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informacia, postmodernizmi da postTanamedroveoba

1. postmodernizmi, 2. postmodernizmi, rogorc inteleqtualuri mimdinareoba, 3. postmodernizmi, rogorc socialuri movlena, 4. postmodernizmi da informacia, 5. postmodernizmi da informacia: Jan bodriari, 6. postmodernizmi da informacia: jani vatimo, 7. postmodernizmi da informacia: mark posteri, 8. postmodernizmi da informacia: Jan_fransua liotari, 9. kritikuli komentarebi, 10. postTanamedrove sazogadoeba, Sejameba.

1. postmodernizmi, es aris erTdroulad inteleqtulauri moZraoba da Cveni yoveldRiuroba: is Tu rasTan gvaqvs Sexeba yoveldRe, rodesac vuyurebT televizors, gareT gasvlis dros varCevT imas Tu ra CavicvaT, varCevT musikalur mimdinareobas. is rac aerTianebs am sruliad sxvadasxva gamovlinebas, __ Cveni uaryofiTi an dadebiTi damokidebuleba am gamovlinebebTan. TavisTavad, rodesac aRar vfiqrobT da vmoqmedebT, ise rogorc iyo miRebuli, ramdenime aswleulis ganmavlobaSi Cven vaxdenT Cveni warsulis gamowvevas. gamowvevis arsi bevrwilad ganisazRvreba imiT Tu ras miviCnevT Cven Tanamedrove epoqad da sad iwyeba CvenTvis postmodernizmi. samwuxarod, filosofosebis umravlesoba arc ki cdlobs daazustos Tu ras gulisxmoben TanamedroveobaSi da postTanamedroveobaSi an yuradRebas aqceven mxolod gamovlinebis zogierT maxasiaTebels. dRemde socialur mecnierebebSi Tanamedrove samyaroSi gulisxmobdnen mecnierebaSi, warmoebasa da azrovnebaSi momxdar cvlilebebs. Cveulebriv Tanamedrove sazogadoebis warmoSobas ukavSireben ganmanaTleblobis epoqas, romelic warmoadgenda feodaluri epoqis da miwaTmoqmedi sazogadoebis dasasruls evropaSi da romelmac

iqonia gavlena TiTqmis mTel msoflioSi. postmodernizmi warmoadgens ganmanaTleblobis sazogadoebis dasasruls. zogierTi analitikosi Tvlis, rom saqme exeba ara mTlianad sazogadoebas, aramed mxolod kulturas, ramdenadac postmodernistebis interesis sagans ZiriTadad warmoadgens gamomsaxvelobiTi xelovneba, esTetika, musika, arqiteqtura, kino da a.S. am SemTxvevaSi ar arsebobs yovlismomcveli winaaRmdegoba Tanamedrove sazogadoebasa da postTanamedrove sazogadoebas Soris. adgili aqvs mxolod sazRvris gavlebas modernizmsa da postmodernizms Soris xelovnebis sferoSi. ufro metic Tu SemovifarglebiT mxolod kulturiT, modernizmTan kavSiris wyveta iRebs sul sxva datvirTvas, ramdenadac sityva modernizmi umjobesia dagvewyo didi asoTi __ es aris mxolod xelovnebis mimarTuleba me-19 s. bolos da me-20 s. dasawyisSi. (impresionizmi, dadaizmi, siurealizmi, da sxv.), romelic daupirispirda klasikur kulturas. modernizms uwodeben ferweraSi, literaturaSi, musikaSi arsebul mTel rig mimarTulebebs, romelTaTvis damaxasiaTebelia klasikuri formebis uaryofa, wina epoqis xelovnebisTvis damaxasiaTebeli realobis kopirebis uaryofa. gavixsenoT mag. me-19s. inglisuri literaturis iseTi klasikosebi, rogorebic iyvnen dikensi, elioti, hardi, maTTvis damaxasiTebeli xelwera, eweraT romanebi, rogorc cxovreba , an im periodis ferwera, rodesac mxatvrebi cdilobdnen mieRwiaT gamosaxulebis portretuli msgavsebisTvis. modernistma mweralma, mag. joisma an mxatvarma, rogoric iyo pikaso Sewyvites maTi winamorbedebis tradicia. modernizmis amgvari gansazRvrebiT Cven vawydebiT or sirTules. pirveli kavSirSia qronologiasTan. Tanamedrove istoria evropaSi iwyeba me-17s. Sua periodSi, maSin rodesac modernizmi es aris gacilebiT ufro gviandeli movlena da TviT klasikuri kulturac es aris Tanamedrove istoriis produqti. Tu miviRebT im faqts, rom Tanamedroveba ufrosia modernizmze da amasTan erTad Tanamedrove epoqa gulisxmobs mTel rig sxva cvlilebebs __ warmoebis fabrikuli wesidan dawyebuli, azrovnebis garkveuli wesiT damTavrebuli, maSin Tanamedrove sazogadoebasa da modernizms Soris kavSiris sakiTxi gaurkveveli rCeba. aq SesaZloa aRmocendes gaurkvevloba gansazrvrebebSi. da mainc, rogor xdeba erTis mxriv modernizmisa da postmodernizmis SeTanxmeba da meore mxriv Tanamedrove da postTanamedrove sazogadoebis? iqneb pirveli winaaRmdegoba gamomdinareobs meoredan? meore problema gulisxmobs, imas rom postmodernizmi, rogorc kulturul movlenasTan, sulac ar warmoadgens modernizmTan srul wyvetas, ramdenadac postmodernuli kulturis safuZvelSic arsebobs realobis mimbaZvelobaze uaris Tqma. Tu movaxdenT postmodernizmis interpretacias mxolod kulturis terminebiT, SeiZleba davaskvnaT, rom sarTavi post cotas Tu niSnavs, is dakavSirebulia sazogadoebrivi movlenebis SezRudul wresTan, xolo Tavad postmodernizmi warmoadgens arsebiTad modernizmis ganviTarebas. postmodernizmis amgvari gansazRvreba ar gulisxmobs gadasvlas Tanamedrovebis axal epoqaSi, rac ar gvaZlevs saSualebas CaveTvaloT, rom postmodernizmi es aris Tanamedrovebis mTliani uaryofa. eseTi interpretacia dagvexmareba gavigoT diskusiis garkveuli wevrebis pozicia, maTi gansazRvreba winaaRmdegobis Sesaxeb__erTis mxriv Tanamedrovebisa da postTanamedrovebis da meores mxriv modernizmisa da postmodernizmis misi mxedvelobaSi miRebiT. am gansazRvrebis sargebeli arc ise didia, mokamaTeTa umravlesoba ar izRudeba amiT, miuxedavad imisa, rom mTeli maTi yuradReba

mimarTulia kulturis movlenebisken. isini yvelaze did yuradRebas aqceven kulturis problemebs, ramdenadac misi roli gaxda ufro mniSvnelovani, vidre rodesme , magram midian kidev ufro Sors da Tvlian, rom postmodernizmi aris wyveta Tanamedrove istoriasTan. amitom modidan an arqiteqturidan dawyebuli, filosofosi-postmodernistebi Zalian swrafad gadadian Tanamedrove sazogadoebis yvela maxasiaTeblebis kritikaze. mag. postmodernistebi kategoriulad uaryofen im faqts, rom satelevizio ambebi asaxaven realobas iseTi, rogoric is aris. maTi mosazrebiT axal ambebi ar gadmocemen realurad imas Tu ra xdeba sinamdvileSi. isini agreTve arafris momcemad Tvlian sociologebis mcdelobas, Seagrovon informacia, imis Sesaxeb Tu rogor iqcevian adamianebi sazogadoebaSi. imasTan erTad, rasac postmodernistebi uaryofen, rom kultura simboluri formiT asaxavs realobas, isini uaryofen mosazrebas imis Sesaxeb, rom mecniereba Seiswavlis sazogadoebaSi mimdinare ZiriTad cvlilebebs, postmodernistebis mosazrebiT, dRes Cven unda SevwyvitoT kavSiri 300 wlian samecniero tradiciasTan. aqedan gamomdinare uSedegoa movaqcioT postmodernizmi kulturaze mosazrebis viwro CarCoSi. misi damcvelebi srulebiT ar eTanxmebian msgavs interpretacias. piriqiT postmodernizmi warmoadgens TavisTavs, rogorc inteleqtualur moZraobas , rogorc movlenas, romelsac vexebiT yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi, ise rom SegviZlia visaubroT mTeli epoqis dasasrulze da axlis dasawyisze. 2. postmodernizmi __ inteleqtualuri mimdinareoba

postmodernizmi TanmimdevrobiT ewinaaRmdegeba TiToeul mcdelobas aixsnas samyaroSi mimdinare procesebi maTze dakvirvebis meSveobiT an adamianis moqmedeba garkveuli racionaluri mizezebiT. postmodernistebi ar eTanxmebian ganmanaTleblobis filosofosebs ZiriTad debulebaSi: isini Tvlian, rom ZaluZT axsnan adamiani moqmedebis da sazogadoebis cvlilebis iseTi mizezebi, romlebic udevT maT safuZvlad da amavdroulad dafarulia, iseve, rogorc maTgan vinc iRebs masSi uSualo monawilebas, aseve maTgan, vinc uSalod asrulebs moqmedebas. postmodernistebi kategoriulad uaryofen am debulebas. postmodernistebi uaryofen nebismier totalur axsnas, rasac Jan fransua liotari uwodebs did monaTxrobebs. am TvalsazrisiT, yvela mcdeloba aixsnas samyaro, romelSic Cven vcxovrobT marqsis Teoriis, radikalebis Tu konservatorebis Sexedulebis Tu isini iyeneben iseT axsnas, rogoric aris civilizaciis ganviTareba, kapitalisturi ganviTareba, progresuli Zalebi unda iyos ugulvebelyofili. marTalia es da sxva Teoriebi cdiloben gamoavlinon kacobriobis ganviTarebis ZiriTadi tendenciebi da mamoZravebeli Zalebi. postmodernistebisTvis es miuRebelia ramdenime urTierTdamokidebuli mizeziT. pirveli, yvelaze xSirad gamoyenebuli argumenti mdgomareobs imaSi, rom yvela Teoria, mxolod Teoriuli konstruqciaa da ara istoriuli procesis zusti kvlevis Sedegi. eWvs iwvevs is faqti, rom mkvlevarebi, romlebic iziareben ganmanaTleblobis debulebas, risi mixedviTac samyaro Secnobadia ZaluZT aRweron is racionalurad da TanmimdevrobiT. is kategoriebi, romlebSic xorcieldeba aRwera, postmodernistebis mtkicebiT damaxinjebulia damkvirveblis subieqturi damokidebulebiT.

