I -Ñ-Ø√-úø’
Sukanya: Hi Sumithra? I saw you at Sell All
Super Market yesterday. Busy
buying things?
(E†’o ؈’ E†o Sell All Super Market ü¿í∫_®Ω
îª÷¨»†’. àç î√™« éÌØË-¨»¢√?)
Sumithra: Mom was inside. She was buying
provisions. I was waiting outside.
By the by, you know we have
moved. We now live in Gandhi
Nagar.
(Å´’t™°æ©’çC éÀ®√ù« Ææ®Ω-èπ◊©’ éÌçô÷.
؈’ •ßª’ô wait îËÆæ’hØ√o. Ç... ņoô’d,
¢Ë’ç É©’x ´÷®√ç. É°æ¤púø’ í¬çDµ-†-í∫-®˝™
Öçô’Ø√oç.)
´÷´‚-©’í¬ É©’x, Ü®Ω’ ´÷®Ω-ú≈Eo shift
Åçô’çö«ç. move ņ-úøç éπÈ®é˙d.
¢Ë’ç Í®°æ¤ É©’x ´÷®Ω’-ûª’Ø√oç
We are moving to a new house tomorrow
Shift
Sukanya: My uncle is in Gandhi Nagar too.
Where exactly is your home
there?
(´÷ uncle ¢√∞¡Ÿx èπÿú≈ í¬çDµ-†-í∫-®˝-™ ØË
Öçö«®Ω’. O’ É©’x correct í¬ áéπ\úø?)
Sumithra: At 12-14-16 on Nehru Street. It is
to the right of make Money Bank
Ltd., if you stand in front of it. We
live on the ground floor.
(Nehru Street ™ Door No. 12-14-16 ™.
Make Money Bank ´·ç-ü¿’ E-©’çõ‰ ü∆E
èπ◊úÕ-¢Áj°æ¤).
Sukanya: Hei, your place is just under my
uncle's. He lives on the first floor.
(O’®Ω’ç-úËC ´÷ uncle ¢√∞¡x ÉçöÀ éÀçüË. O’C
ground floor, ¢√∞¡xC I floor).
Sumithra: Happy to know that they are on
the 1st floor just above us. Just
across the road is an ice cream
shop. I think it was your uncle's
son sitting at the back of the shop
and enjoying an ice cream.
(¢√∞¡x-éπ\úø ´÷ °j -§Ú®Ω{-Ø˛-™ Öçúø-úøç ÆæçûÓ-
≠æçí¬ ÖçC. ®Óú˛ Å´ûª©üËüÓ ice cream
shop ÖçC. O’ uncle í¬J Ŷ«sßË’ ņ’-
èπ◊çö«, ice cream shop ¢Á†’éπ èπÿ®ÌaE ice
cream Açô’-Ø√oúø’)
Ééπ\úø prepositions †’ í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ:
éÌEo≤ƒ®Ω’x ã preposition ™ È®çúø’, ´‚úø’
´÷ô©’ èπÿú≈ Öçö«®·. Eg: at the back of.
Éçûª-´-®Ωèπ◊ conversation ™ prepositions:
at, inside, outside, in, to the right of, on,
under, above, across, at the back of.
-O-öÀ-E position (-Åç-õ‰ ã ´Ææ’h´¤/ ´’E≠œ
ÖçúË îÓô’) -ûÁ-©°æ-ú≈EéÀ ¢√-úø-û√-´’-E -É-C-´®Ω-™ -ûÁ-
©’Ææ’èπ◊-Ø√oç. -É°æ¤p-úø’ ´’J-éÌEo N´-®√©’:
at: éπÈ®-é˙dí¬ äéπ îÓô. in = äéπ îÓöÀ™ 
1. I saw you at the Super Market
Super Market ü¿í∫_®Ω–
Åçõ‰ éπÈ®-é˙dí¬ Super Market ü¿í∫_-®Ω (™).
In the Super Market = Super Market ™
I was at the Super Market from 5 p.m. to
6 p.m.
The goods in the Super Market are
expensive.
°j ¢√é¬u™x at èπ◊, in èπ◊ ûËú≈ í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ.
؈’ 5 †’ç* 6 ´®Ωèπ◊ Super Market ™
ÖØ√o, ´Ææ’h-´¤©’ éÌçô÷.
Goods in the Super Market
Super Market ™E ´Ææ’h-´¤©’.
