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özet:
• 1970’li yıllar ve sonrası >> mimarlıkta «çoğulculuk çağı»
• Avrupa’da postmodern duyarlılığın ortaya çıkışı (Venedik Bienali-1980 kapsamında düzenlenen «Geçmişin
Varlığı» sergisi ve «Strada Novissima» (Üsluplar Sokağı))
• Serginin küratörü Paolo Portoghesi, postmodernizmi, mimarların «geçmişle yaratıcı bir diyaloğa girmelerinin»

MİM 403
yasaklandığı bir dönemin sonu olarak nitelendirdi.
• Tarih, mimarlar için görüntüler ve öneriler deposu haline geldi (Michael Graves – Portland binası, Walt Disney
World Resort, Philip Johnson – AT&T binası)

architectural culture, history

• Tarihle / geçmişle ilişki kurmanın farklı yolları (Maya Lin-Vietnam Veterans Memorial, Daniel Libeskind-Jewish
Museum, Peter Eisenman-Memorial to Murdered Jews
• «Dekonstrüktivist Mimarlık» sergisi, 1988, Philip Johnson ve Mark Wigley (Frank Gehry-Gehry house, Zaha
Hadid-The Peak, Peter Eisenman-Wexner Center, Rem Koolhaas-Netherlands Dance Theatre, National Library

and theory VII

France, Coop Himmelblau-Rooftop addition…)
• Modernizme meydan okuyan alternatif tasarım yaklaşımları (Geoffrey Bawa-Sri Lankalı, Charles Correa-Hintli) +
(Jean Nouvel, Arab World Institute)
• Şehirleri yeniden yapılandırmak: 1980’li yıllar Paris ve «Les Grands Project» (I.M.Pei-Louvre Pyramid, Gae
Aulenti-Musée d'Orsay, Bernard Tschumi-La Vilette) + tasarım güşüncesi ve kentsel tasarım ilişkisi
• Klasik değerlere farklı yaklaşımlar: Glenn Murcutt, Peter Zumthor (zanaata temelli mimarlık pratiği)
• Yeni ve eski olanın ilişkisi: Norman Foster-Reichstag Dr. Selda Bancı

1 2

07
early 20th
century:
from the empire the final years of the ottoman empire

to the republic

3 4

the ottoman
discovery of the tanzimat
europe 1839
• the Treaty of Karlowitz (1699)
• The establishment of a new army corps, called the New
the reforms
• An ambassador was sent to Paris in 1721 +
Order (Nizam-ı Cedid) + new buildings, military barracks in • granted equality under law for all
an interest in French furniture, decoration The emergence of a new political, social and
the European style subjects,
and gardens. cultural identity led to the development of new
• The Ottoman reform movements by Mahmut II (1808-1839) • changed the structure of administration,
trends and styles in architecture.
• More continuous contact with European • established a new legal process,
products began in the reign of Selim III • led to the founding of secondary and
professional schools with European
(1789-1807) when permanent embassies in
curricula.
Europe were also established.

Selim III (1789-1807)

Mahmut II (1808-1839)

5 6

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Besides those in military and technical Attempts at training

matters, the European influences could
be seen in life patterns and architecture.
The members of the Imperial Guild of Ottoman Architects (Osmanlı Hassa Mimarlar
Ocağı) lost their job because they had trained to build for the simpler functions of
traditional Ottoman society. However, with their European training, foreign or minority
architects were better prepared to cope with the complex spatial demands of the
reforming sultans. Court architects (saray mimarları) were chosen from among
Armenians, or they were directly employed from Europe.
the Ottoman architects
• 1801, the new Imperial College of Military Engineering (Mühendishane-i Berr-i Hümayun)
• 1882, the School of Fine Arts (Mekteb-i Sanayi-i Nefise) (France)
• 1884, the School of Civil Engineering (Hendese-i Mülkiye Mektebi) - as an extension of the
Imperial College of Military Engineering (Mühendishane-i Berr-i Hümayun). (German influence)
>> The period transformed Istanbul into an arena of economic and cultural competition
between France and Germany.

Nigoğayos (1826–1858) and Sarkis Balyan (1835–1899)

7 8

Sirkeci Railroad Terminal

Sirkeci, Istanbul, 1888-1890
by August Jasmund (Purusian, 1859-1911)

Sirkeci Railroad Terminal

Sirkeci, Istanbul, 1888-1890
by August Jasmund (Purusian, 1859-1911)

Plan

9 10

Elevation

Deutsche Orientbank
(Germanya Han)
Bahçekapı, Istanbul, 1900-1910
by August Jasmund (Purusian, 1859-1911)

11 https://youtu.be/nvDhvQk93N0 12

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Ottoman Bank (Bank-ı Osmanî Şahane)

Istanbul, 1892 by Alexandre Vallaury
(French-Ottoman, 1850-1921)

plan

The facade facing Beyoğlu-Pera The rear facade facing the Golden Horn

Plan
Ottoman Bank
(Bank-ı Osmanî Şahane)
Karaköy, Istanbul, 1892
by Alexandre Vallaury
(French-Ottoman, 1850-1921)

