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1 学校代码:10463
国际图书分类号:665 密级:□
硕 士 学 位 论 文
THE PREPARATION AND
PROPERTIES OF THERMAL
INSULATION MATERIALS FOR
APARTMENT AND BUILDINGS
作 者 姓 名 Batjargal Batdulam
指 导 教 师 邹文俊 教授
学 科 门 类 工学
学 科 专 业 材料科学与工程
研 究 方 向 保温隔热材料
培 养 单 位 材 料 科 学 与 工 程 学院
完 成 时 间 二〇二二年五月
THE PREPARATION AND
PROPERTIES OF THERMAL
INSULATION MATERIALS FOR
APARTMENT BUILDINGS
学 号 2017DFH011507
作 者 姓 名 Batjargal Batdulam
指 导 教 师 邹文俊 教授
申请学位级别 硕士
学 科 专 业 材 料 科学与工程
研 究 方 向 保温隔热材料
培 养 单 位 材 料 科 学 与 工 程 学院
论文答辩日期 二〇二二年五月二十三日
Classified Index:(TQ323.1)
U.D.C:(665)
Prof. Saran. G
Engineering
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日期:2022.05.30 日期:
河南工业大学硕士研究生学位论文 第I页
Abstract
Thermal insulation composites are widely used in civil and military applications;
however, it is difficult to achieve the synergy of multiple technical objectives such as
lightweight, thermal insulation, high pressure resistance and high-temperature resistance by
adopting traditional preparation[1]. In recent years, countries around the world have shifted
their focus to energy conservation and emission reduction due to the sharp increase in global
energy consumption, greenhouse gas emissions and decrease of traditional energy sources,
such as coal and crude oil. Energy usage in the building sector accounts for a large
proportion of the world’s total energy consumption. It is reported that the annual energy
consumption in the building sector accounted for 40% of the total amount of energy used in
the US and EU in [2][3]Enhancing the insulation properties of building envelopes through
the usage of insulation materials play a decisive role since it can lead to significant
improvements within a short time [4]. Various building insulation materials have been
developed by researchers to reduce the energy consumption in the building industry. From
these studies, it has been shown that thermal insulation materials can effectively improve the
thermal insulation performance of buildings and reduce energy consumption [5][6].
Regarding a situation of our country which produces thermal energy at a high price, in order
to reduce the heat loss of the building walls when thermal insulation materials are widely
used in apartment buildings, it is possible to create real conditions to save on heating costs.
According to these data, it is possible to produce macro-porous thermal insulation materials
from domestic raw materials that meet the climatic conditions of our country. Currently,
about 63% of construction materials are imported and about 99% of total construction
materials are imported without inspection[7].
The raw material properties of thermal insulation materials were analyzed in accordance
with the chemical composition of Khutul limestone MNS 0963:1991. In addition, physical
and chemical properties of lime according to MNS 0347:2002 standard, chemical
composition of Mandal-Ovoo primary clay by X-ray fluorescence, physical and mechanical
properties of clay according to MNS 5175:2002 standard, chemical composition and
physical and mechanical properties of Erdenet Mining Concentrator white dust MNS 2916 :
Defined in accordance with the 2002 standard. The novelty of this study is the production of
cement-free, low-energy thermal insulation materials by using lime, sand and secondary raw
materials under hydrothermal conditions.
第 II 页 河南工业大学硕士研究生学位论文
CONTENTS
Abstract ..................................................................................................................................... I
CONTENTS ........................................................................................................................... III
CHAPTER ONE....................................................................................................................... 1
Introduction .............................................................................................................................. 1
1.1 Literature review of thermal insulation materials........................................................ 1
1.1.1 Insulation Materials for Building and Apartments ......................................... 3
1.2 Thermal insulation ....................................................................................................... 3
1.2.1 What is thermal insulation? ............................................................................... 3
1.2.2. What is the thermal insulation building ? ......................................................... 4
1.2.3. Classification of building insulation materials ................................................. 4
1.3. Structure of thermal insulation material ..................................................................... 6
1.4 Characteristics of thermal insulation materials ........................................................... 7
1.5 Requirements for thermal insulation materials ........................................................... 7
1.6 The method to obtain the porous structure of these materials and its formation ........ 8
1.7 Hydrothermal strengthening process ......................................................................... 10
1.8 General concept of CaO-SiO2-H2O system ................................................................11
1.9 Study of limestone deposits for exploring the lime in Mongolia .............................. 12
CHAPTER TWO .................................................................................................................... 17
Research Methodologies and Raw Material Research ........................................................... 17
2.1. Selection of raw materials ........................................................................................ 17
2.2 Research methods and techniques ............................................................................. 17
CHAPTER THREE ................................................................................................................ 29
Results of Experimental Studies............................................................................................. 29
