§È®Ûͼ§º¶½·ºå

ïçêí

°³¿§ß¼®³»º§ØµÛͼ§º©µ¼«º ø®Í©º§Øµ©·º¬®Í©ºiððíî÷ íêïi¶§²ºª®ºåñ 黺«µ»º¶®¼ÕÄ©Ù·º

ÑÜå¿«-³º¬Øµå« ú¼µ«ºÛͼ§º×
°³©²ºå®ÍÔåÑÜ嶮©º°¼µå ø®Í©º§Øµ©·º¬®Í©ºiðèç÷ « ©³ð»º½Ø¨µ©º¿ð±²ºá
 ¶®»º®³¸°Ùôº°Øµ«-®ºå

¬©ÙÖiè
¬§¼µ·ºåi«
ßÜåißÙ»ºåÒ®¼ÕË
ú»º«µ»ºÒ®¼ÕË
¶®»º®³Û¼µ·º·Ø¾³±³¶§»º°³¿§¬±·ºå
 "«-®º å «¼ µ ® c× ° ³å®Ü
¿¬³«º§¹ª®ºå/Ì»º« ¼µ ¿ª¸ ª³¨³å§¹« "°Ùô º°Øµ« -®ºå°Ü °Ñº §Øµ« ¼µ ¿«³·ºå °Ù³ ±¿¾³¿§¹«º3 «¼ µå«³åú³«-®ºå ©¯´¬ ¶¦°º
ªÙô º« ´°Ù³ ¬±Øµå ¶§Õ©©º¿§ª¼ ®¸º®²ºñ

¬«w ú ³°ÑºÆ ô³å ô³åñ ñ°Ùôº°Øµ«-®ºå©Ù·º§¹ð·º¿±³ ¬¿Ó«³·ºåú§º®-³å«¼µ ªÙôºª·º¸©«´ úͳ¿¦Ù¦©ºc× Û¼µ·ºú»º

¬«wú³°ÑºÆô³å«¼µ ¬©ÙÖ©¼µ·ºå$¿¦³º¶§¨³å±²ºñ
¿ð¹Å³úÛÍ · º¸ ¬®²º ® -³å -³åñ ñ"«-®ºå®Í³ «®Y³¿§æúͼ «-ôºð»ºåªÍ¿±³§²³ú§º¬®-¼Õå®-¼Õåá ¬¿Ó«³·ºåú§º
¬®-¼Õå®-¼Õ婼µÇ §¹ð·º±²º¸¶§·ºá ¶®»º®³Û¼µ·º·Ø©Ù·º §È®¯Øµå ¿§æ¨Ù«ºª³ú¶½·ºå¶¦°º±²º¸¬¿ª-³«ºá ¾³±³¶½³å®Í
¶®»º®³ª¼µ¶§»º¯¼µ¨³å¿±³ ¿ð¹Å³ú±°º®-³åÛÍ·º¸ ¬±ØªÍôºô´¨³åú¿±³¬®²º®-³å ¿¶®³«º¶®³å°Ù³§¹ð·º±²ºñ
¶®»º ® ³¬®²º® -³å -³åñ ñúÅ»ºåúÍ·ºª´¯¼µ·ºú³ ¬¿Ó«³·ºåú§º®-³å«¼µ ¿½¹·ºå°²ºå¿§åú³$á ¬®²º¿úÍËúͼ ±Ï·ºá ÑÜåá ¿ùæá
«¼µá ¿®³·ºá ® °±²º©¼µÇÛÍ·º¸©«Ù ¬¶½³åöµÐº§µùº®-³å«¼µ ¬®²ºú·ºå¿»³«º©Ù·º¨³å3á ¬®²ºú·ºå«¼µ±³ ¬«wú³°Ñº
¬ª¼µ«º °Ü°Ñº¿¦³º¶§¨³å±²ºñ §Øµ°Ø¬³å¶¦·º¸ ±Ï·º«úð¼«á ½Øµ¿©³º¿®³·º«-¾®ºåá ÑÜå½-¼»ºá ¶®ð©Üð»ºÞ«ÜåÑÜå° ©µ¼Ç«¼µ
«úð¼«á ±Ï·ºñ «-¾®ºåá ¿®³·ºá ½Øµ¿©³ºñ ½-¼»ºá ÑÜåñ °á ÑÜåá ¶®ð©Üð»ºÞ«Üå Å´3 ¬±Ü嬱Ü忦³º¶§¨³å±²ºñ
"±¼µÇ¶§Õªµ§º¶½·ºå®Í³ §µöb¼Õªº«¼µ ®¿ªå°³å3 ®Åµ©ºá °Ùôº°Øµ«-®ºå®-³å¨Øµå©®ºå°Ñºª³¬ú ¬¿Ó«³·ºåú§ºúͳ¿¦Ùú ªÙôº
«´¿°ú»º±³¶¦°ºú³á ª´®-¼Õ嶽³å¬®²º®-³å«¼µª²ºå ¬ª³å©´§·º °Ü°Ñº¿¦³º¶§¨³å±²ºñ
¦©º ½-·º ¦ Ùôº ú ³¬¶¦³¶¦³
³¬¶¦³¶¦³ñ ñ©½¹©úØ §-·ºå§-·ºåúͼ3 °³¬µ§ºªÍ»ºª¼µ¿±³¬½¹ ±¼µÇ®Åµ©º ð¹±»³¬¿ª-³«º
±®¼µ·ºå¶¦°º°Ñº®-³åá ©µ¼·ºåÛ¼µ·º·Ø®-³åá §µöb¼Õªº¿«-³º®-³åá °³¿§ð©tÕ®-³åá ¬Ûµ§²³ú§º®-³åá ±¼§ØD§²³ú§º®-³åá ªµ§º
·»ºåÞ«Üå®-³åá ±°º§·º®-³åá ©¼ú°<³»º®-³åá «°³å½µ»º°³å®-³å¬¿Ó«³·ºå«¼µ ±¼ª¼µ¿±³¬½¹ ¬«´¬²Ü ú¿°ú»º
¦©º½-·º¦Ùôºú³¬¶¦³¶¦³«¼µ ¬©ÙÖ©¼µ·ºå$ ¨²¸º±Ù·ºå¨³å±²ºñ
ßŵ±µ©°°º©®ºåñ ñ°Ùôº°µ« Ø -®ºå¬©ÙÖ©µ·¼ ºå©Ù·º ßŵ±µ©°°º©®ºå«¼µ ¨²º̧±Ù·ºå¨³å±²º®Í³ °³c×±´±²º "°°º
©®ºå¶¦·º̧ ®¼®¼«¼µôº«¼µ®¼®¼ ¶§»ºª²º¿®å½Ù»åº ¨µ©º3 ®±¼¿±å¿±³¬¿Ó«³·ºå¬ú³«¼µ ±¼ªµ¼§¹«á /Ì»º¨³å¿±³¿»ú³
©Ù·º ¶§»ºª²º ¦©ºc× ¿ª¸ª³Û¼µ·º¿°¶½·ºå·Í³ ú²ºúÙôº±²ºñ ¨µ¼°°º©®ºå©Ù·º ¬©ÙÖ©Ù·ºå§¹ ¬¿Ó«³·ºåú§º¬³åªØµå·Øµ®¼
¿¬³·º ¿®å½Ù»ºå¨µ©º¨³å¶½·ºå ®Åµ©º¿½-ñ °¼©ºð·º°³å¦Ùôº¬½-«º¬ª«º®-³å ¬©Ù«º±³ªÏ·º ¿®å½Ù»ºå®-³å«¼µ
¿úÙå½-ôº°Ü°Ñº¨³å¶½·ºå¶¦°º±²ºñ
¬¶§»º¬ªÍ » º¬/Ì » ºåñ ñ°Ùôº°Øµ«-®ºå¬¿Ó«³·ºåú§º©µ¼Ç®Í³ ¬«wú³ª¼µ«º °Ü°Ñº¨³å±²º¸¬¿ª-³«ºá ¾³±³ú§º
¬ª¼µ«º ©°µ©¿ð婲ºå®úͼ¾Ö ¿»ú³¬ÛÍØǬ¶§³å «ÙÖ¶§³åª-«ºúͼӫ±²ºñ ±¼µÇ¶¦°º3 ¬¿Ó«³·ºåú§º½-·ºå¯«º°§º¿»
±²º¸ ¬½-«º¬ª«º©¼µÇ«¼µ ¬¶§»º¬ªÍ»º/Ì»º¶§ú±²ºñ °³«¼µôº®Ö¸¬¿Ó«³·ºåú§º¿½¹·ºå°²ºå®Í °³«¼µôºúͼ¬¿Ó«³·ºå
ú§º¿½¹·ºå°²ºå±¼µÇ|·ºåá ¬¿Ó«³·ºåú§º©½µÛÍ·º¸©½µ §²³±¿¾³¬³å¶¦·º¸ ¯«º±Ùôº¿»¿±³ºª²ºå ©±Ü婶½³å°Ü
úͼ±¶¦·º¸ §¼µ®¼µ¶§²¸º°Øµ°Ù³ ¿ª¸ª³¿°ª¼µ¿±³¬½¹©Ù·º|·ºåá øòòòòòòòòòòòòóóc×ñ÷ ŵ/Ì»ºå±²ºñ §²³±¿¾³
¬³å¶¦·º̧ ¯«º±ô Ù º¶½·ºå ®úͼ¿°«³®´á ©»²ºå©ª®ºå¬³å¶¦·º̧ »Üå°§º±²º̧¬¿Ó«³·ºåú§º©½µ«¼µ °¼©ºð·º°³å¦Ùôº¶¦°º3
¿ª¸ª³¿°ª¼µ¿±³¬½¹©Ù·º øòòòòòòòòòòòòó󪲺åc×ñ÷ ŵ/Ì»ºå±²ºñ
¿Ó«³·ºå ¶½·º åú³¬/Ì » ºå ¬©ÙÖ ñ ñ¿»³«º¯Øµå¬©ÙÖ±²º °³c×±´¬¦¼µÇ ¬½¹®¿úÙå «¼µå«³åú»º ª®ºå/Ì»º§·º¶¦°º
±²ºñ ¨µ¼¬©ÙÖ±²º ¬±Üå±Ü忱³ ¬©ÙÖ®-³å¬©Ù«º ¬«wú³°Ñº¬/Ì»ºå¶¦°ºcص®Ï®«á ªØµå½-·ºå°Ùôº°Øµ¿½æ¿ª³«º
¿§±²ºñ ¨¼¬ µ ©Ö٩ٷº «®Y³¸±®¼·µ ºå®Í©º©®ºå©·º±²º®Í ®-«º¿®Í³«º¿½©º¬¨¼ ¿§æ¿§¹«º¶¦°º§-«º½Ö̧¿±³ ®Í©º±³å
¦Ùôºú³¬¿Ó«³·ºå¬ú³®-³å«¼µ ÛÍ°ºá ªá ú«ºá ¬§¼µ·ºå¬¶½³åÛÍ·º¸ ±¼Ûµ¼·º¿°ú»º ÛÍ°ºªØµå§©ºª²º¿¦³º¶§¨³å¿±³ «®Y³¸
¶§«wù¼»º«¼µ|·ºåá §²³ú§º®-³å«¼µ °Ø»°º©«-©¯·º̧Ò§Ü婯·º̧ ¶§²º̧°Øµ°Ù³ª¼µ«º°³åÛµ¼·ºú»º §²³ú§º®³©¼«³«¼|µ ·ºåá ¨²¸º
±Ù·ºå¨³å±²ºñ ¨¼µ¿»³«º ¬±Üå±Ü忱³¬©ÙÖ®-³å©Ù·º §¹ð·º±²º¸ ¿Ó«³·ºåú§º®-³å«¼µ ªÙôº«´°Ù³ ªÍ»º¿ª³
úͳ¿¦ÙÛµ¼·ºú»º /Ì»º¶§¿±³ ¿Ó«³·ºå¶½·ºåú³ ¬/Ì»ºå«¼µª²ºå °Ü°Ñº¿¦³º¶§¨³å±²ºñ ¨¼µ¬/Ì»ºå©Ù·º °Ùôº°Øµ«-®ºå§¹
¬¿Ó«³·ºåú§º®-³å«¼µ±³®«á °Ùô°º ص«-®ºå°³«¼µôº©Ù·º ®§¹ð·ºª·º̧«°³å ±¼±·º̧±¼¨¼µ«º¿±³¬¿Ó«³·ºåú§º ¿¶®³«º
¶®³å°Ù³å«¼µª²ºå ®Í©º±³å¦Ùôº ¬½-«º¬ª«º®-³åÛÍ·º¸©«Ù ¶¦²º¸°Ù«º¿¦³º¶§¨³å±²ºñ
 ¬«w ú ³°Ñº Æ ô³å
"«-®ºå§¹¬¿Ó«³·ºå ú§º ®-³å«¼µ ¿¬³«º§¹¬«w ú³°Ñº¬ ©¼µ·º å °Ü°Ñº¨ ³å±²º

ïñ ¬ îèñ ¿¬³·º̧ ëêñ ¬®º̧

îñ ¬³ îçñ ¿¬³·º ëéñ ¬®º
íñ ¬³å íðñ ¿¬³·ºå ëèñ ¬®ºå
·±©º
ìñ ¬¼ íïñ ¬¼µ·º¸ ëçñ ¬¼®º¸ ¿±å¿±å©·º
ëñ ¬Ü íîñ ¬¼µ·º êðñ ¬¼®º ÛÍ·¸º
êñ ¬Üå ííñ ¬¼µ·åº êïñ ¬¼®ºå ®±©º