postmodernistebis aRniSnuli argumentebi atarebs aqsiomatur xasiaTs da sakmaod cnobilia. mkvlevarebs akritikeben, imis gamo, rom yvela maTi pretenzia obieqturobaze araadekvaturia, ramdenadac maT ar ZaluZT moaxdinon, imis interpretacia, rasac aRiqvamen. cdiloben ra axsnan Sekrebili faqtebi, isini axdenen codnis konstruirebas. meore da mesame argumenti, romelsac efuZneba eWvi amtkicebs, rom postmodernistebis argumentebis sistema aratrivialuria. maTi mtkicebiT didi monaTxrobebis analizi, romelTac aqvT WeSmaritebis axsnis pretenzia midrekilni arian movlenaTa mimdinareobas mianiWon garkveuli mimarTuleba, an gazardos movlenaTa amagvari ganviTarebis albaToba. magram kritika mdgomareobs, ara mxolod imaSi, rom socialuri movlenebis totaluri axsna warmoadgens SeniRbul mcdelobas mianiWos awmyos da momavals garkveuli forma, aramed imaSic, rom istoriis msvleloba axdens am mcdelobebis diskreditacias. ramdenadac aRniSnuli argumentacia gamoiyureba garkveulwilad abstraqtulad, amitom moviyvanoT magaliTebi. ganvixiloT mag. sazogadoebis ganviTarebis Teoria, romlis mixedviTac istoriis ZiriTad mamoZravebel Zalas warmoadgens maqsimaluri mogebis miReba, kapitalis minimaluri dabandebiT. am Teorias udeben safuZvlad sazogadoebis cvlilebis racionalur dasawyiss. saqmis arsi mdgomareobs ara mxolod, imaSi, rom garkveul istoriul periodSi da garkveul sazogadoebebSi, aRniSnuli principi ar muSaobs, msgavsi SemTxvevebi SeiZleba ganvixiloT, rogorc ZiriTadi ganviTarebis tendenciisgan erTeuli SemTxvevebi. istoriisadmi msgavsi midgoma, Tundac aviRoT modernizaciis Teoria, agebulia rogorc Cans moxdes warsuli tendenciis eqstrapolacia, raTa moxdes axlandel da momaval movlenebze zemoqmedeba. msgavsi principis formulirebiT miviRoT bevri, mciredis gacemiT da imis mtkiceba, rom aRniSnuli amarTlebs yovelTvis, ideologebma xSirad (Tu yovelTvis ara) unda aiRon Tavis Tavze pasuxismgeloba imaze, rom isini axdenen movlenaTa manipulacias an axdenen msgavsi movlenebis aRqmis gamartivebas. es aris seriozuli winaaRmdegoba, yovel SemTxvevaSi bevri Teoretikosebis misamarTiT, romlebic cdiloben moaxdinon gavlena mesame samyaroSi miminare movlenebze, dasavleTSi arsebuli ekonomikuri zrdis principebis safuZvelze. kritikuli mosazrebebi, im analitikosebis misamarTiT, romlebic Tvlian, rom gamoavlines cvlilebaTa mamoZravebeli Zala, mtkicdeba imiT, rom is rekomendaciebi, romlebic eyrdnoba am Teoriebis praqtikul dadasturebas axdenen maT diskreditacias. garkveuli mosazrebebiT am rekomendaciebma gaauareses dabalganviTarebuli qveynebis mdgomareoba (gaudabnoeba, gadaWarbebuli urbanizacia, ekonomika, romelic damokidebuli gaxda saerTaSoriso bazarze sasoflosameurneo produqciis fasebze) da principi bevris miReba mciredis gacemiT, romelic movida winaaRmdegobaSi ekologiis moTxovnebTan , daayena safrTxis qveS adamianis da cxovelTa samyaros gadarCena, xolo mwvane revolucia, romelsac unda gamoewvia Tanamedrove mecnierebis miRwevebze dayrdnobiT sakvebi produqtebis mateba, sinamdvileSi gaxda socialuri ryevebis safuZveli, soflismeurneobaSi umuSevrobis mizezi da qveynebis damokidebuleba msoflio bazrebze.

ufro xSirad ixseneben marqsis didi monaTxrobis kraxs, romelic istoriuli cvlilebebis pirvelad mizezs eZebda klasobrivi brZolaSi da kapitalistur dagrovebaSi. cvlilebaTa am faqtorebis gamoyofiT, filosofos-marqsistebma CaTvales, rom Semdegi faqtorebi ufro maRali kategoriis iqneboda. isini eyrdnobodnen istoriul kvlevaze dafuZnebul mosazrebas, romelis mixedviTac kapitalizmi unda Seicvalos sazogadoebrivi mowyobis axali formiT __ komunizmiT, romelic kapitalizmisgan daitovebs mxolod karg Tvisebebs da daZlevs misTvis damaxasiaTebel winaaRmdegobebs. yvelafris miuxedavad marqsistebis pretenzia miegnoT socialuri cvlilebebis WeSmariti mizezebisTvis aRmoCnda fataluri. es gasagebi gaxda sabWoTa kavSiris daSlis Semdeg da ufro naTeli, rac gaxda cnobili gulagis saSinelebebi, leninis da stalinis istoriis periodi. dResdReobiT marqsizmi aris inteleqtualuri konstruqcia, romlis mimarT zogierTebi ganicdian sisustes, es aris ena, romelzec SesaZlebelia gamoxato msoflmxedebrivi damokidebuleba. Lliotari Tvlis, rom axali drois istoria damaxinjebulia ara imdenad didi monaTxrobebiT, ramdenadac ganmanaTleblobis yalbi pretenziiT. faSizmi, komunizmi, holokosti, superTanamedrove samxedro teqnologiebi, Cernobili, Sidsi, gulsislZarRvTa daavadebaTa gavrceleba, kibo, romelic gamowveulia garemos dabinZurebiT da a.S. __ yvelaferi es da ara mxolod es, aris ganmanaTleblobis nayofi da praqtikuli Sedegi, im warsulis monaTxrobidan, romelSic amtkicebdnen, rom istoriul cvlilebebs aqvT racionaluri mizezebi, rogoradac maTA ar unda vuwodebdeT: nacionalizmi, klasobrivi brZola, wminda rasa Tu mecnierul-teqnikuri progresi. eseTi saxiT sazogadoebrivi Teoriis Sedegebis pirispir aRmoCenis gamo, postmodernistebi ucxadeben oms totalur swavlebebs, uars amboben nebismieri konstruqciebisagan, romlebic eyrdnobian istoriuli cvlilebebis WeSmarit mizezebs. maTi TvalsazrisiT nebismieri mcdeloba gamoiyos istoriis mamoZravebeli Zalebi, ar imsaxureben ndobas, miuxedavad imisa arian Tu ara isini wminda spekulaciuri Tu gviyvebian moazrovne subieqtis emansipaciis istorias. postmodernizmisTvis zogadad damaxasiaTebelia ukiduresi undobloba, nebismieri

WeSmariti daskvnebisadmi, miuxedavad imisa Tu visgan ismis, es kritika.Eeyrdnobian ra aqamde Seqmnili didi monaTxrobebis aSkara Secdomebs, maT konstruirebaze miTiTebiT ( ramdensac ar unda amtkicebdnen mkvlevarebi maT obieqturobas ) , postmodernistebi ukve aramxolod eWvqveS ayeneben nebismier totalur Teorias. isini nebismier maTgans uaryofen, mxars uWeren relativizms, imis motiviT, rom nebismieri realobas gaaCnia araerTi aRwera, amasTan erTad amtkiceben, rom ar arsebobs erTi WeSmariteba, arsebobs mxolod misi ramdenime versia. rogorc aRniSnavs miSel fuko, postmodernistebi Tvlian, rom yvela sazogadoebaSi aris WeSmaritebis sakuTari warmodgena, misTvis damaxasiaTebeli simarTlis zogadi politika anu sazogadoebaSi arsebobs diskursis tipebi,

romelic misaRebia misTvis da asruleben simarTlis funqcias. postmodernistebi Tvlian, rom maT moaxerxes ganTavisufleba ganmanaTleblobisagan, Sewyda devna WeSmaritebaze da amiT moipoves sxvaobebSi arsebuli Tavisufleba: movlenis analizSi, mis axsnasa da interpretaciaSi.

3. postmodernizmi __ socialuri movlena

sazogadoebaSi postmodernizmi, rogorc inteleqtualuri mimdinareoba sargeblobda warmatebiT. moxda mis perifrazireba da gamoyeneba farTo gagebiT. aq ukve saqme gvaqvs ara filosofiasTan, aramed Tanamedrove istoriis TaviseburebebTan. imisTvis, raTa Sefasdes, ramdenad zustad xdeba am Taviseburebebis gansazRvra, ar aris aucilebeli Tanxmoba postmodernistul kritikasTan ganmanaTleblobis ideasTan mimarTebaSi, amasTan erTad gasagebia, rom Tu Cven marTlac SevdivarT postTanamedroebis epoqaSi, maSin postmodernistebis filosofiuri ideebi aucileblad aisaxebian socialuri realobaze. ufro metic, is adamianebi, romlebic kiTxuloben am naSroms cxovroben postTanamedrovebaSi da savaraudod eqnebaT survili miusadagon SemdgomSi moyvanili magaliTebi TavianT gamocdilebas da dakvirvebas. vfiqrob, rom gamovavlinoT da vaRiaroT Cvens cxovrebaSi postTanamedrovebis maxasiaTeblebi arc ise rTulia, magram postmodernistebs mouwevT bevri Sroma, raTa dagvarwmunon postmodernistuli filosofiis proeqtis mxardaWeraSi. postmodernistebi iwyeben iqidan, rom winaaRmdegobaSi modian Cvens cxovrebaSi yvelafer imasTan, rasac SeiZleba mivusadagoT termini Tanamedrove , yvela Tanamedrove termins da midgomas. sityva Tanamedrove aq ra Tqma unda warmoadgens iarliys , romelic miesadageba iseT movlenebs, rogoric aris dagegmva , organizacia da funqcionaluroba. postmodernistebi imyofebian mudmiv opoziciaSi, yvelafer imasTan, rac momdinareobs sazogadoebis gavleniani jgufebidan: biurokratebi, politikosebi, dagegmvis specialistebi, romlebic eyrdnobian gamocdilebas sibrZnes an WeSmarit codnas. es jgufebi ubralod Tavsaxveven sazogadoebas realobis TavianT xedvas. mag. ratom Tvlian dizainerebi ra aris marTebuli, moduri an eleganturi. ris safuZvelze aweseben isini yvelasTvis Cacmis da moqmedebis standartebs? postmodernistebi kritikulad uyureben modelebis priviligirebul mdgomareobas. amave mizeziT ewinaaRmdegebian funqcionalobis princips: yvelaze efeqturi saSualeba maTTvis Senobis asagebad aris ara realobis gaazreba, aramed profesionalebis mcdeloba Tavs moaxvion adamianebs TavianTi faseulobebi. aq aSkarad ikveTeba postTanamedrovebisTvis damaxasiaTebeli niSani gansakuTrebuli pativis gareSe gamoxaton damokidebuleba yvelanairi avtoritetebis mimarT. es aris garkveulwilad yvelasadmi dacinvis xalxuri Tavisebureba, ra drosac aris mcdeloba Cveulebriv adamians Tavs moaxvon garkveuli saxis moqmedeba. gansakuTrebiT unda aRiniSnos postmodernistebis antipaTia estetikuri normebis mimarT, romlebic efuZneba karg gemovnebaze warmodgenas an gamefebul

