القانون التجاري 1

‫اﻟﻘﺎﻧون اﻟﺗﺟﺎري ‪1‬‬
‫اﻟدﻛﺗورﻣﺣﻣد ﺳﺎﻣر ﻋﺎﺷور‬
‫‪Books‬‬
‫القانون التجاري (األعمال التجارية والتاجر والمتجر) ‪1‬‬
‫الدكتور محمد سامر عاشور‬
‫من منشورات الجامعة االفتراضية السورية‬

‫الجمهورية العربية السورية ‪2018‬‬
‫هذا الكتاب منشور تحت رخصة المشاع المبدع – النسب للمؤلف – حظر االشتقاق (‪)CC– BY– ND 4.0‬‬
‫‪https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/legalcode.ar‬‬
‫يحق للمستخدم بموجب هذه الرخصة نسخ هذا الكتاب ومشاركته وإعادة نشره أو توزيعه بأية صيغة وبأية وسيلة للنشر وألية غاية تجارية‬
‫أو غير تجارية‪ ،‬وذلك شريطة عدم التعديل على الكتاب وعدم االشتقاق منه وعلى أن ينسب للمؤلف األصلي على الشكل اآلتي حصرا‪:‬‬
‫محمد سامر عاشور‪ ،‬اإلجازة في الحقوق‪ ،‬من منشورات الجامعة االفتراضية السورية‪ ،‬الجمهورية العربية السورية‪2018 ،‬‬
‫متوفر للتحميل من موسوعة الجامعة ‪https://pedia.svuonline.org/‬‬
‫‪Commercial Law 1‬‬

‫‪Mohammad Samer Ashour‬‬
‫)‪Publications of the Syrian Virtual University (SVU‬‬
‫‪Syrian Arab Republic, 2018‬‬
‫‪Published under the license:‬‬
‫‪Creative Commons Attributions- NoDerivatives 4.0‬‬
‫)‪International (CC-BY-ND 4.0‬‬
‫‪https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/legalcode‬‬
‫‪Available for download at: https://pedia.svuonline.org/‬‬

