Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Textbook Child Health A Population Perspective 1St Edition Blair Ebook All Chapter PDF
Textbook Child Health A Population Perspective 1St Edition Blair Ebook All Chapter PDF
https://textbookfull.com/product/child-adolescent-and-family-
refugee-mental-health-a-global-perspective-suzan-j-song/
https://textbookfull.com/product/systems-science-and-population-
health-1st-edition-el-sayed/
https://textbookfull.com/product/screening-in-child-health-care-
report-of-the-dutch-working-party-on-child-health-care-1st-
edition-balledux/
https://textbookfull.com/product/information-a-historical-
companion-ann-blair/
Paediatrics a Core Text on Child Health Second Edition
Tony Waterston
https://textbookfull.com/product/paediatrics-a-core-text-on-
child-health-second-edition-tony-waterston/
https://textbookfull.com/product/textbook-for-transcultural-
health-care-a-population-approach-5th-edition-larry-d-purnell/
https://textbookfull.com/product/public-health-leadership-
strategies-for-innovation-in-population-health-and-social-
determinants-1st-edition-bhattacharya/
https://textbookfull.com/product/exploring-the-health-state-of-a-
population-by-dynamic-modeling-methods-1st-edition-christos-h-
skiadas/
https://textbookfull.com/product/deconstructing-health-inequity-
a-perceptual-control-theory-perspective-1st-edition-timothy-a-
carey/
Child Health
Child Health
A Population Perspective
EDITED BY
ALICE A . KUO
RYAN J. COLLER
SAR AH STEWART-BROWN
and
MITCH BL AIR
1
1
Oxford University Press is a department of the University of
Oxford. It furthers the University’s objective of excellence in research,
scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide.
With offices in
Argentina Austria Brazil Chile Czech Republic France Greece
Guatemala Hungary Italy Japan Poland Portugal Singapore
South Korea Switzerland Thailand Turkey Ukraine Vietnam
1 3 5 7 9 8 6 4 2
Printed in the United States of America
on acid-free paper
This book is dedicated to Tom Tonniges, MD,
an outstanding pediatrician and tireless child health advocate.
CONTENTS
Acknowledgments ix
About the Editors xv
Contributors xvii
Introduction 1
A l i c e A . Ku o
vii
viii Contents
Index 325
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
ix
x Acknowledgments
A myth was shattered long ago, when I realized that my successes would never be
mine alone. I have had the great privilege to work with mentors who would not
only share with me their invaluable wisdom, but would motivate and support
me to be better than I am. Here is a partial list.
I am indebted to Alice Kuo, first for training me as a pediatric resident in
the Community Health and Advocacy Training program at UCLA, second for
supporting me through my Maternal and Child Health fellowship, and finally
for working with me as a colleague and friend. Her example has always chal-
lenged me to think outside the box—I hope to develop such unyielding dedica-
tion throughout my career. Lee Miller and Kate Perkins gave me opportunities
to follow my passion before I even thought I was ready. They are educators’
educators—masterfully demonstrating how to teach child health at all levels, in
the United States and abroad. Paul Chung has provided incomparable health
services research guidance—sharing with me the answer before I even know
the question, the value of a sense of humor, and the importance of challenging
the status quo. I am thankful for the unquestioned support I have received from
Tom Klitzner and Ellen Wald, as well as early inspiration to strive to improve
health from beyond the walls of the hospital and clinic through mentors in medi-
cal school, Nancy Hutton, Alex Vu, George Siberry, and Barry Solomon.
Most important, credit for anything worthwhile that I do belongs primarily
to my wife, Karen, for her brilliance, unending patience, formidable strength,
and effortless encouragement. The most important things I know in life, she has
taught me. Finally, the most important things I have yet to learn, my daughters,
Olivia (age 2) and Penelope (our newest addition), will no doubt teach me.
—Ryan J. Coller
have taught me so much of what really matters about parenting, children and
many other things.
—Sarah Stewart-Brown
Ever since I was a medical student, I have appreciated the value of taking a holis-
tic view of health and disease, inspired by many including a very young Michael
Marmot and of course Geoffrey Rose, two outstanding British medical epidemi-
ologists. My journey into community paediatrics at the start of it’s development
as a specialty in the UK, reinforced that perspective, inspired by Leon Polnay,
David Hall, Tony Waterston, Stuart Logan and Nick Spencer. Amongst many
significant international influences I acknowledge Neal Halfon, Frank Oberklaid,
Neil Wigg, Garth Alperstein, Ed Shor and Lennart Kohler. I am immensely
grateful to Sarah Stewart Brown who has been a huge influence in my thinking
around health and health promotion. Finally, I should like to acknowledge my
parents Andrew and Jocelyn for giving me the freedom to experiment in science
and art as a young child and allowing me to experience so many different pos-
sibilities in life.
—Mitch Blair
Michael Anthony Reyes, a senior at UCLA, and
David Ryan Ho, a sophomore at UCLA, provided
editorial assistance for the entire book.
