Readings in the Philippine History - Ang mga nakasulat na primaryang batis ay mga

dokumento na naglalaman ng mga ulat ng

Midterms Reviewer
kaganapan, tala, opinyon, pananaw, at
KASAYSAYAN damdamin ng may-akda.

• Dr. Zeus Salazar Primaryang Batis na Nakasulat

- salaysay ukol sa nakaraan na may saysay para sa
1. Talaarawan ( diary o journal )
sariling grupo na isinasalaysay gamit ang sariling
- Ang mga ito ay naratibo ng mga kaganapan na
wika at kalinangan
inakda ng mga tao na mismong nakaranas at
- Nahahati sa tatlo: “Ka-”, “saysay”, at “-an”
nakasaksi sa mga pangyayari. Kadalasan na ito ay
o “Ka-”
isinusulat ng may-akda araw-araw.
- tumutukoy sa relasyon o pagbubuklod, at maaari
2. Awtobiograpiya ( talambuhay )
ring mag-ipon ng mga bagay.
- isinulat ng may-akda na pumapatungkol sa
o “saysay”
kanyang sarili. Mahahalagang mga kaganapan,
- na may kahulugang kagaya ng mahalaga, may
lugar, tao at mga pangyayari ang kadalasang
kwenta, importante, at iba pa.
paksa ng nasabing akda.
o “–an”
3. Liham
- nagkakaroon ng saysayan na kung bibigyang
- ito ay ang mga sulat ng may-akda na naglalaman
kahulugan ay nagkakaroon ng talastasan,
ng mensahe, pananaw o damdamin na nais
kwentuhan, pagbabahagi ng mga ideya o kuro-
niyang iparating sa taong kinauukulan.
kuro (nagsasaysayan)
4. Diyaryo/Pahayagan
• Constantino
- isang dokumento na inilathala at inilimbag
- ang kasaysayan ay hindi lamang limitado sa
kaalinsabay ng mga isyung panlipunan na
pagkakasunod-sunod ng mga pangyayari; hindi
tinatalakay sa mismong pahayagan.
rin ito limitado sa mga tala ng kabayanihan ng
- Maaari rin itong maglaman ng ulat ukol sa mga
mga sikat na tao, bagkus ito ay ang mga tala ng
kaganapang pulitikal, pang-ekonomiko at
kolektibong pagtutulongtulong ng mga
panlipunan.
karaniwang mamamayan upang magkaroon ng
- Tumatalakay din ang mga pahayagan sa mga
kaginhawahan.
opinyon at pananaw ng mga eksperto sa isang
• Batis (Sources)
partikular na isyu.
- Sa pamamagitan nito, mapapatunayan ang isang
5. Memoir
tala ay nangyari o naganap sa mga nakalipas na
- naglalarawan ng mga pangyayari habang
panahon.
bumabanggit ng kanyang sariling kuro-kuro ang
- Mahahati sa dalawang bahagi ang pag-uuri sa
may-akda. Ipinapaliwanag ng may-akda ang
batis, maaaring ito ay Primarya o Sekundaryang
isang kaganapan sa paraang naratibo gayundin
Batis, at nakasulat at hindi nakasulat na anyo.
ang paglalahok niya ng kanyang opinyon base sa
• Primaryang Batis (Primary Sources) kanyang paniniwala.
- bagay at mga tala na naglalaman ng
impormasyon na galing mismo sa bagay o tao na
pinag-uusapan sa kasaysayan
- maaaring uriin sa dalawa: nakasulat at ‘di-
nakasulat.
 6. Mga Ulat
- Kadalasang mga opisyal na dokumento ang mga
ulat na nanggaling sa isang grupo ng tao na
naglalayong maghatid ng impormasyon ukol sa
isang partikular na kaganapan. Ginagamit ang
mga ulat sa mga imbestigasyon o sa mga pagdinig
upang magamit na basehan ng hakbangin ng
pamahalaan.
7. Mga Talumpati
- isa ring uri ng primaryang batis ang mga
talumpati. Ito ay ang mga pahayag na binigkas sa
mga mahahalagang okasyon, pagtitipon,
gawaing panrelihiyon o pulitikal. Kinakailangan
na malathala ang mga nasabing talumpati bago
mauri bilang nasusulat na primaryang batis.
