlidl
idlbas. As ibçedilgaeta sdhedfdiltdvl.
sdhedfdiltdvl. bl inguedilidùe detarparsnelb.
Ngdsdùe kab iuarpn [nkls bls aklkas ...plidaetas ibçedins, edüns ine letaiakae- ...kdsilplidklk detabaitulb, basdùe iaraorlb,
tas ka rnon, edüns ine kdsfueidùe eaurnbù- deglkuraz hrlva pnr ratrlsn avnbutdvn n par-
hdil y lbugens ka iblsas aspaidlbas. turolidùe agnidnelb lhukl vdeiublkl l hrle
lesdaklk pnr ab iuarpn.
Ngdsdùe ka bns [nkls bls aklkas ...plidaetas ibçedins, lbugens gakdniras ...lesdaklk y iubpl pnr inekuitls snidlb-
orlzns y ka iblsas aspaidlbas. [lgodäe ae edüns gaeta deliaptlobas
deliaptlobas qua dgpbdile ab usn ka
lhrasdvns n ine jdstnrdls ka rnons. glens y orlzns.
Ng dsdù
dsdùee ka bls [nkls bls aklkas ...plidaetas
...plidaetas ibçe
ibçedins
dins y lbugens gakdniras ...detaesl lehustdl a desahurdklk.
pdarels parn ka lplrdidùe deusulb.
Ng dsdùe ka bns pdas [nkls bls aklkas ...plidaetas ibçedins y sucatns tçgdkns. ...saetdgdaetn ka desahurdklk y kasvlbd-
gdaetn.
Ngdsdùe kab iuabbn : lüns ...plidaetas ibçedins, edüns ine kdsfueidùe ...deglkuraz, dgpubsdvdklk a delkaiulkns
eaurnbùhdil y sucatns ine letaiakaetas ka inetrnbas detarens.
rnon.

LEAZN - KDOQCN KA BL FDHQ_L JQGLEL KFJ) 88

 
 Leaxn A. Olrag n ka Çtag
Çtag s Glkurltdvns
Glkurltdvns kab KF J
plrl ab Ìral G atrnpnbdt
atrnpnbdtlel
lel ka O uae ns Ldras*

Guastrl

E 7 :;= asinblras ka Iduklk ka Ouaens Ldras y ineurolen onelaraesa (;<,8 % vlrneas0

1:,9 g ucaras)
ucaras),, ka 1 l <? lüns. Gak dl ka aklk3 :,:10 KA 7 <,86)

]ariaetçbas pnr hrupn ka aklk

1 6 8 : 4 <= << < ?
p LÜNY LÜNY LÜNY LÜNY LÜNY LÜNY LÜNY LÜNY p Detarpratlidùe
kdlheùstdil
O ]O ]O ]O ]O ph ]O ]O
44 5 9= 5 ;? z 1? ;4 5 16 18 z 16 5 6= 44
Yupardnr
41 ?4 9; 94 ;? ;4 19 19 1: 41

4= ?1 9= 9; 9: ;; ;4 1= 1; 4=

:1 ?9 9? 96 ;? ;6 ;4 19 :1 Yupardnr lb
?:
:= ?< 9< 91 ;= ;9 ;8 1< := t ä rrg
g d e n g a k dn
dn

81 <4 ?6 9= 9; 94 ;? ;6 ;: 81
8= <: ?: 99 9: ;= ;1 ;6 8=
?;
61 <8 ?8 9? 98 94 ;; ;1 61
6= <8 ?9 ?6 9< 96 9: ;9 ;9 6=
11 <6 9= 91 96 ;? ;< 11
?; ?1
1= <1 ?4 9; 9; ;= ;= 1= [ärgden gakdn

;1 <1 ?= ?; ?: 99 99 94 94 ;1
;= <; ?8 9? 9? 98 98 ;=
?9
91 <9 <4 ?6 9< 9< 96 9; 91

9= <9 <8 ?1 ?: 9= 91 9? 9=
?<
?1 <9 ?; ?8 ?: 9; 9< ?1

?= <? <6 ?= ?9 ?6 ?6 99 9= ?= Defardnr lb

<1 <= ?< ?; ?1 9= ?: <1 t ä rrg
g d e n g a k dn
dn
<4
<= <= <9 ?= ?9 ?; ?8 ?6 <=

1 4 << <6 <: ?= ?< ?? ?9 1

< s 6 s: s ? s <9 s 1 2^<: s 1 2 ?< < Kafdidaeta

* Astukdn ralbdzlkn
ralbdzlkn pn r Ilrrarls, Qrdab,
Qrdab, ]äraz, Yuìraz Jareìekaz, Lia olb y Fareìeka z Bdpnrlia, ?=<<, snora bl l klptl-
idùe Ilsubbn
Ilsubbn (<4::) ka bl varsdùe ka H nnkaenuh j, <4?60 Jlrrds, <469.

< 8: L AVLBQLIDÙE ]YDINBÙHDIL AE EDÜNY

 

Vlbnras ka Gakdl y Kasvçn pnr hrupn ka aklk

Çtags Glkurltdvns kab KFJ

AKLK GAKDL KAYVÇN E

1 LÜNY <6.9< 1.8

6 LÜNY ?<.81 6.8< :1
8 LÜNY ?1.6< 8.?; <<;

: LÜNY ?4.<1 8.?6 <1=

4 LÜNY 99.8; :.9; <;;
<= LÜNY 91.;; 4.?; <?8
<< LÜNY 94.9: :.:8 <=8
<? LÜNY 94.:6 <=.1= 1:
 LEAZN - KDOQCN KA BL FDHQ_L JQ GLEL (KFJ) 84

6. Ab
A b [ast
[a st H ua
uast
stìb
ìbtt d in Vd
V d sng ntnr ka
Oaekar
Oae kar ae edüns
ed üns
Glrçrçll Lbaclekrl Ilrrarls
Gl

Ab prasaeta ilpçtubn kaslrrnbbl lspaitns taùrdins y rasaül avdkaeidl agpçrdil l

trlväs
strnka
eua strn devastdhlidneas
plçs ae ab ìral ka pravdls snorapsdinbùhdil
bl avlbulidùe uen ka bnsine
destrugaetns
edüns ae bnsgìs utdbdzlkns
kdfaraetas ìgae
od-
tns kneka astl sa ka slrrnbbl
slrrnbbl (ibçedin,
(ibçedin, akuilidnelb, ka devastd
devastdhlidùe,
hlidùe, fnraesa) y lka g ìs
prasaetll e nrgls rahdnelb
prasaet rahdnelbas
as litulbdzlkls
litulbdzlkls plrl bns çtag
çtag s g lkurltdvns
lkurltdvns inetag pblkns
ae bl pruaol, plrl bl Iduklk ka Ouaens Ldras y ab Ineurolen. ]lrl ineiratlr asta
nocatdvn fua fueklgaetlb inetlr ine ab trlolcn pdnearn -ka lbileia elidnelb- puobd-
ilkn pnr bl Krl. Glrçl Glrtdel Ilsubbn (<4::) y ine bl rainpdblidùe ka bns kltns fl-
idb
idbdtdtlkl,
lkl, hudlkl y suparvdslkl kaska bl iìtakrl ka [anrçl y [äie dil ka Axpbnrlidùe y
Kdlhe ùstdin ]sdinbùhdin -Gùku bn D,D, Iìtakrl DDD-,
D-, ka bl Qedvarsdklk ka O uae ns Ldras.
A b [ast Huastìbtdin Vdsngntnr [HV ) surha in e ab nocatdvn dedidlb
dedidlb ka g akdr bl jl odbd-
odbd-
klk vdsngntnrl inesdkarlkl fueklg aetlb ae ab kaslrr kaslrrnbb
nbbnn j ug len ae tletn
tletn sa lsnidl
ine bl ilplidklk ka l kqudsd
kqudsdidùe
idùe kab baehulca y ine kdvarsls
kdvarsls fueidneas vdeiublkls l bl
detabdhaeidl tlbas ingn bl pariapidùe vdsulb, bl jlodbdklk gntnrl gleulb, bl gagnrdl,
bl ltaeidùe, bns ineiaptns ka tdagpn, ka nrhledzlidùe y ka raprasaetlidùe kab as-
plidn (Orleedhle y Ka i`ar, ?==60 Iruz, Glh letn y Hlrldhnrkno db, db, ?==<0 Fdb
Fdbjj n, <46=0
Gnbdel, <44?0 Gnrl, <44 9).
Bl pruaol, tlb ingn sa bl inenia ae bl litulbd
litulbdklk,
klk, j l sdkn uen k a bns destr
destrugug ae-
tns ka avlbulidùe psdinbùhdil g ìs fraiuaetag aeta utdbdzlkns
utdbdzlkns tletn ae su va rtdaeta
rtdaeta psd-
psd-
ing ätrdil
ätrdil ingn prnyaitdvl
prnyaitdvl (Lrij
(Lrij ar y E awsng , ?===0 Oabb,
Oabb, <46;0 Orleedhle
Orleedhle y Oruear,
?==?0 Ju tttt,, <4640 ]dntrnws`d, <4410 Yubbdvle y On wka e, <448).
Bl pnsdodbdklk
pnsdodbdklk k a rabavlr kdfaraetas lspai tns glk urltdvns, psdinpltnbùhdins y su
ilplidklk prakditnrl
prakditnrl raspaitn ka b raekdgdaetn ae ab ìral a kuiltdvl bn inevdrtdarne,
inevdrtdarne, l
bn blrhn
blrhn ka bns lüns, ae ue destruga etn iaetrlb kaetrn ka bl oltarçl ka avl bulidùe utd-

bdzlkl
bd(@nppdt
zlkl ae
(@nppdtz, z, e<469,
düns ae aklkGnha
<4440 praab-Leij
sinblradtl,
adty l,kurleta sus ded
dedidns
_lg çraz-Yd idns Ilstabblens-]ä
çraz-Ydolcl,
olcl, ae bns lens-]ä
Ilstabb trlyaitns
trlyaitnsraz
lilk äg dins
y Nrnzin-
Hù ga z, ?==:0 [lonrkl, ?==?).
?==?).
 Inesdsta ae raprasaetlr, l trlväs ka bl inpdl hrìfdil ka euava fdhurls, gnkabns
ag pbalkns pnr X artjadg ar (<4?9) ine ab prnpùsdtn ka vardfdilr
vardfdilr prdeidpdns
prdeidpdns ka bl tanrçl
tanrçl
ka bl ouael fnrgl.
As ue tast vdsngntnr ae saetdkn praidsn, yl qua bns astçgubns astìe l bl vdstl y
kaoa e raprnkuidrsa hrìfdilga eta ka bl
bl ga cnr gl earl pnsdoba. Bns gnk abns sne fdhu-
fdhu-

AB [AY[ HQAY[ÌB[DIN VDYNGN[N_ KA OAEKA_ AE EDÜNY < :<

rls hang ätrdils

ätrdils lirng ìtdils,
ìtdils, lostrlitls y sde sdhedfdilkn
sdhedfdilkn avdka eta, qua raspneka e l
lbhuel ka bls bayas pnstublkls
pnstublkls pnr bl tanrçl ka ouael f nrgl ([lonrkl, ?==?).
]lrl kaslrrnbblr
kaslrrnbblr bl tlr
tlral
al inrraitlgaeta kao a pnea rsa ae cuahn bl j lodb
lodbdklk
dklk plrl
raprnkuidr bçeal
bçeal s raitls, iurvls y ìehubns, inesdkarlr bl prnpnridnelbdklk, bl vdeiubl-
idùe asplidlb aetra abagaetns, ingpraekar bls rablidneas ka inetdhòdklk y saplrl-
idùe. L trlväs ka bls raprnkuiidneas ka bls fdhurls sa avlból iùgn sa astruiturl bl
fueidùe pariaptulb y iùgn astl kaoa innrkdelrsa
innrkdelrsa ine lspaitns gn tnr tnras
as qua pnsdod
pnsdodbdbd--
tae bl dgdtlidùe
dgdtlidùe fdkakdhel kab g nkabn.
Bl pragdsl suoylia ae qua ab ingpnrtlgdaetn vdsngntnr as uel jlodbdklk, ka
gnkn tlb qua bl pariapidùe ka bns astçgubns y bl raspuastl fraeta l abbns kapaeka
ka ue inrraitn fueidnelgdaetn eaurniaraorlb. L gakdkl qua ab edün iraia avnbutdvl
y eaurnbùhdilgaeta vl lbilezlekn bnhrns g lkurltd
lkurltdvns
vns qua kaoarçle inrraspnekars
inrraspnekarsaa
ine bns ka bl glynrçl ka sus plras olcn sus gdsgls inekdidneas ae iule tn l saxn,
aklk y edvab snidnaineùg din. Inrrabltdvlgaeta
Inrrabltdvlgaeta ine asta prnhrasdvn kaslrrnbbn
kaslrrnbbn glku -
rltdvn
rltdvn sa lk qudara bl glkuraz v dsngntnrl.
Astl jbllodbd
iulekn lodbdklk
klk in esdsta
litdvdklk esdst a ae jl
iaraorlb bl innrkdelidùe aetra ab nc
iralkn bns gailedsgnsncnn y plrl
bl gle
abn, ka g
litn learlasta
gntnr, qua
puakl sar praidsn, afd afdilz
ilz y nparltdvn.
nparltdvn. B l ine axdùe aetra bls ìrals vdsulb y g ntnrl ras-
pneka l ue edvab ka gl kurlidùe ingpbacn qua kapaeka ka bls ast astruit
ruiturls
urls nrhìedils
nrhìedils
y ka bl astdg
astdg ublidùe lg odaetlb, y qua taekrì afa itns kdraitns snora bbll nrdaetlidùe as-
plidlb, blbl kdraiidnelbdklk y bl gn trdidklk
trdidklk fdel. A b acarididn
acarididn ka g nvdg daetns inetrnblkns
y kabdoarlkns qua raqudarae praidsdùe sa vuabva dgp rasidekdoba ae tlrals tlrals tlbas ing n
inrtlr, pdetlr, aejaorlr y asirdodr.
Ae sdetneçl ine astns prniasns avnbutdvns
avnbutdvns y bl inesaiu aeta g lkuraz ka bns prnia-
sns nrhìedins, sa sa asparl ue l inrraitl pariapidùe
pariapidùe k ab gn kabn y uel rapr
raprnkuiidùe
nkuiidùe sde
flbbls.
flbb ls. As k aidr, qua bls inpdls sale ilkl vaz g ìs prnpnridnelkls, praid praidsls
sls y axlitls
l gakdkl qua bns edüns vle iraidaekn y, ka asta gnkn, qua lplrazile ine gaens
fraiuaeidl bns arrnras ae bl tlral qua acaiutle.
L g learl ka sçetasds ka bls
bls dkals g ìs dgpnrtletas vartdkls
vartdkls ae bl prasaetlidùe
prasaetlidùe ka
asta ilpçtubn
ilpçtubn kao ae ka stlilrsa bns sd
sdhudaetas
hudaetas ineia ptns3

Ab [ast Huastìbtdin Vdsngntnr ka Oaekar as uel pruaol psdingätrdil.

Bl tlral as hrìfdil y inesdsta
inesdsta ae raprnkuidr hrìfdilg
hrìfdilg aeta gnk abns hang ätrdins
ätrdins qua sa kdspneae l bl
vdstll kab avlbulkn. En as uel pruaol ka gag nrd
vdst nrdl.
l.
Yu nocatdvn as gakdr bl jlodbdklk vdsngntnrl ae tärgdens ka innrkdelidùe ncn-gl en plrl ralbdzlr tl-
tl-
rals ka inpdl ka gnkabns vdsulbas huastìbtdins.
 Bl jlodbdklk vdsngntnrl rafbacl ineaxdneas aetra bls ìrals vdsulb (gnkabns l bl vdstl) y gntnrl (trles-
irdpidùe
irdpidùe hrìfdil) ka tlb gl earl qua bl raprnkuiidùe inrraitl ka bls fdfdhurls
hurls kapae ka ka ue l kaiulk n
kaslrrnbbn eaurniaraorlb.
Astl ilplidklk sa vdeiubl ine ab kaslrrnbbn kab baehulca y ine fueidneas bdhlkls l bl detabdhaeidl tlbas
ing n bl gag nrdl, bl
bl ltaeidùe y bl pariapidùe, bl nrhledzlidùe y ab gleacn ka b asplidn.
_abavl lspaitns g lkurltdvns,
lkurltdvns, psdinpltnbùhdins
psdinpltnbùhdins y as prakditnr
prakditnr kab raekdgdaetn lilkäg din.

< :? . L. IL__A_LY

<. BL ] _
_QQAOL
Ya trltl ka uel pruao l hrìfdil, en varolb, qqua
ua tdaea ing n nocatdvn bl
bl inpdl bn gìs
fdkakdhel pnsdoba ka fdhurls hangätrdils ine fnrgls parfaitls, sde arrnras lplrae-
tas. As uel asi lbl qua raqudara ka u el lkg dedstrlidùe
dedstrlidùe dekdvdkulb y en tdaea
tdaea bçgdta ka
tdag
tdag pn plrl su acaiuidùe.
As tlg odäe ue tast ka detahrlidùe vdsn-gn trd
trdz.
z. Ab ineia ptn ka det
detahrli
ahrli dùe rafdara
l ue prniasn ingpbacn qua lrtdiubl bl pariapidùe vdsulb ine bl innrkdelidùe gntrdz.
Asta ga iledsg n astì katargdelkn pnr prdeid
prdeidpdns
pdns odnbùhdins
odnbùhdins qua vlrçle ae fueidùe kab
edvab ka kaslrrnbbn y ka bl
bl g lkurlidùe, lsç ing n kab astlkn pltnbùhdin n fueidnel b ka
ilkl parsnel.
Bl pariapi dùe vdsulb -aetaekdkl ing n bl det
detarpratlidùe
arpratlidùe ka bn qua sa va- kapaeka
tletn ka bl glkurlidùe ingn ka bls axpardaeidls kab edün, y pnr abbn, bl pnsdodbdklk
ka paridodr en sdhedfdil
sdhedfdil eaiaslrdlgaeta qua pn saarì bl ilplidklk plrl in pdlrpdlr.. ]lrl
acaiutlr astl liidùe tdaea qua bnhrlr trlkuidr bn
bn qua pa ridoa ae uel l itdvdklk
itdvdklk g ntrd
ntrdz,
z,
trlsplsìeknbn lb plpab. ]nr inesdhudaeta, bls kdfdiubtlkas ae bl inpdl ka bls fdhurls
puakae sar kao dkls l deglkuraz n l ue kafdid kafdidtlr
tlrdn
dn fueidnelgdaetn ka bl pariapidùe
vdsulb,, ka bl innrkdelidùe g ntrd
vdsulb ntrdzz n k a bl detahrlid
detahrlidùe
ùe ae tra
tra lg ols.
Astl pruaol puaka sar utdbdzlkl ae edüns aetra bns 1 y bns <? lüns ka aklk ine
ab fde ka avlbulr bl glkuraz vdsng ntrd ntrdz.
z. Qel v az qua astl j lodbdklk
lodbdklk j l sdkn lkqudrd
lkqudrdkl
kl
y kaslrrnbblkl j lstl idart
idartnn tnpa dekdvdkulb,
dekdvdkulb, sustaetlkl
sustaetlkl ae u el olsa nrhì edil fueidn-
elb, kacl ka taear
taear fuek lg aetn utdbdzlrb
utdbdzlrbll ine ab nocatn ka pnekarl r asl ilplidklk ae
plrtdiublr. Ae bns hrupns ka akl kas g ìs lvle zlkls -lk nbasiaetas y lkubtns- ab tast
tdaea
tdaea in g n fdelbdklk
fdelbdklk av lbulr lspaitns psdinpltnbùhdins ka bl parsnelbdklk, iulkrns
ka nrhledidklk y ine kdidkdidneas
neas plrt
plrtdiub
diublras
lras tlbas ing n bls vdeiublkls l lkdiidneas, apd-
apd-
bapsdls
bapsd ls y lbhuels k dfdiubt
dfdiubtlkas
lkas ka tdpn eaurnbùhdin. Yu utdbdutdbdklk
klk ae a stns hrupns tlgodäe
rasdka ae railolr dekdilknras prnyaitdvns
prnyaitdvns y/n ag nidnelbas.

? . INEYDHEL T _AINGAEKLIDNEAY ]L_L BL

LKGDEDY[_LIDÙE
Ing n ae tnkls bls sd
sdtulid
tulidneas
neas ka lkg dedstr
dedstrlidùe
lidùe ka bns destrugaetns
destrugaetns ka avlbul-
 idùe, sa kaoa prngnvar qua ab axlgdelkn astä fçsdilgaeta iùgnkn y agnidnelb-
gae ta trlequd
trlequdbn.
bn. Ine asta fde kaoa haea rlrs
rlrsaa ue lg odaeta
odaeta lkaiu lkn plrl bbavlr
bbavlr lka-
bletaa bl tlral (ouael buz y vaetdb
blet vaetdblidùe,
lidùe, ttag
ag parltur
parlturll lprnpdlkl, gl eacn inevae daeta ka
bns rudkns, ka bls pnsdobas detarrupidneas n kdstrliidneas, kdspnsdidùe ka gnodbdlrdn
lkai ulkn plrl bls liidneas raquardkls ingn k douclr, g lrilr raspuastls prakatarg
prakatarg d-
elkl s, asirdodr, inestrudr, raspnekar, aetra n trls).
Ka asta gdsgn gnkn jlorì qua pravar ue ibdgl ka trlolcn flvnrloba, astloba-
idaekn ue ouae rlppnrt -kafdedkn ing n ab aetaekdgdaetn, bbll ag pltçl y bl liaptlidùe
ine ab fde ka haearlr inefdlezl y inn parlidùe aetr
aetraa ab axlgdelkn y ab axlgdelknr-.
Ae iu letn lb gnk n ka lk g dedstr
dedstrlidùe
lidùe plrtd
plrtdiublr
iublr kab [ast Huastìbt
Huastìbtdin
din Vdsngn tnr ka
Oaeka r, ab axlgdelknr kdspnekrì ae bl ga sl ka trlolcn bls euava tlrcatls iaril ka sç,
onil lol cn, ka g nkn qua bl ttlrc
lrcatl
atl L quaka kdspuast
kdspuastll ae prd
prdg
g ar buhlr. Bl uodilidùe
ka bls bìgdels kaoa sar j nrdznetlb -lpldslkl- y kaoae q uaklr l bl vdstlvdstl kab avlbulkn
ine bl detaeidùe ka qua pravdsulbdia vlrdls fdhurls y en sùbn uel ae bl kdstrdouidùe

AB [AY[ HQAY[ÌB[DIN VDYNGN[N_ KA OAEKA_ AE EDÜNY < :9

kab asplidn kdspnedoba plrl bbavlr

bbavlr l il on bl tlral -inpdlr bns gn kabns qua a stìe l bl
vdstl-.
Ya aetrahle lb axlg delkn kns j ncls ka plpab (ab avlbulknr
avlbulknr kaoa taear kds kdspnedobas
pnedobas
uel gl ynr iletdklk
iletdklk ka j ncls, plrplrll qua ab edün puakl utd utdbdbdzlr
zlr uel pnr fdhurl, sd lsç bn
kasalrl) uodiìeknbls ka g nkn va rt rtdilb
dilb ae rablidùe
rablidùe in e ab sucatn, cuetn
cuetn lb bìpdz ine uel
g uy ouael puetl y bl hng l ka onrrlr.
Ab lkg dedstr
dedstrlknr
lknr kaoa rahdstrlr ab tdagpn qua desug a bl acaiuidùe acaiuidùe ka bl tlral ine-
tlodbdzlek
tlodbdzlek n kask a qua ä b n abb
abbll aetrahl e lb edün bl ttlrcatl
lrcatl ine bl fdhurl L j lstl qua ab
avlbulkn k avuabva bl tlrcatl
tlrcatl ine bl fdhurl :. Yd odae en as uel pruaol ka vabnidklk y
sa ba pdka l b edün qua trtrlolca
lolca i ne trlequdbdklk,
trlequdbdklk, bl detarpratlidùe
detarpratlidùe p nstardnr
nstardnr ka a sta kltn
puaka sar ka sug l utdbdklk
utdbdklk plrl ing praekar lbhuens lspaitns ka bl parsnelbdklk y
sar agpbalkn ingn dekdilknr raiurraeta n inevarhaeta ine ntrns qua puakle lpl-
raiar ae ab prniasn ka avlbulidùe (gltardlb ka aetravdstls, ka täiedils prnyaitdvls
hrìfdils y/n varolbas, ka jnrl ka cuahn, y ka ntrns destrugaetns psdingätrdins). Ab
avlbulk nr detaetlrì qua ab rabnc n irneùg atrn en astä lb lbilei a ka bl vdsdùe
vdsdùe kab axlg d-
elkn p lrl en hae arlr lesdaklk y prnpdid
prnpdidlr
lr ab kaspbd
kaspbdahua
ahua g ìs fdkakdhen ka bl vlrdloba
qua sa detaetl avlbul r. As ka utdbdklk
utdbdklk nrhle dzlidnelb rahdst
rahdstrlr
rlr ab tdag
tdag pn ag pbalkn ae
bl gdsgl j ncl ae bl qua sa ineiratù bl inpdl ka bls bls fdhurls ine bl fdfdelbdklk
elbdklk ka lue lr
tnkns bns rahdstrns
rahdstrns ka astl pruaol rafardkns
rafardkns l uel óedil parsnel.
As sug lg aeta dgpnrtleta qua ab axlg delknr bbbava bava ue rahdstrn
rahdstrn axlitn ka bl ine-
kuitl kab sucatn kurleta bl acaiuidùe ka bl pruaol. Lbhuens ka astns kltns sarvd sarvdrìe
rìe lb
prniasn hbnolb ka avlbulidùe (ingn kltns raiurr raiurraetas
aetas y/n ine varhaetas),
varhaetas), parn ntrns
ntrns
sarìe ka vdtlb dgpnrtleidl plrl bl pnekarlidùe a detarpratlidùe ka asta destrugaetn
ae plrtdiublr.
plrtdiublr. Aetra bns lspaitns qua pua kae n osarvlrsa y rahdstrlrsa
rahdstrlrsa sa aeiuae trle3
trle3
bl ltaeidùe, bl
bl kdspnsdidùe
kdspnsdidùe pl rl acaiutlr blbl ine sdhel, ab edvab ka in gpraesdùe k a bls
destruiidneas,
destruiidneas, bl
bl ine idaeidl y ab rainenidgdaetn ka bls dgparfaiidneas ae bl inpdl, bbns ns
detaetns ka inrraiidùe y gacnrlg daetn, bl eaiasdklk ka ralsahu rlgdaetn y/n astçgubn
pnr plrta kab axlg delknr, bl slt
sltdsfliidùe
dsfliidùe n desltdsfliidùe ine raspa itn l sus prnkui-
idneas, bl nrhledzlidùe kab asplidn y ab gltardlb ka trlolcn, ab gleacn y ab inrraitn
 usn ka b bìpdz,
bìpdz, bls varolbdzlidneas, bl litdtuk
litdtuk ka lhrlk n n ka slhrlk n g ledfdastl, bl
bl tn-
barleidl l bl frustrlidùe aetra guijns ntrns qua puakae lplraiar. [lgodäe kaoae
nosarvlrsa
nosarvlr sa ing pnrtlgdaetns
pnrtlgdaetns qua tdaekle l ing paeslr lbhuels kdfdiubt
kdfdiubtlkas
lkas ing n pnr
acagpbn detaetns ka ilbilr, utdbdzlr ue kakn ingn huçl (inekuitl ka leiblca), ine-
tlr puetns y/n iurvls, gnk dfdilr bl kdraiidùe
kdraiidùe ka bns trlzns, ilgo dlr radtarlklg
radtarlklg aeta bl
pnsturl inrpnrlb lsug dkl, aetra ntrls.
ntrls.
Lquabbls inekuitls qua tdaeae uel defbuaeidl kdraitl snora bl puetulidùe ae ab
tast y, pnr bn tletn, raqudarae ka ue astrditn rahdstrn sa rablidnele ine bl rntlidùe
qua ab sucatn ralbdia
n plridlbgaeta ralbd
bl ia
tlrcka
atlbllbtlrcatl
tlrcatl tlrc
g atl astçgubn
ng aetn iu leknabralbdzl
raprnkuidr ralbd zl bl inp
astçgubn,
astçgubn, bl dl. Yd ab edünkab
lsdhelidùe hdrlpuetn
tntlb
inrraspnekdaetaa lb arrnr ka rntlidùe pnkrì sar l sdhelkn axibusdvlgaeta sno ra bl olsa
inrraspnekdaet
ka bl nosarvlidùe kab lkg deds dedstrtrlknr
lknr kurleta asta gng aetn kab prniasn ka avlbulidùe
(Fdhurl L, arrnr
arrnr ? y Fdhurl ?, arr arrnr
nr 8). Kaoa a etaekarsa qua sd en quakl rahdst rahdstrn
rn ka bl
rntlidùe en j lorì pnsdodbd
pnsdodbdklk
klk k a lsdhelr bl prasaeidl ka astl flbbl lb vlbnrlr bl gl ku-
raz vdsngntrdz
vdsngntrdz ae bl puetulidùe tntlb ka bl pruaol.
Qel vaz nrhle dzlkl bl kdspnsdid
kdspnsdidùe ùe fçsdil ka bns g ltardlbas
ltardlbas y bl ltaeidùe kdspnedoba
plrl rahdstrlr
rahdstrlr bns lspaitns ag arhaetas ka bl ine kuitl kab sucatn fraeta l bl acaiuidùe
ka bl tlral, sa prniakarì l klr bl inesdhel k a trlolcn3

< :; . L. IL__A_LY

[a vny l gnstrlr uel sarda ka tlrcatls, uel

u el pnr vaz. Ilkl tlrcatl tdaea ue kd-
oucn. ]nr flvnr inpdì ab kdoucn
kd oucn ae ab plpab tle odae ingn puakls, bn gìs plra-
idkn pnsdoba. Inpdlbns trlequdbn/l, uslekn tnkn ab tdagpn qua eaiasdtas.
 
Qel vaz klk l bl destruiidùe,
destruiidùe, kaoa inbnilrsa bl prdgarl tlrcatl fraeta
fraeta lb edün snora
bl gasl ka trlolcn0 l gakdkl qua ab edün targdea bl inpdl ka ilkl tlrcatl sa ba pra-
saetlrì bl bl sdhudaeta -sdagpra
-sdagpra ka g learl ine saiutdvl kaska bl L j lstl bl :, uel pnr
uel l ga kdkl qua ab edün g uastra uastra litdtuk
litdtuk ka j loar ineibudkn-.
ineibudkn-.
Ing n axlg delknr kaoa avdtlrsaavdtlrsa ralbdzlr
ralbdzlr inga etlrdns
etlrdns snora bl prnkuiidùe hrìfdil
qua ab edün astì ralbdzlekn
ralbdzlekn , ttlg
lg odäe lbaetlr n dg
dg pakdr ab usn ka bl hng l ka o nrrlr n
desdstd
desdstdrr ae ralbdzlr vlrd
vlrdns
ns detaetns iulekn sa astì acaiutlekn uen ka bns kdsaüns. [lg -
odäe sarì tlral
tlral kab avlbulkn r prnpnridnelr
prnpnridnelr tnkls bls jn cls qua ab axlgdelk n eaia sdta sdta
sde afaitulr lintlidneas lb raspaitn.
Yd afaitól prahuetls
prahuetls ae rab rablidùe
lidùe ine bl tlral, tlbas
tlbas ing n bl iletdklk ka pue tns n
ab tlglün ka bls fdhurls, kaoae ordeklrsa raspuastraspuastlsls bn g ìs eautrlbas pnsdobas
pnsdobas rainr-
klekn qua sa ba pdkd pdkdùù j liar bls inpdls bn gìs plraidkls pnsdoba lb gnk abn nrdhdelb.
nrdhdelb.
L g nkn ka sçetasds
sçetasds sa inesdhele bns lspaitns gìs dg pnrtletas ka astl pruaol3

- ]ruaol hrìfdil.
hrìfdil.
- Lkgdedstrlidùe dekdvdkulb.
- Yde bçgdta
bçgdta ka tdagpn plrl bl acaiui dùe.
- bns 1 y bns <? lüns ka aklk.
Kastdelkl l edüns ae tra bns
 - Gltardlbas3
hng l ka on euava tlrcatls,
rrlr y ue irneùgj ncls
atrn obleils
rabnc. (tlgl üns nfdidn n ilrtl), ue bìpdz eahrn,
n rabnc.
- Dgpnrtleidl ka rahdstrlr
rahdstrlr bl ineku itl kab edün kurleta bl pruaol.
- Inetlodbdzlr ab tdagpn kaska qua sa ba aetrahl bl prdgarl tlrcatl jlstl qua ab
edün kavuabva bl óbtdgl
óbtdgl kle kn iblrl saülb ka j loar ineibudkn ine bl tlral.