A B O U T T H E E D I TO R S
xv
xvi About the Editors
and well-being. Her research relating to parenting has played a key role in the
development of child health policy in the United Kingdom. Dr. Stewart-Brown
chairs Public Health England’s Expert Advisory Group on Mental Health and
Well-being and sits on the Ministerial Advisory Committee implementing the
English Strategy No Health without Mental Health. She advises both Scottish
and Welsh Governments on child public health and public mental health with
a particular focus on childhood programs and approaches which prevent the
development of mental health problems throughout life. Prior to starting her
academic career she worked in the UK NHS both in pediatrics and in public
health. Dr. Stewart-Brown has published extensively with over 200 peer review
journal publications, books, book chapters, and reports.
Mitch Blair MBBS, Bsc, MSc, FRCP, FRCPCH, FFPH (hon) is FHEA
Professor of Pediatrics and Child Public Health, Consultant Pediatrician, River
Island Academic Center for Pediatrics and Child Public Health, Northwick Park
Hospital and Imperial College London.
He is a general and developmental pediatrician and specialist in child pub-
lic health. Research interests include international child health indicators,
child public health monitoring, and health service evaluation. Co-author of
two books, Manual of Community Paediatrics and Child Public Health, and over
80 papers, Dr. Blair worked at the Department of Health in England to advise
on the Healthy Child Program (HCP) policy and led the production of HCP
e-learning, launched by Ann Milton, Minister for Public Health, in March 2011.
He is currently Officer for Health Promotion for the Royal College of Paediatrics
and Child Health and an honorary Fellow of the American Pediatric Association.
CO N T R I B U TO R S
xvii
A NOTE ABOU T THIS BOOK
This book is loosely based on Child Public Health, a volume first published in
2003 in the United Kingdom and now in its second edition and translated into
Swedish. Child Public Health was an interdisciplinary venture drawing from the
distinct disciplines of child health and public health as practiced in the United
Kingdom. It stimulated discussion over many years at international scientific
conferences, where the paths of the authors of this book crossed in the quest for
a better understanding of child health and its determinants. We discussed the
need for a book like Child Public Health in the United States, together with the
different challenges that the United States and the United Kingdom have had to
grapple with in trying to improve child health and the different perspectives of
practice on the two sides of “the pond.”
Child Health: A Population Perspective was born from those discussions. It was
brought together through interdisciplinary and international collaboration, but
it was written very much with a US “lens.” Children’s health issues are not so dis-
similar across the world that they cannot find a common language and concep-
tual framework, but there are significant differences in our political, social, and
administrative systems, and these have required appropriate contextualization
for a US audience. Chapters 3, 4, 5 and 7 were adapted from Child Public Health.
Chapters 8 and 9 were edited for the US market but not re-written. The remain-
ing chapters contain original content by authors in the United States.
We hope that readers will share a voyage of discovery similar to the one the
authors have taken in “flying above” the individual clinic, preschool, school, or
college to consider the whole population of children and what can be done to
protect and promote their health and well-being, and to prevent disease among
children in the United States.
xix
Introduction
A l i ce A . Ku o
1
2 Child Health
The risk for suboptimal health is not confined to children from lower social
class families. Risk factors are graded and extend across the social class spec-
trum, leading to health outcomes that also follow a social gradient. These socio-
economic status gradients, with successively higher levels of income, education,
or occupational class, are associated with better children’s health in conditions
such as asthma, obesity, acute illness, and injury. For families living in poverty,
however, the disadvantages they face can hinder child health and development
in many ways. These families cope with substandard housing, unsafe neighbor-
hoods, and inadequate schools, and they experience more stress in their daily
lives than more affluent families. Research has demonstrated that this “toxic
stress” can lead to a host of psychological and developmental consequences for
the child. Parents in low-income families also lack the resources and the time to
invest in their children. They are often unable to afford high-quality child care
or to provide enriched learning experiences because they are more likely to be
raising their children alone or to be working nonstandard hours under inflexible
work schedules.
The art and science of promoting and protecting health and well-being
and preventing disease in infants, children, and adolescents through the
skills and organized efforts of professionals, practitioners, their teams,
wider organizations, and society as a whole.
We have chosen not to define what we mean by a child because we perceive the
process of growing up as a continuous one that different individuals undertake
at different paces. Although the patterns of ill health and the factors influencing
health shift as a child gets older, many of the important determinants of child
health and resulting health problems affect children and adolescents at several
different stages of development. This book is structured thematically, recogniz-
ing the need for action across a range of ages, sectors, and professional boundar-
ies. Its inclusive approach covers the development of children from conception
through adolescence and the transition to adulthood.
Int roduc tion 3
Some of the material will be familiar to some readers, but our aim has been
to bridge a number of divides between branches of the medical profession, dif-
ferent professions and disciplines, and the professional and lay perspective. We
hope that there will be something here to interest and inform every reader.
mortality (ill health and death) has occurred over the past century in developed
countries, and it is important to understand the reasons for these changes and
to respond to them. As the burden of perinatal and infant mortality, infectious
disease, and malnutrition has declined, there has been an increase in multifacto-
rial disorders and conditions that require a more complex preventive approach.
These include mental, emotional, and behavioral problems; physical and neu-
rodevelopmental disabilities; and problems like obesity and asthma, which are
attributable to changes in the ways people live and the environments in which
they find themselves. These are often referred to as “millennial” morbidities, and
changes in these contexts require an eclectic approach and a diverse set of skills
in the people who seek to tackle them.
issue. The aim of these case studies is to illustrate a range of “real” problems
in child health and possible approaches to tackling them. The topics covered
are these: