1

Matrices
1 −10 0 −5
𝐴=[ ]𝐵 =[ ]
2 3 −2 3
[𝐴]21 = 2; 𝑎12 = −10

Diagonal principal de 𝐴 está constituida por 1 y 3

Diagonal secundaria de 𝐴 está constituida por −10 y 2
Matriz fila
𝐶 = [2 0 3]
4
𝐷 = [7 ]
1
Matriz Nula
0 0 0
𝑂 = [0 0 0]
0 0 0
Matriz triangular inferior
1 0 0 1 2 3
𝐿 = [1 0 0] ; 𝑈 = [ 0 5 5]
3 5 2 0 0 7
Matriz identidad
1 0 0
𝐼3 = [0 1 0]
0 0 1
Matriz simétrica
1 4 3
𝑆 = [4 5 7]
3 7 3
Matriz antisimétrica
0 2 0
𝐴 = [−2 0 1]
−0 −1 0

2 0 1 2 0 1 −4 0 −2
𝐵 = [−1 3 0] 𝑟 = −2; 𝑟 ∙ 𝐵 = −2 ∙ [−1 3 0] = [ 2 −6 0 ]
4 3 5 4 3 5 −8 −6 −10
2

Problema con igualdad de matrices

2 0 𝑥
𝐵 = [0 𝑦 0];
1 3 1
2 0 4
𝐶 = [0 5 0]
1 3 1
Para que 𝐵 = 𝐶 debe cumplirse que 𝑥 = 4 y 𝑦 = 5.
Suma de matrices
2 0 4
𝐵 = [0 5 0]
1 3 1
2 0 4
𝐶 = [0 5 0]
1 3 1
4 0 8
𝑅 = 𝐵 + 𝐶 = [0 10 0]
2 6 2
Combinaciones Lineales de las matrices 𝑀𝑚×𝑛
4 0 16 −6 0 −12 4 0 8 2 0 12
2∙𝐵+ (−3) ∙ 𝐶 + 1 ∙ 𝑅 = [0 10 0 ]+[ 0 −15 0 ] + [0 10 0] = [0 5 0]
2 6 2 −3 −9 −3 2 6 2 1 3 1
Resta de matrices
2 0 4
𝐵 = [0 5 0]
1 3 1
2 0 4 2 0 4 −2 0 −4 0 0 0
𝐶 = [0 5 0] 𝐶 − 𝐵 = 𝐶 + (−𝐵) = [0 5 0] + [ 0 −5 0 ] = [0 0 0] = 𝑂
1 3 1 1 3 1 −1 −3 −1 0 0 0
4 0 8 4 0 8 −2 0 −4 2 0 4
𝑅 = [0 10 0] 𝑅 − 𝐵 = 𝑅 + (−𝐵) = [0 10 0] + [ 0 −5 0 ] = [0 5 0]
2 6 2 2 6 2 −1 −3 −1 1 3 1
Transpuesta de una matriz
0 6 0 0 −6 0
𝐴 = [−6 0 3], 𝐴𝑇 = [6 0 −3]
0 −3 0 0 3 0
3

Producto de matrices
2 0 4
𝐵 = [0 5 0]
1 3 1
2 0 4
𝐶 = [0 5 0]
1 3 1
8 12 12 2
𝐵 ∙ 𝐶 = [0 25 0 ] [𝐵 ∙ 𝐶]11 = [2 ]
0 4 [0] = 2 ∙ 2 + 0 ∙ 0 + 4 ∙ 1 = 8
3 18 5 1
0
[𝐵 ∙ 𝐶]12 = [2 0 ]
4 [5] = 2 ∙ 0 + 0 ∙ 5 + 4 ∙ 3 = 12
3
4
[𝐵 ∙ 𝐶]13 = [2 0 ]
4 [0] = 2 ∙ 4 + 0 ∙ 0 + 4 ∙ 1 = 12
1
2
[𝐵 ∙ 𝐶]21 = [0 5 0] [0] = 0 ∙ 2 + 5 ∙ 0 + 0 ∙ 1 = 0
1
0
[𝐵 ∙ 𝐶]22 = [0 ]
5 0 5] = 0 ∙ 0 + 5 ∙ 5 + 0 ∙ 3 = 25
[
3
4
[𝐵 ∙ 𝐶]23 = [0 5 0] [0] = 0 ∙ 4 + 5 ∙ 0 + 0 ∙ 1 = 0
1
2
[𝐵 ∙ 𝐶]31 = [1 3 1] [0] = 1 ∙ 2 + 3 ∙ 0 + 1 ∙ 1 = 3
1
0
[𝐵 ∙ 𝐶]32 = [1 3 1] [5] = 1 ∙ 0 + 3 ∙ 5 + 1 ∙ 3 = 18
3
4
[𝐵 ∙ 𝐶]33 = [1 3 1] [0] = 1 ∙ 4 + 3 ∙ 0 + 1 ∙ 1 = 5
1
8 12 12
𝐵 ∙ 𝐶 = [0 25 0]
3 18 5
Inversa
1 0 𝑥 𝑦
𝐴=[ ] su inversa la anotamos 𝑋 = [ ]?
2 −1 𝑧 𝑤
𝑥 𝑦 1 0
𝐴 ∙ 𝑋 = [2 ∙ 𝑥 − 𝑧 2 ∙ 𝑦 − 𝑤 ] = [ ]
0 1
4

𝑥=1
𝑦=0
{
2∙𝑥−𝑧 =0
2∙𝑦−𝑤 =1
𝑧=2

𝑤 = −1
1 0
𝑋=[ ] = 𝐴−1
2 −1
Operaciones elementales sobre filas de una matriz
0 2 0 −2 0 1
𝐴 = [−2 0 1] → [ 0 2 0]
𝑝12
0 −1 0 0 −1 0
0 2 0 0 2 0
𝐴 = [−2 0 1] → [−2 0 1]
𝑎 (2)
0 −1 0 32 −4 1 2
0 2 0 0 2 0
𝐴 = [−2 0 1] → [−2 0 1]
𝑚 (2)
0 −1 0 3 0 −2 0
Matriz elemental
1 0 0 1 0 0
𝐼3 = [0 1 0] → [0 0 1] = 𝐸1
𝑝
0 0 1 23 0 1 0
1 0 0 1 0 0
𝐼3 = [0 1 ]
0 → [ 0 4 0] = 𝐸2
𝑚2 (4)
0 0 1 0 0 1
1 0 0 1 0 0
𝐼3 = [0 1 0] → [0 1 3] = 𝐸3
𝑎23 (3)
0 0 1 0 0 1
Notación

