Lesson 1

Differentiating Heat and

Temperature
 differentiate between
1 heat and temperature at
the molecular level;
Objectives
understand how heat and
At the end temperature are being
of the
2
measured; and
lesson, you
should be
able to: calculate heat possessed
3 by objects in the form of
energy.
ESSENTIAL QUESTIONS:
 How do objects get warm or cold?
 What are the differences between heat and
temperature?
 Learn about It!

Kinetic Energy
• Kinetic energy is defined as the energy possessed by a
moving object
• If an object is moving, therefore, it has a kinetic energy.
 Learn about It!

Kinetic Energy
• All types of matter whether solid, liquid, or gas, are made up
of tiny particles such as atoms and molecules.
• In all forms of matter, particles are in constant motion. Any
object in motion possesses kinetic energy.
 Learn about It!

Which has higher Kinetic Energy?

Increased velocity in the molecules of a substance when it is being heated.

 Learn about It!

Temperature
• The term temperature quantifies the warmness or coldness
of an object.
• It is also defined as the average kinetic energy of the
molecules in a substance.
• It is described in numerical terms, usually with respect to a
standard or a reference.
 Learn about It!

Temperature Scales
• The temperature can be express in different temperature
scales such as Celsius, Fahrenheit, and Kelvin.

HOW A THERMOMETER WORKS?

ONLINE ETIQUETTE
1. Be Punctual
2. Dress Appropriately
3. Find a Quiet Space
4. Use a Neutral Background
5. Mute Your Mic
6. Participate Actively.
7. Respect Others' Turns
8. Use Proper Language and Tone
9. Stay Focused
10. Follow Technology Guidelines
11. Be Patient
12. Review and Submit Tasks on Time
 differentiate between
1 heat and temperature at
the molecular level;
Objectives
understand how heat and
At the end temperature are being
of the
2
measured; and
lesson, you
should be
able to: calculate heat possessed
3 by objects in the form of
energy.
 Learn about It!

Conversion of Temperature Scales

• There are three major temperature scales.
• They can be converted through from one another using the
following equations:
21 Temperature, Heat, and Expansion

When matter gets warmer, the

atoms or molecules in the
matter move faster.
21 Temperature, Heat, and Expansion

All matter—solid, liquid,

and gas—is composed
of continually jiggling
atoms or molecules.
Because of this random
motion, the atoms and
molecules in matter
have kinetic energy. The
average kinetic energy
of these individual
particles causes an
effect we can sense—
warmth.
21 Temperature, Heat, and Expansion

Whenever something becomes warmer, the kinetic energy

of its atoms or molecules has increased. When the atoms
or molecules in matter move faster, the matter gets
warmer. Its atoms or molecules have more kinetic energy.
21 Temperature, Heat, and Expansion

21.1 Temperature

The higher the temperature of a substance, the

faster is the motion of its molecules.
21 Temperature, Heat, and Expansion

21.1 Temperature
The quantity that tells how hot or cold something is compared
with a standard is temperature.
Nearly all matter expands when its temperature increases and
contracts when its temperature decreases.
A common thermometer measures temperature by showing
the expansion and contraction of a liquid in a glass tube using
a scale.
21 Temperature, Heat, and Expansion

21.1 Temperature
Celsius Scale
The most widely used temperature scale is the Celsius scale.
• The number 0 is the temperature at which water freezes.
• The number 100 is the temperature at which water boils.
The gap between freezing and boiling is divided into 100 equal
parts, called degrees.
21 Temperature, Heat, and Expansion

21.1 Temperature
Fahrenheit Scale
The temperature scale used commonly in the United States is
the Fahrenheit scale.
• The number 32 is the temperature at which water
freezes.
• The number 212 is the temperature at which water boils.
• The Fahrenheit scale will become obsolete if and when
the United States goes metric.
21 Temperature, Heat, and Expansion

21.1 Temperature
Kelvin Scale
Scientific research uses the SI scale—the Kelvin scale.
• Degrees are the same size as the Celsius degree and
are called “kelvins.”
• On the Kelvin scale, the number 0 is assigned to the
lowest possible temperature—absolute zero.
• At absolute zero a substance has no kinetic energy to
give up.
• Zero on the Kelvin scale corresponds to -273°C.
21 Temperature, Heat, and Expansion

21.1 Temperature
Scale Conversion
Arithmetic formulas can be used for converting from one
temperature scale to another.
A conversion from Celsius to Fahrenheit, or vice versa, can be
very closely approximated by simply reading the
corresponding temperature from side-by-side scales.
21 Temperature, Heat, and Expansion

21.1 Temperature
This thermometer measures
temperature on both Fahrenheit and
Celsius scales.
21 Temperature, Heat, and Expansion

21.1 Temperature
Temperature and Kinetic Energy
Temperature is related to the random motions of the
molecules in a substance.
In the simplest case of an ideal gas, temperature is
proportional to the average kinetic energy of molecular
translational motion.
21 Temperature, Heat, and Expansion

21.1 Temperature
In solids and liquids, where molecules are more constrained
and have potential energy, temperature is more complicated.
The warmth you feel when you touch a hot surface is the
kinetic energy transferred by molecules in the surface to
molecules in your fingers.
21 Temperature, Heat, and Expansion

21.1 Temperature
Temperature is not a measure of the total kinetic energy of all
the molecules in a substance.
Two liters of boiling water have twice as much kinetic energy
as one liter.
The temperatures are the same because the average kinetic
energy of molecules in each is the same.
21 Temperature, Heat, and Expansion

21.1 Temperature
There is more molecular kinetic energy in the bucketful of
warm water than in the small cupful of higher-temperature
water.
21 Temperature, Heat, and Expansion

21.1 Temperature

What is the relationship between the

temperature of a substance and the speed
of its molecules?
21 Temperature, Heat, and Expansion

21.1 Temperature

What is the relationship between the

temperature of a substance and the speed
of its molecules?
– Kinetic Theory of Matter
Temperature
Kinetic Energy
Speed of Molecules
21 Temperature, Heat, and Expansion

21.1 Temperature

TRUE OR FALSE? Temperature is a

measure of the total kinetic energy in a
substance.
21 Temperature, Heat, and Expansion

21.1 Temperature

TRUE OR FALSE? Temperature is a

measure of the total kinetic energy in a
substance.
- FALSE
 Learn about It!