éñ ¬µ íìñ ¬°º °±©º êîñ ¬µ®º¸

èñ ¬´ êíñ ¬µ®º
çñ ¬´å íëñ ¬²º̧ êìñ ¬µ®ºå
íêñ ¬²º ²Þ«Ü屩º
íéñ ¬²ºå êëñ - ô§·º̧
ïðñ ¿¬¸
ïïñ ¿¬ íèñ ¬Ñº¸ êêñ ¶ úú°º
ïîñ ¿¬å íçñ ¬Ñº Ñ«¿ªå±©º
ìðñ ¬Ñºå êéñ Ù ð¯ÙÖ
ïíñ ¬Ö̧ ¿»³«º§°º
ïìñ ¬ôº ÛÍ·º¸ ìïñ ¬©º êèñ Í Å¨¼µå
ïëñ ¬Ö ô±©º ìîñ ¬¼©º ©±©º
ìíñ ¬µ©º êçñ Î ô§·º¸ ð¯ÙÖ
ïêñ ¿¬³¸
ïéñ ¿¬³º ììñ ¬»ºÇ éðñ â úú°º ð¯ÙÖ
ïèñ ¿¬³ ìëñ ¬»º
ìêñ ¬»ºå éïñ Ï ô§·º¸ Ũ¼µå
ïçñ ¬Ç¼µ
îðñ ¬¼µ ìéñ ¬¼»ºÇ éîñ ¶ y úú°º Ũ¼µå
îïñ ¬¼µå ìèñ ¬¼»º »±©º
ìçñ ¬¼»ºå éíñ Ì ð¯ÙÖ Å¨¼µå
îîñ ¬«º
îíñ ¿¬³«º «±©º ëðñ ¬µ»ºÇ éìñ É ô§·º¸ð¯ÙÖŨ¼µå
îìñ ¬¼µ«º ëïñ ¬µ»º
ëîñ ¬µ»ºå éëñ À Ì úú°ºð¯ÙÖŨ¼µå
îëñ ¬·º¸
îêñ ¬·º ·±©º ëíñ ¬§º
îéñ ¬·ºå ëìñ ¬¼§º §±©º
ëëñ ¬µ§º
 ¦©º ½ -·º ¦ Ù ô º ú ³¬¶¦³¶¦³
©½¹©úØ §-·ºå§-·ºåúͼ3 °³¬µ§ºªÍ»ºª¼µ¿±³¬½¹ ¿¬³«º§¹ ª¼µú³¬¿Ó«³·ºåú§º©¼µÇ®Í ¯´ú³¿úÙåÛµ©º3 ¿ª¸ª³§¹« °³c×±´±²º ¬§-·ºå
ª²ºå¿¶§ ßŵ±µ©ª²ºå §Ù³å¿§ª¼®¸º®²ºñ ¨µ¼·ºú³®¨¾Ö «®Y³¸Ò®¼ÕËÞ«Üåá »ôºÞ«Üåá Û¼µ·º·ØÞ«Üå®-³å±¼µÇ¿ú³«º3 §µöb¼Õªº¿«-³º®-³åÛÍ·º¸ ú·ºå
ÛÍÜ嫳 «®Y³¸±®¼µ·ºå«¼µª²ºå ±Øµå±§º½Ù·º¸ úÛ¼µ·º®²º¸¶§·º ±¼§ØD§²³Ä ¬Ø¸¦Ùôºú³¬¿Ó«³·ºå®-³å«¼µª²ºå ±¼»³åª²ºª³¿§ª¼®¸º®²ºñ
¨¼µ®ÏÏ®«
®« ¬Ûµ°³¿§öÛz𷺮-³åĬú±³å«¼µ§¹ ¨·ºúͳå°Ù³½Ø°³åú®²º¸¶§·º ¬³åª§º½¼µ«º ¬§-·ºå¿¶¦ú»º»²ºå®-³åª²ºå úúͼ¿§¬Ø¸ñ
¨·º¿§æ¿«-³ºÓ«³å§µöb¼Õªº®-³å
Òß¼©¼±Ï ±©·ºå°³¯ú³ Û¼µ·º·Ø¶§Õ ±µ½®¼»ºòòòòòòò ï
»³å®Ó«³å¿±³ ¬¿»³«º©¼µ·ºå öÜ©§²³úÍ·ºòòòòò îè
¿©³·º¬¿®ú¼«Ãÿö-³¸ð¹úÍ·º©»º££òòòòòòòòòòòò èï
Ãû©º«¿ª³·º ¬¬§º½Øú±²º¸ ¬c´å££òòòòòòòòòò ïîí
¿Ó««ÙÖ¦Ùôº Ƴ©º±¼®ºå½Ö¸ú±²º¸ ù§º½-§»ºå½-Ü¿«-³º ïèï
Û¼µ·º·Ø¿©³º¬ªØ»²ºå©´ ¿ªå°³å½Øú¿±³ ¿»³ºðÜö-·º
°³¿úå¯ú³Þ«Üåòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòò îïí
ùµ©¼ô ¶®»º®³Û¼µ·º·Ø¿©³º«¼µ ©²º¿¨³·º¿±³®·ºåòò íðé
¿©³ºªÍ»º¿ú嬫-¼Õ嶧ձ²¸º ¶®»º®³¸Û¼µ·º·Ø¿úå±µ½®¼»º íêí
°°º¿úå±³®« Û¼µ·º·Ø¿ú姹 ¬¶®·º«-ôº±²º¸ ¶®»º®³
ß¼µªº½-Õ§ºð»ºÞ«Üåòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòò ìéí
©¼«-±¼¬§º ¬ú§ºú§º
®ÆO¼®§ý¼§ù¹¿½æ ¬ªôº¬ª©º«-·º¸°Ñºòòòòòòò ïëê
®öÚª³ô´ ¬½®ºå¬»³åòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòò îéì
°Üå§Ù³å¿ú姲³òòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòò íìì
¿¶®³«º§¼µ·ºå ßµùx±³±»³òòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòìëç
±µ½ µ® ð·º ¿Ó«³·ºå°Øµª·º
¬¯¼µ¬¿¶§³®§¹±²º¸ ±cµ§º¿¦³º¶§Æ³©ºòòòòòòòò íê
Ãö§Õ©º¶§Õ©ºÅ´3á ¿§æ®´¨´åª²ºå ¶§Õ»ºå¶§Õ»ºå®²ºúÍ·º¸££ îîé
«µ»ºå¿¾³·º¿½©º ùµ©¼ô§¼µ·ºå©Ù·º ¿§æª³±²º¸ «ß-³
©®-¼Õåòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòò íìè
¦ÙÖ˦ÙÖËÛÙÖËÛÙÖË ©Üå®×©º±²º¸ ±Ü½-·ºå®-¼Õåòòòòòòòòòòòò ìðï
©¿¶®ú§º¶ ½³å ¿ù±®-³å
«®Y³¿§æ©Ù·º ÛÍ·ºå±Ü姻ºå ¬¨Ù«º¯ØµåÛ¼µ·º·Øòòòòòò é
Ñ¿ú³§Ä °°º©ª·ºåÛ¼µ·º·Øòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòò ìî
©©¼ô¬Þ«Üå¯Øµå «®Y³¸ª´¿»«Î»ºåòòòòòòòòòòò ëè
¬¿úÍË©µ¼·ºåÄ ÃÃß·ºå»°ºÒ®¼ÕË££òòòòòòòòòòòòòòòò ïéç
¬¿®ú¼«»ºÄÃïٰºÆ³ª»º££òòòòòòòòòòòòòòò îïê
ż®ðÛ[³¿©³·º¿°³·ºå®Í Û¼µ·º·Ø«¿ªåòòòòòòòòòòíïì
Ãë±²ºå¶§²º££òòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòò ìïî
¬¼Û¼lô¶§²¸º$ Òß¼©¼±Ï©¼µÇ ¿úÍåÑÜ嬿¶½°¼µ«ºú³¿ù±òò ìïé
±°º§·º§»ºå®³ªº ©¼ú°<³»º
¿ú±Æ·ºá ±¼µÇ®Åµ©º ¿ú§¼¿©³«ºòòòòòòòòòòòò îð
°¼®ºå¿ú³·º¶ùߺ ®§¹á ¯Ö©½µ±³úͼ±²º¸ ¬§·º·ôºòòòò çì
¿±Ù婼µå¬³å¶§·ºå¶½·ºå ¿ú³ö¹¬©Ù«º ¿¯å¦«ºð·º±²º¸
¬§·ºòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòò íçî
¨´å¯»ºå±²º¸ ¿ú±©;𹩮-¼Õåòòòòòòòòòòòòò ìðê
¬ß« ·Í«º¿§-³§·º®Íú±²º¸¬®Ï·ºòòòòòòòòòòò ìîë
±¼§ØD¬Ø¸¦Ùôº¬±Ùôº±Ùôº
¬»³¿ú³ö¹ «³«Ùôº¿ú嬩٫º ¿ª¸ª³ú¿±³ ¿¯å
§²³ú§ºòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòò çë
±«ºúͼ©¼µÇÄ þ³©º±¿¾³ ¿ª¸ª³±²º¸ ±¼§ØD§²³ ïîë
¿«-³«º¬®-¼Õå®-¼Õ忪¸ª³¿±³ §²³òòòòòòòòòòíïê
«®Y³¿¶®Þ«ÜåÄ ¬©Ù·ºå§¼µ·ºå«¼µ ¿ª¸ª³¶½·ºåòòòòòòòíîí
ª´Ç¬¿Ó«³·ºå ¿ª¸ª³¿±³ ¬©©º§²³òòòòòò ìíð
ªµ§º ·»ºå¿¯³·º©³ ¬¶¦³¶¦³
ú±Øåµ ®Í»åº ¬¿¶½ ¿·Ù°³ú·ºåòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòïíê
°Üå§Ù³å«µ»º±Ùôº¿ú嫼µ ¬«-¼Õ嶧ձ²º¸ ªµ§º·»ºåòòòòòíéì
¬³åª§º½-¼»ºðôº ¿§-³ºúÌ·º¦Ùôº
¬¿®ú¼«»º©¼µÇÄ ¬®-¼Õå±³å «°³å»²ºåòòòòòòòò ïë
ú»º±´«¼µ ª«º»«º®Ö¸ ½µ½Ø«³«Ùôº»²ºåòòòòòòòòòïèë
ª´±¼®-³å¿±³ «°³å½µ»º°³åòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòíìç
±®¼µ·ºåð·º ¶¦°ºú§º©½µ«¼µ¬¿¶½½Ø±²º¸ ¿¶§å§ÙÖòòòòòòìíë
¿ª³«Ü¨µ§ D©º ª´©¼µÇƳ©º
¬¿»³«º©¼µ·ºå ôѺ¿«-å®× ®¿§æ®Ü« ¨Ù»ºå«³å½Ö¸¿±³
Û¼µ·º·ØÞ«Üåòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòçç
±³±»³¿©³º §-ËØ ÛÍØǧص±®¼µ·ºåòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòïêð
«®Y³¸©·ºå®³®× ¿ª-³¸»²ºå¿ú嫼µ ¿¯³·ºúÙ«º½Ö¸¿±³
²Üª³½ØÞ«Üåòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòò ïèç
¬¼Û¼lôÛ¼µ·º·ØÄ ¿úÍå¿Å³·ºå ¬ô´ð¹ù ¬¿©Ù嬿½æ®-³å«¼µ
¿¦³º¶§±²º¸ ±«&©ª«Ú³úͲºÞ«Üåòòòòòòòòòòòìëë
¶§²º ¿©³º±³ú»º ¬¿¶½½Ø
¶®»º®³Û¼µ·º·Ø ¬°¼µåúÄ °«º®×ªµ§º·»ºå ¦ÙØËÒ¦¼Õå¿úå °Ü®Ø«¼»ºå
Þ«Üåòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòò îèë
c¼µú³å«¼µå«Ùôº®×®Í¿§¹«º¦Ù³åª³±²º¸ »©º§±§´¿Æ³º§ÙÖ ìîè
 ßŵ ± µ © °°º © ®º å
"«-®ºå©Ù·º ®-³å°Ù³¿±³¶§-»³©¼µÇ«¼µ ¿¶¦úÍ·ºå¨³å¿§±²ºñ °³c×±´±²º ®¼®¼®²º®Ï®Í©º®¼3 ¬±¼Mк¬¿¶¦á ßŵ±µ©¬¿¶½
®²º®Ïä«ôº¿»Ò§Ü«¼µ ®Í©º¿«-³«º©·ºÓ«²¸ºú»º ¿¬³«º§¹¿®å½Ù»ºå®-³å¶¦·º¸ °°º©®ºå¨µ©º±·º¸¿§±²ºñ ¬«ôº3 ¬¿¶¦®¿§åÛ¼µ·ºúͼ¬Ø¸
/Ì»ºå¨³åú³°³®-«ºÛͳ©Ù·º ¶§»ºª²º¦©ºc׿ª¸ª³ú»º ©µ¼«º©Ù»ºåú¿§±²ºñ

ïñ ù»ºå²Õ¶®°º«¼µ ½Ù3 ©²º¿»¿±³ ¬â®³ î Ò®¼ÕËĬ®²º ¿§¹·ºå©Ù·º±²º¸Ò®¼ÕË«¼µ ±·º±¼±¿ª³òòòò ïï