8. Opisyal na mga Dokumento
- Naglalaman ng mga mahahalagang kalatas,
anunsyo o mandato. Nagagamit ang mga opisyal
na dokumento bilang primaryang batis.
- Ilan sa mga ito ay ang mga orihinal na kopya ng
mga batas na ginawa ng Kongreso at pinirmahan
ng Pangulo gayundin ang mga desisyon ng
hudikatura, kalatas ng mga administratibong
ahensya ng gobyerno, at iba pang mga katulad
nito.
9. Mga Kasunduan
- kinokonsidera ring primaryang batis ang mga
kasunduan na nilagdaan ng mga pinuno ng
pamahalaan o ng mga samahan.
Primaryang Batis na‘Di Nakasulat
- hindi matatagpuan sa anyong pasulat. Ito ay mga
bagay o gamit na naiwan ng isang kaganapan na
naging saksi sa mga pangyayari. Ito ay maaaring
ginamit ng mga tao sa isang partikular na panahon at
mga ebidensya ng pag-iral ng isang tao at pangyayari.
1. Kasaysayang Oral
- isang uri ito ng primaryang batis na ‘di-nakasulat.
Ito ay ang mga sali’t saling pahayag, kwento, o
salaysay na maaaring tiyak o hindi tiyak ang
pinagmulan.
2. Larawan at dibuho
- Ang mga ito ay nagsisilbing primaryang batis. Ito
ay bunga ng mga likha ng tao sa pamamagitan ng
dunong at teknolohiya. Ebidensya ang mga
larawan sa pagpapatibay na ang mga tao ay
naroon nga sa binabanggit na lugar o pagtitiyak
na naganap nga ang isang pangyayari.
3. Artipakto
- ito ay tinatawag ding liktao na halaw sa aklat ni
Prop. Zeus Salazar na nalathala noong 2004. Ito
ay mga bagay na nahukay ng mga arkeologo mula
pa sa unang panahon na ginamit at hinubog ng
tao ayon sa kanilang kultura.
4. Relikya
- ito ay mga labi ng mga bagay na may buhay gaya
ng tao, hayop, halaman at iba pa. Ito ay maaaring
mga buto ng hayop at tao o mga bakas (imprints)
ng mga halaman sa mga yungib o bato.
• Sekundaryang Batis (Secondary Sources)
- ang mga sekondaryang batis naman ay mga
lathalain na nakaangkla sa mga tala at
impormasyon halaw sa primaryang batis.
- Binibigyang-diin dito ang pagsangguni ng mga
sekondaryang batis sa mga primaryang batis
bilang pinagmulan ng mga ito.
- Nakakatulong ang mga sekondaryang batis upang
makilala ng mga mananaliksik ang mga
primaryang batis.
- Karaniwang halimbawa nito ay ang mga batayang
aklat, brochure at magazine. Dagdag pa rito ang
mga nalathalang artikulo sa internet.
Paano sinusuri at inaalam ang awtentisidad ng mga
batis?
1. Kritisismo (Criticisms)
- Ang pagpapalabas ng katotohanan ng mga
pangyayari sa nakaraan na nakasaad sa mga batis.
Ito ay ang masusing pagsisiyasat ng mga
historyador sa mga dokumento upang masiguro
ang awtentisidad ng mga batis.
 - May dalawang uri ng kritisismo:
Kritisismo/Kritikang Panlabas (External
Criticism) at Kritisismo/Kritikang Panloob
(Internal Criticism).
• Kritisismo – Kritikang Panlabas
- Kritika ng katunayan at kapanalinagan ay may
kinalaman sa pagkilala kung tunay o ‘di-tunay ang
batis. Sumasailalim sa restitusyon o pagwawasto
ng batis upang maibalik ito sa orihinal.
- Mahalaga rin ang pagtatakda ng kapanaliganan at
saligan batay sa pinanggalingan ng batis –
panahon, lugar at may-akda, bago makatiyak
kung maaring gamitin ang batis para sa
pananaliksik
- Kailangan ang lahat ng ito upang maipakita ang
tunay at hindi huwad o peke ang batis.
• Kritisismo – Kritikang Panloob
- Ito ang higit na malalim na pagsusuri ng
dokumento. Sinusuri na dito ang mismong
nilalaman ng akda upang tuklasin ang tiyak at
tunay na kahulugan ng sinusuring dokumento.
