muzeumi

da
MUSEUM AND CULTURAL

kulturuli
HERITAGE

memkvidreoba
-
¯
 muzeumis
saerTaSoriso
dRisadmi
miZRvnili
samecniero
konferencia
muzeumi
da
kulturuli
memkvidreoba MUSEUM
AND
VI-VII CULTURAL
HERITAGE

2021
proeqti - samecniero konferencia
"muzeumi da kulturuli memkvidreoba"

Project - Scientific Conference “Museum

and Cultural Heritage”

proeqtis idea da ganxorcieleba: pasuxismgebeli redaqtorebi: daviT lomitaSvili, ekaterine

irma doliZe, eka kaWarava TabukaSvili
Project Design and Implemantation: Responsible editors: Davit Lomitashvili, Ekaterine Tabukashvili
Irma Dolidze, Eka Kacharava
qarTuli teqstis redaqtori: nino SiolaSvili
krebuli Seadgina da gamosacemad moamzada: Text editor: Nino Shiolashvili
irma doliZe, eka kaWarava
The collection compiled and prepared for publishing by inglisuri teqstis redaqtori: TaTia TevdoraSvili
Irma Dolidze, Eka Kacharava English Text editor: Tatia Tevdorashvili

publikaciis koncefcia: eka kaWarava fotoebi: Salva leJava, ivane yenia

Concept of Publication: Eka Kacharava Photos: Shalva Lejava, Ivane Khenia

dizaini: mariam uSxvani Targmani: Sps `lingvo~

Design: Mariam Ushkhvani Translated by: ~Lingvo” Ltd

© saqarTvelos kulturuli memkvidreobis dacvis erovnuli saredaqcio jgufi SesaZloa ar iziarebdes avtorTa zogierT
saagento, 2021 mosazrebas
© National Agency for Cultural Heritage Preservation of Georgia, 2021

ISSN - 1512-0872
www. heritagesites.ge
 giorgi qavTaraZe
iv. javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis
saxelmwifo universitetis,
iv. javaxiSvilis istoriisa da eTnologiis
institutis Zveli qveynebis istoriis ganyofilebis
mTavari mecnier-TanamSromeli

mcxeTis
uZvelesi
adgilmdebareobisa
da saxelwodebis
sakiTxisaTvis
1960 wels saqarTvelos istoriuli geografiis pir-
vel krebulSi gamoqveynebul Tavis werilSi „erTi
furceli istoriul-geografiuli dRiuridan“,
romelic moxsenebad iyo wakiTxuli 1959 wlis 30
ivniss istoriis institutis istoriuli geografi-
is ganyofilebis pirvel samecniero sesiaze, niko
berZeniSvili SeniSnavda, rom „wels [igulisxmeba
1959 weli, - g.q.] mcxeTis arqeologiurma eqspedi-
ciam uTuod warmateba moi pova. man wiwamuri aRmo-
aCina... wiwamuris aRmoCena kargi miRwevaa. artags
Tavs gadamxdari ambavi realur-istoriulad cocx-
ldeba. es asea, magram aqamde Cvenma arqeologiam
Zveli mcxeTa ver aRmoaCina“1.
sad unda iyos saZebari Zveli mcxeTa? pasuxi TiTqos
TavisTavad cxadia _ mcxeTis miwa-wyalze! magram
ras niSnavs da ras moicavda „mcxeTa“?
qarTuli saistorio wyaroebis monacemTa gaT-
valiswinebis Sedegad SemuSavebuli da farTod
gaziarebulia azri qarTlis Zveli dedaqalaqis
e.w. didi mcxeTis mravalubnianobisa da mtkvrisa
da aragvis orive napirze did miwa-wyalze gaS-
lis Sesaxeb. Tu sakuTriv mcxeTa CrdiloeTisken
baiaTxevs ar scildeboda (romelic mas samTavros
teritoriisgan gamoyofda), „didi mcxeTa“ samTav-
ro-bebris cixis, cixe-didis, uriaT-ubnis, moguTas
* naSromi Tavdapirvelad gamoqveynda ,,istoriisa da eTnologiis institutis SromebSi“,
XII-XIII, Tb., 2012-2013
1 berZeniSvili n., erTi furceli istoriul-geografiuli dRiuridan, saqarTvelos
istoriuli geografiis krebuli, I, Tb., 1960, gv. 164-165
didi mcxeTa, misi umTavresi ubnebi da
qalaqis sasoflo raioni
da sxva ubnebis garda, muxransac moicavda, sarkine-nastakissac da wiwamur-
sac. mtkvris samxreTiT „armaziT kerZi qalaqi“ iyo, xolo CrdiloeTiT
sakuTriv mcxeTa da „muxnariT kerZi qalaqi“1.
gasuli saukunis 20-iani wlebis damlevs s. kakabaZes gamoTqmuli aqvs
varaudi, rom „moqcevaÁ qarTlisaÁs“ „Zueli mcxeTa“ SesaZlebelia yofili-
yo moguTas raionSi, e.i. xidis axlos mtkvris marcxena napiras2. ufro gvi-
an, imave avtorma, imis gamo, rom Tbilisis cixes aleqsandre makedonelis
mier nagebad Tvlida, aleqsandres mierve qarTlis mmarTvelad dasmuli
azos rezidenciad _ „Zvel mcxeTad“ _ ukve Tbilisi miiCnia3.
l. meliqseT-begi, movses xorenacis teqstze dayrdnobiT, Tvlida, rom Zve-
li mcxeTa (древняя Мцхета) mtkvris marcxena napirze, e.w. pompeusis xidTan
mdebare da kodmanis saxeliT cnobil SemaRlebaze unda yofiliyo lo-
kalizebuli, armazis qandakebis pirdapir, mdinaris meore napirze4. Tavis
„somxeTis istoriaSi“ movses xorenaci gvamcnobs: „...Weqa-quxilis [mom-
1 Sdr. Северов Н. П., Чубинашвили Г. Н., Мцхета (Москва, 1946), gv. 5-6; afaqiZe a., armazcixis lo-
kalizaciis sakiTxisaTvis, iv. javaxiSvilis saxelobis istoriis institutis Sromebi,
tomi IV, nakv. I, Tb., 1958, gv. 74, 93; berZeniSvili n., dasax. naSromi, gv. 165-167, 174
2 kakabaZe s.. qal. armazi _ qal. mcxeTa, saistorio krebuli, wigni III, tf., 1928, gv. 8
3 kakabaZe s., Tbilisi me-5 saukunis meore naxevarSi, mnaTobi, 1958, #10, gv. 100-101. ix., agreTve,
qvemoT, SeniSvna 27
4 Меликсет-Беков Л. М., Армазни, Историко-археологический очерк, Материалы по истории Грузии и
Кавказа, Вып. II (Тбилиси, 1938), gv. 51