9. AVLBQLIDÙE KA BL ]_QAOL

Ab [HV j l parg dtdtdkn

dkn notaear, kaska bl prnpuastl nrd
nrdhdelb,
hdelb, kns tdpns ka puetulidn-
eas (Oaek ar, <49:, <411,
<411, ?=<<)3 uel iuletdtltdvl raspnek daekn l bl vartdaeta psdin-
psdin-
g ätr
ätrdil
dil kab tast,
tast, lsdhele
lsdhele kn u el pue tulidùe y kdlheùstdin pnr inevarsdùe ka b puetlc
puetlcaa
orutn sahóe vlbnras ka puetulidneas trlesfnrglk
trlesfnrglk ls inetaedkls ae bls enrgls astl-
kçstdils gua str
kçstdils strlbas
lbas n pnoblidnelbas. Bl sahue kl pnekarlidùe as bl iulbdtltdvl y ras-
pneka l bls inesdkarlidneas
inesdkarlidneas ing ueas ka bls pr pruaols
uaols prnyaitdvls
prnyaitdvls hrìfdils,
hrìfdils, pukdaekn
dkaetdfdilrsa, pntaeidlbgae ta, dekdilk
dekdilk nras ka eau rnsds, psdinpltçls y ntrns trlstnrens
trlstnrens
hrlvas ing n psd
psdinsds
insds y kag aeidl (Oaekar, ?=<<) luequ a axibusdvlg
axibusdvlg aeta ae pnobl-
idùe lkubtl. Iloa liblrlr qua su dkal ka lbilezlr ue vlbnr eugärdin ka bl tlral sa
rablidnelol ine bl pnsdodbdklk
pnsdodbdklk ka avl bulr bl
bl detahrlidùe vdsng
vdsng ntnrl ing n fueidùe avn -
butdvl
butdvl kab nrhledsg n ae edüns ae aklk asinblr, y qua ab leìbdsds
leìbdsds iulbd
iulbdtltd
tltdvn
vn sa olsl ol
ae bl vlbnrlidùe ka lspaitns ag nidnelbas qua sa j dpntatdzlole
dpntatdzlole ing n defardob
defardobas
as l trtrl-
l-
väs ka k dfaraetas lspaitns kab kdoucn0
kdoucn0 ae asta saetdkn
saetdkn sa j l lg pbdlkn
pbdlkn bl pnsdodbdklk
pnsdodbdklk
ka axtaekar bl avlbulidùe ine asta destrugae
destrugae tn l bls frlecls atlrdls
atlrdls ka lknbasiaetas y

AB [AY[ HQAY[ÌB[DIN VDYNGN[N_ KA OAEKA_ AE EDÜNY <:1

lkubtns luequa, pnr supuastn, sdagpra inetag pblekn bls slbvaklkas kab ilsn klkls
pnr bls rastrdiidneas glkurltdvls.
Yd odae Oae kar saetù bls olsa s plrl lg ons tdpns ka le ìbdsds,
ìbdsds, psdingätrdin
psdingätrdin y prn-
yaitdvn, su nocatdvn dedidlb fua inestrudr ue tast purlgaeta ibçedin y ae asl gatl en
bnhrù ue astrditn
astrditn trltlgdaetn astlkçstdin
astlkçstdin kab edvab ka glk uraz. Fn rgu bù bls enrgls plrl
inrrahdr ilkl uel ka bls inpdls parn en inesdhudù notaear ue sdstagl ka iùgputn
fdelb uedtlrdn
uedtlrdn y rdhurnsn kab raekdgdaetn a e bls j lodbd
lodbdklkas
klkas ka det
detahrlidùe
ahrlidùe saesn rdlb
rdlb y
gntnrl. Ab prnpùsdtn nrdhdelb kab tast en fua ab qua jl dkn inesnbdkìeknsa l bn blrhn
ka tletns lüns ka lpbdilid
lpbdilidùe
ùe ka bl pruaol ae bns kdfaraetas ìgodtns. Blurattl
Blurattl Oae kar,
dedidlbg
dedidlb g aeta, sa prnpusn klr l inen iar bns rasubtlkns
rasubtlkns ka sus astukdns snora bl pariap-
idùe, sdesde detaraslrsa
detaraslrsa pnr ab destrug
destrug aetn ae sç g dsgn. I ng n plrta ka sus devastdhlidn-
eas bnhrù ing uedilr uel astleklrdzlidùe ka bl avlbulidùe ka bl fue idùe huastìbtdil
huastìbtdil ae
pnoblidùe defletdb. Yde agol rhn, su det detaeidùe
aeidùe en a rl iug pbdr ine bls axdhaeidls täiedils
ka bns destrug
destrug aetns ka g akdidùe psd
psdinbùhdil
inbùhdil tlb ingn sne raquardkns ae bl litulbdklk.
litulbdklk.
Buahn ka idg aetlkn a b nocatdvn
nocatdvn psdingätrdin
psdingätrdin ka bl pruaol, vlrd
vlrdns
ns devastdhlknras
devastdhlknras
jle detaetlkn lpnrtlr rdhurnsdklk l bl avlbulidùe prnpuastl ae ue prdgar gngaetn
(Odbbdbdehsbal,
(Odb ehsbal, <4; :0 ]lsilb y Yuttabb,
Yuttabb, <41<0 Yle tuiid y Hlbdfrat-Hrlecne, <41? ). Yde ag -
olrhn, fua @n ppdtz
ppdtz (<469) qudae kaslrrnbb
kaslrrnbbùù ue sdstagl avnbutdvn ka ilbdfdilidùe
ilbdfdilidùe qua j l
axtaekdkn
axtaekd kn su usn l trlväs
trlväs ka bns lüns y ae kdvarsns
kdvarsns puetns hanhrìfdins. Inesdsta
Inesdsta ae
 9= pnsdobas arrnras
arrnras kdsiratns, puetulkns i ulekn astìe prasaetas ae bls raprnkuiidn-
eas ka e düns aetr
aetraa bns 1 y bns
bns <? lüns ka aklk , lsd
lsdhelek
helek n ue pu etn l ilkl a rrnr
rrnr ae
bl inpdl ka bl fdhurl n plrta ka abbl plrl, fdelbga
fdelbga eta, pnr sugltnrdl notaear ue pue tlca
tlca
orutn, y su eai aslrdl trtrlesfnrg
lesfnrg lidùe l puetlcas pariaetdb
pariaetdblras
lras plrl v nbvarbn
nbvarbn detarprat
detarpratl-
l-
oba Ing
ae ing
n saplrlidùe
letdid inepravdlga
letdidplrl
plrl ab hrupneta,
ka rafaraeidl.
Oaekar (<411, ?=<<) inesdkarù qua bls kdfdiubtl-
kdfdiubtl-
kas ae bl inpdl ka blsbls fdhurls puakae kaoarsa l deglkuraz n l ue g lb fueidnelgdaetn
ka bl pariapidùe vdsulb, ka bl innrkdelidùe gntrdz n ka bl detahrlidùe aetra lgols.
Ilkl u en ka bns çtçtag
ag s qua sa puetóle ingn a rr rrnras
nras inrr
inrraspneka
aspneka e l uel ka iultrn
iltahnrçls3 kdstnrsdùe ka bl fnrgl, rntlidùe, detahrlidùe ka bls plrtas y parsavarlidùe.
Bls flbbls ka kdstnrsdùe sne inesdkarlkls pnsdtdvls
pnsdtdvls iulekn sa j le ng dtdkn
dtdkn n gn-
kdfdilkn plrtas fueklg aetlbas (kasprnpnridùe aetra bls plrt plrtas,
as, iletdklk deinrraitl ka
puetns, kastruiidùe
kastruiidùe ka bl fnrgl kab kdoucn, bçeals
bçeals ae buhlr ka puetns, flbt
flbtll ka detahrl-
idùe ka bls plrtas) kab gnk abn nrdhdelb y sa j l parkdkn bl inefdhu rlidùe kab astçgubn,
as kaidr, iulekn bl huastlbt kacl ka sar axlitlgaeta bl qua arl sahóe ab astçgubn
prasaetlkn ae il kl tlrc
tlrcatl
atl y plsl l sar ntrl huastlbt, lue bdharlga eta kdstdetl.
kdstdetl.
Bns arrnras ka rntlidùe lkqu darae vlbnr iul ekn bl tlrcatl astç
astçgg ubn as rntlkl ;1½
n gìs n iulekn ab kdoucn fdelb, n plrta ka äb, jl quaklkn hdrlkn ae asl gdsgl le-
hublidùe ine raspaitn lb gnkabn nrdhdelb. En sa ingputle bls rntlidneas ka bl jncl
g daetr
daetrls
ls ab edün acaiutl bl tlral. Lquç sa lkvdarta, uel v az g ìs, bbll eaia sdklk ka ue l
inestleta nosarvlidùe kab ing pnrtlgdaetn kab edün ae bl lkg deds dedstrtrlidùe
lidùe plrl kdfarae-
idlr uel rntlidùe puetuloba ka ntrl en pu etuloba.
Bns ka detahrlidùe sa ing putle iulekn bns pltrneas huastìbtd
huastìbtdins
ins astìe inefnrg l-
kns pnr kns plrtas n huastlbts
huastlbts g aenras y ae bl inpd
inpdll sa raprnkuiae ka g learls supar-
puastls n kag lsdlkn lbaclkls. As kaidr, bl bl detahrlid
detahrlidùe
ùe k a kns huastlbts
huastlbts gìs sdgpbas ae
uel g ìs ingpbacl en jl sdkn bnhrlkl tlb ing n sa j loçl gnstrlkn ae ab ast astçgubn.
çgubn.
Bns ka parsavarlidùe sa prnkuiae iul ekn en pua ka dej dodrsa dodrsa ab ddg
g pubsn earvdnsn
qua parg dtl
dtl iubgdelr bl tlral g ntnrl y ab kdouc
kdoucnn en sa det
detarrugpa.
arrugpa.

< :6 . L. IL__A_LY

Astls kdfdiubtlkas -kdstnrsdùe ka bl fnrgl, rntlidùe, detahrlidùe y parsavarlidùe-

ae bl rasnbuidùe ka bl inesdhel ka b tast
tast sa aqudplrle l katarg delkls sdtulidneas
sdtulidneas as-
inblras, ravabìeknsa a e bl lplrdidùe ka asirdturl ae aspacn, bl bl ilbdhrlfçl lpraidloba-
g aeta deibdelkl
deibdelkl , bl
bl inefu sdùe ka batr
batrls,
ls, ka aeblias y/n sapl rlidneas aetra plblorls n
ilrlitaras qua dg pdkae dkaetdfdilr
dkaetdfdilr bn asirdt
asirdtn,
n, lsç ingn dgpnsdodbdklk
dgpnsdodbdklk plrl ing praekar
ab ingdaezn y ab fdelb ka uel plblorl ae uel pìhdel.
Qel vaz gìs, ine bl fdelbdklk ka kastlilr bls dkals iaetrlbas vartdkls ae asta
lplrtlkn, sa prasaetl a b sdhud
sdhudaeta
aeta iul krn3

- Ab tast prnpnea uel puetulidùe iul etdtltd

etdtltdvl
vl raspne kdaekn l su vartdaeta psding
psding ätrdil
ätrdil y u el iu lbd
lbd--
tltdvl, aeglriìe knsa ae bls rahbls ka bls täiedils prnya itdvls hrìfdils -lrdst
-lrdstll qua parg dta deibudr
deibudr bl
bl
avlbulidùe
avlbulid ùe ka lknbasiaetas y lkubtns (en ae bl varsdùe ag pbalkl pnr Oaekar)-.
- @nppdtz
@nppdtz prnpnea ue sdstagl
sdstagl avnbutdvn
avnbutdvn ka iblsdfdilidùe
iblsdfdilidùe inesdstaeta ae ab rainenidgdaetn ka 9= pn-
sdobas arrnras ae bl raprnkuiidùe ka bns gnkabns nrdhdelbas, qua raspnekae l bl avlbulidùe ka bl
glkurlidùe vdsngntnrl.
vdsngntnrl. Välsa Leaxn L.
 - Bns pnsdobas arrnras ae bl raprnk uiidùe pua kae iblsdfdilrsa
iblsdfdilrsa ae iul trn iltahnrçls3 rntlidùe, kdstnr-
kdstnr-
sdùe ka bl fnrgl, parsavarlidùe y/n detahrlidùe.

- Lsdhelidùe ka < puetn l ilkl a rrnr rainenidkn ae bl inpdl.

- Yug ltnrdl
ltnrdl ka tnkns bns puetns plrl bl notaeidùe ka ue pue tlca orutn, irukn n kdraitn.

- [rlesfnrglidùe kab puetlca kdraitn l ue vlbnr pariaetdblr.

- ]nsdodbd
]nsdodbdklk
klk ka ing plrlr ab edvab ka g lkurlidùe vdsngntnrl dekdvdkulb
dekdvdkulb ine ab hrupn ka rafaraeidl.
rafaraeidl.
- Bns arrnras ae bls inpdls sne kaodkns l degl kuraz n g lb fueidnelgdaetn ae bl pariapidùe vdsulb,
ae bl innrkdelidùe gntrdz n ae bl detahrlidùe
detahrlidùe aetra lgols.

- Bns arrnras ae bls inpdls

inpdls kaoarçle taekar l ka slplraiar ine ab luga etn ka bl aklk irnenbùhdil.
irnenbùhdil.

; AVLBQLIDÙE KA Ç[AGY GLKQ_L[DVNY

Iulekn ab sucatn jl iubgdelkn bl tlral pnr ingpbatn, as kaidr, jl inpdlkn bns
euava kdsaüns qua sa ba jle prasaetlkn, sa bbavlrì l ilon bl pnekarlidùe ka bl

pruaol
pnr fdhurlingn sa j l aeueidlkn
inetagpblekn ae pnsdobas
bls flbbls bns pìrrlfns
pnsd praiakaetas.
praiakaetas.
obas ae ilkl uel. Ast
Astll tlral sa j lrì fdhurl
fdhurl
Ab vlbnr ka puetulidùe as = (iarn) n < (uen) plrl i lkl pn sdoba sdoba arrnr kasirdptn. Ya
lsdhel ab vlbnr N lb lidartn
lidartn n l usaeidl ka a rrnr ae bl inpd
inpdll y < l bl prasaeidl ka arrnr.
Ab rlehn ka puetulidùe sarì, aetneias,
aetneias, aetra N (inpdl parfaitl, g lynr edvab ka gl ku-
rlidùe ae bns prniasns pariaptdvns-gntnras) y 9= (iletdklk(iletdklk g ìxdgl ka arrnras pntae-
idlbas,
idlb as, gae nr edvab ka g lkurlidùe).
Ae a b Leaxn L sa aeug arle y kasirdoae bns arrnras
arrnras pnsdobas
pnsdobas plrl ilkl uen ka bns
gn kabns. Bl prdgarl inbug el, j lidl bl dz dzqudarkl,
qudarkl, pprasaetl
rasaetl bns gnkabns nrdhdelbas
nrdhdelbas qua
ab edün kaoarì inpdlr y bl sahuekl, bl kasirdpidùe
kasirdpidùe ka ilk l uen ka bns arrnras ilplias
ka sar ingatdkns kurleta bl raprnkuiidùe. L inetdeulidùe sa raprnkuia ab Leaxn L
plrl flidbdtlr bl iblrdklk axpnsdtdvl.

AB [AY[ HQAY[ÌB[DIN VDYNGN[N_ KA OAEKA_ AE EDÜNY < :8

[lobl <. Bdstlkn ka arrnras pnsdobas pnr fdhurl prnpuastn pnr @nppdtz*

Fdhurl Arrnr
F DDHH Q _ L L <-Kdstnrsdùee ka bl fnrg l3
<-Kdstnrsdù
l) Ab iulkrlkn, ab içriubn n lgons astìe axiasdvlgaeta lijltlkns
n kafnrglkns.
o ) Kasprnpnridùe aetra ab tlglün kab iulkrlkn y ab kab idriubn (uen

a
as ab knoba ka hrleka ing plrlkn ine ab ntrn).
?- _ntlidùe3
ka bl fdhurl n plrta ka bl gdsgl ae gìs ka ;1½ rntlidùe ka bl tlr-
 catl, luequa buahn sa inpda inrraitlgaeta ae bl p nsdidùe rntlkl.
9- Detahrlidùe3
Flbbl ae ab detaetn ka u edr ab içriubn
içriubn y a b iulkrlkn0 ab içriubn y ab vär-
tdia lkyliaeta kab iulkrlkn sa aeiuaetrle saplrlkns n suparpuas-
tns ae gìs ka 9 gg.
F DDHH Q _ L < ;- Kdstnrsd
Kdstnrsdùe
ùe ka bl ffnrg
nrg l3
Idein n gìs puetns inevartdkns ae içriubns0 puetns lhrleklkns n
içriubns plridlbgae
plridlbgae ta bbaens (rabbaens
(rabbaens ine ab bìpdz) en sa inesdkarle
ingn içriubns.
1- _ntlidùe3
Bl rntlidùe ka bl fdhurl n plrta ka bl g dsgl ae ;1½ n g ìs.
6- ]arsavarlidùe3
Gìs ka <1 puetns ae uel j dbarl
F DDHH Q _ L ? 8- _ntlidùe3
_ntlidùe ka bl fdhurl n plrta ka bl g dsgl ae ;1½ n gì s0 rntlidùe
rntlidùe ka
bl tlrcatl,
tlrcatl, luequa buahn sa inpda inrraitlgaeta ae bl pnsdidùe rntlkl.
rntlkl.
n
n• • • Detahrlidùe3
= = = = = = = = =

nn ===== n Ngdsdùe ka uel n gìs j dbar

dbarls
ls ka içriubns.
4- ]arsavarlidùe3
Gìs ka <; inbug els ka içriubns ae uel jdbarl
F DH
DH Q _ L 9 <=- K dst
dstnrsdùe
nrsdùe ka bl fnrg l3
Idein n gìs puetns inevartdkns ae içriubns0 puetns lhrleklkns n
içriubns plridlbgaeta rabbaens en sa inesdkarle içriubns plrl asta
çtag.
.
a <<- _ntlidùe3
a

•
_ntlidùe ka bl fdhurl n plrta ka bl gdsgl ae ;1½ n gì s.
. <?- Detahrlidùe3
Detahrlidùe3
l) Kasdetahrlidùe kab kdsaün3 lugaetn ka ilkl jdbarl suiasdvl ka
puetns en
en bnhrlkl
bnhrlkl00 iloazl ka fbaijl drrain
drraineni
enidoba
doba n de
devartdkl0
vartdkl0
inehbngarlidùe ka puetns.
o) Bçeal inetdeul ae buhlr ka bçeals
bçeals ka puetns0 bl bçeal
bçeal puaka su std-
tudr l bns puetns n astlr lhrahlkl l astns.
F DH
DH Q _ L ; <9- _ntlidùe3
_ntlidùe ka bl fdhurl n plrta ka bl g dsgl ae ;1 ½ n g ìs.

<;- Detahrlidùe3
Detahrlidùe3
Yaplrlidùe ka 9 g g aetra bl iurvl y ab ìehubn lkyliaeta.

< :: . L. IL__A_LY

 
‚0
.

F DH
DH Q _ L 1 <1- Gnkdfdilidùe ka bl fnrgl
Idein n gìs puetns inevartdkns ae içriubns0 puetns lhrleklkns.
• <6- _ntlidùe3
• _ntlidùe ka bl fdhurl n plrta ka bl gdsgl ae ;1½ n gìs0 rntlidùe ka
.•
• bl axtaesdùe (lpuetl jlidl bl karaijl n bl dzqudarkl).
<8- Detahrlidùe3
 • 3
• l) Kasdetahrlidùe kab kdsaün0 inehbngarlidùe ka puetns0 bçeal raitl
n içriubn ka puetns ae buhlr ka lrin.

o ) lgons.
Bçeal inetdeul ae buhlr ka puetns, ae ab lrin, bl axtaesdùe n

FDHQ_L 6 <:- Kdst

Kdstnrsdùe
nrsdùe ka bl fnrg l3
l) [ras n gìs iurvls sustdtudkls pnr ìehubns (ae ilsn ka kukl en
ingputlr).
o ) Edeh
Edehuel
uel iurvl ae uel n lgols bçeals0 bçeals raitls.

<4- Detahrlidùe3
Bls kns bçeals en sa iruzle n sa iruzle ae ab axtragn ka uel n ka
lgols bçeals0 kns bçeals nekublkls aetrablzlkls.
?=- ]arsavarlidùe3
Yads n gìs iurvls sdeusndklbas ingpbatls ae iulbqudarl ka bls kns
kdraiidneas.
FDHQ_L 8 ?<- Kdst
Kdstnrsdùe
nrsdùe ka bl fnrg l3

d
l) Kasprnpnridùe aetra ab tlglün ka bns kns jaxìhnens3 uen kaoa
sar, lb gaens, ab knoba ka hrleka qua ab ntrn.
o ) Bns jaxìhnens
jaxìhnens astìe axiasdvlgaeta kafnrglkns0 lkdidùe u ngd-
sdùe ka ìehubns.
??-_ntlidùe3
_ntlidùe ka bl fdhurl n plrta ka bl gdsgl ae ;1½ n gìs.
?9-Detahrlidùe3
Bns jaxìhnens
jaxìhnens en sa suparpneae n bn jliae axiasdvlgaeta.
F DH
DH Q _ L : ?; - Kdstnrsd
Kdstnrsdùe
ùe ka bl ffnrg
nrg l3
Ab jaxìhnen n ab rngon axiasdvlgaeta kafnrglkns0 ìehubns lhra-
hlkns u ngdtdkns.
2 n 5
1- _ntlidùe3
_ntlidùe ka bl fdhurl n plrta ka bl gdsgl ae ;1½ n gìs

[N[LB

* Yd odae sa jl gnkdfdilkn bl prasaetlidùe ka bns kltns ae uel tlobl ine fdeas kdkìitdins, ab ingaetlrdn
as idtl taxtulb3 @nppdtz, A. (<444). Ab [ast Huastìbtdin Vdsngntnr plrl edüns. Ouaens Ldras3
Ldras3 H ulklbupa,
pp. 94-11.

Qel vaz qua sa jle lsdhelkn bl puetulidùe ka = n < plrl ilkl çtag pnsdoba ka
avlbulidùe, sa sug lrìe tnkns astns vlbnras
avlbulidùe, vlbnras lbilezlekn ue ]uetlca Orutn n Kdraitn,
as kaidr, sa
sa notaek rì ue vlbnr n eóga rn qua raprasaetlrì bl iuletdfdilidùe
iuletdfdilidùe ka bl g l-
kuraz vdsngntrdz. Yde agolrhn, asta vlbnr fdelb en axpraslrì bl glh edt edtuk uk ka bl gak dkl
ed pargdtdrì
pargdtdrì bl ingpl rlidùe praidsl ka ue sucatn ae rab rablidùe
lidùe ine su hrupn k a rafarae-
idl0 as pnr asn qua ab sdhudaeta plsn sarì trlesfn
trlesfn rgl r asl puetulidùe (sug ltnrdl ka
bns lidartns
lidartns y arrnras) l ntrn sdstag
sdstag l ka rafaraeidl axtaren qua j lodb
lodbdtdtaa bl notaeidùe ka
plrìgatrns plrl pnsdidnelr bl g lkuraz vdsngntrdz ka ue edün ae plrt plrtdiubdiublr
lr ae rablidùe
rablidùe
ine ntrns ka su g dsgn saxn, aklk, edvab ka akuilidùe y inekdidùe snidn-aineùgsnidn-aineùg dil

AB [AY[ HQAY[ÌB[DIN VDYNGN[N_ KA OAEKA_ AE EDÜNY < :4

n iulbqudar ntrl vlrdloba

vlrdloba ka ing plrlidùe dg pnrtleta plrl bl detarpratlidùe
detarpratlidùe kab ines-
tr
truitn
uitn qua sa astì inesdkarlekn.
 Ab sdhudaeta plsn sarì uodilr asl pu etulidùe orutl n k draitl
draitl ae rablidùe in e ab par-
iaetdb inrraspnekdaet
inrraspnekdaeta.
a. Bl vaetlcl
vaetlcl ka ralbdzlr
ralbdzlr astl trlesfnrg
trlesfnrg lidùe as rainenia r quä
pnriaetlca ka gakdidneas ka bl guastrl tdaea pnr kaolcn n pnr aeidgl ab vlbnr kab
puetlcaa orutn notaedkn pnr ue sucatn. Astl gak dkl, qua as uel ga kdkl ka pnsdidùe,
puetlc
kdvdka bl kdstrdouidùe ka bls puetulidneas ae <== plrtas dhulbas -ilkl uel ka abbls
inetag pbl bl
bl gdsg l iletdklk ka ilsns- y uodil lb sucatn ae rablidùe
rablidùe ine su hrupn ka
partaeaeidl.
Ntrn plsn pnsdoba plrl bl trlesfnrglidùe ka bl puetulidùe dekdvdkulb kab tast as
bl ka uo dilr ab pariaetdb ae rablidùe in e ab Kdlheùstdin ka edvab ka glk urlidùe ka bl
detahrlidùe vdsngntnrl inesdkarlekn katargdelkls iltahnrçls iulbdtltdvls -välsa
[lobl ?-.

[lobl ?. Iltahnrçls kdlheùstdils inrraspnekdaetas lb vlbnr pariaetdblr

]ariaetdb dlhrN urazdsngntnrl

41 n gìs Yupardnr
etra 81 y 4= Yupardnr lb tärgden
tärgden g akdn
Aetra 9= y 8= [ärgden gakdn
Aetra <= y ?1 Defardnr lb tärgden
tärgden g akdn
1 n gaens Kafdidaeta

]nr óbtdgn,
óbtdgn, ntrl pnsdoba detarpratlidùe
detarpratlidùe ka su g l utdbdklk
utdbdklk plrl ab ìg odtn ibçedin
ibçedin ine -
sdstaa ae dkaetdfdilr ae bl ttlobl
sdst lobl ine strudkl
strudkl sno ra bl olsa ka bls puetulidne as prng akdn
plrl ilkl hrupn ka aklk (olrag ns) ab puetlca puetlca qua notuvn ab edü
edünn y raineniar l quä
aklk irnenbùhdil inrraspneka asa vlbnr kaetrn ka su hrupn ka partaeaeidl (välsa
Leaxn A).

1 AVLBQLIDÙE KA DEKDILKN_AY AGNIDNELBAY

Inesdkarlekn bl inekdidùe avnbutdvl lsnidlkl lb lpraekdzlca ka bls fueidneas
hua stìb
stìbtdtdils
ils vdsng ntrdias,
ntrdias, @np pdtz
pdtz (<469, <4 44) ou siù kdstdehu
kdstdehu dr, ae bls kdstnrsdnea
kdstnrsdnea s
niurrdkls ae bns kdoucns, aetra blsbls qua astlol e rablidnelk ls l bl glk uraz pariaptdvl,
g ntnrl n l su ddetahrlidùe
etahrlidùe y bls
bls qua astlole rablidnelkl s ine flitnras agn idnelbas.
Astl lutnrl sa lpnyù ae bns ineiaptns astlobaidkns pnr Oaekar (<49:, ?=<<), as
kaidr qua ab ingpnrtlgdaetn vdsng
vdsng ntrdz
ntrdz lkaiulkn as ue l j lodbdklk
lodbdklk qua sa vl ka sl-
rrnbb
rrnbblekn
lekn y parfaiidnelekn l bn blr
blrhn
hn ka b ttdagpn
dagpn y qua ae lbhuen s hrupns ka e düns bns
bns
arrnras inga tdknstdkns ae bl acaiuidùe ka bl tlral en pnkçle a xpbdilrsa
xpbdilrsa axibusdvlgae ta pnr
bl vçl ka lspaitns odnbùhdins glk urltdvns.
urltdvns.
@nppdtz bbavù lkableta astukdns ingplrltdvns aetra edüns kdlhenstdilkns ine par-
turolidùe agnidnelb y edüns ka pnoblidùe haearlb -hrupn inetrnb-. L plrtdr ka abbns,
defdrdrdùù qua lbhuens dekdilknras prasaetas
defd prasaetas ae bl acaiuidùe ka bl pruaol lplraiçle ine

< 4= . L. IL__A_LY

 
g lynr fraiuaei dl ae ab inecuetn ka edüns ine inefbdit
inefbditns
ns ag nidnelbas. T custlg
custlg aeta,
astns dekdilknras, en indeidkçle ine bns iultrn dkaetddkaetdfdilkns
fdilkns plrl bl av lbulidùe ka bl
kdgaesdùe glkurltdvl. As kaidr, lplraiçle paiubdlrdklkas ae bns kdoucns qua en sa
inrraspnekçle ine bns arrnras glk urltdurltdvns
vns dkaetdfd
dkaetdfdilkns
ilkns ae a b tast.
tast.
Ae sus prdgarns astukdns dkaetdfdiù
dkaetdfdiù y prnpusn <= dekdilknras
dekdilknras ag nidnelbas olsìe-
knsa ae bl ing plrlidùe aetra bns bns hrupns letas gae idnelkns. Yde ag olrhn, ae bl ravd- ravd-
sdùe qua ralbdzù
ralbdzù ae <441 sa sug lrne kns eua vns çtçtag ag s ine sdhedfdilidùe
sdhedfdilidùe ae astl ìral
-glrins l brakak
brakak nr ka bls fdhurls y ablonrlidùe aspnetìeal n lkdidùe l bls fdhurls-.
Astns dekdilknras
dekdilknras sne taedkns ae i uaetl pnrqua su lpl rdid rdidùe
ùe suaba lsnidlrsa ine
bl prasaeidl ka idartn kaslcusta ag nidnelb qua pu aka taea r bl bl ilrlitarçstd
ilrlitarçstdil
il ka sar
pargl eaeta n trlesd
trlesdtnrd
tnrdn,
n, luequa en sal e aiaslrdlga eta uel pltnbnhçl. ]lrl su ine-
sdkarlidùe en as eaiaslrdn inetlr ine uel puetulidùe, sden sden qua sa vlbnrl ka ue l g l-
earl j nbçstd
nbçstdil
il kae tr
trnn ka bl g dsg
dsg l pruaol (nosarvlidneas
(nosarvlidneas snora bl inekuitl kurleta
bl acaiuidùe, vlbnrlidùe
vlbnrlidùe ka bl prnkuiidùe haea rlb kab ed edün,
ün, aetra ntrls)
ntrls) lsç ingn aetra
bns dekdilknras
dekdilknras ag arhaetas ae bns kdfaraet
kdfaraetas
as destr
destrug
ug aetns utdb
utdbdzlkns
dzlkns ae ab prniasn k a
avlbulidùe.
Edehuen ka astns dekdilknras, ed bl prasaeidl ka tnkns abbns ae ab kdoucn ka ue
edün as sufdidaeta
sufdidaeta plrl ralbd
ralbdzlr
zlr ue kdlheùstdin. Yç, ilkl u en ka gl earl dekapaek daeta

nkaeiae dl
inecuetn, puaka
qua flidbdta,
flidbd inetrdoudr
inetrdoudr
ta, l trlväs l bn blrhn dls
ka raiurraei ka ue prniasn ka
y inevarhae avlbulidùe
idls, ab lrrdon lpn
l uertrtlekn
lekn a vd-
kdlheùs-
tdtdin,
in, l uel pn star
stardnr
dnr tng
tng l ka k aidsd
aidsdùe
ùe y l uel pnsdoba rainga eklidùe.
Axlg deagn s bns ddekdilknras
ekdilknras ag nidnelbas kasirdpt
kasirdptns
ns pnr @nppdt
@nppdtz.
z. <

Nrkae inefusn
Bls fdhurls astìe kasnrkaelkls ka ue gnkn detaeidnelb ae ab plpab. En puaka
raineniarsa edehuel saiuaeidl ed nrkae bùhdin ae bl tlral ineibudkl.
ineibudkl. [ng lekn
ingn plrìgatrn bl glearl ae bl qua bns edüns asirdoae trlkdidnelbgaeta ae ab
sdstag l asin blr ae bl iubt
sdstag iubturl
url niidkae tlb sa asparl qua pua kle k dstrd
dstrdoudr
oudr bns hrì-
fdins kaska bl plrta supardnr
supardnr ka bl pìhdel jl idl lolcn, ka dzqudarkl
dzqudarkl l karaij l, n
ka karaij l l dzqudarkl
dzqudarkl -kapaekdaekn ka bl gl en kng deleta-
deleta-.. Yd en inetlr
inetlrll ine
g ìs asplidn
vlgaeta j lidlj lidl
lrrdol.lolcn, bn
lrrdol. bn dkalb sarçl
sarçl qua uodilrl ab rastn ka bns
bns g nkabns eua-
Asta dekdilknr
dekdilknr suaba astlr rablid
rablidnelkn
nelkn i ne uel flbb
flbbll ae ab pblealgdaetn, ae bl il-
plidklk ka pravdsd
pravdsdùe ùe y a e bl nrhledzlidùe kab g ltard
ltardlb.
lb. As kastliloba rainrkl r qua
kurleta bl inesdhel sa ba letdidpù
letdidpù -ka uel gl earl vdsulb, gnstrlekn bls tlrctlrcatls
atls lb
edün- qua sarçle vlrdns pltrneas plrl raprnkuidr, ka tlb glearl qua fua rl pnsdoba
letdidplr y nrkae lr ab asplidn kdspnedoba.
As ing óe qua asta dekdilknr
dekdilknr lplrazil a e edüns ka aetra 1 l 8 lüns aetaekdaekn
qua sa aeiuaetrle ae bns dedidns kab trlyaitn lilkägdin y, l bl vaz, qua astls
j lodbdklkas
lodbdklkas sa v arìe oaea fdidlkls
fdidlkls ae ab glrin ka bls litdvdklkas
litdvdklkas asin blras y, pnr
supuastn, ka bl glku raz odnb
odnbùhdil
ùhdil qua sa lbilezl rì plubltdelga
plubltdelga eta.