Permutación: 𝑃𝑖𝑗

Multiplicación: 𝑀𝑖 (𝑐); 𝑐 ≠ 0
Adición: 𝐴𝑖𝑗 (𝑐)

Ejemplos
1 0 0
𝑃23 = [0 0 1]
0 1 0
1 0 0
𝑀2 (4) = [0 4 1]
0 0 1
5

1 0 0
𝐴23 (3) = [0 1 3]
0 0 1
Ejemplo del teorema de pre-multiplicación
1 0 0 1 0 1 0
𝐸 = [0 1 3] ; 𝐵 = [1 2 0 3]
0 0 1 0 0 3 1
1 0 1 0
𝐸 ∙ 𝐵 = [1 2 9 6]
0 0 3 1
Matriz escalonada
0 2 1 0 0
𝐴 = [0 0 1 0 3] es escalonada
0 0 0 4 1

0 2 1 0 0
𝐵 = [3 0 1 0 3] no es escalonada
0 0 0 4 1

0 2 1 0 0
𝐶 = [0 0 0 0 0] no es escalonada
0 0 0 4 1
Matriz escalonada reducida
0 1 0 0 0
𝐴 = [0 0 1 0 3] escalonada reducida
0 0 0 1 1
Transformar una matriz a Escalonada reducida
Ejemplo 1

1 2 1 0 0 1 2 1 0 0 1 2 1 0 0 1 2 1 0 0
1 1
𝐴=[ 0 0 1 0 3] → [ 0 0 1 0 3 ] → [ 0 2 1 4 1] → 1
[0 1 2 ]
𝑎 (1) 𝑝23 𝑚2 (2) 2 2
−1 0 0 4 1 31 0 2 1 4 1 0 0 1 0 3 0 0 1 0 3
1 0 0 −4 −1 1 0 0 −4 −1
1 1 1
→ [0 1 2
2 ]→
2 𝑎 (−1)
[0 1 0 2 − ] = 𝐸𝑅
2
𝑎12 (−2) 23 2
0 0 1 0 3 0 0 1 0 3
6

Propiedad: Todas las matrices elementales tienen inversa

1 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0
𝐼3 = [0 1 0] → [1 0 0] = 𝑃12 → [0 1 0] = 𝐼3
𝑝 𝑝21
0 0 1 12 0 0 1 0 0 1
−1 𝑇
𝑃21 ∙ 𝑃12 = 𝐼3 → 𝑃12 = 𝑃21 = 𝑃12 = 𝑃12
1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0
𝐼3 = [0 1 0] → [0 3 0] = 𝑀2 (3) → 1 [0 1 0] = 𝐼3 Luego
𝑚 (3) 𝑚2 (3)
0 0 1 2 0 0 1 0 0 1
1 1 −1
𝑀2 ( ) ∙ 𝑀2 (3) = 𝐼3 → 𝑀2 ( ) = (𝑀2 (3))
3 3

1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0
𝐼3 = [0 1 0] → [0 1 4] = 𝐴23 (4) → [0 1 0] = 𝐼3 Luego 𝐴23 (−4) ∙ 𝐴23 (4) = 𝐼3
𝑎 (4) 𝑎23 (−4)
0 0 1 23 0 0 1 0 0 1
𝐴23 (−4) = 𝐴−1
23 (4)

Resumiendo:
1 −1
𝑃𝑖𝑗−1 = 𝑃𝑖𝑗 , (𝑀𝑖 (𝑐))−1 = 𝑀𝑖 ( ) , (𝐴𝑖𝑗 (𝑐)) = 𝐴𝑖𝑗 (−𝑐)
𝑐

Propiedad

𝐵1 , 𝐵2 , . . . , 𝐵𝑘 tienen inversa

(𝐵1 ∙ 𝐵2 . . .∙ 𝐵𝑘 )−1 = 𝐵𝑘−1 ∙. . .∙ 𝐵2−1 ∙ 𝐵1−1

Ejemplo calculo de inversa de una matriz

1 0 2 1 0 2 1 0 0 1 0 2 1 0 0
𝐵 = [−2 1 0 ] , [𝐵 𝐼] [−2 1 0 0 1 0] → [0 1 4 2 1 0] →
𝑎 (2) 𝑎 (−1)
1 3 −1 1 3 −1 0 0 1 21 1 3 −1 0 0 1 31
1 0 2 1 0 0 1 0 2 1 0 0 1 0 2 1 0 0
[0 1 4 2 1 0] → [0 1 4 2 1 0] → −1 [0 1 4 2
7
1
1
0 ]→
−1 𝑎13 (−2)
𝑎 (−3)
0 3 −3 −1 0 1 32 0 0 −15 −7 −3 1 𝑚3 ( 15 ) 0 0 1
15 5 15

1 −2 2
1 0 0
1 −2 2 1 0 0
15 5 15
15 5 15 2 1 4
[0 1 4 2 1 0]→ 0 1 0
7 1 −1 𝑎23 (−4) 15 5 15
0 0 1 7 1 −1
15 5 15 [0 0 1
15 5 15 ]
1 −2 2
15 5 15
2 1 4
𝐵 −1 = 15 5 15
7 1 −1
[15 5 15 ]

2 0 2
Calcule la inversa de 𝐶 = [−1 1 0]
1 2 −1
7

1
1 1 0 1 0 0
2 0 2 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 2
2 1
[𝐶 𝐼] = [−1 1 0 0 1 0] → 1 [−1 1 0 0 1 0] → 0 1 1 1 0
𝑎21 (1) 2
1 2 −1 0 0 1 𝑚1 (2) 1 2 −1 0 0 1 𝑎31 (−1) 1
[0 2 −2 −
2
0 1]
1 1 1 1 1
1 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 −
2 2 8 2 4
1 1 1 1 1
→ 0 1 1 1 0 → 1
0 1 1 1 0 → 0 1 0
𝑎32 (−2) 2 𝑚3 (− 4) 2 𝑎23 (−1) 8 2 4
3 3 1 1 𝑎13 (−1) 3 1 1
[0 0 −4 −
2
−2 1] [0 0 1
8 2
−
4] [0 0 1
8 2
− ]
4
1 1 1
−
8 2 4
1 1 1
𝐶 −1 = 8 2 4
3 1 1
[8 − ]
2 4