3.1. Results of raw material analysis ............................................................................... 29
3.2. Technology experiment results and discussion ........................................................ 34
CHAPTER FOUR .................................................................................................................. 43
Economic Calculation ............................................................................................................ 43
CONCLUSION ...................................................................................................................... 47
第 IV 页 河南工业大学硕士研究生学位论文
CHAPTER ONE
Introduction
2.5 ml 7000 BC nomadic life style Materials animal skins, fur, wool
for clothing
Settled durable materials earth, wood, bricks
7000BC - 1870AD lifestyle vegetable fibres straw, eelgrass, reed
INSULATING
MATERIALS
FOAMY
EXPANDED
- Cork
- Melamine
foam
- Phenol
foam
FIBROUS
- Sheep-wool
- Cotton-wool
- Coconut fibres
第6页 河南工业大学硕士研究生学位论文
All the basic technical properties of thermal insulation materials are directly related to
its porosity therefore, the average density (volume mass) is the main parameter. As the
average density of the material decreases, the capacity of the thermal insulation increases. In
modern days, the lightest insulation materials include gas-filled plastics (polystyrene,
polyurethane, etc.) but also their volume mass is γ0- 10 ... 20 kg/m3. The average density of
minerals and fiberglass is determined by 0.2 g/ cm3. Compared to other types of durable
building materials, thermal insulation materials are less durable and more porous. The
strength of the thermal insulation material is 1-5 MPa. Some materials have a strength of up
to 5 MPa and special purpose materials up to 10 MPa or more. It is not possible to use
low-strength materials in load-bearing structures. Some durable thermal insulation materials
are called load-bearing insulation or thermal insulation structures. Moisture absorption takes
place through narrow pores of porous thermal insulation material; the most properties of the
materials are reduced thermal conductivity, strength and cold resistance. Water absorption -
One of the main properties of thermal insulation materials is water absorption. When the
volume is usually included in closed pores, water absorption is relatively low. It depends on
the fine capillary pores, their structure, and other characteristics of the external surface
moisture absorption. The water absorption of organic thermal insulation materials is higher
than that of inorganic materials [21].
In order to reduce the intensification of the thermal conductivity for cladding elements
of the construction, not only have to use thermal insulation materials but also there must give
a lot of resistance during the flow of thermal conductivity. Thermal insulation materials are
highly porous, contain air in their pinholes and pores, have low thermal conductivity, instead
of the base material, there are few parts that can be used as nets. All thermal insulation
materials are divided into organic and inorganic according to the main raw material type.
Inorganic materials include mineral and fiberglass, foam glass, cellular concrete, foamed
perlite, pearl stone, thermal insulation ceramics, and asbestos particles. Organic materials
include basic woody and various plant-derived materials (peat, reed, straw, etc.) in addition,
gas-filled plastics is contained here. In the included in the main category without any
distinction. There are the following types of thermal insulation materials according to their
第8页 河南工业大学硕士研究生学位论文
external mixture and appearance: block or girder, brick, ring, half-cylinder, cylindrical scroll
knitting, leaf, wired fiber, folded, tangled, fluffy and spilled minerals and particle-board and
fiberglass, fire-resistant fibrous cotton, foamed perlite and vermiculite, peat powder,
diatomite, powder mixture as well as it is also used to insulate the surface of pipelines with
hot and light mortar. The articles shall be inspected in accordance with the requirements of
the standard and guaranteed quality certification. The basic direction to expand the range of
thermal insulation materials and further develop the production is to manufacture articles of
high-quality fiber and large stiffeners. In connection to its utilization, it has effective
importance and signification to grow the level of construction industrialization. The articles
shall be inspected in accordance with the requirements of the standard and guaranteed
quality certification. The basic direction to expand the range of thermal insulation materials
and further develop the production is to manufacture articles of high-quality fiber and large
stiffeners. In connection to its utilization, it has effective importance and signification to
grow the level of construction industrialization. Thermal insulation materials are classified
into fibrous, cellular, and fibrous. In the dry state, due to the average density, it is classified
in kg / m3, as well as in group and grades.
Group 1 - Special Lightweight Materials (SPM). Mark: 15-75 to 100
Group 2 - Light (X). Mark: 125, 150, 175, 200 ... 300, 350;
Group 3 - Heavy (Hu). Mark: 400, 450, 500, to 600;
It also calculates the intermediate value of the average density of the material by
comparing it to the value which is the closest to the maximum grade. The stiffness of the
insulation product is classified by the relative compressive deformation under load.
Insulation materials and articles are classified into several groups. Low thermal conductivity
λ = 0.058 W / m0C, with moderate thermal conductivity λ = 0.058-0.1160 W / m0C, high
thermal conductivity λ = 0.1160-0.18 W / m0C. When dividing by the class value of the heat
transfer material, its value shall be determined at 25°C. Insulation materials are classified
into three categories according to their flammability: non-combustible, slow-burning and
flammable [22].
1.6 The method to obtain the porous structure of these materials and its
formation
The following basic methods are used to produce various highly porous insulation
materials.
Method to create gas: By adding a special gasifier to the main raw material, by
releasing the gas and changing material porously, a porous material shall be extracted. Based
河南工业大学硕士研究生学位论文 第9页
on theoretical calculations, the gas generator should have a similar volume, emit gas to form
a homogeneous structure not to degrade prematurely during transport and storage, the
additive should not emit gas harmful to human health, and be widely available and
abundance and relatively cheaper cost or expense therefore many substances provide the
above conditions, gases are released from the decomposition of nitrogen, hydrogen, oxygen,
and carbon dioxide. The gasifier is used to create porous structures at high temperature; the
viscosity of a viscous mass prepared with a given composition must be within the maximum
temperature range. In an aerated concrete factory, calcium oxide hydrate reacts into
additional alumina to form the following reaction.
2Al+3Ca(OH)2+6H2O=3CaOAl2O36H2O+H2
The gasifier does not react with the mass of the raw material composition. An additional
1 g of aluminum powder (AI) extracts 1250 cm3 of hydrogen peroxide and the optimum
temperature is 50 ℃ and the volume is 1500 cm3. Hydrogen peroxide can be used in the
gasifier.
2Н2О=2H2+O2
CaCO3MgCO3+H2SO4=CaSO4+MgSO4+2H2O+2CO2
When it melts and converted plastics and glass masses porously at high temperatures,
the gasifier is produced cellular glass and plastic (styrofoam). Its essence puts on when the
process of emitting gas at high temperatures is carried out by the utilization of a gasifier in
the composition of polymer resins or molten glass masses. As a result of gaseous emissions
(CO2, O2, N2, etc.), the viscous alloy enters the swelling form and has a cellular structure
upon abrupt cooling. As depending on the temperature, the basic condition of this method is
第 10 页 河南工业大学硕士研究生学位论文
that the viscous alloy becomes porous under the influence of changes in pressure and
velocity.
Foam formation method: As adding foaming agent and surfactant, with the way to
reduce the surface gravity of ordinary water and liquid, the uniform foam is formed as
having porous or pinholes like bubbles by mixing the materials. As a result of this process,
action is processed to generate and strengthen a cellular structure of the mass. In a liquid
state, the air divided by a thin film cover is a foamy gas phase, all the water is a liquid phase,
and the slurry in the phase system is called foam.
Methods to strengthen by much water: The main property of this method is to use a
lot of water to obtain mass to be printed and the prepared material creates porous pinholes by
evaporating the excess water contained in it during the drying process.
Method to grind mechanically: This method can be used to prepare thermal insulation
materials, for example; it is used by spraying (firing) or grinding asbestos. This method is
often used as a tool to create other pores. This method is important for creating porous
pinholes in other materials and has a wire-like properties in its composition, for example
these include mineral wool, asbestos or wood cellules or fibers.
Method to be fermented the mineral and organic raw materials: The volume of
material increases when it was heated to calculate water vapor formed by the evaporation of
chemically bounded water and the aerial extension of the pores contained. In this way,
foamed vermiculite, perlite, and foam insulation materials are obtained while heating in an
oxygen-free environment. Combustible additive method: A homogeneous mixture containing
organic additives (sawdust, coal, slag, peat, etc.) is used to produce porous ceramics products
with a cellular structure. Methods for the chemical process of carbonate raw materials: The
method of cutting the crystallization and decomposition of carbonates is subject to the
creation of materials with porous structures. The main purpose of the production of thermal
insulation materials is related to each method of stabilizing the gas and foam and
strengthening its cellular structure. This mainly applies to drying, incineration, and other
thermal treatment. It is used to produce aerated concrete, lime, and asbestos silicate materials
by autoclave methods [24].
In some silicates, the ability to enter into quartz reaction can be used in hydrothermal
conditions, as well as it is widely used in the production of cement-free porous materials.
Hydrothermal is the process of bonding in a vapor environment with high temperatures.
河南工业大学硕士研究生学位论文 第 11 页
Hydrothermal is, under conditions of high-temperature humid vapor, the result of a change
created in its humid vapor pressure. Figure 2 shows the water vapor pressure curve.
Temperature
The CaO–SiO2–H2O system is important for the production of lime and cement-based
building materials. This is because the system can respond to the strength of the building
material. Figure 3 shows the CaO – SiO2 – H2O system.
Currently, 16 calcium hydro silicates (CSH) are known. 8 of the 16 phases of the crystal
are natural minerals. The ratio of calcium silicate of the formed minerals is shown in Table 2.
第 12 页 河南工业大学硕士研究生学位论文
of its characteristics”. It also specifies how to properly use the categories of geological
reserves, production reserves and hypothetical resources for deposits of carbonate rocks. The
recommendation aims to provide professional crew and license holders with methodological
assistance to compile a final report on reserve estimation, have the estimated reserves
registered to the state mineral resource register and update reserve data.
Limestone is the sedimentary rock, mostly composed of calcite and rarely aragonite,
containing a mixture of clastic and clayey materials, dolomite and organic matter. Clastic
materials are quartz, opal, chalcedony, pyrite, iron oxides, glauconite, phosphorite and other
mixtures. It has a different structure and texture. Limestone is usually hard and dense
(average density is 2.57t/m3 and density of shelly limestone is 1.2-1.5 t/m3 ) with various
porosity. Its compressive strength is 94MPa and tensile strength is 9MPa. The chemical
composition of rich lime is close to the theoretical composition of calcite, with 56.04% CaO
and 43.96% CO2, respectively. Lime – a type of limestone containing calcite powder and
granules, mollusk shell fragments, composed of coccolithophores, and foraminifer’s residues,
loosely cemented to each other, and capable of white staining. The average density is 1.5-1.6
t/m 3 , the porosity is 40-50%, the natural humidity is up to 20-35%, the hardness is low and
the strength in the dry state does not exceed 4-5 MPa.