îñ Òö¼Õź»«w©º©¼µÇ±²º ±«ºúͼ±«º®Ö¸ ½§º±¼®ºå¬¿§æ ®²º±¼µÇ ªÌ®ºå®¼µå¬°¼µåúÓ«±»²ºåñòòòòòòòòòò îî
íñ °«³å¿¶§³¿Ó«å»»ºå ©Ü¨Ù·± º «´ ¼µ ±¼ª§¼µ ¹±ª³åñòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòò íç
ìñ ¿ß³¸°©»ºÒ®¼ÕË«¼µ ¬¾ôº¿Ó«³·º̧Ãì¿®ú¼«»º¬«º±·ºåÒ®Õ¼ Ë££Åµ ¿½æ±»²ºåñòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòò ëï
ëñ Ñ¿ú³§©¼« µ ĺ ¬úͲº¯µåØ ¶®°º«µ¼ ±¼ª± ¼µ ¿ª³ñòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòò êí
êñ ªÏ§º°°º¦¼¬³å ô´»°º«¼µ ¬¾ôº¿Ó«³·º̧ ß¼µÇŵ ®Í²¿º̧ ½æ¨³å§¹±ªÖñòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòò èð
éñ Ñô-³Ñº§-Ø®-³åúͼ¿±³ Ò®Õ¼ Ë¿©³º¿Å³·ºå«³å ¬¾ôº»²ºåñòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòïðî
èñ Ãÿ¬ÒùÜô«º©°ºÄ ¾µú·º®££Åµ ©Ù·º¿±³Ò®¼ÕË«¼µ ±·º±±¿ª³ñòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòïïé
çñ }©ªÜÛ¼µ·º·ØÄ §È®¯ØµåÛÍ·º̧ ¬¿«-³Óº «³å¯Øµå ¾µú·º«¼µ ±¼ª¼µ§¹±ª³åñòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòïíð
ïðñ ßµùxÅ´¿±³ ¬®²º«µ¼ ®²º±²º̧ §µöb¼Õªº ½Ø¨µ« ¼ º±»²ºåñòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòïìè
ïïñ ¶®»º®³Û¼µ·º·± Ø µÇ¼ ßµùx±³±»³ ®²º±Ç¼µ §-ØËÛÍØǪ³§¹±ªÖñòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòïêé
ïîñ ¾µú³å±½·º±²º ¾µú³å¶¦°ºªÏ·º ¬¾ôº¿Ó«³·º¸ ú³ÆÒö¼Õź¶§²º±¼µÇ ÑÜå°Ù³ä«±Ù³å½Ö¸±»²ºåñòòòòòòòîðî
ïíñ ÒßÖ©¼µ«º¬©Ù·ºå𻺱²º ªÌ©º¿©³ºð»ºÞ«Ü忪³«º ú³¨´å®Þ«Ü忱³ºª²ºå ¬¾ôº¿Ó«³·º¸ §¼µ3
¬¿ú姹±»²ºåñòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòîîë
ïìñ «®Y³¸¿©³·º¦«º¶½®ºå©Ù·º ¬Þ«Üå¯ØµåÒ®¼ÕË«¼µ ±·º±¼§¹±ª³åñòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòîíì
ïëñ ¬°*ª®º ¬ô´ð¹ùÜ©© ¼µÇ Ù·º ¬°º§ÙÖ¿©³º ¾ôºÛ°Í º®-¼Õåúͱ
¼ »²ºåñòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòò îìë
ïêñ §È®¯Øµå ¶®»º®³«³©Ù»ºåcµ§ºúÍ·º«¼µ ®²º±´ °Ü°Ñºc¼µ«º«´å½Ö̧§¹±ªÖñòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòò îëê
ïéñ ¶®»º®³Û¼µ·º·Ø©Ù·º ßú·ºö-Üö¼µÐºå ¬ô´ð¹ù¶§»ºÇ§Ù³å¿¬³·º ®²º±´¿¯³·ºúÙ«º½Ö¸±»²ºåñòòòòòòòòòòòòîéè
ïèñ ¾Ü嫼µ ®²º±²º¸¿½©º¬½¹« °©·º©Ü¨·Ù ½º ¸± Ö »²ºåñòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòîçì
ïçñ ®-«º½»ºå¿§ªØá ®²º±´®Ïª«º®½Ø3á Æú§º§-«º¬©Ù·º$ ÆÙÖ±©¼;«¼µ ¬³å¨³å Þ«¼Õå°³å½Ö¸ú¿±³ ¯ú³¿©³º«¼µ
±¼ª§µ¼ ¹±ª³åñòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòíðí
îðñ Ѭµ3 ¬¿«³·º·ôº®-³å ¿§¹«ºªÏ·º Û¼µÇ©¼« µ º¿±³ ±©;𹫼µ ±¼§¹±ª³åñòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòííî
îïñ ®·ºå ë ¯«º©¼µ·º ®¼¦µú³å¿¶®y³«º¶½·ºå ½Øú±´«³å ®²º±´»²ºåñòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòíëí
îîñ ¨Ù»© º åص ®Í ¨¼§º¯åص ±¼µÇ¿ú³«º¿¬³·º Þ«Õ¼ 姮ºå½Ö̧±´«¼µ ±·º±¼§¹±¿ª³ñòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòíêî
îíñ ¾µú³å§Ù·º̧®²º̧ «®Y³Åµ©º®Åµ©ºá ®²º±²º̧ §µß_»¼®¼©¶º ¦·º̧ ±¼ú±»²ºåñòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòíéð
îìñ ô½µ¬½¹ ¬¼Ûô ¼l Û¼µ·º·Ø©Ù·º ¾Ø¾ µ µ·¼ º¶§²º»ôºÅ´3 úͼ§¹¿±å±¿ª³ñòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòíèé
îëñ ¾µ®r°å¼µ Å´±²º ®²º±²º̧»©º ¬®-¼Õ嬰³å ¶¦°º±»²ºåñòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòíèç
îêñ ®Í©ºMк¬ªÙ»º¿«³·ºå±²º¸ Òß¼©¼±Ï Û¼µ·º·Ø¶§Õ±µ½®¼»º °³¿úå¯ú³Þ«Ü嫼µ ±¼ªµ¼§¹±ª³åñòòòòòòòìðì
îéñ «®Y³«¼µ ±¿¾Ú³¶¦·º¸ §È®¯Øåµ §©º¦´å±´«³å ®²º±»´ ²ºåñòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòìïï
îèñ ®²º±´Ç¬³å ú²º°´å¿ú嶽ôº ¨µªµ§º¿±³ cµ§º§Øµá cµ§º©µ©µ¼Ç«¼µ ®¿ù¹»³åŵ ¿½æ§¹±ªÖñòòòòòòòòòòìîï
îçñ ¿ªÍ³º«³å§ÙÖ¿©³º øð¹÷ ¿¨³·º¶§²¸º§ÙÖ¿©³º«¼µ ®²º±´Ç¬³å ¬°ÙÖ¶§Õ3 «-·ºå§½Ö¸§¹±»²ºåñòòòòòòòòò ìíç
íðñ ®±¼µå±«Ú»ºåÛÍ·¸º «¨¼»± º «Ú»ºå ®²º±Ç¼µ ¶½³å»³å§¹±ªÖñòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòììê
íïñ ªÙ©ºª§º¿ú嫼µ ªØ×Ë¿¯³º¬³å¿§å¿±³ ¶®»º®³®-¼Õå½-°º°³¿úå¯ú³Þ«Ü嫼µ ±·º±¼±¿ª³ñòòòòòòòò ììé
íîñ ô·ºåÄ °Ù®ºåú²º±©¼;«¼µ Òß¼©¼±Ï©¼µÇ«§·º ¿ªå°³åú±²º¸ ¶®»º®³°°º±´Þ«Ü嫼µ ±¼ª¼µ§¹±ª³åñòòòò ìëð
ííñ ¿¨úð¹ù ßµùx±³±»³¿ú³·º«¼µ ùµ©¼ô¬Þ«¼®º ¨Ù»ºå¿¶§³·º¿°½Ö¸±´«³å ®²º±´¶¦°º±»²ºåñòòòòòò ìëí
íìñ Ãÿ©³·ºå«¼µ®¿¦³«º ¿©³·º«¼µ¿¦³«º±²º °¼»º¿«-³«º¬±Ù·º ±Üªð·º££ ŵ Ñù¹»ºå©Ù·ºú°º¿°±´«¼µ ±¼ª¼µ§¹
±ª³åñòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòò ìêç
 Û¼·µ º·¶Ø §Õ ±µ½®¼»º ¿ª³¸ ßÜåß³åßúÙ©º
avmhAD;Am;A7Gwfonf owif;pmavmurS EdkifiHa7;avmuodk\ul;ajymif;um 0ef-uD;tjzpf wdkif;jynfwm0efudk
ausjyGefpGm xrf;7GufcJhI jAdwdo~0ef-uD;csKyf csmcsD. jcD;usL;jcif;udk cH,l77SdcJhonf? rnfonfhaqmif7Guf-udK;yrf;r=
rsm;a-umifh xdkokd\ jcD;rGrf;cH7yHkudk zwf&=avhvmayvdrfhrnf?

AD;Am;A&Gwf/ avmh(c7pf 18^9 zGm;)? ?jAw d o d ~

EdkifiHjyKokcrdef owif;pmwdkufydkif7Sif avmhAD;Am;A7Gwf
bGJ\cH 0DvsHrUqGJ tdkufuif;onf 18^9 ckESpf arv25
7ufae\wiG u f ae'gEdik if H tGeaf w;7D;,d;k jynfe,f/ ary,f
jrdK\Y zGm;jrifavonf? ol.zcifrmS y7ufZADwD;7D;,ef;
*d+
k ;f 0if "Rq7mwOD;jzpf.? tdu k u f if;onf touf20
t7G,fuyif [JvzufjrdK\wGif pD;yGm;a7;vkyfief; pwif
vkyu f dkifcjJh yD;aemuf wdk;wuf-uD;yGm;vmaomtcg/ rGef;
x7D;atmjrdK\odk\ ajymif;a7G\ vkyu f dkifcJhjyefonf? touf
28 ESpft&G,fwGif pawmhy&GJ HkY ta7;yg t7ma7mufol
jzpfvmcJ. h ?
1910jynfEh pS fwiG f rGef;x7D;atm b+f-uD;u uae
'gEdik if H bdvwfajrpuf&-kH uD; 3 ckukd yl;aygif;a7; twGuf
pHkprf;7ef tdkufuif;tm; cef\xm;onf? xdkvkyfief;udk
aqmif7u G cf 7Jh mwGif uae'gEdik if 7H Sd bdvwfajr puf&t kH m;
vHk; yl;aygif;a7;udkyg aqmif7GufcJhavonf? ,if;odk\
aqmif7u G o f nfudk uae'gEdik if o H l Edkiif oH m;rsm;u vH;k 0
rauseyf-uay? owif;pmrsm;rSvnf; tjyif;txef
a7;om;uef\uGufc-Jh u.? rnfo\dkyifjzpfap ol.aqmif
7Gufr=a-umifh bdvwfajrpufrsm; aiGa7;a-u;a7; tajc jAdwdo~ owif;pmavmuwGif xif7Sm;ausmf-um;onhf
taeaumif;rGefvm&Hkru tdu k fuif;udk,w f dkiv
f nf; a7F avmhAD;Am;A7Gwf
'*®g;aygifwoef;cef\ -uG,0f olb0odk\ a7mufvmonf?
xdEk SpfwiG yf if tdkufuif;onf t*®vefjynfo\dk ajymif;a7F\
um Edik if aH 7;avmuod\k 0ifavonf? tpd;k 7tzGJ\rSEkwfxu G I f ‘‘a';vD;tdypf y7uf’’ owif;pm
1910 jynfhESpf 'DZifbmvwGif ygvDreftrwftjzpf udk udk,w f kid t
f yk cf sKyv f yk u f idk cf 7hJ m owif;pmrSm vl-udKuf
ta7G;cHum twdkuftcHacgif;aqmif Adkemavm. t rsm;vmojzifh apmifa7 wkd;wuf xkwfa0cJh7onf?
wGif;a7;twGif;0eftjzpf aqmif7GufcJh. Adkemavm. 1921ckEpS wf iG f ‘‘qef;a';tdypf y7uf’’owif;pmudk wnf
cspfcif,Hk-unfr=udk cH,l7olvnf;jzpfonf? 1911 ck axmifchI J aemufr-umrD ‘‘tD;Aeif;pwif;'wf’’owif;
ESpfwGif qmbGJ\csD;jr|ihfolaumif;jyKjcif; cH7onf? yXr pmudk 0,f,v l kyu f ikd cf hjJ yefavonf?
uBmppftwGi;f u ol.aqmif7Gufcsufrsm;a-umifh -o 1929 ckEpS w f iG f AD;Am;A7Gwo f nf Edik if aH 7; e,fxo
J \kd
ZmwdUr -uD;rm;vmum 1916 ckESpw f Gif AJ7eG feuf t jyef0ifvmjyD;aemuf jAdwdo~ EkdifiHawmftwGif; vGwf
qifhtwef;odk\ wd;k jr|ihcf ef\tyfjcif;cH7jyD;aemuf 191^ ck vyfpGm ukefo, G fa7;udPudk txajrmuf atmifjrifap
ESpfwGif AJ7eG f AD;Am;A7Gwt f jzpf olaumif;jyKjcif; cH7av 7ef -udK;yrf;aqmif7u G af vonf? xdt k a7;wGif ol.0g'
onf? xdt k cgrSpI avmhAD;Am;A7Gwf[k wGicf ho J nf? udk axmufcHaom ygvDreftrwfavmif;rsm;udk ol.
1918 ckESpfwGif avmhAD;Am;A7Gwfonf jyef-um;a7; owif;pmrsm;u tm;ay;ulnDco hJ nf?
0ef-uD;tjzpf aqmif7Guf7avonf? ppfjyD;aomtcg 1940jynfEh Spf arv 147ufae\wiG f jAdwdo~0ef-uD;