13 14

Plan

Imperial College of Military Medicine

Ottoman Public Debt Administration (Mekteb-i Şahane-i Tıbbiye)
(Düyun-i Umumiye İdaresi) Istanbul, 1903
by Alexandre Vallaury
Istanbul, 1899-1900 (French-Ottoman, 1850-1921)
by Alexandre Vallaury
(French-Ottoman, 1850-1921)
Plan

15 16

Imperial College of Military Medicine

(Mekteb-i Şahane-i Tıbbiye)
Istanbul, 1903 by Alexandre Vallaury
Source: İBB Atatürk Kitaplığı

plan
Archaeological Museum
Istanbul, 1891-1907
by Alexandre Vallaury
(French-Ottoman, 1850-1921)

Çinili Köşk

17 18

3

19 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Q0ctrzwk2-M
21 https://youtu.be/CQHKczfZZ-E
vedat tek
(1873, 1942, Turkish)
• Born in 1873 in Istanbul
• Known as the first Turkish architect with
formal education in architecture.
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Botter House
Istiklal Cd, Istanbul, ~1900
by Raimondo D’Aronco
(Italian, 1857-1932)
20
in short
• Turkish students were opposed to the European
• It was mainly Vallaury and Jachmund
domination in the architectural field.
who set the tone for the new imperial
• The reaction by the Turkish students marked the
architecture of the Ottoman capital.
beginning of a trend in architectural styling, known
• Due to their academic positions, they
as the First National Style (Birinci Ulusal Mimari).
were able to teach young architects
• The leadership of two young architects: Vedat Tek
with their own aesthetic norms.
and Kemalettin Bey.
Vedat Tek and Kemalettin Bey
22
Ziya Gökalp was the chief leader of Turkish
nationalism. His ideology was based upon
a two-piece cultural theory: civilization
• Completed his higher education at the Ecole
Nationals des Beaux Arts in 1897.
(medeniyet) and culture (hars).
• Returned to Istanbul in 1899
• Employed at the Municipality and became the
first Turkish architect to teach architectural
history at the School of Fine Arts in 1900.
Civilization made up of scientific and technological
knowledge. And it was international in character. In this
sense, civilization could be adopted from the West.
Culture, on the other hand, included particular national
qualities and it could not be borrowed from elsewhere.
Thus, Ottoman modernization would be based on
European civilization, however, it would preserve
Turkish identity and Islamic religion.
24
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Central Post Office

Sirkeci, Istanbul, 1909
by Vedat Tek (Turkish, 1873-1942)

Central Post Office

Sirekci, Istanbul, 1909
by Vedat Tek (Turkish, 1873-1942)

Facade Plan Central hall Small masjid

25 26

Facade

Imperial Offices of the Land

Registry (Defter-i Hakani)
Sultanahmet, Istanbul, 1909
by Vedat Tek (Turkish, 1873-1942)

The architect’s
signature

27 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1116jlbrVQE 28

kemalettin bey BET WEEN ~1910-1920

(1870, 1927, Turkish)
• In 1909, he was appointed as Chief Architect of
the Ministry of Pious Foundations (Evkaf
• Born in 1870 in Istanbul
Nezareti) with the management of a large
• Had his formal training at the new School
technical office responsible for the restoration of
of Civil Engineering
historical monuments and the design of various
• Became an assistant to Jasmund, after
new buildings.
graduating in 1891
• This work gave Kemalettin Bey the opportunity to
• Went to Berlin for his postgraduate studies
analyze the principle of Ottoman architecture and
at the Charlottenburg Technische
to formulate his own architectural idiom.
Hochschule
• Besides restoring many historical buildings, he
• Apointed as Chief Architect of the Ministry
built a variety of new buildings such as mosques,
of War after his return from Berlin in 1900,
mausolea, office and school buildings, prisons,
and simultaneously continued to teach at
Vedat Tek House the School of Civil Engineering.
hospitals and train stations etc.
Nişantaşı, Istanbul, 1913-14
by Vedat Tek (Turkish, 1873-1942)

Plan

29 30

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D URIN G THE 20TH CEN TURY D URIN G THE 20TH CEN TURY

kemalettin bey’s mosques kemalettin bey’s mosques

Kamer Hatun Mosque, 1912
Bebek Mosque, 1912 Reflects the cultural and aesthetic

A fine example of the architect's revivalist confusion of the period

attempts at religious architecture

31 32

Fourth Vakıf Hanı

Fatih, Istanbul, 1912-26
by Kemalettin Bey (Turkish, 1870-1927) Harikzedegan (Fire Victims)
Apartments
Fatih, Istanbul, 1919-24
Plan (J. Pervititch) by Kemalettin Bey (Turkish, 1870-1927)

33 34

the first national style

Floor Plan

Harikzedegan (Fire Victims) Apartments

Fatih, Istanbul, 1919-24
by Kemalettin Bey (Turkish, 1870-1927)

35 36

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THE FIRST NATIONAL ASSEMBLY

Turkish Republic THE NEW CAPITAL CITY: ANKARA The building’s wide
PARTIAL CITY PL AN 1924

