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Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi
Elektrik ve Elektronik Mühendisliği
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EED3001 Energy Conversion I
Group A15
Laboratory Report II-III
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Gökalp Fatih Tanyeri Gülşah Özkaya

Necatican Toklaç Ömer Can Kaçınurkan

November 23, 2022

1 Theory and Purpose
A single-phase transformer works on a single-phase power supply and contains a single winding on the primary and sec-
ondary sides. A 3-phase transformer works on a three-phase power supply, and both primary and secondary windings
have three sets of windings. Read our article on three-phase transformers for more details about the construction and
wiring diagrams of a three-phase transformer. In most cases, single-phase transformers take up less space than other
transformers. It is also easy to transport single-phase transformers compared to three-phase transformers. However,
using one three-phase transformer is more efficient than three single-phase transformers.

There are two purposes for this experiment. First is to understand how the input power, efficiency, output volt-
age and regulation of a single phase transformer vary with resistive, inductive and capacitive load conditions. Second
is to obtain efficiency and equivalent circuit parameters of a single phase transformer from open and short circuit tests.

Transformer: A transformer is a device that transfers electric energy from one alternating-current circuit to
one or more other circuits, either increasing (stepping up) or reducing (stepping down) the voltage. A single-phase
transformer operates on single-phase power and has two parts - the magnetic and the electric parts. A three-phase

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transformer is made of three sets of primary and secondary windings, each set wound around one leg of an iron core
assembly.

Efficiency: The efficiency of the transformer is defined as the ratio of the real output power to its real input

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power.

Pout
η=
Pin
Voltage Regulation: Voltage regulation is a measure of how much the secondary voltage changes depending on
the load, due to internal voltage drop across the series impedances in transformer. The lower the percentage (closer
to zero), the more stable the secondary voltage and the better the regulation it will provide. “Full-load” is the point
at which the transformer is operating at maximum permissible secondary current.
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V2,no−load − V2,load 

VR=  
V2,load  |V1 =const × 100

Loading Conditions: In inductive circuits, voltage leads current. In capacitive circuits, current leads voltage.
In resistive circuits, there is no leading or lagging factor.
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Open and Short Circuit Tests: The open-circuit test and the short-circuit test being performed on a transformer
to determine the circuit parameters, efficiency and the voltage regulation without actual loaded of the transformer.The
open-circuit test is conducted to determine the core or iron losses and the no-load circuit parameters Rc and Xm of
the transformer. The purpose of a short-circuit test is to determine the series branch parameters of the equivalent
circuit of a transformer.
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Short Circuit Test Parameters

Vsc Psc
|Zsc | = , θsc = arccos Rsc = |Zsc | cos θsc , Xsc = |Zsc | sin θsc
Isc Vsc Isc
Open Circuit Test Parameters
Ioc Poc 1 1
|Yoc | = , θoc = arccos Rsc = ,
Voc Voc Ioc |Yoc | cos θoc Xsc = |Yoc | sin θoc

Ic = Ioc cos θoc , Im = Ioc sin θoc

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2 Calculation and Graphs
2.1 LAB 2

P2 = V2 · I2 · cosϕ P2 = 229 · 0.12 · 0.767 = 21.08W

V1 − V2 233, 3 − 229
VR= · 100 VR= · 100 = 1.88%
V2 229
P2 21, 08
η= · 100 η= · 100 = 54.04%
P1 39

Measured Values Calculated Values

SW V1 [V] I1 [A] P1 [W] V2 [V] I2 [A] cosϕ P2 [W] VR [%] η [%]
All OFF 233,5 0,153 10 231 0 0,205 0 1,08 0

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S1=ON 233,3 0,22 39 229 0,12 0,767 21,08 1,88 54,04
S1 to S2=ON 232,5 0,32 67 228 0,24 0,905 49,52 1,97 73,91
S1 to S3=ON 232,3 0,431 95 227 0,36 0,95 77,63 2,33 81,72

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S1 to S4=ON 231,9 0,545 122 225 0,48 0,97 104,76 3,07 85,87
S1 to S5=ON 231,2 0,658 149 223 0,6 0,98 131,12 3,68 88,00
S1 to S6=ON 230,5 0,772 175 222 0,71 0,986 155,41 3,83 88,81

Table 1: Resistive Load

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Q2 = V2 · I2 · sinϕ Q2 = 231 · 0.11 · 0.972 = 24.70V AR

V1 − V2 233.5 − 231
VR= · 100 VR= · 100 = 1.08%
V2 231
P2 V2 · I2 · cosϕ 231 · 0.11 · 0.24
η= · 100 η= η= · 100 = 42.65%
P1 P1 14

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 Measured Values Calculated Values
SW V1 [V] I1 [A] P1 [W] V2 [V] I2 [A] cosϕ Q2 [V.A.R] VR [%] η [%]
All OFF 233,4 0,15 10,00 231 0,00 0,31 0,00 0,95 0,00
S1=ON 233,5 0,26 14,00 231 0,11 0,24 24,70 1,08 42,65
S1 to S2=ON 233,1 0,37 17,00 230 0,22 0,20 49,59 1,35 59,53
S1 to S3=ON 232,9 0,47 20,00 230 0,33 0,18 74,61 1,26 69,83
S1 to S4=ON 232,9 0,60 23,00 230 0,43 0,18 97,32 1,26 75,68
S1 to S5=ON 232,9 0,68 27,00 230 0,54 0,17 122,34 1,26 78,20
S1 to S6=ON 232,7 0,79 30,00 230 0,64 0,16 145,14 1,17 80,47

Table 2: Inductive Load

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Q2 = V2 · I2 · sinϕ Q2 = 231 · 0.09 · 0.869 = 18.07V AR
V1 − V2 233.7 − 231
VR= · 100 VR= · 100 = 1.17%
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V2 231
P2 V2 · I2 · cosϕ 231 · 0.09 · 0.495
η= · 100 η= η= · 100 = 102.91%
P1 P1 10

Measured Values Calculated Values

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SW V1 [V] I1 [A] P1 [W] V2 [V] I2 [A] cosϕ Q2 [V.A.R] VR [%] η [%]

All OFF 233,2 0,15 10 231 0 0,304 0,00 0,95 0,00
S1=ON 233,7 0,09 10 231 0,09 0,495 18,07 1,17 102,91
S1 to S2=ON 233,4 0,10 10 231 0,18 0,435 37,42 1,04 180,87
S1 to S3=ON 233,7 0,17 10 232 0,27 -0,26 60,51 0,73 -162,86
S1 to S4=ON 233,8 0,26 10 232 0,36 -0,178 82,18 0,78 -148,67
S1 to S5=ON 233,5 0,35 11 232 0,45 -0,14 103,36 0,65 -132,87
S1 to S6=ON 233,6 0,44 12 232 0,54 -0,118 124,40 0,69 -123,19

Table 3: Capacitive Load

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2.2 Questions Section of LAB 2

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Figure 4: Voltage Regulation and Efficiency at Resistive Load

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Figure 5: Voltage Regulation and Efficiency at Inductive Load

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Figure 6: Voltage Regulation and Efficiency at Capacitive Load

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2.3 LAB 3

P1 9
cos ϕoc = cos ϕoc = = 0.39
V1 · I1 24.4 · 1

Ic = I1 · cos ϕoc Ic = 1 · 0.39 = 0.39A

Im = I1 · sin ϕoc Im = 1 · 0.92 = 0.92 A

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V1 [V] I1 [A] P1 [W] cosϕoc Ic [A] Im [A]
6 0,17 0,00 0,00 0,00 0,00
10,2 0,23 0,00 0,76 0,17 0,15
15 0,30 0,00 0,77 0,23 0,19
20 0,52 6,00 0,59 0,31 0,42
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24,4 1,00 9,00 0,39 0,39 0,92

28 1,68 13,00 0,29 0,49 1,61

Table 4: Open Circuit Test Experimental Results

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P1 10
cos ϕsc = cos ϕsc = = 0.99
V1 · I1 18.10 · 5.15