0 0 1
Calcule la inversa de 𝐷 = [−1 1 0]
1 2 −1
0 0 1 1 0 0 1 2 −1 0 0 1 1 2 −1 0 0 1
[𝐷 𝐼] = [−1 1 0 0 1 0] → [ −1 1 0 0 1 0 ] → [ 0 3 −1 0 1 1] → 1
𝑝 𝑎 (1)
1 2 −1 0 0 1 13 0 0 1 1 0 0 21 0 0 1 1 0 0 𝑚2 ( 3)
1 2 1 1 2 1
1 2 −1 0 0 1 1 0 − 0 − 1 0 0 −
1 1 1 3 3 3 3 3 3
[0 1 − 0
3 3
]→ [
3 𝑎12 (−2) 0 1 −
1
0
1 1] →
1
[0 1 0
1 1 1]
3 3 3 𝑎23 (3) 3 3 3
0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 0
𝑎13 (3)

1 2 1
−
3 3 3
𝐷 −1 = [1 1 1]
3 3 3
1 0 0
0 0 1
Calcule la inversa de 𝐹 = [0 1 0]
0 1 −1
0 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0
[𝐹 𝐼] = [0 1 0 0 1 0] → [0 0 1 1 0 0] → [0 0 1 1 0 0]
𝑝 𝑎 (1)
0 1 −1 0 0 1 12 0 0 −1 0 −1 1 32 0 0 0 1 −1 1
𝐹 No tiene inversa.
Producto de matrices en bloques
1 0 −1 2 1 1
0 1 0 −1 −1 0
𝐴=[ ]; 𝐵 = [ ]
2 1 0 0 0 1
0 0 1 2 2 −1
1 0 −1 2 2 1 0 0
𝐴11 = [ ] , 𝐴12 = [ ] , 𝐴21 = [ ] , 𝐴22 = [ ]
0 1 0 −1 0 0 1 2
8

1 1 0 1
𝐵11 = [ ] ; 𝐵21 = [ ]
−1 0 2 −1
𝐴 𝐴12 𝐵
𝐴 = [ 11 ] , 𝐵 = [ 11 ]
𝐴21 𝐴22 𝐵21
𝐴11 𝐴12 𝐵 𝐴 ∙ 𝐵 + 𝐴12 ∙ 𝐵21
𝐶 = 𝐴∙𝐵 = [ ] ∙ [ 11 ] = [ 11 11 ]
𝐴21 𝐴22 𝐵21 𝐴21 ∙ 𝐵11 + 𝐴22 ∙ 𝐵21
1 0 1 1 −1 2 0 1 1 1 4 −3
]=[ 5 −2]
𝐴11 ∙ 𝐵11 + 𝐴12 ∙ 𝐵21 = [ ]∙[ ]+[ ]∙[ ]=[ ]+[
0 1 −1 0 0 −1 2 −1 −1 0 −2 1 −3 1

𝐴21 ∙ 𝐵11 + 𝐴22 ∙ 𝐵21 = [2 1] ∙ [ 1 1] + [0 0] ∙ [0 1 ] = [1 2] + [0 0 ] = [1 2 ]

0 0 −1 0 1 2 2 −1 0 0 4 −1 4 −1
5 −2 5 −2
[ ]
−3 1 ]
𝐶 = 𝐴 ∙ 𝐵 = [ −3 1 ] = [
1 2 1 2
[ ]
4 −1 4 −1
Sistemas de ecuaciones lineales
Sistema con solución única
𝑥1 + 𝑥2 +𝑥3 =2
2𝑥1 +𝑥2 −𝑥3 =0
{
𝑥1 +2𝑥2 +𝑥3 =4
−𝑥1 +𝑥2 −𝑥3 =2
1 1 1 2 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 2
2 1 −1 0 0 −1 −3 −4 0 −1 −3 −4 0 −1 −3 −4
[ ]→ [ ]→ [ ]→ [ ]
1 2 1 4 𝑎21(−2) 0 1 0 2 𝑎32(1) 0 0 −3 −2 𝑎43(−2) 0 0 −3 −2
−1 1 −1 2 𝑎31(−1) 0 2 0 4 𝑎42(2) 0 0 −6 −4 0 0 0 0
𝑎41(1)

𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑜(𝐴) = 𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑜(𝐴𝑏) = 3 y numero de incógnitas= 3 solución única.

𝑥1 +𝑥2 +𝑥3 =2 𝑥1 +𝑥2 +𝑥3 =2

{ −𝑥2 −3𝑥3 = −4 → { 𝑥2 =6
𝑠𝑢𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑐𝑖𝑜𝑛 ℎ𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑎 𝑎𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑠 2
−3𝑥3 = −2 𝑥3 =
3
2
𝑥1 =−
3
{ 𝑥2 =2
2
𝑥3 =
3

Sistema sin solución

{ 𝑥1 +3𝑥3 +2𝑥4 =0
2𝑥1 +6𝑥3 +4𝑥4 =1
1 0 3 2 0 1 0 3 2 0
⌈ ⌉→⌈ ⌉
2 0 6 4 1 0 0 0 0 1
𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑜(𝐴) = 1 ≠ 𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑜(𝐴𝑏) = 2 → 𝑆𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑎 𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑏𝑙𝑒
9

{𝑥1 +3𝑥3 +2𝑥4 =0

0 = −1

Sistema con infinitas soluciones

𝑥1 +2𝑥2 +3𝑥3 +4𝑥4 = 0
{
2𝑥1 +4𝑥2 +5𝑥3 +1𝑥4 = 1
1 2 3 4 0 1 2 3 4 0 1 2 3 4 0 1 2 0 −17 3
⌈ ⌉→⌈ ⌉→⌈ ⌉→⌈ ⌉
2 4 5 1 1 0 0 −1 −7 1 0 0 1 7 −1 0 0 1 7 −1

𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑜(𝐴) = 𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑜(𝐴𝑏) = 2 y numero de incógnitas> 2 infinitas soluciones.

{𝑥1 +2𝑥2 −17𝑥4 = 3

+0 𝑥3 +7𝑥4 = −1
Variables pivote son 𝑥1 𝑦 𝑥3
Variables libres son 𝑥2 𝑦 𝑥4
Adoptamos 𝑥2 = 𝛼 𝑦 𝑥4 = 𝛽
Se despejan las variables pivote en términos de las variables libres

{𝑥1 = 3 − 2𝑥2 + 17𝑥4

𝑥3 = −1 − 7𝑥4

𝑥1 = 3 − 2𝛼 + 17𝛽
{
𝑥3 = −1 − 7𝛽

3 − 2𝛼 + 17𝛽 3 −2𝛼 17𝛽

𝛼 0 𝛼 0
𝑥=[ ] =[ ]+[ ]+[ ]
−1 − 7𝛽 −1 0 −7𝛽
𝛽 0 0 𝛽
3 −2 17
0 1 0
𝑥 = [ ]+𝛼[ ]+𝛽[ ]
−1 0 −7
0 0 1
3
0 0
𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑐𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑥𝑝 = [ ] corresponde a los términos independientes 𝑏 = [ ]
−1 1
0