Currently, the technical specifications for Portland cement clinker production materials
are the following requirements for the chemical composition of the raw materials: limestone
with carbonate component is allowed to contain not less than 45% CaO, 40-45% in “natural”
marl, not more than 15% CaO in the clay component of group I, and 15-44% CaO in the clay
component of group II. The content of toxic oxides should not exceed the following values
(%) in carbonate components: MgO-4.0, SO3-1.3, K2O+Na2O-1.0, and P2O5-0.4. The content
of oxides in the raw material mixture should provide values of the saturation coefficient
within 0.88–0.92, silica module 1.90–2.60, and alumina module 0.90–1.60. To obtain the
calculation parameters of the raw material mixture, if necessary, corrective aluminate and
iron-containing additives (bauxite, iron ore, pyrite cinders, ocher clays, furnace dust, etc.) are
introduced into it. As the limestone of cement and other purpose deposits, it requires a
specific technical specification. The rock suitable for cement production should have a stable
chemical composition and a homogeneous fine-grained structure. The physical and
mechanical properties of calcite rocks are not regulated, but their low strength differences
(10–20 MPa) are preferable. The allowable moisture content of limestone is up to 5% and
that of "natural" marl is up to 10%. When producing the types of cement in the dry method,
high moisture lime is not used. In limestone (lime), to produce white and colored cement, the
pigment content of iron and manganese oxides is additionally limited, the presence of
第 14 页 河南工业大学硕士研究生学位论文
chromium oxide is not allowed. The limestone, lime, dolomite and, often marl are used for
producing construction lime necessary for the preparation of mortars, concretes, blocks and
silicate bricks. Lime is produced by burning carbonate rocks in the shaft or rotary kilns at a
temperature of 1000 – 1200°C until carbon dioxide is completely removed. “Limestone for
construction and technological lime production” (Technical specifications) is controlled by
MNS 963-91 standard. According to the standard, carbonate raw materials to produce lime,
is divided into 7 classes by content of СаСО3, MgCO3 and clay mixture (Table 3).
Table 3 Class of carbonate rocks producing lime
Class
Content, 9%
A B C D YE J
CaCO3, not less 92 86 77 72 52 72
MgCO3, Not more 5 6 20 20 45 8
According to MNS 963-91, the carbonate rocks are divided into hard (more than 60),
medium (30-60), soft (10-30) and very soft (less than 10) by their strength (MPa). The most
suitable raw materials to produce lime are rich limestone and natural lime with a very low
content of MgCO3 and insoluble residues. The most suitable one regarding strength is a rock
with compressive strength of 10-40Mpa. Lime shall meet the requirements and standards of
the “Lime for construction and technological needs” (Technical requirements) MNS 347:
2002 [26]
Lime is referred to as that it is a material that is cured and hardened in the air and a
binding material obtained by burning carbonate limestone containing up to 8% of clay
mixture at 9000C-10000C.
CaCO3 → CaO + CO2
Therefore, over 19 lime deposits suitable for manufacturing and exploring the
construction lime have been explored in Mongolia, and these deposits are registered in the
balance of the country's mineral resources but also the total reserves of these deposits are
31.8 million tons as Class of A+B+C1 and 0.4 million tons as the degree of C2 respectively.
Until 1990, 100,000 tons of limestone were extracted annually from 13 deposits, in addition,
12 limestone deposits had been explored with 267.3 thousand tons including cement plant
limestone in 1997 respectively. From 1989 till 1990, exploration work on lime to produce
calcium carbide was carried out at the deposit which is located in Sugduh, Dornogovi
province, as a result, reserves are estimated at 15.7 million tons for Class A+B+C1 and 23.7
million tons for C2, as well as, according to the result of the chemical composition of Class A
of lime described at the deposit meets the requirements of TU6-01-878-80 for the production
河南工业大学硕士研究生学位论文 第 15 页
of calcium carbide in Russia, so once it conducts and tests the technology experiments, A
final decision needs to be made as to which direction it can be utilized and having any
possibilities and chances. The chemical composition of pure limestone is close to that of
Ca-56% and CO3-44% according to the chemical composition of calcite. A content of CaCO3
which contains 5-25% of the mixture of clay particles of 75-95% clay lime of carbonate
rocks or a mixture of clay particles with 25-50%. In the case of, the CaCO3 content is
50-75%, it is called marl. Limestone is classified as crystalline, organogenesis, fragmentary
or mixture structure. Limestone is generally white or light gray due to the external
appearance and is usually yellowish or dark in color, hard enough and dense. Depending on
the mineral and organic content, the limestone is dark gray, black, dark red, and green. There
is included a natural Cretaceous, which has a CaCO3 content of 96-99% in one type of
limestone. In terms of the surface impurities, Cretaceous are mostly aluminum and iron
oxides. Dolomite is a sedimentary rock containing iron oxide and is composed primarily of a
mineral called dolomite, due to the mixture forms it appears as gypsum or with
calcite-anhydride rarely. The chemical composition of dolomite is CaO-25.5-32.4%,
MgO-14-21.9%, CO3-35.7-47.7%, and other impurities up to 17%. Marl is a carbonate
clayey rock containing 50-75% of rare calcite dolomite and 25-50% of R2O3 and SiO2.[27]
第 16 页 河南工业大学硕士研究生学位论文
河南工业大学硕士研究生学位论文 第 17 页
CHAPTER TWO
Research Methodologies and Raw Material Research
The raw materials for the research work were selected the Mandal-ovoo kaolinite which
is located in 60 km southwest of Darkhan in Selenge aimag, 3 km south of Salkhit Erdenet
railway, 1.5 km south of Mandalgobi in Dundgovi aimag and as a waste white dust as the
object of Concentration at MCF “Erdenet”.