tendencias. saubaria, mag. gavleniani literaturuli kritikosis f. livisis (1895_1978) mcdelobaze Tavi moeyara Tavis wignSi saukeTeso ingliseli romanistebisTvis, gamosaCeni myvirala saxelwodebiT didi tradiciebi (1948). livisma maT miakuTvna jein ostini, jorj elioti, henri jeimsoni da jozef konradi, is maT Tvlida literaturis klasikosebad. amaze postmodernistebi aRniSnavdnen: Tu jefri arCeris nawarmoebebs ganicdiT, ra saWiroa am profesorebis mosmena.? yvela vinc ki cdilobs daamkvidros garkveuli standarti, dacinian. livisis argumenti mdgomareobs imaSi, rom mwerlebis miseuli Sefaseba samarTlianiada eyrdnoba inglisuri prozis yuradRebiT kiTxvas , postmodernistebi aqve acxadeben, literaturis kritikosebi swored, rom gamoimuSaveben imiT, rom afaseben mwerlebs, Txzuleba maTTvis aris prestiJis da karieris wyaro, amitom WeSmaritebis aranair uangaro Ziebaze ar SeiZleba iyos saubari. ar aris rTuli davinaxoT is kriteriumebi, romlebsac iyenebs kritikosi da romlebic damokidebulia mis Sexedulebebze, miRebul ganaTlebaze, klasobriv kuTvnilebaze. liviss SeiZleba davdoT brali provincializmSi, kariera kembrijSi, miTiuri organuli sazogadoebiT gatacebaSi __ idealis, romlis ganxorcielebaSi, rogorc Tavad Tvlida daexmareba klasikuri literatura. mokled, rom vTqvaT unda movuZebnoT kritikoss sisusteebi, aq ki ukve gasagebia, rom mas aRar eqneba aranairi ufleba Tavs mogvaxvios misi Sefasebebi. maTi mxilebiT, vinc Tvlis, rom moipoves WeSmariteba, postmodernuli kultura mxars uWers relativizms esTetikaSi, mxars uWers yvela sferoSi. relativizmi iqceva universalur principad, mag. muskaSi, vin Tqva, rom mocarti ukeTesia morisonze? TeatrSi, ratom maicdamainc Seqspiri da ara endriu loid veberi? maTi tiraniis postmodernuli uaryofidan, vinc cdilobs Cvens magivrad miiRos gadawyvetileba, rogor vicxovroT, marTlac rom Tavisuflebis sio uberavs. dogmebis magivrad postTanamedrovebis kultura gvTavazobs arCevanis mravalferovnebas, karnavalurobas, gadawyvetilebaTa uamrav raodenobas. arqiteqturaSi firma uimpis ekonomikuri kotejebis an mWidrodnageb kvartlebSi maT mier daproeqtebuli, vinc ukeT icis ra aris ukeTesi an ra surs xalxs, mravalsarTuliani sacxovreblebis magivrad, postmodernistebi gvTavazoben gagebiT movekidoT gemovnebaTa mravalferovnebas : TiToeulma misi survilisamebr mianiWos mis saxls individualoba, yvelanairi arqiteqturuli kanonebis darRveviT, ra, sad, rogor miaSenos da Tu vinme etyvis, rom es ugemovnoa, miuTiTebs eSmakisken. amis ukan, ra Tqma unda imaleba modernistebis mier WeSmaritebis uaryofis mcdeloba. erTis mxriv postmodernizmi ewinaaRmdegeba am Ziebis survils imitom, rom vinc cdilobs, rom gadawyvitos ra aris WeSmariteba, arc ise gulrwfelia da Tu ratom gadawyvites ese, TviT eqspertebic ver garkveulan Tu raSi mdgomareobs WeSmariteba. amis gamo rwmena erTaderTi da ganumeorebeli WeSmaritebis mimarT aRar arsebobs. sxva mxriv postmodernistebi aRiSnaven Tu CavTvliT raSi mdgomareobs WeSmariteba advilad mivalT tiraniamde. ara komunisturi reJimebis tirania, roca is Tu rogor unda icxovron adamianebma wydeba sxvis mier, partiis mier, visTvisac ukeT aris cnobili obieqturi realoba, aramed is romlis gemoc yvelas nagemi aqvs, roca Tavs axvevdnen sakuTar azrs. amitomac iyo, rom saskolo programis mixedviT aucilebeli iyo, rom yvelas wagvekiTxa dikensi da hardi, ramdenadac swored isini Cveni pedagogebis azriT pasuxobdnen kargi literaturis standartebs da ara fantastika, vesterni an sasiyvarulo romanebi. amas garda did britaneTSi

TiToeulma adamianma gaiara satelevizio gamocda maTi mxridan vinc cdilobda SeenarCunebina kulturuli tradicia: Cven vuyurebdiT uamarav axal ambebs da komentarebs, serialebs klasikuri literaturuli nawarmoebebis mixedviT seriozul piesebs, garda amisa cota sporti da specialuri sabavSvo gadacemebi. bevrs im mkiTxvelTagan, romlebic gaizardnen municipalur binebSi axsovs is wesebi, romlebsac gvaxvevdnen Tavs arqiteqtorebi da damproeqteblebi. yvelafer amaze postTanamedroveba mxiarulad pasuxobs: ar arsebobs aranairi WeSmariteba, arsebobs mxolod versiebi da TviT WeSmaritebis Ziebis mcdelobac sruli absurdia. WeSmaritebis Ziebis magivrad dakavebulebi arian sxvadasxva mosazrebebis gamarTlebiT __ pluralizmiT. Sedegad viRebT dacinvas maT mimarT vinc gatacebulia modernistuli JanrebiT da stiliT (romlebic mkvidrdebodnen adre Tu gvian da xdebodnen kargi gemovnebis sazomad.)xdeba stilis uaryofa, rogorc pretenziulobis niSani. aqedan aris postmodernizmis midrekileba parodiisadmi, damkvidrebuli stilebis dacinva, gamosaxulebaTa ironiuli, axali gaazreba, yvelafris daqvemdebareba da aRreva, kaSkaSa, yalbi anu patenti nakeTobebis damzadeba. postmodernuli arqiteqturis nimuSebi, iseTi rogoric aris cnobili las-vegasis gakveTilebi, warmoiqmnen saxaliso SeerTebiT. espanuri kolonialuri xis detalebi Cndeba goTikur fasadze, xolo ranCo Sendeba veneciuri stilis gaTvaliswinebiT. postmodernuli modis mimdevrebi icmeven eqlektikurad, agresiul bucebs, indur mosasxamebs, Jiletebs da egzotikur bluzebs. Mmagram, yvelaze meted aRniSvnis Rirsia postTnamedrove kulturis mxridan autenturobaze uaris Tqma. Cven Tu SevadgenT sityvebis nakrebs, romlebic SinaarsiT axlos dganan autenturobis gagebasTan __ namdvili, gaazrebuli da realuri, maSin SevniSnavT, rom isini yvela ganidevnebian kulturidan. TiToeuli maTgani iribad amtkicebs, TanamedrovebisTvis aucilebel faseulobas __ WeSmaritebas. Aam motiviT adamiani amarTlebs Tavis mcdelobas gaerkves musikis namdvil mniSvnelobaSi, romelsac is usmens, misi mcdeloba moZebnos namdvili cxovreba, rodesac is interesdeba mis inglisur fesvebSi(iqneb misi namdvili me-s ZiebaSi), misi fiqrebi cxovrebis azrze da misi miswrafeba gavlili cxovrebisadmi. postmodernizmi gamodis yvelaferi amis winaaRmdeg, erTi SexedviT principis gamo, magram Tu davukvirdebiT sakmaod dasabuTebulad, ramdenadac is uaryofs Tanamedrovebas, mas gulrwfelad amSvideben nebismieri yalbi nakeTobebi, efemeruloba da zedapiruloba, yvelaferi trivialuri da aSkarad xelovnuri. postmodernizms ara aqvs survili qondes saerTo autenturobis ZiebasTan ori ZiriTadi mizezis gamo. erTi detalurad ganvixileT: Tavad WeSmaritebis gageba fantastikuria, amitom nebismieri mcdeloba autenturobis an realobis Ziebis ganwirulia, ramdenadac arsebobs, realobis ramdenime versia. mag. Cven ar SegviZlia gavigoT ra Tqva sinamdvileSi dikensma, ramdenadac vcxovrobT 21e s-Si. amitomac patara nelis interpretaciisas Cndebian adamianebi, romlebmac ukve ician Tu ra aris gaucnobierebeli, bavSvur seqsualobaSi, amitomac maTsa da dikenss Soris, agreTve im auditorias Soris, romelsac is mimarTavda emuqreba gaqroba. uazrobaa vikiTxoT Tu ras niSnavs sinamdvileSi biTlzis simRera, ramdenadac maTi Sinaarsis gageba damokidebulia im adamianis asakisa da gamocdilebisagan, romelic cdilobs gaerkves am simRerebSi. Tu pirveli mosazreba dakavSirebulia autenturobis ZiebasTan, romelic SesaZleblobas gvaZlevs metnaklebad nebismieri interpretaciisa, meore atarebs ufro radikalur xasiaTs da rogorc Cans ufro metad aris damaxasaTebeli

postTanamedrovebisaTvis. argumenti mdgomareobs imaSi, rom rogorc ar unda vcdilobdeT autenturobis mignebas, Tqven mas verasdros ver ipoviT, ramdenadac is arsebobs mxolod maT warmosaxvaSi, vinc mas eZebs. Aadamianebi fiqroben, rom sadRac iq horizonts miRma, cxra mTas iqiT aris namdvili cxovreba da Cven, rodesRac movaxerxebT movZebnoT is (Cvens TavSi, sxva dros, sxva qveyanaSi)da is iqneba gansxvavebuli Tanamedrove yofis, xelovnuri da zedapiruli cxovrebisagan, sadac dominirebs stili, moda da mxolod fuli. postmodernistebi Tvlian, rom es Zieba uSedegoa. ganvixiloT, mag. CvenSi dRes iseTi popularuli saqmianoba, rogoric aris genealogiuri kvleva. bevri adamiani didi Zalisxmevis Sedegad cdilobs aRadginos misi ojaxuri warsuli. Cveulebriv movlenad iqca autenturobis dabrunebis mizniT emigrantebis viziti im adgilebSi saidanac erT dros wamovidnen maTi winaprebi, dawyebuli im qoxidan, saidanac gamoiqcnen maTi damSeuli winaprebi irlandiis patara soflidan, damTavrebuli poloneTSi arsebuli ebrauli getoTi, saidanac isini gamoyares. ra Tqma veranair autenturobaze ver visaubrebT aq. ufro metad, isini SeZleben naxon rekonstrulirebuli puritanuli eklesia, romelic iseve gamoiyureba, rogoric iyo, kartofilis namdvili irlandiuli sadili, (Caciebuli ludi ginesi da kargi Rvino Tu isini mas SeukveTaven) axali sinagoga centralizebuli gaTbobiT. gindaT naxoT namdvili inglisi? didebuli mwvane qveyana movlili mindvrebiT, xeluxlebeli peizaJebiT, TeTri kotejebiT, baRebi qvis RobeebiT, namdvili mezobluri urTierTobiT, romelzec exla gadis saavtomobilo gzebi, sacxovrebeli masivebi, dasaxlebuli im adamianebiT, romlebic Cerdebian erT adgilze erT-or wels, manam sanam gadavidodnen kidev sxvagan? gaaqvT survili eseT sofelSi moipovoT Tqveni namdvili me, moZebnoT fesvebi, SeigrZnoT namdvili inglisuri cxovrebis wesi, romelic dagakavSirebT wina TaobebTan? magram SexedeT realur cxovrebas inglisur sofelSi, evropaSi yvelaze urabanizebul qveyanaSi. ras vnaxavT iq? agrobizness, romelic gamarTulia ukanaskneli teqnikis saSualebiT, mitovebul soflebs, axlomdebare qalaqidan CasaxlebulebiT, maTi keTilmowyobili saxlebiT (romlis gadasaxadebic ar Sedis adgilobriv biujetSi), sadac centraluri gaTboba TavisiT irTveba daniSnul dros, Tadarigis mizniT macivrebi gamotenilia supermarketis sakvebiT, maTi volvoTi (gamZleobis, upretenziobis simbolo, romelic mxolod lendrovers Tu Camouvardeba). swored es qalaqelebi arian dakavebulebi tradiciuli soflis aRdgenaSi, ewinaaRmdegebian ra samrewvelo aRmavlobas (romelic SeZlebda samuSao adgilebis micemas soflismeurneobaSi dakavebulebisTvis, yvelaferi Seicvala kombainebiT, traqtorebiT, agromrewvelobiT) isini agroveben fuls, raTa SeakeTon Zveli samWedloebi(xSirad isini asruleben meore saxlis funqcias da aRWurvilni arian yvela Tanamedrove mowyobilobebiT), aqtiurad mxars uWeren istoriul sazogadoebebs(beWdaven am mSvenier istoriul suraTebs, romelsac kideben soflis gamgeobis oTaxebSi, Sinaarsi ki eseTia: CvenTvis ase sayvareli soflis cxovreba, gamoiyureba ise, rogorc is iyo odesRac), ra Tqma unda im tradiciebis SenaxviT, romelic gulisxmobs xalxuri Semoqmedebisadmi da xelobisadmi erTgulebas. Mme ar vapireb davcino soflis cxovrebis moyvarulebs, ubralod vfiqrob, rom autenturobisZieba inglisSi uazrobaa. Cven ubralod vcdilobT Tavidan SevqmnaT is cxovrebis wesi, romelic garkveulwilad gagvaxsenebs warsuls. am rekonstruqciisas adgili ara aqvs, arc SimSils, arc

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siRaribes, arc cxovrebis sxva sirTuleebs, romlis gadatanac uxdebodaT soflis macxovreblebs. TviT es rekonstruqcia, romelic miznad isaxavs namdvili cxovrebis aRdgenas Zalzed Sors aris sinamdvilisgan da SeuZlebelia iyos sxva, saWiroa mxolod amis aRiareba. Tu Cven virCevT, imas Tu ra unda aRsdges, swored sinamdvile unda daviviwyoT. bevri cdilobs daubrundes tradiciebs, imisTvis raTa moipovos Tavdajerebuloba swrafad cvalebad cxovrebaSi, ipovos Tavisi Tavi. rTul dros tradiciebi gvamSvideben, gvaZleven sinamdvilis SegrZnebas, romelic Ruzis rols asruleben qaosur epoqaSi. magram arc ise rTulia davinaxoT, rom inglisuri tradiciebi __ Soba naZvisxiT, indauriT, Sejibri niCbosnobaSi oqsfordsa da kembrijs Soris , uemblis stadionze Tasis gaTamaSeba, namdvili naZvisxe da namdvili inglisuri pabi, upirvelesyovlisa monarqia, romelic momdinareobs TiTqmis anglosaqsuri periodidan, yvelaferi es mxolod siaxlea, romelic moigones dedofal viqtoriis adreul periodSi. tipiuri inglisuri Soba __ princ albertis gamogoneba (dedofal viqtorias meuRle), Tasis gaTamaSeba daiwyes exlaxans, pabebi specialurad aaSenes imisTvis, rom gamoiwvion gardasul dReTa mimarT nostalgiuri grZnobebi, ludi aq ixarSeba yvelaze Tanamedrove meTodiT, xolo monarqia Seicvala radikalurad misi arsebobis manZilze. ase, rom autenturoba ar arsebobs , arsebobs mxolod (uautenturo) autenturobis rekonstruqciis mcdeloba. mivaqcioT yuradReba, mag. im STabeWdilebas, romelsac iReben turistebi. broSurebSi aqeben xeluxlebel pliaJebs, RirSesaniSnaobebs, araCveulebrivi kultura, adgilobrivi mosaxleobis wesCveulebebi da nanaxis realuri gancda. magram gasagebia, rom yvelaferi rasac ganicdis turisti swored, rom araautenturia, yvelaferi Tavidan bolomde dadgmulia: berZnul kunZulze, taverna sanapiroze, kargi macivariT, gamotenili kontinentaluri ludiT, adgilobrivi musika da folkloruli cekvebi, romlebic sul axlaxans Seqmnes da Caweres kompakdiskze, oficiantebi, romlebsac aswavles martivi sacekvao ileTebi, imisTvis raTa moizidon turistebi, mikrotalRur RumelSi momzadebuli namdvili berZnuli samzareulo, mowodebuli, ise rom mianiSnebdes adgilobriv koloritze, keTilganwyobili adgilobrivi macxovreblebi, romelebic jer ar gaufuWebiaT qalaqs, magram momzadebulebi arian sastumro biznesis Sveicariul skolebSi, specialuri turistuli atraqcionebi, gakeTebuli da reklarimebuli specialurad maTTvis. mTeli turizmis sapnis buSti arsebobs imisTvis, rom turistebs darCeT mxolod dadebiTi ganwyoba, stumarma, rom ar igrZnos simyrale da ar SeefeTos im antisanitariul pirobebs, romelSic cxovrobs adgilobrivi mosaxleoba. amas garda is adgilebi sadac xvdebian turistebi inarCuneben autentur Sexedulebas, turistebis gamoCena iq cvlis mis saxes, rom araraferi vTqvaT imaze, rom adgilobriv kulturas specialurad aniWeben pirvelyofil Sexedulebas. turizmi es aris biznesi da is ver dauSvebs sxva verafers: reisebi unda iyos gadatvirTuli, oTaxebi winaswar dajavSnuli, xolo momsaxurebis standarti unda pasuxobdes ganviTarebuli qveynebis moTxovnebs (Sxapi, sufTa TeTreuli da Tu saWiroa, kondencioneri)klienti yvelafriT unda iyos kmayofili. am yvelafris dagegmva saWiroebs araautenturobas. Aautenturoba ar warmoadgens monopolias, iseTi kontinentaluri qveynebis, rogorebic arian italia, safrangeTi, iseTi qveynebi, romlebic daintereebulebi arian mudmivi turizmiT. did britaneTSic aseve xdeba turistebis cduneba. ra Tqma unda, SeiZleba vamtkicoT, rom did britaneTSic sakmarisad SenarCunda istoriis, arqiteqturis Zeglebi da bevri RirSesaniSnavi, rac ar emsaxureba turizmis masiur industrias, magram warmoadgens namdvil istorias. magram warsulis istoriac aseve iRebs

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monawileobas britanuli warsulis rekonstruqciasa da ganviTarebaSi, mis SelamazebaSi, imis mizniT, rom Segvaxsenos rogorebi viyaviT warsulSi. magaliTis saxiT moviyvan sagrafo derxemSi mdebare bemiSis samrewvelo muzeums, iorvikis centrs, aironbrijs da oqsfordis istoriis eqspozicias.Ppostmodernistebi aucileblad ironiiT aRniSnaven, rom bevri am turistuli atraqcionebidan iyo specialurad Seqmnili, raTa SegvZleboda naTlad dagvenaxa Tu rogori iyo sinamdvileSi Cveni cxovreba. magram maTi xelovnuroba gvikargavs yvelanair rwmenas maT autenturobaze. saerTod unda aRinoSnos, rom es axali nakeTobebi garkveulwilad ufro realuria vidre uZvelesi Zeglebi Cveni memkvidreobis. Llondonis taueri, samxedro istoriuli muzeumi da stounxejic araautenturia, amitomac Cven verasdros ver mivakvlevT Cvens namdvil warsuls. da ara marto imitom, rom maTSi bevria is rac autenturobas angrevs (konservaciis Tanamedrove meTodebi, eleqtrooba, liftebi, profesionali gidebi das xv.) garda amisa, yvelanairi mcdeloba gavecnoT istorias gulisxmobs interpretirebul elementebsac, Sesabamisad ki warsulis konstruirebas da amitomac ar arian autenturebi. moviyvanoT magaliTebi, romlis Sesaxebac mimdinareobs kamaTi dRsesdreobiT itorikosebs Soris: unda iyos Tu ara istoriaSi, romelsac yvebian mxolod mamakacebi Tu masSi unda iyos gaTvaliswinebuli qaluri gamocdilebac; wminda imperiuli istoria, anu iseTi romelSic ZiriTadi adgili uWiravs omebs da kolonialur dapyrobebs; unda iyos Tu ara is anglocentruli Tu unda iqnes gaTvaliswinebuli kontinentaluri erebis Tvalsazrisi; unda aigos Tu ara is moklevadiani principebis mixedviT Tu unda iyos orientirebuli grZelvadian procesebze; ras unda mieqces upiratesoba, socialurs Tu politikurs; mis centrSi unda idgnen monarqebi Tu ubralo xalxi? mokled, rom vTqvaT Cvens winaSea ara erTi, aramed ramdenime istoria da es gamowvevis winaSe ayenebs Tanamedrove humanitarebs, romlebsac undaT Seqmnan namdvili istoria.Ees yvelaferi arsebiTad arRvevs im proeqtis gnxorcielebis rwmenas, romelsac qvia Cveni memkvidreoba. postTanamedroveba uaryofs yvelanair pretenzias realobaze: araferia namdvili da autenturi, ramdenadac yvelaferi falsificirebulia. ar arsebobs namdvili inglisi, ar arsebobs namdvili istoria da namdvili tradicia. autenturoba es aris mxolod da mxolod yalbi nakeToba, artefaqti. magram Tu es asea, maSin mudmivi kiTxva, romelic awuxebs Tanamedrovebas __ maSin ra azri aqvs am yvelafers? is vinc svams am kiTxvas gulisxmobs, rom SesaZlebelia dadgindes WeSmariti mniSvneloba, SeiZleba mag. gavigoT bibliis namdvili azri, gavigoT is Tu ra undoda arqiteqtors, rodesac agebda Senobas garkveuli saxiT, rogori iyo cxovreba sinamdvileSi napoleonis omebis epoqaSi, ra unda Tqvas gogonas, rodesac icvams swored am kabas. Mmagram Tu CvenTvis cnobilia, rom TavisTavad arafers ara aqvs azri, aramed arsebobs mxolod sxvadasxva interpretaciebi (rolan barti mas uwodebs polisemantikur xedvas), maSin absoluturad logikuria srulebiT vTqvaT uari azris Ziebaze. postTanamedrove adamianis xasiaTi aris iseTi, rom is advilad egueba angariSianobas da ar vardeba sasowarkveTilebaSi, amis magivrad poulobs siamovnebas yofiTi SegrZnebebiT. Tqven mag. SeiZleba ar gqondeT aranairi warmodgena imaze Tu ras niSnavs esa Tu is Tmisvarcxniloba, magram misi Tqveni megobrebisadmi demonstrireba, mdgomareobs imaSi, rom siamovneba unda miiRoT nanaxis daufiqreblad aRqmaSi. frangebma SemoiRes specialuri terminic ki. is Tavdapirvelad gamoyenebul iqna kantis wminda kritikis gonebis Targmnisas 1972w. kantma gaavlo gansxvaveba dabal da maRal mgrZnobelobiT

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formebs Soris, magram postmodernistebisTvis(romelTagan TiToeulma icis, rom yvelaferi flobs mniSvnelobis ganusazRvrel raodenobas) es imdenad umniSvneloa, rom aRar aris saWiro misi gaTvaliswineba. rogorc amboben, daiviwye Tu ra undoda eTqva elvis preslis misi simReriT cixis roki, es ubralod rokenrolia, daiWire ritmi da imoZrave. Aase, rom Cven inteleqtualebi ar unda ganvicdideT azris dakargvas. rac Seexeba ubralo adamianebs, isini iseve naTlad, rogorc Cven acnobiereben, rom namdvili mniSvnelobis Zieba uimedo mcdelobaa. isini xvdebian, rom yovel situaciaSi warmoiSveba uamravi mniSvneloba, ase rom maT Soris WeSmaritebis aRmoCena rTulia. amitomac adamianebi kinoSic ki ar cdiloben gamoitanon nanaxidan realuri azri: isini ubralod ganicdian imas rac moaqvs mas: gasarTobia Tu aRZravs mwuxarebas, axdens yuradRebis gadatanas, gvaZlevs saSualebas daviviwyoT ojaxuri saqmianoba an SeviZinoT megobari gogona an biWi da saRamoc miilia. Tanamedrove adamianebi mudmivad ganicdian imas Tu ra ras niSnavs, xolo postTanamedrove adamianebi ukve didi xania amaze, rac aRar fiqroben da sakmaod kmayofilebic arian TaviTCaflulebi mravalferovan yofaSi. postTanamedrovebaSi turistebma mSvenivrad ician, rom verafers autenturs isini ver miiReben; maT arafriT ar jeraT viTomdac Zveli nakeTobebis namdvilobis, romelsac Tavazoben adgilobrivi daxlebi, maT ar aRelvebT turizmis komercializacia, ar aRizianebT adgilobrivi Jigolo, romelic daexeteba pliaJze ioli monapovris ZiebaSi, isini Tvals xuWaven RirSesaniSnaobebTan dakavSirebul falsificirebaze, romelsac aRmoaCenen aqve Soriaxlos buCqebSi, isini kmayofilebi arian Cawerili filmebis naxviT, popmusikiT da diskoTekaze dasaleviT. isini mSvenivrad acnobiereben, rom es yvelaferi TamaSia da am faqtis gamo uxariaT, maT uxariaT zeimi, isini sixaruliT monawileoben maTTvis momzadebul scenarebSi imitom, rom isini arian SvebulebaSi, maT undaT gaisworon, ikaifon, eSmaksac wauRia yvelaferi rac dakavSirebulia SinaarsTan da adamianebis autenturobasTan, kerZebTan da irgvliv arsebulTan. zemoT avRniSneT, rom postmodernizmi gansakuTrebul yuradRebas uTmobs interpretacias, gansxvavebebs, cxovrebis stilebs, sxvadasxva faseulobebsa da es yvelaferi uaryofs sinamdviles, realobas. kidev erTi magaliTi: postTanamedrovebaSi gamefebuli azri uaryofs eliturobas, kerZod ki ganaTlebaSi. elitaruli ganaTleba mag. imiTvis, rom mozardi miaCvios, daaxlovos zogadkulturul faseulobebs, literaturul klasikas, gaxados garkveuli sociumis wevri. ganaTlebisadmi msgavs midgomas didi xania aprotesteben, mas Tvlian ideologizirebuls da sazogadoebaSi erTi klasis gabatonebis gamovlinebad, meores mimarT. miuxedavad amisa postTanamedrovebis ideologebi midian kide ufro Sors: isini mogviwodeben ugulvebelyoT maTi SeSfoTeba, visac miaCnia, rom kultura SiZleba danawevrdes, moxdes misi mxolod nawilobrivi aRqma. isini iTxoven, rom Cvenma Svilebma Seiyvaron literatura da istoria, raTa gavigoT is Tu vin varT, ramac SeiZleba gagvaerTianos. erT-erTi mosazrebis Tanaxmad saerToerovnuli kultura es aris is, rac ukve Secnobili da saukeTesoa Cvens samyaroSi an ufro martivad, rac faseulia Cvens samyaroSi da amavdroulad saSualeba gamonaklisis damkvidrebisTvis, erTi socialuri jgufis meoreze gabatonebis saSualebad (inglisuri klasikuri literatura arafers ar niSnavs eTnikuri umciresobebisTvis, aseve axalgazredebisTvis da muSaTa klasisTvis did britaneTSi). meore mosazreba gamoTqvams eWvs,

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imis Sesaxeb marTla ganicdian Tu ara garkveul sirTuleebs, gaxleCil mozaikur samyaroSi adamianebi, marTalia Tu ara is, rom isini ganicdian gaucxoebis grZnobas, SfoTs da Cagvras. postTanamedrovebis ideologebi dadebiTad arian ganwyobilni fragmentuli kulturisadmi. ra aris cudi imaSi Tu adamiani gaecnoba jer Seqspirs, xolo Semdeg mousmens pop musikas? didi xnis ganmavlobaSi kulturis mesveurebi Tvlidnen Tavs valdebulad aexsnaT adamianebisTvis, ra da rogor unda waekiTxaT, moesminaT da enaxaT. am miTiTebebis ukan imaleba Tanamedrove racionalistis Tavdajerebuloba , is rom araTanmimdevruloba ufskrulia. piriqiT, posttanamedrovebis kultura borts miRma tovebs WeSmariti azris maZieblebs(iyo ingliseli_niSnavs icode da giyvardes istoriis mocemuli varianti, mocemuli romani, mocemuli leqsi). Tu ar davukvirdebiT Sinaarss, siamovneba SesaZloa iyos mravalferovani: franguli samzareulo, makdonaldsis fast-fudi, Cinuri samzareulo, bize, madona, verdi da hari gliteri. gaumarjos yvelanair SegrZnebas! Avinc msgavsi tendenciis winaaRmdeg gamodis, SiSoben TviTidentifikaciis dakargvas. es SiSi ar warmoiSveboda TiToeuli CvenTagani, rom ar Tvlides, rom gagvaCnia WeSmariti autenturi me_avtonomiuri, Tanmimdevruli da daculi winaaRmdegobrivi signalebidan. mag. SeiZleba Tu ara adamians, romelic Tvlis Tavs inteleqtualad, gaaCndes Tavisi me Tu is platonis kiTxvis dasrulebis Semdeg gaemarTeba ZaRlebis rbenaze? rogor SeiZleba mecnieri, romelic Caflulia kvlevebSi, amavdroulad iyos totenhemis fanklubis wevri? rogor SeiZleba WeSmaritma qristianma miiRos siamovneba pornografiis yurebisagan? rogor SeiZleba pativcemuli adamianebi ityuebodnen kriketis TamaSis dros? postTanamedrovebis kultura gvTavazobs ar daviwyoT im winaaRmdegobaTa garkveva, ubralod daviviwyoT WeSmariti me-s arseboba. am TvalsazrisiT autenturi me-s Zieba gulisxmobs siRrmiseuli mniSvnelobis arsebobas, romelic ar aris xelmisawvdomi aq da exla, Sesabamisad ara aqvs azri mis Ziebas. amis magivrad postmodernizmi gvarwmunebs SeveguoT winaaRmdegobebs, romelic damaxasiaTebelia, rogorc sazogadoebisTvis mTlianad, aseve calkeuli pirovnebisTvis da gavagrZeloT cxovreba ise, rom ar SevSfoTdeT cxovrebis uazrobaze, daviviwyoT iseTi abstraqciebi, rogorebicaa patiosneba da morali da viswrafoT mxolod siamovnebis miRebisaken. mxolod mcire nawili inteleqtualebis akritikebs postTanamedrovebis ideologias, pirovnebis gaqrobis TvalsazrisiT, danarCenebi kargad atareben dros da arc ki ainteresebT Tu raze saubroben Wkviani adamianebi __ im safrTxeebze, romelic SeiZleba daemuqros Cvens namdvil me_s. ise, rogorc ekadreba im kulturas, romelic ganicdis kmayofilebas yvelanairi xelovnurisgan da zedapirulisgan, postTanamedroveba ufro metad asocirdeba qalaqur cxovrebasTan. zedapiruliT kmayofileba saqmis arsSi wvdomis gareSe, upiratesobis miniWeba, imis mimarT, rac swrafad mzaddeba, modurisa da araseriozulobisadmi. am yvelafris gansaxorcieleblad urbanizebul garemoze ukeTesi ar arsebobs. aq gamefebulia xelovnuroba, ejaxebian gansxvavebuli stilebi, aramdgradoba da ekleqtika, mravalferovneba da gansxvaveba, aq araferi ar aris stabiluri, Cvens nervul sistemas mudmivad astimulirebs kulturaTa kontrasti, Sexvedrebi axal adamianebTan, maT gansxvavebul cxovrebis gamocdilebasTan, SexedulebebTan da gemovnebasTan; es mravalferovneba erTdroulad gvamSvidebs da gvarTmevs stabilurobis rwmenas.