−2 0
1 0 0
Solución Homogénea 𝑥𝐻 = 𝛼 [ ] + 𝛽 [ ] corresponde a los términos independientes 𝑏 = [ ]
0 −7 0
0 1
Sistema desordenado
−1 0 −1 0 𝑥 1
𝐷 = [−1 1 2 ] , 𝐶 = [ 1 ] , 𝑋 = [𝑦] , 𝐹 = [ 0 ].
1 2 0 −1 𝑧 −1
El sistema es 𝐷 ∙ 𝑋 = 𝐶 − 𝑋 + 𝐹. Debe escribirse como 𝐴 ∙ 𝑋 = 𝐵.
10

𝐷 ∙ 𝑋 + 𝑋 = 𝐶 + 𝐹 , luego 𝐷 ∙ 𝑋 + 𝐼3 ∙ 𝑋 = 𝐶 + 𝐹 y finalmente (𝐷 + 𝐼3 ) ∙ 𝑋 = 𝐶 + 𝐹.
−1 0 −1 1 0 0 0 0 −1
Por lo tanto 𝐴 = 𝐷 + 𝐼3 = [−1 1 2 ] + [ 0 1 0 ] = [ −1 2 2 ].
1 2 0 0 0 1 1 2 1
0 1 1
𝐵 =𝐶+𝐹 =[ 1 ]+[ 0 ]=[ 1 ]
−1 −1 −2
Resolviendo

0 0 −1 1 1 2 1 −2 1 2 1 −2 1 2 1 −2
3 1
[−1 2 2 1 ] → [−1 2 2 1 ]→ [0 4 3 −1]→ 1 [0 1 4
− ]→
4 𝑎12 (−2)
𝑝 𝑎 (1)
1 2 1 −2 13 0 0 −1 1 21 0 0 −1 1 𝑚2 (4) 0 0 −1 1
1 3 1 3
1 0 − − 1 0 − − 1 0 0 −2 1 0 0 −2 𝑥 = −2
2 2 2 2 3 1 1 1
[0 − ]→ [0 − 𝑎 (1) 0 1 − ]→ 0 1 0 ]{ 𝑦=2
3 1 3 1] → [ [
1 1 4 4 𝑎 (− 3) 2
4 4 𝑚3 (−1) 4 4 13 2 23 4
0 0 −1 1 0 0 1 −1 0 0 1 −1 0 0 1 −1 𝑧 = −1

Mas sobre Sistemas de Ecuaciones Lineales

𝐴11 𝐴12 𝑃 𝑅
Sea 𝐴 = [ ] , 𝑋 = [ 𝐻 ] , 𝐵 = [ 𝐻 ].
𝐴21 𝐴22 𝑃0 𝑅0

1 −1 0 −1 0 −2 1 −2
Donde 𝐴11 = [ ] , 𝐴12 = [ ] , 𝐴21 = [ ] , 𝐴22 = [ ]
−1 2 −2 1 −1 1 −1 0
𝑥 1 0 𝑠
𝑃𝐻 = [𝑦] , 𝑃0 = [ ] , 𝑅𝐻 = [ ] , 𝑅0 = [ ] .
2 1 𝑡

𝐴 𝐴12 𝑃𝐻 𝑅
El sistema es 𝐴 ∙ 𝑋 = 𝐵 o [ 11 ] ∙ [ ] = [ 𝐻]
𝐴21 𝐴22 𝑃0 𝑅0

𝐴11 ∙ 𝑃𝐻 + 𝐴12 ∙ 𝑃0 𝑅 𝐴 ∙ 𝑃 + 𝐴12 ∙ 𝑃0 = 𝑅𝐻 (1)

[ ] = [ 𝐻 ] luego { 11 𝐻
𝐴21 ∙ 𝑃𝐻 + 𝐴22 ∙ 𝑃0 𝑅0 𝐴21 ∙ 𝑃𝐻 + 𝐴22 ∙ 𝑃0 = 𝑅0 (2)
𝑥
𝐴11 ∙ 𝑃𝐻 = 𝑅𝐻 − 𝐴12 ∙ 𝑃0 Sistema (1) con columna de incógnitas 𝑃𝐻 = [𝑦]

𝑥 𝑠
Luego de resolver el sistema (1) y obtener [𝑦], se puede calcular 𝑅0 = [ ] usando el sistema
𝑡
(2).𝑅0 = 𝐴21 ∙ 𝑃𝐻 + 𝐴22 ∙ 𝑃0.

Solución del sistema (1)

𝐴11 ∙ 𝑃𝐻 = 𝑅𝐻 − 𝐴12 ∙ 𝑃0

La columna de términos independientes

11

0 0 −1 1 0 −2 2
𝑅𝐻 − 𝐴12 ∙ 𝑃0 = [ ] − [ ]∙[ ] =[ ]−[ ]= [ ]
1 −2 1 2 1 0 0

1 −1 2 1 −1 −2 1 0 0 𝑥=0
[ ]→ [ ]→ [ ]{
−1 2 0 𝑎21(1) 0 1 2 𝑎12(1) 0 1 −2 𝑦 = −2

0
𝑃𝐻 = [ ]
−2

Cálculo de 𝑅0

𝑅0 = 𝐴21 ∙ 𝑃𝐻 + 𝐴22 ∙ 𝑃0

𝑠 0 −2 −4 1 −2 1 4 −3 1
[ ]=[ ]∙[ ]+[ ]∙[ ] =[ ]+[ ]= [ ]
𝑡 −1 1 −2 −1 0 2 2 −1 1
𝑠=1
{
𝑡=1

Para que valores de 𝑘, el sistema no tiene solución, tiene infinitas soluciones y tiene solución
única.
𝑥 − 3𝑧 = −3
{ 2 ∙ 𝑥 + 𝑘𝑦 − 𝑧 = −2
𝑥+2∙𝑦+𝑘∙𝑧 =1
1 0 −3 −3 1 0 −3 −3 1 0 −3 −3
[2 𝑘 −1 −2] → [0 𝑘 5 4 ] → [0 2 𝑘+3 4 ]→ 1
𝑎21 (−2) 𝑝
1 2 𝑘 1 𝑎31 (−1) 0 2 𝑘+3 4 23 0 𝑘 5 4 𝑚2 (2)

1 0 −3 −3 1 0 −3 −3
𝑘+3
[0 1 2
𝑘+3
[0 1 2 ]→ 2 ]
2 𝑎32 (−𝑘) −𝑘 2 −3∙𝑘+10
0 𝑘 5 4 0 0 4−2∙𝑘
2

−𝑘 2 −3∙𝑘+10 −(𝑘−2)∙(𝑘+5)
=0 = 0; (1)
2 2
Sin solución: { 𝑦 o{ 𝑦
4−2∙𝑘 ≠0 4 − 2 ∙ 𝑘 ≠ 0; (2)
(1); 𝑘 = 2 𝑜 𝑘 = −5
(2); 𝑘 ≠ 2 Luego 𝑘 = −5
−(𝑘−2)∙(𝑘+5)
= 0; (1)
2
Infinitas soluciones { 𝑦
4 − 2 ∙ 𝑘 = 0; (2)
(1); 𝑘 = 2 𝑜 𝑘 = −5
12

(2); 𝑘 = 2 Luego 𝑘 = 2
Solución única: 𝑘 ∈ (𝑅 − {2,5})

Para que valores (reales) de 𝑎, 𝑏 𝑦 𝑐 el siguiente sistema admite solución.

