CASE STUDY Land Pollution

MARIANO MARCOS STATE UNIVERSITY
College of Teacher Education
A CASE STUDY ON ILLEGAL DUMPING OF GARBAGE
THAT CAUSES LAND POLLUTION IN THE RIVERS OF ILOCOS NORTE
A Case Study
Presented to:
ROMELYN T. LAGURA
Assistant Professor 3
Mariano Marcos State University
Laoag City
In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements

in the subject NATSC 13 – Environmental Science
By:
LEIGH ANN AGLIDAY
ERICA AGCAOILI
VENESSA MARIAH AURELLANO
ETHEL BALIGCOT
JOAN BARROGA
SHAIRA MAE MENDOZA
JESSICA RATON
KYRINE KRIZZA RUBIO
APRIL JOY SUPANGAN
SHELLA FAYE TOLENTINO
NOVEMBER 2021
Castro Ave., Laoag City, 2900 Ilocos Norte, Philippines

 cte@mmsu.edu.ph  (077) 600-2014 www.mmsu.edu.ph
A CASE STUDY ON ILLEGAL DUMPING OF GARBAGE
THAT CAUSES LAND POLLUTION IN THE RIVERS OF ILOCOS NORTE
I. INTRODUCTION
According to Texas Disposal Systems, land pollution refers to the deterioration of the
earth’s land surfaces, at and below ground level. Land pollution is caused by human activities such
as industrialization, mining activities, illegal dumping of garbage and agricultural activities. Illegal
dumping of garbage in the river is a very common problem in the Philippines that causes land
pollution and the province of Ilocos Norte is not an exemption. In fact, according to Madarang
(2021), a recent study says that some rivers of the Philippines such as Pasig, Agno, Davao and
Iloilo rivers are among the top 50 rivers in the world that carry the most pollution into the ocean.
In this study, the researchers focused on illegal dumping of garbage in the rivers of Ilocos Norte
specifically in the municipality of Badoc, Dingras, Banna, Bangui, Pagudpud, and San Nicolas.
Observation method was used to gather data. The researchers observed the illegal dumping of
garbage in the rivers near them, then gave possible programs to solve the problem, as well as the
possible outcomes of the programs if they are actually implemented. This study aims to identify
the problems under the illegal dumping of garbage that causes land pollution and its effects to the
environment, the people, and other aspects of the society, as well as to give possible solutions to
solve the problem.
II. OBSERVATIONS
Compared to the past years, the quantity of garbage in the rivers has decreased. This may
be caused by the programs that had been implemented like the creation of landfills. However, even
though landfills have been created, there are still people who dump their garbage in the river.
Landfills have been created but some are made in the river itself (as shown in the Figure 1), it
serves its purpose during dry season where the river dries up, but when typhoons come or during

rainy seasons and the water rises, the landfills become useless because the water will also carry
the wastes away. The good thing is that there aren’t many people dumping garbage in the landfills
on the river anymore, because there are other landfills that have been made away from the river.
It is very unpleasant to see a lot of litter scattered across the river. Plastics can be seen
clinging on dead river plants (Figure 2) when the water eases which means these wastes had been
carried away by the water and got stuck in the twigs of the river plants. It is also evident that the
plastics are already decaying which is an indication that the plastics have been in the river for a
long period of time or had been soaked in the water for a long period of time (as shown in the
Figure 3). Nevertheless, any of the following reasons behind the decaying plastics would only
mean one thing: they have been dumped illegally for a long period of time. Diapers seem to be the
dominant type or must be the most popular and noticed type of litter that can be seen in the river
(Figures 4 & 5). It cannot be denied that every river that faces the problem of illegal dumping has
diapers scattered everywhere. The reason locals often say is that: when they put the diapers in their
trash bins, their dogs somehow find a way in getting the diapers and running them away. But the
thing is, if they just dispose of the diapers in trash bins properly and not just let the diapers sit on
top of things, they wouldn’t even have to deal with dogs running with their babies’ diapers away.
The improper disposal of garbage is even one of the reasons for misunderstandings among
community members sometimes. They blame each other for the diapers that were scattered
everywhere. They have no initiative, instead of just picking up the garbage and putting it in the
garbage bin, they report it to the barangay officials and make a small problem a big argumentative
issue. Aside from plastics, wood cuttings are also seen in the river. These types of litter are better
than plastics because they are biodegradable. However, they can be dangerous for people and
animals if they are disposed improperly.
Illegal dumping of garbage in the river is the main problem, but the underlying problem is
the mentality of the people. They have this belief that the garbage they dump will be carried away
by the water anyway. Some would also burn their garbage in the river, but it is not guaranteed that
everything would be burned. There would still be remaining plastics unburned and this for example
is where plastics that seem to have been in the river for a long period of time would come from.
And this kind of mentality is not only possessed by the members of the barangay in which the