338 339
 vlinebeli] aramazdis [armazis _ g.q.] qandakeba, ro-melic qalaqisagan [mcx-
eTis _ g.q.] gancalkevebiT, didi mdinaris meore mxares idga. rogorc wesi,
dildilobiT yvela scemda mas Tayvans saxlTa saxuravebidan, saidanac
saxiT Canda igi...“5.
„moqcevaÁ qarTlisaÁs“ qronikaSi moxseniebul „Zuel mcxeTas“ a. afaqiZe
Satberdiseul „wm. ninos cxovrebaSi“ naxseneb „Zuel qalaqTan“ aigivebs
da Tvlis, rom es ori termini erTi da igive punqtis gamomxatveli unda
iyos da is qarTlis samefos uZveles dedaqalaqs _ qarTls unda gulisx-
mobdes6; avtors, misive TqmiT, saamiso safuZvels aZlevs leonti mrovelis
Semdegi cnoba: „xolo mcxeTos, romeli ugmire iyo ZmaTa misTa, ese dar-
Ca sayofelTa mamisa maTisa qarTlosisaTa, romelsa aw hqÂan armazi. da
manve aRaSena qalaqi Sesakrebelsa Soris mtkurisa da aragÂsasa, da uwoda
saxeli TÂsi mcxeTa“7. a. afaqiZis gancxadebiT, am cnobaSi mniSvnelovania
is, rom saxeli „mcxeTa“ adreul xanaSi gaCenilad aris miCneuli leonti
mrovelis mier. erTi da imave dedaqalaqis or nawilad: „armaziT kerZ qa-
laqad“ da „muxnariT kerZ qalaqad“ gayofas, „mefeTa cxovreba“ mxolod
qarTlis mTaze armazis kerpis aRmarTvis Semdgomi xanis amsaxvelad miiC-
nevs, xolo „qarTlis“ xanaSi, yuradReba ar maxvildeboda qalaqis ZiriTad
nawilebze; amis saWiroeba, a. afaqiZis TvalsazrisiT, Cndeba im drois su-
raTis warmosadgenad, rodesac „armazis“ xana dadga, e. i. qalaqoba mkafiod
daetyo mtkvris marcxena mxaresac8. mis mier „Zueli mcxeTisa“ da “Zueli
qalaqis“ gaigivebis miuxedavad, a. afaqiZem mainc ar moaxdina „Zueli mcx-
eTis“ mtkvris marjvena napirze lokalizeba da zogadad Semoifargla am
orive terminSi qarTlis samefos uZvelesi dedaqalaqis qarTlis danaxviT,
romelic, misive SexedulebiT, mdinaris orTave napirze unda yofiliyo
gadaSlili.
„muxnariT kerZi qalaqis“ dedaqalaqis uZveles nawilTa Soris moxsenieba
cxadyofs, rom a. afaqiZe mtkvris marcxena, CrdiloeT mxaresac qarTlis _
qarTvelTa uZvelesi dedaqalaqis _ Semadgenel nawilad Tvlis. Sesabamis-
ad, Tu erTis mxriv, mas qalaqi qarTli mtkvris marjvena napirze egulveba,
sadac qarTlis (gviani xanebis armazis) qedi mTavrdeba da romlis aRmo-
savleT kalTebsa da bagineTad wodebul samkuTxa zeganze dedaqalaqis
Sida cixe anu akropolisia aRmocenebuli (ufro gvian armazcixed saxel-
debuli), meores mxriv, saxelwodeba „qarTli“, mas qronologiurad saxel-
wodeba „mcxeTis“ winamorbedad miaCnia9. ar aris gamoricxuli, qarTuli
da ucxouri werilobiTi wyaroebis xedvis miRma mdebare xanaSi, aragvisa
5 movses xorenaci, somxeTis istoria, Zveli somxuridan Targmna, Sesavali da SeniSvnebi
daurTo a. abdalaZem, Tb., 1984, gv. 171 (II, 86)
6 afaqiZe a., qalaqebi da saqalaqo cxovreba Zvel saqarTveloSi, Tb., 1963), gv. 215. a. af-
aqiZis azriT, dedaqalaqis uZvelesi saxeli unda yofiliyo „qarTli“ da mis nawilebs
Seadgendnen: „pirvel mcxeTa“, „Zueli mcxeTa“, „Zueli qalaqi“, „armazi“, „armazis cixe“,
„armaziT kerZi qalaqi“ da „muxnariT kerZi qalaqi“ (afaqiZe a., armazcixis..., gv. 74; af-
aqiZe a., qalaqebi..., gv. 163). s. kakabaZe, Tavis mxriv, SeniSnavda, rom “sabednierod erTs
Zvels qarTul nawarmoebs _ „mamaTa da naTesavTa cxovrebas“ - daculi aqvs armazis
uZvelesi saxeli _ qarTli“. saxeli armazi, misi azriT, mxolod qarTlSi mazdeizmis
damyarebis Semdeg SeiZleba gaCeniliyo (kakabaZe s., qal. armazi..., gv. 5)
7 leonti mroveli, cxovreba qarTvelTa mefeTa, qarTlis cxovreba, tomi I, teqsti
dadgenili yvela ZiriTadi xelnaweris mixedviT s. yauxCiSvilis mier, Tb., 1955, gv. 9
8 afaqiZe a., qalaqebi..., gv. 215
9 afaqiZe a., armazcixis..., gv. 90, 93
340
da mtkvris orive napirze gadaSlil mxares marTlac „qarTlis“ saxeli
etarebina da SedarebiT ufro gvian xanebSi amis Sedegad aRmocenebuliyo
qoronimi „qarTli“, magram Cvens xelT arsebuli wyaroebis monacemebiT,
am ukanasknelisagan gansxvavebiT, toponimi „qarTli“ erTmniSvnelovnad
gamoiyeneba mdinare mtkvris marjvena, samxreTis napirze mdebare mTisa da
misi sanaxebis, anu im teritoriis aRsaniSnavad, romelic armazcixisa Tu
armazis saxeliT aris cnobili.
am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT, albaT, sakmarisia, moviyvanoT erTi amonaridi
„mefeTa cxovrebidan“: „da ese qarTlos movida pirvelad adgilsa mas,
sada SeerTÂs arag mtkuarsa, da ganvida mTasa mas zeda, romelsa ewodebis
armazi. da pirvelad Seqmna simagreni mas zeda, da iSena mun zeda saxli,
da uwoda mTasa mas saxeli Tavisa TÂsisa qarTli. da vidre aRmarTebamde
mun-zeda kerpi armazisi erqua mTasa mas qarTli, da mis gamo ewoda yovel-
sa qarTlsa qarTli, xunaniTgan vidre zRuamde sperisa... mokuda qarTlos
da dafles igi Tavsa zeda qarTlisasa, romelsa aw ewodebis armazi. da
Semdgomad amissa colman misman aRaSena deda-cixe“10. armazi da armazcixe
tradiciulad mtkvris marjvena napiriT ganisazRvreba11, iq sadac mTa qar-
Tlia lokalizebuli. arqeologiuri Seswavlis Sedegad swored aq isaxe-
ba Zveli dedaqalaqis Sidacixis rTuli safortifikacio nagebobebis mTe-
li sistema, aqve unda yofiliyo samefo rezidencia da misgan moSorebiT
mdebare sapitiaxSoc12.
TviT zemomoyvanili cnobac: „xolo mcxeTos, romeli ugmire iyo ZmaTa
misTa, ese darCa sayofelTa mamisa maTisa qarTlosisaTa, romelsa aw hqÂan
armazi. da manve aRaSena qalaqi Sesakrebelsa Soris mtkurisa da aragÂsa-
sa, da uwoda saxeli TÂsi mcxeTa“ (qc 9:11-13.), xom aSkarad migvaniSnebs,
rom cixe-qalaqi armazi ufro adre iyo daarsebuli da Sesabamisad ufro
Zvelic unda yofiliyo, vidre mcxeTa qalaqi, rasac a. afaqiZec eTanxmeba13.
xom ar unda vifiqroT, rom swored mtkvris marjvena anu, qarTuli sais-
torio wyaroebis monacemTa mixedviT, ufro Zvelad dasaxlebul napirze
da ara marcxena, sakuTriv mcxeTis momcvel, mxareze unda iyos saZebari
Zveli mcxeTa?
amasTan dakavSirebiT mxedvelobaSia misaRebi erTi ram: Tu saxelwodebiT
„armazi“ arasodes ar aRiniSneboda mtkvris dinebis marcxena, CrdiloeTiT
mdebare adgilebi, saxelwodebiT „mcxeTa“ md. mtkvris samxreTiT mdebare
10 leonti mroveli, dasax. naSromi, gv. 8
11 ix., mag., afaqiZe a., armazcixis..., gv. 78-83. gansakuTrebiT mkafiod aris dafiqsirebuli
armazisa da mcxeTis dapirispireba mefe aderkis mier SvilebisaTvis qveynis or nawilad
gayofis amsaxvel qarTliscxovrebiseul striqonebSi: „xolo amas aderkis esxnes orni
Zeni, romelTa erqua saxelad erTsa bartom da meoresa qarTam. da amaT ganuyo yoveli
queyana TÂsi: misca qalaqi mcxeTa da queyana mtkuarsa Sida qarTli, muxnariT kerZi
qalaqi da yoveli qarTli mtkuarsa CrdiloeTi, hereTiTgan vidre Tavadmde qarTlisa
da egrisisa _ ese yoveli misca bartoms Zesa TÂssa, xolo armaziT kerZi qalaqi,
mtkuarsa samxriT qarTli, xunaniTgan vidre Tavadmde mtkurisa, da klarjeTi yoveli
misca qarTams Zesa TÂssa“ (leonti mroveli, dasax. naSromi, gv. 43). anu, rogorc zemoTac
iTqva, mtkvris samxreTiT „armaziT kerZi qalaqia“, xolo CrdiloeTiT sakuTriv mcxeTa
da „muxnariT kerZi qalaqi“
12 afaqiZe a., armazcixis..., gv. 96-97
13 ix., mag., afaqiZe a., armazcixis..., gv. 72
341
 mxarec aRiniSneboda xolme; gavixsenoT Tundac erTi adgili „mefeTa
cxovrebidan“: „xolo aman aderki mefeman umata simagreTa qarTlisaTa,
qalaqTa da cixeTa, da umetes moamtkicna zRudeni qalaqisa mcxeTisani,
wylisa imier da amier“14. aSkaraa, rom „wyalSi“ mdinare mtkvari igulisx-
meba; asevea xom „moqcevaÁ qarTlisaÁ“-Sic: „aman [farnavaz] aRmarTa kerpi
didi cxÂ[r]sa zeda, da dasdva saxeli misi armazi. da moqmna zRude wyliT
kerZo...“15.
TavisTavadac, toponim „mcxeTaSi“ ufro vrceli da SedarebiT naklebad
konkretuli miwa-wyali igulisxmeboda, vidre adgilis saxelwodeba „ar-
mazSi“, da ar aris gamoricxuli, rom misi Semadgeneli zogierTi adgili
md. mtkvris marjvena, e. w. armazul nawilSi yofiliyo ganlagebuli16. a.
afaqiZec sagangebod SeniSnavda, rom specialur literaturaSi sakmaod
fesvgamdgari mosazreba, romlis mixedviT armazi sxva qalaqia da mcxeTa
kidev sxva, romelic mtkvris mxolod marcxena napirze ganixileba, xolo
armazi da armazcixe am mdinaris marjvena napirze, ar aris marTebuli da
rom mcxeTa mdinaris orive napirze iyo gaSlili17. magram, rogorc vxedavT,
saubari SeiZleba iyos mdinaris orive napirze mxolod qalaq mcxeTis
ganfenis Sesaxeb da ara qalaq qarTlisa Tu armazisa.
Tanamedrove qarTul istoriografiaSi, gansakuTrebiT gasuli saukunis
samocdaaTiani wlebidan, fexi moikida mosazrebam, rom samadlo-nastagisis
naqalaqari unda yofiliyo „moqcevaÁ qarTlisaÁs“ teqstis „Zueli mcxeTa“,
sadac aseve unda arsebuliyo Zv. w. IV-III saukuneTa qarTlis mefeTa rezi-
dencia da romlis daxanZrebul fenebSi areklili unda iyos im brZolebis
nakvalevi, romelnic win uZRodnen farnavazis gamefebas iberiaSi18.
„moqcevaÁ qarTlisaÁs“ teqstSi Semonaxuli uZvelesi qarTuli cnoba qa-
laq mcxeTis Sesaxeb gvamcnobs, rom, rodesac viTomda qarTlSi mosul-
ma aleqsandre makedonelma bun-Turqni da honni gaanadgura, Tanxlebul
arian-qarTlis mefis Zes azos man: „miuboZa mcxeTaÁ [xazi Cvenia, _ g.q.]
sajdomad“, xolo „ese azoÁ warvida ar[i]an- qarTlad, mamisa TÂsisa da
warmoiyvana rvaÁ saxli da aTni saxlni mama-mZuZeTani, da dajda Zuel
mcxeTas [xazi Cvenia, _ g.q.] da Tana-hyvandes kerpni RmrTad _ gaci da ga.
da ese iyo pirveli mefÀ mcxeTas Sina azoÁ, ZÀ arian-qarTvelTa mefisaÁ“19.
moyvanil teqstSi, erTi SexedviT, TiTqos Seusabamoba SeiniSneba, miuxedavad
14 leonti mroveli, dasax. naSromi, gv. 38
15 moqcevaÁ qarTlisaÁ, Satberdis krebuli X saukunisa. gamosacemad moamzades b. gigi-
neiSvilma da el. giunaSvilma, Tb., 1979, gv. 320
16 vaxuStis cnobiT: „iyo qalaqi armazi aqidgan vidre naqulbaqevamde“ (batoniSvili
vaxuSti, aRwera samefosa saqarTvelosa, qarTlis cxovreba, tomi IV, teqsti dadgenili
yvela ZiriTadi xelnaweris mixedviT s. yauxCiSvilis mier, Tb., 1973, gv. 339), Tumca Crdi-
loeTis mimarTulebiT mtkvris dinebas es qalaqi ar gadmocilebula
17 afaqiZe a., armazcixis..., gv. 83, 86-87, 90, 93-94, 98
18 boxoCaZe al., nastakisi, sarkine, Zalisi, Zeglis megobari, #33, Tb., 1973, gv. 36-37, 100-101;
Бохочадзе Ал., Настакиси, Саркинэ, Дзалиси — города Иберии античной эпохи (Некоторые результаты
полевых исследований), Краткие сообщения Института археологии (Античные памятники Колхи-
ды и Иберии), Вып. 151, М., 1977, gv. 93-102; Sdr. gagoSiZe i., nastagisi, qarTuli sabWoTa
enciklopedia, tomi 7, Tb., 1984, gv. 326; gagoSiZe i., samadlo, qarTuli sabWoTa enciklopedia,
tomi 8, Tb., 1984, gv. 697
19 moqcevaÁ qarTlisaÁ, gv. 320
342
imisa, rom aleqsandre didma azos „miuboZa mcxeTa sajdomad“, igi „dajda
Zuel mcxeTas“; ratom Caanacvla (Tu daakonkreta) avtorma azosTvis „sa-
jdomad boZebuli“ adgili _ „mcxeTa“ terminiT „Zueli mcxeTa“? sad unda
iyos es „Zueli mcxeTa“ da riT unda gansxvavdebodes (Tuki gansxvavdebo-
da) „Zueli mcxeTa“ sakuTriv mcxeTisgan, romelic aleqsandrem daudgina
mas sataxtod? TviT zemomoyvanili teqstis fragmenti, rom azo „dajda
Zuel mcxeTas da Tana-hyvandes kerpni RmrTad _ gaci da ga“, savaraudod,
unda migvaniSnebdes, rom vinaidan „Zuel mcxeTaSi“ damjdar azos Tan hya-
vda „kerpni RmrTad _ gaci da ga“, am ukanasknelTa aRmarTvis adgilis
dadgena unda iZleodes „Zueli mcxeTis“ mdebareobis gansazRvris Sesa-
Zleblobasac. am mxriv gasaTvaliswinebelia „qarTlis cxovrebis“ Semad-
geneli nawilis, „wm. ninos mier qarTlis moqcevis“ cnoba, rom „...kualad
[armazisa _ g.q.] iyo marjueniT missa kaci oqrosi da saxeli misi gaci;
da marcxeniT missa udga kaci vecxlisa, da saxeli misi gaim, romelni-igi
RmerTad uCndes ersa mas qarTlisasa“20. xolo armazis adgilmdebareobas
TviT „moqcevaÁ qarTlisaÁs“ teqstic gvamcnobs: „Semdgomad misa [azosa
_ g.q.] dadga farnavaz. aman aRmarTa kerpi didi cxÂ[r]sa zeda, da dasdva
saxeli misi armazi. da moqmna zRude wyliT kerZo, da hrqÂan armaz“21.
amrigad, uZvelesi qarTuli wyaroebis monacemTa gaTvaliswinebis Sedegad
cxadi xdeba, rom swored es adgili _ armazi/armazcixe (igive bagineTi), sa-
dac armazis kerpis marjvniv da marcxniv iyvnen aRmarTulni gaci da gaimi
(=ga), aris „Zueli mcxeTa“. swored es garemoeba, farnavazis mier aq armazis
kerpis aRmarTvis Semdeg am adgilis „armazis“ saxeliT moxsenieba („da
hrqÂan armaz“), unda iyos imis mizezi, rom ufro adreuli movlenis _ azos
mcxeTaSi „dajdomis“ aRwerisas, „moqcevaÁ qarTlisaÁs“ teqstis avtori
am adgils armaz/armazcixis saxeliT ver moixseniebda. amave dros es ga-
remoeba migvaniSnebs, rom am adgilis ufro Zveli saxelwodeba, armaz/ar-
mazcixesTan SedarebiT, unda yofiliyo „mcxeTa“, „moqcevaÁ qarTlisaÁsaSi“
„Zuel mcxeTad“ moxseniebuli.
gasaTvaliswinebelia isic,rom arqeologiuri Seswavlis Sedegad swored aq,
mtkvris marjvena napiriT SemosazRvrul armaz/armazcixeSia gamovlinebu-
li Zveli dedaqalaqis Sidacixis rTuli safortifikacio nagebobebis