𝑥 −𝑦+𝑧= 𝑎
{−𝑥 + 𝑦 − 𝑧 = 𝑏
𝑥−𝑦+𝑧=𝑐
1 −1 1 𝑎 1 −1 1 𝑎
[−1 1 −1 𝑏] → ( ) [0 0 0 𝑎 + 𝑏]
𝑎21 1
1 −1 1 𝑐 𝑎31 (−1) 0 0 0 𝑐 − 𝑎

El sistema admite solución si 𝑎 + 𝑏 = 0 y 𝑐 − 𝑎 = 0.

Luego 𝑏 = −𝑎 y 𝑐 = 𝑎, de modo que la columna de términos independientes resulte
𝑎 1
[−𝑎] = 𝑎 ∙ [−1]
𝑎 1
Calcular el determinante de la siguiente matriz
Determinantes
1 0 −1
Calcular 𝑑𝑒𝑡(𝐴) si 𝐴 = [−1 1 1 ]
2 0 −1
1 1
𝐶11 = (−1)1+1 det ([ ]) = −1
0 −1
−1 1
𝐶12 = (−1)1+2 det ([ ]) = (−1) ∙ (1 − 2) = 1
2 −1
−1 1
𝐶13 = (−1)1+3 det ([ ]) = 0 − 2 = −2
2 0
𝑑𝑒𝑡(𝐴) = 𝐶11 ∙ 𝑎11 + 𝐶12 ∙ 𝑎12 + 𝐶13 ∙ 𝑎13 = (−1) ∙ 1 + 1 ∙ 0 + (−2) ∙ (−1) = −1 + 0 + 2 = 1
Sea 𝐴 una matriz cuadrada real tal que 𝐴2 + 𝐴−1 = 𝑂. Calcular 𝑑𝑒𝑡(𝐴).
Solución
1
𝐴2 = −𝐴−1 , 𝑑𝑒𝑡(𝐴2) = (−1)𝑛 ∙ 𝑑𝑒𝑡(𝐴−1 ), 𝑑𝑒𝑡(𝐴2 ) = (−1)𝑛 ∙ det (𝐴).

1
Luego det(𝐴) ∙ det(𝐴) = (−1)𝑛 ∙ , entonces [det(𝐴)]3 = (−1)𝑛 .
det (𝐴)

𝑠𝑖 𝑛 𝑒𝑠 𝑝𝑎𝑟 𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑒𝑠 [det(𝐴)]3 = 1 𝑦 𝑝𝑜𝑟 𝑙𝑜 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑜 det(𝐴) = 1

Finalmente {
𝑠𝑖 𝑛 𝑒𝑠 𝑖𝑚𝑝𝑎𝑟 𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑒𝑠 [det(𝐴)]3 = −1 𝑦 𝑝𝑜𝑟 𝑙𝑜 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑜 det(𝐴) = −1
13

Espacios Vectorial Vectoriales

Ejemplos
1. (𝑅, +,∙) es E.V.
2. En 𝑅2 = {(𝑥1 , 𝑥2 )\𝑥1 ∈ 𝑅 ∧ 𝑥2 ∈ 𝑅 } se definen las operaciones + en 𝑅2 y ∙ de numero
real por par ordenado de números reales mediante,
(𝑥1 , 𝑥2 ) + (𝑦1 , 𝑦2 ) = (𝑥1 + 𝑦1 , 𝑥2 + 𝑦2 )
𝑎 ∙ (𝑥1 , 𝑥2 ) = (𝑎 ∙ 𝑥1 , 𝑎 ∙ 𝑥2 ) done 𝑎 ∈ 𝑅.
(𝑅 2 , +,∙) es E.V.
3. En 𝑅𝑛 = {(𝑥1 , 𝑥2 , ⋯ , 𝑥𝑛 )\𝑥1 ∈ 𝑅 ∧ 𝑥2 ∈ 𝑅 ∧ ⋯ ∧ 𝑥𝑛 ∈ 𝑅} se definen las operaciones +
en 𝑅2 y ∙ de numero real por par n-upla de números reales mediante,
(𝑥1 , 𝑥2 , ⋯ , 𝑥𝑛 ) + (𝑦1 , 𝑦2 , ⋯ , 𝑦𝑛 ) = (𝑥1 + 𝑦1 , 𝑥2 + 𝑦2 , ⋯ 𝑥𝑛 + 𝑦𝑛 )
𝑎 ∙ (𝑥1 , 𝑥2 , ⋯ , 𝑥𝑛 ) = (𝑎 ∙ 𝑥1 , 𝑎 ∙ 𝑥2 , ⋯ , 𝑎 ∙ 𝑥𝑛 ) donde 𝑎 ∈ 𝑅.
(𝑅 𝑛 , +,∙) es E.V.
4. (𝑀𝑚×𝑛 (𝑅), +,∙) es E.V.
5. Un polinomio de grado ≤ 𝑛 se define como 𝑃𝑛 = 𝑎0 + 𝑎1 ∙ 𝑥 + ⋯ + 𝑎𝑛 ∙ 𝑥 𝑛 , donde los
números reales 𝑎0 , 𝑎1 , ⋯ , 𝑎𝑛 son llamados coeficientes.
En el conjunto ℘𝑛 (𝑥) = {𝑃𝑛 \𝑃𝑛 = 𝑎0 + 𝑎1 ∙ 𝑥 + ⋯ + 𝑎𝑛 ∙ 𝑥 𝑛 } se definen las siguientes
operaciones,
𝑃𝑛 + 𝑄𝑛 = (𝑎0 + 𝑏0 ) + (𝑎1 + 𝑏1 ) ∙ 𝑥 + ⋯ + (𝑎𝑛 + 𝑏𝑛 ) ∙ 𝑥 𝑛
𝑎 ∙ 𝑃𝑛 = (𝑎 ∙ 𝑎0 ) + (𝑎 ∙ 𝑎1 ) ∙ 𝑥 + ⋯ + (𝑎 ∙ 𝑎𝑛 ) ∙ 𝑥 𝑛
Donde 𝑃𝑛 = 𝑎0 + 𝑎1 ∙ 𝑥 + ⋯ + 𝑎𝑛 ∙ 𝑥 𝑛 y 𝑄𝑛 = 𝑏0 + 𝑏1 ∙ 𝑥 + ⋯ + 𝑏𝑛 ∙ 𝑥 𝑛 son polinomios
de grado≤ 𝑛
(𝑃𝑛 , +,∙) es E.V.
Subespacios
𝑎 𝑏
1. Sea 𝑆 = {[ ] \𝑎, 𝑏 ∈ 𝑅} ⊆ 𝑀2×2 (𝑅). Demuestre que 𝑆 es Subespacio de 𝑀2×2 (𝑅).
𝑎 𝑎
1.1. Probar que 𝑆 es cerrado para la +
𝑎 𝑏 𝑐 𝑑 𝑎 𝑏 𝑐 𝑑 (𝑎 + 𝑐 ) 𝑏 + 𝑑
Dadas [ ],[ ] ∈ 𝑆. [ ]+[ ]=[ ]∈𝑆
𝑎 𝑎 𝑐 𝑐 𝑎 𝑎 𝑐 𝑐 (𝑎 + 𝑐 ) ( 𝑎 + 𝑐 )
Luego 𝑆 es cerrado para + .
1.2 Probar que 𝑆 es cerrado para el ∙
𝑎 𝑏 𝑎 𝑏 (𝑟 ∙ 𝑎 ) 𝑟∙𝑏
Dada [ ] ∈ 𝑆 y 𝑟 ∈ 𝑅, 𝑟 ∙ [ ]=[ ]∈𝑆
𝑎 𝑎 𝑎 𝑎 (𝑟 ∙ 𝑎 ) (𝑟 ∙ 𝑎 )
Luego 𝑆 es cerrado para el ∙
2. Sea ℘1 (𝑥) el conjunto de los polinomios de grado ≤ 1 y sea
𝑆 = {𝑃1 \𝑃1 (𝑥 ) = 𝑎0 + 𝑎0 ∙ 𝑥 } ⊆ ℘1 (𝑥) donde 𝑎0 ∈ 𝑅. Demuestre que 𝑆 es subespacio
de ℘1 (𝑥)
2.1 Probar que 𝑆 es cerrado para la +
14