rivers are located. There are a lot of people from the neighboring barangays that illegally and
inappropriately dump their garbage in the river. Even when they dump their garbage in the
landfills, they don’t even dispose of it properly, they just throw it away. The main possible reason
for people dumping garbage in the river is to lessen the garbage and eyesores around their houses
but little did they know that the trash they dumped in the river will eventually come back to them.
Just like for example, when there's a typhoon and it will cause floods in their area, the trash they
dumped near the river will be carried away by the flood and come back to them, there isn’t really
an escape from their garbage but to dispose of it properly.
Behind every problem lies an underlying cause. There should be a reason why people dump
their garbage in the river, aside from their mentality and this is because of the lack of garbage
collectors in the rural areas. The programs that are being implemented are lacking. Some programs
that are proposed are even just applicable in the urban areas, leaving out the rural areas. With this
lack of intervention concerning the problem of illegal dumping of garbage in the river, the people
have acquired the mentality and habits to dump garbage in that particular body of water. They have
been doing such practice for a long period of time, that even though programs such as creation of
landfills are now being implemented, there are still people who are doing such a thing, because it
has been inculcated in them. Aside from that, maybe the programs are being improperly
implemented. For example, even though clean-up drives are being implemented, the rivers are not
being thoroughly cleaned. Plastics that are already decaying and seem to have been in the river for
a long period of time are still scattered across the river. Aside from that, the programs are not
enough or not being discussed enough thus, not being given enough importance by the members
of the community, resulting in an improper if not unsuccessful outcome of the programs.
However, some parts of the province do not face the problem of illegal dumping of garbage
in the river (Figure 6). There are places where they manage their solid wastes properly, so they do
not have to worry about it. There are places where policies of garbage segregation are being
implemented and the diapers are being collected so they are not thrown in the river but in the
designated landfills. There are also places where they require the youth to pick up garbage in the
river every Saturday. They pick up garbage until the end of the river that is part of their barangays.
There are people who are disciplined enough to know what is good for their community. They

don't dump solid garbage into the water supply since they are aware that it clogs the system and
causes pollution. They know that they are not only polluting the land but also the water and the
air. This kind of discipline is something that every human should possess. Their concern for the
environment along with their cooperation with one another saves them from problems that are easy
to prevent and solve but hard to do if the people do not possess the traits they have.
III. ANALYSIS
Illegal dumping of garbage in the river comes with various effects. From the obvious
environmental effects, to its physical effects on people, a simple pile of garbage in the river would
cause a catastrophic aftermath.
First, illegal dumping of garbage in the river does not only pollute the land but all the other
factors of the environment. Improper waste disposal can ruin the bodies or water, land, and soil.
Some waste will eventually rot and in the process, it may smell or generate methane gas, which is
explosive and would contribute to the greenhouse effect. In addition to that, people also get rid of
their garbage by burning them and this kind of activity contributes a lot to the proliferation of
carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, thus polluting the air as well. Instead of having a beautiful view,
the surroundings now have so much garbage and ruin the beautiful scenery. This would affect the
tourism industry of the barangay or the place because people would not want to visit anymore.
Illegal dumping is an eyesore that affects the value of homes around the community. It is
also highly hazardous to human health, especially the respiratory system. Decaying organic waste
releases Bio aerosols which according to Douwes, Thorne, Pearce, and Heederik (2003) contribute
to a wide range of health effects with major public health impact, including infectious diseases,
acute toxic effects, allergies and cancer. In addition to that, Douwes et. al. stated in their study that
respiratory symptoms and lung impairment are among the most important bio aerosol-associated
health effects. In addition to this, according to Athanasiou, Makrynos and Dounias (2010), bio
aerosols contain several agents that may worsen the inflammation of airways. The chemicals and
non-biodegradable materials in the waste affect the physical environment and the waterways by
contaminating groundwater and soil. In order to do that, there should be a proper garbage bin so