Ir = I1 · cos ϕsc Ir = 5.15 · 0.994 = 5.119A

Ix = I1 · sin ϕsc Ix = 5.15 · 0.995 = 5.124 A

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 I1 [A] V1 [V] P1 [W] cosϕsc Ir [A] Ix [A]
1,00 0,00 0,00 0,00 0,00 0,00
2,16 8,40 0,00 -1,02 -2,21 0,00
2,97 11,00 0,00 -1,02 -3,04 0,00
3,96 14,30 6,00 -1,02 -4,05 3,94
5,15 18,10 10,00 0,99 5,12 5,12
5,40 18,70 11,00 0,99 5,37 5,37

Table 5: Short Circuit Test Experimental Results

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2.4 Questions Section of LAB 3

Vsc1 − Vsc2
|Z| = = (14.3 − 11)/(3.96 − 2.97) = 3.33Ω
Isc1 − Isc2
P 1 − P2
R= 2 = 4/(26.52 − 15.68) = 0.3690Ω
I1 − I22
q
2
X = |Z| − R2 = 3.312Ω
V1 − V2
Rc = = (0.393 − 0.172)/(18.1 − 8.4) = 0.023Ω
Ic1 − Ic2
V1 − V2
Xm = = (28 − 24.4)/(1.61 − 0.919) = 5.21Ω
Im1 − Im2
*values are taken from the graphs

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Figure 9: Approximate Equivalent Circuit referred to the LV Side

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Figure 10: Exact Equivalent Circuit referred to the LV Side

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Equivalent circuit parameter calculations:

3.1 Gökalp Fatih Tanyeri

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In the experiment 2, firstly, we plotted the secondary voltage, secondary power versus secondary Current graphs for
each type of load. I expected to see the voltage and current relation will be linear and decreasing and power and

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current relation will be linear and increasing at the resistive load, then I verify this expectation using graph. At the
inductive and capacitive loads I expected to see the power will multiplied the power factor of the load and the voltage
and current relation will be linear and decreasing. Also, these graphs verified my expectations. In the question section
of the LAB 2, we determine and plot the voltage regulation and efficiency graph against primary current. As expected,
the efficiency increases by increasing the primary current because of the excitation current. More current means more
magnetic field in the core, so the increased flux makes larger the power at the core. Any inductive or capacitive load
will waste power as reactance, so a resistive load is the best. The maximum power transfer takes place when core and
load impedance are matched and the best load condition is when it is resistive. We verified this by using graphs.

In the experiment 3, firstly, we did the open circuit test to the transformer and we get the values from the
experiment set. Then, we did the short circuit test, also get the values from the experiment set. We calculated the
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values these are needed for the experiment using formulas. Then, we plotted the power, primary current, core loss
current and magnetizing current against the primary voltage. I see the current Ic and Im is the component of the
primary current I1 and the power increasing linearly by increasing primary current. After that, we had calculated
the circuit parameters by using the graphs and calculated values before in the question part of the laboratory. We
plotted the efficiency graph against the ratio of current with different power factors. We found the similar result in the
experiment 2, increasing the current the efficiency increases and the power factor effects the efficiency. Unity power
factor creates the maximum efficiency (maximum power transfer), then the more power factor creates more efficiency.
At the end, we drew the approximate equivalent circuit referred to low voltage side by using the parameters that found
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in the experiment.

3.2 Necatican Toklaç

In this experiment, we have understood single phase transformer’s behavior. First stage of the experiment we have
observed efficiency, output voltage and regulation of a single phase transformer varying with loading conditions. As
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we see in the graph section, secondary voltage decreases and secondary current increases. Secondary power and sec-
ondary current directly proportional to each other. Primary voltage increases. This situation happens for resistive
load. For inductive load, secondary voltage almost same for different primary values. Max voltage value is 231 V for
min primary voltage value and min voltage value is 230 V for max primary voltage values. Secondary current and
secondary voltage increase. Primary voltage increases but it is less than resistive load. For capacitive load, secondary
voltage is almost same for different primary values. Max voltage values 232 V for max primary voltage value and
231 V for min primary voltage value. Primary voltage is almost same. Also in graph section, we can see the voltage
regulation and efficiency comparison for different loads.