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Bbolos unda aRiniSnos postTanamedrove kulturis kidev erTi Tavisebureba, romelic uaryofs sakuTar me-s: is aqcents svams ubralo adamianebis SemoqmedebiT unarebze da TamaSisadmi maT midrekilebaze. axali drois filosofosebi aSkarad ixrebodnen adamianis moqmedebis determinirebuli Teoriebisadmi. maTTvis damaxasiaTebelia adamianebis SegrZnebebis ugulvebelyofa da sakuTar mosazrebaze dayrdnoba, TiTqos mxolod maT SeeZloT im ZiriTadi motivebis gansazRvra, visac isini Seiswavlidnen. Ffroidi amtkicebda, rom adamianuri moqmedebebis miRma umetes SemTxvevaSi dafarulia seqsualuri motivebi da ar aris mTavari, ras fiqroben adamianebi amis Sesaxeb; marqsistebi fiqrobdnen, rom adamianis cnobierebas gansazRvravs ekonomikuri urTierTobebi da ar aris mTavari Tu ras fiqroben adamianebi Tavad amis Sesaxeb; feministebi imis Txrobisas Tu ras ganicdian qalebi amtkiceben, rom swored maT ician yvelaze kargad Tu raSi mdgomareobs qalis WeSmariti moTxovnebi da sulac ar aris mTavari, ras fiqroben Tavad amaze qalebi. Cven ukve ganvixileT postmodernistebis mtkiceba, romlis gameorebasac isini ar eridebian. maTi azriT inteleqtualebs ara aqvT aranairi ufleba CaTvalon, rom isini arian ukeTesebi, vidre saSualo adamiani, amtkicon raSi mdgomareobs WeSmariteba. msgavsi analogiebis mixedviT vkiTxoT maT Tu ratom frTxiloben inteleqtualebi, imitom rom ubralo adamiani motyuvdeba, politikosebi maT teqnologiuri manipulaciebiT aureven Tavgzas Tu postTanamedrovebis idioturi gasarTobebiT da moTxovnebiT daaClungeben? xom ar aris es inteleqtualebis mxridan udidesi qedmaRlobis gamovlineba? ratom aqvT inteleqtualebs WeSmaritebis codnis pretenzia Tu isini TviTonve cdebian xSirad da ver Tanxmdebian erTmaneTSi, ras gulisxmoben isini WeSmaritebaSi? is rasac inteleqtulebi eZaxian sisuleles, aZlevs saSualebas ubralo adamianebs icxovron ise nayofierad, rogorc nebismieri inteleqtuali. samyaroSi sadac aRiarebulia WeSmaritebis mxolod erTi versia, adamianebi miuxedavad amisa qmnian ganusazRvrelad bevr mniSvnelobebs, ise rom ver xvdebian dafarul Sinaarss, SeuZliaT gamoiyenon nivTebi da miiRon cxovrebis gamocdileba. miSel de sertom mis mozaikur wignSi(1984w.) moiyvana uamravi mcire aRmoCenis magaliTi, romelsac qonda adgili adamianis yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi. is Tvlis, rom es magaliTebi aris inteleqtualebis pretenziis usafuZvlobis maCvenebeli, romlebsac ufro metad esmiT cxovrebis, vidre masebs. sertos mtkicebiT adamianebi mudmivad qmnian mniSvnelobebs, igoneben axal saSualebebs Tu rogor gamoiyenon ubralo nivTebi da miiRon axal-axali siamovneba. iseTi trivialuri moqmedebac ki rogoric aris avtomobilis tareba, SesaZloa gaxdes stimuli SemoqmedebisTvis: am dros SesaZlebelia erTdroulad samsaxurSi misvla da lixaCoba; SeiZleba nela siaruli __ arsebobs moZraobis kviris stili; SeiZleba fiqri, marto yofniT tkboba, musikis mosmena, moSveba da sxva mZRolebis Tvalyurisdevneba. amis gaTvaliswinebiT, rogor SeiZleba inteleqtualebs qondeT pretenzia, imaze Tu ra ician ukeT da ras fiqroben ubralo adamianebi, rogor grZnoben Tavs? mkiTxveli, romelic ukve sakmaod gaerkva postmodernizmis wvdomis sakiTxebSi, albad gaocdeba imisgan, rom misTvis aucileblobas warmoadgens, nebismieri mcdeloba gamoiyos movlenis arsebiTi mxareebi. racionalistebi aprovocireben postmodernistebs imaze, rom isini uyeneben braldebebs filosofosebs gadmosaxedidan : adamianis mcdeloba mudmivad msjelobdes WeSmaritebaze, adamianebis dafaruli SesaZleblobebis Zebnis mcdeloba, didi Sromisa da analizis Sedegad gamoavlinos ZiriTadi mniSvnelobebi.

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ramdenadac me Tavad ar viziareb postmodernistebis Sexedulebebs, pirdapir CamovTvli postmodernizmis, maxasiaTeblebs: 1. im Sexedulebebis da azrebis uaryofa, romliTac xasiaTdeba modernis epoqa. 1 WeSmaritebis dadgenis nebismieri pretenziis uaryofa, ramdenadac arsebobs, mxolod misi rogorc inteleqtualuri mimdinareobisa da socialuri movlenis ZiriTad

versiebi. 2 3 auTenturobis uaryofa, ramdenadac yvelaferi araauTenturia. sazrisis dadgenis uaryofa, ramdenadac sazrisebi usasrulod bevria, es faqti ki uimedo

mdgomareobas qmnis sazrisis Ziebisas. 4 5 sxvaobebis konstataciiT miRebuli kmayofileba: interpretaciebSi, faseulobebSi, stilebSi. gansakuTrebuli yuradRebis miqceva siamovnebis mimarT, ararefleqsirebuli cxovrebis

gamocdilebaze orientacia. 6 siamovnebis gancdis miRebis survili zedapirulis, vizualuris, gansxvavebulis, cvlilebebis,

parodiisa da stilizaciisagan.

4. postmodernizmi da informacia.

ra saerTo aqvs yvelafer amas informaciasTan? Ppirveli pasuxi am kiTxvaze gamomdinareobs postmodernistebis Tezisebidan: yvelaferi, rac viciT samyaros Sesaxeb, viciT enis meSveobiT. filosofosebisTvis ganmanaTlebloba iyo naTeli: ena_es aris saSualeba imisTvis, rom aRiweros obieqturi realoba, sityva ar gvzRudavs ganvsazRvroT realoba. postmodernistebi amtkiceben, rom es ar aris imaze meti, vidre miTi enis gamWvirvalobaze, ubralod adre filosofosebi Tvals xuWavdnen yvelafer imaze, rom simboloebi da gamosaxulebebi (anu informacia) warmoadgenda erTaderT realobas, romelTanac gvaqvs saqme. ase da amagvarad Cven ar ganvixilavT realobas sityvebis gareSe, piriqiT ena es aris erTaderTi realoba, romelic CvenTvis aris xelmisawvdomi. miSel fukom erT dros Camoayaliba es azri Semdegnairad: realoba saerTod ar arsebobs; rac arsebobs es aris ena da maSinac ki rodesac vsaubrobT masze, Cven iZulebulebi varT gamoviyenoT mivmarToT isev mas. erT-erTi daskvna, romelic gamomdinareobs am mosazrebidan ase JRers: ena arasdros ar yofila ucodveli (barti1953w.). mag. literaturuli kritikis TvalsazrisiT es mosazreba niSnavs Semdegs: kritikosebi arasdros ar Tvlidnen TavianT amocanad, ukeT daenaxaT kapitalizmis saxe viqtorianuli epoqisa dikensis romanebSi dombi da Svili, an hemingueis moTxrobebis kiTxvisas, ra azrs debda

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vaJkacobaSi, an ganesazRvraT ra gavlena iqonia lourensis aRzrdam mis Semoqmedebaze. kritikosebi gamomdinareoben im mosazrebidan, rom am mwerlebis enis prizmidan Cven SegviZlia mivuaxlovdeT istoriuli periodis realiebs, sqesTa Soris urTierTobaze Sexedulebebs, ojaxuri aRzrdis rols. maTi mizani iyo TavianTi TavisTvis mainc daedginaT enis roli, amasTan erTad taqtianad da garkveulad, anu obieqturad, ramdenadac es aris SesaZlebeli. umaRlesi miRweva, rogorc avtorisTvis, ise kritikosisTvis iyo gadmocemulis aRqmis simartive, ramdenadac maT undodaT daenaxaT teqsts miRma damaluli sinamdvile. rolan bartis mosazrebebi 1960-iani w-is dasawyisSi frangul literaturul wreebSi iwvevda gaugebrobas, imis gamo rom gamodioda zemoT Camoyalibebuli formulirebis winaaRmdeg polemikaSi erT-erT did kritikosTan raimon pigaCTan. bartma SemogvTavaza rasinis wakiTxulis Taviseburi xedva. is amtkicebda, rom misi teqstebis erTmniSvnelovnad gageba Secdomaa da misi Semoqmedeba, romlis axsnac, romeli mxridanac ar unda ganxorcieldes (froidizmis ena, marqsizmis, struqturalizmis da a.S.), agebulia ise, rom misi garkveva SeeZloT mxolod kritikosebs, romlebic ufro gasagebs xdidnen istoriul konteqsts, sadac aRmocendeboda nawarmoebi. centraluri adgili bartis mosazrebaSi ekava ra Tqma unda mosazrebas imis Sesaxeb, rom ena ar aris gamWvirvale da avtorobis arsi(saqme exeba ara mxolod mxatvrul literaturas)aris ara imaSi, rom enis gamoyenebiT mieces saSualeba dainaxos mis miRma mdebare samyaro, aramed Tavad enaSi. A am polemikis kavSiri postmodernizmis problemasTan gaxdeba ufro naTeli Tu Cven gavixsenebT, rom bartma da misma momxreebma gaavrceles principi, romlis Tanaxmadac ena es aris erTaderTi xelmisawvdomi realoba, disciplinebis farTo wreze, istoriidan sociologiamde. TiToeul am disciplinaSi isini cdiloben gaegoT gabatonebuli fraza, romelic daaxasiaTebda mis arss. amis miRwevis Semdeg maT eWvqveS daayenes frazebi (romlebic ra Tqma unda miekuTvnebodnen inteleqtualebs) da rogorc postmodernizms Cvevia, wamoayenes alternatiuli midgomebi, romlebSic ganixilavdnen am disciplinebis sagnebs, mxolod enis terminebis farglebSi (an maTi sayvareli sityvis gamoyenebiT _ diskursi ). mniSvnelovania, rom bartma gamoiyena igive midgoma Tanamedrove samyaros uamravi movlenis mimarT: politikidan dawyebuli, sportuli SejibrebebiT, kinoTi, modiT, samzareuloTi da radiogadacemebiT, sagazeTo publikaciebiT damTavrebuli. amasTan obieqti yovelTvis aRiwereboda, rogorc enobrivi movlena, rogorc masze sasaubro saSualeba. Tu daveTanxmebiT barts, is rac dRes Cven viciT warmmoadgens enis (diskursis) problemas, xolo nebismieri Cveni cxovrebiseuli gamocdileba es aris informaciuli gamocdileba. araferi ar SeiZleba CaiTvalos gamWvirvaled da gasagebad, ramdenadac yvelaferi iqmneba enis saSualebiT da gaigeba enis meSveobiT. arsebiTi daskvna informaciis postmodernuli analizis mdgomareobs imaSi, rom Cven vcxovrobT samyaroSi, romelzec gvaqvs garkveuli informacia. piriqiT, Cven vcxovrobT samyaroSi romelic Seqmnilia informaciis saSualebiT.

