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 A cell is the building block of life. The structural and functional
units of all living organisms.
See an illustration of a Cell.
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 All living organisms fall into one of two categories, eukaryotes
or prokaryotes, depending on whether or not the cell has a
nucleus.

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 −

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This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-SA

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 All cells, regardless of whether they are prokaryotes or
eukaryotes, contain the following universal features:

It is where the genome, or the complete set of genes composed of DNA,

is stored and replicated.
It is composed of an aqueous solution known as the cytosol. It contains
a variety of suspended particles such as enzymes, small organic
Defines themolecules,
boundary of coenzymes, ribosomes,
the cell and separatesRNAs, etc. from the
its contents
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surroundings. The membrane is composed of proteins and lipids that
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form a thin, tough, pliable, and hydrophobic barrier.
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 All cells, regardless of whether they are prokaryotes or
eukaryotes, contain the following universal features:

It is where the genome, or the complete set of genes composed of DNA,

is stored and replicated.

It is composed of an aqueous solution known as the cytosol. It contains

a variety of suspended particles such as enzymes, small organic
Defines themolecules,
boundary ofcoenzymes, ribosomes,
the cell and separatesRNAs, etc. from the
its contents
INSTITUTE OF CHEMISTRY
surroundings. The membrane is composed of proteins and lipids that
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form a thin, tough, pliable, and hydrophobic barrier.
ONLINE
 All cells, regardless of whether they are prokaryotes or
eukaryotes, contain the following universal features:

It is where the genome, or the complete set of genes composed of DNA,

is stored and replicated.
It is composed of an aqueous solution known as the cytosol. It contains
a variety of suspended particles such as enzymes, small organic
molecules, coenzymes, ribosomes, RNAs, etc.

Defines the boundary of the cell and separates its contents from the
INSTITUTE OF CHEMISTRY
surroundings. The membrane is composed of proteins and lipids that
UPLB
form a thin, tough, pliable, and hydrophobic barrier.
ONLINE
 All cells, regardless of whether they are prokaryotes or
eukaryotes, contain the following universal features:

It is where the genome, or the complete set of genes composed of DNA,

is stored and replicated.
It is composed of an aqueous solution known as the cytosol. It contains
a variety of suspended particles such as enzymes, small organic
Defines themolecules,
boundary of coenzymes, ribosomes,
the cell and separatesRNAs, etc. from the
its contents
surroundings. The membrane is composed of proteins and lipids that
form a thin, tough, pliable, and hydrophobic barrier.

INSTITUTE OF CHEMISTRY
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ONLINE
 All cells, regardless of whether they are prokaryotes or
eukaryotes, contain the following universal features:

It is where the genome, or the complete set of genes composed of DNA,

is stored and replicated.
It is composed of an aqueous solution known as the cytosol. It contains
a variety of suspended particles such as enzymes, small organic
Defines themolecules,
boundary of coenzymes, ribosomes,
the cell and separatesRNAs, etc. from the
its contents
surroundings. The membrane is composed of proteins and lipids that
form a thin, tough, pliable, and hydrophobic barrier.

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 A eukaryotic cell is typically subdivided by membranes. An
organelle is a well defined compartment inside the cell with a
dedicated important cellular task.

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 The nucleus is the largest organelle. It contains the genetic
material of the cell. It is also the site of DNA and RNA
biosynthesis.

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 The endoplasmic reticulum is a closed network of shallow
sacs and tubules linked with the outer membrane of the
nucleus. It is involved in the synthesis, processing, and
transport of proteins and lipids.

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 The golgi apparatus resembles a bundle of layered slices. It is
involved in sorting and transport of molecules for export.

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 The mitochondria is a double membrane-bound organelle. It
is the site for cellular respiration where it oxidizes fuels to
produce ATP.

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 The lysosome is a small, globular organelle. It contains
hydrolytic digestive enzymes for intracellular digestion.

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 The ribosome is a protein synthesizing complex made up of
RNA and proteins.

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 The cell also contains a cytoskeleton, which is composed of a
network of filaments and tubules, that determines the shape of
cells and give it its ability to move.

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 The chloroplast is an organelle that harvests sunlight and
produces ATP and carbohydrates.

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 The vacuole degrades and recycles macromolecules. It serves
as reservoir for food and waste products.

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 The cell wall is composed of polysaccharides and proteins. It
provides shape and rigidity to the cell and protects it from
osmotic swelling.

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 Prokaryotic cells contain only a single membrane. They don’t
have a nucleus or organelles, but possess a distinct nuclear
area known as the nucleoid.

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 Prokaryotic cells contain a cell wall, ribosomes, but lack a
cytoskeleton. It is the cell wall that dictates the shape of the
cell.

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 The surface of prokaryotic cells may carry a pili or flagella that
provide points of adhesion and movement of the cell.

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