‫الفهرس‬
‫تطور األحكام القانونية المتعلقة باألعمال التجارية ‪1 ..................................................................‬‬
‫أوالً – موضوع الحقوق التجارية ‪1 ....................................................................................‬‬
‫‪ – 1‬تعريف القانون التجاري ‪1 .....................................................................................‬‬
‫‪ – 2‬عالقة القانون التجاري مع باقي القوانين األخرى ‪2 ........................................................‬‬
‫‪ – 3‬ضرورة استقالل القانون التجاري عن القانون المدني‪2 ...................................................‬‬
‫ثانيا ً – تطور الحقوق التجارية ‪3 .......................................................................................‬‬
‫‪ – 1‬العصور القديمة ‪3 ...............................................................................................‬‬
‫‪ – 2‬العصور الوسطى ‪4 .............................................................................................‬‬
‫‪ – 3‬العصور الحديثة ‪5 ...............................................................................................‬‬
‫ثالثا ً – مصادر الحقوق التجارية ‪6 .....................................................................................‬‬
‫‪ – 1‬قانون التجارة ‪7 ..................................................................................................‬‬
‫‪ – 2‬القانون المدني ‪7 .................................................................................................‬‬
‫‪ – 3‬العرف والعادة ‪7 .................................................................................................‬‬
‫‪ – 4‬االجتهاد القضائي والفقه ‪8 .....................................................................................‬‬
‫‪ – 5‬االتفاقيات الدولية ‪8 ..............................................................................................‬‬
‫تمارين ‪9 ...................................................................................................................‬‬
‫األعمال التجارية – مبادئ عامة ‪10.......................................................................................‬‬
‫النطرية الشخصية والنظرية الموضوعية للقانون التجاري ‪10......................................................‬‬
‫معيار التفريق بين األعمال المدنية واألعمال التجارية ‪12...........................................................‬‬
‫أ – نظرية المضاربة ‪12...............................................................................................‬‬
‫ب – نطرية التداول ‪13................................................................................................‬‬
‫ج – نطرية المشروع ‪13..............................................................................................‬‬
‫أهمية التفريق بين األعمال التجارية واألعمال المدنية ‪14............................................................‬‬
‫‪ – 1‬التضامن بين المدينين ‪14........................................................................................‬‬
‫‪ – 2‬الفائدة القانونية ‪15.................................................................................................‬‬
‫‪ – 3‬اكتساب صفة التاجر ‪16..........................................................................................‬‬
‫‪ – 4‬حرية اإلثبات ‪16..................................................................................................‬‬
‫‪ – 5‬اإلفالس ‪17.........................................................................................................‬‬
‫‪ – 6‬حظر مهل الوفاء ‪17..............................................................................................‬‬
‫‪ – 7‬تنفيذ الرهن التجاري ‪18..........................................................................................‬‬
‫‪ – 8‬تقليص مدة التقادم المسقط ‪18...................................................................................‬‬
‫‪ – 9‬االختصاص القضائي ‪18.........................................................................................‬‬
‫‪ – 10‬اإلعذار ‪19.......................................................................................................‬‬
‫تمارين ‪20...................................................................................................................‬‬
‫تقسيم األعمال التجارية ‪21..................................................................................................‬‬
‫األعمال التجارية بحكم ماهيتها الذاتية‪24...............................................................................‬‬
‫األعمال التجارية المنفردة ‪24.............................................................................................‬‬
‫‪ – 1‬الشراء ألجل البيع والتأجير ‪24.................................................................................‬‬
‫‪ – 2‬االستئجار ألجل التأجير ثانية ‪27...............................................................................‬‬
‫‪ – 3‬أعمال الصرافة والمبادلة المالية ومعامالت المصرف ‪27..................................................‬‬
‫‪ – 4‬األسناد التجارية ‪28...............................................................................................‬‬
‫المشاريع التجارية ‪28......................................................................................................‬‬
‫‪ – 1‬مشروع التوريد ‪29...............................................................................................‬‬
‫‪ – 2‬مشروع المصانع ‪29..............................................................................................‬‬
‫‪ – 3‬مشروع النقل برا ً أو جوا ً أو على سطح الماء ‪30............................................................‬‬
‫‪ – 4‬مشروع الوكالة والسمسرة ‪31...................................................................................‬‬