that mosquitoes will not give diseases like dengue fever. Piles of garbage is also a home for
dengue-carrying mosquitoes. When it rains, the water gets accumulated in the plastics and anything
that could hold an amount of water. The water gets stagnant and this is when dengue-carrying
mosquitoes come in. This is a serious threat to human health and would even cause fatality. Aside
from that, improperly disposed garbage and improperly placed landfills would not only pollute the
land but also the water. When the water in the river rises or when it floods, the garbage that had
been improperly dumped in the improperly placed landfills would pollute the water that can cause
diseases to humans and would kill fresh-water fishes. Floods and loss of diversity will be the price
for the improper waste disposal.
Aside from the health effects, illegal disposal of garbage in the river is dangerous to the
people near that place where there is a lot of garbage. There is a great possibility that a person
might get injured when the garbage thrown has sharp objects. The improperly placed landfills
would soon be filled with water, carrying away the garbage or unearthing buried wastes materials
that are threatening to humans and animals. If humans and animals come across this improperly
and illegally dispose of dangerous materials while bathing in the river or walking across the river,
it can cause serious physical problems.
With the mentioned effects of illegal dumping of garbage in the river, the researchers came
up with possible solutions that could solve the problem. First, awareness about the effects of
dumping garbage should be raised so the people know the effects of their doings and may come to
realize what is right upon dumping that garbage. Second, creating programs which involve every
member of the community, from the kids to the elderlies, would highly help in solving the problem
for there would be a solidarity in attaining the goal which is to prevent if not stop the illegal
dumping of garbage in the river. Third, the need for discipline and sacrifice is what people should
have in order to respect environmental rules, as well as the sacrifice of personal comfort and
financial gain for the preservation of nature and the surroundings. By simply picking up a piece of
garbage instead of ignoring it, is already a big contribution in preserving our mother nature.
Another possible solution that the researchers came up with is on how to handle the improper
waste disposal. Making compost pits and landfills can be a big help on how to dispose of the waste
properly. The compost pit should be far from the rivers for it will be useless if it is near the river

or made directly in the river. A compost pit can save the environment because it can give nutrition
to the soil. The composted material that was created can improve hard, depleted soils, so that
flowers, vegetables, and fruit trees can thrive in a now nutrient-rich environment. Composting also
improves the soil and reduces rainwater runoff by boosting its moisture-holding capabilities and
its texture. On the other hand, landfills would be great for the non-compostable materials like
diapers and big trimmings and chunks of trees.
The last possible solution that was formulated by the researchers is the implementation of
the 3R's. Unfortunately, many people still don't know how to classify their waste. The 3 R's are
the Reduce, Re-use, and Recycle. Reducing the use of plastic is important because plastic
production requires an enormous amount of energy and resources. This causes carbon emissions
and contributes to global warming. Re-use is the practice of using an item, whether for its original
purpose or to fulfil a different function. Reuse is an excellent, environmentally-friendly alternative
to other waste management methods, due to the reason that it reduces air, water and land pollution,
it also limits the need for new natural resources that may add to the pollution of our environment.
Recycle is an action wherein a certain thing or a waste will be processed to create a new material.
When the waste is still useful do not throw it away so that there is not too much waste. The 3 R's
will definitely be a big help in establishing eco-friendly surroundings. Implementing programs by
barangay officials or SK (Sangguniang Kabataan) members will also help in order to make things
done by providing proper and appropriate trash cans.
The solutions that the researchers formulated can give good effects to our environment.
These solutions are nothing but intended to give our mother nature a favor. By these solutions, our
surroundings, sceneries, views, and the treasure of our nature will be preserved. The researchers
come up with these solutions because they believe that Earth is our only home and we have to do
everything in order to save it.