Internal Energy
• It is the sum of all energies inside an object.
• Take note that inside a substance, there are other forms of
energies aside from the kinetic energies of moving
molecules.
• For example, aside from their random motions, the
molecules of a substance are also spinning which results to
rotational kinetic energy.
 Learn about It!

Heat flow

Movements of particles become faster as heat energy transfers. Molecules in high

temperature move faster than in low temperature.
 Learn about It!

Heat
• It is described as energy in transit.
• It is the total energy of all the molecular motion inside an
object.
 Learn about It!

Units of Heat
Heat can be expressed in terms of:
• Joules
• Calories
 Calorie is the amount of heat required to raise
the temperature of 1 gram of water by 1 degree
Celsius
 Learn about It!

Conversion of Heat Units

Conversion factor:
1 calorie = 4.184 Joules

To calculate for heat use the equation:

 Try it!

A low calorie soda has a dietary rating of 800

calories. How much energy will you absorb upon
drinking such beverage?
 Try it! Solution
A low calorie soda has a dietary rating of 800
calories. How much energy will you absorb upon
drinking such beverage?

Step 1: Identify what is required to find in the problem.

You are asked to find the energy absorbed.
Step 2: Identify the given in the problem.
 Try it! Solution

A low calorie soda has a dietary rating of 800

calories. How much energy will you absorb upon
drinking such beverage?
Step 3: Write the working equation.

Step 4: Substitute the given values.

Step 5: Find the answer.

 Try it!
A food has a dietary rating of 350 calories. How
much energy will absorb upon consuming the
food?
21 Temperature, Heat, and Expansion

21.2 Heat

When two substances of different temperatures

are in thermal contact, heat flows from the
higher-temperature substance into the lower-
temperature substance.
21 Temperature, Heat, and Expansion

21.2 Heat
If you touch a hot stove, energy enters your hand from
the stove because the stove is warmer than your hand.
If you touch ice, energy passes from your hand into the
colder ice.
The direction of spontaneous energy transfer is always
from a warmer to a cooler substance.
The energy that transfers from one object to another
because of a temperature difference between them is
called heat.
21 Temperature, Heat, and Expansion

21.2 Heat
It is common—but incorrect with physics types—to think
that matter contains heat.
Matter contains energy but it does not contain heat.
Heat is energy in transit, moving from a body of higher
temperature to one of lower temperature.
21 Temperature, Heat, and Expansion

21.2 Heat
Once transferred, the energy ceases to be heat.
Previously, we call the energy resulting from heat flow
thermal energy, to make clear its link to heat and
temperature.
We will use the term that scientists prefer, internal energy.
When heat flows from one object or substance to another it
is in contact with, the objects are said to be in thermal
contact.
21 Temperature, Heat, and Expansion

21.2 Heat
Heat will not necessarily flow from a substance
with more total molecular kinetic energy to a
substance with less.
• There is more total molecular kinetic
energy in a large bowl of warm water than
there is in a red-hot thumbtack.
• If the tack is immersed in the water, heat
flows from the hot tack to the cooler water.
• Heat flows according to temperature
differences—that is, average molecular
kinetic energy differences.
• Heat never flows on its own from a cooler
substance into a hotter substance.
21 Temperature, Heat, and Expansion

21.2 Heat
Just as water will not flow
uphill by itself, regardless
of the relative amounts of
water in the reservoirs,
heat will not flow from a
cooler substance into a
hotter substance by itself.
21 Temperature, Heat, and Expansion

21.2 Heat

What causes heat to flow?

Key Points

High temperatures results in the faster movement of

1 molecules

Temperature quantifies how cold or warm an object is

2 based on a reference point. It measured in degree
Celsius, degree Fahrenheit, and degree Kelvin.

The amount of heat required to raise the temperature

3 of 1 gram of water by 1 degree Celsius is called calorie.
Key Points

Heat is the energy in transit between objects that are

in thermal contact. That is, they are in a condition
4 wherein they can transfer energy. Heat is measured in
joules (J), and calories (cal).

Internal energy is the sum of all energies inside an

5 object.
 Check Your Understanding

Write H if the statement refers to heat and T if it

refers to temperature.
1. It measures how hot or cold an object is.
2. It is the energy in transit.
3. It is measured in calories.
4. It can be measured in degree Celsius.
5. It causes an object to become hotter.
 Challenge Yourself

How much calories do a whole box of cereal has if

your body absorbed 111 kJ of heat?
 Bibliography

Glover, Francisco and Quirino, Sugon. 2017. An Introduction to Physics. C&E Publishing Inc.

Hewitt, Paul G. 2010. Conceptual Physics (11th ed) . New York: Pearson Education.

Laurel-Sotto, Rosario. 2005. Science in Today’s World Series. SIBS Publishing House, Inc.