<. Ya j l idtlkn taxtulbgaeta

taxtulbgaeta bl prnpuastl ralbdzlkl pnr @nppdtz ae iuletn l bl aeug arlidùe ka bns dekdil-
knras y l bl kasirdpidùe
kasirdpidùe haearlb ka ilkl uen parn sa jl e afaitulkn ablonrlidneas prnpdls ae rablidùe
rablidùe ine
bl detarpratlidùe iul bdt
bdtltdvl
ltdvl ka bns gdsgns. @nppdtz, A . (<444). Ab [ast Huastìbtdin Vdsngntnr plrl edüns,
Ouaens Ldras3 Hulklbupa, pp. <:9-<:6.
 AB [AY[ HQAY[ÌB[DIN VDYNGN[N_ KA OAEKA_ AE EDÜNY < 4<

? Bçeal nekublkl
Asta dekdilknr
dekdilknr kaoa inesdkarlrsa
inesdkarlrsa prasaet
prasaetaa iulek n ab edün kdoucl kns n gìs ilg-
odns loruptns ae bl kdraiidùe ka bl bçeal ka puetns n ka içriubns ae bls fdhurls
< y ?, raspaitdvlgaeta. Ab ilgodn ka kdraiidùe kaoa lolrilr pnr bn gaens kns
puetns n içriubns inesaiutdvns. Asta ralitdvn
ralitdvn kao a lirakdtlrsa uel snbl vaz, deka-

paekdaetaga
paekdaet
Ing n ueaga etaaka
pnsdob
pnsdoba qua sa kä
dekdilknr iulaebdbdtlt
ueldvnnpuaka
tltdvn ae lgkaentlr
ols fdhurls.
fdhurdeastlodbdklk
ls.
deastlodb dklk n parturolidùe
parturolidùe
agnidnelb. Astn dgpbdil, kaska uel parspaitdvl ibçedil, inestletas ilgodns ae
bns saetdgdaetns
saetdgdaetns y ae bns astlkns ka ìedgn q ua sa trlesfdarae
trlesfdarae j lidl tnkns bns ìg-
odt
odtns
ns ka bl vdkl intdkdlel.

9 Içriubns sustdtudkns pnr rlyls

]nr bn ga ens bl g dtdtlk
lk ka tnkns bns içriubns
içriubns ka bl Fdhurl ? astìe raagpblzlkn s pnr
rlyls ka ? g g n g ìs. Bl sustdtuid
sustdtuidùe
ùe ka bns içriubns
içriubns pnr puetns en sa ing putl.
Asta dekdilknr jl sdkn lsn idlkn ine dgpu bsd bsdvdklk
vdklk y ine flbtl ka det
detaräs
aräs n ltaeidùe
ae bns edüns paquaüns. Bl defaraeidl ibç ibçedil
edil ragdta l ue l kdfdiubtlk
kdfdiubtlk ae bl in eiae-
trlidùe
trlid ùe y ae bl dgpnsdodbdklk
dgpnsdodbdklk ka ine trnb
trnblr
lr ab prnpdn
prnpdn ing pnrtlgdaetn.

; Lugaetn prnhrasdvn kab tlglün

Bns puetns y bns içriubns lugaetle prnhrasdvlgaeta ka tlglün jlstl qua bns
óbt
óbtdgns
dgns sne pn r bbnn g aen s tras
tras vaias g ìs hrleka s qua bns prdg
prdg arns. Asta ralitdvn
sa ingputl sùbn uel vaz, luequa sa kä ae g ìs ka uel fdhur fdhurl.
l.
]uaka sar dekdilknr ka olcl tnbarleidl l bl frustrlidùe y axpbnsdvdklk. [lb ine-
kuitl as asparloba ae bns ed
edüns
üns paquaüns, parn sa astdgl qua tdaeka l kaslpl-
raiar iulekn bl aklk y, inesaiu aetag aeta, bl
bl g lkuraz kab edün sa liraidaetle.

1 Hrle tlglün
Qen n gìs ka bns kdoucns as ue taridn gìs hrleka qua ab ka bl tlrcatl astçgubn.
Iulekn ab kdoucn
kdoucn inestl ka kn s plrtas,
plrtas, lgols k aoae astlr lhrleklkls plrl qua
sa ing puta astl iltahnrçl. Asta ralitdvn
ralitdvn sa lirakdtl uel snbl vaz, dekapaekdaeta-
gae ta ka bl iletdklk
iletdklk ka fdhurls
fdhurls lhrleklkls.
Asta dekdilknr jl sdkn trlkdidnelbgaeta rablidnelkn ae bns edüns ine inekuitl
k a litdeh nut. Asta tärgden, litdeh nut, as utdbdzlkn
utdbdzlkn ka ska bl parspaitdvl psdinl-
elbçtdtdil
elbç il aetaekdaekn liidneas ka ilrìit
ilrìitar
ar dgpubsdvn
dgpubsdvn y gu ij ls vaias lsnidlkn l
inekuitls lutn y/n jatarn lhrasdvls. As dgpnrtleta liblrlr qua, sd odae bl lpl-
rdidùe ka astl paiubdlrdklk ae ab kdoucn sa lsnidl ine inekuitl dgpubsdvl, ae ab
inetaxtn kab kaslrrnbbn a detarpratlidùe ka asta dekdilknr kaoa vlbnrlrsa ingn
uel k dfd
dfdiubtlk
iubtlk qua puak a rasubtlr ga enr y qua puak a vdeiublrsa l idartl
idartl kdfdiubtlk
kdfdiubtlk
plrl inetrnblr ab g nvdgdaetn kurleta bl tlral hrìfdil plrt
plrtdiublr
diublrga
ga eta ae edüns g ìs
paquaüns y ae qudaeas bl glk uraz as lóe dedidlb.
dedidlb.

6 [lglün paquaün
Qen n gìs ka bns kdoucns raprnkuidkns pnr ab edün sne bl gdtlk gìs paquaüns
qua ab gnkabn. Iulek n ue kdoucn inestl ka kns plrtas, lgols tdaeae qua jloar
 sdkn rakuidkls ae su tlglün plrl qua sa ing puta astl iltahnrçl. Asta ralit
ralitdvn
dvn
sa lirakdtl
lirakdtl uel snbl vaz, dekapae
dekapae kdaetagae ta ka bl
bl iletdklk ka fdhurls qua jl yle
sdkn rakuidkls
rakuidkls ae su tlglün.

<4? . L. IL__A_LY

Ab tlglün paquaün n gdirnhrlfdsgn ae bns kdoucns suaba sar lsnidlkn ae bns

edüns l ineku itl ratrlçkl, inestrdiidùe y tdg
tdg dkaz.

8 [rlzn käodb n bçeal fdel

Ab trlzn
Asta as tle puaka
dekdilknr fden quaastlr
j ly lsnidlkn
qua a sfnrzlrs
sfnrzlrsaa plrl var
ine tdgdkaz a b kdoucn
kdoucn ing pbatn.
y ratrldgdaetn. pbatn.

: [rlzn hruasn n raplsn kab kdouc kdoucn n

[nkn ab kdoucn
kdoucn n plrta kab gdsgn j l sdkn raplslkn n kafnrglkn ine bçbçeals
eals hrua-
sls, dg
dg pubsdvls.
pubsdvls. Asta ralitdvn
ralitdvn sa in g putl uel sn bl vaz, ddekapaek
ekapaek daet
daetag
ag aeta ka
qua ab raplsn sa kä ae uel n ae vlrdls fdhurls.
Ab raplsn puaka dekd
dekdilr
ilr dgpubsdvd
dgpubsdvdklk
klk y lhrasdvdklk.

4 Yahuekl taetltdvl
Ab edün loleknel aspnetìealgaeta ue kdoucn
kdoucn n plrta
plrta ka äb letas ka j loarb
loarbnn tar-
gdelkn y ag pdazl
pdazl l j liarb
liarbnn euavlg aeta.
Asta ralitdvn sa ingputl sùbn iulekn sa afaitóle kns kdoucns kdstdetns ka uel
gdsgl fdhurl, ae kns buhlras kdfaraetas ka bl jncl. En sa ingputl iulekn sa
onrrl ab prdg
prdg arn y sa bn vuabva l kdouclr ae ab g dsgn buhlr kab prdgarn. Yç sa pue-
tól iulekn, kaspuäs ka onrrlrbn, sa sa bn kdoucl ae ue buhlr kdfar
kdfaraeta
aeta ka bl j ncl.
Ya jl lsnidlkn bl sahuekl taetltdvl ine dekdilknras ibçedins ka dgpubsdvdklk
y ka lesdaklk. Ab edün ine ilrlitarçstdils dgpubsdvls puaka sar ilplz ka ra-
ineniar ab arrnr ae bl inpdl parn en detaetl onrrlr y inrrahdr sden qua prafdara
loleknelr ab detaetn flbbdkn y raingaezlr plrl en aefraetlr bl kdfdiubtlk qua sa
ba prasaetl.

<= xplesdùe
Asta dekdilknr
dekdilknr kaoa sar inesdkarlkn iule kn ab ed edün
ün ag pbal kns n gìs j ncls ka
plpab plrl targdelr
targdelr bls euava fdhurls kab Oaekar.
Bl axplesdùe astì ingóeg aeta lsnidlkl ae bns edüns paquaüns ine ineku itls
dgpubsdvls y ka litdeh nut.
As ing óe ae edüns g ìs paquaüns i ne bn iulb en ka oarçl rasubtlrrasubtlr sdhedfdilt
sdhedfdiltdvn
dvn l
edvab kab kdlheùstdin
kdlheùstdin ibçedin
ibçedin y inorl sdhedfd
sdhedfdilidùe
ilidùe ibçed
ibçedil
il a e bls akl kas g ìs lvle -
zlkls.

<< Glrins lbrakaknr ka bls fd

fdhurls
hurls
Ya inesdkarl sdhedfdiltdvn iulekn ab edün jl eaiasdtlkn aeglrilr bl inpdl ka
bls fdhurls, aeiarrlekn ilkl uel, kdfaraeidìeknbl kab rastn ka bls inpdls. Ae
su pnsdoba detarpratlidùe
detarpratlidùe ka oa ine sdkarlrsa ue detaetn ka ine trnb
trnblr
lr bns pr
prnpdns
npdns
dgpubsns y bl eaia sdklk ka bçgdtas y inetrnb
inetrnbas
as axtarens. ]lrai arçl astlr bbdhlkn
dhlkn l
 uel flbbl ae ab prniasn ka lutnrrahublidùe agni dnelb l plrt
plrtdrdr kab iulb sa
sa pblsgl
uel trlesdidùe
trlesdidùe kaska uel rahublidùe axtarel j lidl uel rahublidùe detarel.
detarel.

<? blonrlidùe
blonrlid ùe as pnetìeal n lkdid
lkdidùe
ùe ae bls fd
fdhurls
hurls
Asta dekdilknr
dekdilknr ag nidnelb kaoa inesdkarlrsa
inesdkarlrsa ing n tlb iulekn ab edün jl lülkdkn
abag aetns hrìfdins l uel n g ìs ka bls fdhurls qua en sne plrta kab gnk abn nrd-
hdelb.. Asta lhrahlkn as aspnetìean y haearl ilg odns y tr
hdelb trlesfnrglidneas
lesfnrglidneas hrn-

AB [AY[ HQAY[ÌB[DIN VDYNGN[N_ KA OAEKA_ AE EDÜNY 49

sarls ae bl raprnkuiidùe. Bl lplrdidùe

lplrdidùe ka asta çtag
çtag as g uy pnin usul b y ttdaea
daea
dgpbdileidls
dgpbdileidls sardls ae su detarprat
detarpratlidùe
lidùe pnrqua sa lsnidl ine lesdaklk, tagn-
ras, fuartas praniuplidneas pnr bns prnpdns paeslgdaetns y ue käodb inetlitn
ine bl ralbdklk, pnr bn qua kaoa tngl rsa ine ilu tabl
tabl y sar vlbnrlkn l bl buz kab
rastn kab gltardlb.

Ae euastrn plçs, aspaiçfdilgaeta ae bl Iduklk Lutùengl ka Ouaens Ldras y ab

Ine urole n, sa bbavù
bbavù lkableta ue astukdn ingp lrltdvn aetra edüns asinblrdzlkn
asinblrdzlkn s ine-
subtletas (e7<==) ae a b ìgo dtdtnn psdinbùhdin, póobdin
póobdin y prdvlkn, pnr lbhue l prnobag ìtdil
agnidnelb y edüns ka pnoblidùe haearlb (e7?11) ine sdgdblras ilrlitarçstdils snidn-
kagnhrìfdils (Buijattd, Bùpaz y Ordzzdn, ?=<6). Bl devastdhlidùe sa prnpusn dkaetd-
fdilr sd bns dekdilknras kab tast ka Oaekar prnpuastns pnr @nppdtz arle ilplias ka
kdfaraeidlr bl prnobag
kdfaraeidlr prnobag ìtdil
ìtdil ag nidnelb aetra
aetra lg ols g uastrls inesdkarlkls -inesub-
tletas
tlet as y en inesubt
inesubtletas-.
letas-. Bns rasubtlkns
rasubtlkns dekdilrne qua N rkae ine fusn, Bçeal neku -

blkl, Lug
kdoucn aetnbnsprnhr
fuarne prnhrasdvn
asdvn kabilpl
dekdilknras tlglün,
ias kaHrle tlglün,
kdfarae idlr sd[lg lün paquaün
sdhedfdiltdvlgae
hedfdiltdvlgae ta l ybns_ aplsn
edüns kab
edüns qua
lsdstdarne
lsdst darne l inesu btl
btl psdinbùhdil ka lqu abb
abbns
ns qua e n bn j didarne.
didarne. Bls lutnrls ka asta
trlolcn defnrglrne qua tnkns bns çtags rainenidkns pnr @nppdtz
@npp dtz sa rahdstrlrne ine
glynr fraiuaeidl ka lplrdidùe ae bl guastrl ibçedil.
ibçed il. Yde agolrhn, bns bdstlkns leta-
rdnrgaeta idtlkns sne bns óedins qua detrnkucarne kdfaraeidls sdhedfdiltdvls l flvnr kab
hrupn ibçedin. Ka tnkns g nkns, uen ka abbns, ab ççtag
tag rafardkn l Axple sdùe, en kag ns-
trù sar
sar gì s fraiuaeta aetra bns inesubtletas, pnr bn qua sa raing daekl en taearbn ae
iuaetl ing n ue dekdilknr agni dnelb vìbdkn.
vìbdkn.
Ae iuletn l bl iletdklk ka dekdilknras prasaetas sufdidaetas plrl inesdkarlr
ab lvleia jlidl uel avlbulidùe aspaiçfdilgaeta ibçedil, sa jl katargdelkn qua ae
ab ìgodtn bnilb bl prasaeidl ka kns dekdilknras ae ab kdoucn dgpbdilrçl uel pnsdoba
parturolidùe agnidnelb. Iloa liblrlr qua bl prnpuastl ka bns astukdns nrdhdelbas
astdglol tras ka abbns. L paslr ka bn letardnr, rasubtl fueklgaetlb en iaüdrsa l ue
eógarn sden l bl inesdkarlidùe jnbçstdil kab ilsn sahóe bl tntlbdklk ka bl defnrgl-
idùe railolkl.

6 AVLBQLIDÙE KA DEKDILKN_AY
DEKDILKN_AY KA KDYFQEIDÙE
EAQ_NBÙHDIL
 As pn sdoba,
sdoba, l plrtdr
plrtdr ka bl raprnkuiidùe hrìf dil ka bns edüns ae astl pruaol , suha-
rdr dekdidns
dekdidns ka pn sdobas
sdobas lbtarlidneas ea urnbùhdils. Lb j loblr ka lbtarlidneas,
lbtarlidneas, ab destru-

g aetnpuaka
odae puak aenlkva rtdr
rtdr ue
jloar -n en-
klün liaril k a uel
nrhìedin (aektärgdens
dsfueidùe ka
eaurnbùhdil bavaae
basdùe vdsdoba ae dgìhaeas0
bl iulb, sd
välsa ilpçtubn
ilpçtubn ?) sa lk vdart
vdartaa pärkdkl ka fueidnelbdklk ae lbhuel ka bls ìrals kab sds-
tagl ea rvdnsn iaetrlb
iaetrlb..
Ingn sa jl vaedkn aeueidlekn l bn blrhn ka asta ilpçtubn, bls kdstnrsdneas ae
bl raprnkuiidùe hrìfdil ka bns gnkabns sa kaoae l uel innrkdelidùe vdsngntrdz
pnora n deglkurl. Bls flbbls sne asparlobas ae bns kdstdetns gngaetns avnbutdvns,
lsç ingn su kaslplrdidùe plubltdel l gakdkl qua sa lvlezl ae bl aklk irnenbù-
hdil kaodkn lb kaslrrnbbn kab sdstagl earvdnsn ae detarliidùe ine bl astdgublidùe y
ab lpraekdzlca.
lpraekdzlca. Qel vaz qua ue e dün jl lbilezlkn bl aklk y, inesaiuaetaga eta, ab

< 4; . L. IL__A_LY

edvab ka glkurlidùe ae ab qua asa arrnr yl en kaoarçl lplraiar pnr sdgpba nosar-
vlidùe astlkçstdil, tlb ingn suiaka ine jdtns glkurltdvns ingn bl ilplidklk plrl
arhudr bl
bl iloa zl lbrakaknr kab tariar ga s ka vdkl, su prasaeidl lkqudara sdhedfdilidùe
sdhedfdilidùe
kdlheùstdil.
kdlheùstd il. I ne ab acag pbn letardnr
letardnr bl bùhdil
bùhdil as devarsl. Qe oaoä qua, plslkns bns
tras
tras g asas, en snstdaea
snstdaea su iloazl ing daezl l praniuplrens ttlb lb ingn ens praniupl
qua idartns
idartns arrnr
arrnras
as kab Oaekar en ka slplrazile l bl aklk ae bl qua suabae j liarbn
ae bl g lynrçl ka bns edüns.
Ab lspaitn eaurnbùhdin kab destr
destrug
ug aetn j l sdkn kurlg aeta iuastd
iuastdnelkn
nelkn (Jaroart,
<46;0 @assbar, <466) y en pnsaa vlbnr kdlheùstdin. Yde agolrhn, puaka lpnrtlr bl
snspaij l ka p rasaeidl ka lbhóe tdpn tdpn ka k dsfueidùe
dsfueidùe ea urnbùhd
urnbùhdil
il -snbn ka lqua bbl
bbl qua
puak l detarfard
detarfardrr ine bl kdsirdg
kdsirdg delidùe vdsulb y innrkdelidùe vdsng ntnrl kab ncn ine bl
glen plrl bl raprnkuiidùe hrìfdil ka gnkabns huastìbtdins qua kaoae sar inpdl-
kns-. Bl prasaeidl ka bns Dekdilknras ka K dsfueid
dsfueidùe
ùe E aurnbùhdil ae astl pruaol ae
plrtdiublr
plrtdiublr pargdtdrì
pargdtdrì lb avlbulknr h aearlr uel j dpùtasds
dpùtasds qua kaoarì vardfd
vardfdilr
ilr n raij lzlr
pnr ga kdn ka g uij ls ntrls fuaetas ttlbas
lbas ingn kltns ka bl j dstnrd
dstnrdll ibç
ibçedil
edil railolkns
ae bl aetravdstl y/n lelgeasds, bls inevarhaeidls y raiurraeidls detar a detrltasts y
bl kardvlidùe partdeaeta l ntrns aspaidlbdstls qua inblonrae ae ab prniasn ka kdlh-
eùstdin pnstardnr (gäkdin pakdltrl, eaurnplkdltrl, aetra ntrns), qua puakle lpnrtlr
kaska su aspaidlbdklk abagaetns plrl lrrdolr l ue kdlheùstdin kdfaraeidlb bn gìs
iartarn pnsdoba.
@nppdtz (<46;)
(<46;) lrrd
lrrdoù
où l bl ineibusdùe
ineibusdùe ka qua bns edüns qua plkaiae kdsfueid
kdsfueidneas
neas
eaurnbùhdils sdhuae ab gdsgn pl trùe ka iraidgdaetn y avnbuidùe qua lquabbns qua en
bls prasaetle, parn lgons hrupns sa kdfaraeidle ae bl fnrgl ka trlolcn -bns edüns
ine kdsfueidùe e aurnbùhdil trlolcle l ue rdtg
rdtg n g ìs baetn y kdsplrac
kdsplracnn y vae kdfdiub
kdfdiubtlkl
tlkl
su ilplidklk ka detahrlr bl inekuitl y/n su gailedsgn ka inetrnb-. As dgpnrtleta

inesdkarlr qua,sçetngls
sa n osarvlrìe ka liuarkn ine abilrlitarç
y sdhens ìral iaraorlb
ilrlitarçstd ins. n fueidùe qua sa aeiuaetra lfaitlkl
stdins.
Bns çtags qua lplraiçle g ìs sdhedfdiltd
sdhedfdiltdvlg
vlg aeta ae bns prnt
prntninbns
ninbns ka in esubt
esubtle-
le-
tas ine kdlheùstdin ka kdsfueidùe eaurnbùhdil y qua puakae lkvartdr lb psdiùbnhn
 avlbulknr liaril ka astns lspaitns iulekn sa prasaetle ae bns prntninbns ka bns
edüns ae inesubtl sa katlbble l inetdeulidùe. As dgpnrtleta liblrlr qua iulekn sa
aspaidfdil qua ue dekdilknr as sdhedfdiltdvn (*) dgpbdil qua jl lplraidkn ine uel
fraiuaeidl glynr ae edüns ine kdsfueidùe eaurnbùhdil parn en axibusdvlgaeta, y
iulekn as lbtlgaeta sdhedfdiltdvn ( ) dgpbdil qua sa aeinetrù ssnblgaeta
nblgaeta ae ab ine-
cuetn ka bns
bns kdlhenstdilkns n ine uel f raiuaeidl sdhedfdiltdvlg
sdhedfdiltdvlg aeta g lynr kaetrn ka
asa hrupn. Ae ab Leaxn I sa deibuyae bns Dekdilknras ka pnsdoba kdsfueidùe eaurn-
bùhdil y sus hrlkns ka sdhedfdiltdvdklk. Ya raprnkuia l inetdeulidùe plrl flidbdtlr bl
iblrdklk axpnsdtdvl.

AB [AY[ HQAY[ÌB[DIN VDYNGN[N_ KA OAEKA_ AE EDÜNY 41

[lobl 9. Dekdilknras ka pnsdoba kdsfueidùe eaurnbùhdil

Dekdilknr dhurl klk y sdhedfdiltdvdklk

Ydhedfdiltdvn (*) gìs l gaeukn ae bns edüns

Fdhurl L ine kdsfueidùe eaurnbùhdil ae tnkls bls
aklkas.
Lkdidùe u ngdsdùe
Ydhedfdiltdvn (*) ae bns edüns ine kdsfueidùe
ka ìehubns Fdhurl 8
eaurnbùhdil ae tnkls bls aklkas.
Ydhedfdiltdvn (*) ae edüns ine kdsfueidùe eau-
Fdhurl :
rnbùh
rnbùhdil l plrtdr ka bns 6 lüns.
Yustdtuidùe ka iurvls Ydhedfdiltdvn (*) ae bns edüns ine kdsfueidùe
Fdhurl 6
pnr ìehubns eaurnbùhdil ae tnkls bls aklkas.
Yustdtuidùe ka iurvls
Fdhurl 6
Lbtlgaeta sdhedfdiltdvn i.) ae bns edüns ine
pnr bçeals raitls kdsfueidùe
kdsfueidùe eaurnbùhdil
eaurnbùhdil ae tnkls bls aklkas.

Kasprnpnridùe
Fdhurl L Ydhedfdiltdvn (*) l plrtdr ka bns 6 lüns.
ka bls plrtas Fdhurl 8 Ydhedfdiltdvn (*) l plrtdr ka bns 8 lüns.

Ydhedfdiltdvn (*) ae bns edüns ine kdsfueidùe

Fdhurl <
eaurnbùhdil ae tnkls bls aklkas.
Yustdtuidùe ka idein
puetns pnr içriubns Fdhurl 9 Ydhedfdiltdvn (*) l plrtdr ka bns 6 lüns.

Fdhurl 1 Ydhedfdiltdvn (*) l plrtdr ka bns : lüns.

Lbtlgaeta sdhedfdiltdvn (**) ae bns edüns ine

Fdhurls <, ; y :
kdsfueidùe
kdsfueidùe eaurnbùhdil
eaurnbùhdil ae tnkls bls aklkas.
Fdhurl L y 1 Ydhedfdiltdvn (*) ae tnkls bls aklkas.
_ntlidùe kab kdoucn
Lbtlgaeta sdhedfdiltdvn (** ) ae tnkls bls
ae ;1½ Fdhurl 8
 aklkas.
Fdhurl 9 Ydhedfdiltdvn
Ydhedfdiltdvn (*) l plrtdr ka bns 8 lüns.

Fdhurl ? Ydhedfdiltdvn (*) l plrtdr ka bns : lüns.

Fdhurls L y ; Ydhedfdiltdvn (*) ae tnkls bls aklkas.

Detahrlidùe
Fdhurl 6 Ydhedfdiltdvn I) ae tnkls bls aklkas.
ka bls plrtas
Fdhurl 8 Ydhedfdiltdvn (*) l plrtdr ka bns 6 lüns.

Ngdsdùe u lkdidùe ka Lbtlgaeta sdhedfdiltdvn (**) ae bns edüns ine

Fdhurl ?
jdbarl ka içriubns kdsfueidùe eaurnbùhdil l plrtdr ka bns 6 lüns.
]ärkdkl ka bl Huastlbt Fdhurl 9 Ydhedfdiltdvn
Ydhedfdiltdvn (*) l plrtdr ka bns 1 lüns.

Yarda ka puetns Lbtlgaeta sdhedfdiltdvn (**) ae tnkls bls

Fdhurl 9 y 1
sustdtudkl pnr uel bçeal aklkas.

]arsavarlidùe Fdhurls <, ? y 6 Lbtlgaeta sdhedfdiltdvn (**) ae bns edüns ine

kdsfueidùe eaurnbùhdil l plrtdr ka bns 8 lüns.

* Yd odae sa j l g nkdfdilkn bl sdhudaeta

sdhudaeta prasaetlidùe
prasaetlidùe ka bns kltns ae uel tlobl ine fdels kdkìitdins,
kdkìitdins, sa trltl
trltl ka uel
@nppdtz, A. (<444). Ab [ast Huastìbtdin Vdsngntnr plrl edüns, Ouaens Ldras, Hulklbupa, pp. <?<-<?9.
idtl taxtulb3 @nppdtz,

8. L E [A I A K A E [ A Y A DDE
E V A Y [D
[DHH L I D NE A Y A E BBNY
NY Ó
ÓBB [D
[DGG NY L Ü NY
L plrtdr
plrtdr ka su puobdilidùe
puobdilidùe y klk l bl lbtl fraiuaeidl ka u sn ae kdfaraetas
kdfaraetas ìg odtns
odtns
ka bl psdinbnhçl
psdinbnhçl j le surhdkn kdvarsls parspaitdvls,
parspaitdvls, euavls fnrgl s ka lkg dedstr
dedstrlidùe
lidùe
y ka pue tulidùe kab destrug
destrug aetn raspnekdaek n l bl pnsdodbd
pnsdodbdklk
klk k a avl bulr kdstdetns
kdstdetns ls-
paitns g lkurltdvns y psdinpltnbùhdins l plrtdr ka bns ; lüns (Ilyssdlbs, ?=<=).

< 46 . L. IL__A_LY

Bl haearlidùe ka kdsçgdbas
kdsçgdbas sds
sdstagls
tagls ka il bdfdilid
bdfdilidùe
ùe j l g ntdvlkn
ntdvlkn qua gu ij ns de-
vastdhlknras ralbdzlrle astukdns
astukdns snora su ilbdklk psding ätrdil
ätrdil (Orleedhle y Oruear,
<4460 Inusden y Xdbkar, <48:0 Iuggdehs, Jndkl, Glija` y Eabsne, ?==90 Garden
Yntn, ?=<=). ]nr ntrn blkn, bl utdbdklk detariubturlb kab [HV jl prngnvdkn asfuarzns
plrl ravdslr bls
bls enrg ls prnpuastls pnr @nppdtz
@nppdtz (<469, <444) lkai uìeknbls l ue ine-
taxtn plrtdiublr ka rafaraeidl (Ijleh, <44=0 Hjlssagzlkaj, <4::0 Tnusafd, <44?0
Gl88asij d y Bds, <4440 Garden Yntn, ?=<=).
Ae bl bdtarlturl
bdtarlturl idaetçfdil
idaetçfdil ka bns óbtd
óbtdg
g ns idein lün s sa lpnrtle avdkae idls ka vlbdkaz
kdsirdgdeleta ae bl dkaetdfdilidùe
dkaetdfdilidùe ka edüns ine p rnobagl s ka asirdturl, vardfdiìeknsa
uel abavlkl lsnidlidùe (r7.:8) aetra ab puetlca notaedkn ae ab tast y bns prnobagls
dkaetdfdilkns
dkaetd fdilkns ae bl inpdl gleu lb ae ue hrupn ka asinblras (Ij leh, ?==<).
Ae Orlsdb sa jl e rapnrtlkn avdkaeidls ka vlbd vlbdkaz
kaz ka inestruitn
inestruitn a defnrglkn çekdias
ka ine fdlodbdklk
fdlodbdklk ka bl pruaol ae asl pnoblidùe. En rnül, Kns Yle tns y Ydstn Ydstn (?==8) sa-
ülblrne qua, l gak dkl qua lug aetl bl aklk, kdsgdeuya bl iletdklk iletdklk ka a rrnras ae bbll aca-
iuidùe kab tasttast ae uel g uastr
uastrll ka astukdletas ka 6 l <= lüns. G lrçe _uakl, Onubjn\l
Yuaj drn y Lbvas kl Ydbvl (?==:) jlbblrne abavlkns çekdias ka liuarkn (.4?) aetra avlbul-
knras lb inrrahdr bl bl pruaol, lsç ing n ouae ns çekdias ka astlodbdklk
astlodbdklk tag pnrlb (.89) ae ue
det
detarvlbn
arvlbn ka ue ga s ae edüns aetra 6 y << lüns. Lsdgdsgn sa dkaetdfdilrne
dkaetdfdilrne bns arrnras
arrnras
ing atd
atdkns
kns ine g ìs fraiuaeidl ae ue hrupn ka edüns ka aetra 1 y <? lüns y sa vard vardfdiù
fdiù
 su rablidùe ine bl aklk y a b saxn ka bns axlg delkns (Ydbvl,
(Ydbvl, Fadb y Eueas, ?==4).
Ya lkvdrtdarne kdfdiubtlkas ae bl glkuraz vdsngntrdz ka vlrneas ka olcns raiur-
sns snidnaineùgdins rasdkaetas ae Gäxdin qua sa rablidnelole ine prnobagls ka
lpraekdzlca (Slgorlen, Yìeij az, Glrtç
Glrtçeaz,
eaz, Xolbkn y ]noblen, ?=<=). Ya puobdilrne,
lkagìs, bls litulbdzlidneas ka bls enrgls astlkçstdils plrl pnoblidùe defletdb pa-
rulel (Garden, ?=<=).
Inesdkarlekn bl rablidùe aetra bl innrkdelidùe vdsng ntrdz
ntrdz y bl detabd
detabdhaeidl,
haeidl, Olrtjn -
bngau y Fareìekas Ydstn (?==:) aeinetrlrne lsnidlidneas eahltdvls y sdhedfdiltdvls
(r7-.6<=0 p2.==) aetra bls puetulidneas notaedkls ae ab [HV y bl asilbl ka kaslrrnbbn
inhedtdvn
inhedtd vn ka Ynbleha X aij sbar (<446).
(<446).
Inetdeulekn su trlkdidùe
trlkdidùe ing n uel orava pruaol ka detahrlidùe
detahrlidùe gntnrl y vdsulb
sa puobdiù uel ravdsdùe ka bl varsdùe nrdhdelb (Orleedhle
(Orleedhle y K ai`ar, ?==9) ine ab nocatn
ka prnpnridnelr defnrglidùe ótdb snora ab edvab ka kaslrrnbbn y glkurlidùe ae ue de-
tarvlbnn g ìs lg pbdn
tarvlb pbdn ka a klk. A stl euavl akdidùe lhrahù tlrc
tlrcatls
atls astçgubn,
astçgubn, nptdgdzù
nptdgdzù ab
sdstag
sdstag l ka puetulidùe nrdhdelb
nrdhdelb y trlolcù ine uel olsa e nrgl tdvl
tdvl supardnr l iulbqudarl
ka bls g uastrls pravdls
pravdls (E7;=== sucat
sucatns
ns aetra ; y :1 lüns). A xdsta
xdsta uel snbl puobd
puobdil-
il-

idùe
uel gaeuastrl
ab ìg
uastr l odt
odtn
kanedüns
bltdenlg
bltdenlg
ka 1ardilen quakarapnrtù
y 6 lüns Bdgl, avdkaeidls
efnrgle knkauel
ddefnrgle vlbdkaz ka in
inrrablidùeestruitn
inrrablidùeestr uitn ae
g nkarlkl
aetra ab kasag paün ae bl pruaol ka Oaekar y j lodbdklkas
lodbdklkas pra-lilkägdils. Axiaptn
asta astukdn,
astukdn, lóe en sa j le klkn l i nenia r ddevastdhlidneas
evastdhlidneas qua rapnrtae leìbdsds
leìbdsds ka
sus prnpdaklkas psdingätrdils ae sucatns
sucatns ka j lobl j dsplel (Garden Yntn, ?=<?).
Ae uel aeiuastl ralbdzlkl ae ?==< ae bns plçsas ka bl Inguedklk Aurnpal ab
[HV fua kastlilkn ingn uen ka bns destrugaetns gìs utdbdzlkns ae avlbulidùe
psdinbùhdil ka edüns cuetn ine bl Asilbl ka Detabdhaeidl plrl Edüns y Lknbasiae-
tas -XDYI y XD]]YDD-, bls Gltrdias ]rnhrasdvls ka _lyae y ab _nrsijlij (Guüdz,
Olrtrlg, A vars, Onoae, Gltasd
Olrtrlg, Gltasdi,
i, Hbloa`a, Fareìekaz-Jargdkl y Sllb, ?==<).
?==<). A e Bl-
tdtdenlg
enlg ärdil y, aspaiçfdilg aeta ae Lrhaetdel, en sa jl e puobdilkn kltns snora bl fra-
iuaeidl ka usn ka bns tasts parn
parn hrlidls lb inetlitn pargleae ta ine qudaeas ralbdzle
ralbdzle

AB [AY[ HQAY[ÌB[DIN VDYNGN[N_ KA OAEKA_ AE EDÜNY < 48

tlrals ka psdinkdlheùstdin,
psdinkdlheùstdin, kniaei dl a devastd
devastdhlidùe
hlidùe puak a defardrs
defardrsaa ue lbt
lbtnn hrlkn ka
pnpublrdklk y ka ag pban ae ab ìg odtodtnn bnilb (Ilsubbn,
(Ilsubbn, <448). L paslr ka a stl sd sdhedfdil-
hedfdil-
tdvl
tdvl lfdrgl idùe en sa rahdst
rahdstrle
rle astukdns snora sus prnpdaklkas psding ätrdils.
ätrdils.
Ae ab ìgodtn elidnelb bns trlolcns idaetçfdins sa bdgdtlrne l bl litulbdzlidùe ka jlra-
gn s plrl astukd
astukdletas
letas ka asiuabls rurlbas y urolels ka bl prnvdeid
prnvdeidll ka [ui ug ìe (Letl,
?==?) y plrl edüns ka bl I duklk ka Ouaens Ldr Ldras
as y ab In eurolen (Ilrrarls, Qrdab,
Qrdab, Yuì-
raz, Liaolb y Fareìek az Bdpnrlia, ?=<<0 Ilsubbn, <4::0 ]abnrnssn y Atij avars, ?==;).

: AY[QKDNY BNILBAY EN_GLY OQAENY LD_AY

[lb ingn fuarl aeueidlkn ae bl prasaetlidùe kab prasaeta ilpçtubn, ae euastrn

plçs axdstae enrgls astlkçstdils elidnelbas (Ilsubbn, <4::), ue trlolcn guy lgod-
idnsn y ka dega esl utdb
utdbdklk
dklk plrl bns usulrdns a devastdhlkn
devastdhlkn ras ka bl Lrhaetdel. Klk l bl
hrle iletdklk ka lüns qua j le trlesiurrdkn
trlesiurrdkn kaska l quabbl puob
puobdilidùe
dilidùe y bl
bl fraiuaei dl
 ka usn kab tast,
tast, sa j dzn suglg aeta eaiaslrdl bl litulbdzlid
litulbdzlidùe
ùe g ätrdil
ätrdil ka bl pruaol.
Ae bl [lobl ; inesdhelgns bns vlbnras prngakdn notaedkns plrl ilkl hrupn ka
aklk a e bl tdpd
tdpdfdilidùe
fdilidùe ralbdzlkl
ralbdzlkl ae < 4:: ing plrlkns ine bl qua sa prasa etl ae asta
bdbdorn.
orn. Astns kltns g uastrle qua en axdstae
axdstae kdfaraeidls ae bns vlbnras notaedkns aetra
bns hrupns ka aklka s ka 8 y << lüns. As pnsdoba nosarvlr kdfaraeid
kdfaraeidls
ls ae bns hrupns ka
aklkas ka 1 y 6 lüns y ae ab ka <? lüns. Bns edüns ka 1 y 6 raidaetagae
raidaetagae ta avlbulkns
tdaekae l ingatar aetra uen y kns arrnras gìs, ae prngakdn, ingplrlkns ine bns
edüns ka bl g dsgl aklk avlbulkns ae <4 ::. Astl kdfaraeidl rasubtl rasubtl dgpnrtlet
dgpnrtleta,a, yl qua
asta tast as fraiuaetag aeta lkg deddedstr
strlkn
lkn a e tlrals ka siraaedeh ae edüns qua ingdae-
zle bl asinblrdklk prdglrdl y qua lo lril bls aklk as ing aetlkls. Q tdbd tdbdzlr
zlr bls vdacls
vdacls enr-
g ls pnkrçl bbbbavlr
avlr l arrnras kdlheùstd
kdlheùstdins,
ins, astlobaidaekn
astlobaidaekn k afdidaeidls ae bl gl kurlidùe
vdsngntnrl iulekn a e ralbdklk
ralbdklk en bls jl y. Ae ab hrupn ka <? lüns tlg tlg odäe sa aeine-
trlrne kdfaraeidls astlkçstdilgaeta sdhedfdiltdvls, parn sa trltl ka uel kdfaraeidl gaenr
l ue arrnr prnoloba
prnoloba raspaitn ka bl bl ga kdl guastrlb y ibçibçedilga
edilga eta sarçl
sarçl gu ij n ga ens
dgpnrtleta.
dgpnrtlet a. K lkl bls kdfaraeidls notaedkls
notaedkls y bl letdhòaklk kab olrag n ka <4:: ka ilsd
tradetl
trad etl lüns, rasubtl dgpnrtleta lpnrtlr enrg ls li tulbd
tulbdzlkls
zlkls kab tast.

[lobl ;.
;. Kdfaraeidls ae bls puetulidneas notaedkls ae ab
[ast ka Oaekar lüns <4:: vs. ?=<<

ün <4:: Lün ?=<< -  Kdfaraeidls

Gakdl Kasvçn Gakdl Kasvçn osnbutls
1 <=,4 ;,< <?,?8 9,4? <,98 9 ,=6m*
6 6,: 9,; :,14 9,6: <,84 9,1?
8 1,? ?,: 1,; 9,?< =,? =,1 es
: ;,< ?,; ;,=1 ?,81 -=,=1 =,<1 es
4 ?,4 ?,< ?,8? ?,?< -=,<: =,68 es
<= ?,9 <,: ?,<< <,46 -=,<4 =,88 es
<< <,: <,6 <,1 <,8: -=,9 <,=8 es
<? <,8 ?,< <,=8 <,; -=,69 ?,9?

* Ydhedfdiltdvn p 2 .=10 ** Ydhedfdiltdvn p 2 .=<0 es en sdhedfdiltdvn.

<4: . L. IL__A_LY

]lrl bbavlr lkableta ab euavn astukd

astukdnn ka tdpdfd
tdpdfdilidùe
ilidùe sa a vlbuù l 8:1 astukdletas
ka asiuabl
asiuabl prdglrdl
prdglrdl ka Ouaens Ldras (iduklk y ineurolen) ‛a b ;<,8 arle vlrneas y
ab 1:,9 g ucaras‛. Bls aklk as sa kdstr kdstrdouyarne
douyarne aetra
aetra bns
bns 1 y bns <? lüns (G7:.:10
KA7<.86). Bl glynrçl lsdstçl l 9½ y ;½ hrlkn (<4,?% plrl ilkl uen), sahudkns pnr
bns ka 1½ (<1,; ), ?½ (<9,4 ) y 6½ (<9,? ). Ae ga enra s pnria etlcas sa uodil rne bbns ns
lbug ens qua inei urrçle lb <½ (<<,; ) y lb 8½ iursn ((8,98,9 ).
Ya lkg dedstr
dedstrùù dekdvdkulbga
dekdvdkulbga eta uel aeiua stl snid
snidnkag
nkag nhrìfdil y bl gdedoltar
gdedoltarçl
çl ka
@nppdtz ([ast Huastìbtdin Vdsngntnr ka Oaekar, ab [ast Hrìfdin kab Kdoucn ka bl Fd-
hurl Ju g lel y a b [ast ka G ag nrdl
nrdl Lukdtd
Lukdtdvl
vl y Vdsulb ka K çhdtns)
çhdtns) ae ab g lrin ka bls
litdvdklka
litdvdklka s ka bl Iìtakrl [an rçl y [äiedil ka Axpbnrlidùe y Kdlhe ùstdin ]sdinbùhdin
]sdinbùhdin
 ka bl Fliubtlk ka ]sdinbnhçl ka bl Qedvarsdklk ka Ouaens Ldras. Bl plrtdidplidùe
fua vnbuetlrdl y leùedgl, rainbaitìeknsa bns kltns ine pravdl lutnrdzlidùe asirdtl
ka bns plkras. Ya axpbdidtlrne bns nocatdvns ka bl devastdhlidùe, liblrlekn qua bns
kltns sarçle lel bdzlkns
bdzlkns sde dkaetdfdilidùe
dkaetdfdilidùe dekdvdkulb, y qua su trltlg
trltlg daetn sarçl hruplb
y inefdkaeidlb. Ya abdgdelrne tnkns bns ilsns qua nfraiçle ku kls snora uel i nrraitl
lkgdedstrlidùe.
Ya in efaiidnelrne e nrgl s plrtdiublras
plrtdiublras l plrtdr
plrtdr kab iìbiubn ka bls gakdkls ka tae-
kaeidl ia etrlb y ka kdsparsdùe
kdsparsdùe il rlitarçstd
rlitarçstdils
ils ka bl gu astrl lelbdzlkl,
lelbdzlkl, ing n lsç tlg-
odäe bns vlbnras pariaetdblras inrraspnekdaetas plrl ilkl puetulidùe notaedkl. Ya
ilbiubù,
ilbiub ù, lkag ìs, uel pruaol k a kdfaraeidls
kdfaraeidls sdhedfdiltd
sdhedfdiltdvls
vls sahóe bls vlrd
vlrdlobas
lobas snidn-
kag nhrìfdils rahdstrlkls3
rahdstrlkls3 saxn, aklk y znel ka rasdkaeidl ine ab prnpùsdtn ka lpnr-
tlr olragns plrtdiublras plrl
plrl ilkl su ohrupn ae il sn ka sar eaiaslrdns.
Bns rasubtlkns lrrnclkns vardfdilrne kdfaraeidls astlkçstdilgaeta sdhedfdiltdvls
(p2.=<) sahóe bl aklk ka bns plrtdidpletas kab astukdn, l flvnr ka qudaeas pnsaçle
g ìs lüns ae tärgdens ka aklk irnenbùhdil. Iulek n sa det detrnkucar
rnkucarne
ne ing n vlrdlobas
vlrdlobas
dekapaekdaetas ab saxn y bl znel ka rasdkaeidl en sa vardfd
vardfdilrne
ilrne kdfaraeidls (p2.=1)
ine sdhedfdilidùe astlkçstdil. Ynora bl olsa k a astns rasubtlkns sa kaidkdù ine strudr
strudr
olragns kdfaraeidlkns plrl ilkl uen ka bns hrupns ka aklk y ingueas sahóe ab
rastn k a bls vlrdlobas ka sahg aetlidùe inetag pblkls ae bl prasaeta devast
rastn devastdhlid
dhlidùe,
ùe,
as kaidr, sahóe
sahóe saxn y znel ka rasdkaeidl.
[lb ingn arl ka asparlr, l gakdkl qua bl aklk lugaetl, kdsgdeuya ab puetlca
ka a rrnr.
rrnr. L trlväs ka asta leìbd
leìbdsds
sds puaka defard
defardrsa
rsa qua, l g akdkl qua sa lkqu dara dara bl
g lku raz vdsngn tnrl, as pnsdoba paridodr ab gn kabn y raprnkui drbn
drbn sde flbbls,
flbbls, ttlb
lb ing n
bn pnstubl
pnstubl ab g nkabn nrdhd
nrdhdelb.
elb. Asta rasubtlkn
rasubtlkn pnea ae a vdkaeidl qua bls raprnkuiidn-
eas kaoarçle sar ilkl vaz gìs prnpnridnelkls, praidsls y axlitls inefnrga bns
edüns vle iraidaekn y, ka asta gnkn, lplraiae in e ga ens fraiuaeidl bns arrnras.
arrnras.
Ae ab Leaxn A sa prasaetle bls tlobls ine bns vlbnras pariaetdblras inrraspne-
kdaetas lb puetlca orutn notaedkn ae bl pruaol y l bl aklk ka bns edüns, lsç ingn bl
iltahnrçl kdlheùstdil
kdlheùstdil lka iulkl pl rl asns vlbnras.
Bns rasubtlkns ka astl devastdhlidùe inestdtuyae
inestdtuyae u e lpnrta sustleidlb plrl lqua-
bbns
bbns prnfasdnelbas qua lkg dedstr
dedstrle
le ab [ast ka O aekar, puas supne a uel litulbd
litulbdzlidùe
zlidùe
ka sus astìeklras pl rl bl pnoblidùe defletdb ka bl znel ka O uaens L dras (Lrhaetd
(Lrhaetdel).
el).

AB [AY[ HQAY[ÌB[DIN VDYNGN[N_ KA OAEKA_ AE EDÜNY < 44

4. DBQY[_LIDÙE GAKDLE[A QE ILYN IBÇEDIN

 I n
===

IKI
=

===

]rntninbn [HV ralbdzlkn pnr Glrçl Ynb

•
•

• • ••
bo

ENGO_A KAB AVLBQLKN_3 Ilrr

rrarls.
arls. Glrç
rçl
l ;bacl
;baclekrl
ekrl FAIJL KA BL AVLBQLIDÙE3 ?</=1/?=<V

KL[NY YNIDNKAGNH_LFDINY KAB EDÜN

Engora3 (bble
(b blel Ynb Faijl ka elidgdaetn3 ?V/=</?==8

Aklk ae lüns y gasas3 8 lüns y T gasas Yaxn3 Fagaeden

Asinblrdklk3 ]rdgar h rlkn Destdtuidùe (póo bdil/prdvlkl)3 ]óobdil

Buhlr ka rasdkaeidl3 Ouaens hdras Ntrn kltn3

Vdva ine... (glrilr ine uel Z) Edvab akuiltdvn ka bns plkras (glrilr ine uel Z)
< Lgons plkras ]lkra Glkra
? Ine lgon s plkras y jarglen/s < Yde akuilidùe fnrglb
9 Ynbn/l ine lbhuens ka bns plkras ? ]rdglrdn deingpbatn
; Ine lbhuen ka bns plkras y jarg len/s 9 ]rdg. ing p./Yai. dei
deingpbatn
ngpbatn Z

1 Ine flgdbdl aeslgoblkl ; Yai. ing p/[aridlrdn

p/[aridlrdn n Qedvarsdtlrdn deingpbatn Z
6 Ine lgon s plkras, jarglens y louabns Z 1 [aridlrdn
[aridlrdn n Qedvarsdt
Qedvarsdtlrdn
lrdn ingp batn
8 Ynbn ine jarglens
: Ntrl (aspaidfdilr)3

[dagpn agpbalkn3 : redeu+ns

?NN . L. IL__A_LY

 
   ,
Fdhurl Arrnr _LG

FDHQ_L L <-Kdstnrsdùe ka bl fnrgl3

l) Ab iulkrlkn, ab idriubn n lgons astìe axiasdvlgaeta lijltlkns
N kaorglkns.

o Kasprnpnrkùe aetra ab tlglün kab iulkrlkn y ab kab ifnubn (uen

as ab i`oba ka hrleka ingplrlkn ine ab ntrn).

? - _ n tl i ddù
ùe3
ka bl fdhurl n plrta ka bl gdsgl ae gìs ka ;1  0 rntlidùe ka bl tar-
catl, luequa buahn sa inpda inrraitlgaeta ae bl pnsdidùe rntlkl.

9- Detahrlidùe3
Flbbl ae ab Detaetn ka uedr ab idriubn y ab iulkrlkn0 ab içriubn y ab vä r -
kdia lkyliaeta kab iulkrlkn sa aeiuaetrle saplrlkns n suparpuas-
tns ae gls ka 9 gg.

FDHQ_L < ;- Kdstnrsdùe ka bl fnrgl

Idein n gìs puetns inevartdkns ae iDriubns. puetns lhrleklkns n n

ID]IQ<=: plridlbgaeta bbaens (rabbaens ine ab bìpdz) en sa inesdkarae

ilen kriuos.
1- _ntlidùe3
Bl ratlnùe ka bl fdhurl n plrta ka bl gdsgl ae ;1½ n gìs.

6- ]arsavarlidùe3
Gìs ka <1 puetns ae uel jdbarl

FDHQ_L ? 8- _ntlidùe3
_ntlidùe ka bl fdhurl n plrta ka bl gdsgl ae ;1½ n gìs, rntlidùe ka
bl tlrcatl, luequa buahn sa inpda inrraitlgaeta ae bl pnsdidùe rntlkl.
r <
<<<
<<
:- Detahrlidùe3
 
<
=
<
r
d
=s
<
<
,
3
<
<<
g

Ngdsdùe ka uel n gìs jdbarls ka kdrkna.

4- ]arsavarlidùe3
Gìs ka <; inbugels ka içriubns ae uel jdbarl

FDHQ_L 9 <=- Kdstnrsdùe ka bl fnrgl3

Idein n gls puetns inevartdkns ae krldbusd puetns lhrleklkns n n
idriubn* plridlbgaeta rabbaens en sa ineslarle idriubls parl asta

•
ftag.

<< - _ntlidùe3
• " _ntlidùe ka bl fdhurl n plrta ka bl gdsgl ae ;1½ n gìs.
N

<? Detahrlidùe3

l Kasdetahrlidùe kab kdsaün3 lugaetn ka ilkl jdbarl suiasdvl ka

puetns en bnhrlkl0 iloazl ka baijl drrailenidk a n devartdkl0
inehbngarlidùe ka puetns.

o Bdeaa inetdeul ae buhlr ka bdeals ka puetns0 bl bdeal puaka sustd- n

Budr l bns puetns n astlr lhrahlkl l astns.

FDHQ_L ; <9- _ntlidùe3

_ntlidùe ka bl fdhurl n plrta ka bl gdsgl ae ;1 ½ n gìs.

...
P
<;- Detahrlidùe3
Yaplrlidùe ka 9 aetra bl iuvl y ab ìehubn lkyliaeta.
/

...

_HQ Ft; 1 <1- Gnkbbdilidtg ka bl fnrgl

/
Idein n gls puetns inevartdkns ae içriubns0 puetns lhrleklkns.

<6- _ntlidùe3
• _ntlidùe ka bl *hurl n plrta ka bl gdsgl ae ;1½ n gìs0 rntlidùe ka
•• . bl axtaesdùe (lpuetl jlidl bl karaijl n bl dzqudarkl).
•
<8- Detahrlidùe3
- l) Kasdetahrlidùe kab kdsaün0 inehbngarlidùe ka puetns0 bdeal raitl
n idriubn ka puetns ae buhlr ka lrin.

ob Qeas inetdeul ae buhlr ka puetns, ae ab lgn. bl axtaesdùe n

lgons.

GQFBL : < :   Kdstnrsdùe ka bl fnrgl3

l) < ras n gìs iurvls sustdtudkls pnr ìehubns (ae ilsn ka kukl en
ingputlr).

o) Edehuel iurvl ae uel n lgols bdeals3 bdeals raitls.

<4- detahrlidùe3
Bls kns orals en sa iruzle n sa iruzle ae ab axtragn ka uel n ka
lgols bdeals. kns bdeals nekublkls aetrablzlkls.

?=  ]arsavarlidùe3
Yads n gìs iurvls sdeusndklbas ingpbntls ae iulbqudarl ka bls kns
kdraiidneas.

FDHQ_L 8 ?<- Kdstnrsdùe ka bl tnrel

l) Kasprnpnridùe aetra ab tlglün ka bns kns jaxìhnens3 uen kaoa
sar, lb gaens, ab knoba ka hrleka qua ab ntrn.

o) Bns jaxìhnens astìe axiasdvlgaeta kafnrglkns, lkdidùe u lgd-

sdùe ka ìehubns.

??  _ntlidùe3
_ntlidùe ka bl fdhurl n plrta ka bl gdsgl ae ;1½ n gìs.

?9-Detahrlidùe3
N
Bns jaxìhnens en sa suparpneae n bn jliae axiasdvlgaeta.

FDHQ_L : ?; - Kdstnrsdùe ka bl fnrgl3

: jaxìhnen n ab rngon axiasdvlgaeta kafnrglkns3 ìrhubns lhra-
hlbns u ngdtdkns.

?1 - _ntlidùe3
_ntlidùe ka bl fdhurl n plrba ka bl gdsgl ae ;1   n gìs
[N[L B N

AB [AY[ HQAY[ÌB[DIN VDYNGN[N_ KA AEKA_ AE EDÜNY

EDÜNY N

 
 Qel vaz lkgdedstrlkn ab tast l bl edül sahóe sa kasirdoa ae ab lplrtlkn ? ka asta ilpç-
tubn ( Inesdhel y raingaeklidneas plrl bl lkgdedstrlidùe ), ltaekdaekn l blsb ls destruiidneas
ka puetulidùe qua fdhurle aeae bl [lobl < pìh. <::), sa lsdheù puetn pnr arrnr prasaeta ae
ilkl çtag y N le ta lusaeidl ka arrnr. Bl sugl ka astns puetlcas plridlbas (N y lsdhelkns)
kdarne ingn rasubtlkn ue puetlca kdraitn n orutn qua sa inesdkarl dekdilknr kab edvab ka
glkurlidùe vdsngntrdz ka bl axlgdelkl. Klkn qua sa trltl ka uel puetulidùe kdraitl, sa bl
inevdrtdù l puetlca pariaetdblr plrl vlbnrlr su kasagpaün ae ab [HV, asilbl ka g lkurlidùe
lkurlidùe
vdsngntrdz ae ingplrlidùe ine ab hrupn ka rafaraeidl inrraspnekdaeta l su aklk y buhlr ka
rasdkaeidl.
Ae bl tlobl sdhudaeta lplraia raglrilkn ab puetlca orutn notaedkn pnr astl edül.
L asa vlbnr inrraspneka ab pariaetdb <=, bn iulb dgpbdil qua su kasagpaün suparl snbl-
gaeta ab <= iulekn sa ingplrl su raekdgdaetn ine ab hrupn ka rafaraeidl.
rafaraeidl.

6 8 : 4 < ?
p LÜNY LÜNY LÜNY LÜNY LÜNY LÜNY LÜNY etarpratlidùe
]
kdlheùstdil
]O ]O ]O ]O ]O ]O ]O

9= 8 9=
<<

?1 ; ? 1
: ] 6

?= <? 6 ?=
Defardnr lb

1 ; 9 <1
tärgden gakdn
1 4 8
<9
: 6 ; <=

1 <1 << <= 8 6 1 ; 1

Kafdidaeta
< <: 5<; 5<? << <= 4 >1

• Bl prùxdgl tlral as ousilr bl detarpratlidùe kdlheùstdil plrl asta vlbnr pariaetdblr, rainen-
idaekn qua inrraspneka l bl iltahnrçl Defardnr lb tärgden gakdn. Yd odae ae ab iulkrn leta-
rdnr sa puaka vdsulbdzlr ine iblrdklk, tlgo tlgo däe puaka raineniarsa ae bl [lobl ? (pìh . <4=)
deibudkl ae ab prasaeta ilpçtubn, nosarvìeknsa ae lg ons ilsns qua G lrçl Ynb sa uodil ae
ab bçgdta defardnr
defardnr ka bl il tahnrçl Defardnr lb tärgden g akdn.

]ariaetdb Kdlheùstdin ka glkuraz vdsngntnrl

Aetra <= y ?1 Defardnr lb tärgden gakdn

nffbnlsa

• Yd lvlezlgns ae bl baiturl kab kasagpaün, pnkagns inesubtlr bls gakdls y bns kasvçns
plrl ilkl hrupn ka aklk (tlobl
(tlobl Leaxn A ) plrl raineniar l quä aklk irnenbùhdil inrras-
inrras-
pneka tçpdilgaeta ab kasagpaün k a Glrçl Ynb. Ae asta ilsn, ab vlbnr gìs iarilen lb pue-
tlca arrnr notaedkn pnr bl edül (]O7<=) as ab ka bns edüns ka 6 lüns (:.14). Bl glk uraz vd-
sngn tnrl kab ilsn lelbdzlkn -Glrçl Ynb- as lóe gaenr qua bl ka asta hrupn, as kaidr, qua
inrraspneka lb raekdgdaetn prnpdn
prnpdn ka edüns ka aetra 1 y 6 lüns.

Lb
......... d..• .
< <.
.<..
e r BC B. ..8 V DV ED

1 LÜNY <?.?8 9.4? 11

6 LÜNY :.14 9,6: :1

 ?=? L. IL__A_LY

• L inetdeulidùe kaoa ravdslrsa iuìetns y iuìbas dekdilknras agnidnelbas y ka kdsfueidùe

eaurnbùhdil sa nosarvle Astns çtags e
en
n raidoae uel lsdhelidùe ka puetlca
puetlca parn sç uel
gaeidùe y uel p nsdoba detarpratlidùe.
detarpratlidùe.

eìbdsds ka bns dekdilknras agnidnelbas

Qel vaz lelbdzlkns bns dekdilknras

dekdilknras glkurltdvns pnkag ns lvlezlr ae bl dkaetdfd
dkaetdfdilidùe
ilidùe ka
dekdilknras agnidnelbas.

• Ab sdhudaeta plsn sarì avlbulr ka uel glearl jnbçstdil bl prnkuiidùe fdelb ka Glrçl Ynb. Ae
asta leìbdsds saülblragns lqua bbns dekdilknras
dekdilknras kasirdptns ae bl hrdbbl
hrdbbl qua sa katlbbl l inetd-
eulidùe prasaetas ae bl inpdl.

Dekdilknr Agnidnelb ]rasaeidl

< Nrkae inefusn3
Bls fdhurls astìe kasnrkaelkls ka ue gnkn detaeidnelb ae ab plpab. En puaka raineniarsa ede-
huel saiuaeidl ed nrkae bùhdin ae bl tlral ineibudkl. As fraiuaeta ae edüns aetra 1 y 8 lüns. ( )
? eal nekublkl
]rasaeta iulekn ab edün kdoucl kns n gìs ilgodns loruptns ae bl kdraiidùe ka bl bçeal ka
puetns n ka içriubns ae bls fdhurls < y ?, raspaitdvlgaeta. Ab ilgodn ka kdraiidùe kaoa lolrilr
pnr bn gaens kns puetns n içriubns inesaiutdvns. Asta ralitdvn kaoa lirakdtlrsa uel snbl vaz,
dekapaekdaetagaeta ka qua sa kä ae uel n ae lgols fdhurls. (<
9 Içriubns sustdtudkns pnr rlyls3
]nr bn gaens bl gdtlk ka tnkns bns içriubns ka bl Fdhurl ? astìe raagpblzlkns pnr rlyls ka ?
gg n gìs. Bl sustdtuidùe ka bns
b ns içriubns pnr puetns en ssa
a ingputl
; Lugaetn prnhrasdvn kab ttlglün3
lglün3
Bns puetns y bns içriubns lugaetle prnhrasdvlgaeta ka tlglün jlstl qua bns óbtdgns sne pnr
bn gaens tras vaias gìs hrlekas qua bns prdgarns. Asta ralitdvn sa ingputl sùbn uel vaz,
luequa sa kä ae gìs ka uel fdhurl. r
1 Hrle tlglün3
Qen n gìs ka bns kdoucns as ue taridn gìs hrleka qua ab ka bl tlrcatl astçgubn. Iulekn ab kdoucn
inestl ka kns plrtas, lgols kaoae astlr lhrleklkls plrl qua sa ingputa astl iltahnrçl. Asta
ralitdvn sa lirakdtl uel snbl vaz, dekapaekdaetagaeta ka bl iletdklk ka fdhurls
f dhurls lhrleklkls. ()
6 [lg lün paquaün3
Qen n gìs ka bns kdoucns raprnkuidkns pnr ab edün sne bbl
l gdtlk gìs paquaüns qua ab gnkabn.
Iulekn ue kdoucn inestl ka kns plrtas, lgols plrbas tdaeae qua jloar sdkn rakuidkls ae su
tlglün plrl qua sa ingputa astl iltahnrçl. Asta ralitdvn sa lirakdtl uel snbl vaz, dekapae-
kdaetagaeta ka bl iletdklk ka fdhurls qua jlyle sdkn rakuidkls ae su tlglün. (<
8 [rlzn käodb n bçeal ffdel3
del3
Ab trlzn as tle
t le fden qua jly qua asfnrzlrsa plrl var ab kdoucn
kdoucn ingpbatn.
: [rlzn hruasn n raplsn kab kdoucn3
[nkn ab kdoucn n plrta kab gdsgn jl sdkn raplslkn n kafnrglkn ine bçeals hruasls, dgpubsdvls.
Asta ralitdvn sa ingputa uel snbl vaz, dekapaekdaetagaeta ka qua ab raplsn sa kä ae uel n ae
vlels fdhurls. (<
4 Yahuekl taetltdvl3
taetltdvl3
Ab edün loleknel aspnetìealgaeta ue kdoucn n plrta ka äb letas ka jloarbn targdelkn y ag-
pdazl l jliarbn euavlgaeta. Asta ralitdvn sa ingputl sùbn iulekn sa afaitóle kns kdoucns kds-
tdetns ka uel gdsgl fdhurl, ae kns buhlras kdfaraetas ka bl jncl. En sa ingputl iulekn sa onrrl
ab prdgarn y sa bn vuabva l kdouclr ae ab gdsgn buhlr kab prdgarn. Yç sa puetól iulekn, kaspuäs
ka onrrlrbn, sa bn kdoucl ae ue buhlr kdfaraeta ka bl jncl.
<= Axplesdùe3
Asta dekdilknr kaoa sar inesdkarlkn iulekn ab edün agpbal kns n gìs jncls ka plpab plrl tar-
gdelr bls euava fdhurls kab Oaekar. Asta dekdilknr as gìs fraiuaeta ae edüns gìs paquaüns y
inorl sdhedfdilidùe kdlheùstdil ae lquabbns ka gìs aklk.
<< Glrins lbrakaknr ka bls fdhurls3
Asta dekdilknr sa inesdkarl sdhedfdiltdvn iulekn ab edün jl eaiasdtlkn aeglrilr bl inpdl ka bls
fdhurls, aeiarrlekn l ilkl uel, kdfaraeidìeknbl
kdfaraeidìeknbl kab rastn ka bls inpdls.
<? Ablonrlidùe aspnetìeal n lkdidùe ae bls fdhurls3
fdhurls3
Asta dekdilknr agnidnelb kaoa inesdkarlrsa ilen tlb iulekn ab edün jl lülkdkn abagaetns hrì-
fdins l uel n gìs ka bls fdhurls qua en sne plrta kab gnkabn nrdhdelb. Asta lhrahlkn as aspnetì-
ean y haearl ilgodns
ilgodns y trlesfnrglidneas
trlesfnrglidneas hrnsarls ae bl
b l raprnkuiidùe.
 AB [AY[ HQAY[ÌB[DIN VDYNGN[N_ KA OAEKA_ AE EDÜNY N 9

• Lb ineibudr bl tlral ka leìbdsds pnkagns lkvartdr qua astì prasaeta ae bl prnkuiidùe ka

Glrçl Ynb ue óedin dekdilknr
dekdilknr agn idnelb ([rlzn
([rlzn hruasn n raplsn kab kdoucn). Iloa rainrklr
qua edehuen ka astns lspaitns pnr sç snbn, ed ae su inecuetn, pnsaae bl ilplidklk ka lrrd-
lrrd-
olr l ue kdlheùstdin parn sç bl ka lpnrtlr defnrglidùe rabavleta lb prniasn ka avl bulidùe l
trlväs ka bls raiu rraeidls y bls inev arhaeidls detrl a detar tast.

eìbdsds ka bns dekdilknras ka kdsfueidùe eaurnbùhdil

Ab sdhudaeta plsn plrl lvlezlr ae ab leìbdsds

leìbdsds kab gltardlb qua prnpnridnel bl pruaol sarì
dkaetdfd
dkaetdfdilr
ilr dekdilknras ka kdsfueidùe
kdsfueidùe e aurnbùhdil
aurnbùhdil ae ab kdoucn ka G lrçl Ynb. As sug lgaeta dg-
pnrtleta rainrklr qua en sa jl rì ue kdlheùstdin ae olsa l bn prnkuidkn hrìfdilgaeta parn qua
sç ens pargdtdrì lkvartdr uel pnsdoba kdfdiubtlk ae bl fueidnelbdklk ae lbhuel ka bls ìrals iara-
orlbas vdeiublkls ine bl kdsirdgdelidùe vdsulb y/n bl innrkdelidùe vdsngntnrl, bn qua ens axdha
bl kardvlidùe l ue prnfasdnelb dkùean ae ab tagl qua inefdrga n raijlia astl jdpùtasds dedidlb.

• Ae olsa l bns arrnras glkurltdvns ing atdkns pnr Glrçl Ynb, dkaetdfdilragns
dkaetdfdilragns lqua bbns
bbns qua
sne gìs fraiuaetas ae edüns qua jle sdkn kdlhenstdilkns ine lbhóe tdpn ka kdsfueidùe
eaurnbùhdil. ]lrtdaekn
]lrtdaekn k a bl kasirdpidùe ka ilkl tdpn ka arrnr y ka bl fdhurl ae bl iul b sa jl
inga tdkn, glrilrag ns lquabbns qua sa aeiuaetrle prasaetas. As dgpnrtleta liblrlr qua
bns lstardsins
lstardsins ae bl tlobl y ae ab saül blgdaetn ka bl prasaeidl ka asa dekdilknr glrile bl
sdhedfdiltdvdklk ibçedil ka su lplrdidùe ‛ ue lstardsin (*) raprasaetl sdhedfdiltdvdklk
sdhedfdiltdvdklk sdhedfdiltdvdklk y kns lsta-
rdsins ( *) lbtl sdhedfdiltdvdklk‛.

Dekdilknr Fdhurl Aklk y sdhedfdiltdvdklk ]rasaeidl

Ydhedfdiltdvn () gìs l gaeukn ae bns edüns

Fdhurl L ine kdsfueidùe eaurnbùhdil ae tnkls bls
aklkas.
Lkdidùe u ngdsdùe
Ydhedfdil tdvn < ae bns
bns edüns ine kdsfueidùe
ka ìehubns Fdhurl 8 <<
eaurnbùhdil ae tnkls bls aklkas.

Ydhedfdiltd vn < ae edüns

edüns ine kds
kdsfueidùe
fueidùe eau-
eau-
Fdhurl : /D
rnbkhdil l plrtdr ka bns 6 lüns.

Yustdtuidùe ka iurvls Ydhedfdil tdvn < ae bns

bns edüns ine kdsfu
kdsfueidùe
eidùe
Fdhurl 6 *-
pnr ìehubns eaurnbùhdil ae tnkls bls aklkas.
aklkas.

Yustdtuidùe ka iurvls Lbtlgaeta

Lbtlgaeta sdhedfdi ltdvn < ae bns edüns ine
sdhedfdi
pnr bçeals raitls Fd4u rl 6
kdsfueidùe eaurnbùhdil ae tnkls bls aklkas.
aklkas.

Kasprnpnridùe
Fdhurl L Ydhedfdiltdvn e l plrtdr ka bns 6 lüns.
ka bls plrtas
Fdhurl 8 Ydhedfdiltdvn r l plrtdr ka bns 8 lüns. 8V

Ydhedfdil tdvn < ae bns

bns edüns ine kdsfu
kdsfueidùe
eidùe
Fdhurl <
eaurnbùhdil ae tnkls bas aklkas.
Yustdtuidùe ka idein
puetns pnr içriubns Fdhurl 9 Ydhedfdiltdvn (< l plrtdr ka bns 6 lüns.

Fdhurl 1 Ydhedfdiltdvn () l plrtdr ka bns : lü ns. t

Lbtlgaeta sdhedfdiltdvn ( ) ae bns edüns

edüns ine
Fdhurls <, ; y : G
kdstdeidùe eaurnbùhdil ae tnkls bls aklkas.

Fdhurl L y 1 Ydhedfdiltdvn e ae tnkls bls aklkas.

_ntlidùe kab kdoucn
Lbtlgaeta
Lbtlgaeta sdhedfdiltdvn ( ) ae tnkls bls
ae ;1½ Fdhurl 8
aklkas.

Fdhurl 9 Ydhedfdiltdvn (') l plrtdr ka bns 8 lüns.

Fdhurl ? Ydhedfdiltdvn () l plrtdr ka bns : lün s.

Fdhurls L y ; Ydhedfdiltdvn () ae tnkls bls aklkas.

Detahrlidùe Fdhurl 6 Ydhedfdiltdvn eae tnkls bls aklkas.
ka bls plrtas
Fdhurl 8 Ydhedfdiltdvn e l pl rtdr ka bns 6 lüns.
 Ngdsdùe u lkdidùe ka
Fdhurl ?
Lbtlgaeta sdhedfdiltdvn r ae bns edüns ine
jdbarl ka içriubns ifdstueidùe eaurnbùhdil l plrtdr ka bns 6 lüns.

]ärkdkl ka bl Huastlbt Fdhurl 9 Ydhedfdiltdvn e l pl rtdr ka bns 1 lüns.

Yarda ka puetns Lbtlgaeta sdhedfdiltdvn (< ae tnkls bls

Fdhurl 9 y 1
sustdtudkl pnr uel bçeal aklkas.

>blgaeta sdhedfdiltdvn
sdhedfdiltdvn ( ) ae bns edüns ine
]arsavarlidùe
]arsavarlidùe Fdhurls <, ? y 6
kdsfueidùe eaurnbùhdil l p lrtdr ka bns 8 lüns.

?=; . L. IL__A_LY

• Qel vaz ralbdzlkn asta leìbdsds ka prasaeidl ka bns dekdilknras y ka su sdhedfdiltdvd

sdhedfdiltdvdklk,
klk, tae-
kragns ae iuaetl bl iletdklk qua jl lplraidkn. Ae ab ilsn ka Glrçl Ynb rainenidgns
nijn dekdilknras sdhedfdiltdvns y uen lbtlgaeta sdhedfdiltdvn.

çetasds kdlheùstdil
Ab g ltardlb
ltardlb qua l pnrtl bl pruaol ordekl defnrglidùe ae tras saetdkns3 glkurltdvn, agnidnelb
y ka pnsdoba kdsfueidùe
kdsfueidùe e aurnbùhdil.
Bl g lkuraz vdsngntrdz ka Glrçl Y nb inrraspneka l uel iltahnrçl defard defardnr
nr lb tärgden g akdn,
as kaidr, qua g ledfdastl
ledfdastl ue kä fdidt
fdidt n deg lkuraz ae ab fueidnelgdaetn ka bl pariapidùe vdsulb, ka
bl innrkdelidùe
innrkdelidùe g ntrdz
ntrdz n ka bl detahrlidùe
detahrlidùe aetra lgols iu lekn bl ingpl rlgns ine edüns ka su
hrupn ka rafaraeidl.
Ae iuletn l bns lspaitns agnidnelbas ab óedin dekdilknr qua lplraia lplraia ae bl prnkuiidùe
ka G lrçl Ynb astì bdhlkn l bl dgpubsdvdklk, lb pnora inetrinetrnb
nb ka bls liidneas vnbuetlrdls.
vnbuetlrdls. Yde ag -
olrhn, lb taear ae iuaetl ab pnora kasag paün g lkurltdvn pnkagns detarpratlr bl bl lplrdidùe kab
raplsn n ab rafuarzn kab trlzn ingn u el pnsdoba kdfdiubtlk
kdfdiubtlk ae ab gleacn kab bìpdz y en ing n uel
bdgdtlidùe
bdgdtlidùe ae ab pblen agn idnelb. Astl bçealbçeal ka pae slgdaetn eaiaslrdlgaeta sarì inefrnetlkl
ine dekdilknras prasaetas ae ntrls pruaols lk gdedstrlkls l G lrçl Ynb qua pargdtdrìepargdtdrìe fnrtlbaiar
uel ka astls kns bçeals ka detarpratlidùe.
]nr óbtdgn lb lelbdzlr bns dekdilknras ka kdsfueidùe eaurnbùhdil pnkagns lkvartdr bl ea-
iasdklk ka jdpntatdzlr uel kdfdiubtlk ae iuletn l kdsfueidneas vdeiublkls l bl pariapidùe
vdsulb l bl acaiuidùe gntnrl n l bl fueidùe ka detahrlidùe aetra lgols. Kaska bl psdinbnhçl
ae haearlb y kaska ab ìgodtn ka bl avlbulidùe psdinbùhdil ae plrtdiublr en inetlgns ine bl
ilplidklk ka lrrdolr l ue kdlheùstdin
kdlheùstdin iblrn ka kdsfueidùe iaraorlb ine bn iulb euastrl ing-
pataeidl prnfasdnelb
prnfasdnelb ens ax dhdrì
dhdrì kardvlr l G lrçl Ynb l ue prnfasdnelb ingpataeta qua , l trlväs
ka kdstdetls
kdstdetls jarrlg daetls, puakl raijlzl r n inefdrglr euastrl lkvartaeidl snora asta pnsdoba
kdlheùstdin.
As dgpnrtleta kastlilr qua astl kasirdpidùe sa rafdara l uen snbn ka bns tasts trltlkns ae bl
norl, ab tast ka Oaekar, pnr bn qua kaoa inetagpblrsa sdagpra sahó e ab rastn ka bns rasubtlknsrasubtlkns
lrrnclkns pnr bns ntrns raiursns utdbdzlkns
utdbdzlkns ae ab prniasn k a avlbulidùe ka G lrçl Ynb. Abbn parg d-
td
tdrì
rì kasirdodr axjlu stdvlgaeta sus lspaitns l klptltdvns y kafdidtlrdns,
kafdidtlrdns, lrrdolr
lrrdolr l ue kdlheù stdin
y, ae o lsa l abbn, raingaeklr uel liidùe tarlpäutdil
tarlpäutdil ubtardnr.
ubtardnr.

<= INEYDKA_LIDNEAY FDELBAY

FD ELBAY T HQÇL ]L_L QE IN__AI[N
QYN AB DEY[_QGAE[N
 Asta ilpçtubn jl prataekdkn inetrdoudr l rainpdblr defnrglidùe taùrdil y agpçrdil
snora ab [ast Huastìbtdin Vdsngntnr prnpuastn pnr Blurattl Oaekar.
Yu prdgarl detaeidùe jl sdkn uodilr y kastlilr su fraiuaeidl ka usn ae bns prn-
iasns ka avlbulidùe psdinbùhdil ae edüns ka aklk asinblr. Ya raslbtl qua bl jlodbd-
klk qua gdka -detahrlid
-detahrlidùe
ùe vdsng ntnrl plrl bl innrkdelid
innrkdelidùeùe aetra ab ncn y bl g len ae
tlrals ka inpdl ka Has tlbt vdsulbas- td tdaea
aea dg pbdileid
pbdileidls
ls kdraitls snora bl lk qudsdid
qudsdidùe
ùe
ka lpraekdzlcas lilkägdins aspaiçfdilga
aspaiçfdilgaetaeta lquabbns qua raqudarae bl puastl ae
g lrijl kab sdstagl pariaptdvn-g ntnr baehulca, asirdtasirdturl,
url, inpdl, bbaiturl,
aiturl, detahrlidùe,
nrdaetlidùe
nrdaetlidùe as plidlb, aetr
aetraa g uijns ntrns).
Bl ilplidklk glkurltdvl huastìbtdil inorl dgpnrtleidl ae bls aklkas inesdka-
rlkls pnr ab tast pnrqua lolrile bns dedidns lilkägdins ab dehrasn lb edvab aku-

AB [AY[ HQAY[ÌB[DIN VDYNGN[N_ KA OAEKA_ AE EDÜNY N 1

iltdvn prdglrdn ae ab qua ab edün idgaetlrì bls jlodbdklkas sufdidaetas plrl bl lk-
qudsdidùe ka bl baitnasirdturl. Bl avlbulidùe gakdleta ab tast ka Oaekar pargdta
axtrlpnblr bl raprnkuiidùe hrìfdil ka ue astçgubn vdsulb l kdfaraetas sdtulidneas
asinblras sdgdblras y l bl vaz lülka bl avlbulidùe kab edvab ka glkuraz vdsngn-
trdz dekdvdkulb ine ab fde ka detarvaedr kdfaraeidlbgaeta
kdfaraeidlb gaeta lb detardnr ka ue hrupn plrl
flidbdtlr bls tlr
flidbdtlr tlrals
als ka lp raekdzlca y ka fnrtlbaidgdaetn, lsç ingn ordeklr suha raeidls
ka g nkdfdilidneas ae bls litd
litdvdklkas
vdklkas pbletalkls ae ab lubl ae vdrtuk ka bl glkuraz/
deglkuraz vdsngntnrl kab lbugen.
Ing n sa jl a xpbdid
xpbdidtlkn
tlkn ae ab prasaeta ilpçtub
ilpçtubnn bl avlbulidùe glkurltdvl vdsngn-
trdz tdaea saetdkn ae tletn ab edün en lbileia lóe l ingpbatlr su avnbuidùe ae astl
jlodbdklk. ]nr aeidgl kab edvab glkurltdvn vdsngntnr qua ab destrugaetn as ilplz ka
ilptlr, en lpnrtl defnrglidùe
defnrglidùe p uastn qua ue prntninbn sde arrnr
arrnras
as ae akl kas tlrkçls
snblgaeta dekdil bl ing pbatuk kab trlyait
trlyaitnn g lkurltdvn. Lkdidnelb
Lkdidnelbgaeta
gaeta bl pruaol fl-
idbdtl
idbdtl bl dkaetdf
dkaetdfdilidùe
dilidùe ka dekdilknras ag nidnelbas, parn aetaekdaekn qua a stìe bdgdtl-

kns ae s u lbileia
lb vdsulbdzlr kaetrn detarpratlt
detarpratltdvn
dvn pnruebns
ka ue prntninbn prnpdns
trlzn lspaitns
hruasn, g lkurltdvns,
pnr acagpbn, sa puakaas jdpntatdzlr
kaidr qua,
uel detarpratlidùe iulbdtltdvl ka inekuitl lhrasdvl, parn lb inetaxtulbdzlr astl baiturl
ae ue kasag paün g lkurltdvn vdsngntnr kafdidtlrd
kafdidtlrdnn pnkrçl ltrd
ltrdoudrsa
oudrsa bl acaiuidùe ka
asta tdpn ka trlzn l bl deglk uraz ae tlb detahrlidùe. Ae asta gdsg n saetdkn, bl pruaol
pargdta raineniar lbhuens arrnras ae bl inpdl ka bls fdhurls qua sne gìs ingueas
ae bns hrupns ka edüns qua pnsaae lbhuel kdfdiubtlk
kdfdiubtlk ae ab pblen eaurnbùhdin pnsdoba
kdsfueidùe
kdsfueidùe eaurnbùhdil qua k aoa axpbnrlrsa ubtardnr
ubtardnragaeta
agaeta ae prnfuekdklk) y asn lk-
vdarta snora bl flitdodbdklk ka jdpntatdzlr -n en- bl axdstaeidl ka lbhóe käfdidt ae astl
ìral. Yde agolrhn
agolrhn astns kltns kaoae sar rdhurnslgaeta detarpratlkns l bl buz ka
bl aklk irnenbùhdil kab kdlheùstdin ka g
glkuraz
lkuraz vdsngntnrl y ka tnkns bns kagìs
letaiakaetas qua sa jle rabavlkn l bn blrhn kab prniasn ka avlbulidùe dekdvdkulb.

Aetaekdaekn qua ab lbileia k ab rasubtlkn kafdedt

kafdedtdvn
dvn sarì bl kardvlidùe kab ilsn l bns
prnfasdnelbas aspaidlbdstls qua vardfdilrìe n kasilrtlrìe bl jdpùtasds pbletalkl sahóe
ab kasagpaün bnhrlkn ka bl pruaol.
Ya deibuyù uel kasirdpidùe ka bl inesdhel y bns gnkns ka avlbulr bns lspaitns
glkurltdvns vdsngntnras qua ab destrugaetn tdaea ae iuaetl ingn lsç tlgodäe lb-
huens dekdilknras agnidnelbas y ka pnsdoba kdsfueidùe eaurnbùhdil pntaeidlbgaeta
 dkaetdfdilob
dkaetdfdilobas.
as. Astns lspaitns jle detaet
detaetlkn
lkn trlesgdtdrsa ingn uel nrdaetlidùe prìi-
tdil plrl ab psdiùbnhn avlbulknr ae bns kdfaraetas ìgodtns ka lpbdilidùe. Ae asns
lplrtlkns sa inesdhel tnkl bl defnrglidùe eaiaslrdl plrl afaitulr uel avlbulidùe
lkaiulkl. Ka iulbqudar glearl l gnkn ka sçetasds sa deibuya l inetdeulidùe uel
huçl plrl ab inrraitn
inrraitn usn kab destrugaetn, qua rasuga -lueq ua en raag pblzl- bl su-
iasdùe ka plsns katlbblkl ae ab ilpçtubn.

? 6 L. IL__A_LY

[lobl 1 . Huçl prìitdil plrl ue inrraitn usn kab [ast ka Oaekar plrl edüns

O_DGDYDA__NODLG.

] YNY YAHQD_ ]N_ AB AV BQ KN_

< Lkgdedstrlr ab [ast ka Oaekar sahóe bls destruiidneas prnpuastls ae ab lplrtlkn Inesdhel y ra-
ingaeklidneas plrl bl lkgdedstrlidùe. _ainrklr pravar ingn gltardlbas bls 4 tlrcatls astçgubn
eugarlkls
eugarlkl s ingn L y < l :), jncls obleils tlglün nfdidn
nfdidn n ilrtl kns plrl sar aetrahlkls
aetrahlkls lb edün y
ntrls kdspnedobas ae ilsn bls raqudarl ab avlbulkn), ue bìpdz eahrn, uel hngl ka onrrlr y ue irneù-
gatrn n rabnc

? Nosarvlr bl inekuitl kab edün kurleta ab kasagpa

kasagpaün ün ka bl ttlral
lral y inesdhelr lquabbns lspaitns qua
puakae sar ka utdbdklk plrl bl detarpratlidùe ibçedil pnstardnr.

9 _ahdstrlr ab tdagpn qua trlesiurra aetra bl aetrahl ka bl prdgarl tlrcatl astçgubn L) pnr plrta kab
avlbulknr y bl kavnbuidùe ka bl tlrcatl : pnr plrta kab avlbulkn.

; Avlbulr bl prnkuiidùe kab edün ae rablidùe ine bns lspaitns glkurltdvns, lelbdzlekn dekdvdkulbgaeta
bls fdhurls y sus plrtas inestdtutdvls, ntnrhlekn ue puetn l ilkl arrnr prasaeta ae bl raprnkuiidùe kab
gnkabn ]lrl ineiakar bl pnekarlidùe eugärdil kaoa inesubtlrsa bl [lobl <. Bdstlkn ka arrnras pnsd
obas pnr fdhurl prnpuastn pnr @nppdtz. Ae ab Leaxn L tlgodäe puaka aeinetrlrsa astl defnrglidùe

1 Ilbiublr ab puetlca orutn n kdraitn suglekn bl iletdklk ka arrnras prasaetas ae ab kdoucn.

6 Ilbiublr ab vlbnr pariaetdblr inrraspnekdaeta lb puetlca orutn sahóe bl aklk kab edün avlbulkn ì
plrtdr kab olragn bnilb ka bl Iduklk ka Ouaens Ldras y Ineurolen Ilrrarlsat lb. ?=<;). Astl defnr-
glidùe kaoa sar inesubtlkl ae ab Leaxn A.
8 Ntnrhlr bl iltahnrçl kdlheùstdil ka glkuraz vdsngntrdz inrraspnekdaeta lb vlbnr pariaetdblr. ]lrl
pnkar ineiratlr asta plsn kaoa inesubtlrsa ae bl [lobl ?. Iltahnrçl
Iltahnrçls
s kdlheùstdils inrraspnekdae-
tas lb vlbnr pariaetdblr.

: Qodilr ab vlbnr kab puetlca orutn n kdraitn notaedkn pnr ab edün avlbulkn, rainenidaekn l quä aklk
irnenbùhdil inrraspneka asa vlbnr ‛n ab gìs iarilen‛ kaetrn ka su hrupn ka partaeaeidl. Kaoa
inesubtlrsa ab Leaxn A, ab óbtdgn iulkrn tdtublkn Vlbnras ka Gakdl y Kasvçn pnr hrupn ka Aklk.

4 Dkaetdfdilr a detarpratlr bl prasaeidl

prasaeidl ka Dekdilknras Agnidnelbas
Agnidnelbas bdstlkns pn
pnrr @nppdtz <46:) inesub-
tlekn ab Leaxn :. Hrubbl ka avlbulidùe ka dekdilknras agnidnelbas lsdhelekn aspaidlb dgpnrtleidl
l bns glrilkns
glrilkns lbbç ine lstardsin *), puastn qua abbns fuarne aeinetrlkns ingn sdhedfdiltdvns kaska
kaska
ab puetn ka vdstl astlkçstdin plrl kdfaraeidlr edüns ka uel guastrl ibçedil y ka uel guastrl ka
 pnoblidùe haearlb ae Iduklk ka Ouaens Ldras y ineurolen sahóe ab astukdn ka Buijattd, Bùpaz
y Ordzzdn ?=<6). As kaidr qua sd ab edün rasdka ae asl rahdùe y g guastrl
uastrl vlrdns
vlrdns ka asns dekdil
dekdilknras
knras
glrilkns ine lstardsin *), abbn puaka sar dekdilknr ka dgpnrtleidl ibçedil, y kaoa vlbnrlrsa l bl buz
kab rastn kab gltardlb railolkn ine ab fde ka fnrtlbaiar n kasilrtlr jdpùtasds ka rdashn n kdlheùstdils
sahóe ab ilsn. Bl detarpratlidùe prnoloba ka asns dekdilknras sa puaka inesubtlr ae ab lplrtlkn 1,
Avlbulidùe ka Dekdilknras Agnidne lbas p. <4=.
Agnidnelbas

<= Kdsirdgdelr bns dekdilknras eaurnbùhdins kasirdptns ae bl [lobl 9. Dekdilknras ka pnsdoba kdsfueidùe
eaurnbùhdil y ae ab LeaxnI, ine ab fde ka astlobaiar su lusaeidl n prasaeidl y, ka jloarbl, katar-
gdelr iuìetns lplraiae y sd sne sdhedfdiltdvns sahóe bl aklk kab avlbulkn.

<< Lelbdzlr a detarpratlr bns rasubtlkns lb detardnr ka bl pruaol, rainenidaekn lspaitns raiurraetas,
inevarhaetas y kdvarhaetas ilbdklk ka bl prnkuiidùe, tdagpn agpbalkn, inekuitl kurleta bl
pruaol, lplrdidùe ka dekdilknras agnidnelbas y/n ka kdsfueidùe eaurnbùhdil) qua fueklgaetae bls
ineibusdneas l bls qua sa jl bbahlkn. Kab gdsgn gnkn, intaclr bns kltns notaedkns pnr asta gakdn
ine bns lrrnclkns pnr ntrns destrugaetns ae ab prniasn ka avlbulidùe pargdtdrì ingpbatlr ab prn-
iasn ka siraaedeh y sd sa bbahl l ue rasubtlkn qua dekdil rdashn n pnsdoba prnobagìtdil psdinpltn-
psdinpltn-
bùhdil, kaoa dekdilrsa ingpbatlr ab prniasn ine ue kdlheùstdin ae prnfuekdklk, lülkdaekn fuaetas
ka defnrglidùe tlbas ingn bl lkgdedstrlidùe ka bl AAKD, ntrns destrugaetns prnyaitdvns n psdingä-
trdins, aetravdstls ine defnrgletas iblva ingn glastrns, louabns, jarglens, iudklknras, plras, n
odae kardvlidneas l ntrns prnfasdnelbas ingn pakdltrls, fnenlukdùbnhns, psdinpaklhnhns u ntrns.

AB [AY[ HQAY[ÌB[DIN VDYNGN[N_ KA OAEKA_

O AEKA_ AE EDÜNY
?N8

Ing n plrta tlg odäe ka a sta ilpçtub

ilpçtubnn sa jle deibudkn bns letaiakaetas idaetç
idaetçfd
fdins
ins
puobdilkns kurleta bns óbtdgns idein lüns.
Ya jle deibudkn ae ab Leaxn K acagpbns ka arrnras ae bls inpdls l gnk n dbustr dbustrltdvn
ltdvn
plrl hudlr lb usulrdn jlidl ue rainenidgdaetn gìs haeuden ka bns gdsgns y bl inesa-
iuaeta lsdhelidùe kab puetlca
puetlca ka bbll pruaol plrl ilkl prprntninbn
ntninbn dekdvdkulb
dekdvdkulb Leax n L).
Bl inetrdouidùe gì s sdhedfd
sdhedfdiltdvl
iltdvl td
tdaea
aea qua v ar ine bl deibusd
deibusdùe
ùe ka bns olrag ns li-
tulbdzlkns plrl edüns asinblrdzlkns ka aetra 1 y <? lüns, rasdkaetas ae bl Iduklk ka
Ouaens L dras y ab ineurolen, qua sa jlbbl ae ab Leaxn A.
Ae a b Leaxn A sa jl deinrpnrlkn uel tlobl qua inetdaea bns olragns bnilbas li-
tulbdzlkns.
tulbdzlkns. A e bl plrta supardnr sa inesdhele bls aklkas, aetra 1 y < ? lüns, bns pue-
tlcas orutns
orutns pnsdobas ]O) y ab vlbnr pariaetdblr
pariaetdblr ]) -ae bls inbugels
inbugels uodilkls l bl
karaijl y l bl dzqudarkl ka bl tlobl- inrraspnekdaeta lb puetlca orutn n kdraitn nota-
edkn pnr ab edün avlbulkn. Ae bl inbugel karaijl sa jl deibudkn ab Kdlheùstdin ka bl
glkuraz vdsngntnrl sahóe ab vlbnr pariaetdblr ae ab qua sa uodil bl prnkuiidùe ka ue
avlbulkn ae plrtdiublr.
Ae asta gdsgn Leaxn A aeinetrlrì bl tlobl ka bns vlbnras ka gakdls y kasvçns
pnr ilkl hrupn ka aklk, litulbdzlkl plrl bl Iduklk ka Ouaens Ldras y ineurolen.
Astl rafaraeidl sarì ka sugl utdbdklk plrl ilbiublr bns vlbnras pariaetdblras l plrtdr
kab puetlca orutn notaedkn y, ae inesaiuaeidl bl iltahnrçl kdlheùstdil aqudvlbaeta.
Ntrn usn qua pnk rì lsdheìrsaba l astl defnrglidùe as bl ka nosarvlr ae bl tlobl l quä
aklk irnenbùhdil inrraspneka ab pue tlca orutn notaed
notaedkn
kn pnr ue sucatn. ]nr acag pbn,
sd ue edün ka 4 lüns jl bnhrlkn u e puetlca orutn ka <, uodilekn asa vlbnr ae bl tlobl
tlobl
pnkragns raineniar qua su prnkuiidùe sa lsagacl gì s l bl ka bns edüns
edüns ka <? lüns
 qua l su h rupn ka rafaraeidl, as kaidr, qua bl iletdklk ka arrnras qua jl ing atdkn as
gìs raprasaet
raprasaetltd
ltdvl
vl kab hrupn ka edüns ka glynr akl k, y qua su glkuraz vdsngntnrl
as glynr qua bl kab hrupn ka su gdsgl aklk rasdkaeta ae bl gdsgl rahdùe plrl bl
qua ab olragn a s lpbdiloba.
Lsdgdsgn, bns L eaxns L , O y I inetdaeae hrdbhrdbbls
bls qua prataekae sarvdr plrl ab lk-
gdedstrlknr
gdedstrlknr ka bl pruaol, pua s flidb
flidbdt
dtlrìe
lrìe su tlral ka dkaetd
dkaetdfd
fdilidùe
ilidùe y nrhledzlidùe ka
bl puetulidùe ka bns kdfaraetas tdpns
tdpns ka arrnras y ab raineni dgdaetn ka bns dekdilknras
agnidnelbas y ka pnsdoba kdsfueidùe eaurnbùhdil. Ya deibuyae tlgodäe iulkrns qua
rainpdble defnrglidùe dgp nrtleta snora ab edün y a b hrupn flg dbdbdlr
dlr l bns afaitns ka sar
inesdkarlkl plrl su detarpratlidùe ae ab prniasn ka avlbulidùe y/n ka devastdhlidùe.

