H¡t½
a#¯K-µ¢-j¢,
o¡-hp¬O-j¢\«
Cª Q-c¤-l-j¢ 22~c®,
H-j¤ J¡-k-·® hk-i¡-q¢-´®
G-×-l¤« ±d¢i-¨dç-¶-Y¡-i¢-j¤¼
©J¡-h¢-J® o®±T¢-dç¢-c® Au-d-Y®
l-i-oæ® Y¢J-i¤-J-i¡-X®
■■ ©L¡-J¤v ©L¡-d¡-kJ
- ¦-nX
® u
1961 Q- c ¤- l - j ¢ 22~¨k h¡-
Y¦-g¥-h¢ B-r®µ-dç-Y¢-dç¢-
¨Ê 83~¡« ©d-Q¢v (d¤-o®Y-J« 38,
k-´« 45) Q¢. Aj-l¢-z-¨Ê `¨O-s¢i
h-c¤-n¬-j¤«, l-k¢i ©k¡-J-l¤«’ F¼
©J¡-h¢-J® o®±T¢-d¢ç ¨- Ê B-a¬-k´ - « A-µ-
T¢-µ¤-l-¼-©dç¡w A-Y® B-©L¡q ©J¡-
h¢-J® o®±T¢-dç¢-¨Ê O-j¢-±Y-·¢v-Y-¨¼
±m-©Ú-i-h¡i H-j¤ O¤l-T¤-¨l-dç¡-i¢ h¡-
s¤-¨h-¼® B-j¤« ±d-Y£-È¢-µ¤ J¡-X¡u
l-r¢-i¢-k.ë F-É¢-c®, ±L¡-e¢-J® c-©s-×£-l¢-
¨Ê lo-É-J¡-k-h¡i C-¼¤-©d¡-k¤«,
Aj-l¢-z-¨Ê o®±T¢-dç¢-¨Ê ±d¡-b¡-c¬«
c-½w hk-i¡-q¢-Jw d¥t-Xh-å ¡-i¤« Dw-
¨´¡-©Ù¡ F-¼® o«m-i¢-©´-Ù¢-i¢-
j¢-´¤-¼¤.
oh- J ¡- k £c i¡- Z ¡t- Ï ¬- ¹ - ¨ q
H-j¤ `a¤¯K-µ¢j¢-’-©i¡-¨T ©c¡-´¢-´Ù
`¨O-s¢i h-c¤-n¬-j¤« l-k¢i ©k¡-J-l¤«’
l¡i-c-´¡t-´® l¬-Y¬-o®Y-h¡i H-j¤
l¡i-c¡-c¤-g-l-h¡-i¢-j¤-¼¤ o-½¡-c¢-
µ-Y® A-Y¤-l-¨j h¡-Y¦-g¥-h¢ B-r®O-dç-
Y¢-dç¢v d-Y¢-l¡-i¢ ±d-o¢-Ú£-J-j¢-µ¢-
j¤¼ ©J¡-h¢-J® o®±T¢-dç® V¢-o®c¢-i¤-¨T
`O¢-j¢-´¤¼ h¦L-©k¡-J’-h¡-i¢-j¤-¼¤. Yt-
Òh ¨Oà-¨dç¶ A-©h-j¢-´u p¬¥h-
s¢v-c¢-¼® ©hv-dç-sº `a¤¯-K-µ¢-j¢’-i¢-
©k-´¤¾ a¥-j« ¨O-s¤-Y¡-i¢-j¤-¼¢-kë.
B J¤-Y¢-µ¤-O¡-¶« o-½¡-c¢µ AØ-j-
d礫, B-pë¡-a-l¤« A-´¡-k-¨· l¡i-
c-´¡-j¤-¨T J-·¤-J-q¢v ±dJ-T-h¡-X®.
¨e-±f¤-l-j¢ 26, 1961~¨k B-r®O-dç-Y¢-
dç¢v (d¤-o®Y-J« 38, k-´« 50) ±m£.