°œ©x©’ School ™ ÖØ√o®Ω’
The children are at school.
°œ©x©’ ¢√∞¡x Class ™ ÖØ√o®Ω’
The children are in class.
There are four hundred pupils in the school
Ç school -™ -Ø√--©’í∫’´çü¿© ´’çC °œ©x-©’-Ø√o®Ω’.
2. inside ÅØ√o in ÅØ√o ü∆ü∆°æ¤ äéπõ‰. Å®·ûË
inside Åçõ‰ äéπ v°æüË-¨¡ç-™ -°æ© ÅØË Å®Ωnç
´Ææ’hçC. in Åçõ‰ ™ ÅE Å®Ωnç.
Pranav: Where are your friends?
Prabhat: They are in the car. Look inside
and you will see them. They were
outside the car till ten minutes ago.
(Car ™ ÖØ√o®Ω’. ™°æ© îª÷úø’, ¢√∞¡Ÿx
éπ-E°œ≤ƒh®Ω’.°æC EN’-≥ƒ© éÀç-ü¿-öÀ´®Ωèπ◊ ¢√∞¡Ÿx 鬮Ω’
•ßª’ô -ÖØ√o®Ω’)
3. above = °j†.
The government has the duty to see that
every person has a roof above their
head.
v°æA-¢√J°jØ√ äéπ éπ°æ¤p ÖçúËô’x îª÷úøôç
v°æ¶µº’ûªyç NCµ
é¬-ü¿’.. move
(v°æA-¢√-JéÀ E¢√Ææç éπLpç-îª-úøç)
-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 42
The fan is just above you
Fan correct í¬ - -F °jØË ÖçC.
'above' Åçõ‰ ã ´Ææ’h-´¤èπ◊/ ´’E-≠œ °j†. fan
above your head Åç-õ‰ ûª©èπ◊, fan èπ◊ éÌçûª ë«S
Öçü¿E. äéπ-ü∆-E°j éÌç-ûª ë«S Öçõ‰ ÅC 'above'.
Å™«é¬èπ◊çú≈ äéπ-ü∆-E-°j äéπöÀ dž’-èπ◊E Öçõ‰, ÅC
'on'.
Pen, table O’ü¿ ÖçC
the pen is on the table.
Table O’ü¿ lamp ÖçC
There is a lamp above the table.
(Åçõ‰ table O’ü¿ light °æúË-ô’xí¬ lamp table
°j† ÖçC).
'On' í∫’Jç* ´·êu-¢Á’i† N≠æߪ’ç. ´’†ç ûÁ©’-
í∫’™ Ææ÷n©çí¬ Â°j†, O’ü¿ -Å-ØË ¢√-ôEoç-öÀéÀ 'on'
¢√-úø-û√ç. ™, ™°æ© ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ 'in' ¢√úø’-ûª’çö«ç.
Å®·ûË English ¢√úø’-éπ™– ™, ™°æ© Å--E
ûÁ©’í∫’™ ÅØË Ææçü¿-®√s¥™x 'on' ´Ææ’hçC.
eg:
a) ؈’ ¢Á·ôd-¢Á·-ü¿ô ÅûªEo train ™ éπ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊-Ø√o†’
I first met him on a train. (In a train é¬ü¿’)
b) ñ«G-û√™ Åûª-úÕÊ°®Ω’ ™‰ü¿’
His name is not on the list.
c) ¢√úø’ team ™ ÖØ√oú≈? Is he on the team?
d) Ç É©’x ´’çô™x ÖçC The house is on fire.
e) Plane ™ 50 ´’çC v°æߪ÷-ùÀèπ◊-©’-Ø√o®Ω’
There are fifty passengers on the plane.
f) ÅûªúÕ Ê°®Ω’ £æ…ï®Ω’ °æöÃd™  ™‰ü¿’ =
His name is not on the row.
ÉN spoken English ™ ñ«ví∫ûªh °æú≈-Lq†N.
-v°æ-¨¡o: Have
éÀ ing form ÖçC éπü∆. Has éÀ ing
form
áçü¿’èπ◊ ™‰ü¿’?
-ï-¢√--•’: Has ÅØËC He, She, It ûÓ ¢√úøû√ç
– ú≈éπd®˝ °æ®Ω’-îª÷J íÓ§ƒ-©-éπ%≠æg, £j«ü¿-®√-¶«ü˛
(éπL-T-Öç-úøúøç, A†úøç, û√í∫úøç ÅØË
Å®ΩnçûÓ). Have ÅØËC Verb form.