mTeli sistema; aqve iyo mefis sasaxle da misgan ramdenadme moSorebiT
sapitiaxSo rezidencia da pitiaxSTa samarovani22.
magram, Tuki Cven gaviziarebT samadlo-nastagisis naqalaqarze Zveli mcx-
eTisa da masTan erTad mefeTa rezidenciis lokalizebis SesaZleblobis
varauds, maSin, bunebrivia, mogvixdeba Sesabamisi xanis iberiis samefos
RvTaebaTa panTeonis iqve lokalizebac; imis warmodgena, rom qarTlis
mefeTa rezidencia daSorebuli iyo RvTaebaTa samefo panTeons, Zalze
rTulia. rogorc zemoTac SevniSneT, gacisa da gas aRmarTvis adgilis
dadgena TavisTavad unda iZleodes „Zueli mcxeTis“ mdebareobis gansaz-
Rvris SesaZleblobas, vinaidan „Zuel mcxeTaSi“ mjdar azos „Tana-hyvandes
kerpni RmrTad _ gaci da ga“. garda zemomoyvanili qarTuli matianeebis
cnobebisa, adgilobrivi qarTuli tradiciis da berZeni da romaeli met-na-
20 leonti mroveli, dasax. naSromi, gv. 89-90
21 moqcevaÁ qarTlisaÁ, gv. 320
22 afaqiZe a., armazcixis..., gv. 78-83, 96-97
343
 klebad Tanamedrove istorikosebis monacemebisa, armazcixisa Tu arma-
zis kerpis adgilmdebareobis Taobaze iuwyeba agreTve somexi mematiane
movses xorenacic, romelic gvamcnobs, rom armazis qandakeba mcxeTisgan
gancalkevebiT, mdinare mtkvris meore mxares idga (ix., zemoT)23.
rogorc vxedavT, avtorisaTvis cnobilia, rom armazis kerpi mcxeTasTan,
didi mdinaris anu mtkvris gaRma iyo aRmarTuli. „wm. ninos mier qarT-
lis moqcevis“ zemomoyvanil cnobaze dayrdnobiT, SegviZlia davZinoT, rom
armazTan erTad iqve iqnebodnen misi ganuyreli RvTaebebic _ gaci da ga,
romlebic „Tana-hyvanda“ wamoyvanili arian-qarTlidan wamosul da „Zuel
mcxeTaSi“ mefed damjdar „moqcevaÁ qarTlisaÁseul“ azos.
qarTuli matianeebis msgavsad, zogierTi arabuli wyaroc TiTqos iZle-
va imis saSualebas, rom armazcixe-bagineTs, aq adre arsebul warmarTul
taZarTan erTad, davukavSiroT aleqsandre makedonelis legendaruli
saxeli. mxedvelobaSi maqvs at-tabaris (gard. 923 w.) cnoba imis Taoba-
ze, rom hijris 110 wels (anu ax. w. 728 wlis 16 aprilidan 729 wlis 4
aprilamde drois monakveTSi) darialisaken xazarTa xakanTan sabrZolve-
lad galaSqrebuli maslama ibn abd al-maliqi (omaiani xalifis abd
al-maliq ibn marvanis Ze) ukan brundeba „aleqsandres taZris“ (Masgid
Δīˈl-Qarnain) gavliT; amis gamo i. markvarti varaudobs, rom „aleqsandres
taZari“ aragvis xeobaSi mdebareobda24. al-masyudis Tanaxmad „aleqsan-
dres taZari“ qarTvelTa (jurzaanis _‫ ) ؙﺟْرزان‬mefis at-tanbaRis (‫ )اﻟ طﻨﺒﻐﻰ‬anu
i. markvartisave ganmartebiT _ adreul bagrationTa dinastiuri titulis
matarebeli piris _ mamfalis („mama uflis“) adgilsamyofelia25. i. mark-
varti SeniSnavs, rom vahb ibn munabihis „aleqsandres romanSi“, kerZod, mis
m. liZbarskiseul gamocemaSi, „aleqsandres taZari“ arsad ar gvxvdeba, Tum-
ca ki masSi moxseniebulia „armazis miwa/qveyana“ _ „ard al-hurmuzi“ (‫اﻠﮭرﻣﺰ‬
‫)ارض‬, iseve, rogorc, habib ibn maslamas mier qarTvelTagacemul „dacvis
sigelis“ at-tabariseul variantSi26. aqedan gamomdinare, i. markvarti daas-
23 movses xorenaci, dasax. naSromi, gv. 171 (II, 86)
24 Marquart J., Osteuropäische und ostasiatische Streifzüge, Ethnologische und historisch-topographische Studien
zur Geschichte des 9. und 10. Jahrhunderte (ca. 840-940) (Leipzig, 1903), gv. 175
25 Marquart J., dasax. naSromi, gv. 186
26 marTalia, e. sixaruliZem habib ibn maslamas „dacvis sigelis“ abu ‘ubaidis (gard. 838 w.)
variantSi dadasturebuli formis ‫ ًارضاﻠﮭِ۟رم ن‬gamo, „armazis miwa/qveyana“ „hirminis miwad“
anu „arminiÁas qveynad“ Seaswora,im garemoebis gaTvِaliswinebiT,rom arabuli saxalifos
administraciuli dayofis mixedviT qarTli (jurzani) somxeTTan da arranTan erTad
arminiÁaSi erTiandeboda (e. sixaruliZe, habib ibn maslamas „dacvis sigelis“ abu
‘ubaidiseuli varianti, Tb., 2001, gv. 9-10, magram vahb ibn munabihis „aleqsandres romanSi“
„armazis qveynis“ dasaxeleba met sandoobas matebs tradiciul Sexedulebas habib
ibn maslamas „dacvis sigelSi“ am ukanasknelis moxseniebis Sesaxeb. aRsaniSnavia, rom
e. sixaruliZe imave naSromSi dasZenda, rom forma „al-hirmini“ „arminiÁis“ magivrad
mas sxvagan arsad Sexvedria, vinaidan es ukanaskneli, Cveulebriv, „arman“ ‫ ٲرْمَن‬formiT
gadmoicemoda xolme da man, Sesabamisad, forma „hirmini“ „armanis“ dialeqtur formad
miiCnia,iqve,gv. 10. gasaTvaliswinebelia isic,rom Tu forma „ard al- hirmini“ ixmareboda
sakuTriv „dacvis sigelis“ teqstSi, abu ‘ubaidis mier sigelisaTvis wamZRvarebul
teqstSi mocemulia forma „irminiÁa“, rac cxadyofs, rom abu ‘ubaidi „ard al-hirmins“
„irminiÁad“ (armeniad) ganmartavs da Tan orive es termini sagangebod erTnairad
aqvs gaxmanovebuli; es ki miuTiTebs, rom avtori teqstiseuli gaugebari sityvis
redaqtirebas axdens (TviT e. sixaruliZec SeniSnavs, rom „dacvis siglis“ arc abu
‘ubaidiseuli varianti unda iyos Tavdapirveli saxis, Tumca qronologiurad yvelaze
adrindelia da SedarebiT sruli, iqve, gv. 9, 11). aRsaniSnavia e. sixaruliZis dakvirveba
344
kvnis, rom am saxelwodebiT Tbilisis aRma mtkvrisa da aragvis Sesar-
TavTan mdebare qveynis Zveli dedaqalaqi mcxeTa unda aRiniSnebodes27.
ufro rom davazustoT i. markvartis mosazreba (da, albaT, TavisTavad, amis
gareSec), ufro gamarTlebuli iqneboda „aleqsandres taZarSi“, pirvel
rigSi, armazcixe-bagineTi gvegulisxma, sadac Zveli qarTuli werilobiTi
wyaroebis monacemebiT, marTlac mdebareobda aleqsandre didis qarTlSi
legendaruli laSqrobis movlenebTan dakavSirebuli warmarTuli RvTae-
bebis panTeoni; „moqcevaÁ qarTlisaÁs“ mixedviT, azo, visac „Tana-hyvandes
kerpni RmrTad _ gaci da ga“ xom aleqsandres mier aris moyvanili da
mefed dadgenili.
maslama ibn abd al-maliqis mier swored armazcixe-bagineTis dalaSqvras,
SesaZloa is garemoebac mowmobdes, rom qarTuli warmarTobis am wminda
alagisa da qarTlis uZvelesi saxelmwifoebrivi centris saboloo ga-
nadgurebas sul ramdenime wliT ufro gviani xaniT (736 w.) aTariReben
xolme, rodesac aq TiTqos mervan ibn muhameds (igive murvan yrus, moma-
val omaian xalifas mervan II) ulaSqria. es ukanaskneli cnoba vaxuSti
bagrationisagan iRebs saTaves. eWvi ar aris, darialisaken mimaval mer-
vansac mcxeTaze unda gadaevlo: iseTi didi safortifikacio da strate-
giuli mniSvnelobis punqts, rogoric armazcixe-bagineTia, xom verc erTi
molaSqre gverds ver auvlida. magram imis gamo, rom arabuli wyaro aq
mdebare mniSvnelovani adgilis _ „aleqsandres taZris“ saxelwodebas
sagangebod mxolod maslama ibn abd al-maliqis laSqrobisas moixseniebs,
SesaZlebelia vivaraudoT, rom swored misi laSqroba unda gamxdariyo
sabediswero qarTlis uZvelesi dedaqalaqisaTvis, vinaidan im rvawlian
drois monakveTSi, romelic am laSqrobas mervanis laSqrobisagan aSo-
rebs, bunebrivia, Znelad Tu moxerxdeboda am adgilis TavdacviTi funqci-
is srulfasovani aRdgena. aseTi varaudis gamoTqmis safuZvels gvaZlevs
specialistTa mier SeniSnuli is faqti, rom mervanis laSqrobam imdenad
Zlieri STabeWdileba datova TaobaTa mexsierebaSi, rom SemdgomSi igi
miCneul iqna, sazogadod, arabebis pirvel Semosevad saqarTveloSi28. miT
umetes, advili iqneboda, rogorc zemoT iTqva, erTi da imave regionSi, ori
omaiani sardlis mxolod ramdenime wliT erTmaneTisagan daSorebuli
laSqrobebis erTmaneTSi aRreva29.
ZiriTadi mizezi, ris gamoc „Zueli mcxeTis“ armazcixesTan gaigiveba
uZneldebaT, am ukanasknelis mcxeTisagan gansxvavebuli saxelwodebis ar-
imis Taobaze, rom al-balazori Zalian xSirad imowmebs abu ‘ubaids, Tumca arc erTxel
ar ixseniebs mas armeniis dapyrobasTan dakavSirebiT (iqve, gv. 4, SeniSvna 1), rogorc
Cans, abu ‘ubaidis konieqtura misTvis miuRebeli iyo. gasaTvaliswinebelia isic, rom
abu ‘ubaidis wyaro sigelis teqstis gadmocemisas yofila „irminiÁas“ (armeniis) erT-
erTi mcxovrebi ahmad ibn al-azraki (iqve, gv. 5), romelsac, advili mosalodnelia,
teqstSi mocemuli gaugebari termini misTvis bevrad ufro gasageb da logikurad
gamarTlebul „irminiÁad“ waekiTxa
27 Marquart J., dasax. naSromi, gv. 187. s. kakabaZis azriT, aleqsandre makedonels cixe
TbilisSi unda aego, sadac nariyalis zena-cixe „iskanderis“ saxeliT iyo cnobili
(kakabaZe s., Tbilisi..., gv. 100)
28 janaSia s., araboba saqarTveloSi, s. janaSia, Sromebi, tomi II, Tb., 1952, gv. 372
29 rogorc cnobilia,VIII saukunis pirveli naxevari gamoirCeva saqarTvelos teritoriaze
arabTa laSqrobebis gansakuTrebuli sixSiriT (bogveraZe a., adrefeodaluri qarTuli
saxelmwifoebi VI-VIII saukuneebSi,saqarTvelos istoriis narkvevebi,tomi II,Tb.,1973,gv. 288-290
345
 seboba unda warmoadgendes30, arada am ori uZvelesi adgilis urTierTkav-
Siri yovelTvis yvelasaTvis cxadi iyo31. amasTan dakavSirebiT sayuradRe-
boa saqarTvelos mefis aleqsandre I didis 1434 wlis gujari, gacemuli
kaTolikos-patriarqis Teodore III-is saxelze, sadac vkiTxulobT, rom
„dasabamiTgan armazi cixe mcxeTisa [iyo]“32. rac Seexeba gansxvavebul
saxelwodebas, amis Taobaze „mefeTa cxovreba“ gvamcnobs, rom armaz/ar-
maziscixes Zvelad „qarTlis mTa“33 erqva: „vidre aRmarTebamde mun-zeda
kerpi armazisi erqua mTasa mas qarTli...“ an kidev: „mokuda qarTlos da
dafles igi Tavsa zeda qarTlisasa, romelsa aw ewodebis armazi“34. ro-
gorc ukve iTqva, toponimi „qarTli“, gansxvavebiT qoronim „qarTlisagan“,
erTmniSvnelovnad gamoiyeneba mdinare mtkvris marjvena napirze mdebare
mTisa da misi sanaxebis anu im teritoriis aRsaniSnavad, romelic ar-
mazcixisa Tu armazis saxeliT aris cnobili. am mxriv sainteresoa, rom
juanSeris „cxovreba vaxtang gorgaslisa“ erTmaneTisagan ganasxvavebs
erTis mxriv, „armaz qarTls“, xolo meores mxriv, „mcxeTas“: „cnes sparsTa,
viTarmed damZimda vaxtang wylulebisagan, moaoÃres tfilisi da armazi
qarTli, xolo mcxeTa ver dai pyres...“35.
„mefeTa cxovrebis“ avtori saxelwodeba „qarTlis“ Tavisebur etimolo-
giasac gvTavazobs, rodesac mas qarTvelTa eponim-eTnarqosis, legendaru-
li qarTlosis saxelidan momdinared miiCnevs: „...da ese qarTlos movida
pirvelad adgilsa mas, sada SeerTÂs arag mtkuarsa, da ganvida mTasa mas
zeda, romelsa ewodebis armazi. da pirvelad Seqmna simagreni mas zeda, da
iSena mun zeda saxli, da uwoda mTasa mas sax-eli Tavisa TÂsisa qarTli..
da mis gamo ewoda yovelsa qarTlsa qarTli, xunaniTgan vidre zRuamde
sperisa“36. legenda legendad darCeba, magram ras unda niSnavdes sinamd-
vileSi saxelwodeba „qarTli“? sityva „qarTli“, mkvlevarTa erTi nawilis
azriT, warmomdgari unda iyos indoevropuli substratis niSnad miCneul
sityva “karta“-sagan, romelic Tavdapirvelad aRniSnavda „SemoRobil adg-
ils“, xolo Semdeg _ galavans, nagebobas, cixe-simagres37.
Tumca arsebobs ufro martivi varaudis gamoTqmis SesaZleblobac: ram-
denadac „qalaqis“ (Stadt) aRmniSvnel arameul sityvas “karda“ warmoadgens38,
30 Tumca „moqcevaÁ qarTlisaÁs“ qronikaSi dasturdeba nastagisis saxelic; kerZod,
aleqsandre makedonelis qarTlSi „laSqrobasTan“ dakavSirebiT, nauwyebia, rom
aleqsandre „sarkinesa qalaqsa ebrZola aTerTmet TTuÀ da dadga sarkinesa dasavaliT
kerZo da daasxa venaÃi da ruÁ gamoiRo qaniT, da dasxna kacni meruveni dastagiTa
ruÁsaÁTa; da hrqÂan adgilsa mas nastagisi“ (moqcevaÁ qarTlisaÁ, gv. 320)
31 calkeul periodebSi, rodesac armazSi armazeli, xolo mcxeTaSi mcxeTeli mefeebi
isxdnen, albaT, adgili unda hqoneboda garkveul urTierTdapirispirebasac
32 ix. Меликсет-Беков Л. М., dasax. naSromi, gv. 89
33 armaziscixis saxeldeba bagineTad mazdeanuri zegavleniT aixsneba; “bagini“ xom warm-
arTebis, araqristianebis samlocvelos aRmniSvnel sityvad gamoiyeneboda (m. androni-
kaSvili, narkvevebi iranul-qarTuli enobrivi urTierTobidan, I, Tb., 1966), gv. 16-17, 225-226
34 Sdr. leonti mroveli, dasax. naSromi, gv. 8
35 juanSeri, cxovreba vaxtang gorgaslisa, qarTlis cxovreba, tomi I, teqsti dadgenili
yvela ZiriTadi xelnaweris mixedviT s. yauxCiSvilis mier, Tb., 1955, gv. 202
36 leonti mroveli, dasax. naSromi, gv. 8
37 ix. kakabaZe s., Tbilisi..., gv. 100; meliqiSvili g., saqarTvelos, kavkasiisa da maxlobeli
aRmosavleTis uZvelesi mosaxleobis sakiTxisaTvis, Tb., 1965), gv. 237-240; meliqiSvili
g., qarTli (iberia) Zv. w. VI-IV saukuneebSi. qarTlis samefos warmoqmna, saqarTvelos
istoriis narkvevebi, tomi I, Tb., 1970, gv. 427-429
38 Brockelmann C., Syrische Grammatik mit Paradigmen, Literatur, Chrestomathie und Glossar, Neunte Auflage
346
xolo es ena erT-erTi ZiriTadi saxelmwifo ena iyo aqemenianTa zegavlenis
qveS myof armazcixis adreul binadarTaTvis, vfiqrob, savsebiT dasaSve-
bia, swored sityva “karda“ dasdeboda safuZvlad termin „qarT-l-s“. „mTa
qarTlis“ aRmniSvnelad arameuli sityva “karda“-s gamoyeneba aqemenian-
Ta da momdevno xanebSi Camoyalibebuli politikuri koniunqturiT unda
yofiliyo ganpirobebuli. gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom iranul samyaroSi