J¡-X¢-dç-à¥t mÆ-ju c-Ø¥-Y¢-j¢-dç¡-T®
k-´« 47--~¨k o®±T¢-dç¢-¨c-´¤-s¢-¨µ-r¤-
Y¢-i¢-j¢-´¤-¼-Y® ``J-Z¡-d¡-±Y-¹-q¤-¨T
`o®©Y¡-g«’ l¢-©m-n« Y-¨¼” F-¼¡-X.®
F-¼¡v, A-T¤· k-´« ±d-o¢-Ú£-J-
j¢µ J-·¢v ±m£h-Y¢ h¡k-Y¢-i¡-J-¨¶,
p¡-o¬-O¢-±Y-dj- Ø- j- ©- i-i¤«, O¢-±Y-J¡-j-
©c-i¤« A-g¢-cz - ¢-´¤-©Ø¡-r¤«, ``e-k¢-Y«
J¤s-µ¤-J¥-T¢ D-Ù¡-i¡v c-¼®” F¼
A-g¢-±d¡-i-h¡-X® h¤-©¼¡-¶¤-l-µ-Y®. d-j¢-
O¢-Y-h¡i ©k¡J-·¢-¨k Ad-j¢-O¢-Y-
h¡i `O¢-j¢’-i¡-i¢-j¤-¼¤ Aj-l¢-z-¨Ê
©J¡-h¢-J® o®±T¢-dç¢-¨Ê h¤K-h¤-±a. A-¼¤-
l-©j-i®´¤« H-¼® ¨d¡-¶¢-µ¢-j¢-µ® h-s¼¤-
J-q-©iÙ H-¼¡-i¢-j¤-¼-©kë¡ ©J¡-h¢-J®
o®±T¢-dç®/J¡t-¶¥x.
A-d¥tá
±d-Y¢g
B- K ¬¡- c - ~ - J - Z ¡o- z tg- ¹ - q ¤- ¨ T
o-Æ£t-XY -å J
- ¨- q, `dw-d®ç Bt-¶’® F-¼®
h¤-±a-J¤·-¨dç¶ ©J¡-h¢-J® Bt-¶¢-c®,
A-Y£-l-p¦-a¬-h¡-i¢ Y-¨¼ ¨¨J-J¡-j¬«
¨O-à¡u o¡-b¢-´¤-¨h-¼® ©k¡J-·¢-c®
J¡-X¢-µ¤-¨J¡-T¤· A-d¥tá ±d-Y¢-
g-J-q¤-¨T h¤u-c¢-j-i¢v Aj-l¢-z-¨c
±d-Y¢-n®U¢-©µ h-Y¢-i¡-J¥. 1960-- ~J-q¤-
21 Qc¤lj¢ 2011
¨T Al-o¡-c-·¢v, `A-©h-j¢-´u
JªÙt Jw-µt h¥-l¨® h-Ê¢’-¨Ê g¡L-h¡-
i¡-X® ©J¡-h¢-J® o®±T¢-d/®ç f¤-´® Q£-l¢Y
i¡-Z¡t-Ϭ-¹-¨q A-g¢-o«-©f¡-bc
¨O-à¡u Y¤T-¹¢-iY - .® ¨O-s¤-f¡-k¬-´¡-
j¤-¨T c¢-n®J-q-Æ-©k¡-J-·¢v c¢-¼¤«,
h¤- Y ¢t¼- l - j ¤- ¨ T B- J ¤- k - Y - J - q ¤- ¨ T
©k¡J- · ¢- © k- i ® - ´ ¤¾ H- j ¤ o§¡Y-
±É¬-±d-K¬¡-d-c-h¡-i¢-j¤-¼¤ A-©h-j¢-´-
i¢-¨k ‘COMIX’ h¥-l®¨h-Ê®. (A-Vw-¶®
F-¼t-Ï« l-j¤¼ ‘Y’ A-lt Dd-©i¡-
L¢- µ - Y ¤- Y - ¨ ¼ ‘Comix’-v c¢- ¼ ¤¾
a¥-j-¨· o¥-O¢-dç¢-´¤-l¡-c¡-i¢-j¤-¼¤).
‘Comix’ h¥-l¨ ® h-Ê¢v-c¢-¼¤« ±d-©O¡-ac - «
Dw-¨´¡Ù H-j¤ Yk-h¤-s-i¤-¨T (Bt-¶®
o®d£-Lv-h¡-c¤« h-פ«) Dªt-Ò-h¡-X®,
l¢-±m-h-Q£-l¢-Y« c-i¢-µ¤-¨J¡-Ù¢-j¤¼
l¢v ¨F-o®c-¨s ©J¡-h¢-J®o¢-©k-´¤
Y¢-j¢-¨J ¨J¡-Ù¤-l-¼-Y¤«, ©k¡J-·¢-
¨k B-a¬ `±L¡-e¢-J® ©c¡-lv F¼-s¢-i-
¨dçT- ¤¼ `©J¡x-±T¡-JT® ® l¢-·® ©L¡-V’®
(A contract with God) 1970-~J-q¤-¨T h-b¬-
·¢v ±d-o¢-Ú£-Jj- ¢-d¢ç µ - Y
- ¤«. F-¼¡v,
©k¡J- · ¢- ¨ Ê C- © ¹- i - × - · ® , Cª
¨J¡-µ¤ ©Jj-q-·¢v ©J¡-h¢-J® o®±T¢-dç®
F¼ h¡-b¬-h-¨·, Aj-l¢-zu A-©Y
Lªj-l-©·¡-©T-i¤«, oªz-j¬-©·¡-
©T-i¤« 1961 h¤-Yv o-h£-d¢-µ¢-j¤-¼¤
F-¼Y - ® l¢-oh® i - ©- ·¡-¨T-ik - ¡ë ¨- Y h-¨×-
¹-¨c-i¡-X® J¡-X¡u J-r¢-i¤J?