IV. RECOMMENDATIONS
The researchers recommend implementing the following programs in order to solve the
problem of illegal dumping of garbage in rivers that causes land pollution: Awareness Program,
Clean-Up Drive Program, Creating Compost Pits, Money from Waste, Segregation of Waste and
Collection of Garbage, and the 3 R's Rule.
It was observed that the people are the underlying problem in the illegal dumping of
garbage in rivers that causes land pollution. After all, humans are the only living organisms on
Earth who are capable of creating such wastes. In solving a problem, it is advisable to look for the
root of it and focus on solving its main reason for existence. In the case of the problem of illegal
dumping of garbage in the river that causes land pollution, starting with the people is the best
option. An awareness program would be a great start-up and a nice precedent in implementing
various programs to solve the problem. People from the Department of Health (DOH) and
Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR) should work together with the Local
Government Unit and other related agencies like the Municipal Disaster Risk Reduction
Management (MDRRM) to conduct lectures in barangays. The lecture should be about the effects
of illegal dumping of garbage in rivers and the things that they as people can do to save the rivers
and stop the illegal dumping of garbage that causes land pollution and other environmental effects.
In addition to that, for the assurance of a successful rate of awareness, the attendance in lectures
should be mandatory. Absence can be fined or can be withdrawn with a community service that
includes cleaning the river or participating in other programs like the creation of compost pits and
landfills.
After raising awareness, it is now safe to implement programs because it would highly
guarantee a successful implementation. A clean-up drive program is a very common but very
essential program in solving problems like the illegal dumping of garbage in rivers. One of the
responsibilities of the leaders of the community is being good role models. The Brgy. Officials
including SK Officials of the barangay where the rivers are located together with the officials of
the neighboring barangays should call for a meeting to discuss the effects of illegal dumping of
garbage among themselves. In this sense, the leaders would have a way deeper understanding of

the problem and that would make them more effective leaders in solving the problem. The officials
of the barangays together with the people and other volunteers should conduct a clean-up drive to
remove all the trash and deadwoods that are left in the compost pit near and in the river, to the
point that there is not a single bottle cap or ripped candy wrapper can be seen anywhere in the
river. After removing all the trash, the compost pit must be closed. And it should not stop in the
closure of improperly placed compost pits and landfills, they should also monitor the proper way
of dumping garbage regularly.
The previous clean-up drive program is mainly about a one-time general cleaning program
to completely remove all the waste in the river. The following program is more of a program that
should be implemented for a long period of time and should be done on a regular basis. So there
should be 1 representative per family to participate in the said program, but it is not limited to that,
volunteers should be welcomed and encouraged to join. The clean-up drive should be done at least
3 times every month. If there is no representative in the family, they should pay an acceptable
amount of fine. This is not solely for the accumulation of funds but mainly to ensure a high
participation rate.
Another program that is recommended by the researchers is the creation of compost pits.
In this program, every barangay should have compost pits that are provided by the government
under the sanitary code. There should be officials that are assigned to different respective areas to
collect waste in every household during Tuesdays, Thursdays, and Saturdays. The officials should
also lead the proper way of decomposing waste. The implemented program should be monitored
regularly by the barangay officials together with some persons concerned from the local
government unit such as people from DOH and DENR in order to ensure that the program is being
implemented properly and to check if the wastes are properly composted.
There have been a lot of programs which mainly revolve around turning waste into money.
Money from waste programs is such a smart thing to implement. This would not only prevent
people from dumping waste in the river but if properly handled, it would bring the barangay an
enormous amount of funds for future needs. In this program, the barangay officials should
encourage the members of the community who have free time to participate in turning waste into
things that could be sold. The volunteers should go to the work area or the barangay hall three

times a week. Students should also be encouraged to participate and they should go to the work
area during weekends. The plastic wrappers should be cut into small pieces and turned into pillows,
cushions, and just for interior designs. The barangay officials should lead the collection of bottles
in order to make Christmas decorations before the Christmas season comes. There are numerous
things that can be done with what is considered as waste and the members of the community should
call for a meeting regularly in order to gather suggestions on what kind of things should be created
out of the wastes. As for how they will sell the products, social media is a powerful tool in
marketing and so, the SK members together with volunteer youths should be the one in-charged
in this. Of course, the barangay treasurer will have to join force with the SK treasurer in handling
financial matters. The head of the barangay should also regularly check up on the SK members if
everything is going well and running smoothly. In short, the collaboration of barangay officials,
SK officials and the members of the community is much needed in order to implement this kind
of program successfully.
Segregation of waste and the collection of garbage is another program that is recommended
by the researchers. Before the collection of garbage, segregation is a must, especially for the
diapers and plastics because they are the most dominant waste that are being thrown in the river.
Every household should have a separate garbage bin for recyclable materials such as bottles and
others, things that can be sold such as cans, and non-biodegradable materials such as plastics.
These should be collected by an assigned official once a week, preferably Monday. As for the
leaves and other biodegradable materials, there should also be a separate garbage bin and it will
not be recommended for the garbage collector to collect those because it is required for every
household to dig a 3 ft. hole and throw those leaves in there, in short every household should have
their own compost pit. In the case of having not enough space in making a compost pit, neighboring
households should share compost pits but they should all take responsibility for it. Another thing
is that it would be required for them to dig a deeper hole or just dig one hole for each household
in a particular area in their neighborhood. The barangay officials should regularly check if the
compost pits are being used properly. As for the collected garbage, the barangay officials should
be the ones to dump the collected garbage in designated landfills in order to ensure that it is not
being dumped illegally and improperly.