insulation materials
The raw material properties of thermal insulation materials were analyzed in
accordance with the chemical composition of Khutul limestone MNS 0963:1991. In addition,
the physical and chemical properties of lime according to MNS 0347:2002 standard, the
chemical composition of Mandal-Ovoo primary clay by X-ray fluorescence, the physical and
mechanical properties of clay according to MNS 5175:2002 standard, chemical composition
and physical and mechanical properties of Erdenet Mining Concentrator white dust MNS
2916: Defined in accordance with 2002 standar[28].
(1)
(3)
These include:
G- sample weight, d
G1- the difference in sediment weight with the crucible before and after incineration, d
A method for determining the sum of tertiary oxides in limestone
Reagent solution to use:
- Aqueous solution of 10% ammonia
- 0.2% red methyl alcohol solution
- Ammonium chloride
- 2% ammonium solution of nitric acid
- Hydrochloric acid d = 1.19
河南工业大学硕士研究生学位论文 第 19 页
(4)
These include:
G- sample weight, g
G1 - the difference between the weight of the precipitate before and after incubation
Determination of calcium oxide in limestone
Reagent solution to use:
- 20% potassium alkali
- 0.04 N Trilon B solution/Dissolve 8 g Trilon B in slightly warm water and makeup to 1
liter with water /.
- Fluorexone (mix 1g of fluorescein with 100g of potassium chloride) and store the indicator
in black glass.
- 50% triethanolamine solution
Method of determination: Cut 20 ml of the filtered silica into a 250 ml conical flask and
add 100 ml of distilled water. Add 20 ml of 2% corrosive potassium and 3 ml of Tritonal
amine to the solution, prepare for 1-2 min, add a little fluorescein and titrate the Trilon B
solution until the pink light disappears. The percentage of calcium oxide is given by the
following formula.
(5)
These include:
- Volume of trilon B used for titration of V1 to 0.04 N, ml
- T is the titer of CaO in 0.04 N trilon B solution, g/ml
- V- Total volume of solution, ml
第 20 页 河南工业大学硕士研究生学位论文
(6)
- These include:
- Volume of 0.04 n trilon
- V1 - Volume of 0.04 n trilon B solution, ml which was used to titrate the
sum of calcium magnesium oxide
- TMgO - 0.04n of the titer expressed by magnesium oxide in trilon B solution
- G- Specimen weight, gr
- a Volume of solution extracted from filtration, ml
- 2.09-MgCO3 Conversion factor to
Determination of combustion losses
- Tools to use
- Oven
- Ceramic crucible
Method of determination: Place 1g of the sample dried in a pre-determined porcelain
crucible at 105-110°C, place in a muffle furnace, heat to 1000°C and keep at this temperature
for 1-2 h. Cool the sample in the crucible in the desiccator and weigh.
Combustion loss is expressed as a percentage using the following formula
(7)
河南工业大学硕士研究生学位论文 第 21 页
- For it:
- C1- The content of potassium and sodium oxide in a standard solution with
a high content %
- C2- The content of potassium and sodium oxide in a standard solution with
a low content %
- a- indication of the solution being analyzed
- а1- Indications for standard solutions with high sodium and potassium
oxide content
- The content of potassium and sodium oxide is given by the following
formula.
(8)
- For it:
- C1- The content of potassium and sodium oxide in a standard solution with
a high content %
- C2- The content of potassium and sodium oxide in a standard solution with
a low content %
- a- indication of the solution being analyzed
- а1- Indications for standard solutions with high sodium and potassium
oxide content
- The content of potassium and sodium oxide is given by the following
formula.