 1961~v Y¤T-¹¢ B-a¬- J¤-©s ltn-
¹-q¢v `¨O-s¢i h-c¤-n¬-j¤«, l-k¢i
©k¡-J-l¤«’ ±d-b¡c J-Z¡-d¡-±Y-h¡i
j¡-h¤-l¢-c¤ O¤-פ« Js-¹¢-¨´¡-Ù¢-j¤-¼¤.
©Jj-q-·¢-¨k A-¼-¨· h-b¬-lt-Lê
o-h¥-p-·¢-¨Ê H-j¤ f¢«f-h¡-i¢-j¤-¼¤
j¡-h¤. d-U¢-µ¢-¶¤« ©Q¡-k¢ k-g¢-´¡-·,
o¢-c¢-h-i¢-k¤«, o«-L£-Y-·¢-k¤« o¡-p¢-
Y¬-·¢-k¤« A-g¢-j¤-O¢-i¤-¾, l¡i-c-
m¡-k-i¢-k¤«, O¡i-´-T-i¢-k¤« C-j¤-¼®
o-hi- « ¨J¡-¼¤-¨J¡-Ù¢-j¤¼ H-j¤ m-j¡-
m-j¢ hk-i¡-q¢ i¤-l¡-l.® H-j¤ ©Q¡-k¢-´¡-
i¤¾ j¡-h¤-l¢-¨Ê Ak-µ¢-k¤-J-q¡-i¢-
j¤-¼¤ B-a¬-J¡-k-¹-q¢-v o®±T¢-dç¢-¨Ê
±d-b¡c J-Z¡-o-ztg-¹w. F-¼¡v,
ltn- ¹ w d¢- ¼ ¢- ¶ - © dç ¡ w C·- j -
¨h¡-j¤ A-o®Y¢-Y§-·¢-¨Ê B-J¤-k-Y-
Jw d-Y¢-¨i hs-c£-´¢ l-¼¤ Y¤T-¹¢.
o¡-b¡-j-X-i¡-i¢ ©J¡-h¢-J® o®±T¢-dç¢v
J¡-X¡-s¤-¾-Y¢v c¢-¼¤« l¬-Y¬-o®Y-
h¡-i¢, j¡-h¤-l¢-©c-i¤« h-פ J-Z¡-d¡-±Y-
¹-©q-i¤« `m¥-c¬-Y-i¢v Y¡-¹¢ c¢t-
·¡-¨Y’, Aj-l¢-zu J¡k-©·¡-¨T¡-d«ç
cT-·¢. h¤u-d®, ±e¡-Æ® J¢-¹¢-¨Ê `L¡-
©o¡-k¢u B-k¢’ F¼ ©J¡-h¢-J® o®±T¢-
dç¢v h¡-±Y-h¡-X® J-Z¡-d¡-±Y-¹w-´®
±d¡i-h¡-l¤-J-i¤«, A-lt J¡k-L-Y¢-´-
c¤-o-j¢-µ® h¡-s¤-J-i¤« ¨O-i®Y¢-j¤-¼-Y®.
1961~¨k ¨Y¡-r¢v j-p¢-Y-c¡i j¡-h¤,
m¤-Ú-c¤« B-atm-b£-j-c¤-h¡-i¢-j¤-¨¼-
21 Qc¤lj¢ 2011
Æ¢v, 1973~¨k-·¢i-©dç¡-©r-i®´¤«
A-i¡w B-atm-p£-c-c¤«, o¥-±Y-m¡-
k¢-i¤-h¡i H-j¤ b-c¢J Jµ-l-T-´¡-j-
c¡-i¤«, a¤¯-K¢-Y-c¤«, G-J¡-J¢-i¤-h¡i
H- j ¤ h- c ¤- n ¬- c ¡- i ¤« h¡- s ¢- ´ - r ¢- º ¢-
j¤-¼¤.