farTod gavrcelebul da aseve qalaqis aRmniSvnel -karta, -kerta formas zo-
gierTi mkvlevari iranul enebSi semituri enebidan nasesxobad miiCnevs39.
arameul termins kidev imis gamo unda mieniWos gansakuTrebuli mniS-
vneloba, rom savaraudoa mcxeTis erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi simagris,
aragvispirTan mdebare „beltis cixis“ saxelic (amJamad cnobili bebris/
beris cixed, romelic mcxeTa-armazcixis saerTo safortifikacio sistemis
nawils warmoadgenda da ketavda CrdiloeTis Sesasvlels), warmomdgari
iyos aseve „cixe-simagris“ (Burg) aRmniSvneli arameuli sityvidan _ “birta“40.
iqneb gasaTvaliswinebeli iyos „qarTlis cxovrebis“ cnobis, mtkvargamoR-
ma (armazcixis, igive „mTa qarTlis“) da mtkvargaRma (mcxeTis) mxareTa me-
feebis _ qarTamisa da bartomis saxelTa SesaZlo kavSiric cixe-simagree-
bis aRmniSvnel arameul sityvebTan _ “karda“ da “birta“ da, Sesabamisad, am
sityvebiT moxseniebul maT rezidenciebTan Tu umTavres safortifikacio
nagebobebTan _ armazcixesTan („mTa qarTli“) da mcxeTa-bebris („beltis“
Tu „berdis“) cixesTan.
amave dros, ufro ise unda Candes, rom TiTqos qarTulenovan samyaroSi
adreuli xanebidanve fexi hqonda mokidebuli cixe-simagris aRmniSvnel
xuritul termins “ard“- s, romelmac regionSi aqemenianTa dominirebis
xanaSi analogiuri mniSvnelobisa da JReradobis mqone da SesaZloa mas-
Tanve dakavSirebul arameuli sityvis „karda“-s zegavlenis Sedegad SeiZina
anlautSi velaruli fonema41. aseTi varaudis SesaZleblobaze albaT
unda migvaniSnebdes qarTul sinamdvileSi dadasturebuli araerTi cixe-
simagris aRmniSvneli da „arT/art/ard“-Ziriani toponimi: „arTvini/ arT-
vani“, „artaani“, „artanuji“; Sdr., agreTve, „ardisubani“, „k-ardanaxi“, vin icis
iqneb „m-art-yofic“ da sxv. aqve unda gavixsenoT, ardam erisTavis saxel-
ic, romelmac „warmozRuda cxÂri armazisi vidre mtkuramde“, „mohkide
kiri zRude cixesa armazisasa“ da „mozRuda mcxeTa qalaqi qÂTkiriTa“42.
aseve yuradsaRebia „varcixis“ anu istoriuli „vardcixis“ saxelwodeba,
romlis saxelis aRdgenisas gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania VI saukunis
berZnul wyaroebSi „rodopolisis“ formiT misi moxsenieba. Cemi azriT,
(Leipzig, 1962), gv. 176*
39 kerZod, miiCneven, rom termini -κερτα, -καρτα qalaqis aRmniSvneli ebraul-arameuli
sityvidan _ ‫ קרתה‬, ‫רתא‬v _ aris miRebuli (Blau O., Ueber -karta, -kerta in Ortsnamen, Zeitschrift der
deutschen morgenländischen Gesellschaft, Bd 31 (Leipzig, 1877), gv. 495-505. sainteresoa specialur
literaturaSi gamoTqmulia varaudi, rom persepolisis sparsuli saxelwodeba iyo
Pârsakarta. anaqsimenesis (Zv. w. III s.) interpretaciiT Παρσα-γάρδα niSnavs „sparsul
banaks“. xolo apianesa da asinius kvadratusis TxzulebebSi daculi cnobebidan
irkveva, rom tigran II-is dedaqalaqis saxelwodeba _ Τιγρανόκερτα _ sparsulad niSnavda
tigranis qalaqs _ Τιγρανόπολις. Tumca mkvlevrebi am saxelwodebaSic gamoyofen qalaqis
aRmniSvnel arameul sityvas _ certa, iqve, gv. 495-496
40 Brockelmann C., dasax. naSromi, gv. 154*; Sdr. qavTaraZe g., anatoliaSi qarTvelur tomTa
gansaxlebis sakiTxisaTvis, Tb., 1985, gv. 85, 173, SeniSvna 361
41 arameuli termini „karda“, Tavis mxriv, dakavSirebuli unda iyos xuritul „ard“-Tan
42 leonti mroveli, dasax. naSromi, gv. 13
347
 toponim „vard-cixeSi“ mocemulia cixis aRmniSvneli xurituli Ziri „ard/
uard/vard“-i, romelsac Tan axlavs qarTulenovani ganmarteba „cixis“ sax-
iT. am garemoebas gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba unda mieniWos artaanis
mxaris Zveli eTnikuri viTarebis garkvevis sakiTxisas, vinaidan qalaq
artaanis aRmosavleTiT mdebare dasaxlebuli punqtis _ Camli CaTaqis
Zveli saxelwodebac aseve „vardcixea“ da igi qronologiurad win us-
wrebs adgilobrivi mosaxleobis maxsovrobaSi dRemde Semonaxul amave
punqtis somxur saxelwodebas „gulaberds“, romelic, iseve rogorc ber-
Znuli rodopolisi, aSkarad xuritul-qarTuli kompozitidan „vard-cixi-
dan“ (anu „uard-cixidan“, igive „ard-cixidan“) aris naTargmni. “Ard“-Ziriani
saxelwodebebis qalaqebi, garda urartuli qalaqis _ musasiris xurit-
uli saxelwodebisa (ardini), cnobilia rusaxinilis maxloblad mdebare
mxaridan da etiunis qveynidanac43.
termin „qarTlis“ cixe-simagris saxelwodebidan warmomavlobas mx-
ars uWers kasius dios cnoba, rom qarTlis mTavar qalaqs akropolisi
(‘Ακρόπολις) anu citadeli/deda-cixe ewodeboda, amdenad, kasius dio, faqto-
brivad, am adgilis funqciur mniSvnelobasTan erTad misi saxelwodebis
berZnul Targmansac iZleva. kasius dios sityvebiT, deda-cixe agebuli iyo
im mizniT, rom daecva uviwroesi adgili, sadac erT mxares mtkvari (Cyrus)
moedineba, xolo meore mxares kavkasionia aRmarTuli44. am qalaqSi, ra Tqma
unda, mxolod qarTli/armazcixe SeiZleba igulisxmebodes. gasaTvalis-
winebelia i. rainegsis cnobac, rom mcxeTis CrdiloeTiT, saqarTveloSi
mis Casvlamde (anu 1779 wlamde) arcTu didi xniT adre, erT-erT maRlobze
mkvidrad nageb naxevradmitovebul cixe-simagreSi (albaT, bebris cixes
gulisxmobs _ g.q.) napovni yofila berZnul enaze Sesrulebuli warwera,
TumcaRa dauTariRebeli, romelzedac adgilobrivi, erudirebuli qarT-
velebis mier amokiTxuli yofila sityva „akrofTopolisi“ (Acroftopolis). i.
rainegsi varaudobs, rom es unda yofiliyo mcxeTis Zveli saxelwodeba45.
magram, rogorc ukve viciT, kasius dio akropoliss (‘Ακρόπολις) armazcixes
uwodebda da ara mcxeTas.
rogorc vxedavT, savaraudoa, rom mTa qarTli (iqve mdebareobda sofeli
qarTli da qarTlis xevic) saxeldebuli iyo cixe-simagrisa Tu galavnis
aRmniSvneli sityvebiT, Tumca ki araqarTuliT (xurituliT, arameuliT,
berZnuliT). marTalia strabonisa da pliniusis cnobebSi asaxulia qarTu-
li sityvis „cixis“ kvalic, oRond, toponim armazcixis meore, ganmartebiTi
komponentis saxiT; kerZod, igi moxseniebulia, rogorc ‘Αρμοζική strabo-
nis mier46 da rogorc ‘Αρμακτίκα ptolemaiosis mier47, xolo pliniusi mas
Harmastus-is saxelwodebiT icnobs48. am mxriv, sagulisxmoa, rom qarTul
43 ix. qavTaraZe g., taoxTa uZvelesi qveyana da qarTuli saxelmwifoebriobis sawyisebi,
ena da kultura, 5, Tb., 2005, gv. 106, SeniSvna 127
44 Dio 37, 1, 4; ix. Cary E., Dio’s Roman History. With an English translation by E. Cary on the basis of the version
of H. B. Foster, vol. III. The Loeb Classical Library, London & Cambridge, Massachusetts, 1969, gv. 99