Sean 𝑃1 (𝑥 ) = 𝑎0 + 𝑎0 ∙ 𝑥 y 𝑄1 (𝑥 ) = 𝑏0 + 𝑏0 ∙ 𝑥 polinomios de 𝑆.
𝑃1 (𝑥 ) + 𝑄1(𝑥 ) = (𝑎0 + 𝑏0 ) + (𝑎0 + 𝑏0 ) ∙ 𝑥
Luego 𝑆 es cerrado para + .
2.2. Probar que 𝑆 es cerrado para el ∙
Sean 𝑃1 (𝑥 ) = 𝑎0 + 𝑎0 ∙ 𝑥 un polinomio de 𝑆 y 𝑟 ∈ 𝑅.
𝑟 ∙ 𝑃1 (𝑥 ) = (𝑟 ∙ 𝑎0 ) + (𝑟 ∙ 𝑎0 ) ∙ 𝑥 es un polinomio de 𝑆.
Luego 𝑆 es cerrado para el ∙
Probar que 𝐿𝑖𝑛(𝑆) es subespacio de 𝑉 (𝑆 = {𝑢1 , 𝑢1 , … , 𝑢𝑘 } ⊆ 𝑉)
1. Cerrado para la +
𝑥, 𝑦 ∈ 𝐿𝑖𝑛(𝑆)
𝑥 = 𝑟1 ∙ 𝑢1 + 𝑟2 ∙ 𝑢2 + ⋯ + 𝑟𝑘 ∙ 𝑢𝑘 (𝑟𝑖 ∈ 𝑅)
𝑦 = 𝑎1 ∙ 𝑢1 + 𝑎2 ∙ 𝑢2 + ⋯ + 𝑎𝑘 ∙ 𝑢𝑘 (𝑎𝑖 ∈ 𝑅)
𝑥 + 𝑦 = (𝑟1 + 𝑎1 ) ∙ 𝑢1 + (𝑟2 + 𝑎2 ) ∙ 𝑢2 + ⋯ + (𝑟𝑘 + 𝑎𝑘 ) ∙ 𝑢𝑘
(𝑥 + 𝑦) ∈ 𝐿𝑖𝑛(𝑆). 𝐿𝑖𝑛(𝑆) es cerrado para la+.

2. Cerrado para el ∙
𝑥 ∈ 𝐿𝑖𝑛(𝑆)
𝑥 = 𝑟1 ∙ 𝑢1 + 𝑟2 ∙ 𝑢2 + ⋯ + 𝑟𝑘 ∙ 𝑢𝑘 (𝑟𝑖 ∈ 𝑅)
𝑎 ∈ 𝑅 , 𝑎 ∙ 𝑥 = 𝑎 ∙ (𝑟1 ∙ 𝑢1 ) + 𝑎 ∙ (𝑟2 ∙ 𝑢2 ) + ⋯ + 𝑎 ∙ (𝑟𝑘 ∙ 𝑢𝑘 )
𝑥 = (𝑎 ∙ 𝑟1 ) ∙ 𝑢1 + (𝑎 ∙ 𝑟2 ) ∙ 𝑢2 + ⋯ + (𝑎 ∙ 𝑟𝑘 ) ∙ 𝑢𝑘
𝑥 ∈ 𝐿𝑖𝑛(𝑆), 𝐿𝑖𝑛(𝑆) es cerrado para ∙
𝐿𝑖𝑛(𝑆) es subespacio de 𝑉.
1 −1 1
Ejemplo: 𝑆 = {[0] , [ 3 ] , [ 3 ]} ⊆ 𝑅 3
1 −3 −1
1
Dado 𝑣 = [2],¿esta 𝑣 en 𝐿𝑖𝑛(𝑆)?
3
Si el siguiente sistema de ecuaciones lineales con incógnitas 𝑎1 , 𝑎2 , 𝑎3 tiene solución, la
respuesta es sí.