H-j¤ f£-o®
o«-j«-g«
1979~k¡- X ® `¨O- s ¢i h- c ¤- n ¬- j ¤«
l-k¢i ©k¡-Jl - ¤«’ Y¢-j¤-lc - É
- d- ¤-j¨- ·
`f£-o® f¤-J®o®’ d¤-o®Y-J-j¥-d-·¢v
±d-o¢-Ú£-J-j¢-´¤-¼-Y®. 1978~v Y-¨¼
±d-o¢-Ú£-Jj- X - · - ¢-c¡-i¤¾ d-j¢-±m-h«
f£-o® f¤-J®o® B-j«-g¢-µ¢-j¤-¼¤. (o¢.
d¢. c¡-j¡-i-X-g-¶-Y¢-j¢, ±m£l-j¡-p«
f¡k-J¦-nX ® u, o¤-g¡-n® O-±z-©f¡-o,®
f¢. l¢Q-i-J¤-h¡t F-¼£ c¡-k¤ `f¢’
J-q¤-¨T J¥-¶¡-i®h-i¡-i¢-j¤-¼¤ f£-o®
f¤-J®o®). Aj-l¢-z-¨Ê d¥t-Xå op-
J-j-X-©·¡-¨T-i¡-i¢-j¤-¼¤ D-a¬-h«. d¤-
o®Y-J-·¢-¨Ê d¤-s« O¶-i¢-©k-´¡-i¢
Y-¨Ê Y-¨¼ J¡-j¢-©´-µt l-jµ - ¤ cv-
J¢-i-Y¤«, o®±T¢-dç¤-Jw ¨Yj-¨º-T¤-
·-Y¤« Aj-l¢-zu Y-¨¼-i¡-i¢-j¤-¼¤.
f£- o ® f¤- J ® o ¢- ¨ k c¡- k ¤- © d- j ¢v
Bt-´¤« ±d-o¡-b¡-c-j«-L-·® h¤ud-
j¢-O-i-h¤-Ù¡-i¢-j¤-¼¢-kë. o-Y¬-·¢v,
±d-o¡-b-J-j¡-i¢ h¡-s¢i B-j¡-b-J-j¡-
i¢-j¤-¼¤ A-lt. A-Y¤-¨J¡-Ù¤-Y-¨¼
Al-j¤-¨T D-a¬-h« lq-¨j-i-b¢-J« J-n®T-
dç¡-T¤-J-q¢-k¥-¨T JT-¼¤-©d¡-l¤-J-i¤-
Ù¡-i¢. ±d£ d-fë¢-©´-nu l¬l-Ì-
i¢v ±d-o¢-Ú£-Jj- ¢-µ¢-¶¤« Aµ-T¢µ 2000
©J¡-dç¢-J-q¢v 1250 F-Xå« h¡-±Y-h¡-X®
l¢-פ-©d¡-iY - .® c-nT® · - ¢v J-k¡-m¢µ
B-a¬-d¤-oY ® J - ©- ·¡-¨T f£-o® f¤-Jo ® ®
AT-µ¤-d¥-¶¢. F-¼¡v Y¹-q¤-¨T ±J-h«
H-j¤ c-nT® ´ - µ - l- T- h- ¡-i¢-j¤-¨¼-¼® l¢-m§-
o¢-´¤-l¡u o¢.d¢. c¡-j¡-iX - g- ¶- Y
- ¢-j¢
H-j¤-´-h-kë. J¡j-X«, f£-o® f¤-J®o¢-
¨k c¡-k¤-©dt-´¤«, A-Y® H-j¤ `©k-ft
H¡-e® k-l®’ B-i¢-j¤-¼¤.
`¨O-s¢i h-c¤-n¬-j¤«, l-k¢i ©k¡-
J-l¤«’ F¼ o®±T¢-dç¢-¨Ê B-o§¡-ac
O-j¢-±Y-·¢v f£-o® f¤-J®o¢-¨Ê 1979
d-Y¢-d¢ç c
- ® l-k¢i ±d¡-b¡-c¬-h¡-X¤-¾Y - .®
H-¼¡-hY- ¡-i¢, A-Y¤-l¨- j hk-i¡-q· - ¢v
J¡t-¶¥x/©J¡-h¢-J® o®±T¢-dç¤-J-q¤-¨T
o-h¡-p¡-j« D-Ù¡-i¢-¶¢¿. j-Ù¡-hY - ¡-i¢,
f£-o® f¤-Jo ® ® o®±T¢-d¤ç J - w ©mK-j¢-µ®
±d-o¢-Ú£-Jj- ¢-µ¢-k¡ë i - ¢-j¤-¨¼-Æ¢v, l-j¤«
Yk-h¤-s-Jw-´® `¨O-s¢i h-c¤-n¬-j¤«,

l-k¢i ©k¡-Jl - ¤«’ F¼-©¼-i´ ® ¤-h¡-i¢
c-n®T-¨dç-T¤-h¡-i¢-j¤-¼¤. (1996~¨k V¢.
