KHI QUT V NHM HALOGEN

I - NHM HALOGEN TRONG BNG TUN HON CC NGUYN T

Nhm VIIA trong bng tun hon gm 5 nguyn t: Flo ( s 9, thuc chu k 2), clo ( s 17, thuc
chu k 3), brom ( s 35, thuc chu k 4), iot ( s 53, thuc chu k 5) v atatin ( s 85, thuc chu
k 6).
C 5 nguyn t trn u ng cui chu k, ngay trc kh him. Chng c gi l cc halogen (ting
Latinh ngha l sinh ra mui).
Atatin khng gp trong thin nhin. N c iu ch nhn to bng cc phn ng ht nhn. Atatin c
nghin cu trong nhm cc nguyn t phng x.
Nh vy nhm halogen c nghin cu y bao gm flo, clo, brom v iot.

II - CU HNH ELECTRON NGUYN T V CU TO PHN T CA
CC NGUYN T TRONG NHM HALOGEN
Lp electron ngoi cng ca nguyn t cc halogen c 7 electron: 2 electron trn obitan s v 5 electron
trn cc obitan p. Nh vy, cu hnh electron lp ngoi cng ca nguyn t cc halogen l ns2np5 (n l s
th t ca lp ngoi cng).


T flo n iot, s lp electron tng dn v electron lp ngoi cng cng xa ht nhn hn.
trang thi c bn, nguyn t cc halogen u c mt electron c thn.
Lp electron ngoi cng ca nguyn t flo l lp th hai nn khng c phn lp d. Nguyn t clo, brom v
iot c phn lp d cn trng, khi c kch thch, 1, 2 hoc 3 electron c th chuyn n nhng
obitan d cn trng:

Electron lp ngoi cng trng thi c bn Electron lp ngoi cng trng thi kch thch

Nh vy, cc trng thi kch thch, nguyn t clo, brom hoc iot c th c 3, 5 hoc 7 electron c
thn. iu ny gp phn gii thch kh nng tn ti cc trng thi oxi ha ca clo, brom, iot.
n cht halogen khng phi l nhng nguyn t ring r m l nhng phn t:
Hai nguyn t halogen X kt hp vi nhau bng lin kt cng ha tr to thnh phn t X2:


Nng lng lin kt XX ca phn t X2 khng ln (t 151 n 243 kJ/mol), nn cc phn t
halogen tng i d tch thnh hai nguyn t.

III - KHI QUT V TNH CHT CA CC HALOGEN
1. Tnh cht vt l
Trong nhm halogen, cc tnh cht vt l nh: Trng thi tp hp, mu sc, nhit nng chy, nhit
si...bin i c quy lut.
Bng 5.1
Mt s c im ca cc halogen

Flo khng tan trong nc v n phn hy nc rt mnh. Cc halogen khc tan tng i t trong ncv tan
nhiu trong mt s dung mi hu c.
2.Tnh cht ha hc
V lp electron ngoi cng c cu hnh tng t nhau nn cc halogen c nhiu im ging nhau v tnh cht
ha hc ca n cht cng nh v thnh phn v tnh cht ca cc hp cht.
Nguyn t halogen X vi 7 electron lp ngoi cng d dng thu thm 1 electron to thnh ion
m X c cu hnh electron ca kh him lin k trong bng tun hon:
X + 1e X
...ns2np5 ...ns2np6
Cc halogen c m in ln. m in ca flo (bng 3,98) l ln nht trong tt c cc nguyn t ha
hc. T flo n clo, brom v iot, bn knh nguyn t tng dn v m in gim dn.
Halogen l nhng phi kim in hnh, chng l nhng cht oxi ha mnh. Kh nng oxi ha ca cc halogen
gim dn t flo n iot.
Trong cc hp cht, flo lun lun c s oxi ha 1, cc halogen khc ngoi s oxi ha 1 cn c cc s oxi
ha +1, +3, +5, +7.
Nhng iu khi qut k trn s c thy r rng v c th hn qua cc bi hc v tng nguyn t halogen.