(9)
- For it:
- С- an indication of the solution being analyzed
- V- the volume of a basic solution, ml
- H- sample weight, g
Determine the total amount of calcium and magnesium oxide in lime
In the A experiment, Add 1 liter of hydrochloric acid solution to 1.19% by weight, add
up to 1 liter of distilled water to 85 ml of hydrochloric acid and mix well. The titer of this
solution is determined at 250-270°C with pre-dried anhydrous sodium carbonate for 1-1.5
hours at a constant weight. Transfer 1g of sodium carbonate to a 250ml conical flask and
dissolve in 80 to 100 ml of distilled water. Using a 0.1% solution of the pink methyl
indicator, titrate the solution with 1 hydrochloric acid from yellow to orange. The titer of 1
hydrochloric acid solution is the amount of CaO expressed in grams, which is determined by
第 22 页 河南工业大学硕士研究生学位论文
СО2 (15)
minute does not exceed 0.1 g. The degree of grinding of lime, expressed as a percentage, is
determined by the following formula.
Н.З = (m/50)100 (16)
- m -residue on the sieve, d
Determine the settling time and temperature of the lime
Weigh 6 g of the sample to a precision of not more than 0.1g in a hot flask, add 25 ml of
water at 20°C and mix rapidly with a polished wooden stick. Cover the sample container
with a lid fitted with a thermometer with a scale up to 1000°C and immobilize it. The tip of
the thermometer should be completely immersed in the mercury. Record the thermometer
reading every minute from the time the water is added.
If the thermometer reading does not exceed 10°C for 4 min, the precipitation is
considered complete. This temperature is called the precipitation temperature. Sedimentation
time is the period from the time water is added to the lime to the time when the temperature
rise does not exceed 0.25°C per minute.
Determine average density of sand:
The density of the spill was determined by weighing 2 kg of sand and placing it in a
standard funnel by opening the nozzle and filling the cylinder.
(17)
(18)
it with water until it becomes limpid, finally, weigh it again after drying it at 100-110°C until
it has a constant weight.
(19)
(20)
(21)
(23)
weight of wet, g
weight of dry sample, g
weight of sample to be dried, g
The balanced moisture of clay elasticity mixture for printing.
This is the moisture content when the clay is most suitable for printing or has the highest
elasticity. Such moist clay can be printed by the normal force of human hands and does not
stick to the hands. Appropriate humidity is determined with the Vicky instrument. To
河南工业大学硕士研究生学位论文 第 27 页
determine, prepare a clay paste, place it in a cylindrical mold, scrape it off the edge of the
cylinder, and place it centrally on the Vick toolbar. Then press the instrument needle against
the surface of the dough and drop it freely to look at the stopwatch. Perform the test under the
pressure of the loaded needle for 5 to 40 mm until the dough is immersed in 5 minutes. After
the appropriate moisture content has been determined, 4 pieces of dough weighing 15-20 g
shall be cut, weighed, dried to a constant weight, and weighed again as determined by the
following formula.
(24)
– relative humidity, %
– absolute humidity, %
– wet specimen weight,g
– weight of dry sample, g
Air subsidence of the clay and its combustion
The process by which the size of a clay mixture decreases during drying is called air
subsidence. Moisture accumulates in the tubes formed between the clay species, and during
thermal drying, the water evaporates and the clay condenses and shrinks in size. However,
the phenomenon of diminishing the sample size during combustion is called combustion
subsidence.
Drying, combustion, and general settling of primary and enriched kaolinite were
determined by a 50x50x10mm model with elastic drawing and a caliper size of 50 mm with
linear changes during drying and firing. The experiement results are calculated by the
following formula.
(25)
(26)
CHAPTER THREE
Results of Experimental Studies
When it was analyzed by the method which is specified in the MNS0963: 1991 limestone
standard, it has resulted that CaCO3 is 98.8% so it is classified as Class A limestone.
Table 3.2 Physicochemical properties of Khutul limestone
Residue
Name Lime Volume Volume Time to
Temperature to on the
of the activation of of precipitate
precipitation, °С grinding
sample СаО+MgO, % MgO-, % CO2, % min
sieve, %
Khutul
73.9 1.6 6.78 2 78 0.1
lime
When analyzing Khutul lime according to MNS0347: 2002 standard, Khutul lime
belongs to group III class.
第 30 页 河南工业大学硕士研究生学位论文
When analyzing Khutul lime and Urgun lime according to the standard MNS0347:
2002, Khutul lime belongs to group III and Urgun lime does not meet the technical
requirements.
The results of the chemical composition of Mandal-Ovoo initial clay determined by the
method of X-ray fluorescence are shown in Figure 3.1 andTable3.5.
According to the results determined by the Central Geological Laboratory, the clay is
classified as semi-acidic clay due to its primary and concentrated forms. Silicon oxide in the
primary clay decreased from 74.64% to 67% after enrichment, while alumina content
河南工业大学硕士研究生学位论文 第 31 页
increased from 17.47% to 20.31%. The results of determining the mineral composition of
Mandal-Ovoo clay are shown in Figure 3.2.
Hydroslide
kaolinite
Quartz
According to the experiment, it contains 3.47% of sand, 26.15% of dust, and 70.38% of clay. As
shown in the experiment results, the primary clay of Mandal-Ovoo belongs to the category of fine-grained
clay.