o¢. f¤-J®o¢-¨Ê d-Y¢-dç¢-¨c hs-¼¤-
¨J¡-Ù-kë C-Y¤-d-s-i¤-¼-Y®. J-lt O¢-
±Y«, ©d-Q® l-k¢-dç«, B-h¤-K« F-¼¢-l
H-r¢-µ¡v, V¢.o¢.i¤-©T-Y® f£-o® f¤-
J®o¢-¨Ê J-©Ø¡-T® J-Ø® d-Jt-dç® h¡-±Y-
h¡-X)® . o®±T¢-d¢ç ¨- Ê Al-o¡-cJ - ¡-k·- ®
l¡i-c´ - ¡-j¡-i¢ h¡-s¢i dk-j¤«, B-a¬-
J¡k o®±T¢-dç¤-Jw l¡-i¢-µ¤ hc-oæ¢-
k¡-´¢-i-Y¤« f£-o® f¤-J®o® d-Y¢-dç®
l¼-©dç¡-r¡-X®. F-¼¡v, G-×-l¤« h¤-
K¬-h¡-i-Y®, f£-o® f¤-J®o® d-Y¢-dç¢-c®
`¨O-s¢i h-c¤-n¬-j¤«, l-k¢i ©k¡-Jl - ¤«’
F¼ o®±T¢-d¢ç v A-Ét-k£-ch- ¡i `©c¡-
lv o§-g¡-l’-¨· d¤s-·¤-¨J¡-Ù¤-
l-j¡u J-r¢-º¤ F¼-Y¡-X®. j-Ù®
d¤-s«-O¶-Jw-´¤-¾¢v j¡-h¤-l¢-©Ê-i¤«,
A-i¡-q¤-¨T h¡-s¤¼ ©k¡J-©·-i¤«
H-j¤ ©c¡l-k¢v F¼-©d¡-¨k l¡i-
c-´¡t-´® ¨Y¡¶-s¢-i¤-l¡u o¡-b¢-µ¤.
±d-mo - Y ® J¡t-¶¥-X¢-Í® C.d¢. D-X¢å i - ¤-
¨T l¡-´¤-J-q¢v, `¨O-s¢i h-c¤-n¬-j¤«,
l-k¢i ©k¡-J-l¤«’ C-ɬ-i¢-¨k B-a¬
±L¡-e¢-J® ©c¡l-k¡-X.® B-K¬¡-c· - ¢v
H-j¤ Y¤-s¼ M-Tc Al-k«-f¢µ Cª
o®±T¢-d¢ç k- ¡-X® hk-i¡-q¢ B-a¬-h¡-i¢ ©J¡-
h¢-J®o¢v oh-i-¨· ¨Y¡¶-s¢-º-Y®.
(C-ɬ-i¢v ±L¡-e¢-´® ©c¡-lv F¼
©kf-k¢v l¢×-r¢-´-¨dç¶ d¤-o®Y-J«,
o¡-j¡-c¡-Z® f¡-ct-Q¢-i¤-¨T `©J¡-s¢-
©V¡t’, ±d-o¢-Ú£-J-j¢-´-¨dç-¶-Y® 2004-
21 Qc¤lj¢ 2011
~v h¡-±Y-h¡-¨X-¼® c¡« H¡t-©´-
Ù-Y¤-Ù®).
f£- o ® f¤- J ® o ® d- Y ¢- d ç ¢ - ¨ Ê
h-¨×¡-j¤ ±d-©Y¬-J-Y, A-Y® o®±T¢-dç¢-
¨Ê h¡-s¤¼ a¦-m¬-g¡-n-¨i A-c¡-l-
j-X« ¨O-à¤-¼Y - ¢v o-p¡-iJ - j- h- ¡-
J¤-¼¤ F¼-Y¡-X.® c£Ù 13 lt-n«
±d-o¢-Ú£-J-j¢-´-¨dç¶ o®±T¢-dç¢v
a£tM-J¡-k« ¨J¡-Ù¤-Ù¡-l¤-¼, a¦-
m¬-g¡-ni - ¢-k¤-Ù¡i h¡×-¹w, A-±Y
l¬-Ç-h¡-i¢ l¡i-c-´¡-j-c¤ hc-oæ¢-
k¡-JX - ¨- h-¼¢-k.ë F-¼¡v, d¤-oY ® -
J-·¢-k¡-l-¨¶ Cª h¡-׫ l-q-¨j l¬-
Ç-h¡-X.® B-a¬-J¡k o®±T¢-d¤ç J - q- ¢v
Aj-l¢-zu H-j¤ `¨¨l-V® B«-L¢w’
j£-Y¢-i¡-X® A-c¤-lt-·¢-µ¢-¶¤-¾-Y®.