- Mahalaga na nauunawaan ang wikang ginagamit
ng may-akda upang mapalabas ang tunay na
pakahulugan dito. Lalo’t higit kung paano
ginagamit ang wika sa panahon ng pagkasulat.
2. Pambansang Sinupan (National Archives of the
Philippines)
- Nakalagak dito ang mga opisyal na dokumento
gaya ng mga dokumento noong panahon ng
Kastila
3. Gusali ng National Historical Commission of the
Philippines
- kinalalagakan ng mga mahahalagang pahayagan,
peryodiko at mga aklat na mga
mapagkakatiwalaang manunulat ng kasaysayan
ng Pilipinas.
4. Pambansang Aklatan ng Pilipinas (National Library
of the Philippines)
- tahanan ng mga mahahalagang aklat, dokumento,
artikulo, pahayagan at peryodiko kagaya ng mga
orihinal na kopya ng mga nobela ni Rizal na Noli Me
Tangere at El Filibusterismo.
5. Intramuros Administration
- isang ahensya na nasa ilalim ng Tanggapan ng
Pangulo ng Republika ng Pilipinas na
nangangalaga ng mga dokumento at gamit na
gumanap ng malaking papel sa kasaysayan ng
Intramuros.

Repositoryo ng mga Sangguniang Batis

- Ang mga sangguniang batis na ito ay tinipon at
kinalap ng mga mananaliksik, historyador at mga
arkeologo. Ang mga ito, maaaring primarya o
sekondaryang batis man ay maaaring matagpuan sa
mga sumusunod na repositoryo sa Pilipinas:

1. Pambansang Museo ng Pilipinas (National Museum

of the Philippines)
- matatagpuan sa Lungsod ng Maynila at dating
gusaling lehislatibo ng pamahalaang Komonwelt.
- Nakalagak dito ang mga sikat na primaryang batis
gaya ng bahagi ng balangay mula sa Lungsod ng
Butuan, ang dibuhong Spoliarium ni Juan Luna,
ang bangang Manunggul, at ang hikaw na
Lingling-o.
MAGELLAN’S VOYAGE
• Antonio Pigafetta
- historyador ng unang paglalakbay paikot ng
daigdig
- Born in late 15th century in Vicenza, Italy to
Giovanni Pigafetta at Angela Zoga
- Went on voyages to New World with Magellan
and Elcano in Aug. 1519 to Sept. 1522
- One of 18 survivors who returned to Spain on
Sept. 6, 1522
- Gave King Carlos V a handwritten account of
their journey
• March 16, 1521
- they reached what Pigafetta called the isle of
Zamal, now Samar
• March 18, 1521
- nine men came to them and showed joy and
eagerness in seeing them.
- Magellan realized that the men were reasonable
and welcomed them with food, drinks, and gifts.
- In turn, the natives gave them fish, palm wine
(uraca), figs, cochos, rice (umai), cocos, andother
food supplies.
- Pigafetta detailed in amazement and fascination
the palm tree which bore fruits called cocho and
wine
- Pigafetta characterized the people as "very familiar
and friendly"
- Humunu Island (Homonhon) "Watering Place of
Good Signs."
- Pigafetta wrote that they found the first signs of
gold on the island.
- archipelago of St. Lazarus (presently known as
Limasawa island, Leyte.)
• March 25, 1521
- Pigafetta recounted that they saw two ballanghai
(balangay) in Massava/Mazaua
- Rajah Siagu, the king of the ballanghai
(balangay), sent his men to the ship of Magellan.
- The Europeans entertained the men and gave
them gifts.
- Rajah Siagu offered to give Magellan a bar of gold
and a chest of ginger but Magellan declined.
- Magellan asked for money for the needs of his
ships and expressed that he came into the
islandsas a friend and not as an enemy.
- provisions of food in chinaware robes in Turkish
fashion, red cap, knives and mirrors.
- expressed their desire to become brothers
- Magellan also boasted of his men in armor who
could not be struck with swords and daggers. The
- king was fascinated and remarked that men in
such armor could be worth one hundred of
hismen.
- Magellan was introduced to Rajah Siagu's
brother, Raia Calambu,king of Zuluan and
Calagan(Butuan and Caragua)
- Pigafetta reported that they saw mines of gold in
Raia Calambu's island.