45 Reineggs J., Allgemeine historisch-topographische Beschreibung des Kaukasus, Aus dessen nachgelassenen Pa-
pieren gesammelt und herausgegeben von F. E. Schröter, Zweiter Theil, Hindelsheim und St. Petersburg, 1797,
gv. 86
46 Strabo 11, 3, 5; ix. Jones, H. L., The Geography of Strabo, with an English translation by Horace Leonard Jones,
vol. V. The Loeb Classical Library, Cambridge, Massachusetts & London, 1961, gv. 221
47 Cl. Ptol., 5, 10, 2; ix. Nobbe K. F. A. (Ed.), Ptolemy, Claudii Ptolemaei Geographia, Volume 2, Lipsiae, 1845, gv.
46
48 Plin., n.h., 6, 29 ; ix. Mayhoff K. F. T. (Ed.), Pliny the Elder, Naturalis Historia. English translation by Bostock J.,
348
saistorio wyaroebSi armazcixe moxseniebulia dedacixis, Sidacixis Tu
cixiscixis (mTavari, Tavadi cixis mniSvnelobiT) saxelwodebiTac. xom
ar unda vifiqroT, rom armazcixes ZvelTaganve, anu jer kidev aq armazis
kultis gaCenamde, gaaCnda cixis aRmniSvneli Sesabamisi qarTuli termini
da xom ar aris dakavSirebuli es saxelwodeba mcxeTis saxelTan. aseT
SemTxvevaSi „Zueli mcxeTa“ aRmoCndeboda armazcixe/bagineTis anu mTa qa-
rTlis aRmniSvneli saxeli, xolo amis sapirispirod sakuTriv mcxeTa _
„axali mcxeTis“ anu „muxnariT kerZi qalaqisa“, romelic mtkvris marcxena
napirze iyo ganlagebuli da xSirad akropolisidan anu mTa qarTli/ar-
mazcixe/bagineTidan kontroldeboda.
amJamad, TiTqmis ukve sayovelTaod aris gaziarebuli mosazreba, rom saxel-
wodeba „mcxeTa“ warmodgeba mesxTa (mosxebi _ muSqebi) tomis saxelidan
da rom am tomis samosaxlo mcxeTis teritoriaze Zv. w. VIII saukunis Sem-
deg unda gaCeniliyo49. iTvaliswineben agreTve qarTlis samefos uzenaesis
RvTaebis armazis saxelwodebis savaraudo kavSirs xeTur-mcireaziul mT-
varis RvTaebasTan _ armasTan, romlis kultic TiTqos mcire aziidan muS-
ki-mesxebis jer samxreT-dasavleT saqarTveloSi da Semdeg mcxeTaSi, gad-
mosaxlebasTan unda yofiliyo dakavSirebuli50. Tumca, ufro savaraudoa,
rom RvTaeba armazi avlens iupiterisadmi (romis imperiis uzenaesi RvTae-
ba), xolo armazis Tanmxlebi kerpebi gaci da gaimi (ga) _ apolonisa da
dianasaTvis (iupiterisadmi daqvemdebarebuli RvTaebebi) damaxasiaTebel
zogierT niSan-Tvisebas. iberiis samefos panTeoni, rogorc Cans, sinkretu-
li xasiaTis RvTaebebisagan Sedgeboda; igi imTaviTve dakavSirebuli Cans
gvianaqemeniduri-adreelinisturi xanis aRmosavleT xmelTaSuazRvispire-
Tis sinkretuli xasiaTis kulturul samyarosTan da, Sesabamisad, armazis
kultic ZvelaxloaRmosavlur, aqemenidur da elinistur epoqebisaTvis
damaxasiaTebel sinkretizmis anabeWds atarebda51.
aRsaniSnavia, rom terminebi „samcxe“ da „mcxeTa“ erTmaneTTan dakavSire-
buli hqonda jer kidev vaxuSti bagrations, Tumca igi saxelwodeba
„samcxes“ „mcxeTisagan“ warmoqmnilad miiCnevda52. XIX saukuneSi toponim
„mcxeTas“ mesxebis satomo saxelTan aaxloebdnen Teimuraz bagrationi,
platon ioseliani, a. xaxanaSvili da v. sen-marteni53. g. meliqiSvilis
SexedulebiTac, saxelwodeba „mcxeTa“ udavod warmoqmnilia mesxTa sa-
tomo saxelisagan, es faqti ki unda mianiSnebdes mcxeTis mesxuri dasax-
lebis aramesxuri mosaxleobis wiaRSi warmoqmnis SesaZleblobaze54.
miuxedavad im garemoebisa, rom SesaZleblad mimaCnia mtkvris zemo weli-
Riley H.T., Lipsiae, 1906
49 ix., mag., afaqiZe a., kinwuraSvili s., menabde l., mcxeTa, qarTuli sabWoTa enciklopedia,
tomi 7, Tb., 1984, gv. 254
50 ix., mag., afaqiZe a., armazcixis..., gv. 91-93
51 Kavtaradze G. L., Georgian Chronicles and the raison d’ètre of the Iberian Kingdom (Caucasica II), Orbis Terra-
rum, Journal of Historical Geography of the Ancient World, 6, 2000, Stuttgart, 2001, gv. 220-222
52 batoniSvili vaxuSti, dasax. naSromi, gv. 657-658
53 Teimuraz bagrationi, istoria dawyebiTgan iveriisa, ese igi giorgiisa, romel ars
sruliad saqarTveloÁsa, sankt-peterburRi, 1848, gv. 10, 23; Иосселиани Платон, Различные
наименования грузинов, Тифлис, 1846, gv. 408; St.-Martin V., Recherches sur les populations primitives et les
plus ancienns traditions du Caucase, Paris, 1847, gv. 50-51; Хаханов А. С., Древнейшие пределы расселения
грузин по Малой Азии, Тифлис, 1903, gv. 37-39
54 Меликишвили Г. А., К истории древней Грузии, Тб., 1959, gv. 112, 229
349
 dan anu mesxeTidan (Tu e.w. didi mesxeTidan), romelic mtkvris saTaveebis
mxares da mis iqiT, kidev ufro samxreTiT mdebare mxareebsac moicavda,
mosaxleobis erTmaneTis momdevno talRebis gadmonacvleba, rac sazoga-
dod damaxasiaTebeli movlenaa mdinareTa dinebis mimdebare xeobebisaTvis,
ara mgonia mcxeTisa da misi sanaxebis ufro adreuli mosaxleoba imdenad
gansxvavebuli yofiliyo axalmosulTagan (Tundac imis gamo, rom maTi _
Zvelisac da axlisac _ warmomavlobis mxare erTmaneTs emTxveoda), rom
saWiro gamxdariyo maTi winamosaxleobisagan ganmasxvavebeli saxeliT
saxeldeba. savaraudod, aq adgili eqneboda erTian eTno-kulturul are-
alSi didi mdinaris dinebis zemo, mTiani mxareebidan namati mosaxleobis
qvemo dinebis, dablobi mxareebisaken gadmonacvlebas, anu mTisa da baris
mosaxleTa urTierTobis „klasikur“ models, rac, ra Tqma unda, ar gamor-
icxavda gansxvavebuli warmomavlobis eTnikuri jgufebis am metad mniS-
vnelovani sakvanZo adgilisaken swrafvasa da infiltracias, ris Sesaxe-
bac araerTi miniSneba gvaqvs Zvel qarTul werilobiT wyaroebSi. Tumca
es sakiTxebi Cveni winamdebare werilis CarCoebs scildeba da vimedovnebT,
rom maT sxva dros calke SevexebiT.
kumSvadoba sazogadod damaxasiaTebeli movlenaa qarTuli enisaTvis; ro-
gorc Cans, TavsarT-bolosarTis darTvis SemTxvevaSi SesaZlebeli xdeba
TviT fuZiseuli i-xmovnis SekumSvac ki. am mxriv yuradRebas i pyrobs
saCxeris saxelwodebis kavSiri am qalaqis uSualo siaxloves dadasture-
bul topo/hidronimebTan: mTa „Cixi“, mdinare „Cixura“ da a.S.58. rac Seex-
eba termins „mcxeTa“, masSi garda Ta-sufiqsisa, SesaZleblad migvaCnia
m-prefiqsis gamoyofac: Sdr. toponimebi „wyn-eTi“ (q. TbilisTan) da
„m-wyn-eTi“ (bolnisis raionSi), orive nawarmoebia sityva „muxis“ Sesatyvi-
si da megruli „Wyonis“ paraleluri ZvelqarTuli formidan _ „wyani“.
amrigad, Tuki termini „Zueli mcxeTa“ armazcixe/bagineTSi lokalizdeba,
xolo termini „mcxeTa“ Tavisi pirvandeli semantikuri mniSvnelobiT cix-
iscixis anu dedacixis aRmniSvnelia, maSin bevr, mcxeTisa da mTlianad ibe-
ria/qarTlis uZveles istoriasTan dakavSirebul, jer kidev arcTu mTlad
naTel movlenas axali Suqi moefineboda.