ü∆EéÀ ´÷vûª¢Ë’ ing ´Ææ’hçC. Has éÀ
®√ü¿’. áçü¿’-éπçõ‰ He, She, It ûÓ
Speak ÅØË verb – speaks Å´¤-
ûª’çC. Å°æ¤púø’ ing form speak éÀ
´÷vûª¢Ë’ ¢√úøû√ç. Speaks éÀ ¢√úÕ
speaking ņç éπü∆. Å™«Íí Have éÀ
•ü¿’©’ He, She, It ûÓ has ¢√úøû√ç.
Speaks éÀ ing îË®Ωa-†ô’d has èπ◊ èπÿú≈
ing îË®Ωaç. Å™«Íí talk. Talk- He,
She, It ûÓ talks Å´¤-ûª’çC. ing form
talk éÀ îË®Ω’≤ƒhçí¬F talks éÀ îË®Ωaç éπü∆.
-Ç-C¢√®Ωç 4 -ÂÆ°dç-•®Ω’ 2005
The plane flew at great speed across the
≤ƒ´÷-†uçí¬ Â°j† éπ°æ¤p†o ¢√£æ«-Ø√™x ņ-ú≈-EéÀ, 'by'
sky
¢√-úøû√ç.
a) O’®Ω’ 鬮Óx ´î√a®√? plane Çé¬-¨¡ç™ î√™« ¢Ëí∫çí¬ äéπ-¢Áj°æ¤ †’ç*
Did you come by car? ÉçéÓ-¢Áj°æ¤ ¢Á-R}çC.
b) ¢√úø’ bus ™ -´-î √a-úø’. He came by bus 6. at the back of = ¢Á†-éπ-¢Áj°æ¤
Å™«Íí by train, by plane, by ship (back side é¬-ü¿’, backside èπ◊ Å®Ωnç °œ®Ω’-ü¿’©’,
c) Ææ®Ω-èπ◊©’ ™«K™ ´î√a®· ÅE)
class ™ ¢Á†éπ¢Áj°æ¤ èπÿ®Ω’aç-ö«úø’
Åûª-ØÁ-°æ¤p-úø÷
He always sits at the back of the class.
Bus ¢Á†é𶵫í∫ç™ èπÿ®Ω’a†o v°æߪ ÷- ùÀèπ◊©’
Íé~´’çí¬ -Ö-Ø√o®Ω’.
The passenger at the back of the bus were
safe.
at the back of the room = í∫C™ ¢Á-†éπ
behind the room = í∫CéÀ ¢Á†éπ
some one at the back of the hall was
The goods came shouting
by lorry. Hall ™ ¢Á-†éπ á´®Ó Å®Ω’-Ææ’h-Ø√o®Ω’.
Top (éπ°æ¤p)
There is a tap behind the hall
™‰E
¢√£æ«-Ø√© ´·ç-ü¿’ Hall ¢Á-†éπ ã °æç°æ¤ ÖçC. (Åçõ‰ Hall •ßª’ô)
'on' ´Ææ’hçC. Practice the following aloud in English.
on cycle, on
a) Stella: O’®Ω’ E†o Í®≠æØ˛ Card B-Ææ’éÓ™‰ü∆?
scooter, on bike,
Nikhila: E†o ؈’ Ü-∞ } ™‰†’. £j«ü¿-®√-¶«-ü˛™ 
on camel, on ele- M. SURESAN
phant on horse-
ÖØ√o†’.
Stella: O’È®-éπ\-úø’ç-ö«®Ω’?
back.
Nikhila: í∫´-®Ωo-®˝-Ê°-ô™, ÇM-¶‰í˚ O-Cµ™ .
4. under, below:
Stella: O’ ÉçöÀéÀ áü¿’-®Ω’í¬ road èπ◊ Å´-ûª-L-¢Áj°æ¤
Ñ È®ç-úÕçöÀ Å®Ωnç™ éÌçûª ûËú≈ ÖçC.
¢√∞¡Ÿx îÁô’d éÀçü¿ èπÿ®Ω’a-Ø√o®Ω’ -School ÖçC-éπü∆?
Nikhila: Å´¤†’. ü∆E áü¿’-®Ω’í¬ØË ´÷ É©’x.
They sat under a tree.
