THIRD ASSIGNMENT

1. Supposed an investigation of the teaching of science in high schools of a certain region is

to be conducted in which the science teachers are to be made respondents in the study.
Based on the updated profile of the said region, there are 2,005 teachers handling
biological sciences; 1, 700 handling chemistry; and 1, 500 teachers handling physical
sciences ( a total of N = 5, 205 teachers). Determine the optimum sample size, n and the
corresponding sample size, per science subject. The margin of error to be used is five (5)
percent.

GIVEN:
N= 5205
e = 0.05
N
n= 2
1+ Ne
5205
n= 2
1+ (5205 ) (0.05)
5205
n= = 371.45 ꭓ 371 Therefore, 371 teachers must he take into his
14.0125
study with 5 % margin of error.

RPS 2005
BS (Biological Science) = n= (371) = 142.911 ≈ 143
N 5205
RPS 1700
C (Chemistry) = n= (371) = 121.172 ≈ 121
N 5205
RPS 1500
PS (Physical Science) = n=¿ (371) = 106.916 ≈ 107
N 5205

2. Differentiate Probability and Non-probability sampling techniques, give example for

each scheme and discuss each briefly.

Probability Sampling Non- Probability Sampling

Methods
Definition Probability sampling is a
sampling techniques in which
samples from a larger
population are chosen using
Methods
Non-probability sampling is a
sampling technique in which
the researcher’s subjective
judgement rather than
 a method based on the
theory of probability.
Alternatively Random Sampling Method
Known as
Population The population is selected
Selection randomly
Nature The research is conclusive
Sample Since there is a method for
deciding the sample, the
population demographics are
conclusively represented
Time taken Takes longer to conduct
since the research design
defines the selection
parameters before the
market research study
begins.
Hypothesis In probability sampling, there
is an underlying hypothesis
before the study begins and
the objectives of this method
is to prove the hypothesis.
Result The type of sampling is
entirely unbiased and hence
the results are unbiased too
and conclusive.
random selection
Non- random Sampling
Method.
The population is selected
arbitrarily
The research is exploratory
Since the sampling method is
arbitrarily, the population
demographics representation
is almost always skewed.
This type of sampling method
is quick since neither criteria
of the sample are undefined.
In non-probability sampling,
the hypothesis is derived
after conducting the research
study.
The type of sampling is
entirely bias and hence the
results are biased too,
rendering the research
speculative.

Problem on Probability sampling

Example:
A coin is thrown 3 times. What is the probability that atleast one head is obtained?
Solution: Sample space = [HHH, HHT, HTH, THH, TTH, THT, HTT, TTT]
Total number of ways = 2 x 2 x 2 = 8 Cases = 7
1 7
P (A) = 7/8 or P (of getting atleast one head) = 1-P (no head) = 1-( ¿ =
8 8

Problem on Non- Probability Sampling

Example:
 A research wants to survey individual about what smartphone brand they prefer to use.
He/she consider a sample size of 500 respondents. Also, he/she is only interested in surveying
ten states in the U.S. Here’s how the research can divide the population by quotas:
 Gender 250 males and 250 females
 Age: 100 respondents each between the ages of 16-20. 21-30, 31-40, 41-50, and 51+
 (Researchers apply further nested quotas. For eg. out of the 150 unemployed people,
100 must be students.)
 Location: 50 responses per state

Depending on the type of research, the research can apply quotes based on the sampling
frame. It is not necessary for the researcher to divide the quotas equally. He/she divides the
quotas as per his/her need (as shown in the example where the researcher interviews 350
employed and only 150 unemployed individuals). Random sampling can be conducting to reach
out to the respondents.

3. An experiment on the effects of the average number of hours spent by students in

studying on their grades have the following results:
Ave. number of hrs. spent in
studying per day 1, 2.5, 3, 3.5, 4, 4.5,
:
Grades : 2.75, 2.50, 2.00, 2.00, 1.50, 1.25

a. Make a scatter diagram of the data

b. Fit the regression equation, ỳ = a + bx
c. Test for the significance of b using a = 5% level.
d. Predict the grades when the average number of hours spent in studying are: 2.8, 4.2 and
5.00
e. Determine the R2 and interpret your result

a. Make a scatter diagram of the data

y
5

4
GRADES

1
x
1 2 3 4 5
 No. of Hrs. Spent
Based on the results of the scatter diagram, the relationship between the average number of
hours spent in studying per day (x) and grades (y) is linear with negative slope. Therefore, we
can proceed to apply simple linear regression analysis (SLRA)

B. Computation of the simple linear regression equation: ( ^y = a + bx )

2 2
x y xy x y
1 2.75 2.75 1 7.56
2.5 2.5 6.25 6.25 6.25
3 2.00 6 9 4
3.5 2.00 7 12.25 4
4 1.5 6 16 2.25
4.5 1.25 5.63 20.25 1.56
∑ x =18.5 ∑ y=12 ∑ xy =33.625 ∑ x 2=64.75 ∑ 2
y =25.625

a = ¿¿
( 12 )( 64.75 ) −( 18.5 ) (33.625)
=
6 ( 64.75 )−¿ ¿

= 3.35
b = n¿¿
6 ( 33.625 )−( 18.5 ) (12)
=
6 ( 64.75 )−¿ ¿

= -0.44

^y = a + bx or ^y = bx + a
^y = 3.35 – 0.44x

C. Test for the significance of b using a = 5% level

t= b
√ n−2
1−b
n=6
df = n-2
n=4
b = -0.44

CV = 0.811
t = -0.44
√ 6−2
1−¿ ¿
¿

t = -0.98 is less than CV= 0.811, we accept null hypothesis.