‫‪ – 5‬مشروع التأمين بأنواعه ‪32......................................................................................‬‬
‫‪ – 6‬مشروع المشاهد العامة ‪33......................................................................................‬‬
‫‪ – 7‬مشروع النشر ‪33.................................................................................................‬‬
‫‪ – 8‬مشروع المخازن العامة ‪33......................................................................................‬‬
‫‪ – 9‬مشروع المناجم والبترول ‪34....................................................................................‬‬
‫‪ – 10‬مشروع األشغال العقارية ‪34..................................................................................‬‬
‫‪ – 11‬مشروع شراء العقارات لبيعها بربح ‪34.....................................................................‬‬
‫‪ – 12‬مشروع وكالة األشغال ‪34.....................................................................................‬‬
‫‪ – 13‬األعمال التجارية البحرية ‪35..................................................................................‬‬
‫تمارين ‪39...................................................................................................................‬‬
‫التاجر ‪40.......................................................................................................................‬‬
‫شروط اكتساب صفة التاجر ‪40..........................................................................................‬‬
‫القيام باألعمال التجارية ‪40............................................................................................‬‬
‫احتراف األعمال التجارية ‪41.........................................................................................‬‬
‫األهلية التجارية ‪43.........................................................................................................‬‬
‫أوالً – الشخص كامل األهلية‪43......................................................................................‬‬
‫ثانيا ً – الشخص ناقص األهلية ‪43....................................................................................‬‬
‫ثالثا ً – الشخص فاقد األهلية ‪44.......................................................................................‬‬
‫تنظيم التجارة ‪46...........................................................................................................‬‬
‫حرية التجارة ‪46........................................................................................................‬‬
‫التنظيم االقتصادي واألجهزة اإلدارية ‪48............................................................................‬‬
‫غرف التجارة ‪48........................................................................................................‬‬
‫تمارين ‪51...................................................................................................................‬‬
‫واجبات التاجر ‪52.............................................................................................................‬‬
‫السجل التجاري ‪52.........................................................................................................‬‬
‫أوالً – تعريف السجل التجاري ووظيفته ‪52........................................................................‬‬
‫ثانيا ً – الجهة المختصة بالتسجيل واإلشراف على الجل التجاري ‪54............................................‬‬
‫ثالثا ً – األشخاص الملزمون بالتسجيل في سجل التجارة ‪56......................................................‬‬
‫رابعا ً – إجراءات التسجيل ‪58.........................................................................................‬‬
‫خامسا ً – مؤيدات عدم التسجيل في سجل التجارة ‪59..............................................................‬‬
‫سادسا ً – اآلثار القانونية للتسجيل ‪61.................................................................................‬‬
‫الدفاتر التجارية ‪63.........................................................................................................‬‬
‫أوالً – تعرف التاجر على وضعه المالي ‪63........................................................................‬‬
‫ثانيا ً – استخدام الدفاتر كوسبة في اإلثبات ‪63.......................................................................‬‬
‫ثالثا ً – اعتبارات تتعلق بمصلحة الخزينة ‪63........................................................................‬‬
‫االلتزام بمسك الدفاتر التجارية ‪64.......................................................................................‬‬
‫أنواع الدفاتر التجارية ‪64.................................................................................................‬‬
‫الدفاتر اإللزامية ( اإلجبارية ) ‪64....................................................................................‬‬
‫الدفاتر التجارية االختيارية ‪65.........................................................................................‬‬
‫تنظيم الدفاتر التجارية ‪67.................................................................................................‬‬
‫أوالً – واجب التأشير على الدفاتر التجارية ‪67.....................................................................‬‬
‫ثانيا ً – طرق القيد بالدفاتر التجارية ‪67..............................................................................‬‬
‫ثالثا ً – مدة حفظ الدفاتر التجارية‪68..................................................................................‬‬
‫التبعات الناجمة عن اإلخالل بقواعد تنظيم الدفاتر التجارية‪68......................................................‬‬
‫أوالً – التبعات الجزائية المترتية على اإلخالل بقواعد تنظيم الدفاتر التجارية ‪68.............................‬‬
‫ثانيا ً – التبعات المدنية المترتبة على اإلخالل بقواعد تنظيم الدفاتر التجارية ‪69...............................‬‬