- The gold was so abundant that parts of the ship
and of the house of the king were made of gold.
- most handsome of all the men that he saw in this
place.
- adorned with silk and gold accessories like a
golden dagger
• March 31, 1521 (Easter Sunday)
- Magellan ordered the chaplain to preside a Mass
by the shore
- The king heard of this plan and sent two dead pigs
and attended the Mass with the other king.
- After the Mass, Magellan ordered that the cross be
brought with nails and crown in place
• April 7, 1521
- Rajah Humabon, the king of Cebu, demanded
that they pay tribute as it was customary,
butMagellan refused.
- Magellan's interpreter explained to the king of
Cebu that Magellan's king was the emperor of a
greatempire and that it would do them better to
make friends with them than to forge enmity.
 - The king consulted his council and the next day,
together with other principal men of Cebu, they
metin an open space and the king offered a bit of
his blood and demanded that Magellan dothe
same
- Magellan spoke before the people of Cebu about
peace and God.
- Pigafetta reported that the people took pleasure in
Magellan's speech.
- Magellan then asked the people who would
succeed the king after his reign and the
peopleresponded that the eldest child of the king,
who happened to be a daughter, would be the
next inline.
- Pigafetta related how the people talked about how
at old age, parents were no longer taken
intoaccount and had to follow the orders of their
children as the new leaders of the land.
- Magellan responded to this by saying that his faith
entailed children to render honor and
obedienceto their parents.
- Magellan's men were overjoyed seeing that the
people wished to become Christians through their
free will and not because they were forced or
intimidated
• April 14, 1521
- Magellan spoke to the king and encouraged him
to be a good Christian by burning all of
theidolsand worship the cross instead.
- Rajah Humabon was then baptized as a Christian.
- After eight days, Pigafetta counted that all of the
island's inhabitants were already baptized.
- burned a village down for obeying neither the
king nor Magellan
- Mass was conducted by the shore every day
- When the queen came to the Mass one day,
Magellan gave her an image of the Infant Jesus
madeby Pigafetta himself.
• April 26, 1521
- Zula, a principal man from the Island of Matan
(Mactan) went to see Magellan and asked him for
a boat full of men so that he would be able to fight
the chief named Silapulapu (Lapulapu).
- LapuLapu refused to obey the king and was also
preventing Zula from doing so.
- Magellan offered three boats and went to Mactan
himself to fight Lapu Lapu.
- Magellan's forces arrived in Mactan in daylight.
They numbered 49 in total and the islanders of
Mactan were estimated to number 1,500
- The natives, perceiving that the bodies of the
enemies were protected with armors, aimed for
their legs instead.
- Magellan was pierced with a poisoned arrow in his
right leg.
- A few of their men tried to intimidate the natives
by burning an entire village but this only enraged
the natives further.
- Magellan was targeted specifically because the
natives knew he was the leader.
- Magellan died in the battle.
- Rajah Humabon could have sent help but
Magellan instructed him not to join the battle and
stay inthe balangay so that he would see how they
fought
- The king offered the people of Mactan gifts in
exchange for Magellan's body but the chief
refused.
- Magellan's men elected Duarte Barbosa as the
new captain
- Magellan's slave and interpreter named Henry
betrayed them and conspired with the king of
Cebu.
- Henry told the king that if he followed his advice,
then the king could acquire the ships and the
goods of Magellan's fleet.
- The king invited Magellan's men to a gathering
where he said he would present the jewels that
hewould send for the King of Spain.
 - Pigafetta was not able to join the twenty-four men
who attended because he was nursing his battle
wounds.
- The natives had slain all of the men except the
interpreter and Juan Serrano who was already
wounded. Serrano was presented and shouted at
the men in the ship asking them to pay ransom so
he would be spared.
- The fleet departed and abandoned Serrano.
- They left Cebu and continued their journey
around the world

• Five ships that set out during Magellan's expedition

1. Trinidad
2. Santiago
3. Victoria
4. Concepcion
5. San Antonio
- Ship that survived is Victoria.
- Expedition lasted 3 years.