1
AD;v,mhô a*smh AkZGef

csKyf csmcsDu avmhAD;Am;A7Gwftm; av,mOfysH xkwf 1620 jynhEf pS w f iG f AD;v,mhonf tm;bG\J7 7yfwvef
vkyaf 7;Xme 0ef-u;D tjzpf cef\xm;vdu k f7m ol. aqmif pm;. orD;jzpfol wEkdifiv H ;Hk wGif tcsr;f omqH;k tarGcH
7Gufcsufonf txl;atmifjrifojzifh csmcsDuyifv~if trsKd;orD;ESihf vufxyfonf? a0vrif;om; csm;ESihf
avmhAD;Am;A7Gwfonf ppfav,mOfysHrsm;udk rsufvSnfh pydef rif;orD;wk\d vufxyf7ef tm;bG\7J A7Pwkpd m;u aph
jyovdk xkwv f yk vf u kd o f nf[k jcD;rGr;f cJ7h .? 1941 ckEpS f pyfaepOfwiG f csm;tm; pydeEf dik if H r'7pfjrdK\awmfo\kd ukd,f
arvrStpjyKI avmh AD;Am;A7Gwo f nf axmufyahH 7;Xme wkdifoGm;a7muf aphpyf7ef Awfuif*rfpm;u aoG;aqmif
0ef-uD;tjzpf aqmif7GufcJh7m 1942 ckESpfwGif tiSm;cs onf? ol. aoG;aqmifcsuft7 csm;vnf; r'7pfjrdK\
ta-uG;ay; Oya'qdkif7m jAdwdo~tkyfcsKyfa7;rSL;tjzpf awmfo\dk Awfuif*rfpm;ESit fh wl oGm;a7mufonf? ok\d7m
tr=xrf;7ef tar7duefjynfaxmifpo k \dk apvFwfjcif;cH7 wGif Awfuif*rfpm;. armufrmpGm qufqHr=a-umihf
onftxd jzpfonf? 1943 ckESpfrS 1945 ckESpftxd vufxyfa7; tpDtpOf rajyrjypfjzpfum ysufjym;cJ7h &Hk
wHqyd fawmf0ef-uD;tjzpf cef\tyfjcif;cHc7Jh onf? 194^ck ru pydeEf iS hf jAdwed fEikd if Hw\kd ppfjzpfymG ;cJ7h onf? ok\daomf
rS 1953 ckESpt f xd e,l;A7ef;ZGpw f Uodv k f t"dywdt vnf; AD;v,mhtay:bk7ifESifh a0vrif;om; csm;wkd\.
jzpf wifajr|mufjcif; cH7onf? wd7k eG w f w kd Uodvk f/ armifh txif-uD;r=onf ysufjy,f oGm;jcif; r7Sd&Hkru 'sLbGJ\
tvDqefwUodv k w f \krd S Oya'yg7*lEiS fh pmayyg7*lb\JGx;l jzihfyif wkd;wufjcD;ajr|mufjcif; cH7avonf?
rsm;udk toD;oD; jcD;jr|ifhjcif;vnf; cH7onf? 1625ckESpf rwfvwGif yXr*sdr;f bk7ifuHuek fI csm;
avmh AD;Am;A7Gwfonf ‘‘atmifjrifr’= ’/ ‘‘Edkiif aH 7;o rif;om;onf yXrcsm;bk7iftjzpf eef;wufonf? xkd
rm;ESihf ppf’’/‘‘Edik if aH 7;orm;ESihf owif;pmavmu’’/ ‘‘jAd ESpf arvwGif r'7pfjrdK\o\dk oGm;pOfuawG\cahJ om jyifopf
wdo~tifydki, f m. obm0tajctjrpfrsm;’’/ ‘‘uHudk rif;orD; [ife7Dtufwm rm7D,m;ESiv fh ufxyfz\dk aphpyf
r,HkESih’f ’/ ‘‘atmifjrifa7;twGuf aomhok;H csu’f ’ paom 7ef csm;bk7ifu AD;v,mhtm; apvFwjf yefonf? aemuf
pmtkypf mwrf;rsm;pGm a7;om;xkwfa0cJhonf? ESpw f iG f AD;v,mhtm; pydeEf idk if H au;'pfjrKd \udk wku d cf u
dk 7f ef
acgif;aqmifapvFwfvu kd 7f m ta7;&=H;edrfo h jzihf ygvDref
AD;v,mhô a*smh (c7pf 1592 1628) ? ? t*‡vdyf vFwfawmfu tjyif;txef jypfwif&=wfcsjcif; cH7aomf
eef;wGi;f om;/ bk7ihftcspfawmfESihf EkdifiHjyKock rdef a*smh vnf;/ bk7ifu ygvDrefudk zsuo f rd ;f ay;vku d o
f jzihf AD;v
AD;v,mhudk 1592 ckEpS f -o*kwv f 287ufae\wiG f vufp ,mh csrf;om7m 7cJhonf?
wm&=dif,me,f A&kpADjrdK\wGif zGm;jrifonf? qma*smhAD; xkdjyif AD;v,mh. armufarmufrmrm jyKrlr=rsm;
v,mh. 'kwd,om; jzpfonf/ a-umihf r-umrD t*‡vefEiS hf jyifopfwd\k ppfjzpfonhf t
AD;v,mh 13ESpt f 7G,wf iG f zcifjzpfou
l ,G v f eG o f nf? ajctxd a7mufc7hJ onf? 162^ ckEpS w f Gif jyifopftpk;d 7
touf 18ESpfwiG f jyifopfEkdiif Hokd\ oGm;a7mufI 3 ESpf tm; awmfvSefae-uaom [sL;*sEd;k wkd\ tckdit f rm wyf
r~aexkdiu f m uk, d fvufavhusifah 7;zufwGif txl;oif pG7J m &kd7, S cf w
H yfjrdK\o\dk AD;v,mhtm; vufeuf tajrmuf
,lwwfu`rf;cJo h nf? yifud, k &f kyf7nfuvnf;vSI trl tjrm;jzihf tultnDoGm;7ef apvFwfvdu k f7m [sL;*sEkd;
t,modraf rG\ol jzpfonht f jyif/ uk, d v
f ufavhusio fh jl zp wk\u d tulrcHonht f jyif jrKd \o\ydk if r0if7ef wm;jrpfojzihf
fojzihf ukd,f[efvSaom AD;v,mhtm; yXr*sdrf;bk7if AD;v,mhonf aemufqkwfc7Jh onf? ([sL;*sEk;d „&=?)
onf tvGefEpS fouf cspcf ifawmfrlonf? bk7ifu cspf r-umrD &kd7S,fjrdK\okd\ wzefoGm;a7muf7ef ykd\prpfjrdK\wGif
cifjrwfEkd;pGmjzihf ac:onhf pwDeD[laomtrnfjzihf vl tpDtpOfrsm; jyKvkyaf ecJph Of 7mxl;cef\xm;r=ESifh pyfvsO;f
odrsm;cJoh nf? r-umrD tm;bGJ\7qRm;qufudk qufco H l I ol\tay: rausreyfjzpfaecJhaom *`ef zJvwefqko d l
tjzpf ajr|mufpm;cH7onf? 1618 ckESpfwGif AD;v,mh ppfAdv k u f av; wOD;u vkyf-uHojzihf 1628 ckEpS f -o
onf qmbG\Jjzihf olaumif;jyKc7H &Hkru rm;uGpb f \J7G Awf *kwfv 23 7ufae\wGif uG,fvGefonf?
uif*rfpm;tjzpf jcD;jr|ihfjcif;cH7onf? 2 ESpftwGi;f bk
7ifrif;jrwfonf AD;v,mhtm; bG\Jx;l /*k+x f ;l /7mxl;-uD; AkZeG ?f ?AkZeG o f nf u7yfpaw;pD;ac: tcGrH m oW0g
rsm;jzihf pkykjH cD;jr|ivhf du
k f7m bk7ifrif;jrwfyif vltrsm;. rsdK;aygif;wGif tjrD;7Snfaom taumifrsdK; jzpfonf?
jypfwif &=wfcsjcif; cH7&Hkru/ rvkdrkef;xm;jcif;yg cHcJh ,if;onf ueef;ESifh wrsdK;wnf; jzpfonf?
7onf? AkZGeftrsdK;rsdK; 7Sdonf? ,if;wdk\rSm AkZGefwkyf/ AkZGef

2
 AkZGef

ausmh/ AkZGeq f w d f/ AkZGefusm;/ ausmufAkZeG f ponfwk\djzpf uav;onf a7atmufodk\qif;um usupf m;avonf?

-uonf? xdrk pS I AkZeG fwkyfonf touf-uD;vmonfESifhtr~ w
AkZeG fwkyfonf 2 aytxdyif 7Snfwwfonf? tcsdK\ jznf;jznf;-uD;vmI tav;csdefvnf; pD;vmonf?
AkZGefwkyf-uD;rsm;rSm 35 aygiftxdyif tcsdef pD;wwf AkZeG fwkyo f nf woufvHk; TtcGHEiS cfh snf; aeoGm;
onf? ud, k x f nfonf vH;k I tpdwt f ydik ;f 6 ck qufpyf onfr[kwaf cs? r-umc+ tcGv H o J nf? yXr wESpo f m;
xm;ouJhodk\jzpfaeonf? udk,af y:wGif tjyma7mifcyf twGif; 14-udrfrS 1^-udrftxd tcGHvJonf? aemuf
ajymifajymif tcGHrm zHk;tkyfaeonf? tjrD;rlum; ,yf -uD;aomtcg wESpw f -udrv f o
J nf? AkZeG fwkyo f nf tcGH
awmifozG,f um;aeonf? OD;acgif;xdyw f Gif 7Snfvsm; vJawmhrnf7adS omtcg ueef;uJo h \ykd if vHjk cKH pw
d cf s7aom
aom trSit f *®g 2ck7Sdonf? ueef;uJhodk\yif ajc 5pHkyg ae7maumif;wckudk r7t7 7SmazGpjrJ jzpfonf? ol.
I yXrtpHkudkvufr[kac:onf? vufrwzufrSm-uD; 7Snfvsm;aom trSift*®gjzifh awG\or~ taygufrsm; t
I wH;k aomoGm;rsm; yg7SdjyD;v~if ,if;vufrjzifh rdrd. xJodk\ xdk;oGif;prf;oyfjcif;jzifh oifhawmfrnfhtayguf/
tpmudk -udwaf csonf? usev f ufr wzufrmS ao;i,f odk\r[kwf ‘‘wGif;’’ udk7SmazGonf? xdk;prf;-unfhaom
I c`efxufaom oGm;rsm;yg7Sdum tpmudk udkufjzwf taygufxJwGif rnfonfhab;tM7m,fr~ r7S[ d lI pdwf
7ef toH;k jyKonf? AkZGefwyk . f 0rf;ydu
k fwGif a7ul;t*®g csavmufrS wGif;atmif;jcif;tr=udk jyKavonf? wGif;
i,frsm; yg7Sdonf? a7ul;7mwGif ,if;wdk\ukd avSmw f uf atmif;,if;yif AkZeG w f yk o f nftjyif;txef wGe\fvrd f v=yf
rsm;ozG,f toHk;jyKavonf? 7Sm;um ta7cGHvJ7onf? ta7cGHvJ7onfrSm tcGHrm
AkZeG w
f yk o f nfwom;v~iOf aygif; 5ô000 rS 100ô000 -uD;rsm;udk udk,frS jyKwfxGufoGm;atmif tjyif;txef
txd Owwfonf? ,if;Orsm;udk 0rf;ydkuf7Sd a7ul; -udK;yrf;7onfjzpf7m tm;ukefyifyef;vSonf jzpfaom
t*®gi,fuav;rsm;wGif ap;uyfaom aumfwpfrsdK;jzifh a-umifh AkZeG w f yk o
f nf tcGu H `wo f nft h cg acWr~ rv=yf
tjrJuyfaeatmif o,faqmifxm;-uonf? 11 vr~ r,SufEdkifbJ arhajrmIyif oGm;7Smwwfonf? odk\aomf
-umaomf Orsm;rS AkZGefwkyfuav;rsm; aygufzGm;vm topfay:aygufvmaom ta7cGH twefi,f rmvmonf
onf? trsm;tm;jzifh aEGul;7moDwGif OrSaygufavh7Sd ESifhwjydKifeuf tm;tifwzef jyefvnfjynfh0 vmav
onf? aygufpwGif AkZGefwyk u f av;onf wvufr. onf? ta7cGHa[mif;uGmI tcGHopf rmausmvmjcif;
4 yHk 1yHkcef\ 7Snfonf? OD;acgif;-uD;I tjrD;i,fonf? r7Srd t
D csed wf iG f 7efow
l \ukd kd txl;owdxm;Iae-u7onf?
AkZeG w
f yk uf av;onf ud, k x f nf i,fonfuvGI J t7G,f AkZeG w
f yk of nf a7xJwiG f ,ufum,ufumjzifh av;
a7mufjyD; AkZeG w f yk -f uD;ESihf yHyk ef;o!efwax7wnf; wl av;rSerf eS f oGm;avh&o Sd nf? od\k7mwGif wpHkw7m ta7;
onf? 7ufoWywftenf;i,f-umaomtcg/ AkZeG w f yk f -uD;aom udP-uHKvmv~if a7xJo\dk vsifjrefaom t7Sdef

yifv,fwGif; usufpm;avh7Sdaom ykZGef-uD;rsKd;

3
 AkZGef
yifv,fwGif AkZGefzrf;7mY AkZGefpmtkd;rsm;ukd Tokd\yifv,fwGif;csI zrf;,l7onf?
jzifh aemufjyefypful;avh 7Sdonf? wcgw7H cyfusJusJ
oGm;I wcsuw f csuf ckefwwfao;onf? oGm;7mae7m
YwGi;f rsm;awG\v~if olw\k. d vufr-uD;jzifh E=ud pf rf;-unfh
wwfonf? 7efou l akd wG\ygu vufrjzifh n|yyf pfavonf?
7F\HEGHxlxyfaom ae7mrsdK;wGif AkZGefwkyfudk awG\7cJ
onf? ,if;wdk\onf ausmufawmifxx l yf aygrsm;aom
urf;ajc a7wdrf7m ae7mrsm;udk txl;ojzifh -udKufEpS f
oufwwfaomfvnf; a7euf7m t7yfrsm;wGifvnf;
awG\7wwfonf? tWvMdwo f rk]7mzuf7Sd tar7duef
urf;ajcwav~mufwGif awG\7aom AkZGefwkyfrsdK;onf
uBmay:wGif t-uD;qHk;rsdK; jzpfonf? Oa7mywdkuf
urf;ajcwav~mufwGif awG\7aom AkZGefwkyfrsdK;rSmrl
tar7duef AkZGefwkyfavmuf r-uD;acs? yifv,fAkZGef
wkyrf sKd ;wGif tmz7duwkduf *Gwf'[kyt f il urf;ajcwGif
awG\7aom AkZeG fwkyfrsdK;onf ti,fqHk;jzpfonf? EdkifiH
t7yf7yf7Sd jrpfacsmif;wd\krS zrf;,l77Sdaom a7csdKAkZGew f yk f
wdk\rSmrl t-uD;qHk; 8 vufrcef\om 7Sdavonf?
AkZGefqdwfESifh AkZGefausmhrsm;rSmrl AkZGefwkyf-uD;rsm;
uJo h \kd a7euf7m yifv,fwiG f rawG\7bJ/ a7wdrI f oJajr
7Sd7m jrpfacsmif; tif;tdkifwdk\wGifom tajrmuftjrm;
awG\7onf? uBmt7yf7yfrSmyif awG\7dES idk o f nf?
4
AkZGefqdwfESifh AkZGefausmhrsm;udk tcsdK\u r-uD;xGm;
ao;aom AkZGefwkyf[k xif-uonf? xif-uonfh t
a-umif;rSm trSww f rJ-h unfu
h t-uD;tao;rSvI JG yHyk ef;
o!efcsif; wlaoma-umifh jzpfavonf? odk\7mwGif
,if;wd\kY vG,fulpGm cGjJ cm;Edkifaom tcsuftvufrsm;
7Sdonf? AkZGefqdwfonf t-uD;qHk; 3 vufrtxdom
-u;D I/ AkZeG af usmo
h nf 5 vufrtxd -u;D onf? ,if;wd\k
. tjrD;ESifh 0rf;ydkuf7dS a7ul;t*®grsm;onf t7G,Ef Sihrf
vdu k af tmif-uD;onf? wwd,ESihf pwkštqufY ud, k f
vHk;auG;I ausmcHk;aeonf? qGJqef\onfhwdkifatmifyif
cyfcHk;cHk; jzpfaeavonf? AkZGefqdwfonf ta7mifrGJI
tndKpuf7Sdonf? AkZGefausm\onf pdrf;jyma7mif 7SdI
tndKpufygonf?
AkZGefqdwfESifh AkZGefausmhudkvnf; waumifESifh w
aumif cGjJ cm;7ef rcJ,Of;acs? AkZeG fqdwf. OD;acgif;xdyf
wzufwcsurf S ,kefem;7Gufuho J dk\ raysmhvGe;f rrmvGef;
aom tjym; 2ckxdk;xGufI/ ,if;tjym; 2ckteD;Y tm
&HkrSif 2ckESifhrsufpd 2ckt-um;Y cuf7if;cGuJhokd\aom
tm&Hrk ~if2ck&Sdonf? AkZGefqw d .
f vuf 5pHt k euf yXr
vufwpHkonf -uD;Ijym;jyD;v~if/ tzsm;wGif 2cG jzpfI
cswd fuo Jh \dk aumufaumufuav; jzpfaeonf? ,if;wdk\
AkZGef Akoô 0DvsH

xufi,faom oW0guav;rsm;udk n|yI f pm;aomuf "Rq7m tvkyfudk 9 ESpfcef\vkyfjyD;aemuf rufo'pf

-u7ef jzpfonf? AkZGefausmh. OD;acgif;xdyfrSrl ql; *dk+f;ESifh tquftoG,fjzwfvdkufjyD;v~if rdrzd mom w
awmifuJhodk\ tnGef\twufESifh tc`efwpfck xdk;xGuaf e pifaxmifum w7m;a[majymcJhonf? Akoonf pdwf
onf? tm&Hrk Sif 2pHkpvH;k onf ao;I7Sno f nf? yXrESihf 7if;aumif;.? qif;7Jaomolrsm;ESifh cdkudk;7mrJh 'kQdw
'kw, d vuf2pHo k nf AkZeG wf yk vf ufEiS hf qifqifwo l nf? rsm;udk u,fq,fvpdk dwf jyif;xefoljzpfonfh tavsmuf
AkZGeu f sm;rsdK;rSmrl ud, k fxnfjym;I AkZGefwyk favmuf 1865 ckESpfwGif vef'efjrdK\odk\ oGm;a7mufum 0=dufcsyf
acgif;r-uD;acs? tay:ta7cGHvnf; AkZGefwkyfavmuf y,f7yfuGufY c7pf,mef omoemjyKtzGJ\wckudk wnf
rxlbJ ta7mifrSm pdrf;ndKa7mifESifh t0gpif;usm; jzpf axmifavonf? 18^8 ckEpS w f iG f xdt
k zG\Jonf u,fq,f
onf? vufESifh0rf;ydkuf7Sd a7ul;t*®grsm;vnf; ydkI a7;wyf[al om toGijf zifh tvkyo f rm;vlwef;pm;wd\k.
aysm\aysmif;El;nHhonf? t7G,ftm;jzifh 6 vufrrS 8 vlr=a7;7m tajctae wdk;wufaumif;rGefaprnfh vkyf
vufrtxd 7So d nf? ,if;udv k nf; a7wdrf7m jrpfacsmif; ief;rsm;udk aqmif7u G o
f nf? Akoonf xdw k yf. Advk cf sKyf
ponfw\Ykd om awG\7onf? -uD; jzpfvmonf? (u,fq,fa7;wyf„&=?)
ausmufAZk eG o f nf 6 vufrxuf yd-k u;D cJonf? tjzL/ AkoESihf taygif;ygwd\k.vkyif ef;rsm;onf jird 0f yfyjd ym;
yef;a7mif/ vdaRmfa7mif/ tndK/ pdrf;jymESifh tjymykyfykyf a7;udk taESmiht f ,Sufay;onf[kqu dk m Ako. aemuf
ta7mifponfjzifh ta7miftrsdK;rsdK; 7Sdonf? ausmuf vdu k rf sm;pGmwdk\tm; '+faiGwyfjcif;/ axmifcsjcif;wd\kjzifh
AkZGef. tcGHonf rmI -urf;onf? AkZGefwkyfuJhodk\yif ESyd fuGyaf vonf? od\kaomf 1889 ckESpf aemufwGiu f m;
vuf 5 pH7k o dS nft h euf yXrvufpo kH nf n|yI f 7onf? xdkodk\aom ESdyfuGyfr=rsdK; r7Sdawmhojzifh Ako. u,f
usefvuf 4 pHjk zifh vrf;av~mufonf? q,fa7;vkyif ef;onf Oa7mywdkuf/ tar7duefwku d fwk\d
AkZeG t
f rsdK;rsKd ;udk vlw\dkonf [if;vsmtvdk\iSm zrf;,l ESihf -opa-w;vD;,m;/ tdN, d / oD[dk–fpaomEdik if Hrsm;odk\
-uonf? trsm;tm;jzifh vwfvwf qwfqwf csuf
jyKwpf m;aomufaomfvnf; taemufEdkifiHrsm;wGif pnf
oGwI f a7mif;cs-uonf? jrefrmEdkiif w H Gif AkZGefjzifh iyd
vkyf-uao;onf? r~ifac: tvGefao;i,fonfh AkZGef
uav;jzifh jyKvkyo f nf? xdkr~iif ydonf tvGex f if7mS ;
onf? AkZGefOD;acgif;rS 77So d nfh tqDoufoufudkvnf;
csufI [if;vsmwrnftjzpf pm;oHk;-uonf? AkZeG fayg
onfh jrpf0u`e;f ay:a'owGif AkZeG fOrsm;udk oufouf
xkwI f a7mif;cs-uonf?

AkZGefvHk; ? ? (ueef;„&=? )

Akoô 0DvsH (c7pf1829 1912)? ?0DvsAH o k onf

u,fq,fa7;wyfukd pwifwnfaxmifol jzpfonf? Ako
udk t*®vefjynf aemhwif*rfjrdK\Y 1829ckEpS f {jyDv 10
7ufae\wiG f zGm;jrif.? olonf i,f7, G pf Ofuyif ud, k 'hf ;l
udk,fc`ef toufarG;0rf;ausmif; jyKcJ7h oljzpfonf?
Akoonf a7S;OD;pGm taygifqkid f vufaxmuftjzpf
vkyfukid fae7mrS bmoma7;a[majymr=Y 0goemxHkonfh
tavsmuf 1852 ckESpfwGif rufo'pf "Rq7mtvkyf
udk ul;ajymif;vkyuf ikd cf o
hJ nf? 1855 ckEpS w
f iG f uufo7if;
refz\kdtrnf7aSd om 0goemcsi;f wlI oabmudu k fnoD nfh
trsdK;orD; wOD;ESifh vufxyfvdkufonf? rufo'pf u,fq,fa7;wyfukd pwifzGJ\pnf;ol 0DvsH Ako

5
Al*def;AD;ôvl0D tefwGef; 'g AlzGefôaZmhZuf

yif ys\HEH\SoGm;cJo h nf? 1890 jynfhEpS fwGif ol\tm; rsm;pGm

tultnDay;cJah om ZeD;onf uufo7if; tedPa7muf
oGm;avonf? odk\7mwGif ol.om;orD;rsm;jzpf-uaom
A7rf;0JESifh tDA,f*svif;wdk\onf ol\vkyfief;wGif rsm;
pGm tultnDay;EdkifcJhonf? xdkESpfYyif AdkvfcsKyf-uD;
Akoonf ‘‘tarSmifq;kH t*®vefEdkiif HESihf xGuf7yfvrf;’’
[laompmtkyfudk a7;om; xkwfa0um iwfjywfr=udk
›if;/ 'kp&dkufusL;vGefrw = \dku›dk if; yaysmufap7ef enf;t
rsdK;rsdK;jzihf -udK;yrf;aqmif7u G cf Jhonf? 19 7mpkESpt f ukef
avmufwGif Ako.vkyif ef;rsm;udk twdkuftcH jyKvyk fr=
rsm;onf vHk;0 yaysmufoGm;.? ,cifu omoemh0ef
xrf;rsm;. ESmacgif;&=H\jcif;ud›k if;/ vrf;-uD; vrf;i,f
rsm;xJwiG f wkw/f ausmufcJ ponfw\jkd zifh ypfcwfEiS x f wk f
jcif;ud›k if; cHc7hJ aom u,fq,fa7;wyf Adv k cf sKy-f uD;Ako
onf r-umrD rif;nDrif;om;rsm;ESifh ycHk;csif;,SOfum
vl7m0ifEikd af om tajcod\k a7mufc7hJ onf? oWr ajrmuf
tuf'Gyfbk7if-uD; udk,fwdkifuyif ol.bdodufcH uBmwpfywf a7a-umif;c7D;oGm;cJhol vl0D tefwGef; 'gAl*def;AD;
r*®vmyGo J \dk wufa7muf7ef Akotm; ta7;w,l zdwaf c:
awmfrlcJhonf? Ako vkyfudkifaomvkyfief;rsm;. tzdk; ckESpfwGif r*sJvefa7vuf-um;udk jzwfcJhI ypdzdwf
wefyHk rGefjrwfyHkudk qef\usifzuf *dk+f;om;rsm;uyif ork]7mtwGi;f 7Sd w[D;wD;/ qrdk;0g;/ e,l;[ufA7d'D;/
jcD;usL;vm-u7.? xdo k k\d avmuD avmukW7m ESpjf zm e,l; jAdwdef ponfh u`ef;rsm;odk\ 0ifa7mufcJhjyD;aemuf
aomaumif;usdK;udk jzLpifaom apwemjzifh rwGe\frqkwf oab®mjzifh uBmwywf vSnfhywfavonf? Al*def;AD;
aqmif7Gucf aJh yaom AdkvfcsKyf-uD; Akoonf 1912 ckESpf onf jyifopfvlrsdK;xJrS yXrqH;k uBmudk ywfco Jh l jzpf
wGif tedPa7mufoGm;avonf? onf? ola7;om;aom uBmwywf pmtkyo f nf yx0D
0ifEiS hf od_yH nm7yfw\dktwGuf taxmuftyHh rsm;pGmjzpf
Al*def;AD;ô vl0DtefwGef;'g(c7pf1^29 1811)? ? apcJoh nf?
vl0DtefweG ;f 'gAl;*def;AD;onf xif7mS ;aom jyifopfvlrsdK; Al*ed f;AD;onf 7mxl;rsm; wqifjh yD; wqifh wufc7hJ m
a7a-umif;u`rf;usifol jzpfonf? 1^29 ckESpf Edk0ifbm ppfol-uD; (zD;rm7S,f) 7mxl;7cJhjyD;aemuf 1^90 jynhf
v 11 7ufae\wiG f yg7pfjrdK\Y zGm;jrifonf? ESpfwGif A7ufjrdK\ a7wyfrSL;-uD;tjzpf cef\tyfjcif; cH7
Al*ed f;AD;onf OD;pGmY0wfvkv H ku
d fItoufarG;7ef-uH onf? eydkv, D efbk7ifuyif aumifhbGJ\ ay;tyfcho J nf?
7G,cf Jhaomfvnf; 1^53 ckESpfwGif -unf;wyfodk\ 0ifI 1811 ckEpS f -o*kwv f 31 7ufae\wiG f Al*ed ;f AD; uG,v f eG f
tr=xrf;cJo h nf? 1^54 ckEpS w f iG f vef'efjrKd \&dS jyifopfo&H ;kH avonf? ypdzw d fork]7m awmifykid ;f 7Sd aqmfvrGeu f `e;f
Y twGi;f 0eftjzpf oGm;a7muftr=xrf;7onf? 1^56ck pkY yg0ifaom u`ef;wu`ef;udk Al*def;AD;u`ef;[k›if;/
ESpw f iG f uae'gEdik fio H \kd oGm;a7mufI Adv k cf sKyrf LS ; v0D*sKd ; [ufA7d';D u`e;f pkraS 7vuf-um;wpfcu k kd Al*ed ;f AD; a7vuf
Zuf'grGe;f urf;. udk,7f aH wmfAkv d rf SL;tjzpf aqmif7u G cf Jh -um;[lI›if; ol\tm;*k+fjyKum rSnfhac:-uavonf?
7jyD;v~if wDuGe'f g&dk;*g;wdkufyJEG Sifh uGDAufodrf;yGJwk\dwiG f xdk\jyif pULyef;. &kQaA'trnfjzpfaom Al*def;AD;vs
0ifa7muf wdkucf u kd cf aJh vonf? 1^61 ckESpw f iG f Oa7my onfvnf; Al*ed ;f AD;udk tpGjJ yKI rSnahf c:cJah om trnfjzpf
wdkufodk\jyefI *smreDEdkifiHwGif 2ESpf-umr~ wdkufyGJ0ifae avonf?
cJah vonf? 1^63 ckEpS w f Gif -unf;wyfrSxu G I f a7wyf
wGif 0ifa7muf tr=xrf;onf? jyifopftpdk;7. awmif; AlzGefôaZmhZuf (c7pf 1^0^ „ 1^88)? ?aumifah Zmh
yefcsut f 7 Al*de;f AD;onf azmhuvefu`e;f pkwGif udv k ked D Zuf vl0D vufvwf AlzeG of nf jyifopfvrl sKd ; obm0ESihf
wnfaxmif7ef oGm;a7mufco Jh nf? ,if;rSwqifh 1^66 ,xmblw ynm7SifwOD; jzpfonf? ol\ukd 1^0^ ckESpf