‫حجية الدفاتر التجارية في اإلثبات ‪70...................................................................................‬‬
‫مبدأ حرية اإلثبات ‪70......................................................................................................‬‬
‫قواعد اﻹﺛﺑﺎت بالدفاتر التجارية‪70.........................................................................................‬‬
‫أوالً – قواعد اإلثبات في قانون التجارة ‪70.........................................................................‬‬
‫ثانيا ً – قواعد اإلثبات في قانون البينات ‪71..........................................................................‬‬
‫حجية الدفاتر التجارية في اإلثبات لمصلحة التاجر ‪72................................................................‬‬
‫أوالً – حجية الدفاتر التجارية في اإلثبات لمصلحة تاجر ضد تاجر آخر ‪72...................................‬‬
‫حجية الدفاتر التجارية في اإلثبات لمصلحة التاجر ضد غير التاجر ‪74............................................‬‬
‫أوالً – النزاع بين التاجر وشخص عادي ( غير تاجر ) ‪74......................................................‬‬
‫ثانيا ً – النزاع بين التاجر والدوائر المالية ‪75.......................................................................‬‬
‫حجية الدفاتر التجارية في اإلثبات ضد مصلحة التاجر ‪76...........................................................‬‬
‫تقديم الدفاتر التجارية للقضاء ‪77.........................................................................................‬‬
‫أوالً – تسليم الدفاتر التجارية للقضاء ( االطالع الكلي ) ‪78.....................................................‬‬
‫ثانيا ً – تقديم الدفاتر التجارية للقضاء لالطالع الجزئي ‪81........................................................‬‬
‫تمارين ‪83...................................................................................................................‬‬
‫المتجر ‪84......................................................................................................................‬‬
‫مفهوم المتجر وطبيعته الحقوقية ‪85.....................................................................................‬‬
‫تحديد مفهوم المتجر‪85.................................................................................................‬‬
‫تعريف المتجر ‪86.......................................................................................................‬‬
‫تحديد الطبيعة الحقوقية للمتجر ‪88....................................................................................‬‬
‫النتائج القانونية المترتبة على اعتبار المتجر ماالً منقوالً غير مادي ‪90............................................‬‬
‫تمارين ‪93...................................................................................................................‬‬
‫العناصر المعنوية أو غير المادية للمتجر ‪94.............................................................................‬‬
‫االسم والعنوان التجاري ‪94...............................................................................................‬‬
‫أوالً – مفهومه ‪94.......................................................................................................‬‬
‫ثانيا ً – اختياره ‪95.......................................................................................................‬‬
‫ثالثا ً – التنازل عنه ‪96..................................................................................................‬‬
‫رابعا ً – حماية العنوان التجاري ‪97..................................................................................‬‬
‫الشعار ‪...................................................................................................................‬‬
‫‪100‬‬
‫أوالً – تعرف الشعار ‪...............................................................................................‬‬
‫‪100‬‬
‫ثانيا ً – خصائص الشعار وتمييزه عن االسم والعنوان التجاري ‪..............................................‬‬
‫‪101‬‬
‫حق التعامل مع الزبائن ‪................................................................................................‬‬
‫‪101‬‬
‫اإلجازات والرخص ‪...................................................................................................‬‬
‫‪103‬‬
‫حق االستئجار ‪..........................................................................................................‬‬
‫‪104‬‬
‫أوالً – مفهومه ‪.......................................................................................................‬‬
‫‪104‬‬
‫ثايا ً – التنازل عنه ‪...................................................................................................‬‬
‫‪106‬‬
‫حقوق الملكية األدبية والفنية ‪..........................................................................................‬‬
‫‪107‬‬
‫حقوق الملكية الصناعية ‪...............................................................................................‬‬
‫‪109‬‬
‫تمارين ‪...................................................................................................................‬‬
‫‪157‬‬
‫عناصر المتجر‪.............................................................................................................‬‬
‫‪158‬‬
‫العناصر المادية للمتجر ‪...............................................................................................‬‬
‫‪158‬‬
‫ما يدخل في نطاق المتجر من عناصر مادية ‪.......................................................................‬‬
‫‪158‬‬
‫أوالً – البضائع ‪......................................................................................................‬‬
‫‪158‬‬
‫ثانيا ً – التجهيزات والعدد الصناعية ‪..............................................................................‬‬
‫‪159‬‬
‫ثالثا ً ‪ -‬األثاث ‪........................................................................................................‬‬
‫‪160‬‬