• Ferdinand Magellan’s Expedition was known as
“Magellan-delCano Circumnavigation”
• Fernão de Magalhães - Ferdinand Magellan’s Full
Name
• 2 of Magellan’s generals
- Ruy lopez de villalobos and Miguel lopez de
legazpi
• Las Felipinas
- First name of the Philippines
- named the islands after King Philip II of Spain by
Ferdinand Magellan
RELACIÓN DE LAS COSTUMBRES DE LOS
TAGALOS NI PADRE JUAN DE PLASENCIA
- is considered as Padre Juan De Plasencia’s most
important work. It is being quoted and sometimes
copied entirely by a number of contemporary
historians and writers.
• Joan de Portocarrero
- Plasencia's real name
- was one of the seven children of Pedro
Portocarrero.
• Spain's Siglo de Oro or golden age
- Time where Joan de Portocarrero grew up
- a time wherein there's a surge of men entering
religious life who wanted to be missionaries in
newly discovered territories.
• Customs of the Tagalogs
- Joan de Portocarrero joined the Franciscan order
and was with the first batch of Franciscan
missionaries who arrived in the Philippines in July
1578.
- As a missionary tasked with converting the native
inhabitants of the Philippines, he was exposed to
the way of life of the people. This aided him in
writing Relacion de las Costumbre de los Tagalos
or Customs of the Tagalogs in 1589
- The book vividly describes the political,
economic, and cultural practices of the native
inhabitants before they were converted to
Christianity.
- tackled the native inhabitants' community,
property, justice system, religion, superstition,
and burial practices.
• One of Joan de Portocarrero’s challenges was how to
make articles of faith (prayers) comprehensible to the
native inhabitants who never heard of Christ.
• Doctrina Christiana
- he worked tirelessly to publish the book Doctrina
Christiana en Lengua Espanola Y Tagala or
simply Doctrina Christiana, the first ever book
published in the Philippines.
• During the early years of Spanish rule in the
Philippines, Spanish officials found it difficult to
administer the country since most Spaniards only
lived in Intramuros, the capital of Spain in the
Philippines.
• Due to this, the Spaniards allowed some Filipinos to
be gobernadorcillos or petty governors.
• Barangay
- The basic unit of community during pre-Hispanic
times
- Barangays usually consisted of 30 -100 houses and
each one were equal and may or may not have
diplomatic relations with one another.
- There were three social classes within the
barangay: the Maharlica, Aliping Namamahay,
and Aliping sa Guiguilir (Saguiguilid)
• Balangay
- a tribal gathering ruled by chiefs. It was called as
such since the people associate themselves with
the Malay boat
• Datu
- The chief of the barangay
- They govern their people and serve as captains
during times of war. They are obeyed and revered
by the people of the barangay.
• Maharlica
- they born as freemen. They do not pay taxes or
tribute but must accompany the Datu in times of
war at their own expense. They can keep their
statues indefinetely unless they marry any of the
Alipins. The maharlicas, after marriage, can't
move from one barangay toa another unless they
pay a fine. Failure to do so might result to a war
between the barangays.
• Aliping Namamahay
- they are those who serve their masters but can
have their own properties. They cannot be treated
as slaves or sold off.
• Aliping sa Guiguilir
- they are the slaves who serve their masters in their
houses and lands. They can also be sold off and
most of them were captives of war
• A marriage between a Maharlica and an Alipin is
possible. However, the children's social class will be
divided. The 1st, 3rd, and 5th (odd numbers) child
will belong to the social class of the father while the
2nd, 4th, and 6th (even numbers) will belong to the
social class of the mother
• Tingues
- are the lands which cannot be divided and were
commonly owned by the inhabitants of the
barangay. Any individual that starts to clear any
land area may sow in it. There was also a shared
fishing area for the inhabitants of the barangay.
- The land area was divided among the whole
barangay and no one from another barangay
could cultivate their land unless they inherited or
bought it.
• Justice system
- Investigations and sentences made by the Datu
should be in the presence of his people. An arbiter
is unanimously selected from another barangay.
Sentences do not condemn someone to slavery
unless the accused got the death penalty. Fines are
in the form of gold and if this is not paid,
servitude will do.
• Pre-Hispanic do not have temples, churches, or
sacred places. During festivities, the people beat large
and small drums and feast for usually 4 days.