6
AlzGeôf aZmhZuf Alva*;7D;,m;EkdifiH

pufwifbmv ^ 7ufae\wiG f Am*ef'eD ,fY zGm;jrifonf? AlzGefonf 1^35 ckESpfwGif pwufzifa[; a7;om;
zcifrmS Am*ef'DygvDrefwGif aumifpDv-l uD; wOD;jzpf.? aom [if;oD;[if;7Guf pwufwpfynmpmtkyu f dk bm
AlzGeo f nf Oya'ynm7yfudk *sufZ;l tpfaumvdyfY oif omjyefxw k af 0onf? 1^40 jynfEh pS w f iG f EsLwef.zvyf
,ljyD;aemuf avmu"mwfynm7yfrsm;udk qufvuf qD,ef[al ompmtkyu f dk bmomjyefxw k af 0onf? xdEk pS f
qnf;yl;onf? v,f,mpdkufysKd ;a7;ESihf &lyaA' ynm7yf wGifyif obm0orkid ;f usr;f udk pwifjyKpkavonf? yXr
qdik 7f m pmtkypf mwrf;rsm;udk a7;om;onf? 1^39 ckEpS f wGJukd 1^49 ckESpfwGif yHkEySd x f kwfa0cJo h nf? xdu k srf;udk
wGif bk7ifOh ,smOfEiS jfh ywdu k f tkycf sKyaf 7;rSL; 'sLaz; uG,f ESpfaygif; 50ausmftwGi;f pmtkyw f GJa7aygif; 44 wGJr~
vGefaomtcg AlzGeftm; 15 qufajrmuf vl0Dbk7ifu xkwfa0Edik fatmif a7;om;jyKpkcJhavonf? AlzGef ruG,f
ac:,lcef\tyf7m uG,v f eG of nftxd xd7k mxl;wGif xrf; vGerf D 36wGJ xkwI f uG,v f eG jf yD;aemuf 8wGu J kd xkwaf 0
7Gucf aJh vonf? onf? AlzGefonf rdrd.,lqcsufrsm;udk 7Sif;vif;jywf
obm0 tavsmuf -uD;yGm;7mwGif vlESifh tjcm; om;pGm vlwdkif; em;vnfatmifa7;om;Ekdifoljzpfaom
touf7dS oW0gwd\rk mS jzpfpOfcsi;f jcm;em;csurf 7S/d twl a-umifh ausmaf pmxif7mS ;vmavonf? AlzeG . f -uKd ;pm;r=
wlyifjzpfonf[k AlzGefu xkwaf zmf ajymqdkcaJh vonf? a-umifh vlwdk\onf obm0ynm7yf. eufeJaom t
wd7>mefwk\donf wrsKd ;rS wrsKd ;od\k tqifhqifh ajymif;vJ a-umif;7yfrsm;udk pdw0f ifpm;vm-u.? avhvmqnf;yl;
vm-uonfjzpf7m vlwdk\vnf; tqifhqifh ajymif;vJ vdv k m-u.? tjcm;ouf7Sd oW0grsm;. xl;jcm; ay:
vmonf[kqk. d ? xdk\jyif ouf7o Sd W0gonf 0if&;dk pGe;f vGifaeaom tcsufrsm;ESifh tavhtusifhrsm;udk qif
a'orsm;7Sd ork]7mrsm;wGif pwifjzpfay:vm-uI xdk jcifpl;prf;vdak om pdwrf sm; ay:aygufvmavonf?
tcsed t f cgY 0if&;kd pGe;f ork]7ma7onf oW0gwd\t k ouf jyifopfbk7ifonf AlzGeftm; aumifhbGJ\ jcD;jr|ifhum
wnfwHhEdkif&Hkr~ avmufom at;onf[k qdkavonf? olaumif;jyK ajr|mufpm;onf? aumifhAlzGefonf yg7pf
,if;tcsuw f dk\um; AlzGef. ,lqcsufrsm;aywnf;? jrKd \Y 1^88 ckEpS f {jyD 16 7ufae\wiG f uG,v f eG af vonf?

±®
±®¼µ·¼ åº ©¿ªÏ³«º ¯´§ª
´ §× úº ͳå®× ®-³å¶§³å½Ö¿¸ ±³
Ñ¿ú³§Û¼µ·º·Ø··Ø ôº
aAmfvuefEdkifiHrsm;teuf ti,fqHk;jzpfonf? odk\aomf Oa7myppfyGJ-uD;rsm;/ uBmppfyGJ-uD;rsm;Y ta7;yg
t7ma7mufpGm yg0ifqifEFJcJhavonf?

Alva*;7D;,m;EdkifiH ? ? Alva*;7D;,m;Edik if o H nf O Alva*;7D;,m; EkdifiH. ajrrsufESmjyifudk 4 ydkif;cGJ

a7mywdu k fawmifydki;f 7Sd aAmfvuefu`ef;qG,fwiG f wnf jcm;xm;Edik fonf? ajrmufydkif;wGif 'ef;nKjrpf pD;qif;7m
7Sdonf? ta7S\zufwGiyf ifv,feuf/ awmifzufwiG f *7d 'ef;nK jrpf0rS ;f a'o/ tv,fykid f;wGif aAmfvuefawmif
Edkiif HESihf wl7*DEikd if /H taemufzufwGif ,l*pdk vm;AD;,m; wef;a'oESifh awmifydkif; vGifjyifac: r7pfqjrpf0Srf;
EdkifiHESifh ajrmufzufwGif &lar;eD;,m;EdkifiHjzifh 0ef;7H a'o/ awmifykid f;wGif a7mh'ydk J awmifwef;a'owd\k jzpf
vsuf7o Sd nf? &lar;eD;,m;EdkifiHEiS hf Alva*;7D;,m; Edkiif H onf? aAmfvuefawmifwef;ESifh a7mh'ydk Jawmifwef;wdk\
-um;wGif 'ef;nKjrpfu e,fedrw d o
f zG,f pD;qif;vsu7f dS onf ta7S\rS taemufo\dk wef;ae-uonf? aAmfvuef
onf? Alva*;7D;,m;Ekid if o H nf 42ô810 pwk7ef;rdik u f s,f awmifwef;. tjrifhqk;H awmifxGwfonf taemufESifh
0ef;I jrefrmEdik fit H us,t f 0ef;. 6 yHk 1yHk eD;eD;om 7Sd taemufajrmufzufwGif wnf7SdI ay 1ô000 ausmf
onf? c7pfESpf 600 ausmfcef\u ,if;a'owGif vm ausmf jrifhonf/ a7m\'kyd J awmifwef;. tjrifhqk;H awmif
a7mufaexdkif-uaom wmwmvlrsdK;tEG,f Alv*g; vl xGwf rlqmvmonf 9ô595 ayjrifhonf? ay 4ô500
rsdK;wdk\tm; tpGJjyKI Alva*;7D;,m;EdkifiH[k wGifonf? txuf awmifuek ;f a'owGif xif;&SL;ESifh 0ufopfcsyif
,cktcg ,if;EdkifiHudk Alva*;7D;,m; jynfol\orw rsm;aygufaom opfawmrsm;7So d nf? Alva*;7D;,m;Edik if H
Edik fiaH wmf[k ac:-uonf? . xif&Sm;aomjrpf-uD;rsm;rSm 'ef;nKjrpf/ r7pfqjrpf/

7
 Alva*;7D;,m;EkdifiH
wGef'Zmjrpf/ ,ef-wmjrpf/ tPumjrpf/ uRcsd,jrpf
ESifh atmhprmjrpfwdk\ jzpf-uonf? rsm;pGmaom jrpfi,f
acsmif;i,fwdk\um; 'ef;nKjrpfESifh r7pfq jrpfwdk\xJodk\
pD;0if-uonf? Alva*;7D;,m;Edik if w
H iG f awmif-um;a7tdik f
uav;rsm;rSty xif7Sm;aom a7tdkif-uD;rsm; r7Sdacs?
Alva*;7D;,m;EkdifiH wnfae7mjyajryHk
Alva*;7D;,m;Edik if H awmifyidk ;f wGif tyltat; r~w
I rdk;toifhtwifh7Gmonf? aAmfvuef awmifwef;.
ajrmufydkif;onf aEG7moDwGifylI aqmif;7moDwGif t
vGeaf t;onf? awmifyidk ;f tpGefq;kH a'orlum; †wvD
EdkifiH 7moDOwkEiS fh cyfqifqifwlonf?
Alva*;7D;,m; EdkifiHonf ajr-oZmaumif;ojzifh
pdkufysdK;a7;jzpfxGef;onf? xif7Sm;aom v,f,mpdkuf
ysdK;a7; xGufukefrsm;rSm *sHK/ &dkif;*sHK/ rka,m ponfh
aumufyJoD;ESHrsm;/ aq;7Guf/ opfoD;rsm;ESifh 0g*Grf;wdk\
jzpfonf? ausmufrD;aoG;/ cJ/ oGyf/ tvsLrDerfESiafh -u;
eDpaom oWKrsm;vnf; xGuo f nf? aAmfvuef awmif
wef;a'orsm;ESifh taemufawmifzuf7Sd awmifwef;
rsm;wGif a7ylprf;ESifh aq;prf;rsm;&Sdonf?
1956 ckEpS f oefaumifpm7if;t7 Alva*;7D;,m;Edik f
iH. vlOD;a7onf ^ô629ô254 a,muf7o dS nf? ,if;wdk\
teuf 91 7mcdik Ef =ef;onff Alva*;7D;,ef; vlrsKd ;rsm;jzpf
I 67mcdik Ef =e;f cef\onf wl7uDvrl sdK;rsm; jzpfjyD;v~if usef
3 7mcdkifE=ef;onf *spfyqDESifh tjcm;vlrsdK;rsm; jzpf-u
onf? Alva*;7D;,ef; vlrsdK;[lonfrSm Alv*g; vlrsdK;
ESifh qvAvlrsKd ;wd\k aoG;aESmI aygufzGm;vmaomvlrsKd ;
jzpfonf? EdkifiHtwGi;f vltrsm;pk ouf0if,-Hk unfaom
t,l0g'rSm *7d atmfodka'gh*dk+f;jzpfonf? rsm;aom
tm;jzifh Alva*;7D;,ef;ESihf wl7uDbmompum;udk ajym
qdk-uonf? Alva*;7D;,ef; vlrsdK;wdk\onf t7yfyak omf
vnf; use;f rm oefpGr;f olrsm; jzpf-uonf? touf7n
aom vlrsKd ;[lIvnf; ausmf-um;onf? Alva*;7D;,m;
Edik if w
H iG f jrKd \aevlxx k uf 7Gmaevlxu k ydo k nf? aus;vuf
wdk\wiG f pwk7ef;wrdkiv f ~if ysrf;r~vl 200cef\aexdkif-u
onf? vlae 25ô000xufyakd om jrdK\-u;D aygif; 10jrKd \xuf
rydak cs? rsm;pGmaom aus;7Gmwd\kY tdrw f ikd ;f Yvdyk if vuf
7ufuef;pifrsm; 7Sd-uonf? Alva*;7D;,ef; trsKd ;orD;
rsm; 7ufvkyfaom txnfrsm;onf tvGefvSy ojzifh
ausm-f um;onf? wEdkiif v H ;Hk 7Sd vlO;D a7. 80 7mckdiEf =e;f
onf v,f,mvkyfudkifolrsm; jzpf-uI 10 7mcdkifE=ef;
onf v,fxGuyf Pnf;rsm;udk jynfwGi;f jynfy a7mif;cs
onfh tvkyjf zifh toufarG;-uonf? usef 10 7mcdik Ef e= ;f
omv~if tpdk;7vcpm;ESifh pufr=vufr= vkyif ef;orm;
rsm; jzpf-uonf? uGejf rLepfwdk\ tkypf ;kd onfh tcsed rf SpI
pufr=vufr= EdkifiHjzpfatmif jyKjyifvsuf7Sdaomfvnf;
,cktcsdet f xd pufrv = yk fief;ESihf tvky&f aHk ygif; 3ô500
cef\om 7Sdao;onf? jcnfxnf/ ydk;xnf/ *sHK/ pufbD;/
armfawmfum;wdik , f m/ pUL/ zdeyfESifh pD;u7uf paom
yPnf;tenf;i,fom jyKvkyEf idk f-uavonf?
Alva*;7D;,m; Edik if o H nf v,f,mvkyu f ikd af om Edik f
iHjzpfonfhtavsmuf t"duxGufukefrsm;rSm aq;7Guf/
opfoD;/ *sHK/ ajymif;/ om;a7/ ydk;jcnfESifh a7arF;vkyf
aom ESif;qDyef;tqDwdk\ jzpfonf? Alva*;7D;,m;Edik if H
onf uBmay:wGif ESi;f qDyef;tqDtrsm;qHk;xGufaom
EdkifiHjzpfonf? wuBmvHk;xGuf ESi;f qDyef;tqD. ^5
7mcdkifE=ef;onf Alva*;7D;,m;EdkifiHrS xGufonf? r7pf
qjrpf0rS ;f a'owGif {uaygif; 12ô000 avmufY ESi;f qD
rsm; pdu k yf sdK;onf? Alva*;7D;,m;Edik if H xGufuek f w0uf
ausmfudk *smreDEkid if Hu 0,fI Alva*;7D;,m;Edik fiH oGif;
ukew f 0ufausmfonf *smreDEkid if Hxu G fukerf sm;jzpfonf?
Alva*;7D;,m;Edik if o H nf wcgu a7mrtifyikd , f m.
wpdwfwa'ojzpfcJhonf? a7mrtifydkif,m-uD; jydKuGJ
aomtcg qvAvlrsdK;rsm;u odrf;ydu k faexdki-f uonf?
c7pfEpS f 600 ausmfwiG f qvAwdk\vufrS Alv*g;vlrsdK;
rsm;u wzef aAmfv*g;jrpfatmufyikd ;f a'orS vma7muf
um odr;f ,laexkid -f uonf? 893 ckEpS rf S 1280 jynfEh pS t f
wGif; Alva*;7D;,ef;vlrsKd ;wd\konf aAmfvuefu`e;f qG,f
a'orsm;pGmudk 2-udrfwkid fwidk f odr;f ydkufEkid fco Jh nf?
1369 ckEpS w f iG f wl7uDEikd if u H Alva*;7D;,m; Edik if u H kd
wdkufcu dk of dr;f ydkufum Alva*;7D;,ef; tifykid , f m-uD;udk
jzdKcGif;jyD;aemuf ESpfaygif; 500 ausmf tkyfcsKyfcJhonf?
18^6 ckESpw f iG f Alva*;7D;,m; Ekid if o H l Edik if o
H m;wd\konf
S f wl7uD tpd;k 7tm; awmfveS -f u7m/ wl7uDw\u kd 7ufpuf
8
 Alva*;7D;,m;EkdifiH