Stella: Å®·ûË O’®Ω’ Ñ application O’ü¿
(Åçõ‰ îÁô’d éÌ´’t©’ ¢√∞¡x-°jéÀ ÖØ√o®·)
From the helicopter, the minister saw Ææçûªéπç °ôdçúÕ. Yours faithfully ÅØË
below him the areas under water ü∆E-éÀçü¿. Application èπ◊úÕ-¢Áj°æ¤.
Helicopter †’ç* ´’çvA- éÀçü¿èπ◊ îª÷ÊÆh F∞¡x-éÀçC ANSWERS:
v°æüË-¨»©’ éπ-E°œç-î√®·. Stella: Didn't you (Did you not) take your
Correct í¬ äéπ ü∆E-éÀçü¿ ÉçéÌ-éπöÀ Öçõ‰ under.
ration card yesterday?
äéπ-ü∆E éÀçü¿ ÉçÈé-éπ\-úø-®·Ø√ Öçõ‰ below. Nikhila: I was out of town yesterday
From the window of the II Floor, he saw
(Out of station é¬ü¿’).
below a man or the road.
I was in Hyderabad.
Road ™ E-©’†o Çߪ’† Correct í¬ éÀöÀéÃ
Stella: Where do you live?
éÀçü¿ Öçúø-úø’ éπü∆. éÀ-öÀéÃéÀ ûªèπ◊\´ level ™ é¬Ææh Nikhila: In Governorpeta; in / on Alibaig
ü¿÷®Ωçí¬ Öçö«úø’.
Street
ÉC îª÷úøçúÕ:
(Road ´·çü¿’, Street ´·çü¿’ in, on àüÁjØ√)
The ground floor is under the first floor.
Stella: Isn't there a School across the
(ground floor ¢Á·ü¿öÀ ÅçûªÆæ’h éÀç-ü¿ Öçô’çC)
5. Across = Å´-ûª-L-¢Ë°æ¤. road from your place?
My home is across the road from the bank Nikhila: Yes. My home is just opposite
Bank †’ç* road èπ◊ Å´-ûª-L-¢Ë°æ¤ ´÷ -É©’x. the school.
†C-éÀ -Å´-ûªL -¢Áj°æ¤ = across the river. Stella: Please sign on this application,
Çé¬-¨¡ç™ äéπ-¢Áj°æ¤ †’ç* ÉçéÓ-¢Áj°æ¤ = below the 'yours faithfully' line. on
across the sky. the right side.
-v°æ-¨¡o: 'Over', 'above'
© ´’üµ¿u ûËú≈ àN’öÀ? à Ææçü¿-®Ωs¥ç™ àC ¢√ú≈L?
-ï-¢√--•’:
– -áÆˇ.-öÀ.£«-î˝ -v°æ≤ƒ-ü˛, Æœ-ü∆l¥ç-ûªç, °æ-Pa-´’íÓ-ü∆-´-J ->-™«x
Prepositions í¬ Over, above - Ñ È®çöÀF °j† ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ ¢√úø-´îª’a.
1) Our class room is above / over your class room.
b) My father wants to have two roomed portion above / over the first floor.
Éô’-´çöÀîÓôx above, over ™ àüÁjØ√ ¢√úø-´îª’a.
ii) He is over 35 years of age but looks younger.
(Çߪ’† ´ßª’Ææ’q 35 à∞¡}-éπçõ‰ áèπ◊\-´-®·Ø√, *†oí¬ éπ-E°œ≤ƒhúø’.)
Ééπ\úø over ´÷vûª¢Ë’ ¢√úøû√ç. Above é¬ü¿’.
iii) éπü¿-Léπ™  °jéÀ ņo-°æ¤púø’ èπÿú≈ Over Åçö«ç.
He jumped over the wall. (íÓúø O’CéÀ Èíçû√úø’. Ééπ\úø above ®√ü¿’)
iv) Ææçêu©’, úø•’s, time èπÿú≈ éÌçûª-éπØ√o áèπ◊\´ ÅE îÁ°æp-ú≈-EéÀ over ¢√úøû√ç.
The book costs over Rs. 300 = Ç °æ¤Ææhéπç êKü¿’ ®Ω÷. 300éπØ√o áèπ◊\´.
He waited over three hours = ´‚úø’í∫çô-©-éπØ√o áèπ◊\¢Ë wait î˨»úø’.
There are over 30 students = 30 students éπØ√o áèπ◊\¢Ë ÖØ√o®Ω’.