1 −1 1 1 −1 1 1
𝑣 = 𝑎1 ⋅ [0] + 𝑎2 ⋅ [ 3 ] + 𝑎3 ⋅ [ 3 ] → 𝑎1 ⋅ [0] + 𝑎2 ⋅ [ 3 ] + 𝑎3 ⋅ [ 3 ] = [2]
1 −3 −1 1 −3 −1 3

1 −1 1 𝑎1 1
[0 3 3 ] ∙ [𝑎2 ] = [2] . Resolviendo,
1 −3 −1 𝑎3 3
15

1 −1 1 1 1 −1 1 1 1 −1 1 1 1 −1 1 1
2 2
[0 3 3 2] → [0 3 3 2] → [0 1 1
3
] → [0 1 1 3 ] →
1 −3 −1 3 0 −2 −2 2 0 −2 −2 2 0 1 1 −1

1 −1 1 1
2
[0 1 1
3 ] 𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑜(𝐴𝑏) = 3 ≠ 𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑜(𝐴) = 2, el sistema no tiene solución, entonces 𝑣 ∉ 𝐿𝑖𝑛(𝑆).
5
0 0 0 −
3

Dependencia e Independencia Lineal de vectores

1 −1 1
𝑆 = {[0] , [ 3 ] , [ 3 ]} ⊆ 𝑅 3 ¿Son L.I.?
1 −3 −1

1 −1 1 0 1 −1 1 𝑥 0
𝑥 ∙ [0] + 𝑦 ∙ [ 3 ] + 𝑧 ∙ [ 3 ] = [0] ; [0 3 3 ] ∙ [𝑦] = [0]
1 −3 −1 0 1 −3 −1 𝑧 0

1 −1 1 0 1 −1 1 0 1 −1 1 0 1 −1 1 0
[0 3 3 0] → [0 3 3 0] → [0 1 1 0] → [0 1 1 0]
1 −3 −1 0 0 −2 −2 0 0 −2 −2 0 0 0 0 0

𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑔(𝐴) = 𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑔(𝐴𝑏) = 2 𝑦 𝑛𝑢𝑚 𝑑𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑜𝑔𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑎𝑠 > 𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑔(𝐴), ℎ𝑎𝑦 𝑖𝑛𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑎𝑠 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑐𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑒𝑠

Los vectores son L.D.

1 −1 1
𝑆 = {[0] , [ 3 ] , [3]} ⊆ 𝑅 3 ¿Son L.I.?
1 −3 0

1 −1 1 0
𝑥 ∙ [0] + 𝑦 ∙ [ 3 ] + 𝑧 ∙ [3] = [0]
1 −3 0 0

1 −1 1 0 1 −1 1 0 1 −1 1 0 1 −1 1 0
[0 3 3 0 ] → [0 3 3 0] → [0 1 1 0 ] → [0 1 1 0]
1 −3 0 0 0 −2 −1 0 0 −2 −1 0 0 0 1 0

𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑔(𝐴) = 𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑔(𝐴𝑏) = 3 𝑦 𝑛𝑢𝑚 𝑑𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑜𝑔𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑎𝑠 = 𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑔(𝐴), ℎ𝑎𝑦 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑐𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑐𝑎

Los vectores son L.I.

Encuentre base y dimensión para el espacio fila, espacio columna y espacio nulo de la matriz

3 4 0 7
1 −5 2 −2
𝐴=[ ]
−1 4 0 3
1 −1 2 2
16

3 4 0 7 1 −1 2 2 1 −1 2 2
1 −5 2 −2 1 −5 2 −2 0 −4 0 −4
[ ]→ [ ]→ [ ]→
−1 4 0 3 𝑝14 −1 4 0 3 𝑎21(−1) 0 3 2 5 𝑚2 (− 1 )
(1) 4
3 4 0 7 𝑎 0 7 −6 1
1 −1 2 2 31
𝑎41 (−3)

1 −1 2 2 1 −1 2 2 1 −1 2 2
0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1
[ ]→ [ ]→ 1 [ ]→
0 3 2 5 32
𝑎 (−3) 0 0 2 2 𝑚3 ( ) 0 0 1 1 𝑎43(6)
2
0 7 −6 1 𝑎42(−7) 0 0 −6 −6 0 0 −6 −6

1 −1 2 2 1 0 2 3 1 0 0 1
0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1
[ ]→ [ ]→ [ ]
0 0 1 1 𝑎12 (1) 0 0 1 1 𝑎13(−2) 0 0 1 1
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

1 0 0
0 1 0
Espacio fila 𝐹(𝐴): Base {[ ] , [ ] , [ ]} ;𝑑𝑖𝑚 = 3
0 0 1
1 1 1

3 4 0
1 −5 2
Espacio Columna 𝐶(𝐴): Base {[ ] , [ ] , [ ]} ;𝑑𝑖𝑚 = 3
−1 4 0
1 −1 2

Espacio Nulo 𝑁(𝐴):

𝑥 0
𝑦 0
𝐴∙[ ]= [ ]
𝑧 0
𝑤 0

3 4 0 7 𝑥 0
1 −5 2 −2 𝑦 0
[ ]∙[ ]= [ ]
−1 4 0 3 𝑧 0
1 −1 2 2 𝑤 0

1 0 0
1
𝑥+𝑤=0
0 1 0
1
[ ] {𝑦 + 𝑤 = 0 variable libre es 𝑤, se adopta 𝑤 = 𝛼 y entonces las infinitas soluciones se
0 0 1
1
𝑧+𝑤 = 0
0 0 0
0
𝑥 −𝑤 −𝛼 −1
𝑦 −𝑤 −𝛼 −1
expresan mediante [ ] = [ ]=[ ]=𝛼∙[ ]
𝑧 −𝑤 −𝛼 −1
𝑤 𝑤 𝛼 1
17

−1
−1
Base {[ ]}; 𝑑𝑖𝑚 = 1
−1
1

Encuentre base y dimensión para el espacio fila, espacio columna y espacio nulo de la matriz

2 3 0
𝐴 = [0 0 1]
4 −2 0

2 3 0 2 3 0 2 3 0 1 3 0 1 0 0
[0 0 1] → [0 0 1] → [0 −8 0] → 1 [0 1 0] → [0 1 0]
𝑎 (−2) 𝑝 𝑎 (−3)
4 −2 0 31 0 −8 0 31 0 0 1 𝑚1 (2) 0 0 1 12 0 0 1
1
𝑚2 (− 8)

1 0 0
Espacio Fila 𝐹(𝐴) Base: {[0] , [1] , [0]} 𝑑𝑖𝑚 = 3
0 0 1

1 0 0
Espacio Columna 𝐶(𝐴) Base: {[0] , [1] , [0]} 𝑑𝑖𝑚 = 3
0 0 1

Espacio Nulo 𝑁(𝐴):

1 0 0 𝑥=0 0
[0 1 0] {𝑦 = 0 solución única 𝑂 = [0] no existe base y 𝑑𝑖𝑚 = 0
0 0 1 𝑧=0 0

Matriz de cambio de base

1 0 1 0 1 1
Sean 𝐵1 = {[−1] , [ 1 ] , [0]} y 𝐵2 = {[0] , [ 1 ] , [0]} bases de 𝑅3
2 −1 0 1 −1 0
𝐵
Construya la matriz de cambio de base 𝐶𝐵21 (cambio componentes en base 𝐵1 a componentes en
base 𝐵2 .