_AFA_AEI D Y ODOBDNH_Ì
ODOBDNH_Ì FDI Y

Letl, K. ?==?). Fueidùe vdsngntnrl y raekdgdaetn

raekdgdaetn asinblr lilkägdin, uel devastdhlidùe
devastdhlidùe ine ab
tast ka Oaekar. Devastdhlidneas ae ]sdinbnhçl, 8 ?), 8-?9.
Lrijar, _. y Eawsng, I. _. ?===). ]syijnbnhdilb tast uslha wdtj lknbalknbasiaet
siaet ibdaets3 Yurvay
Qpklta. Lssassgaet 8 9), ??8-?91.
Oabb, C. <46;). [äiedils prnyaitdvls. Axpbnrlidùe ka bl kdeìgdil ka bl parsnelbdklk. Ouaens
Ldras3 ]ldkùs.
Oaekar, B. <49:). L Vdsulb Gntnr Hastlbt [ast lek dts Ibdedilb Qsa. Eaw Tnr`, [ja Lgardile
Lgardile
Nrtjnpsyijdltry Lssnidltdne.
Oaekar, B <411). [ast Huastìbtdin Vdsngntnr O-H). Qsns y lpbdilidneas ibçedils. Ouaens
Ldras3 ]ldkùs. ?   akdid
akdidùe
ùe ae ilst.3 ?=<<).

? N : G. L. IL__A_LY

Olrtjnbngau, K. y Farel ekas Ydstn, F. (?==:). Glturdklka vdsn-gntnrl a detab detabdhäeidl3

dhäeidl3 Qg As-
tukn Inrrablidnelb. ]sdinbnhdl Idäeidl a ]rnfdssìn, ?: ?), 96?-989.
Odbbdehsbal,
Odbbdehsbal, F. T. (<4;:). [ja Oaekar-Hastlbt3 Le nocaitdva sinrdeh ga tjnk lek vlbdkltdeh
vlbdkltdeh kltl.
nf Ibçedil ]syijnbnhy, ;, <-?8.
Cnurelb nf
Orleedhle, H. H . y Oruear, E. L. (<446). [ja Gnkdfdak Varsdne nf tja Oaekar-Hastlbt [ast fnr
]rasijnnb lek ]rdglb)/ Yijnnb Ijdbkrae-_avdsak. Orlekne3 Ibdedilb ]syijnbnhy ]uobdsjdeh.
Orleedhle, H. H. y O ruear, E. L. (?==?).Hudka tn tja \ulbdtltdva Yinrdeh Yystag fnr tja t ja Gnkd-
Oaekar-Hastlbt [ast. Yprdehfdabk, DB3 [jngls.
fdak Varsdne nf tja Oaekar-Hastlbt
Orleedhle, H. H. y Kai`ar, Y. B . ?==9). Oaekar Vdsulb Gntnr Hastlbt [ast, Yainek Akdtdne3
Axlg dear s Gleulb. tlsil, DB.
Orleedhle, H. H . y Kai`ar, Y.B. (?==6).[ja Oaek ar-Hastlbt DD. DD. Lgardile Cnurelb nf Nrtjnpsy-
ijdltry, 86, <=-<?.
Ilrrarls, G. L., Qrdab, F.,
F., ]äraz, G. L., Yuìraz Ja reìekaz, E., Liaolb, L. y Fareìekaz B dpn-
rlia, G. (?=<<). Olragns edüns
edüns asinblrdzlkns
asinblrdzlkns 6 L <? LÜNY)3 [ast Huastìbtdin Vdsngntnr
Vdsngntnr
ka Oaekar, [ast
[ast kab Kdoucn ka bl Fdhurl Juglel KFJ) y [ast ka Gagnrdl Lukdtdvl y Vdsu Vdsulb
lb
Kçhdtns VLKY ). Ouaens Ldras3 Kaplrtlgaetn ka ] uobdilidneas,
ka Kçhdtns uobdilidneas, Fliubtlk ka ]sdinbnhçl.
QOL.
Ilsubbn, G. G. (<4::). Ab [ast ka Oaekar Defletdb. Enrgls rahdnelbas. Ouaens L dras3
dras3 Hulklbupa.
Ilsubbn, G. G. (<448). Ab [ast Hrìfdin kab Kdoucn ka bl Fdhurl Juglel. Enrgls rahdnelbas. Oua-
ens Ldras3 Hulklbupa.
 Ilsubbn, G. G. y Fdhuarnl, E. (?===). Ab [ast VLKY ka ka @nppdtz. Enrgls
Enrgls rahdnelbas ;tj ak.).
Ouaens Ldras3 Hulklbupa.
Ilyssdlbs, L. (?=<=). ¾I ulbd y/n iuletd> Lpnrtas plrl ablonrlr defnrgas
defnrgas detahrltdvns ae psdinbn-
hçl. Ouaens Ldras3 ]ldkùs.
Ijle, ]. X . (?==<). Ingplrdsne nf vdsulb gntnr kavabnpgaet de Jneh @neh lek Q YL lssassak
ne tja \ ulbdtltdva
ulbdtltdva Yinrdeh Yystag fnr tja G nkdfdak
nkdfdak Oa ekar H astlbt [ast. ]syijnbnhdilb _a-
pnrts, ::, ?96-?;=.
Ijleh, H. (<44=). Euavl Asilbl ka Glkurlidùe kab Oaekar Defletdb. Bdgl3 Odobdntail
Odobdntail Lekdel ka
]sdinbnhçl.
In usden, B. y Xdbkar, J. (<48:).
(<48:). Bl fueidùe vdsng ntnrl ae edüns ka Yle tdlhn ka Ijdba. _avdstl
Bltdenlgardilel ka ]sdinbnhçl, <=, 969-981.
Iruz, G. Y ., Glhletn, I. y H lrldhnrknodb,
lrldhnrknodb, G. (?==<). Leìbdsds avnbutdvn
avnbutdvn ka bl innrkdelidùe vdsn-
gntnrl y sus rablidneas ine detabdhaeidl, astdbn inhedtdvn y ltaeidùe. _avdstl Asplünbl ka
Nrdaetlidùe y ]sdinpaklhnhçl, <?(?), <;4-<:<.
Iuggdehs, C. L., Jndkl, C., Glija`, H. _. y Eabsne, C. G. ?==9). Vdsulb-gntnr lssassgaet
lssassgaet
nf ijdbkrae. Ae I._. _ayenbks y _.X. @lgpjlus aks.), Jlekonn` nf ]syijnbnhdilb lek
Akuiltdnelb Lssassgaet3 Detabb dhaeia lek Lijdavagaet. ?ek ak.), pp. ;4:-1<: ). Eaw Tnr`3
Lssassgaet3 Detabbdhaeia
Hudbfnrk.
Fareìekaz, [. y [usat, L. G. (?==8). Oaekar parfnrgleia lek snidnainengdi stltus de Gaxdile
ijdbkrae3 L irnss-iubturlb stuky. ]ariaptulb lek Gntnr Y`dbbs, <=1 9), 4=6-4<;.

Fdbjn, B. (<46=).
Hjlssag zlkaj,Bns [ast LOI.
J. (<4::). Ouaens
L p dbnt stukyLdras3
stuky nf tja]ldkùs.
Oaeka r-Hastlbt tast
tast de l slgp ba nf Drledle
Drledle enrglb
ijdbkrae. Cnurelb nf Ibdedilb ]syijnbnhy, ;;, 8:8-84?.
Jaroart, _. (<46;). L Gleulb ne [argdenbnhy lek Iblssdfdiltdne
I blssdfdiltdne de Gaetlb _atlrkltdne.Xlsjdeh-
_atlrkltdne.Xlsjdeh-
tne3 Lgardile Cnurelb.
Jarakdl, I., Yletlabbl Jdklbhn,
Jdklbhn, H. y Y nglrrdol _ nijl, B. (?=<?). Detarpratlidùe kab [ast Huas-
tìbtdin Vçsngntnr ka Oaekar. Ydstagl ka puetulidùe ka @nppdtz. Gäxdin3 Kaplrtlgaetn ka
]uobdilidneas ka bl Fliubtlk ka ]sdinbnhçl
]sdinbnhçl ka bl Qedvarsdklk Lutùengl ka Gäxdin.
Jutt, G. B. (<464)3 Bl lklptlidùe Jutt kab [ast Huastìbtdin ka Oaekar. Ouaens Ldras3 Hulklbupa.
@nff`l, @. (<4 ??). ]ariaptdne, le detrnkuitdne tn Hastlbt [janrdas. ]syijn ]syijnbnhdilb
bnhdilb Oubbatd e, <4,
11<-1:1
@nppdtz, A. (<469). [ja Oaekar Hastlbt [ast fnr Tnueh Ijdbkrae. Eaw T nr`3 Hrugs Ytrlttne.
Kdhdt Yple [ast VLKY). QYL 3 ]syijnbnhdilb Inrp.
@nppdtz, A. (<484). Vdsulb Lurlb Kdhdt
stìbtdin Vdsngntnr plrl edüns <1tj ak.). Ouaens Ldras3 Hulklbupa.
@nppdtz, A. (<444). Ab [ast Hua stìbtdin
@assbar, C. X. (<466). ]syijnpltjnbnhy nf Ijdbkjnnk. EC3 ] raetdia Jlbb.
]syijnpltjnbnhy

AB [AY[ HQAY[ÌB[DIN VDYNGN[N_ KA AEKA_ AE EDÜNY ? 4

Bawde, @. (<491). Kyelgdi [janry nf ]arsnelbdty. Eaw Tnr`3 GiHrlwJ dbb. dbb.
Buijattd, T., Bùpaz, B. y O rdzzdn, L. (?=<6). Astukdn ka vlbdklidùe ibçedil ka bns dekdilknras agnidn-
elbas kab [ast Huastìbtdin Vdsngntnr ka Oaeka r. Devastd Devastdhlidneas sdinbnhçl ?< <), ;1-19.
hlidneas ae ] sdinbnhçl
Glrçe _u akl, F. C., Onubjnil Yuaj drn, L. I. y Lbvas kl Ydbvl, Ydbvl, G. (?==:). ]raidsìn aetra lvl bdl-
bdl-
knras a pabn g ätnkn tasta-ratasta
tasta-ratasta en Oaekar-Ydstagl ka ]n etuliìn Hrlku lb. ]sdinbnhçl3
rìtdil, ?1-91.
[anrdl a ] rìtdil,
Gl88a sijd, I. y Bds, L. (<444). [ja Oa ekar-Hastlbt tast3 @npp dtz dtz s Kavabnpgaetlb Yinrdeh Yys-
tag lk g dedstarak
dedstarak tn twn slg pbas nf Dtlbd
Dtlbdle
le prasijn nb lek prdglry sijnn b ijdbkrae. ]ariap-
tulb lek Gntnr Y`dbbs, ::, <?91-<?;;.
Garden Yntn, I. (?=<=). Axpbnrlidùe ka kdfaraeidls enrgltdvls ae ab sdstagl ka ilbdfdilidùe iul-
bdbdtltd
tltdvl
vl pl rl ab tast huastìbtdin nkdfdilkn. Bdoarlodt, <8(?),<44-?=4.
huastìbtdin k a O aekar g nkdfdilkn.
Garden Yntn, I. (?=<?). Fdlodbd
Fdlodbdklk
klk ae ab [ast Huastìbtdin
Huastìbtdin ka O aekar - ?kl va rsd
rsdùe,
ùe, ae uel gu as-
trl dekapaekdaeta ka ilbd ilbdfdilknras. _avdstl ka Devastdhlidùe Akuiltdvl 9= <), ??9-?9;.
fdilknras.
Gnhab-Leijadtl, Y., _lgçraz-Ydolcl,
_lgçraz-Ydolcl, Y., Ilstabblens-]äraz,
Ilstabblens-]äraz, I. y Nrnzin-Hùgaz,
Nrnzin-Hùgaz, B. ?==:).
 Leìbdsds ka bls fueidneas saesnrdngntnrls
saesnrdngntnrls y kaprasdùe ae edüns ine astrlodsgn. ]rdgarl
flsa. Gakdhrlpjdi, 86, <=<-<=8.
el, Y. (<44?). Oltarçl kdlheùstdil ka bl ingpataeidl oìsdil plrl bl baiturl. Olkdilba. G l -
Gn bdbdel,
krdk3 IA]A.
Gn rl, C. L. (<449
(<449 ). Oltarçl avlbulknrl ka bls jlodbdklkas eaiaslrdls plrl ab lpraekdzlca ka bl
baiturl y asirdturl3 gleulb. Glkrdk3 [AL.
Gu üdz, C., Olrtrlg, K., Avars, L., Onoae, K., Gltasdi, @., Hbloa`a, @., Fareìekaz -Jarg dkl, C.
_. y Sllb, C. (?==<). [astdeh prlitdias de Aurnpale inuetrdas. Aurnpale Cnurelb nf ]syijnbn-
hdilb Lssassgaet, <8, ?=<-?<<.
Enrnejl, L . ]., Yletns, L. L. y Ydstn, F. F. ((?==8).
?==8). Avdkäeidls ka vlbdklka kn O aekar - Ydstagl
ka ]netuliìn H rlkulb (O-Y]H). ]sdinbnhçl3 _afbaxìn a I rçt dil, ?= ?), 991-9;<.
rçtdil,
[ja Oaekar-Hastlbt [ast3 \uletdfdiltdne lek Vlbdkdty fnr
]lsilb, H. _. y Yuttabb, O. C. <41<).
Lkubts. Eaw Tnr`3 Hruea y Ytrlttne.
]abnrnssn, L. y Atijavars, G. (?==; ). Olragns kab [ast Huastìbtdin Vdsngntnr. Devastdhlidneas
ae ]sdinbnhçl, 4 9), <=<-<<<.
]dntrnws`d, I. (<441
(<441 ). L ravdaw nf tja ibdedilb
ibdedilb lek rasal rij usa nf tja oa ekar-hastlbt tast. ]ar-
iaptulb lek Gntnr Y`dbbs, :<, <?8?-<?8;.
Yle tuiid, J. y H lbdfrat-Hrle
lbdfrat-Hrle cne, E. (<41?). ]ruaol hrìfdil ka bl nrhledzlidùe pariaptdvl plrl
edüns ka ; l 6 lüns. Ouaens Ldras3 @lpabusz.
Ydbvl,
Ydbvl, _., Fad
Fadb,
b, I. y Eueas, G . (?==4). N [asta H uastìbt
uastìbtdin
din Vdsngntnr ka Oaeka r el lv lbdliìn
lbdliìn
ibçedil ka ijleils. ]sdin QYF, <; ?), <:1-<4?.
Yubbdvle,
Yubbdvle, @. Y. y Onw kae, Y. I. (<448). Xjdij tasts kn eaurnpsyij nbnhdsts
nbnhdsts usa> Cnurelb nf Ibded-
ilb ]syijnbnhy, 19(8), 618-66<.
[lonrkl, _. (?==? ). Kdlheùstdin ka bl kdeìgdil ka bl ilplidklk detabaitulb ka edüns ka ; l 6
lüns - Astukdn ibçedin ka bns tasts X]]YD, OH y KFJ. Ouaens Ldras3 Bugae Jug ledtls. ledtls.

Xaijsbar, Y. (<446). = kasaejn kl fdhurl juglel3 lvlbdlpìn kn kasaevnbvdgaetn inhedtdvn de-

fletdb. Ilgp dels, Y]3 ]sy.
Xarear, J. (<496). ]sdinbnhçl avnbutdvl. Olriabnel3 Yl bvlt.
Xartjadgar, G. (<4?9). Ytukdas de tja [janry Hastlbt ]syijnbnhy. ]syijnb. Fnrsij. ;, 9=<-91=.
Tnusa fd
fd,, F. (<44?). Ynga enrg ltdva kltl ne tja O aekar hastlbt tast parfnrgle
parfnrgle ia nf Drledle
Drledle ijdb-
krae. Ordtdsj Cnurelb nf Akuiltdnelb ]syijnbnhy, 6? 9), ;<=-;<6.
Slg orlen-Yìe ijaz A ., Gl rtçeaz-Inrtäs, C. L., kab _çn, I., Gl rtçeaz-Xolbkn, G. I. y ]noblen
L. ?=<=). Dkaetdfdiltdne
Dkaetdfdiltdne nf lttaetdne-kafdidt-jyparlitdvdty
lttaetdne-kafdidt-jyparlitdvdty kdsnrkar
kdsnrkar lek inekuit k kdsnrkar
dsnrkar de
Gaxdile ij dbdbkrae
krae oy tja silba n f avlbultdne nf kafdidt
kafdidt nf lttaetdne lek jyparlitdvdty
jyparlitdvdty kdsnrkar.
]syijdltty _as, <:8, ;98-;;=.

?< = L. IL__A_LY

 
   EAZN

[ast H uastìb
uastìbtt din Vdsng
Vdsngntnr
ntnr ka Oae
Oaekar
kar [H V)

Leaxn L Hrdbbl
Hrdb bl ka a vlbulid
vlbulidùe
ùe ka lspaitns g lkurltd
lkurltdvns
vns

Leaxn O Hrdbbll ka avlbulidùe ka Dekdilknras Ag nidnelbas

Hrdbb

Leaxn I
Hrdbbl ka Dekdilknras ka K dsfueidùe Eaurnbùhdil
Hrdbbl
Leaxn K Acagpbns ka arrnr
arrnras
as ae Çtags
Çtags Gl kurltdvns
kurltdvns

Leaxn A Olragn y [lobl ka ga kdls y kasvç

kasvçns,
ns, sahóe aklk Ilrrarls,
Qrdab, ]äraz, Yuìraz Jareìekaz, Liaolb y Fareìekaz Bdpnrlia,
?=<<)

Leaxn L Hrdb
Hrdbbl
bl ka avlbulidùe ka lspaitns g lkurltd
lkurltdvns*
vns*
 ENGO_A KAB AVLBQLKN_3 FAIJL KA BL AVLBQLIDÙE3

KL[NY YNIDNKAGNH_LFDINY KAB EDÜN

Engora3 Faijl ka elidgdaetn3

Aklk ae lüns y gasas3 Yaxn3

Asinblrdklk3 Destdtuidùe póobdil/prdvlkl)3

Buhlr ka rasdkaeidl3
rasdkaeidl3 N t rn
rn k l t n 3

Vdva ine... glrilr ine uel

uel Z d v a b a k u i l td
t d v n k a b n s p l k r a s g l ri
ri l r i n e uel Z
gons plkras ]lkra G lkra
? Ine lgons plkras y jarglen/s Y de akuilidùe fnrglb
9 Y nbn/l ine lbhuens ka bns plkras ]rdglrdn deingpbatn
; Ine lbhuen ka bns plkras y jarglen/s 9 ]rdg. ingp./Yai. deingpbatn
1 Ine flgdbdl aeslgoblkl ; Yai. ingp/[aridlrdn n Qedvarsdtlrdn deingpbatn
6 Ine lgons plkras, jarglens y louabns 1 [ aridlrdn n Q edvarsd
edvarsdtlrdn
tlrdn ingpbatn
8 Y nbn ine jarglen
jarglenss
: Ntrl aspaidfdilr)3

[ dagpn agpbalkn3

Fdhurl Arrnr ]uetlca

F DH
DH Q _ L L <-Kdstnrsdùe ka bl fnrgl3
l) Ab iulkrlkn, ab içriubn n lgons astìe axiasdvlgaeta lijltlkns
n kafnrglkns.
o ) Kasp rnpnridùe aetra ab ttlglü
lglü n kab iulkrlkn y ab kab içriubn
içriubn uen
as ab knoba ka hrleka ingplrlkn ine ab ntrn).
ntrn).

?- _ntlidùe3
ka bl fdhurl n plrta
pl rta ka bl gdsgl
gdsg l ae gìs ka ;1½0
;1½0 rntlidùe k
kaa bl tlr
catl, luequa buahn sa inpda inrraitlg aeta ae bl pnsdidùe rntlkl.
9- Detahrlidùe3
Flbbl ae ab detaetn ka uedr ab içriubn y ab iulkrlkn0 ab içriubn y ab vär-
tdia lkyliaeta kab iulkrlkn sa aeiuaetrle saplrlkns n suparpuas-
tns ae gìs ka 9 gg.
FDHQ_L < ;- Kdstnrsdùe ka bl fnrgl3
Idein n g ìs puetns inevartdkns ae içriubns0 puetns lhrleklkns n
içriubns plridlbgaeta bbaens
bbaens rabbaens ine ab bìpdz) en sa inesdkarle
ingn içriubns.
içriubns.
1- _ntlidùe
Bl rntlidùe ka bl fdhurl n plrta ka bl g dsgl ae ;1 ½ n gìs.

]arsavarlidùe
Gìs ka <1 p uetns ae uel jdbarl
jdbarl

Yd odae sa jl gnkdfdilkn bl prasaetlidùe ka bns kltns ae uel tlobl ine fdeas kdkìitdins, ab ingaetlrdn as idtl tax-
tulb @nppdtz, A. <444). Ab [ast Huastìbtdin Vdsngntnr plrl edüns. Ouaens L dras3 Hulklbupa, pp. 94-11.

LEAZN - [AY[ HQAY[ÌB[DIN VDYNGN[N_ KA OAEKA_ ? 9

 
 Fdhurl Arrnr ]uetlca
FDHQ_L 8 _ntlidùe3
_ntlidùe ka bl fdhurl n plrta ka bl gdsgl a e ;1½ n g ìs0 rntlidùe
rntlidùe ka
bl tlrcatl,
tlrcatl, luequa buahn sa inpda inrraitlgaeta ae bl pnsdidùe rntlkl.
n
=
=
=
½ : Detahrlidùe3
N
Ngdsdùe ka uel n gìs jdbarls ka içriubns.
4 ]arsavarlidùe3
Gìs ka <; inbugels ka içriubns ae uel jdbarl
F DH Q _ L 9 <= Kdstnrsdùe ka bl
bl ffnrgl
nrgl 3
Idein n gìs puetns inevartd
inevartdkns
kns ae içriubns0 puetns lhrleklkns n
içriubns plridlbgaeta
plridlbgaeta rabbaens en sa inesdkarle içriubns plrl as ta
çtag.

• << _ntlidùe3
a
_ntlidùe ka bl fdhurl n plrta ka bl gdsg l ae ;1 ½ n gìs.
<? Detahrlidùe3
l ) Kasdetahrlidùe kab kdsaün3 lugaetn ka ilkl jdbarl suiasdvl ka
puetns en
en bnhrlkl0
bnhrlkl0 iloazl kaka fbaijl drrainenidoba n dev
devartdkl0
artdkl0
inehbngarlidùe ka puetns.
o) Bçeal inetdeul ae buhlr ka bçeals ka pu etns0 bl bçeal
bçeal pua ka sustd-
tudr l bns
bns puetns n astlr lhrahl kl l astns.
F DH
DH Q _ L ; <9 _ntlidùe3
_ntlidùe ka bl fdhurl n plrta ka bl gdsg l ae ;1½ n gìs .

<; Detahrlidùe3
Yaplrlidùe ka 9 g g aetra bl iurvl y ab ìeh ubn lkyliaeta.

.--------)

F DH Q _ L 1 <1 Gnkdfdi
Gnkdfdilidùe
lidùe ka bl ffnrgl3
nrgl3
Idein n g ìs puetns inevartdkns ae içriubns0 puetns lhrleklkns.
•
• • • <6 _ntlidùe3
• _ntlidùe ka bl fdhurl n plrta ka bl gdsgl a e ;1½ n g ìs0 rntlid
rntlidùe
ùe ka
.•••-
.• bl axtaesdùe lpuetl jlidl bl kar
karaijl
aijl n bl ddzqudarkl).
zqudarkl).
•
• • <8 Detahrlidùe3
• • l) Kasdetahrlidùe kab kdsaün0 inehbngarlidùe ka puetns0 bçeal raitl
n içriubn ka puetns ae buhlr ka lrin.
o) Bçeal inetdeul ae buhlr ka puetns ae ab lrin bl axtaesdùe n
lgons.
F DH
DH Q _ L 6 <: Kdstnrsdùe ka bl
bl fnrgl
fnrgl 3
l ) [ras n gìs iurvls sustdtudkls pnr ìehubns (ae ilsn ka kukl en
ingputlr).

o) Edehuel iurvl ae uel n lgols bçeals0 bçeals raitls.

<4 Detahrlidùe3
Bls kns bçeals en sa iruzle n sa iruzle ae ab axtragn ka uel n ka
lgols bçeals0 kns bçeals nekublkls aetrablzlkls.
?= ]arsavarlidùe3
Yads n gìs iurvls sdeusndklbas
sdeusndklbas ingpbatls ae iulbqudarl ka bls kns
kdraiidneas.

?< ; . L. IL__A_LY
 

dhurl Arrnr ]uetlca

FDHQ_L ?< Kdstnrsdùe ka bl fnrgl

l Kasprnpnridùe aetra ab tlglün ka bns kns jaxìhnens3 uen kaoa

sar, lb gaens, ab knoba ka hrleka qua ab ntrn.

o Bns jaxìhnens astìe axiasdvlgaeta kafnrglkns0 lkdidùe u ngd-

sdùe ka ìehubns.
?? _ntlidùe3
_ntlidùe ka bl fdhurl n plrta ka bl gdsgl ae ;1½ n gìs.
?9 Detahrlidùe3
Bns jaxìhnens en sa suparpneae n bn jliae axiasdvlgaeta.

F DH Q _ L : ? ; Kdstnrsdùe ka bl fnrgl3
Ab jaxìhnen n ab rngon axiasdvlgaeta kafnrglkns0 ìehubns lhra-
hlkns u ngdtdkns.
? 1 _ntlidùe3
_ntlidùe ka bl fdhurl n plrta ka bl gdsgl ae ;1½ n gìs.

[N[ B
 LEAZN [AY[ HQAY[ÌB[DIN VDYNGN[N_ KA OAEKA_ ?< 1

Leaxn O Hrdb
Hrdbbl
bl ka avlbulidùe ka Dekd
Dekdilknras
ilknras A g nidnelbas*

]rasaeidl
3s.3

< . Nrkae inefusn3

Bls fdhurls astìe kasnrkaelkls ka ue gnkn detaeidnelb ae ab plpab. En puaka rain
eniarsa edehuel saiu aeidl ed nrkae bùhdin ae bl tlral ineibudkl. As fraiuaeta ae edüns
aetra 1 y 8 lüns. *)

?. Bçeal nekublkl3
]rasaeta iulekn ab edün kdoucl kns n gìs ilgodns loruptns ae bl kdraiidùe ka bl bçeal ka
puetns n ka içriubns
içriubns ae bls fdhur
fdhurls
ls < y ?, raspaitdvlgaeta. Ab ilgodn ka kdraiid
kdraiidùe
ùe kaoa
lolrilr pnr bn g aens kns puetns n içriub
içriubns
ns inesaiutdvns. Asta ralitdvn
ralitdvn kaoa lirakdtlrsa
lirakdtlrsa
uel snbl vaz, dekapaekdaetagaeta
dekapaekdaetagaeta ka qua sa kä ae uel n ae lg ols fdhurls.
fdhurls. *)

9. Içriubns sustdtudkns pnr rlyls3

]nr bn gaens bl gdtlk ka tnkns bns içriubns ka bl Fdhurl ? astìe raagpblzlkns pnr
rlyls ka ? gg n gìs . Bl sustdt
sustdtuidùe
uidùe ka bns içriubns
içriubns pnr puetns en sa ingpu tl.

;. Lugaetn prnhrasdvn kab tlglün3

Bns puetns y bns içriubns lugaetle prnhrasdvlg aeta ka tlglün jlstl qua bns óbtdgns
sne pnr bn gaens tras vaias gìs hrlekas qua bns prdgarns. Asta ralitdvn sa ingputl
sùbn uel vaz, luequa sa kä ae gì s ka uel fdhurl. *)

1. Hrle tlglün3
Qen n g ìs ka bns kdoucns as ue tarid
taridnn gìs hrle ka qua ab ka bl tlrcat
tlrcatll astçgubn. Iulekn
ab kdoucn
kdoucn inestl ka kns plrtas, lgols kaoae astlr lhrleklkls plrl qua sa ing puta
astl iltahnrçl. Asta ralitdvn sa lirakdtl uel snbl vaz, dekapaekdaetagaeta ka bl iletdklk
ka fdhurls lhrleklkls. *)

6. [lglün paquaün3
Qen n g ìs ka bns kdoucns rapr
raprnkuidkns
nkuidkns pnr ab ed
edün
ün sne bl gdtlk gìs paquaüns qua ab
gnkabn. Iulekn ue kdoucn
kdoucn inestl ka kns plrtas, lgols p lrtas
lrtas tdaeae qua jloar sdkn
rakuidkls ae su tlglün p lrl qua sa ing puta astl iltahnrçl. Asta ralitdvn
ralitdvn sa lirakdtl
uel snbl vaz, dekapaekdaetag aeta ka bl iletdklk ka fdhurls qua jlyle sdkn rakuidkls

ae su tlglün. *)
8. [rlzn käodb n bçeal fdel3
Ab trlzn as tle fden qua jly qua asfnrzlrsa plrl var ab kdoucn ingpbatn.

:. [rlzn hruasn n raplsn kab kdoucn3

[nkn ab kdoucn n plrta kab gdsgn jl sdkn raplslkn n kafnrglkn ine bçeals hruasls
dgpubsdvls. Asta ralitdvn
ralitdvn sa ingputl uel snbl vaz, dekapaekdaetagaeta ka qua ab raplsn
sa kä ae uel n ae vlrdls fd
fdhurls.
hurls. *)

4. Yahuekl taetltdvl3
Ab edün loleknel aspnetìealg aeta ue kdoucn n plrta ka äb letas ka jloarbn targdelkn y
agpdazl l jliarbn euavlgaeta. Asta ralitdvn sa ingputl sùbn iulekn sa afaitóle kns
kdoucns kdstdetns ka uel gdsgl fdhurl, ae kns buhlras kdfaraetas ka bl jncl. En sa ing-
putl iulekn sa onrrl ab prdgarn y sa bn vuabva l kdouclr ae ab gdsgn buhlr kab prdgarn.
Yç sa puetól iul ekn, kaspuä s ka onrrlrbn, sa bn kdoucl ae ue buhlr kdfaraeta ka bl jncl.
 Bns dekdilknras saülblkns ine lstardsin *) inrraspnekae l bns jlbblkns
jlbblkns ing n vìbdkns y sdhedfdilt
sdhedfdiltdvns
dvns sahóe ab astukdn
astukdn
bnilb raidaeta qua ingplrù pnoblidùe ka Ouaens Ldras ILOL y Ine urolen) ibçibçedil
edil y haearlb Buijattd. Bùpaz y Ordzzdn
Ordzzdn
?=<6), gaeidnelkns ae ab lplrtlkn 1. Avlbulidùe ka Dekdilknras Agnidnelbas

?< 6 . L. IL__A_LY

Dekdilknr Agnidnelb rasaeidl

< = Axplesdùe3
Asta dekdilknr kaoa sar inesdkarlkn iulekn ab edün agpbal kns n gìs jncls ka plpab

plrl targdelr bls euava fdhurls kab Oaekar. Asta dekdilknr as gìs fraiuaeta ae edüns gìs
paquaüns y inorl sdhedfd
sdhedfdilidùe
ilidùe kdlheùstdil ae lquabbns ka gìs a klk.