tay:yHkrSm Alva*;7D;,m;EdkifiH.jrdK\awmf qkdzD,mjrdK\7Sd xif7mS ;aom AefnmAm7SDyvD&=cif;jzpfonf? atmufykHrmS aq;7Gufvkyif ef;

xGef;um;7m tcsuftjcma'ojzpfaom yavmh'pfjrdK\yHkjzpfonf?

9
Alva*;7D;,m;EkdifiH
-urf;-uKwfpGm zdESdyfacsr=ef;-uonf? aAmfvuef u`ef;
qG,fwiG f vuf0g;-uD;tkycf siaf eaom &k7Swk\du wl7uD
wd\k. 7ufpufr-= uD;udk tcGiahf umif;,lI Alva*;7D;,ef;
wd\kzufrS 0ifa7muf wdkufcu dk af y;ojzifh tEdik 7f um qef
pwufzefEdk pmcsKyf csKyfqdk-uonf? ,if; pmcsKyft7
rufqD'dk;eD;,m;ESifh wl7uDydkif Oa7mye,fajr tm;vHk;
vdv k t dk jyif/ ,ckvuf7dS Alva*;7D;,m; Edik if w H \ku
d kd aygif;
I Alva*;7D;,m;Edik if [ H I
l wnfaxmifco hJ nf? od\k7mwGif
Oa7my wefc;dk -uD;Edik fiHrsm;u ,if;tpDtpOfudk oabm
rusojzifh 18^8 ckESpfwGif bmvifjrdK\Y usif;yaom
nDvmcH-uD;wGif Alva*;7D;,m;Edik if H ajrmufydki;f tm; wl
7uDtpd;k 7. txde;f odr;f cH ud, k yf idk f tkycf sKycf Gi7hf wdik ;f
jynftjzpf owfrw S fay;I Alva*;7D;,m; awmifyidk ;f ESihf
rufq'D ;dk eD;,m;wd\kudk wl7uDEkid if Hodk\ jyefay;vdu k fonf?
1908 ckESpfwGif Alva*;7D;,m; EdkifiHonf wl7uDEdkifiH
atmufrS &kef;xGufum vHk;0vGwfvyfaom EdkifiHtjzpf
a-unmonf? 188^ ckEpS frpS I Alva*;7D;,m;udk tydik f
pm;7aom rif;om; zm'Deefonf Zmbk7ifbGJ\udk cH,l
vdu k o f nf?
1921 ckEpS fwGif rufqD'k;d eD;,m;e,fY wl7uDw\dku
7ufpufpmG owfjzwfzEd dyS fra= -umifh Alva*;7D;,m; Edik if H
ESihw f uG tjcm; aAmfvuefEkid fiHw\dkonf wl7uDEidk if t H m;
ppfa-unmonf? ,if;ppfyGJwGif wl7uDwdk\ ppf&=H;I
e,fy,faygif; rsm;pGm vufvFwfcJh7av7m/ Alva*;
7D;,m;Edik if u H e,fy,ftrsm;qH;k 77Sv d u dk o f nf? od\7k mwGif
aAmfvuef EdkifiHtcsif;csif; ta0rwnfhojzifh Alva*;
7D;,m;Edkiif o H nf ol. r[mrdwEf idk if rH sm;ESihf ppfjzpf7jyef
onf? Tt-udrfwGif Alva*;7D;,m;Edik if u H ppf&=H;cJh7m
'dk;A&l;*s e,fudk &lar;eD;,m; EdkifiHodk\ ay;tyfvdkuf7
onf? rufqD'dk;eD;,m;e,fuv dk nf; *7dESifh qm;AD;,m;
wdk\u cGJa0,l-uonf?
yXr uBmppfjzpfaomtcg Alva*;7D;,m; EdkifiH
onf ,cifu e,fy,frsm;qHk;&=H;cJh7onfudk tcJra-u
jzpfum/ aAmfvuef EdkifiHrsm;ESifh ryl;aygif;bJ *smreD
EdkifiHEiS fh yl;aygif;vkdufonf? odk\7mwGif *smreDwk\d ppf&=H;
jyefojzifh Alva*;7D;,m;Edkiif v H nf; tzdEdyS cf 7H jyefonf?
ppfavsmfa-u;rsm; ay;7&Hkru/ Alva*;7D;,m; EdkifiHydkif
e,fajrtrsm;udkvnf; vufvFwfvdkuf7onf?
yXruBmppf jyD;onfrpS I Alva*;7D;,m; Edik if w H iG f
EdkifiHa7; v=yf&Sm;r=rsm; jzpfay:vmonf? rufqD'dk;eD;
,m;ESifh 'dk;A&l;*se,fudk jyef77ef vHk;yrf;-ujyefonf?
1934 ckESpw f iG f tm+m7SifpeH pf xGe;f um;vmjyefonf?
10
Al;c7ufjrdK\
1935 ckEpS f {jyDvwGif wwd,aAm7pfb7k ifonf tpdk;7
udk udk,fwidk Of D;pD;I tm+m7Siftjzpf tkycf sKyfonf?
1940jynfEh pS f pufwifbmvwGif [pfwvm. t"R
awmif;qdck sufa-umifh &lar;eD;,ef;wd\ku Alva*;7D;,ef;
wdk\tm; 'dk;A&l;*s awmifydkif;ukd ay;tyfvdkuf7onf?
1941ckEpS fwGif *smreDu ,l*pdk vm;AD;,m;Edkiif Htm; ppf
a-unmaomtcg/ Alva*;7D;,m; EdkifiHonf *smreD
zufr0S ifa7mufwu kd cf u
dk fonf? *smrefw\dk ppfEikd v f monfh
tcg Al;va*;7D;,m;Edik if o H nf rufq'D ;kd eD;,m;ESihf ta7\
e,frsm;udk qktjzpf 77Sdonf? 1943 ckEpS fwGif aAm7pf
bk7if ewf7GmpHI om;awmf qDrD,Gef eef;wufonf?
1944 ckEpS f pufwifbmvwGif &k7w S \kdu Alva*;7D;,m;
EdkifiHtm; ppfa-unmcJhonf? 'kwd, uBmppfjyD;aom
tcg Alva*;7D;,m;Edik if u H dk &k7Sw\dku csKyfudkifxm;7mrS
aemiftcg Alva*;7D;,m;EdkifiHonf uGefjrLepfEdkifiH
jzpfvmonf? 1946 ckEpS w f iG f qDrD,eG b f 7k ifudk eef;csI/
Alva*;7D;,m; jynfol\oRwEdkifiHtjzpf xlaxmif
vkdufonf?
Alva*;7D;,m;Edkiif H. jrdK\awmfonf qdzk D,mjrdK\ jzpf
onf? tjcm;xif7mS ;aom jrdK\-uD;rsm;rSm yavmh'pf/ Am
em/ &kp/ Am;*wf ponfhjrdK\rsm;jzpfonf? Am;*wfESifh
Amem jrdK\-uD; 2 jrdK\onf yifvufeufay:7Sd xif7mS ;aom
oab®mqdyfjrdK\-uD;rsm; jzpfonf?
Al;c7ufjrdK\ ? ? Al;c7ufjrdK\onf &lar;eD;,m;Ekid fi.
H jrdK\
awmfjzpfI 'ef;nKjrpfvufwuf wckjzpfaom 'rfAdAk pfZm;
jrpfay:wGif cGIwnf7. dS ? 'ef;nKjrpf. ajrmufzuf 33
rdkifa0;onf? 'rfAAkd pfZm;jrpf0rS 3^rdkifa0;onf? jrdK\.
taqmufttHrk sm;ESihfwuG vrf;yef;wkd\udk jyifopfEkdiif H
yg7pfjrdK\ erlemtwkid ;f wnfaqmufxm;ojzihf ,if;jrdK\udk
Oa7myta7S\ydik f;. yg7pfjrdK\[I l vnf; ac:-uonf?
Al;c7uf[al om trnfonf Al;umbk7m;7Sdc;dk ausmif;
uav;ukd tpGJjyKI wGio f nf[k tcsK\duqkId tcsK\durl
&lar;eD;,ef;bmomjzihf aysmfjrL;zG,f7mjrdK\[k t"d_m,f
7aom Al;um7ufpD[laom pum;rS vmaom trnf
[k qk-d uonf? ,if;jrdK\. tpk;d 7oH;k trnfrmS Alum7uf
pwDjrdK\jzpfonf? Al;c7ufjrdK\onf &lar;eD;,ef; tpkd;7
&Hk;pkdufjrdK\jzpfonf?
Al;c7ufjrdK\wGif trsm;tm;jzihf acwfrSDtaqmuft
tHk-uD;rsm; 7Sdaomfvnf; a7S;acwftaqmufttHk tcsKd\
ESifh vrf;usOf;uav;rsm;vnf; 7Sdao;onf? pifppf Al;
c7ufjrdK\onf &lar;eD;,m;EkdifiH ay:aygufrvmrDuyif
Al;c7ufjrdK\
Al;c7ufjrdK\usufoa7aqmif trsKd;om;pD;yGm;a7;jywkduf taqmufttHk-uD;. &=cif;wpfpdwfwpfa'o
wnf7SdjyD; jzpfaom jrdK\jzpfaomfvnf;/ 14 7mpkESpfurS
pwif wnfaxmifaom jrdK\jzpfojzihf taumif;qHk;jrdK\
wjrdK\[kum; rac:Ekid facs? 1861 ckESpfwGif a0gavhuD;
,m;ESihf armfva';AD;,m;e,f 2e,fuakd ygif;I &lar;eD;
,m;EkdifiH xlaxmifaomtcg a0gavhuD;,m;e,f.
jrKd\awmf Al;c7ufukd jrdK\awmftjzpf owfrw S fonf? Al;c
7ufjrdK\onf tjcm; aAmfvuefjrdK\rsm;uJhokd\ ppf'+fukd
t-udr-f urd f cHc7hJ onf? yXruBmppftwGi;f 1916 ckEpS f
rS 1918 ckESpftxd ESpfrsm;twGi;f *smrefwkd\ odrf;ydu k f
xm;jcif; cH7I/ 'kw, d uBmppftwGi;f url &lar;eD;,m;
tpk;d 7. bufajymif;r=a-umihf Al;c7ufjrdK\onf r[mrdwf
a7m *smrefwkd\uyg wkdufckdufjcif; cH7avonf?
Al;c7ufjrdK\onf r-umao;rD ESpfrsm; twGi;f uyif
pufr=vufr= vkyfief;ukd csJ\xGifvkyu f kdif vmcJh.? EkdifiH
jcm;rS csnrf ~ifudk rSm,lI txnf7ufvyk o f nhf vkyif ef;
onf wkd;wufxGe;f um; vm.? Al;c7ufjrdK\. xif7Sm;
aom pufr=vufr=vkyfief;rsm;rSm ajrxnfvkyfief;/ oH
xnfvkyfie;f/ txnftvdyf/ om;a7/ qyfjym/ pUL/
t7uf paom vkyfief;rsm;jzpfonf? Al;c7ufjrdK\onf
11
Al;'yufjrdK\
"mwfqD tajrmuftjrm; jzef\jzL;7mjrdK\-uD;vnf; jzpf
avonf?
1961 ckEpS f cef\reS ;f ajct7 Al;c7ufjrKd \. vlO;D a7onf
1ô229ô135 a,mufjzpfonf? jrdK\oljrdK\om;rsm;onf t
a7S\wdik ;f . 0wfpm;qif,ifrE= Sifh "avhxk;H pHudv k u dk fem-u
aomfvnf;/ txl;ojzihf txufwef;vFmwkd\url t
aemufwidk ;f ,Ofaus;r=udk vku d ef m-uonf? 1846 ckEpS f
wGif wnfaxmifaom Al;c7uf wUodkvo f nf Oa7my
ta7S\ykdif;Y taumif;qHk;wUokdvfrsm;teuf wck t
ygt0ifjzpf.?
Al;'yufjrKd \ ? ? Al;'yufjrdK\onf [efa*7DEikd if H.jrdK\awmf
ESifh t-uD;qHk;jrdK\ jzpfonf? AD,if;em;jrdK\ ta7S\ajrmuf
zuf 135 rkdiftuGm 'ef;nKjrpfay:wGif cGI wnf7Sdae
aom tjrGmjrKd \jzpfonf? 'ef;nKjrpf. taemufzufurf;
ay:7Sd Al;'jrdK\/ tkAd ;l 'jrdK\wd\kEiS hf ta7S\zuf urf;ay:7Sd yuf
jrdK\w\dkudk aygif;I Al;'yufjrdK\[k wGio f nf? Al;'jrdK\onf
awmifukef;ykdif;Y wnfI yufjrdK\rSmrl ajredrfhykdif;wGif
wnfonf? wzufurf;ESifh wzufurf;ukd wHwm;-uD;
 Al;'yufjrdK\