Table 3.7 The elasticity of Mandal-Ovoo clay
The limit of the
Limit of the flow
Name of the stoppage Уян налархайн тоо
№ Урсалтын
sample Тасралтын Number of elastics
хязгаар
хязгаар
1 Primary clat 26.08 20.51 5.57
2 Concentrated clay 26.96 20.07 6.89
When determining the elasticity of Mandal-Ovoo clay on primary and enriched clay, the
result was increased from 5.57 to 6.89.
From the above results, it can be seen that the plasticity did not increase much after the
clay was concentrated. The plasticity of clay depends on its mineral composition and particle
composition. If the number of plasticities is 3-7, it belongs to the category of dry clays that
have low plasticity. According to our experiments, the plasticity of Mandal-Ovoo clay is 6.89
and it belongs to this category of clay.
Relative humidity was 23.13% and absolute humidity was 30.09% when the appropriate
moisture content was tested on the primary and enriched clays using the Vick tool. The
results show that the primary clay has low ажлын moisture content due to the low content of
the mixture and the plasticity. After concentration, it has increased by
0.57-0.95%respectively. The proper moisture content of the pressing depends on the mineral
composition and particle composition of the clay. The relative humidity of the primary clay
is 22.56%, and the absolute moisture after enrichment is 29.14%.
Table 3.9 below shows the results of experiments in which air and combustion
subsidence were determined by linear shrinkage in primary and enriched clays of
Mandal-Ovoo. The results of incineration at 900°C and 1000°C were used.
河南工业大学硕士研究生学位论文 第 33 页
Experimental results show that air and combustion subsidence increased after
enrichment. Primary clays and enriched clays are slightly foamed in the determination of
incineration at 900°C due to the high-temperature compaction of refractory clays. However,
when combusted at 1000°C, not only the clay did not evaporate but it has just settled more
only after it concentrated. This shows that the subsidence of the clay is increasing due to the
compaction of the ceramic body as the temperature rises.
The results of determining the water absorption in the primary and enriched clay of
Mandal-Ovoo obtained by preparing a sample of 50x50x10 mm and burning it at 900°C are
shown in Table 3.10 below.
Table 3.10
№ Sample name Water absorption %
Due to its result that chemical composition of waste of concentrator factory doesn't
fluctuate much, the potential to apply for industrial usage shall increase.
The mineral composition is dominated by quartz (52-56%), a large amount of feldspar
(35-45%), contains slightly clayey, and iron sulfide. The physical and mechanical properties
of the white dust used in the study, such as асгаасан density, density, distance of the particles,
dust mixture, particle modulus, moisture, water absorption, etc., are shown in Table 3.12.
第 34 页 河南工业大学硕士研究生学位论文
As it was determined the radioactivity of Erdenet white dust compared to natural sand,
it meets MNS5072: 2001 standard (≤370 Bq / kg).
Autoclaving of sand and lime products results in the formation and strengthening of
calcium hydrosilicate compounds. Such hardening is called hydrosilicate hardening.
Moisture heat treatment is carried out by preparing a mixture of lime and silica sand and
pressing it in an autoclave at a temperature of 174-200°C and a pressure of 0.9-1.6 MPa. As
a result, lime and silica sand combine to form various calcium hydrosilicates.
CAS2=CaO+AI2O3 2SiO2
The calculation of the composition of the thermal insulation material was performed as
follows based on the characteristics of the raw material of lime, kaolinite and white dust of
"Erdenet" MCC respectively.
河南工业大学硕士研究生学位论文 第 35 页
Mill
Screw carrier
Elevator bunker
Measuring Mix
To mould
Crush the clay, heat it at 750°C, turn it into metakaolinite, mix it with lime and white dust
of Erdenet in 1:2:1 ratio, pour it into a 2x2x2 mold and autoclave it at 190°C with steam
pressure of 1.3 MPa for 2 hours finally the insulation material was obtained.
The advantages of this technology are:
- Reinforcement without cement;
河南工业大学硕士研究生学位论文 第 37 页
Table 3.14 The strength and mass of the density of the pre-extracted thermal insulation material in
laboratory
Mass of volume, g/cm3
Mass of
Sample Strength, The strength due to the according to the
volume,
name MPa standardMNS5352:2004 standard
g/cm3
MNS5352:2004
1 0.62 0.36
2 0.69 0.3-0.8 MPa 0.37 0.1-0.5
3 0.64 0.37
The total operating time of the autoclave was 10 hours and the heating rate was 2 hours.
The strength of the hydrothermal-reinforced thermal insulation material obtained under
laboratory conditions is 0.62-0.69 MPa, and the mass of volume is 0.36-0.37 g/cm3,
which is in accordance with the technical requirements of the thermal insulation material
meets the standard (MNS5352: 2004). The SEM analysis of the thermal insulation material
obtained under laboratory conditions by the hydrothermal hardening process is shown in
Figure 3.6.
第 38 页 河南工业大学硕士研究生学位论文
3.9-3.11 below.
-quartz
-tobermorite
-quartz
-tobermorite
-quartz
-tobermorite
Figure 3.12 shows a very little increase of 0.02 W / (m·K) from 25°C to 700°C in
determining the thermal conductivity of the insulation material.