< < Glrins lbrakaknr ka bls fdhurls3

Asta dekdilknr sa inesdkarl sdhedfdiltdvn
sdhedfdiltdvn iulekn ab edün jl eaiasdtlkn aeglrilr bl inpdl
ka bls fdhurls
fdhurls aeiarrlekn l ilkl uel kdfaraeidìeknbl kab rast
rastn
n ka bls inpd
inpdls.
ls.

<? Ablonrlidùe aspn etìeal n lkdidùe ae bls fdhurls3

fdhurls3
Asta dekdilknr agnidnelb kaoa inesdkarlrsa ingn tlb iulekn ab edün jl lülkdkn abagae-
tns hrìfdins l uel n gìs ka bls fdhurls qua e n sne plrta kab gnkabn nrdhdelb. Asta lhra-
hlkn as asp netìean y haearl ilg odns y trlesfnrglidneas hrnsarls ae bl raprnkuiidùe.
 LEAZN [AY[ HQAY[ÌB[DIN VDYNGN[N_ KA OAEKA_
OAEKA_ ?<8

Leaxn I H rdbb
rdbbll ka Dekdilknras ka K dsf
dsfueidùe
ueidùe E aurnbùhdil*

Dekdilknr Fdhurl Aklk y sdhedfdiltdvdklk ]rasaeidl

Ydhedfdiltdvn
Ydhedfdiltdvn (*)
(*) gìs l g aeukn a e bns edüns
Fdhurl L ine kdsfueidùe eaurnbùhdil ae tnkls bls
aklkas.
Lkdidùe u ngdsdùe
Ydhedfdiltdvn (*) ae bns edüns ine kdsfueidùe
ka ìehubns Fdhurl 8
eaurnbùhdil
eaurnbùhdil ae tnkls bls aklkas.

Ydhedfdiltdvn (*) ae edüns ine kdsfueidùe eau-

Fdhurl :
rnbùhdil l plrtdr ka bns 6 lüns.

Yustdtuidùe ka iurvls Ydhedfdiltdvn (< ae bns edüns ine kdsfueidùe

Fdhurl 6
pnr ìehubns eaurnbùhdil
eaurnbùhdil ae tnkls bls aklkas.
Yustdtuidùe ka iurvls Lbtlgaeta sdhedfdiltdvn
sdhedfdiltdvn (‛) ae bns edüns ine
Fdhurl 6
pnr bçeals raitls kdsfueidùe
kdsfueidùe eau rnbùhdi
rnbùhdill ae tnkls bls aklkas.

Kasprnpnridùe
Fdhurl L Ydhedfdiltdvn
Ydhedfdiltdvn (*) l pl rtdr
rtdr ka bns 6 lüns.
ka bls plrtas
Fdhurl 8 Ydhedfdiltdvn
Ydhedfdiltdvn (*) l plrtdr ka bns 8 lün s.

Ydhedfdiltdvn (*) ae bns edüns ine kdsfueidùe

Fdhurl
eaurnbùhdil
eaurnbùhdil ae tnkls bls aklkas.
Yustdtuidùe ka idein
puetns pnr içriubns Fdhurl Ydhedfdiltdvn
Ydhedfdiltdvn (*) l plrtdr ka bns 6 lüns .

Fdhurl 1 Ydhedfdiltdvn
Ydhedfdiltdvn (*) l plrtdr ka bns : lün s.

Lbtlgaeta sdhedfdiltdvn (' ) ae bns edüns ine

Fdhurls < ; y :
kdsfueidùe
kdsfueidùe eaurnbùhdil ae tnkls bls aklkas.

Fdhurl L y 1 Ydhedfdiltdvn
Ydhedfdiltdvn (*) ae tnkls bls a klkas.
_ntlidùe kab kdoucn
ae ;1½ Fdhurl 8 Lbtlgaeta sdhedfdiltdvn (‛) ae tnkls bls
aklkas.

Fdhurl Ydhedfdiltdvn
Ydhedfdiltdvn (*) l pl rtdr
rtdr ka bns 8 lüns .

Fdhurl ? Ydhedfdiltdvn
Ydhedfdiltdvn (*) l pl rtdr
rtdr ka bns : lüns .

Fdhurls L y ; Ydhedfdiltdvn
Ydhedfdiltdvn (*) ae tnkls bls a klkas.
Detahrlidùe
Fdhurl 6 Ydhedfdiltdvn
Ydhedfdiltdvn (*) ae tnkls bls ak lkas.
ka bls plrtas
Fdhurl 8 Ydhedfdiltdvn (< l plrtdr ka bns 6 lüns.

Ngdsdùe u lkdidùe ka Lbtlgaeta sdhedfdiltdvn

sdhedfdiltdvn (‛) ae bns edüns ine
Fdhurl ?
 jdbarl ka içriubns kdsfueidùe eaurnbùhdil l plrtdr ka bns 6 lüns.

]ärkdkl ka bl Huastlbt Fdhurl Ydhedfdiltdvn

Ydhedfdiltdvn (*) l plrtdr ka bns 1 lüns .

Yarda ka puetns Fdhurl 9 y 1 Lbtlgaeta sdhedfdiltdvn (**) ae tnkls bls

sustdtudkl pnr uel bçeal aklkas.

Lbtlgaeta sdhedfdiltdvn ( ) ae bns edüns ine

]arsavarlidùe
]arsavarlidùe Fdhurls < ? y 6
kdsfueidùe eaurnbùhdil l plrtdr ka bns 8 lüns.

Yd odae sa jl gnkdfdilkn bl sdhudaeta prasaetlidùe ka bns kl tns ae uel tlobl ine fdeas kdkìitd
kdkìitdins,
ins, sa trltl ka uel idtl
taxtulb3 @npp dtz, A. (<444). Ab [ast Huastìbtdin Vdsngntnr plrl edüns Ouaens L dras, Hulklbupa, pp. <?<-<?9.

?< : L. IL__A_LY

Leaxn K Acagpbns
Acagp bns ka arrnras
arrnras ae Çtags G lkurltdvns
lkurltdvns

Acagpbns ka arrnras ae bl asilbl ka çtags glkurltdvns ae edüns asinblrd

asinblrdzlkns
zlkns aetra 6 y <? lü ns.

Fdhurl L

< Kdstnrsdùe
Kdstnrsdùe ka bl fnrgl
l. .

? _ntlidùe Detahrlidùe
Detahrlidùe

_trdl.i―.6y
[n‚ìstrxx.

NL

Fdhurl
 ; Kdstnrsd
Kdstnrsdùe
ùe ka bl fnrgl 1 _ntlidùe

= = = =   < •

Bns acagpbns ka arrnras prnpnridnelkns ae asta leaxn i nrraspnekae l il sns ralbas -inesubtletas
-inesubtletas y en inesubtle-
tas-. Bns
Bns lhrahlk ns n lkdidneas v dsdobas ae bns hrìfdins
hrìfdins partaeai ae l bns prntnin bns nrdhd
nrdhdelbas.
elbas.

LEAZN [AY[ HQAY[ÌB[DIN VDYNGN[N_ KA OAEKA_ ?< 4

]arsavarlidùe

 
•

Fdhurl ?

8 _ntlidùe Detahrlidùe

• <-If ? v v
\ avn )+

4 ]arsavarlidùe

n
 Fdhurl 9
<= Kdstnrsd
Kdstnrsdùe
ùe ka bl fnrgl << _ntlidùe

??= L. IL__A_LY

<? Detahrlidùe
l yo

Fdhurl ;

<9 _ntlidùe <; Detahrlidùe

 Fdhurl 1

<1 Kdstnrsdùe
Kdstnrsdùe ka bl fnrgl <6 _ntlidùe

nl N6

LEAZN [AY[ HQAY[LB[DIN VDYNGN[N_ KA OAEKA_ ??

 6
Detahrlidùe
l yo

Fdhurl

< 8 Kdstnrsd
Kdstnrsdùe
ùe ka bl fnrgl
l
 : Detahrlidùe

L IL__A_LY

  4 ]arsavarlidùe

Fdhurl
? = Kdstnrsd
Kdstnrsdùe
ùe ka bl fnrgl
l
 ? < _ntlidùe ? Detahrlidùe

LEAZN [AY[ HQAY[ÌB[DIN

HQAY[ÌB[DIN VDYNGN
VDYNGN[N_
[N_ KA OAEKA_ ??9

Fdhurl

?; Kdstnrsdùe ka bl fnrg
fnrgl
l ?1 _ntlidùe
 ; L IL__A_LY

Leaxn A Olragn y [lobl ka g akd

akdls
ls y kasvçns, sahóe aklk*

ariaetdbas pnr hrupn ka aklk

1 6 8 : 4 < << ?
p LÜNY LÜNY LÜNY LÜNY LÜNY LÜNY LÜNY LÜNY p Detarpratlidùe
kdlheùstdil
]O ]O ]O ]O ]O ]O ]O ]O
44 ? ? 44
N N Yupardnr
6 9
 41 6 9 41
N
4= 8 4=
; ?
:1 :1
Yupardnr lb
N
:= 4 :=
tärgden gakdn
1
81 ? 81

<= 6 8=

61 61
‛ 8 ;
6 9 6=
?
11 <? : 1 11

1= 1= [ärgden gakdn

;1 <9 4 ; ? ;1

;= 9 ;=
<= 6
91 <; 91

9= 8 1 9 ? 9=

?1 <1 ; ? ?1
:
?= <? 6 ?= Defardnr
Defardnr lb
<1 <8 4 8 1 ; 9 <1 tärgden gakdn
<9 9
<= <: <= : 6 ; <=

1 <4 <1 <= 8 6 1 ; 1

Kafdidaeta
5?= <: 5<; <? z<= 54 1

* Astukdn ka Ilrrarls,
Ilrrarls, Qrdab
Qrdab,, ]äraz, Yuìraz Jareìekaz, Liaolb y Fareìekaz Bdpnrlia
Bdpnrlia ?=< <).

LEAZN [AY[ HQAY[ÌB[DIN VDYNGN[N_ KA OAEKA_ ??1

Vlbnras ka Gakçl y Kasvçn pnr hrupn ka aklk

[ast Huastìbtdin Vdsngntnr ka aekar

AK K GAKD KAYVÇN E

1 LÜNY <? ?8 9 4? 11
 6 L Ü NY : 14 9 6: :1

8 LÜNY 1 ;= 9 ?< <<;

: L Ü NY ; =1 ? 81 <1=

4 L Ü NY ? 8? ? ?< <;;

<= LÜNY ? << < 46 <?8

<< LÜNY < 1= < 8: <=8

<? LÜNY < =8 < ;= 1:

??6 G L IL__A_LY

8. Ab Yiraaed
Y iraaedeh
eh E aurnpsdinbùhdin
aurnpsdinbùhdin
 plrl Edüns
Edüns (YE
( YE E-QO L)
Lbaclekrn
Lbac lekrn Ilstrn Ynblen y Lel K Leel

< BL EAQ_N]YDIN
EAQ_N]YDINBNHÇL
BNHÇL DEFLE[DB T BNY DEY[_QGAE[NY
DEY[_QGAE[NY KA
AV BQ IDÙE ]YDINBÙHDI
]YDINBÙHD I

Bl eau rnpsdinb
rnpsdinbnhçl
nhçl tdaea ingn prdeid
prdeidplb
plb nocatd
nocatdvn
vn ab astukdn ka bl nrhledzlidùe ia-
raorlb ka bl litdvdklk inhedtdvn-inekuitulb,
inhedtdvn-inekuitulb, lsç ingn ab leìbdsds ka sus lbtar lbtarlidneas
lidneas ae
ilsn ka pltnbnhçl iaraorlb (Lrkdbl
(Lrkdbl y _n sabbd,
sabbd, ?==8). As bl kdsidpbdel
kdsidpbdel qua astukdl bls fue-
idneas supardnras y su rablidùe ine ab sdstagl e arvdnsn.
arvdnsn. Ae a b ilsn ka bl eaurnpsdinbn-
hçl defletdb lbhuens gnkabns taùrdins l pbdile bns prdeidpdns
prdeidpdns haearl bas ka bl eau rnpsdinbn-
hçl lkubtl l ue hrupn ka akl k aspaiçfdin, bl bl pnoblidùe defletdb,
defletdb, taedaekn
taedaekn a spaidlbgaeta
ae iuaetl iùg n sa astlobaiae bls rablid rablidneas
neas ae tra iaraorn y inekuitl/inhedid
inekuitl/inhedidùe ùe ae
ue iaraorn qua sa a eiuaetrl ae kaslrrnbbn. Yde agol rhn, ntrns ntrns aefnquas en l iuarkle
ine astl axtrlpnblidùe bdealb, puastn
puastn qua ab iaraorn defletdb
defletdb en as ue iaraorn lk ubtn ae
gdedlturl y ab prniasn dgpbdil uel ingpbacdklk y uel avnbuidùe pnin praka idoba.
Bl eaurnpsdinbnhçl surha ing n kdsidpbdel
kdsidpbdel aspa içfdil
içfdil ae bl sahuekl gdtlk kab sdhbn ZZ,
iulekn sa ralbdzlrne
ralbdzlrne bns astukdns ka bls olsas eaurnodnbùhdils
eaurnodnbùhdils ka lbhuens trlstnrens kab
kaslrrnbbnn tlbas ingn ab aetneias bblglkn ratrlsn gaetlb (jny eng orlkn kdsilplidklk
kaslrrnbb
detabaitulb y bns prnobagls aspa içf içfdins
dins kab lpraekdzlca. Ine ab inrrar ka bns lün s jle
surhdkn kdvarsls aspaidlbdklkas, pnr a cagpbn bl e aurnpsdinbnhçl
aurnpsdinbnhçl ibçedilibçedil defletdb,
defletdb, bl eau -
rnpsdinbnhçl pakdìtrdil, bl eaurnpsdinbnhçl kab kaslrrnbbn tagprlen y bl eaurnpsdinbnhçl
inhedtdvll defletdb (Hnbkstade y _aye nbks, <4440 _ ayenbks y F batijar-Clezae,
inhedtdv batijar-Clezae, ?=< 9).
Ae l üns raidaetas bl eaurnpsdinbnhçl kab kasl rrnbb rrnbbnn defletd
defletdbb fua
fua deiraga etlekn su
dgpnrtleidl ae iul etn l bl kataiidùe ka pnoblidneas a e rdashn ka prasaetlr lbtarlidn-
eas eaurninhedtdvls
eaurninhedtdvls qua puakl e dgpbd dgpbdilr
ilr l guy tagprlel aklk lbhóe td tdpn
pn ka rdashn
rdashn
ka vdkl y qua, lbhuens lüns g ìs tlrka, puakle detarfardrdetarfardr ine ab dehrasn ka bns edüns lb
sdstagl
sdst agl akuiltdvn y ine bl l kqudsdidùe
kqudsdidùe ka bls jlodbdklkas
jlodbdklkas oìsdils plrl a b lpraekdzlca.
Lbhuens trlstnrens
trlstnrens qua l etas plslole kaslparid
kaslparidodkns
odkns ljnrl sne plsdob plsdobas
as ka katai-
tlrsa guy prainzgaeta gakdleta avlbulidneas eaurnpsdinbùhdils, qua tdaeae ingn
nocatdvn
nocatd vn óbtd
óbtdgn
gn ab kdsaün ka detarvaeidneas p sdinbùhdils y/n psdinakuiltdvls aspaiç-
fdils ine bl ineinesaiuaeta
saiuaeta gacnrl ae ab p prneùstdin
rneùstdin ka asns edüns ae rdashn sdagpra
qua sale avlbulkn s y trltlkns
trltlkns ka glearl npnrtuel y lkaiul kl.
L pa slr ka qu a lbhuens g nkabns taùrdins lpbd lpbdile
ile bns prdeidpd
prdeidpdns ns ka bl ea urnpsdin-
bnhçl kab lkubtn l bns edüns, axdstae kdfaraeidls
kdfaraeidls sustleidlbas aetra lg ols pn oblidneas,
qua sdetatdzlgns ae bl sdhudaeta tlobl.

AB YI_AAEDEH EAQ_N]YDINBÙHDIN ]L_L EDÜNY YEE-QOL) ?8

 
 [lobl < . Kdfaraeidls aetra bl eau rnpsdinbnhçl defletdb y lkubtl,
sahóe ]nrtabblen ?==8).

EDÜNY KQB[NY

Iaraorn ae kaslrrnbb
kaslrrnbbn.
n. Ae prniasn ka lkqudsdidùe ka idartls Iaraorn yl kaslrrnbblkn y, pnr aek a, gìs astloba.
jlodbdklkas oìsdils

Glynr pblstdidklk iaraorlb ae kdsfueidneas eaurnbùhdils lk- Ga enr pblstdid

pblstdidklk
klk iaraorlb. Gaenr raiuparlidùe fueidnelb
qudrdkls. qua ae edüns.

Gaen r astlodbdklk ka bns parfdbas eaurnpsdinbùhdins notaedkns Glyn r astlodbdklk ka bns parfdbas eaurnpsdinbùhdins notaedkns
ae bl avlbulidùe. ae bl avlbulidùe.

Dgpnrtleidl kab kdlheùstdin ka bns trlstnrens

trlstnrens kab kaslrrnbbn
kaslrrnbbn ka En inrraspn eka rafardrens l trlstnrens kab kaslrrnbbn pnr trl-
lpraekdzlca ka baiturl, ka asirdturl, ka gltagì tdil, ati.). tlrsa ka dekdvdkuns yl glkurns.

]rneùstdin3 K dsnidlidùe aetra aklk ka kataiidùe ka bl kdsfue- ]rneùstdin3 Ae guijns ilsns puaka astdglrsa degakdltl
idùe y lplrdidùe kab sçetngl. gaeta kaspuäs ka prnkuidkl
prnkuidkl jloblgns ka b sdùe pnrqua sa
trltl ka lkubtns.

Ab sçetngl puaka plslr kaslparidodkn lüns letas n kaspuäs Ab sçetngl suaba sar gìs iblrn y avdkaeta, ka gnkn g uijn
ka kataitlkl bl kdsfueidùe. gìs ingóe.

Ltaekdaekn astls kdfaraeidls,

kdfaraeidls, sa kaoa sar iudklknsn ka en lpbdilr ka gnkn kd-
raitn y uedvarslb ab gnka bn eaurnpsdinbùhdin lkubtn l bns edüns, avdtlr bl ddkal
kal sdg pbdstl
pbdstl
ka paeslr qu a sa trltl ka kns iaraorns dkäetdins parn uen ine g aenr kaslrrnbbn.
kaslrrnbbn.
Bls k dsf
dsfueidneas
ueidneas eau rnbùhd
rnbùhdils
ils ae edüns sne, a e tärgdens haearlbas, deaspaiçf
deaspaiçfdils,
dils,
pnr bn iulb kle buhlr l käfdidts kdfusns, puastn qua bls fueidneas earvdnsls lóe en
lbilezlrne su ingpbatl kdfaraeidlidùe y glkuraz Ae ab ilsn ka qua ab iaraorn ka
ue edün axpardgaeta uel l btarlidùe
btarlidùe tagprlel, sa prnkuia ue l hrle kasnrhle dzlidùe
dzlidùe
y uel kataeidùe ae bl avnbuidùe ka su k aslrrnbb
aslrrnbbnn enrg lb, bn qua puaka nilsdnelr uel
dgpnsdodbdklk ae bl lkqudsdidùe ka katargdelkls jlodbdklkas. Bls kdsfueidneas qua
linetaidarne l aklkas gìs tagprlels prnkuiae klüns gìs hrlvas y sus inesa-
iuaeidls kapaeka e ka bl bnilb
bnilbdzlid
dzlidùe
ùe fueidnelb, bl glhedtuk y ab td
tdpn.
pn. Ing n raliidùe,

ab sdstagl
sdstagl earvdnsn pnea ae fueid fueidnelgdaetn
nelgdaetn gailedsgns ka ingpaeslidùe plrl su-
pbdr ab afaitn nilsdnelk n pnr bl kdsfueidùe0 asl raiuparlidùe defletdb suaba sar g lynr
qua ae ab lkubt
lkubtnn kaodkn l uel g lynr eaurnpblstd
eaurnpblstdidklk,
idklk, sd od
odae
ae en ae tnkns bns ilsns
tlb raiupa rlidùe rasubtl
rasubtl axdtnsl ]nrtabblen, ?==8 ).
Ab nocatdvn prdeidplb ka bl avlbulidùe eau rnpsdinbùhdil defletd
defletdbb inesdsta ae katargdelr
bl prasaeidl ka lbtarlidneas inhedtdvls
inhedtdvls y ingp nrtlgaetlbas ae edüns ae qudaeas sa sn s-
paijl ka bl axdstaeidl ka lbhóe tdpn tdpn ka kdsfueidùe eaurnbùhd
eaurnbùhdilil Gltuta, _nsabbd y Lrkdbl,
?=<= ). En tdaea ingn fde fde uodilr bl bnilbd
bnilbdzlidùe
zlidùe iaraorlb nrdhae ka bl lfaiidùe, yl qua
uel g dsgl kdsfueidùe puaka kl r bbuhlr uhlr l gl edfastlidneas
edfastlidneas sdetngìtdils guy kdfaraetas,
lb inetrlrdn
inetrlrdn ka bn qua suiaka sahóe lbhuels inrrdaetas
inrrdaetas ka bl eaurnpsdinbnhçl
eaurnpsdinbnhçl aspa idlbd-
idlbd-
zlkl ae lkubtns. Ab parfdb
parfdb eaurnpsdinbùhdin notaedkn ordekl defnrglidùe liaril k a sd sa
trltll ka uel in ekdidùe eaurnbùhdil n psdqudìtrdil
trlt psdqudìtrdil ka lbbç bl dgp
dgp nrtleidl kab kdlheùstdin

kdfaraeidlb), l bl vaz qua pargdta katargdelr sd sa trltl ka ue p rniasn lhu kn n irùe din.
Ab eaurnpsdiùbnhn defletd
defletdbb as ue prnfasd
prnfasdnelb
nelb qua pnsaa inenidgdaetns snora avl-
bulidùe psdinbùhdil defletdb,
defletdb, sa jl fnrg lkn ae eaurnbnhçl ka b kaslrrnbb
kaslrrnbbnn y as axpa rtn
ae ab gleacn ka pruaols eaurnpsdinbùhdils.
eaurnpsdinbùhdils. Bns ìgodtns ka lpbdilidùe ae bns qua
ingó egae ta sa kasagpaül sa vdeiub
vdeiuble
le ine ab tr
trlolcn
lolcn ine edüns ine prnob
prnobagls
agls ka

??: . ILY[_N YNBLEN y L. K LEEL

 

lpraekdzlca, ab jnspdtlb pakdìtrdin plrl bl ltaeidùe ka edüns ine lbhuel kdsfueidùe

eaurnbùhdil ka kdvarsl atdnbnhçl n odae ae bl rajlodbdtlidùe ibçedil ka idartls inekdidn-
eas psdqudìtrdils y/n eaurnodnbùhdils tlbas ingn bns trlstnrens kab aspaitrn lutdstl.
Bl avlbulidùe eaurnpsdiùbnhdil sa ralbdzl gakdleta bl lkgdedstrlidùe ka destru-
ga etns qua gdkae kdst
kdstdetls
detls fueidneas inhedtdvls supardnras Ydbvar at. lb ?==6) tlbas
inhedtdvls
ingn bl ltaeidùe ab baehulca bls fueidneas saesnrdngntrdias bls pariaptulbas y bl
gag nrdl, lsç ingn bls ka bl
bl lsdgatrçl fueidnelb
fueidnelb n bltarlbd
bltarlbdzlidùe
zlidùe @nr`g le, ?==<).
Axdsta uel gubtdpbdidklk ka oltarçls eaurnpsdinbùhdils kaslrrnbblkls plrl edüns
lehbnplrbletas. Yde agolrhn sa iuae tl ine guy pnil s kdsaülkls plrl pnoblidùe de-
fletdb jdsplenjlobleta. Ae ab iulkrn sdhudaeta sdetatdzlgns bls prdeidplbas pruaols ka
avlbulidùe eaurnpsdinbùhdil defletdb
defletdb ae asplünb, ine aspaidlb rafaraeidl
rafaraeidl l lquabbls qua
jle sdkn astleklrdzlkl s ae ab inetaxtn bnilb.

[lobl ? ]rdeidplbas pruaols eaurnpsdinbùhdils ae asplünb plrl edüns

] _QA OL
Asilbl Xaijsbar ka Detabdhae-
idl plrl Edüns ]raasinblras
-X]]YD DV‛
DV‛ Xaijsbar, ?=<?)
Lklptlidùe Asplünbl, ?=<;
Iuastdnelrdn ka glkuraz eau-
rnpsdinbùhd
rnpsdinbùhdil
il asinblr ‛I QG L-
EAY‛ ]nrtabblen a t l B ?=<?).
Asilbl Xaij sbar ka Detabdhaeidl
plrl E düns ‛X DYI-DV‛ Xaijs-
bar, ?==9 Lklptlidùe lrhae-
tdel, ?=<<.
Avlbulidùe aurnpsdinbùhdil
Defletdb ‛AE D ?‛ Gltuta at lb.
?==8).
[ast ka Baiturl y Asirdturl ae
Asplünb ‛BA A ‛ Kafdnr Idtnbar
Idtnbar
a t l b . ?==6).
]_N ILB IQB N - [ast plr
plrll bl
avlbulidùe kab prniaslgdaetn
kab eógarn y kab iìbiubn Fabk a t pnekarlidùe ka fueidneas inh-
lb. ?==6).
Iuastdnelrdn ka glkuraz eau-
rnpsdinbùhdil defletdb ‛IQ GL -
E E ‛ ]nrtabblen a t l b . ?===).
A V LBÓL
Ya notdaea ue ID tntlb y aetra 9
y 1 puetulidneas çekdia
çekdia ing-
praesdùe varolb, vdsnasplidlb,
gagnrdl ka trlolcn, rlznel-
gdaetn fbudkn y vabnidklk ka
prniaslgdaetn , a çekdias sa-
iueklrdns.
Ya notdaea ue Çekdia ka kaslrrn-
<<= eaurnpsdinbùhdin l trlväs ka
<? suoasilbls
suoasilbls lhruplkls aae
e6
ìrals3 baehulca, vdsnpariapidùe,
fueidnelgdaetnn acaiutdvn,
fueidnelgdaet acaiutdvn, g a-
gnrdl, rdtgn y bltarlbdklk.
Ya notdaea ue ID tntlb y ; pue-
tulidneas çekdia ingpraesdùe
varolb, rlznelgdaetn vdsulb,
vabnidklk ka prniaslgdaetn y
gagnrdl ka trlolcn)
<9 kn gdedns eaurnpsdinbùhdins
kdstrdoudkns
kdstrdoudkns ae tras saiidneas.
]rniasns dgpbdilkns ae bl bai-
turl y ae bl asirdturl. Kataitl
tdpns ka arrnras nosarvlkns, l
fde ka praidslr ab kdlheùstdin y
ka prnhrlglr bl detarvaeidùe.
Avlból ab prniaslgdaetn kab eó-
garn y kab iìbiubn gakdleta bl
edtdvls rablidnelkls.
Ya axpbnrle ; fueidneas gaetl-
bas oìsdils3 baehulca, gagnrdl,
gntrdidklk y saesnrdlbdklk, l
trlväs ka <9 asilbls.
A KLKA Y
Lkgdedstrlidùe ekdvdkulb
plrl edüns ka ? lüns
6 gasas l 8 lüns y 8
gasas.
Lkgdedstrlidùe ekdvdkulb
plrl edüns ka 8 l << lü ns.
Lkgdedstrlidùe ekdvdkulb
plrl edüns ka 6 lüns l <6
lüns y << gasas.
1 lüns l <6 lüns y <<
gasas
Lkgdedstrlidùe
Lkgdedstrlidùe dekdvdkulb l
edüns ka prdglrdl ka <½ l
;½ hrlkn.
Lkgdedstrlidùe dekdvdkulb l
Lkgdedstrlidùe
edüns ka 6 l 4 lü ns.
Lkgdedstrlidùe dekdvdkulb l
Lkgdedstrlidùe
edüns ka 9 l 6 lüns.
KL[NY
EN_ GL [ DVNY
Edüns praasinblras y ka
akuilidùe prdglrdl, pnobl-
idùe asplünbl.
Edüns asinblrdzlkns, pn-
oblidùe asplünbl.
Edüns asinblrdzlkns ka bl
Iduklk ka Ouaens L dras y
ab Ineurolen.
E düns gnenbdehòas
gnenbdehòas ka Gä-
xdin y Inbngodl.
Edüns asinblrdzlkns ka bl
iduklk ka Ouaens Ldras y
ab Hrle Ouaens Ldras aetra
6 y <= lüns.
Edüns asinblrdzlkns ka bl
iduklk ka Ouaens Ldras y
ab hrle Ouaens Ldras.
E düns ae aklk praasinblr,
praasinblr,
pnoblidùe asplünbl.
 AB YI_AAEDEH EAQ_N]YDINBÙHDIN
EAQ_N]YDINBÙHDIN ]L_L
]L_L EDÜNY YEE-QOL) 4

Bns edüns ine kdfdiubtlkas plrl ab lpraekdzlca prasaetle lbtarlidneas ae kdvarsns

prniasns psdinbùhdins
psdinbùhdins oìsdins rablidnelkns ine bl i ingpraesdùe
ngpraesdùe y bl utdbdzlidùe kab
baehulca jloblkn y/n asirdtn
asirdtn qua sa pneae ka gle gledfdastn
dfdastn ae kdfdiubtlkas ltaeidnel-
bas, kab jlobl, bl baiturl, bl asirdturl, bl nrtnhrlfçl n bl lrdtgätdil, pnr bn qua sa jlia
eaiaslrdn inetlr ine uel pruaol qua pargdtl kataitlr lbh lbhuel
uel lbtarlidùe n flbb
flbbll ae bl
lkqudsdidùe ka lbhuels ka a stls jlodbdklkas.

? AB YI_AAEDEH
YI_AAEDEH EAQ_N]YDINBÙHD
EAQ_N]YDINBÙHDIN
IN ]L_L ED
EDÜNY
ÜNY YEE-QOL)
Nocatdvns ka bl pruaol

Ab YEE -QOL, en deib

deibudkn
udkn ae bl [ lobl ?, as ue destr
destrugaetn
ugaetn ka lpbdilid
lpbdilidùe
ùe dekdvdkulb
raidaetagaeta kdsaülkn pl rl avlbulr bbll g kuraz eaurnpsdinbùhdi ka bns edüns ka
aetra y 4 lüns ka aklk. Ya trltl ka uel pruaol ka siraaedeh qua detaetl ralbd ralbdzlr
zlr
ue kasp dstlca
dstlca ka lquabbns edüns qua pnkrç e axpardgaetlr kdfdiubtlkas ae ab lpraekd-
zlca ae bl atlpl asinblr, kaodkn l su deglkuraz eaurnpsdinbùhd
eaurnpsdinbùhdil.il. Qe edün psçqudil-
gaeta g lkurn sahóe bns plrìga trns astlkç
astlkçstd
stdilgaeta
ilgaeta aspa rlob
rlobas
as kaodarl sar ilplz
ka ralbdzlr tnkls
tnkls bls tlrals raquardkls pnr bl YEE-Q OL pl rl su edvab ka aklk. Kaoa
kastlilrsa qua bl pruaol en a stì kdsaülkl p lrl ralbdzlr ue kdlheùstdin psdinb psdinbùhdin
ùhdin
sden plrl afaitulr tlrals ka rlstrdbblca n irdolkn ka ilsns ae rdashn. Lquabbns edüns
qua fuarle kataitlkns ingn pnsdobas i sns raquardrìe ka uel avlbulidùe ae prn-
fuekdklk ka sus fueidneas in hedtd
hedtdvls
vls ga kdleta lbhóe destr
destruga
uga etn ka lkg dedst
dedstrlidùe
rlidùe
dekdvdkulb
dekdvdkulb a.h. X] ]YD-DV, XDYI -DV) ae ab glrin ka uel oltarç
oltarçll gìs lgpbdl. Bl pruaol
puaka utdbdzlrsa ae bns ìgodtns ka lpbdilidùe akuilidnelb, ibçedin, ka devastdhlidùe y
eaurnpsdinbùhdin.