5. Jan bodriari.

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Jan bodriari (dab.1929w.) aris albaT yvelaze cnobili postmodernist-sociologi, romelmac gamoiyena iseTi filosofosebis mier gamoyenebuli principebi, rogorebic iyvnen rolan barti (19151980w.), imisTvis, raTa ganexila informaciuli sferos problemebi. SemdgomSi Cven SevCerdebiT mis mier damuSavebul garkveul sakiTxebze da problemis miseul xedvebze, es mogvcems saSualebas ukeT gavigoT kavSiri postmodernizmsa da informacias Soris. Bbodriaris mosazrebiT, Tanamedrove kultura es aris niSnebis kultura. yvelaferi rasac dRes vexebiT, metnaklebad exeba mniSvnelobas, bevri ram dakavSirebulia masobrivi sakomunikacio saSualebebis ganviTarebasTan, rac amavdroulad moqmedebs Cvens yoveldRiur cxovrebaze, urbanizaciis procesze da mosaxleobis gazrdil mobilobaze. sakmarisia mimovixedoT, rom daveTanxmoT Semdeg mosazrebas: yovel nabijze vxvdebiT niSnebs da sxvadasxva tipis aRmniSvnelebs. Cven gvaRviZebs radio; Cven vuyurebT televizors da vkiTxulobT gazeTebs; dRis umetes nawils vatarebT ise, rom vusmenT musikas, romelic ismis kompiuteridan, televizoridan Tu musikaluri centridan; isic ki Tu rogor viparsavT da viWriT Tmas atarebs simbolur mniSvnelobas; Cveni Cacmulobac atarebs niSnobriv xasiaTs; Cven vrTavT Cvens sacxovreblebs sxvadasxva nivTebiT, romelic raRacas niSnavs; Cven viyenebT parfiumerias imisTvis, rom gadavceT garSemomyofebs garkveuli gzavnili; samsaxurSi mivdivarT avtomobiliT, romelic warmoadgens niSans( aRWurvilni arian sistemebiT, romlebic ganuwyvetliv gadmogvcemen niSnebs); Cven vsadilobT mniSvnelobebiT (saWmeli xom SeiZleba iyos Cinuri, italiuri, vegetarianuli, qolesteriniT an mis gareSe); gverds uvliT simbolur niSnebs,(romlebic ganTavsebulia bankebze, maRaziebze, skolebze), vstumrobT maT. ra Tqma unda adamianebi yvela droSi iyenebdnen simbolur niSnebs, magram arcerTi sazogadoeba ar yofila CaZiruli im zRva niSnebSi, rogorSic varT Cven. marTalia industriul sazogadoebaSic arseboben rTuli ierarqiuli sistemebi, mdidruli religiuri ceremoniebi da mravalferovani zeimebi, ra drosac niSnebis gamoyenebisas iyo mkacri wesebi da SezRudvebi. im dros adamiani xvdeboda erTi da igive adamianebs garkveul adgilebSi da es yvelaferi eqvemdebareboda garkveul wesebs. dRes Cven mudmivad vejaxebiT ucnob adamianebs da vurTierTobT maTTan, magram eseni arian erTeuli adamianebi, Tavisi rolebiT: avtobusis mgzavrebi, kbilis eqimTan rigSi mdgari pacienti, baris stumari. amasTan erTad Cven viRebT informacias nebismier dros da nebismieri adgilidan gazeTebis, wignebis, radios, pleeris, televiziisa da internetis meSveobiT. am saxiT sagnebis arsebobis konstatacia bodriarisTvis aris sayrdeni punqti: dRes Cveni cxovreba es aris niSnebis SeuCerebeli cirkulacia, imis Sesaxeb Tu ra moxda msoflioSi (axali ambebis niSnebi); rogori adgili giWiravT Tqven sazogadoebaSi (statusisa da pativiscemis niSnebi); ra funqcias asrulebs esa Tu is Senoba (arqiteqturuli niSnebi); rogori esTetikuri upiratesobebi arsebobs (afiSebi, reklama, banerebi) da a.S. rogorc jon fiksma SeniSna kritikosi, romelic iziarebs bodriaris Sexedulebebs Cveni sazogadoebis niSnebiT gadatvirTvasTan dakavSirebiT mxars uWers

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fundamenturad gansxvavebul mosazrebas sazogadoebis Sesaxeb, gansxvavebiT winamdebarisgan. televizoris mayurebeli erTi saaTis ganmavlobaSi iRebs ufro met gamosaxulebebs, vidre industriamdel sazogadoebaSi mTeli Tavisi cxovrebis manZilze. gi deboris gamoTqmas Tu gamoviyenebT, Cveni sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis speqtaklad gadaqcevis Sesaxeb, amas jer kidev aRniSnavdnen wina Taobis filosofosebi. safrangeTSi situacionistebi popularulebi iyvnen 1960-ian wlebSi da maT miekuTvneba postmodernistebisadmi ar SeiZleba, isini agreTve Tvlidnen, rom niSnebiT gadatvirTva, TavisTavad niSnavs sazogdoebis sistemur gardaqmnas. ubralod bodriari da msgavsi saxis ganwyobis matarebeli sociologebi wavidnen kidev ufro Sors da daaskvnes, rom saqme aramxolod niSnebSia. maT gamoyves postTanamedrovebis sxva maxasiaTeblebic, romelebic mianiSneben warsulTan wyvetas. Cven ukeT gavigebT maT TvalTaxedvas Tu rogor xsnidnen niSnebis-supermarketis aRmocenebas axali drois sociologebi, Hherbert Sileri da iurgen habermasi. isini eTanxmebodnen niSnebis raodenobis zrdas, magram amasTan erTad Tvlidnen, rom Tu maT gamoviyenebT gonivrulad, maSin maTi meSveobiT Cveni cxovreba gaxdeba ukeTesi. am midgomis farglebSi, SeiZleba aRiniSnos, rom niSnebis gamoyenebiT yvelaferi ar gvardeba. magram Tu am nakls aRmovfxvriT, maSin es dagvexmareba SevqmnaT ufro demokratiuli sazogadoeba, ufro myari socialuri kavSirebiT. Aam midgomis momxreebi mzad arian miuTiTon niSnebis gamoyenebisas, maT damaxinjebaze, rasac mivyavarT garkveulwilad autenturobis dakargvasTan, riTic aferxeben sazogadoebis ganviTarebis Riaobas da masSi namdvil socialur kavSirs. es avtorebi aRSfoTebas gamoTqvaven televiziaSi uamravi sapnis operis gaCenasTan dakavSirebiT, ramdenadac isini aufasureben da ayalbeben adamianis yoveldRiur cxovrebas. amasaTan erTad igulisxmeba, rom arsebobs namdvili drama da is SeiZleba iyos adaptirebuli satelevizio moTxovnebisadmi.Aaxali drois mkvlevarebi didi Zalisxmevis Sedegad cdiloben gamoavlinon is meTodebi, romliTac maxinjdeba movlenaTa realuri suraTi axal ambebSi. mTeli es suraTi efuZneba postulats imis Sesaxeb, rom realuri suraTi SesaZlebelia aRdges.MmaTve SeuZliaT gaaproteston is, rom moda Tavisi cudi gemovnebiT da komerciuli mosazrebebiT rogor moqmedebs axalgazrdebze. yvela es mosazreba da protesti modis iqidan, rom moda SeiZleba iyos ufro autenturi. miuxedavad yvelafrisa bodriari ar cdilobs gamoasworos damaxinjebuli komunikacia, misi mizani ar aris autenturoba. misi azriT, ramdenadac yvelaferi davida niSnebamde, xelovnuroba da autenturoba gardauvalia niSnis bunebidan gamomdinare. Tanamedrove filosofosebi Tvlian, rom niSnis ukan imaleba garkveuli realoba, SesaZloa damaxinjebuli, niSnis araswori gamoyenebiT, miuxedavad amisa es aris realoba, magram bodriarisTvis yvelaferi mxolod niSnebia da meti araferi. ramdenadac arsebobs aseTi faqti, araautenturobisagan gaqceva SeuZlebelia da ara aqvs azri imis mtkicebas, rom Cven amas SevZlebT. televizoris mayurebelma SeuZlia uyuros ukanasknel ambebs da CaTvalos, rom mis mier nanaxi niSnebi asaxaven realobas: is rac xdeba msoflioSi. magram Tu davfiqrdebiT, mivxvdebiT, rom ukanaskneli ambebi, aris movlenaTa mxolod versia dafuZnebuli mxolod Jurnalistebis kontaqtebze, niusmeikerebis xelmisawvdomobaze, moralur faseulobebze da imave Jurnalistebis politikur gemovnebaze. Tu Cven SevZlebT davinaxoT, rom satelevizio ambebi ar aris namdvili, aramed Jurnalistebis naxelavi, maSin rogor SeiZleba sxva SemTxvevaSi niSnebi

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aRwerdnen realur situacias? bodriarisTvis realoba iwyeba da mTavrdeba televizoris ekranze arsebuli niSnebiT. am niSnebis nebismieri analizi migviyvans axali ambebis arc ise realur versiasTan, ubralod gaCndeba kidev erTi axali niSnebis nakrebi, romelic viTom asxavs niSnebis miRma arsebul romeliRac realobas. bodriari kidev ufro anviTarebs am ideas da amtkicebs, rom dRes veravis ver gaakvirveb imiTi, rom niSnebi araautenturia. postTanamedrovebis kulturaSi es gaxda Cveulebrivi ram. erT wuTs warmoidginos vinmem, rom reklama simarTles ambobs ama Tu im saqonlis xarsxze. kritikosebis gaRizianebis ZiriTadi mizezi aris sicrue. maTi mtkicebiT reklma, romelic mianiSnebs, rom garkveuli Sampuni gagxdiT Tqven ufro seqsualurad mimzidvels, xolo garkveuli alkoholuri sasmeli __ sazogadoebis guls, amaxinjebs simarTles. es kritikosebi , romlebic amxelen reklamis Semqmnelebis triukebs (cru asociaciebi, fsiqologiuri damuSaveba da a.S.) eyrdnobian or mosazrebas. pirvel rigSi, myidvels aqvs ufleba icodes am triukebis Sesaxeb, amis gareSe igi brmaa. meore _ SesaZlebelia Seiqmnas iseTi reklama, romelic realurad asaxavs reklamirebuli produqtis xarisxs. Bbodriari pasuxobs, rom ubralo adamianebi ar arian im inteleqtualebze utvinoebi, rogorebic arian vens pakardi da kenet gelbrait i. ra Tqma unda maT esmiT, rom reklama es aris mxolod reklama da ar qmnian amisgan problemas. reklama es aris TamaSi, simulacia, es aramxolod inteleqtualbma ician, es icis yvelam. yvelam icis, rom koka-kola ver aswavlis msoflios simReras, rom leviss ar ZaluZs gadaaqcios Suaxnis mamakaci oci wlis apolonad, riglisis kevis ReWvisas aranairi Tavbrusdamxvevi romantikuli Tavgadasavali ar SegemTxveva. Tu es simarTlea xeli CaviqnioT reklamaze. adamianebs reklama moswonT ara imitom, rom is atarebs garkveul mesijs (swored amaSi mdgomareobs misi avtorebis mizani) da ra Tqma unda arc imitom, rom is arwmunebs maT gaemgzavron sayidlebze, mowonebis mTavari mizezi mdgomareobs siamovnebis miniWebaSi. reklama es aris speqtakli, romelic aRagznebs (bodriari, 1983w.) da meti araferi. vin icis da vis ainteresebs, ras niSnavs firma fordis reklama, ginesis an sxva. politikuri informaciiT manipulireba dafuZnebulia politikosebis da maTi mrCevelebis safuZvlian mzadebaze sazogadoebasTan urTierTobis, mediis winaSe gamosvlis dros. es aris repeticiebi, winaswari brifingebi, damuSavebuli scenebi, informaciis gadacemis meTodebi, Cacmuloba, grimi. am yvelafris kritika dafuZnebulia mosazrebaze, rom politikosi unda iyos Ria, marTali da pirdapiri, ar unda imalebodes media niRbiT, romelic atyuebs da ubnevs gzas sazogadoebas. bodriari pasuxs cems am axali drois adamianebs ornairad: erTi mxriv is amtkicebs, rom niSnebis arseboba, romlebsac ZaluZT zustad gadmoscen da mogviyvnen simarTle, maTze vinc qmnis politikas aris mxolod da mxolod ocneba. medias ZaluZs asaxos mxolod movlenebis mcire nawili, zogierTi politikosis da politikuri partiis Sexeduleba. sxva mizezebic, rom ar ganvixiloT, ubralod drois ukmarisobac ki migviyvans gadmocemuli poziciebis da problemebis damaxinjebamde. amas Tu daemateba politikosebis midrekileba pirvel planze wamowion is argumentebi, romlebic metyveleben maTi TvalTaxedvis sasargeblod maSin naTeli xdeba, rom politikuri cxovrebis zusti asaxva mediisTvis SeuZlebelia. bodriaris mosazrebiT, is rom mediam unda moaxerxos Sekribos erTad politikur problemebze yvela mosazreba, azrs ukargavs maTTan erTad warmodgenil iqnes alternatiuli mosazrebebi, alternatiuli pozicia iqneboda damatebiT kidev erTi simulacia politikis obieqturad