OCTOBER 13, 1923 Carl Christoph Lörcher (1884-1966)

wooden eaves, well-
• October 29, 1923, the Turkish Republic
During the early years of the Republic, the face of Ankara proportioned arched • the reconstruction of the old town
• a series of reforms:
was transformed by a vast building program. It aims to windows and • housing for the government officials
• in 1924, the abolition of the Caliphate
dress the new capital with monumental government
(Halifelik) symmetrical planning
buildings symbolizing the victory and ambitions of the new
• The office of the Seyhülislâm and the are characteristics of
state.
Ministry of Pious Foundations were the First National Style.
abolished and replaced by departments of
Religious Affairs and Religious Foundations HAFİ BEY, ULUS, ANKARA,
• Education was secularized and centralized 1917-1923
• in 1925, Western-style clothing was
adopted
• in 1926, the Swiss Civil Code was adopted
• in 1928, the Arabic script was replaced by
the Latin script
• A free enterprise system was adopted at
the İzmir Economic Congress of 1923

37 38

New National Assembly

Ulus, Ankara, 1924
by Vedat Tek (Turkish, 1873-1942)

Floor Plan

39 40

Interior

New National Assembly

Ulus, Ankara, 1924
by Vedat Tek (Turkish, 1873-1942)

41 42 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QVHnAl0hyoI

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Ankara Palas Hotel

Ulus, Ankara, 1924-27 Interior
by Vedat Tek & Kemalettin Bey

Ankara Palas Hotel

Floor Plans Ulus, Ankara, 1924-27
by Vedat Tek & Kemalettin Bey

43 44

Second Vakıf Apartments

Ulus, Ankara, 1928
by Kemalettin Bey (Turkish, 1870-1927)

Second Vakıf Apartments

Ulus, Ankara, 1928
by Kemalettin Bey (Turkish, 1870-1927)

Floor Plans

45 46

Interior views /auditorium

Giulio Mongeri Karaköy Palas Maçka Palas

(Italian, 1875-1953) Karaköy, İstanbul, 1920 Teşvikiye, İstanbul, 1922

Second Vakıf
Apartments
Ulus, Ankara, 1928
by Kemalettin Bey
(Turkish, 1870-1927)

47 48

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Agricultural Bank
İş Bankası Headquarters Ulus, Ankara, 1926-29
Ulus, Ankara, 1928 by Giulio Mongeri (Italian, 1875-1953)
by Giulio Mongeri (Italian, 1875-1953)

Floor Plans
Floor Plan

49 50

Interior

Agricultural Bank General Directorate of the

Ulus, Ankara, 1926-29
by Giulio Mongeri State Monopolies
(Italian, 1875-1953) Ulus, Ankara, 1928
by Giulio Mongeri (Italian, 1875-1953)

Floor Plan

51 52

Interior

Ministry of Foreign Affairs

Atatürk Bulvarı, Ankara, 1927 Ministry of Foreign Affairs
by Arif Hikmet Koyunoğlu (Turkish, 1888-1982) Atatürk Bulvarı, Ankara, 1927
by Arif Hikmet Koyunoğlu
(Turkish, 1888-1982)

Floor Plan

53 54

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Museum of Ethnography
Ulus, Ankara, 1925-28
Museum of Ethnography
by Arif Hikmet Koyunoğlu (Turkish, 1888-1982)
Ulus, Ankara, 1925-28
by Arif Hikmet Koyunoğlu
(Turkish, 1888-1982)
Floor Plan

55 56

Floor Plan

Turkish Hearth
Turkish Hearth (Türk Ocağı)
(Türk Ocağı) Ulus, Ankara, 1927-30
Ulus, Ankara, 1927-30 by Arif Hikmet Koyunoğlu (Turkish, 1888-1982)
by Arif Hikmet
Koyunoğlu (Turkish,
1888-1982)

57 58

Turkish Hearth
Gazi Teachers College
(Türk Ocağı) Ulus, Ankara, 1927-30
Ulus, Ankara, 1927-30 by Kemalettin Bey (Turkish, 1870-1927)
by Arif Hikmet
Koyunoğlu (Turkish,
1888-1982)
Floor Plan

59 60

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change in
architectural direction

• the reproduction of the Ottoman

buildings was inconsistent
• the Republican leaders wanted to free
themselves of Ottoman and religious
images.
• Ankara was developing without a plan
• the First National Architecture
Movement dealt mainly with formal
and stylistic issues and had not
developed city planning capabilities.
• the Republicans searched for the

Gazi Teachers College universal rather than national.

Ulus, Ankara, 1927-30
by Kemalettin Bey
(Turkish, 1870-1927)

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ACTIVITY ☺ + WEEKLY DIARIES

Please come together as a group

>> Do a brief research about the theme from 1850s to 1930 in TURKEY Group 1 – sculpture
Group 2 - literature
Group 3 - music
Group 4 - fashion
Group 5 – theatre, opera
Group 6 - cinema
Group 7 – painting
Group 8 - sculpture
Group 9 – literature
Group 10 – music
Group 11 - fashion
…

>> continue with the mind-mapping or weekly diaries

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