¨d¡-Y¤ o-h¥-p-·¢v c¢j-É-j«
CT-¨d-¶¤-¨J¡-Ù¢-j¤¼ o¡-h¥-p¬-Q£-
l¢-i¡i j¡-h¤-l¢-¨Ê JZ-i¢v, ¨d¡-
Y¤-Q£-l¢-Y-·¢-¨Ê AT-i¡-q-¹w
Aj-l¢-zu J¤-·¢-c¢-s-µ-Y® o§¡-
g¡-l¢-J« h¡-±Y«. A-´¡-k-·® o®±T¢-
dç ¢ - ¨ k o«g- l - ¹ w cT- ´ ¤- ¼ - Y ®
¨¨k-±f-s¢, ¨d¡-Y¤-©s¡-V®, ot-´¡-
j¡-e£-o¤-Jw, DË-l-dç-s-ؤ-Jw,
d¡t-´®, ©p¡-¶v, h¤-s¤-´¡u JT
Y¤T-¹¢i ¨d¡-Y¤-i¢-T-¹-q¢-k¡-X®.
F-¼¡v, A-s¤-dY - ¤-Jq - ¤-¨T Al-
o¡- c - © ·¡- ¨ T JZ, j¡- h ¤- l ¢- ¨ Ê
F-itJ-Ù£-nu-V® J¬¡-Ø¢-©k-´¤«,
A-i¡w A«L-h¡i oØ-¼-j¤-¨T
Jë - â ¢- © k- ´ ¤« d- s ¢- µ ¤- c - T - ¨ dç - T ¤-
¼¤-Ù®.
j¡-h¤-l¢-¨Ê
d¢u-l-k¢-iv
¨d¡- Y ¤- o - h ¥- p - · ¢v c¢- ¼ ¤-
h¤¾ j¡-h¤-l¢-¨Ê d¢ul-k¢-i-k¢-¨Ê
±d-Y¢-e-k-c-¨h-©¼¡-X«, o®±T¢-dç¢-¨k
d¡c- k ¤- J - q ¢- ¨ k d- Ö ¡- · k l¢m-
a¡«-m-¹w Y£-¨j C-kë¡-Y¡-l¤-J-i¤«,
o«-g¡-n-X-¹w c-¨¼ J¤s-i¤-J-i¤«
¨O-à¤-¼¤-Ù.® B-a¬-J¡-k- o®±T¢-d¤ç J- w
dj-Ø-j¡-LY ¨d-i¢-Ê¢«-L® ¨¨m-k¢-¨i-
i¡-X® d¢-ɤ-T-j¤-¼-¨Y-Æ¢v (l¡-c¢-
n¢«-L® ©d¡-i-ʤ-J-q¤« h-פ«) Al-o¡-
c-J¡k o®±T¢-dç¤-J-q¤-¨T J¡-r®O J¬¡-hs
¨±e-i¢-h¤-J-q¤-©T-Y¡-X®. o¢-c¢-h-©i¡-T¤«
J¬¡h-s-©i¡-T¤-h¤¾ Aj-l¢-z-¨Ê ±g-h«,
Al-o¡-c-J¡k o®±T¢-dç¤-J-¨q o§¡-b£-
c¢-µ¢-j¢-´¡«. Al-o¡-c-J¡k o®±T¢-
dç¤-J-q¢v o«-g¡-n-X- f-k¥-X¤-Jw
d¡c-k¢-¨Ê h¥k-J-q¢-©k-´® H-Y¤-´-
¨dç-T¤-J-i¤«, J-Z¡-d¡-±Y-¹w d¡-cv
©f¡t-V¢-c¤-Y¡-©r-i®´® A-±d-Y¬-È-
h¡-l¤-J-i¤« ¨O-à¤-¼¤-Ù®. C-l¢-¨T o¢-
c¢-h, o®±T¢-dç¢v c¢-¼¤¾ H-j¤ o§¡-
g¡-l¢J d-j¢-X¡-h-h¡-i¢ Aj-l¢-z-c¢v
g-l¢-´¤-¼¤. H-j¤ JX-´¢-c,® j¡-h¤-l¢-¨Ê
d-Y-c« A-i¡w Q£-l¢-´¤¼ o-h¥-p-
·¢-©Ê-Y¤-J¥-T¢-i¡-X®. o®±T¢-dç¢-¨k h-פ
J-Z¡-d¡-±Y-¹-q¤« (L¤-j¤-Q¢-¨i¡-r¢-µ®)
J¡k-·¢-c-c¤-o-j¢-µ® h¡-s¤-J-i¤« A-Y®
J¡k-·¢-¨Ê A-c¢-l¡-j¬-Yi - ¡-i¢ o§-i«
c¬¡- i £- J - j ¢- ´ ¤- J - i ¤«, B- m §- o ¢- ´ ¤-
J-i¤« ¨O-à¤-¼¤-Ù®. 1961~¨k j¡-h¤
o§¡Y-±É¬- o-h-j-J¡-k- Y-k-h¤-s-i¤-¨T
Al- o ¡c J- X å ¢ - i ¡- X ® . c£- Y ¢- i ¤«,
cÁ-i¤«, o-Y¬-l¤« hc-o¢æ v o¥-È¢-´¤-
J-i¤«, Q£-l¢-Y-·¢-¨k ¨¨a-c«-a¢c Q£-
l¢-Y-·¢v Cª L¤X-¹w-´® l-k¢i
l¢k Jv-d¢ç ´ - ¤-Ji- ¤« ¨O-़ H-j¡w.