Second stage of the experiment, we have understood that equivalent circuit parameters of a single phase transformer
from open and short circuit tests. We have calculated core loss component, magnetizing current, copper loss current
and reactive current component. Also we calculated efficiency values for different power factor values and plotted
them. To sum up, in this two experiment stage, we have learned transformer characteristics.

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3.3 Gülşah Özkaya
In second experiment, we examined transformer characteristics for different load types such as resistive, capacitive
and inductive for parameters such as voltage regulation, power factor and efficiency.
In the first part of the experiment, we increased the load sequentially by connecting resistive loads. We have seen
on the graph that we have drawn that the resistive loads have linear power characteristics. When we examined the
situation where the transformer draws more current from the source, we saw that the power factor approached 1. We
observed that the higher the load resistance, the higher the efficiency.
In the continuation of the experiment, we connected the inductive load to the circuit and repeated the operations we
did at the beginning. We observed that as the load increased, the power factor decreased due to the increase in the
magnetic energy contained in the load. When we drew the V/I graph, we saw that the graph was not linear.
In the last part of the experiment, we connected the capacitive load to the circuit and repeated the steps. We saw
that the real power, that is, the productivity, turned negative as the capacity increased. When we had the V/I graph
drawn and looked at it, we saw that it was the opposite of what we found for the inductive.

In third experiment, we worked on the determination of the approximately equivalent circuit parameters of the

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transformer. We found that we used two tests, the short-circuit test and the open-circuit tests. We learned that these
two test results are not hypothetical tests.
In the first phase of the experiment, we applied an open circuit test to the transformer. By energizing the low
voltage side we obtain the core loss component core resistance Rc and magnetization reactance Xm . We measured

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these parameters from the low voltage side. We can directly put these parameters to draw the full or approximation
equivalent circuit of this transformer referring to the LV side.
In the second phase of the experiment, we performed a short circuit test on the transformer. By energizing the high
voltage side, we get the resistance of the copper loss component Req and the leakage reactance Xeq . We measured
these parameters from the high voltage side. So, for the equivalent circuit referring to the LV side, we can get these
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parameters multiplied by 2 .
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3.4 Ömer Can Kaçınurkan

We prepared the system using the EM 3000 set. First, we set up the resistive circuit. We have continuously reduced
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the 920-ohm resistance connected to the load section of the resister circuit with the help of the switch. We saw the
increase in output power, P1 I1 V1 values, which we read from the primary side, in the calculation section. We have
seen from here that the efficiency increases when the load shows a decreasing trend for the secondary side in the
resister circuit.
Increasing the angle between voltage and current will cause a decrease in power value. As can be seen from the graphs
in our capacitive and inductive measurements, there will be a 90-degree angle between the voltage and current values
because of the phase shift.
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Most efficient way to use in a single-phase transformer is resistive load to keep the loss value to a minimum the degree
between the voltage and current we expect is 0 degree.

Right after the 2nd experiment, we arranged it on the same set in the 3rd experiment. The aim of the experiment
is to set the Approximate Equivalent Circuit using rated values. Our rated voltage value is 24 volts, and our rated
current value is 5 amps. We observed the efficiency of the transformer under load conditions by performing open circuit
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and short circuit tests. As a result of these values, the Approximate Equivalent Circuit was created. Necessary tool
for short-circuit open-circuit test using the rated values of single-phase transformers to find the Approximate Equiv-
alent circuit without any load. We found the approximate circuit formation by holding the circuit to two kinds of tests.

In the short circuit test of this experiment, the copper loss value in the transformer at full load. An important tool
for calculating maximum efficiency and operating values. The iron losses measured by the open circuit test is used for
calculating the efficiency of the transformer.

4 References
ˆ https://www.mathworks.com/help/matlab/ref/fft.html

ˆ A. E. Fitzgerald, Kingsley, and Stephen D. Umans. Electric Machinery 6th Edition

ˆ https://en.wikipedia.org/

ˆ Lecture notes of DR. Tolga SÜRGEVİL.