Cada vector de la base 𝐵1 debe escribirse por sus componentes en la base 𝐵2

0 1 1 1
𝑥 ∙ [0] + 𝑦 ∙ [ 1 ] + 𝑧 ∙ [0] = [−1]
1 −1 0 2
0 1 1 𝑥 1 0 1 1 1 1 −1 0 2 1 0 0 1
[0 1 0] ∙ [𝑦] = [−1] , [0 1 0 −1] → [0 1 0 −1] →
𝑎32 (−1)
[0 1 0 −1]
𝑝
1 −1 0 𝑧 2 1 −1 0 2 13 0 1 1 1 𝑎12(1) 0 0 1 2
18

𝑥=1 1
𝐵
{𝑦 = −1 Columna 1 de 𝐶𝐵21 [−1]
𝑧=2 2
0 1 1 0
𝑥 ∙ [0] + 𝑦 ∙ [ 1 ] + 𝑧 ∙ [0] = [ 1 ]
1 −1 0 −1
0 1 1 𝑥 0 0 1 1 0 1 −1 0 −1 1 0 0 0
[0 𝑦
1 0 ] ∙ [ ] = [ 1 ] , [0 1 0 1 ] → [0 1 0 1 ]→ [0 1 0 1]
𝑝 𝑎32 (−1)
1 −1 0 𝑧 −1 1 −1 0 −1 13 0 1 1 0 𝑎12(1) 0 0 1 −1

𝑥=0 0
𝐵
{ 𝑦 = 1 Columna 2 de 𝐶𝐵21 [ 1 ]
𝑧 = −1 −1
0 1 1 1
𝑥 ∙ [0] + 𝑦 ∙ [ 1 ] + 𝑧 ∙ [0] = [0]
1 −1 0 0
0 1 1 𝑥 1 0 1 1 1 1 −1 0 0 1 0 0 0
[0 1 0] ∙ [𝑦] = [0] , [0 1 0 0] → [0 1 0 0] →
𝑎32 (−1)
[0 1 0 0]
𝑝
1 −1 0 𝑧 0 1 −1 0 0 13 0 1 1 1 𝑎12(1) 0 0 1 1

𝑥=0 0
𝐵1
{𝑦 = 0 Columna 3 de 𝐶𝐵2 [0]
𝑧=1 1
1 0 0 3
𝐵 𝐵
𝐶𝐵21 = [−1 1 0] . Aplique 𝐶𝐵21 para calcular las componentes de [𝑢]𝐵1 = [2] en la base 𝐵2 .
2 −1 1 1
𝐵
[𝑢]𝐵2 = 𝐶𝐵12 ∙ [𝑢]𝐵1

1 0 0 3 3
[𝑢]𝐵2 = [−1 1 0] ∙ [2] = [−1]
2 −1 1 1 5

0 1 1 4
Verificando 𝑢 = 3 ∙ [0] + (−1) ∙ [ 1 ] + 5 ∙ [0] = [−1]
1 −1 0 4
𝑥 0 1 1 4
[𝑢]𝐵2 = [𝑦] ; 𝑥 ∙ [0] + 𝑦 ∙ [ 1 ] + 𝑧 ∙ [0] = [−1]
𝑧 1 −1 0 4
0 1 1 𝑥 4 0 1 1 4 1 −1 0 4 1 0 0 3
[0 1 0] ∙ [𝑦] = [−1] , [0 1 0 −1] → [ ] → [
0 1 0 −1 𝑎 (−1) 0 1 0 −1]
𝑝13 32
1 −1 0 𝑧 4 1 −1 0 4 0 1 1 4 𝑎12(1) 0 0 1 5
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𝑥=3 3
{𝑦 = −1 , [𝑢]𝐵2 = [−1]
𝑧=5 5

Intersección de Planos

𝑥 − 𝑦 + 𝑧 = 1 1 −1 1 1 1 −1 1 1 1 0 0 −1
{ ;[ ]→[ ]→[ ]→
2𝑥 − 𝑦 + 𝑧 = 0 2 −1 1 0 0 1 −1 −2 0 1 −1 −2

𝑥 = −1 𝑥 = −1
{ Variable libre 𝑧. Se adopta 𝑧 = 𝛼 → , luego la solución es
𝑦 − 𝑧 = −2 𝑦 = −2 + 𝛼

𝑥 −1 −1 0 −1 0
[𝑦] = [−2 + 𝛼 ] = [−2] + [𝛼 ] = [−2] + 𝛼 ∙ [1]. La intersección es una recta
𝑧 𝛼 0 𝛼 0 1
𝑥 −1 0
𝑟: [𝑦] = [−2] + 𝛼 ∙ [1]
𝑧 0 1

¿Cuál de los siguientes puntos pertenece a la recta 𝑟?

𝑃1 : 𝑥 = 1, 𝑦 = 2, 𝑧 = 0

𝑃2 : 𝑥 = −1, 𝑦 = 1, 𝑧 = 3

Para responder se reemplazan las componentes 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 en la ecuación de la recta, por las

coordenadas del punto

en cuestión resultando una ecuación de tres ecuaciones a una sola incógnita 𝛼.

1 −1 0 −1 + 0 1 −1 = 1
Para 𝑃1: [2] = [−2] + 𝛼 ∙ [1] → [−2 + 𝛼 ] = [2] → {−2 + 𝛼 = 2 No existe solución.
0 0 1 0+𝛼 0 0+𝛼 =0

𝑃1 no pertenece a la recta 𝑟.

−1 −1 0 −1 + 0 −1 −1 = −1
Para 𝑃2 : [ 1 ] = [−2] + 𝛼 ∙ [1] → [−2 + 𝛼 ] = [ 1 ] → {−2 + 𝛼 = 1. Hay que resolver el
3 0 1 0+𝛼 3 0+𝛼 =3
𝛼−2=1 𝛼=3
sistema { →{ Existe solución 𝛼 = 3, entonces 𝑃2 pertenece a la recta 𝑟.
𝛼+0=3 𝛼=3
𝑥 −1 0 𝑥 −1 0 −1
Verificando [𝑦] = [−2] + 𝛼 ∙ [1] → [𝑦] = [−2] + 3 ∙ [1] = [ 1 ].
𝑧 0 1 𝑧 0 1 3
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