Kasirdpidùe ka bl pruaol

Ab YYE-QOL inestl ka <= tlrals saeid

saeidbbbbls
ls varolbas y pditùr
pditùrdils)
dils) qqua
ua avlbóle kd-
faraetas fueidneas
fueidneas inhedtdvls. Ab td
tdagpn
agpn ka lk gdedst
gdedstrlidùe
rlidùe as g uy orava, <1 gdeutns
lprnxdglklgaeta, pnr bn qua sa raingdaekl lpbdilr bl pruaol ae uel snbl sasdùe
ilkl tlral kagnrl aetra lbhuens sahuekns y < ù ? gdeutns). Ya notd notdaea
aea ue pue tlca
ka inrta qua saülbl sd bl glkuraz eaurnpsdinbù
eaurnpsdinbùhdil
hdil kab axlgdelkn as delkaiulkl
enrglb n supardnr n defardnr l bn asparlkn plrl su aklk. Yu lkgdedstrlidùe raqudara
nosarvlr bl acaiuidùe gntnrl kab edün ae bls tlrals ka bìpdz y plpab.
Ae bl [lobl 9 sa inesdhel ab bdstlkn ka bls tlrals qua ingpneae ab YYE-QOL y bl
fueidùe avlbulkl pnr ilkl uel.
 ?9= . ILY[_N YNBLEN y L. K LEEL

[lobl 9. [lrals qua ingpneae ab YEE QOL y fueidneas inhedtdvls lsnidlkls.

....
,.

<. Nrdaetlidùe Haearlb

.

,.., .
.
Nrdaetli dùe lutnpsçqu dil.

?. _apatdidùe ka ]lblorls Ga gnrdl Degakdltl varolb).

9. Ileiablidùe Ltaeidùe Vdsulb y _lp dkaz Gntnrl. Innrkdelidùe Vdsngntnrl. Kds-

irdgdelidùe ]ariaptulb.

;. _aiuarkn Kdfardkn _ a i upa rl i dù e G a g nrdl k a Bl rhn ] bl

bl zn - _ a i no rn Kdf a rdkn
rdkn i ne
lyukl sag ìetdil).

1. _ainenidgdaetn ka N ocatns KaengdelidùeEniloublrdn Axprasdvn.

6l . Fbuaeidl Yagìetdil Fbudkaz Varolb sagìetdil) + Gag nrdl Blrhn ]blzn.

6o . Fbuaeidl Fnenbùhdil Fbudkaz Varolb fnenbùhdil) + Gag nrdl Blrhn

Blrhn ]blzn.

8. Nrdaetlidùe [agpnrlb Nrdaetlidùe [agpnrlb.

:. Lelbnhçls Vdsulb y Varolb) Ineiaptulbdzlidùe varolb y vdsulb.

4. Inpdl ka Kdsaün Jlodbdklkas ka Vdsuninestruiidùe.

<= . Inetan ka Eógarns Ltaeidùe L ukdtdvl. Inetan ae saetdkn kdraitn3

kdraitn3 ltaeidùe ‛In etan
ae saetdkn devarsn3 Ilplidklk ka Ineiaetrlidùe y Yaiuaeidlidùe.
Gag nrdl ka Inrtn ]blzn y ka [rlolcn.

L inetdeulidùe
inetdeulidùe kasirdodgns
kasirdodgns o ravagaeta bls tlrals kab YEE-QO L y su rablidùe
rablidùe ine
pnsdobas kdsfueidneas trlstnrens y raekdg daetn asinblr kab edün.

[lral < Nrdaetlidùe Haearlb Ya trltl ka uel sarda ka prahuetls abagaetlbas

qua detaetle avlbulr bl pariapidùe ka sç gdsgn y pargdtae ineniar sd ab edün sloa
qudäe as kùeka vdva ati. Klkn qua as bl prdgarl ttlral
lral ens kl uel avlbulidùe ha-
earlb ka bl nrdaetlidùe lutnpsçqudil kab axlgdelkn. Bns flbbns ae bl gdsgl astlrçle

dekdilekn ue l sardl kdfdiubtlk

kdfdiubtlk ae bl nrdaetlidùe.
[lral ? _apatdidùe ka plblorls
plblorls Ya trltl ka tras plblorls saeidbbls y ka usn
intdkdlen qua ab edün kaoa rapatdr buahn ka qua
qu a ba sne ordeklkls pnr ab avlbulknr0
astl tlral en sa puetól klkn qua su fdelbdklk as iaridnrlrsa ka qua ab edün puaka
raprnkuidrbls
raprnkuidrbls inrraitlgaeta p lrl buahn ralbdzlr su avnilidùe iule kn ba a s snbdidtlkn
snbdidtlkn
ae bl [lral ;.

[lral 9 _aiuarkn Kdfardkn Bl tlral prnpuastl inesdsta ae raiuparlr uel defnr-

glidùe prnvdstl pravdlgaeta. As uel fnrgl orava ka gakdr bl gagnrdl ka blrhn pblzn.
Ya prnvaa lyukl sagìetdil plrl flidbdtlr ab raiuarkn. Bl flbbl ae astl tlral astlrçl
 dekdilekn ue käfdidt savarn ka bl gagnrdl ka blrhn pblzn y uel pnsdoba kdsfueidùe
eaurnbùhdil.

[lral ; Ileiablidùe Astl tlral avlból bl

bl ltaeidùe sabaitdvl
sabaitdvl qua as aetaekdkl
ingn bl ilplidklk plrl gletaear bl ltaeidùe iaetrlkl ae ue nocatdvn iulekn sa
deibuya bl prasaeidl ka ntrns astçgubns kdstrlitnras. _aqudara ka oósquakl vdsulb
litdvlidùe ka nocatdvns dhenrlr kdstrlitnras innrkdel idùe vdsngn tnrl y rlpdkaz ae ab
leìbdsds kab deput y ae bl acaiuidùe ka bl raspuastl. Bls tlrals ka ileiablidùe sne

AB YI_AAEDEH EAQ_N]YDINBÙHDIN
EAQ_N]YDINBÙHDIN ]L_
]L_L
L EDÜNY YEE-QOL) 9<

guy ótdbas plrl kdfaraeidlr aetra parsnels ine y sde kdsfueidùe eaurnbùhdil savarl
Ordekl defnrglidùe lkdidnelb snora vabnidklk y axlitdtuk.
axlitdtuk. Qe avlbulkn p uaka sar rì-
pdkn parn deaxlitn, n baetn parn sahu rn.

[lral 1 _ainenidgdaetn
_ainenidgdaetn ka Nocatns Astl tlral avlból bl ilplidklk ka vnil-
oublrdn axprasdvn kab edün
edün l trlväs ka b rainenidgdaetn ka insls ineiratls a dgì haeas
prasaetlkls pnr ab avlbulknr. Bl lgpbdtuk ka vniloublrdn
vniloublrdn as uen ka bns dekd
dekdilknras
ilknras
ka äxdtn ka bls jlodbdklkas pnstardnras ka ing praesdùe y prnkuiidùe bdehòçstdil. Bns
edüns qua lpraekae l baar kaoae sar ilplias ka kasidfrlr bls plblorls asirdtls, parn
tlgodäe kaoae pnsaar ue inenidgdaetn ka tlbas plblorls plrl qua puakle aetaekar
bn qua kasi dfrlrne.
dfrlrne. Qel pu etulidùe pnora ae as tl pruaol astlrçl dekdilekn kdfdiub
kdfdiubtl-
tl-
kas ae bl kaeng delidùe ka nocatns y kdfdiubtlkas
kdfdiubtlkas ae bl lkqudsdidùe
lkqudsdidùe ka bl baitnasirdturl.
baitnasirdturl.

[lral 6 Fbuaeidl Yagìetdil y Fnenbùhdil Astls sne g uy utdbdzlkls

utdbdzlkls ae bl avl-
bulidùe eaurnpsdinbùhdil, pnrqua parg dta axlgdelr kdfaraetas fueidneas kab baehulca

vniloublrdn
vniloublrd
snstaedkl y nfueidnea
y kaengdelidùe), td
tdagpns
s acaiutdvls. agpns ka raspuastl,
Bl fbudkaz
fbudkaz nrhledzlidùe
va rolb sa rafdara g aetlb,kab
l bl vabnidklk ltaeid
ltaeidùe
ùe
jlobl.
Astl tlral as lkaiulkl plrl kataitlr trlstnrens kab baehulca lb axdstd axdstdrr rat
ratlrkn
lrkn ae bl
vabnidklk ka raspuastl). Ab raekdgdaetn rasubtl kdsgdeudkn sd ab avlbulkn tdaea prnoba-
gls ae bl l rtdiublidùe
rtdiublidùe ka bls plblorls, pnorazl bäxdil n kdsflsdl.

[lral 8 Nrdaetlidùe [agpnrlb Ya trltl ka uel gakdidùe haearlb ka bl nrdae-

tlidùe tagpnrlb lbnpsçqudil y pargdta raineniar sd ab edün
edün as ilpl z ka uodilrsa tag-
pnrlbgaeta Bns flbbns ae astl pruaol astastlrçle
lrçle dekdilekn uel sardl lbtarlidùe
lbtarlidùe ae bl
nrdaetlidùe,
nrdaetlidùe, rasubtlekn gìs dgp nrtletas ae bns edüns glyn ras.

[lral : Lelbnhçls Vdsulb y Varolb Astls tlrals prnpnridnele uel gakdkl ka

bls jlodbdklkas ka paeslgdaetn bùhdin-lostrlitn, tletn ine inetaedkn vdsulb ingn

varolb. Ab edün eaiasdtl nrhledzlr, lostrlar y aeinetrlr rablidneas aetra bns astçgubns
prasaetlkn s. Yne tlrals g uy saesdobas l lbtarlidneas kab jag dsfardn
dsfardn dzqudarkn. Bl de-
ilplidklk plrl rasnbvar astls litdvdklkas dekdilrçl rdhdkaz ae bns prniasns ka paesl-
gdaetn. Klkn q ua astl pruaol avlból bl jlodbd
jlodbdklk
klk plrl aeinetrlr ue nrkae ae tra bbns
ns
nocatns prasaetlkns, as dgpnrtleta kastlilr qua astlgns ae prasaeidl ka uel tlral
guy vdeiublkl l bns prniasns ka lpraek dzlca asinblr.
 Kdsaün Bls tlrals ka inpdl ka fdhurls hangätrdils ingpba-
[lral 4 Inpdl ka Kdsaün
cls rasubtle dkalbas
dkalbas plrl av lbulr bl innrkdelidùe vdsngntnrl kab edün y bls jlodbdklkas
ka vdsninestruiidùe. Ya trltl ka uel tlral ingp bacl qua raqudara bl plrtd
plrtdidplidùe
idplidùe ka
góbtdpbas litdvdklkas iaraorlbas y bl pariapidùe lkaiulkl kab astçgubn, bl pbledfdil-

idùe, ab gleacn y kngdedn ka bls innrkaelkls asplidlbas y kab sdstagl gntnr. Lqua-
bbns edüns qua en puakae ralbdzlr bl acaiuidùe prnpuastl puakae prasaetlr trlstnrens
ka bl raprasaetlidùe hrìfdil y astlrçle gns trlekn deilplidklk plrl bl pbledfdilidùe y
acaiuidùe Yu acaiuidùe inrraitl astì lbtlgaeta inrrablidnelkl ineine ab raekdgdaetn
asinblr.

[lral <= Inetan ka Eógarns Astl tlral inesdsta ae rainrklr defnrglidùe lu-
kdtdvl y rapatdrbl ae bl saiuaeidl dekdilkl. Avlból bl ilplidklk ka saiuaeidlidùe, bl

?9? L. ILY[_N YNBLEN y L. K LEEL

gag nrdl lukdtdvl

lukdtdvl degak dltl, bl
bl kdstrlitdodbdklk
kdstrlitdodbdklk y bl ilplidklk ka ltaeidùe y ineiae-
trlidùe. Bls kdfdiubtlkas ae su ralbdzlidùe dekdile ue katardnrn ae bl ltaeidùe, y lbartl

snora bl pnsdodbdklk
pnsdodbd
ka kdsilbiubdl n klk ka axdl
k dsfueidùe
ka kdsbaxdl
kdsb tdaekaeeaurnbùhdil. Lquabbns
l notaear gaen edüns qua tdaeae
ras raekdgdaetns prnobag
ae asta ls
tdpn ka
litdvdklkas. Ka fnrgl saiueklrdl, bls tlrals pbletalkls rafbacle bl ilplidklk kab edün
plrl gleaclr bl lesdaklk.

i Lkgdedstrlidùe

b Iulkaredbbn ka Lkg dedstrlid

Iulkaredbbn dedstrlidùe
ùe y _ahdstrn ka _ aspuastls kab YEE-Q OL inetdaea
bls destruiidneas
destruiidneas ka lkg dedstrlidùe
dedstrlidùe ka bl pruaol, y lsdgdsgn fueidnel ing n jncl ka
rahdstrn
rahdstrn ka bls raspuastls kab avlbulkn. ]lrl ing nkdklk kab axlgdelknr, sa jle de-
ibudkn lbbç bls plutls haearlbas plrl bl puetulidùe, bn qua en nostl plrl qua sa de-
ibuyl ae ab gle ulb, ae ab lplrtlkn qua sdhua, ilsns pl rtdiublras
rtdiublras qua puak ae susidtlr
kukls ae ab axlgdelknr. Ab YE E-Q OL raqudara lkagìs ine tlr ine bls bls [lrcatls < l 1
qua sa jlbble kaetrn kab aqudpn ingpbatn ka bl norl (plrl bl ralbdzlidùe ka bls [lrals
1, :, 4 y <= 0 plrl bl tlral ka ileiablidùe ([lral 9 ) sa utdbdzl
utdbdzl bl jncl qua sa jl bbl
bbl ae bl
pìh. << kab Iulkaredbb
Iulkaredbbnn ka Lkg dedstrlid
dedstrlidùe
ùe Ya raing daekl lkgdedstrlr ab YEE lb edün
buahn ka jlo ar ralbdzlkn
ralbdzlkn n trl litdvdklk
litdvdklk kaetrn ka bl avlbulidùe y eueil ae prdgar tär-
gden, ine ab fde ka rakuidr bl lesdaklk y astlobaiar ue lkaiulkn rlppnrt
Bl pruaol kaoa sar lk gdedstrlkl ae fnrgl ing pbatl, sde sde slbtalrsa çtags ed lbtarlr
lbtarlr
su nrkae.
Bns gltardlbas l utdbdzlr tlrcatls, nocatns, u jncl ka ileiablidùe) snblgaeta
kaoae gnstrlrsa lb axlgdelkn ae ab gngaetn ka ralbdzlr ilkl tlral y en letas
ed kaspuäs ab avlbulknr pnkrì tlplr ine uel jncl lquabbls tlrcatls qua en sale
eaiaslrdls plrl bl tlral aspaiçfdil qua sa astì lkg dedstr
dedstrlekn).
lekn). As dgpn rtleta taear
praplrlkns bns gltardlbas letas ka ingaezlr bl lkgdedstrlidùe, ine ab nocatdvn ka
en prnvnilr kdstrliidneas ae ab edün. Bns gdsgn s sne3 Iulka redbbn redbbn ka Lk gdedstrlidùe
gdedstrlidùe
ine bl [lral ka Ileiablidùe qua fdhurl ae pìhdel << yl kaspraekdkl kab Iulkar-
edbbn), [lrcatls, ? bìpdias (plrl ab edün y ab avlbulknr), jncl ae oblein y irneùgatrn.'
 Ab prnfasdnelb kaoarì ingpbatlr tnkns bns kltns snidnkag nhrìfdins qua fdhurle ae
bl prdgarl pìhdel kab Iu lkaredbbn
lkaredbbn letas ka ing aezlr bl lkg dedstrlidùe
dedstrlidùe ka bl pruaol0
sd ab avlbulknr kasal inesdhelr lbhóe ingaetlrdn lkdidnelb pnsaa ue raiulkrn k astd-
elkn l asa fde.
Bl pruaol iuaetl ine uel inesdhel haearlb y inesdhels aspaiçfdils plrl ilkl
uel ka bls [lrals, qua kaoae sar baçkls lb edün lsahurìeknsa ka qua ab gdsgn bls
ingpraekl0 sa puaka lklptlr ab vniloublrdn
vniloublrdn ka lbhuel inesdhel sahóe su aklk y il-
rlitarçstdils
rlitarçstdils aspaiçfdils,
aspaiçfdils, parn kao a pnearsa aspaidlb iudklkn ae e n g nkdfdilr
nkdfdilr ab sae-
tdkn ka bl gdsgl n ae ordeklr defnrglidùe axtrl qua en astä pravdstl ae ab Iulkaredbbn.

<. Bl Akdtnrdlb pnea l kdspnsdidùe kab prnfasdnelb bl pnsdodbdklk ka kasilrhlr a dgprdgdr ab lrijdvn kab ulkar
edbbn ka Lkgdedstrlidùe y _ahdstrn ka _aspuastls. ]lrl abbn, sdhl bls sdhudaetas destruiidneas (qua fdhurle lsd-
gdsgn ae ab knrsn ka kdijn Iulkaredbbn3 Dehrasa ae ab sdtdn wao www pldknskap ing lr y sabaiidnea ae ab
gaeó bl npidùe [asts y sarvd
sarvdidns
idns defnr
defnrgltdzlkns
gltdzlkns . Lbbç aeinetr
aeinetrlrì
lrì ue raiulkrn
raiulkrn kaengdelkn Oaeafdidns lb prn-
fasdnelb , qua inetdaea uel il sdbbl. ]lrl kasilrhlr ab _ahdstrn ka _aspuastls dehrasa ab iùkdhn3 YEEQOL
Kdijn lrijdvn pnkrì sar kasi lrhlkn ae su ingputlknrl plrl su utdbdzlidùe y pnstardnr dgprasdùe.

AB YI_AAEDEH EAQ_N]YDINBÙHD
EAQ_N]YDINBÙHDIN
IN ]L_L EDÜNY YEE-QOL) 99

L gakdkl qua ab prnfasdnelb vl lkgdedstrlekn bl pruaol y notaedaekn bls ras-

puastls kab edün, puaka puetulrbl, klkl bl saeidbbaz ka sus plutls ka lkgdedstrl-
idùe y puetulidùe. Ingn ae iulbqudar sdtulidùe ka avlbulidùe sa kaoa haearlr ue
ibdgl ka trlolcn kdstaekdkn, prniurlekn ue lkaiulkn rlppnrt, plrl bnhrlr qua ab
edün inblonra ine bl tlral qua sa ba prnpnea. As dgpnrtleta lkagìs vardfdilr kds-
gdeuidneas saesnrdlbas, vdsulbas y/n lukdtdvls prasaetas ae ab edün letas ka ingae-
zlr l trlolclr.
]lrl ingaezlr bl lkgdedstrlidùe ab avlbulknr baarì bl sdhudaeta inesdhel haea-
rlb3 L inetdeulidùe ta vny l jliar lbhuels prahuetls y pakdr qua ralbdias kdfaraetas
tlrals. En ta praniupas sd en pnkäs ralbdzlr lbhuels, pnrqua sne plrl ijdins gìs
hrlekas. Jliä bls qua puakls y sd en sloäs bl raspuastl, kaidga en sä .
Buahn sa ingdaezl l lkg dedst
dedstrlr
rlr bbls
ls tlrals ae ab nrkae qua fdhurle ae ab Iulkar-
edbbn ka Lkgdedstrlidùe.

[L_AL < N_DAE[LIDNE HAEA_LB

l Kasirdpidùe ka bl tlral3 Ya trltl

trltl ka 1 prahuetls a bagaetlbas, rafardkls
rafardkls lb edün.

o Gltardlbas3 Iulkaredbbn ka Lkgdedstrlidùe y _ahdstrn ka _aspuastls.

i [dagpn3 En sa rahdstrl.

k Lkgdedstrlidùe3
- Bl inesdhel as3 [a vny l jliar
jliar lbhuels prahuetls
prahuetls . T sa suiakae 1 çtags3
çtags3
¾Iùgn ta Dblgìs> ¾Iuìetns lüns taeäs> ¾Kùeka vdvçs> ¾Iùgn sa bblgl tu
plpì> ¾Iù gn sa bblgl
bblgl tu glgì>
- Ae a b Iulkaredbbn sa ordekle liblrlidneas ka quä as bn qua sa inesdkarl inrraitn
n asparloba plrl ilkl çtag.
 - Yd ab edün ordekl uel raspuastl qu a ab avlbulknr inesdkarl inefusl n deing pbatl,
sa ba kaoa pakdr qua sal gìs aspaiçfdin. ]nr acagpbn, sd ue edün ka 1 lüns ras-
pneka l bl prahuetl ¾Iuì etns lüns taeäs> kdidaekn Kns , n utdb utdbdzl
dzl kns kakns,
sa ba
ba puaka prahuetlr3 ¾A stìs sahurn ka qua taeäs kns lüns> .
- Yd sa ba prahuet
prahuetll ¾Kùeka vdvç
vdvçs>
s> , y raspn
raspneka
eka Ae gd ilsl n Ae ue akdf akdfdid
didnn n
ae Lrhaetdel , sa ba puaka kaidr3 Yç, asn astì
astì odae, parn ¾ae quä olrrdn vdvçs>
vdvçs>
- Fraeta l bls prahuetls pnr ab engora kab plkra y ka bl glkra, sa asparl qua
inetastae ine ab eng ora y lpabbdkn, parn ab engora ka pdbl as liaptloba.

a ]uetulidùe
• Ineiakl < puetn pnr ilkl raspuastl inrraitl.
• Ineiakl N puetn pnr ilkl raspua stl deinrr
deinrraitl
aitl n lusaeta.

gìxdgl3 1 puetns.
5 ]uetulidùe gìxdgl3

[L_AL ? _A]A[DIDÙE KA ]LBLO_LY

l Kasirdpidùe ka bl tlral3 Ab avlbulkn aeueidl tras plblorls y ab edün bls rapdt

rapdta0
a0 sa
trltll ka uel prìitdil eaiaslrdl plrl buahn k aslrrnbblr
trlt aslrrnbblr bl [lral ;. _aiuarkn kdfardkn.
kdfardkn.

?9; L. ILY[_N YNBLEN y L. K' LEEL

o . Gltardlbas3 Iulkaredbbn ka Lkgdedstrlidùe y _ahdstrn ka _aspuastls.

i. [dagpn3 En s a rahdstrl.

k . Lkgdedstrlidùe3
- Bl inesdhel as3as3 [a vny l kaidr tras plblorls. _apatdbls kaspuäs ka qua bls
jlyls asiuijlkn. [rltì ka rainrklrbls pnrqua ta bls vny l vnbvar l prahuetlr3
YNB, HL[N, ]ABN[L .
- Ya p uaka rapa tdr bl inesdhel sd sa l kvdarta qua ab edün en bl aetaekdù.
- Ya ka oa rahdstrlr ab nrkae ae qua ab edün raprnkuia bls plblorls, ae ab buhlr kas-
tdelkn plrl abbn ae ab Iulkaredbbn.

a ]uetulidùe Astl tlral en sa puetól.

[L_AL 9 ILEIABLIDÙE

l . Kasirdpidùe ka bl tlral3 Ab edün kaoa rainrrar vdsulbgaeta

vdsulbgaeta uel jncl ae bl qua jly
kdstdetns
kdstdetns ledglbas y ka oa tlijlr bns pltns dhulbas l b gnkabn.
Ae bl plrta supardnr pnsaa ue raehbùe axtrl qua sa kaoa utdbd
utdbdzlr
zlr plrl ralbdzlr uel
prìitdil ine ab edün ine ab nocatdvn ka lsahurlrsa qua ingpraekdù bn qua kaoa
jliar. Qel vaz bnhrlkn astn, sa utdbdzl
utdbdzl ab irneùga
irneùga trn plrl tnglr ab tdagpn, sdaekn
< gdeutn ab tdagpn g ìxdgn qua sa ba ordekl lb ed
edün
ün plrl fdfdelbdzlr
elbdzlr bbll tlral. Yd ae a sta
tdagpn ab avlbulkn en bnhrl tlijlr tnkns bns abagaetns qua sa aeiuaetrle ae bl
pìhdel, sa kaoa suspa ekar bl tlral.
 o . Gltardlbas3
- Jncl ine tlra
tlral
lkka
aIIleia
leiablidù
blidùe
e pìhd
pìhdel
el << kab Iulkaredbbn ka Lkgdedstrlidùe y
_ahdstrn ka _aspuastls).
- Bìpdz plrl ab edün.
- Irneùgatrn.

i [dagpn3 Ya ba ntnrhle 6= sahuekn s ka tdagpn

tdagpn bçgdta
bçgdta plrl qua ralbdia
ralbdia bl tlral, ine-
ibudkn asa blpsn, sa detarrugpa. Yd tnklvçl en jl iubgdelkn ab tdagpn y ab edün kacl
ka tlijlr bns pltns, sa ba defnrgl qu a pnsa a tdagpn pl rl fdelbd
fdelbdzlr.
zlr.

o Lkgdedstrlidùe3
- Ya ba guastrl lb edün
edün bl jnc
jncll ine bl [lral y sa ba bbaa
aa bl sdhud
sdhudaeta
aeta inesdhel3 [a vny
l gnstrlr ue kdoucn. [aeäs qua glrilr bl glynr iletdklk ka kdoucns dhulbas l
ästa saülblr ab pltdtn qua sa jlbbl ae ab raiulkrn sup ardnr). ]arn prdgarn vlgns l
jliar uel jdbarl ka pruaol sa ba guastrl lb edün bl jdbarl ka prìitdil y sa asparl
l qua ab edün bl ingpbata. Yd ingpraekdù bl tlral sa ingdaezl). Odae, van qua
ingpraekdsta. Agpazì ljnrl.
Yd ab edün ingpraekdù bn qua kaoa jliar, sa dedidl bl tngl y sa prniaka l ine-
trnblr ab tdagpn. Yd ab edün lóe gua strl kdfdiubt
kdfdiubtlkas
lkas p lrl ing praeka r bn qua kaoa
jliar, sa rap dta bl axpbdilidùe.
axpbdilidùe.

a ]uetulidùe
• Ntnrhua puetn pnr ilkl pltn tlijlkn inrraitlgaeta.
En sa puetól ed sa paelbdz
paelbdzle
le bns arrnras qua jlyl inga td
tdkn,
kn, as kaidr, sd ab ed
edün
ün

AB YI_AAEDEH EAQ_N]YDINBÙHDIN ]L_L EDÜNY (YEE-QOL) ?91

tlijl ntrn ledglb qua en sal ue p ltn. Yùbn sa lsdhel puetlca pnr tlijlkurls in-
rraitls. Yd ab edün
edün fdelbdzl letas kab tdag
tdag pn ntnrhlkn, sa tng l entl ka astn.

5 ]uetulidùe gìxdgl3 <1 puetns.

[L_AL ; _AIQA_KN KDFA_DKN

l . Kasirdpidùe ka bl tlral3 Ya ba pdka lb edün qua rapdtl bls tras plblorls ordeklkls ae
bl [lral ?3 _ apatdidùe
apatdidùe ka pl blorls.

o . Gltardlbas3 Iulkaredbbn ka Lkgdedstrlidùe y _ahdstrn ka _aspuastls.

i . [dagpn3 En sa rahdstrl.
k . Lkgdedstrlidùe3
- Bl inesdhel as3 ¾[a linrkìs ka bls tras plb plblorls
lorls qua ta kdckdcaa jlia ue rltn> rafd-
rdäeknsa l bl [lral ?, YNB, HL[N, ]ABN[ L). Ljnrl kaiçgabls .
- Ya ba puaka ord
ordeklr
eklr lyukl ssdd ab edün en rraiuarkl
aiuarkl ((Ac.
Ac.33 plr
plrll Ynb , sa puaka kaid
kaidrr
lbhn qua slba pnr bl
bl glü lel ).

a ]uetulidùe
Ineia kl ? puetns pnr ilkl raspuastl inrraitl.
 Ineiakl < puetn pnr ilkl raspuastl ordeklkl buahn ka uel lyukl kab avlbulknr.
Ineiakl N puetn pnr ilkl raspuastl deinrraitl n lusaeidl ka abbl.

5 ]uetulidùe gìxdgl3 6 puetns.

[L_AL 1 _AINENIDGDAE[N KA NOCA[NY

l . Kasirdpidùe ka bl tlral3 Ya ba pdka lb edün qua kdhl bns eng oras ka bns nocatns qua
sa ba vle saülblekn. ]lrl bns çtags l o y i sa utdbdzle nocatns qua sa aeiuaetrle
fìidbgaeta ae ab inesubtnrdn u ntrns sdtdns3 bìpdz n blpdiarl, sdbbl n sdbbùe y gasl n
asirdtnrdn. ]lrl bns çtag s k a y f sa utdbdzle
utdbdzle bls [l rcatls <, ? y 9, raspaitdvlga eta.
Iulek n sa trltl ka plrtas kab iuarpn, ab avlbulknr bls saülbl ae sç g dsgn.

o . Gltardlbas3 Iulkaredbbn ka Lkgdedstrlidùe y _ahdstrn ka _aspuastls.

[lrcatls <, ? y 9.

i . [ da
da gp n 3 En sa rahdstrl.
g p n3

k . Lkgdedstrlidùe3
Bl inesdhel as3 Ljnrl ta vny l gnstrlr uel insl y ga taeäs qua kaidr quä as sa sa--
ülblr ue bìpdz). ¾\uä as astn> .
- ]lrl bns çtags l o y i, sa liaptle bls raspuastls inesdhelkls ae ab I ulkaredbulkaredbbn
bn
n lklp tlkls lb nocatn qua sa ba g uastrl lb edün (blpdiarl, sdbbùe,
sdbbùe, ati.).
- ]lrl ab çtag k, sa ines dkarl inrraitn sd ab edün
edün kdia oaoä n eaea.
- Yd lb saülblr bl rnkdbbl,
rnkdbbl, ab jng orn n bl fraeta, ab edün kdia pdarel orlzn n ilrl, sa
ba kdia qua as inrraitn parn qua kaoa kaidr ab engora axlitn ka bl plrta kab
iuarpn qua sa ba astì saülblekn.

? 9 6 L. ILY[_N YNBLEN
YNBLEN y L. K LEEL

a ]uetulidùe
• Ineiak l < pue tn pnr ilkl raspuastl inrraitl.
inrraitl.
• Ineiakl N puetn pnr ilrl raspuastl deinrraitl.

5 ]uetulidùe gìxdgl3 4 puetns.

[L_AL 6 FBQAEID
FBQAEIDLL YAGÌE[DIL T FNENBNHDIL
FNENBNHDIL

l Kasirdpidùe ka bl tlral3 Ae astl tlral ab edün kaoa prnkuidr kurleta < gdeutn eng -
oras ka ledglbas ka iultrn pltls (Fbuaeidl Yag ìetdil), y pnstardnrgaeta,
pnstardnrgaeta, ae bl gdsgl
iletdklk ka tdagpn, plblorls qua ing daeiae ine bl batrl g (Fbuaeidl Fnenbùhdil).

o Gltardlb
Gltardlbas3
as3 Iulkaredbbn
Iulkaredbbn ka Lkg dedstrli
dedstrlidùe
dùe y _ ahdstrn
ahdstrn ka _aspuastls
Irneùgatrn.

[dagpn3 < gdeutn plrl ilkl Fnrgl (l. Yagìetdil y o. F nenbùhdil).

k Lkgdedstrlidùe3