• The people believed in the anito , the soul or spirit of
their ancestors. They worshipped the sun, the moon,
stars, or even particular dead mean with special
capabilities who fought bravely and defended the
barangay in time of need.
• Sun
- is respected and honored for its beauty
• Moon
- they would rejoice, especially if it's the new moon.
• Tala
- The people did not name the stars except for one,
the morning star which they called Tala.
• Dian Masalanta
- the patron of lovers and of generation
• Lacapati and Idianale
- patrons of cultivated lands and husbandry
• Buayas or Crocodiles
- The people also respected crocodiles or buaya, due
to their fear of it and even offered them a portion
of what they carried in their boats.
• Superstition
- The people find omens in events that they witness.
For example, when someone sneezes or sees a rat
or serpent or a bird called Tigmamanuguin which
was singing in the tree on their way, they
immediately go home, fearing that evil will befall
on them.
• For their burial customs, the corpse would first be
placed beside the house and be mourned for 4 days.
After this, it will be laid on a boat which serves as a
coffin which is guarded by a slave. Then after
grieving, the relatives will be eating and drinking.
• Simbahan
- means a temple or place of adoration
• Pandot
- Festival ; “worship”
• Sibi
- constructed, for the purpose of sheltering the
assembled people, a temporary shed on each side
of the house, with a roof to protect the people
from the wet when it rained
• Sorihile
- “lamps” set on the posts of the houses.
• Badhala
- signifies “all powerful,” or “maker of all things.”
• Lic-Ha
- images with different shapes
• The Pleiades
- “seven little goats”
• Mapolon
- the change of seasons
Distinctions Made Among The Priests Of The Devil
1. Catolonan
- was either a man or a woman. This office was an
honorable one among the natives, and was held
ordinarily by people of rank, this rule being
general in all the islands.
2. Mangagauay, or Witches
- deceived by pretending to heal the sick. These
priests even induced maladies by their charms,
which in proportion to the strength and efficacy
of the witchcraft, are capable of causing death.
3. Manyisalat
- the same as magagauay. These priests had the
power of applying such remedies to lovers that
they would abandon and despise their own wives,
and in fact could prevent them from having
intercourse with the latter. If the woman,
constrained by these means, were abandoned, it
would bring sickness upon her; Blood Discharge
4. Mancocolam
- whose duty it was to emit fire from himself at
night, once or oftener each month. This fire could
not be extinguished; nor could it be thus emitted
except as the priest wallowed in the ordure and
filth which falls from the houses; and he who lived
in the house where the priest was wallowing in
order to emit this fire from himself, fell ill and
died
5. Hocloban
- another kind of witch, of greater efficacy than the
mangagauay. Without the use of medicine, and by
simply saluting or raising the hand, they killed
whom they chose. But if they desired to heal those
whom they had made ill by their charms, they did
so by using other charms
6. Silagan
- if they saw anyone clothed in white, to tear out
his liver and eat it, thus causing his death. The
name means "the hated one"
7. Magtatangal
- purpose was to show himself at night to many
persons, without his head or entrails. In such wise
the devil walked about and carried, or pretended
to carry, his head to different places; and, in the
morning, returned it to his body—remaining, as
before, alive.
8. Osuang
- equivalent to “sorcerer;” they say that they have
seen him fly, and that he murdered men and ate
their flesh.
- This was among the Visayas Islands; among the
Tagalogs these did not exist
9. Mangagayoma
- another class of witches
- They made charms for lovers out of herbs, stones,
and wood, which would infuse the heart with
love. Thus did they deceive the people, although
sometimes, through the intervention of the devil,
they gained their ends.
10. Sonat
- equivalent to “preacher.”
- It was his office to help one to die, at which time
he predicted the salvation or condemnation of the
soul. It was not lawful for the functions of this
office to be fulfilled by others than people of high
standing, on account of the esteem in which it was
held.
11. Pangatahojan
- was a soothsayer, and predicted the future. This
office was general in all the islands.
12. Bayoguin
- signified a “cotquean,” a man whose nature
inclined toward that of a woman.
• Maca
- “Paradise” or “village of rest.” (Heaven)
• Casanaan
- “a place of anguish” (Hell)
• Vibit
- Ghost
• Tigbalaang
- Phantom
• Patianac
- any woman died in childbirth, she and the child
suffered punishment; and that, at night, she could
be heard lamenting