B-a¬-J¡-k-·®, ©Q¡-k¢ k-g¢-´¡-¨Y Dr-
k¤-©Ø¡-r¤« Y-¨Ê h¥-k¬-¹-q¢v ¨l-¾«
©Ot-´¡u A-i¡w H-j¤-´-h-kë. h¥-k¬-
¹-©q-i¤«, c£-Y¢-©i-i¤« h¤-s¤-¨J-d¢-T¢-µ®
dk ©Q¡-k¢-J-q¤« D-©d-È¢-´¤-J-i¤«
¨O-à¤-¼¤-Ù-i¡w.
F-¼¡v J¡-k« h¡-s¤-©Ø¡w Y¡u
±d-Y¢-c¢-b¡-c« ¨O-़ cÁ-Jw-´®
o-h¥-p-·¢v CT-h¢-kë¡-¨Y-i¡-J¤-¼¤
F¼-i¡w Y¢-j¢-µ-s¢-i¤-¼¤. 70~J-q¢-
¨k j¡-h¤, h¡-s¢i o-h¥-p-©·¡-¨T¡-dç«
op-l-o¢-´¡u d-U¢-µ-l-c¤« h¥-k¬-¹-
¨q Y¢j-o®J-j¢-µ®, o¡p-O-j¬-¹-©q¡-T®
o-Ü¢- ¨O-i®Y-l-c¤-h¡-X®. C-z¢-j¡-L¡-
Ü¢-i¤-¨T A-T¤-´q J¬¡-f¢-c-×¢-¨c
H¡t½- ¨ dç - T ¤- · ¤«- l ¢- b « A- i ¡w- ´ ®
Y-¨Ê J¥-¶¤-J¡-¨j¡-·®, oØ-¼-j¤-¨T
Jë-â¢-k¢-j¤-¼® o-h¥-p-·¢-¨c ¨O¡v-
dç-T¢-´® cT-·¡u J-r¢-i¤-¼¤-Ù®. j¡-h¤-
l¢-¨Ê-i¤«, h-×® J-Z¡-d¡-±Y-¹-q¤-©T-i¤«
a¤j-É«, ¨c-±p¥-l¢-iu ©o¡-n¬-k¢-Í®
J¡-k-cÁ-J-q¢v c¢-¼¤«, A-T¢-i-É-j¡-
lÌ J¡-k¨- · `d-lt ¨d¡-q¢-×¢-Jo ® ¢’-
©k- ´ ¤«, h¥- k ¬- O ¬¤- Y ¢- i ¢- © k- ´ ¤- h ¤¾
±d-i¡-X-·¢-¨Ê JZ-i¡-i¢ c-h¤-´-c¤-
g-l¬-h¡-J¤-¼¤.
`¨O- s ¢i h- c ¤- n ¬- j ¤«, l- k ¢i
©k¡-J’-¨· h-פ o®±T¢-dç¢v c¢-¼¤« l¬-
Y¬-o®Y-h¡-´¢-i-Y® Aj-l¢-zu A-Y¢-
k¥-¨T ¨¨J-J¡-j¬« ¨O-i®Y l¢n-i-¹-
q¤-¨T l¬-Y¬-o®Y-Y-i¡-X®. o«-L£-Y«,
cl-o¢-c¢-h, o¡-p¢-Y¬«, c¡-TJ - « F-k¡ë «
o®±T¢-dç¢v d-j¡-ht-m¢-´-¨dç-T¤-J-i¤«,
Otµ ¨Oà-¨dç-T¤-J-i¤« ¨O-à¤-¼¤-Ù®.