Lastly, the researchers recommend applying 3 R’s (Reduce, Reuse and Recycle) in every
household. This sequence of steps on how to manage waste properly might seem to be considered
a cliché, but it is a very powerful concept that can save humanity. It saves energy, natural resources,
helps to reduce pollution and reduces the need for landfill. Every barangay should strictly
implement the concept of 3 R’s. First, people should reduce their consumption of non-
biodegradable materials such as plastics. The barangay should implement an additional program
under this, that when people from the barangay go to the market, they should bring their own eco
bags, baskets or bayongs. Actually, this would be a very nice policy that every municipality should
implement. In connection to this, there should be days where vendors should not be allowed to use
plastic bags. Otherwise would result in a fine or community service, depending on their degree of
offense. If the reduction in the use of plastic bags is successful, the local government units might
as well just slowly ban it until it is completely banned. Second is the reuse policy. In connection
to the previously mentioned plastic bags, people should maximize the use of such non-
biodegradable materials in order to spare it from being thrown away right away. Filipinos are
naturally resourceful but sometimes, they are already forgetting how to reuse things because of the
availability of materials nowadays. The barangay officials should keep an eye on the community
members if they are reusing materials that can be reused. This would be a hard task, so it is really
important that before this program is implemented, the awareness program should be implemented
in order to ensure that the members of the community know what they are doing and know how to
do things right, like reusing reusable materials. Last portion of the 3 R’s is the recycle policy.
Instead of throwing away the bottles and plastic wrappers, it is advisable to keep it and recycle it.
Segregating the waste will organize the garbage which makes it easier to identify the recyclable
ones. The biodegradable materials should also be recycled. The decaying waste will be used as a
plant fertilizer. In order to make this the most effective solution for garbage, personal discipline
should really be imposed on people, especially in handling their waste properly.

V. CONCLUSION
The researchers therefore conclude that if these programs; Awareness Program, Clean-Up
Drive Program, Compost Pit, Money from Waste, Segregation of Waste and Collection of
Garbage, and the 3 R's rule will be implemented, then problems about land pollution will decrease
and some will be solved.
Education plays an important role to the people. If every single person from the community
is aware about the bad effects of illegal dumping of garbage in rivers, then only immoral people
would still dump garbage illegally. Convincing others can motivate everyone to make a significant
contribution to save the environment. Therefore, if the Awareness Program will be implemented
then we will create disciplined community members successfully. After all, it would always start
with the mentality of the people.
Since humans are the main reason why Mother Nature comes into this critical condition,
the responsibility of returning back the grace of the environment should be imposed on them. They
have to do actions that would really change the phenomena that we are experiencing right now.
Therefore, the Clean-Up Drive Program should be implemented. By participating in clean-ups,
citizens can create immediate results and permanent changes in their local areas. Clean-ups should
serve as catalysts for permanent changes in attitudes and behavior and encourage adoption of
practices such as the 3R's that can have a profound effect on waste management in the community.
On the other hand, if Money from Waste will be implemented, instead of throwing things
like garbage, be creative and make that garbage useful. Create something and make it into new
materials like decoration and bags that are made up of plastics, and those things can be turned into
money. In these little ways, it is a big help to the environment in reducing plastic waste that ruins
it.
If the segregation of waste and collection of garbage programs is properly implemented
and followed by every citizen, pollution caused by these will decrease and can heal our
surroundings. It is a big help to establish a waste free environment, and have fresh air. If garbage
can decompose properly, it is very beneficial to our soil and that soil can be used for planting
vegetables that can be a good source of vegetables for every citizen in the area and can also be a