TavisTavadac sakiTxavia, Tu ramdenad aris ucilobeli mcxeTis saxelis

etimologiis axsna mesxTa satomo saxeliT, Tuki davuSvebT, rom „Zueli
mcxeTa“ lokalizdeboda armazcixis teritoriaze, romelsac mkveTrad ga-
moxatuli funqcia gaaCnda: kontrolis qveS moeqcia strategiulad uaR-
resad mniSvnelovani sakmaod vrceli areali55 da romlis saxelwodebac,
rogorc iTqva, sxvadasxva enebze ZiriTadad cixe-galavnis, dedacixe-cit-
adelis aRmniSvneli iyo; nuTu am saxelwodebebs ar unda hqonodaT amave
funqciis gamomxatveli qarTulenovani Sesatyvisi?

am mxriv sainteresoa, rom jer kidev i. rainegsi, termin „mcxeTas“ „cix-

is“ qarTuli saxelwodebis gadasxvaferebis Sedegad warmoqmnilad Tvl-
ida; amis damadasturebel sabuTad igi mcxeTis adgilmdebareobis garda,
aq cixe-simagreTa nangrevebis siuxves miiCnevda56. termin „mcxeTis“ war-
momavlobis asaxsnelad gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania sakuTriv enaT-
mecnierul monacemebze dayrdnobiT gamoTqmuli Tvalsazrisi adgilis
saxelwodebis _ „mcxeTis“ warmomavlobis Taobaze qarTul-zanuri erTo-
bis xanis „cixis“ aRmniSvneli sityvidan _ *Â1ixe57. cnobilia, rom fuZis

55 jer kidev i. rainegsi, romelic erekle II-is karze ruseTis politikuri miznebis
gansaxorcieleblad iyo Segzavnili da romelmac arcTu mcire roli Seasrula
qarTl-kaxeTis samefos daTanxmebaSi, raTa mas xeli moewera 1783 wlis georgievskis
traqtatisaTvis, Zalze kargad xedavda mcxeTis strategiul mniSvnelobas. igi
SeniSnavda, rom mcxeTis uaRresad xelsayreli samxedro-strategiuli mdebareoba
somxeT-albaneTze kontrolis damyarebisaTvis, unda yofiliyo is mizezi, ris gamoc
romaelebma Tu berZnebma aq daarses cixe-simagre; mas arc CrdiloeTis momTabare
xalxebTan aragvis gziT mcxeTis dakavSirebis SesaZlebloba aviwydeboda (Reineggs
J., dasax. naSromi, gv. 86-87). romaelTa mier mcxeTaSi cixe-simagris daarsebis Sesaxeb
mcdari Sexeduleba, efuZneboda missave uzusto cnobas, rom TiTqos XVIII saukunis
mcxeTelebi armazcixes „horumis cixes“ (Horum Zighe) anu „romaelTa cixes“ uwodebdnen
(iqve) da ara armazis cixes
56 Reineggs J., dasax. naSromi, gv. 86
57 ix. Климов Г. А., Этимологический словарь картвельских языков, М., 1964, gv. 239. *Zixe > cixe gan-
viTareba aixsneba qarTuli enisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli Tavkiduri mJReri Tanxmovnis struqturis ti pologia, Tb., 1965, gv. 119, SeniSvna 4
distanciuri dayruebiT momdevno x spirantis zegavlenis Sedegad (ix. gamyreliZe T., 58 aRsaniSnavia, rom imerxevSi aris sofeli Cixisxevi (soflis dRevandeli Turquli
maWavariani g., sonantTa sistema da ablauti qarTvelur enebSi, saerTo-qarTveluri saxelwodebaa ianiqli)

350 351
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353
 Giorgi L. Kavtaradze
Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University,
Ivane Javakhishvili Institute of History and Ethnology,
Department of Ancient Country History, Chief Scientific Officer

FOR THE
ISSUE OF
ANCIENT
LOCATION
AND NAME
OF MTSKHETA
About the ancient location of Mtskheta – i.e.
~Old Mc’xet’a” mentioned in the Chronicle
of ~the Conversion of K’art’li” (Mok‘c‘evay
k‘art‘lisay) – quite different opinions are ex-
pressed. However, the easiest way for solving
this problem is given by the text of the Chron-
icle itself. As we know from the Chronicle, the
legendary image of Alexander the Great had
bestowed Mc’xet’a to Azoy, son of the king of
Arian- K’art’li, as his royal sit and Azoy took
from his homeland two idols – Gac’i and Ga as
gods and brought with him to ~Old Mc’xet’a”,
therefore the place of erection of these idols
must indicate to us the exact place where the
~Old Mc’xet’a” should have been located.
As we know from ~the Life of K’art’li” (K’art’lis
c’xovreba), idols Gac’i and Ga (Gaim) were
erected beside the idol Armazi: ~…to his right
was a man of gold whose name was Gac’i and
to his left a man of silver whose name was
Gaim” [Thomson 1996, 98]. And Armazi was
erected ~at the entrance to K’art’li” [ibid., 36].
Toponym ~K’art’li” is the old name of Armazi
(Armazc’ixe, Bagineti) which is on the right
side of Kura River. Therefore, it seems quite
possible to assume that ~Old Mc’xet’a“”was
located on the right side of Kura, which is dif-
ferent from Mc’xet’a’s present location on the
left side of the river. As it seems, this difference
was a main reason why the identification of
~Old Mc’xet’a” with Armazi/Bagineti was not
acceptable for such a long time.
But if we compare the old name of Armazi/Bag-
ineti – ~K’art’li” with the Aramaic word „kar-
da“ which means fortress/town, and recall the
fact that the name Acropolis (‘Ακρόπολις) was
given by Cassius Dio to Armazi/Bagineti and,
at the same time, if we take into account some
linguists’ opinion that the name ~Mc’xet’a” is
derived from the root of the Georgian-Zan lin-
guistic unity: *ӡ1ixe – with the meaning for-
tress/stronghold, the above proposed identifica-
tion of the name ~Old Mc’xet’a” with K’art’li/
Armazi becomes much more reasonable.
jvris monasteri, detali

TavSi „mcxeTa da mcxeTis Semogarenis toponimia istoriul WrilSi“ gamoyenebulia saqa-

rTvelos kulturuli memkvidreobis dacvis erovnuli saagentos dokumentTa sacavSi
arsebuli masalebi

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