REVIEWER FOR DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

DIGESTIVE SYSTEM - responsible for extracting nutrients and other useful substances from food.

TWO TYPES OF DIGESTION

1. MECHANICAL DIGESTION - physical breakdown of food into smaller parts.
2. CHEMICAL DIGESTION - starts in the mouth through the action of the enzyme present in the saliva.

PARTS AND FUNCTIONS OF THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

1. MOUTH - digestion begins in the mouth

*MASTICATION - process of chewing

TYPES OF TEETH
A. INCISORS - thin edges for cutting food.
B. CANINES - pointed, for tearing meat
C. PREMOLARS AND MOLARS - crushing and grinding food

2. ESOPHAGUS - long tube that connects the mouth to the stomach

3. STOMACH - large and pear-shaped sac that churns and bathes the food with acidic juices.

4. SMALL INTESTINE - coiled tube that measures approximately seven meters long.
*the largest part of digestive system.
*VILLI - tiny fingerlike structures
*MICROVILLI - evan samller to villi

5. LARGE INTESTINE - water from the undigested food is absorbed.

6. RECTUM - provides temporary storage for the feces

7. ANUS - where feces exit from the body.

ACCESSORY DIGESTIVE ORGANS

1. LIVER - largest organ in the body, produces bile which is needed in breaking down fats.
2. GALLBLADDER - small sac under the liver where bile is stores.
3. PANCREAS - elongated organ behind the stomach, secretes pancreatic juice

AILMENTS AND DISORDERS OF THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

1. CONSTIPATION - irregular and painful bowel movements.
2. DYSPEPSIA - indigestion, discomfort felt somewhere near the stomach and feeling bloated.
*eating too quickly
3. GALLSTONES - small “stones”that from in the gallbladder.
4. GASTRITIS - the stomach lining is inflamed.
5. ULCER - sores in the linings of the stomach or small intestine.
*eating meals irregularly

CARING FOR THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

1. Eat foods rich in fiber.
2. Drink eight glasses or more of water daily.
3. Check the food pyramid as reference
4. Be sure to eat only clean food.
5. Avoid eating too fast.
6. Chew your food slowly and properly.
7. Avoid eating sweets before meal time

REVIEWER FOR THE INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM

SKIN - largest organ of the body.

LAYERS
A. EPIDERMIS - cuticle, outer layer of skin
*KERATIN - blocks water and microorganisms from the entering the skin
*PORES - tiny openings

B. DERMIS - middle layer

*SEBUM - oil glands release oil

C. SUBCUTANEOUS - innermost layer

DISORDERS AND DISEASES OF THE INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM

1. PIMPLES AND ACNE - different kinds of bumps.

2. BOILS - pigsa, hair follicles become infected with certain bacteria

3. FUNGAL INFECTIONS - caused by tiny organisms

4. RINGWORM - reddish circular patches and scaly skin

5. SKIN CANCER - 90% of skin cancers are linked to sun exposure

CARING FOR THE INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM

1. Observe proper hygiene
2. Take a bath regulary
3. Eat fruits and green leafy vegetables for healthy skin
4. Drink lots of water and liquids for keeping the skin hydrated.
5. Sunlight activates the vitamin D in the body.

REVIEWER FOR THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM

CIRCULATORY SYSTEM - responsible for distributing nutrients, oxygen, and other essential substances
to all parts of the body.

STRUCTURES

1. HEART - hollow muscular organ

A. PERICARDIUM - protective sac
B. MYOCARDIUM - beneath the pericardium

FOUR CHAMBERS OF HEART

ATRIA - upper chambers
VENTRICLES - lower chambers

1. RIGHT ATRIUM - holds the blood from other parts of the body
2. LEFT ATRIUM - hold the blood from the lungs
3. RIGHT VENTRICLE - pumps the bllod to the lungs
4. LEFT VENTRICLE - pumps the blood to all parts of thr body.

2. BLOOD VESSELS - tubes that serves as passageways for blood

THREE KINDS OF BLOOD VESSELS

1. ARTERIES - carry the blood away from the heart

2. VEINS - bring blood from the different parts of the body back to the heart.

3. BLOOD - ‘red river of life’ delivers the vital nutrients and essential things

TWO PARTS OF THE BLOOD

1. LIQUID PART - consists of plasma
2. SOLID PART or CELLULAR PART - consists of blood cells and platelets

PLASMA - liquid part of the blood, straw-yellow in color.

REVIEWER FOR THE NERVOUS SYSTEM
Nervous System- control center of the body, most complex body system.

Structure
1. Brain- mass of nerve cells located in the head.
*MENINGES- three layers of tissue

PARTS OF THE BRAIN

1. CEREBRUM- largest structure in the brain, responsible for controlling speech, memory,.

2. CEREBELLUM - known as “little brain”, responsible for balance, posture and motor coordination.

3. MEDULLE OBLANGATA - “brain stem’ controls the basic life functions such as heartbeat, breathing and
digestion.

CONTROL AREAS OF THE BRAIN

1. MOTOR CENTERS - controls movement

2. SENSORY CENTERS - signals from the different senses.

3. SPINAL CORD - extension of the brain, main link between thr brain and the body.

4. THE NERVE CELLS OR NEURONS - basic units of the nervous system

THREE TYPES OF NERVES

1. SENSORY
2. MONITOR
3. CONNECTOR NERVES

DENDRITES - slender fibers

AXON - transmits the messages away from the cell body
SYNAPSE - small space or gap between one neuron

AILMENTS OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM

1. POLIO - destroys the motor neurons in the gray matter of the spinal core and the brain.

2. MENINGITIS - inflammation of the meninges due to bacteria or viral infection.

3. RABIES - hydrophobia, an acute infection of the central nervous system caused by the rabies virus.

4. SLEEPING SICKNESS - disease caused by anparasite, which attacks the nervous system

5. BRAIN TUMOR - any abnormal growth of brain tissues

*BENIGN TUMORS - grow slowly
*MALIGNANT TUMORS - grow fast.

6. PARKINSON’S DISEASE - motor system disorder

CARING FOR THE NERVOUS SYSTEM

1. Immunization - process of making a person develop resistanve to certain kind of diseases.
2. PREVENTATION through vaccination

REVIEWER FOR THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

RESPIRATORY SYTEM - allow the exchange of gases in the body.

1. THE NOSE - outer part of the respiratory system

2. NASAL CAVITY - moist because of mucus

3. PHARNYX - destroy some of the bacteria that enter the mouth and nose.

4. LARNYX - at the lower end of the pharnyx (voice box)

5. TRACHEA - windpipe, tube at the bottom of larnyx.

6. LUNGS
*BRONCHIOLES - smaller tubes
*DIAPHRAGM - dome-shaped organ

THE COMMON AILMENTS

1. COMMON COLD - inflammation of the membranes that line the air passages.

2. THROAT INFECTIONS - inflammatory sore thoat caused by a bacterial infection.

3. BRONCHITIS - an acute inflammation of the air passages within the lungs.

4. PNEUMONIA - an infection of both lungs usually caused by bacteria, viruses or fungi.

5. TUBERCULOSIS - dreaded disease until the development of antibiotics

6. LUNG CANCER - most common cancers in the world

CARING FOR THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

1. Have complete vaccines.

2. Breathe clean and fresh air.
3. Avoid smoking or secondhand smoking.
4. Observe proper hygiene.
5. Eat plenty of fruits and vegetables.