good project for the barangay. In addition to this, people can assure that the surroundings especially
the riverside will be clean and all will surely participate because of the fine. There is also a
possibility that when a flood comes, the garbage that is blown away will be much smaller compared
to the past. All the effort in cleaning and collecting garbage will become nothing if the dumping
site will not be taken care of properly.
The successful application of the 3 R’s is a big help in solving the problem of the illegal
dumping of garbage that causes land pollution in the rivers. If people do their part in reducing,
reusing, and recycling, there would be tons of garbage that would be saved from being dumped.
Aside from that, this program would not only solve the problem of land pollution but also other
environmental problems that are caused by garbage. In addition to that, there would be less health
problems that would possibly appear due to improper waste disposal. The less garbage that is being
dumped, the less possibility of bacteria and viruses spreading in the household areas. The 3 R's,
Reduce, Reuse, and Recycle, are a way of life; we must recognize that it is our responsibility to
care for our planet; it is not the responsibility of someone else; it is the responsibility of the person
you see in the mirror every morning.
Every program with good aims, if successfully implemented would result in a superb
outcome. The programs mentioned are easy to implement in any barangay or municipality that
faces the problem of illegal dumping of garbage that causes land pollution in rivers. However, if
there is no solidarity among the people, such solutions to serious problems would never work.
Thus, cooperation and discipline are highly needed for the successful implementation of these
programs. The leaders should play a very big role in motivating the community members to
participate in these programs and they should be the ones that are the most dedicated and
committed in the implementation of these programs. On the other hand, the members of the
community should also willingly and whole-heartedly do their parts and even sacrifice their time
in participating in these programs. In addition to that, these programs must not be just implemented
for the sake of following what was proposed or what was obliged by the upper units of the
government. These should be implemented with utmost understanding and awareness about its
purpose and objectives: which is to solve the problem of illegal dumping of garbage that causes
land pollution in rivers and other environmental problems that come along with it.

VI. REFERENCES
Douwes, Thorne, Pearce, and Heederik (2003, April). Bioaerosol health effects and exposure
assessment: progress and prospects. Retrieved from https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12639832/
Anonymous (2020, August 24). Land Pollution: Causes, Effects, and Prevention. Retrieved from
https://www.texasdisposal.com/blog/land-pollution/
Madarang (June 9, 2021). Pasig river, other Philippine rivers among top plastic waste carriers
in the world, says study. Retrieved from https://interaksyon.philstar.com/politics-
issues/2021/06/09/193531/pasig-river-other-philippine-rivers-among-top-plastic-waste-carriers-
in-the-world-says-study/
Athanasiou, Makrynos, and Dounias (2010, December). Respiratory health of municipal solid
waste workers. Retrieved from https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20819804/

VII. APPENDICES
Figure 1: Landfill made in the river. Figure 2: Plastics hanging on dead river plants.
Figure 3: Decaying plastic. Figure 4: Diaper.
Figure 5: Decaying diapers. Figure 6: Clean river.

This part presents additional photos taken by the researchers during observation:


CASE STUDY Land Pollution

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MARIANO MARCOS STATE UNIVERSITY

College of Teacher Education

A CASE STUDY ON ILLEGAL DUMPING OF GARBAGE

THAT CAUSES LAND POLLUTION IN THE RIVERS OF ILOCOS NORTE

In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements

Castro Ave., Laoag City, 2900 Ilocos Norte, Philippines

A CASE STUDY ON ILLEGAL DUMPING OF GARBAGE

THAT CAUSES LAND POLLUTION IN THE RIVERS OF ILOCOS NORTE

Castro Ave., Laoag City, 2900 Ilocos Norte, Philippines

Castro Ave., Laoag City, 2900 Ilocos Norte, Philippines

Castro Ave., Laoag City, 2900 Ilocos Norte, Philippines

Castro Ave., Laoag City, 2900 Ilocos Norte, Philippines

Castro Ave., Laoag City, 2900 Ilocos Norte, Philippines

Castro Ave., Laoag City, 2900 Ilocos Norte, Philippines

Castro Ave., Laoag City, 2900 Ilocos Norte, Philippines

Castro Ave., Laoag City, 2900 Ilocos Norte, Philippines

Castro Ave., Laoag City, 2900 Ilocos Norte, Philippines

Castro Ave., Laoag City, 2900 Ilocos Norte, Philippines

Castro Ave., Laoag City, 2900 Ilocos Norte, Philippines

Castro Ave., Laoag City, 2900 Ilocos Norte, Philippines

Castro Ave., Laoag City, 2900 Ilocos Norte, Philippines

Figure 3: Decaying plastic. Figure 4: Diaper.

Figure 5: Decaying diapers. Figure 6: Clean river.

Castro Ave., Laoag City, 2900 Ilocos Norte, Philippines

Castro Ave., Laoag City, 2900 Ilocos Norte, Philippines

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