‫ما يخرج عن نطاق المتجر ‪...........................................................................................‬‬
‫‪160‬‬
‫أوالً – العقارات ‪.....................................................................................................‬‬
‫‪160‬‬
‫ثانيا ً – الحقوق الشخصية ‪..........................................................................................‬‬
‫‪162‬‬
‫ثالثا ً – الدفاتر التجارية ‪.............................................................................................‬‬
‫‪164‬‬
‫تمارين ‪...................................................................................................................‬‬
‫‪165‬‬
‫حماية المتجر من المزاحمة ‪.............................................................................................‬‬
‫‪166‬‬
‫حماية المتجر من المزاحمة غير المشروعة ‪.......................................................................‬‬
‫‪167‬‬
‫الطبيعة القانونية للمزاحمة غير المشروعة ‪.........................................................................‬‬
‫‪167‬‬
‫أحكام دعوى المزاحمة غير المشروعة ‪.............................................................................‬‬
‫‪168‬‬
‫الحماية االتفاقية للمتجر ‪...............................................................................................‬‬
‫‪170‬‬
‫أشكال اتفاقات حماية المتجر ‪..........................................................................................‬‬
‫‪171‬‬
‫أوالً – شرط عدم المنافسة ‪.........................................................................................‬‬
‫‪171‬‬
‫ثانيا ً – شرط التوزيع الحصري ‪...................................................................................‬‬
‫‪171‬‬
‫ثالثا ً – االتفاقات الصناعية والتجارية ( تكتالت التجار ) ‪.....................................................‬‬
‫‪173‬‬
‫حكم اتفاقات حماية المتجر ‪............................................................................................‬‬
‫‪174‬‬
‫أوالً – وجوب تحديد االلتزام في الزمان ‪........................................................................‬‬
‫‪174‬‬
‫ثانيا ً – وجوب تحديد االلتزام في المكان ‪.........................................................................‬‬
‫‪174‬‬
‫ثالثا ً – وجوب تحديد االلتزام بتجارة معينة‪......................................................................‬‬
‫‪175‬‬
‫تمارين ‪...................................................................................................................‬‬
‫‪175‬‬
‫التصرفات الواردة على المتجر ‪.........................................................................................‬‬
‫‪176‬‬
‫سجل المتجر ‪............................................................................................................‬‬
‫‪176‬‬
‫إحداث سجل المتجر ‪...................................................................................................‬‬
‫‪177‬‬
‫إثبات التصرفات وتسجيلها أو شهرها ‪...............................................................................‬‬
‫‪178‬‬
‫بيع المتجر ‪...............................................................................................................‬‬
‫‪179‬‬
‫انعقاد البيع وخصائصه ‪................................................................................................‬‬
‫‪179‬‬
‫آثار البيع‪.................................................................................................................‬‬
‫‪183‬‬
‫تقديم المتجر حصة في شركة ‪........................................................................................‬‬
‫‪191‬‬
‫شهر تفديم المتجر حصة في شركة ‪..................................................................................‬‬
‫‪192‬‬
‫حقوق دائني مقدم المتجر ‪..............................................................................................‬‬
‫‪192‬‬
‫حقوق الشركاء ‪..........................................................................................................‬‬
‫‪192‬‬
‫رهن المتجر ‪.............................................................................................................‬‬
‫‪193‬‬
‫شروط رهن المتجر ‪....................................................................................................‬‬
‫‪194‬‬
‫آثار الرهن‪...............................................................................................................‬‬
‫‪197‬‬
‫الحجز على المتجر ‪....................................................................................................‬‬
‫‪201‬‬
‫الحجز االحتياطي على المتجر ‪.......................................................................................‬‬
‫‪202‬‬
‫الحجز التنفيذي على المتجر ‪..........................................................................................‬‬
‫‪204‬‬
‫تكوين العقد ‪..............................................................................................................‬‬
‫‪210‬‬
‫آثار العقد ‪................................................................................................................‬‬
‫‪212‬‬
‫تمارين ‪...................................................................................................................‬‬
‫‪215‬‬

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‫اﻟﻘﺎﻧون اﻟﺗﺟﺎري ‪1‬‬

‫اﻟدﻛﺗورﻣﺣﻣد ﺳﺎﻣر ﻋﺎﺷور‬

‫من منشورات الجامعة االفتراضية السورية‬

‫متوفر للتحميل من موسوعة الجامعة ‪https://pedia.svuonline.org/‬‬

‫‪Commercial Law 1‬‬

‫)‪Publications of the Syrian Virtual University (SVU‬‬

‫‪Syrian Arab Republic, 2018‬‬

‫‪Published under the license:‬‬

‫‪Creative Commons Attributions- NoDerivatives 4.0‬‬

‫)‪International (CC-BY-ND 4.0‬‬

‫‪Available for download at: https://pedia.svuonline.org/‬‬

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