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gadmocemis TvalsazrisiT. bodriari aseve amtkicebs, rom ramdenadac yvelasTvis aris cnobili, raSic aris saqme, arc aravin ar Relavs amasTan dakavSirebiT. Cven yvelam viciT, rom politika falsificirebulia, amitom Cven ubralod viRebT siamovnebas am speqtaklidan, xolo mis Sinaars vukeTebT ignorirebas. Aam logikis Tanaxmad unda vaRiaroT, rom sazogadoebis urTierToba politikasTan moaswavebs niSnis sikvdils. adamianebs esmiT, rom niSani es aris simulacia, rom is arafers ar niSnavs, sxva rac ar unda SevTavazoT ar eqneba azri, garemoSi SeiZleba xdebodes an yvelaferi an araferi. sabolood mivdivarT im daskvnamde, rasac ayalibebs bodriari: Cven vawarmoebT uamrav niSans, romelebic ar gadmocemen aranair Sinaarss. umravlesoba niSnebis, romlebsac viRebT televiziiT, ferwera, plastikuri xelovneba, audiovizualuri gamosaxuleba an sinTetikuri gamoaxuleba, isini arcerTi arafers ar niSnavs. Tu masebs esmiT, rom niSnebi mxolod simulireben, maSin Cven vawydebiT situacias, rodesac niSnebis didma nawilma dakarges mniSvneloba. aRmocendnen niSnebi, aRmniSvnelis gareSe, ara niSnebi aramed simulakrebi, maT SeiZleba vuyuroT, isini cimcimeben Cvens Tvalwin da SesaZloa gvaniWeben siamovnebas, magram ara aqvT aranairi azri. ai es aris postTanamedroveba. magaliTebi, romlebic moviyvaneT, imisTvis, rom warmomdegina bodriaris Sexedulebebi postTanamedrovebis kulturaze, miekuTvneboda ZiriTadaT media sferos, misi mniSvnelobidan gamomdinare da imitomac, rom es sfero pirvelad modis gonebaSi, rodesac saubaria informaciul afeTqebaze. miuxedavad amisa mxedvelobaSi unda gvqondes, rom bodriari rodesac aRwerda speqtaklis sazogadoebas miekuTvneboda am gansazRvrebas sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis yvela sferos mimarT. misi azriT saqme exeba aramxolod medias. Tu Cven gvinda gaverkveT amaSi, gavixsenoT Tu ras miaweren niSnis statuss; gavixsenoT Casacmeli; forma, figura, restornis dizaini, arqiteqtura, maRaziebis vitrinebi, avtomobilebi, hobi __ es yvelaferi informaciulad gaxda gadatvirTuli. Dda am yvelafris kvlevas cdiloben axali drois ideologebi Rrma azrisa da autenturobis TvalsazrisiT. maT undaT gaigon, rogori unda iyos adamianis aRnagoba, ra unda daidos maRaziis vitrinebze, raTa momxmarebelma minimaluri danaxarjis wyalobiT SeZlos moZebna imisi, rac maT surT. magram bodriars msgavsi midgoma aranairad ar akmayofilebs. is uaryofs mas CvenTvis nacnobi argumentis safuZvelze dayrdnobiT: autenturobis Zieba, romelsac mimarTaven axali drois ideologebi uazrobaa, ramdenadac niSnebi ar asaxaven realobas, isini simulireben. bodriari konkretulad gulisxmobs imas, rom dRes adamianis figura aris, misi arCevanis sakiTxi da adamianebs gauCndaT SesaZlebloba akonstruiron TavianTi aRnagoba. tanma SeiZina plastiuroba, is SeiZleba Seicvalos varjiSiT, dietiT, CasacmeliT da qirurgiuli CareviTac ki, man SeiZina cvlilebis unari. Aaxali drois adamiani amaze gagvcems or pasuxs: is an dagmobs am eqsperimentebs an urCevs adamians, romelic ganicdis msgavs problemebs, Seecados Wamos cota da SeinarCunos misi namdvili janmrTeloba. AmasTan erTad axali drois adamiani yovelTvis gulisxmobs autentur figuras, daumaxinjebels, gansxvavebuls Tanamedrove modelebisagan da arc im gaumaZRari adamianebis msgavss, romlebic ignorireben eqspertebis rCevas kvebasa da janmrTelobas Soris kavSiris Sesaxeb. bodriari pasuxs cems yovelive amas, aranari namdvili figura ara aqvs adamians. Tavad dietologebi ver Tanxmdebian Tu ra kavSiri arsebobs janmrTelobis mdgomareobasa da figuras

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Soris, ganusazRvrelad farTe arCevanis pirobebSi TiToeuli Tavad irCvevs sakuTar figuras gemovnebis mixedviT. saqme iqamde midis, rom tans SeiZleba mivaniWoT sxvadasxva forma da arcerTi ar iqneba autenturi, arcerTi ar SeiZleba CavTvaloT namdvilad, sxva ki misgan gadaxrad. es aris mxolod niSnebi, mniSvnelobaTa gareSe. es SesaZlebelia SevamowmoT kiTxvis dasmiT, ra azrs atarebs dRes garkveuli figura? bodriaris mosazrebiT yvela azri gaqra, gaqrnen imitom, rom adamianebma ukve ician, rom tanis niSnebi araautenturia. ras niSnavs dResdReobiT mag. sigamxdre? imisken swrafvas, rom iyo momxibvleli, anoreqsias, narcisizms, janmrTeli cxovrebis wess Tu Sepyrobilobas? figuram dakarga Tavisi niSnobrivi funqcia. exla es aris is, rasac Cven ganvicdiT, magram arc ki vcdilobT interpretacias. Aaq SeiniSneba socialuri konstruqtivistebis da niSnebTan urTierTobis gavlena bodriarze. Tu fenomeni socialurad gansazRvrulia, maSin maTi mosazrebiT is warmoadgens simulacias, siyalbes da mis miRma ar arsebobs aranairi realoba.Aamis axsnas cdilobs bodriari misi cnobili mosazrebiT disneilendis Sesaxeb. misi azriT disneilendi ar aris amerikis namdvili simbolo. (axali drois filosofosebi araerTxel werdnen, rom es aris gasarTobi centri __ amerikis miTo logiuri xorcSesxma, misi faseulobebiT, xolo misi damTvaliereblebi, romlebic erTobian iq muSavdebian ideologiurad). piriqiT, Tvlis bodriari, disneilendi es aris saSualeba raTa vaRiaroT, rom mTeli Tanamedrove amerika es aris konstruqcia, gamogoneba, misi patara qalaqebidan dawyebuli, maTTvis damaxasiaTebeli centraluri quCiT, damTavrebuli giganturi qalaqebiT, maTi centrebiT, korporaciis uamravi ofisebiT. misi mosazrebiT, mTeli qveyana aris hiperrealoba, romelSic niSnebi ( romlebic xSirad atareben materialur formas) ar niSnavs arafers, garda Tavisi Tavis. bodriari zustad SeniSnavs: disneilendi axdens Tavisi Tavis prezentacias, rogorc warmosaxviT TamaSs imisTvis, rom dagvajeros, rom yvelaferi mis miRma realuria, maSin rodesac los_anjelesi da mTeli amerika aRar aris realuri, es aris hiperrealoba da simulacia. postTanamedrovebis epoqaSi qreba zRvari realobasa da ararealobas Soris, autentursa da araautenturs Sori, WeSmaritsa da yalbs Soris. xelovnurobis win wamowevisas yvela ZiriTadi sagnebi orTqldeba. Zveli qalaqi, zRvispira kurorti da gasarTobi centri __ es aris hiperrealoba da maT miRma ar arsebobs araferi realuri. Yyvelaferi es siyalbea da aranair autenturobaze ar SeiZleba iyos saubari. am konteqstis farglebSi bodriari exeba problemas, romelsac manmade 30_ian wlebSi ganixilavda uolter benJameni, romelic miuTiTebda meqanikurad aRqmadi xelovnebis nimuSebis Seqmnis Sedegebze. benJameni werda, rom kinos, fotografiis, radios gamogonebiT qreba is aura, romelic arsebobda xelovnebis nimuSebis irgvliv da dakavSirebuli iyo maT unikalurobasTan. amJamad arsebobs SesaZlebloba aRviqvaT es Zeglebi maTi konteqstis gareSe. bodriari gvTavazobs termin simulakrs, im niSnebis aRsaniSnavad, romelTac ar gaaCniaT originali. kompakdiskis mosmenisas originalis gageba kargavs azrs, im drosac ki Tu maSi Cawerilia cocxlad Sesrulebuli musika, imis gamo, rom is damuSavda studiaSi. Tu movlenebi viTardeba im samyaroSi, sadac realobis aRqma dakargulia, maSin iq niSnebsac aqvT dakarguli TavianTi mniSvneloba (bodriaris terminologiiT, maT ganicades implozacia).

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magram aman ar unda SegvaSfoTos, ramdenadac yovelTvis unda gvaxsovdes postmodernistebis sayvareli gamonaTqvami: auditoria yovelTvis axdens niSnebis Sinaarsis ignorirebas. Aarc ise didi xnis win Tanamedrovebis ideologebi daibnen imaze kamaTSi Tu ras niSnavs masiurad televiziis win msxdomi diasaxlisebis uzarmaziari armia da energiuli turistebi, romlebic istoriuli ZeglTan moxvedrisas aucileblad uReben mas suraTs, xolo nomerSi dabrunebisas warmodgena ara aqvT Tu sad iyvnen. am kamaTSi iviwyeben Cveulebrivi adamianis SemoqmedebiT unarebs. sinamdvileSi mocimcime ekrani imyofeba mudmivad aqtiur mdgomareobaSi, mas enTuziazmiT rTaven erTi arxidan meoreze, mayurebeli telefoniT saubrobs megobrebTan, ukeTeben nanaxs komentars (ramdenad warmatebiT sxva saqmea), xolo igive turistebi nacionalur muzeumSi seirnobisas dakavebulebi arian uamravi saqmiT: ocneboben, msjeloben Tu ratom gavs gidi ese Zalian maT naTesavs, ganixilaven Tu sad SeiZleba isadilon, layboben sxva damTvaliereblebTan. Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, rom ubralo adamiani did winaaRmdegobas uwevs niSnebis zemoqmedebas, SeiZleba mivideT daskvnamde, rom postTanamedrovebaSi auditoria sulac ar Sedgeba im adamianebisagan, romlebic Ddatyvevebulebi arian Tavbrudamxvevi niSnebis mier, rasac ase ufrTxodnen Tanamedrove sazogadoebis adamianebi. sinamdvileSi auditoria ver xedavs verafers da ar esmis araferi, is ubralod tkbeba im speqtakliT, romelsac TamaSobs misTvis Tanamedrove sazogadoeba.

6. jani vatimo, 7. mark posteri, 8. Jan fransua liotari, 9. kritikuli komentarebi, 10. postTanamedrove sazogadoeba, Sejameba