D. Predict the grades when the average number of hours spent in studying are: 2.8, 4.2, and
5.00
^y =3.35−0.44 x ; x= 2.8 ^y =3.35−0.44 x ; x= 4.2 ^y =3.35−0.44 x ; x= 5
^y =3.35−0.44 ( 2.8 ) ^y =3.35−0.44 ( 4.2 ) ^y =3.35−0.44 ( 5 )
^y =2.118 ^y =1.502 ^y =1.15

e. Determine the R2
x y y− y ¿ ^y =3.35−0.44 x ( ^y − y) ¿

1 2.75 0.75 0.5625 2.91 0.91 0.8281

2.5 2.50 0.50 0.25 2.25 0.25 0.0625
3 2.00 0 0 2.03 0.03 0.0009
3.5 2.00 0 0 1.81 -0.19 0.0361
4 1.50 -0.5 0.25 1.59 -0.41 0.1681
4.5 1.25 -0.75 0.5625 1.37 -0.63 0.3969
∑ ¿1.625 ∑ ¿1.4926

mean of y = 2

1.4926
R2=∑ ¿ ¿¿ = = 0.918 or 0.92
1.625
0.92 x 100% = 92%

Thus, with an R2 = 92%, we can say that more than 92% in the variation in the dependent
variable (y) is being explained or attributed by the violation in the independent variable (x). the
remaining 8% or the variation in y is due to other sources. It should noted that Fcom values
equation to tcom value.
 4. The following paired set of data, x (score in Mathematics) and y (score in English), were
obtained from a certain university.
x 92, 85, 86, 55, 77, 91, 75, 89, 79, 80,
y 81, 79, 70, 45, 70, 88, 70, 75, 72, 75

a. Make a scatter diagram of the data

b. Obtain the correlation coefficient r and test its significance using α = 0.05
c. Interpret briefly your result.

a. Make a scatter diagram of the data

95
90
85
80
75
70
65
60
55
50
45

40 45 50 55 60 70 75 80 85 90 95

Based on the result of the scatter diagram, there is positive linear correlation between the score in
Mathematics and English of certain university.

b. Obtain the correlation coefficient e and test for the its significance using α = 0.05
Steps for testing the hypothesis for Person Product Moment Correlation coefficient.

a. State the hypothesis:

Ho : rxy = 0
(There is no correlation, between the scores in Mathematics and English)
 Ha: rxy ≠ 0
(There is a correlation between the scores in Mathematics and English)
b. State the level of significance
- The level of significance is α = 0.05
c. State the most appropriate statistical test
- Apply the Pearson- Moment Correlation Analysis
d. Find the tabular or critical value of t
- The critical value using t-test (2 sample case is t tab=0.025, df=10-2=8=2.306

c. Interpret briefly your result.

Computations:

x y x2 y2 xy
92 81 8464 6561 7452
85 79 7225 6241 6715
86 70 7396 4900 6020
55 45 3025 2025 2475
77 70 5929 4900 5390
91 88 8281 7744 8008
75 70 5625 4900 5250
89 75 7921 5625 6675
79 72 6241 5184 5688
80 75 6400 5625 6000
∑ x =809 ∑ y=725 ∑ x 2=66507 ∑ y2 =53705 ∑ xy =59673

y=
∑x x=
∑y
n n
809 725
= =
10 10

y = 80.9 x=72.5

SSy = ∑ y2 −¿ ¿ ¿

= 53705 −¿ ¿
= 53705 – 52562.5
SSy= 1142.5

SSx = ∑ x 2−¿ ¿ ¿
= 66507- ¿ ¿
SSx = 1058.1
 SPxy= ∑ xy - ¿ ¿
(809)(725)
= 59673-
10
= 59673 -58652.5
SPxy = 1020.5

Solving for coefficient of correlation r, we have:

SPxy
r=
√( S ( x ) ) (S ( y ) )
1020.5
=
√(1058.9)(1142.5)
1020.5
=
√ 1209793.25
1020.5
¿
1099.91

= 0.93
f. The coefficient of correlation r = 0.93, between the scores in Mathematics (x) and the scores
in English (y) indicates a very high positive correlation or relationship, meaning that an increase
or improvement in Mathematics score is highly associated with the increase in English score.
Division Rule:
In order to make decision on the significant relationship we need to apply the t-test.

r √n−2
t=
√ 1−r 2
0.93 √10−2
=
√ 1−¿ ¿ ¿
0.93 √ 8
=
√1−0.8649
2.630437226
=
0.367559519
 t = 7.16
Since tcom = 7.16 > ttab 0.025 df= 8=2.306, therefore reject Ho.
c. Therefore, there is a correlation between the score in Mathematics and score in English of a
certain university.

EDUC 601
(ADVANCE STATISTICS)

Submitted to:
Pres. Rolando F. Hechanova, RPAE, PHD
Instructor

Submitted by:
Guia Andrea E. Huertas
MAT-SOCIAL STUDIES