Temperature°С
item from the mold
λ, Вт/Detach the
(м·К)
W/(m·K) at 700°C even it was 0.118 W/(m·K) at 25°C. At 32° C, the heat transfer
coefficient decreases due to the loss of water from the hydrosilicate crystal.
第 42 页 河南工业大学硕士研究生学位论文
河南工业大学硕士研究生学位论文 第 43 页
CHAPTER FOUR
Economic Calculation
The economic calculation of a small workshop for the production of thermal insulation
materials has been completed.
Table 4.1 The calculation of raw materials
Total Item price Transport
№ Raw material Measurement Total amount
amount, tn /tug/ cost /tug/
1 Clay tn 2500 24000 6,642,992.5 66,642,992.5
2 Lime tn 1200 17000 17,830,000 38,230,000
3 White dust tn 850 2700 16,348,80 3,929,880
4 Lubricants tn 1900 2400 4,560,000
5 Water tn 4815 350 1,685,250
Total price 115,048,122.5
1m3- The building is estimated at 100,000 MNT. The price of 1m3-warehouse (without
heating) was calculated at 85,000 MNT. Depreciation of the building at 3.5% of the
第 46 页 河南工业大学硕士研究生学位论文
construction cost:
649,548,900∙3.5/100=22,734,211.5
Other expenses of the factory include costs related to the research and experimental
work and purchase of products, and in the case of taking 25% of the construction cost, it
accounted for 16,238,722.5MNT.
The economic estimation of a small workshop for the production of thermal insulation
materials has been completed
The ratio of production and sales costs
Sales price of the product: 1m3-120'000 MNT
Cost of the product: per 1 m3 - 1,382,399,656.5/20000=69,119.9 MNT
The sales price of the total product :
12,000×22,000= 2,640,000,000
Annual sales revenue: 2,640,000,000-1,382,3999,656.5=1,257,600,343.5( Sales Profit)
河南工业大学硕士研究生学位论文 第 47 页
CONCLUSION
Mongolia imports more than 60 percent of its construction materials from Russia and
China. However, at the end of 2019, due to the global epidemic, the price of construction
materials in our country is increasing 4-5 times. As a result, the price of construction
materials continues to rise to the point where ordinary people cannot afford to buy them. All
over the world, thermal insulation materials are being updated day by day, becoming very
thin and light. As our country's clay does not reach international standards, we continue to
conduct research based on Mongolian standards.
When analyzing Khutul lime and Urgun lime according to the standard
MNS0347:2002, Khutul lime belongs to group III and Urgun lime does not meet the
technical requirements so we selected the Lime of Khutul as a raw material of the thermal
insulation material.
Calcium hydrosilicate must be formed in the thermal insulation material and, heat it
at 750°C, by converting into metakaolinite, mix it with lime and white dust of Erdenet in a
1:2:1 ratio, pour it into a 2x2x2 mold and autoclave it at 190°C with a steam pressure of 1.3
MPa for 2 hours finally the insulation material was obtained in laboratory condition.
It results that the strength of the pre-extracted thermal insulation material is
accounted for 0.65 MPa and mass of the volume is accounted for 0.65 MPa and a pressure of
1.3 MPa in a hydrothermal hardening process so it meets the technical requirements
standard of thermal insulation materials / MNS5352: 2004 /.
It is shown that they have cellular characteristics due to the fact of SEM analysis of
thermal insulation materials extracted under laboratory conditions by conducting the
hydrothermal hardening process. XRD also contains tobermorite and quartz. This confirms
that thermal insulation materials have been extracted.
The thermal coefficient of the insulation material is 0.118 W/(m·K) at 25°C whereas
it increased up to 0.138 W/(m·K) at 700°C The total investment of the small workshop for
the production of thermal insulation materials is accounted 1.25 billion.
第 48 页 河南工业大学硕士研究生学位论文
河南工业大学硕士研究生学位论文 第 49 页
致谢
I remember the first time I came to China in August 2017. The first time I got off the
subway, the fresh air of Zhengshou City felt as if I was there right now. First of all, I would
like to express my gratitude to my thesis supervisors Professor Zou Wenjun and Professor
Peng Jin. Because even though there are so many things I don't know, I'm very grateful that
he understood all of them and never scolded me.
I want to say thank teacher Lao Miao. Participated in the international student
competition and placed 3rd as a team. It's great to think back to the memories.
Cheng Qiao Huan really wants to apologize to teacher. I'm really sorry that I still can't
write my diploma beautifully. first time we met at a barber shop. By the time my Chinese
language not good, can not say hello, You was a very helpful person who translated and
helped me. I am very afraid and regret not being able to complete the tasks on time. I am
truly grateful to you for always teaching me and never bothering to scold me even when it
has taken me a long time. Thank you teacher.
When I came to Mongolia for the 2020 winter vacation, I didn't really expect that I can
not go back. I miss my school and teachers very much. When the good time comes, I will
definitely visit in China. Please stay healthy and happy.
Thank you very much to the students of our school who helped me, you are really like
gods.
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第 52 页 河南工业大学硕士研究生学位论文