©s, J¤s-©o¡-l, ¨e-kë¢-c¢ Y¤T-¹¢-i-
l-j¤-¨T o¢-c¢-h-J-¨q-´¤-s¢-µ® j¡-h¤-l¤«
o¤-p¦-·¤-´q - ¤« o«-o¡-j¢-´¤-©Ø¡-r¤«,
J¡- e ® J , J- h ¬¤, V¤- s v, ¨n- ¨ c,
J-©d¡-¨¶ Y¤T-¹¢-i-l-j¤-¨T o¡-p¢-Y¬-
J¦-Y¢-J-¨q-dç-×¢ o¤-a£tM-h¡i Otµ
cT-·¤-©Ø¡-r¤«, A-l-¨i Y-¹w-´®
O¤-פ-h¢-s-¹¤¼ `O-l-s¤’J-©q¡-T® Dd-h¢-
´¤-©Ø¡-r¤«, A-Y¤-l-¨j A-c¬-h¡-i,
Ad-j¢-O¢-Yh- ¡i d-kY - ¤« l¡i-c´ - ¡t
A-c¤-g-l¢-µ-s¢-i¤-J-i¡-i¢-j¤-¼¤. 1962--
~v Y-¨¼ `©dë-L¤«’, Fu-Jª-Ùt h¡-
o¢-J-i¤« ©±d-È-J-c¤-h¤-¼¢v, L¤-j¤-Q¢
c£-¶¤-¼¤-Ù®. j¡-h¤-l¤«, L¤-j¤-Q¢-i¤« c-kë-
¨Y-¼¤ d-sº d¤-o®Y-J-¹-¨q d¢-
©×-¼® Y¹-q¤-¨T c¡-¶¢-¨k l¡i-cm - ¡-k-
J-q¢v Y-dç¢-dç¢-T¢-µ® l¡-i¢µ A-©c-J«
21 Qc¤lj¢ 2011
l¡i-c-´¡t B Yk-h¤-s-i¢-k¤-Ù¡-i¢-
j¤-¼¢-j¢-´¤«. 1960~J-q¤-¨T Al-o¡-
c-©·¡-¨T h¡-±Y-h¡-X® `B-b¤-c¢-J-Y’
hk-i¡-q-o¡-p¢-Y¬-·¢v m-Ç¢-i¡t-
Ò¢-µ-Y® F-©¼¡t-´¤-©Ø¡w, B-b¤-
c¢-JY - ´ - ® d-Tt-¼¤-dÉ - k
- ¢-´¡u, c¢k-
¨h¡-j¤-´¢ ¨J¡-T¤-·Y - ¢v ±m-©Ú-ih- ¡i
d-Æ® l-p¢-´¡u `¨O-s¢i h-c¤-n¬-j¤«,
l-k¢i ©k¡-J-·¢’-c¤« J-r¢-º¤ F-¼®
c-½w-´® o½-Y¢-©´-Ù¢-l-j¤«.
1960~1970 am-J¹ - w, hk-i¡-q¢ o§-
Y§-·¢-¨Ê d¤-ct-c¢t-½¡X J¡k-M¶- «
J¥-T¢-i¡-i¢-j¤-¼¤. ©Jj-q£i o-h¥-p· - ¢-
¨Ê C-T¤-¹¢i O¤h-j¤-Jw-´¢-T-i¢v-
c¢-¼¤«, l-k¢i h-p¡-c-L-j-¹-q¤-¨T l¢-
m¡-k-Y-i¢-©k-´® ±d-i¡-X-¹w c-T¼
J¡-k«. B l¢-m¡-k-Y-i¢-©k-´® H-j¤
J¢-q¢-l¡-Y¢-k¡-l¤-J-i¡-i¢-j¤-¼¤ Aj-l¢-
z-¨Ê o®±T¢-dç®. ¨O-L¤-©l-j-i¤-¨T hj-X-
¨·-´¤-s¢-µ¤¾ o®±T¢-dç¢v, L¤-j¤-Q¢
¨O-i¤-¨T A-b¢-J¡-jÌ - ¡-c¹ - q
- ¤-¨T Y¬-
Q¢-´-k¢-¨c-dç-×¢ l¡-O¡-k-c¡-J¤-©Ø¡w
A-Y¢-c¤ d¤s-J¢v ``A-Õ¤-lt-n« J¥-T¢
J¢-¶¢-i¡v c-½w j-È-¨dç-¶¤” F-¼®
l¡-O¡-k-c¡-J¤¼ ±d¡-©a-m¢J j¡-n®±T£-
i-´¡-j-¨c lj-µ¤-©Ot-´¤¼ A-©Y
J- s ¤· p¡- o ¬- © ·¡- ¨ T, B- © L¡q
o«g-l-¹-¨q-i¤« ±d¡-©a-m¢J o«g-
l-¹-¨q-i¤« o§Y-o¢-Ú-h¡i ``l¡-O¡-
k- h ¡i hªc- © ·¡- ¨ T” Aj- l ¢- z u
J¥- ¶ ¢- i ¢- X - ´ ¤- ¼ ¤. A- © À- p - · ¢- ¨ Ê
¨¨J-i¢v, Al-o¡c ©d-Q® ©J¡-h¢-J®
o®±T¢-d®ç a¤¯K-µ¢-j¢-i¤«, o¡-h¥-p¬-Oj- ¢-±Y-
l¤-h¡-J¤-¼¤.
O¢-±Y-¹w-´® JT-dç¡-T® ~ j¡-h¤ Aj-l¢-zu