6ckjzihf wihfw,fcrf;em;pGm qufoG,fxm;7m/ vef\Zpf pGm O'g[kd 0ifxGufoGm;vmEdkifonf? 'kwd, uBmppf

wHwm;onf Oa7mywkduw f iG f wcgu t-uD;qHk; wef twGi;f 1944 45 ckEpS w f iG f Al;'yufjrKd \xYJ *smrefEiS fh &k7S
wm; wck jzpfonf? ppfwyfrsm; twef-umwkdufyGJjzpfyGm;7m jrdK\onf rsm;
Al;'yufjrdK\udk 27mpkEpS fcef\upI a7mrvlrsK;d wk\d wnf pGm ysufpD;oGm;ojzihf jyefvnfxlaxmif7avonf?
axmifc-hJ uonf? ,ck tkAd ;l 'jrKd \wnf7m ae7mwGif wnf Al;'yufjrdK\wiG f a7S;a[mif;ESihf acwfopf taqmuf
7SdI tufuGi;f urf;jrdK\[I l ac:onf? uJvwpfbmom ttHktrsm;tjym; 7Sdonf? txl;ojzihf Al;'jrdK\wiG f a7S;
pum;jzihf tufuiG ;f urf;jrdK\[lonfrSm aq;prf;[k t u aqmufvkycf aJh om bk7ihfeef;awmf/ bdou d cf H bk7m;
"d_m,f7.? ,if;jrdK\.tyg;0ef;usiw f iG f usef;rma7;t 7Sdckd;ausmif;ponhf a7S;a[mif;taqmufttHkrsm; 7SdI
wGuf tvGeftzkd;wefaom emrnfausmf aq;prf;rsm; yufjrdK\zufwiG rf l pufr=vkyfief;ESihf ta7mif;t0,fXme
7Sdaoma-umifhjzpfonf? c7pf 3^6 ckESpf vGefaomtcg rsm;7Sd7m/ acwfrSDtaqmufttHkrsm;jzihf pnfum;vsuf
[ef;/ atmp-wdKa*gho/ tAm;/ qvApaom vlrsKd;rsm; 7So
d nf? ygvDrefvw F af wmfEiS fh [efa*7DEidk if .
H txif7mS ;
tqufquf 0ifa7mufaexkid -f uum Al;'ESifh yufjrdK\rsm; t-uD;us,fqk;H aom Al;'yufwUokdvf taqmufttHk
ay:aygufvmonf? 1361 ckEpS w f iG f Al;'jrdK\onf [efa* wk\donf yufjrKd \zufY wnf7o dS nf? Oa7mywku d 7f dS tvSy
7DEikd if .
H jrdK\awmfjzpfvmonf? 1526 ckEpS rf S 1686 ckEpS f qH;k aom vrf;wvrf;jzpfonhf tN7mpDp-wmpDvrf;onf
txd r-umc+qko d vkyd if wl7uDw\du k odrf;yku d fxm;cJh yufjrdK\Y7Sdonf? Al;'yufjrdK\onf [efa*7DwEdkifiHvHk;rS
onf? 1800 jynhEf pS f aemufyidk f;wGif yufjrKd \onf Al;'jrdK\ omru ywf0ef;usif EdkifiHrsm;jzpfaom &k7S/ csufukdq
xuf ykdI pnfum; zG\HjzdK;vmonf? 18^2 ckESpw f Gif Al; vkdAm;uD;,m;/ -op-wD;,m;/ ,l*kdpvm;AD;,m;ESihf
'ESifh yufjrKd \udak ygif;I Al;'yufjrdK\[k rSnfah c:onf? xkd &lareD;,m; Edkiif Hwkd\rS vmaom rD;7xm;vrf;wk\d qHk7m
tcsdefrSpI Al;'yufjrdK\onf 'Da7tvm; wkd;wufpnf jrdK\-uD;jzpfonf? xkda-umihf Al;'yufjrdK\. t"duvkyf
um;vmonf? 'ef;nKjrpfay:Y AD,if;em;jrdK\rS vGJv~if ief;rsm;jzpfaom *sHKpyg;/ t7uf/ aq;7Guf/ om;a7/
Al;'yufjrdK\onf t-uD;qHk;qdyu f rf;jrdK\jzpfI oab‡mrsm; av~mfESihf u`J EGm;arG;jrLa7; ponhf vkyfief;-uD;rsm;rS

Al;'yufjrdK\7Sd ygvDrefvFwfawmf

12
Al;yif
xGufaom ukeyf Pnf;rsm;ukd rD;7xm;vrf;ESifh wzHk/ 'ef;
nKjrpfwav~muf a7vrf;jzihf woG,f EkdifiHt7yf7yfokd\
wifyd\k Ekdifonf? Al;'yufjrdK\onf uBmay:wGif t-uD;
tus,q f Hk;aom *sHKpuf-uD;rsm;7S7d m jrdK\jzpf&Hkru/ oHESifh
oHr+dvyk if ef; A[kXd mevnf; jzpfonf? Oa7my wwku d f
vHk;wGif t-uD;qHk;aom v~yfppfvkyfief;-uD;rsm; Al;'
yufjrdK\wGif 7Sdonf? Al;'yufjrdK\onf yXrqH;k aom ajr
atmuf xa7mfvDvrf;ukd azmufvkyfcJhonhf jrdK\vnf;
jzpfavonf?
1960 jynhEf pS cf ef\reS ;f ajct7 Al;'yufjrKd \.vlO;D a7onf
1ô80^ô299 a,mufjzpfonf? ,if;wkd\teuf 90 7mckid f
E=ef;onf [efa*7DvlrsKd;rsm;jzpfI Ekid if jH cm;om; tvGef
enf;onf?
Al;yif? ?Al;yifonf vlwk\d pm;oHk;7aom [if;oD; [if;
7GufyifjzpfI &kQaA'tvdktm;jzifh v*sifae;7D;,m;
Amv*g7pf[k ac:onf?
tylyikd ;f a'o txl;ojzifh twefi,fajcmufaoG\aom
a'owGif pdkufysdK;-uonf? jcH0if;tenf;i,f 7Sdaom
tdr, f mrsm;wGif tdrw f iG ;f [if;cif;tjzpf pifuav;rsm;
xd;k Iyif pdkuyf sKd ;avh 7S-d uonf? ,if;onf EG,yf ifjzpfI
tudik ;f t7Gupf onfw\dkY tarG;Ekuav;rsm; zHk;aeonf?
toD;tEkwGiv f nf; tarG;Ekrsm; yg7SdI 7ifv h monfESifh
wjydKifeuf/ tarG;rsm; yg;oGm;onf? t7Gufonf vuf
0g;yHk us,fjyef\I El;nHx h x l o
J nf? toD;onf ykvif;yHk
o!mef atmufydkif;um;I vnf0usOf;onf? tcsdK\
Al;oD;onfyI k tcsKd \onf 7Sno f nf? 2 aycef\txd 7Snf
aom Al;oD;&So d nf? Al;yGi\fonf tjzLa7mifjzpfI tcsi;f
2 vufrcGcJ ef\ us,fonf?
vlord sm;onhf Al;yif. toD;t7GuEf Sihf tyGihfrsm;
13
Al;AGefrif;quf
Al;oD;/ Al;7Gu/f Al;nGe\fw\ku
d kd [if;vsmtjzpf csujf yKwf
pm;aomuf -uonf? Al;oD;tom;udk vSD;I qefr=ef\/
yJr=e\f/ a7Fjcnfwk\djzifh a-umfaom Al;oD;a-umfonf jrefrm
wdk\. emrnfausmf oa7pm wrsKd ; jzpfonf? Al;oD; t
om;udk vSD;I tajcmufvSef;jyD;aemuf 7moDukefonfh
tcg ,if;udk a7aEG;azsmI okwpf m; csufpm;-uonf?
Al;oD;/ Al;nGe\f/ Al;7Guw f \.
kd t7omonf csKd onf? E=wu f kd
jrdefapwwfonf? "mwk7ousrf; tvdktm;jzifh Al;oD;
onf awmyifhu. l tqdyu f kyd if vsipf mG y,fEkid o
f nf[k
qdok nf?
Al;oD;ESiahf us;om; a7mpyfI rpm;oifah cs? tM7m,f
jzpfapwwfonf?
Al;oD;7ifh7ifhukd twGif;rS tom;rsm; jcpfxkwI f Al;
awmif;cGHcsnf; usefonfhtcg tajcmufvSef;um a7/
od\kr[kwf xef;7nfxnfhI o,f,7l ef toHk;jyK-uonf?
Al;AGerf if;quf? ?1589 ckEpS rf S 1^92 ckEpS t f wGi;f ESihf
1814 ckEpS rf S 1848 ckEpS t f wGi;f wGif jyifopfEikd if HY ›if;/
1^00 jynhEf pS rf S 1931 ckEpS t f wGi;f pydeEf ikd if YH ›if; pd;k pHc-hJ
uaom rif;rsm;udk Al;AGefrif;quf[k ac:onf?
,if;rif;quf. tquftEG,ftcsdK\onf yg;rm;e,f/
emAm;e,fESifh aey,fjrdK\wk\dYvnf; tkypf ;kd cJ-h uzl;onf?
Al;AGerf if;qufonf jyifopfEikd if . H tus,t f 0ef;qH;k
e,fjzpfonfh Al;AGefae;e,fudk pm;onhf e,fpm;rsdK;rS
qif;oufaygufyGm;vmolrsm; jzpf-uI/ ,if;e,f.
jrdK\awmf jzpfaom Al;AGefvm7SefAkd\jrdK\ukd tpGJjyKI xdkA;l AGef
[laom trnfjzpfay:vmjcif; jzpfonf? xdke,fpm;rsdK;
onf jyifopfb7k ifrsKd ;EG,Ef iS hf vufquf-u7mrS rif;rsdK;
rif;EG,rf sm; jzpfvm-u.?
97mpkEpS u f kefcgeD;wGif Al;AGefae;e,fudk pm;7ol AJ7eG f
tdik f;rm;onf Al;AGefaqGrsdK;pk. tpjzpfonf? AJ7Get f ikd f;
rm;. orD;t-u;D rwDv'gESihf 7Sryf ed ef ,f ppfaoemywd
'rf;yD,mwd\. k tquftEG,t f Ceufonf Am*ef'eD ,fpm;
*`efESifh vufquf7m orD; ADtmx7pfukd zGm;jrifonf?
ADtmx7pfonf e0r vl0. D om;awmfti,f uvm;rGe\f
e,fpm; a7mAwfESifh ta-umif;yg7mrS jrifaom om;
awmf vl0o D nf 132^ ckEpS w f iG f Al;AGejf rKd \pm; jzpfvmonf?
vl0Drif;om;rS qif;oufaom tquftEG,frsm;onf
152^ ckEpS w f iG f uG,v f eG af om csm;vufxuftxd om;
pOfajr;quf Al;AGejf rdK\pm;bGJ\ukd qufcHcJhavonf? ,if;
aemuf wdkuf&dkuf tquftEG,frsm; r[kwfaomfvnf;
aoG;om; ruif;olrsm;yif Al;AGejf rdK\pm;bG\Jukd cH,cl o Jh nf?
Al;AGefrif;quf
153^ ckESpw f Gif uG,fvGefaom Al;AGefjrdK\pm; csm; (Aif'k;H
jrdK\pm;tjzpfrS Al;AGefjrdK\pm;tjzpf qufcHcJhol). om;
t-uD; tefwdkeDonf emAm;e,f. tarGcH rif;orD;
Zef;'JvAwfESifh vufquf7mrSjrifaom emAm; rif;om;
[ife7Donf jyifopfEikd if b H 7k if 'kw,
d [ife7D.orD;awmf
rm*7ufESifh oifhojzifh/ pwkšajrmuf [ife7D bk7if
(1553 1610)[laom bG\Jjzifh jyifopfx;D eef;udk qufcH
onf? ,if;od\jk zifh jyifopfEikd if H Al;AGerf if;quf[I l pwif
jzpfay:vmavonf?
pwkš[ife7D (1533 1610)bk7if. tquf t
EG,frsm; jzpf-uaom qJhoHk;qufajrmuf vl0D bk7if
(1601 1643)/ qJhav;qufajrmuf vl0D bk7if
(1638 1^15)/ qJhig;qufajrmuf vl0b D k7if (1^10
1^^4)ESifh qJhajcmufqufajrmufv0l Dbk7if (1^54
1^93) wd\konf 1^89 ckESpfwdkifatmif jyifopfEdkifiHukd
tqufrjywf tkyfcsKyfcJh-uavonf? qJhajcmufquf
ajrmuf vl0b D k7ifEiS hf rm7DtefwmG ewfrdz7k m;wd\k eef;usI
towfcH7jyD;aemuf/ Al;AGefrif;qufacWjywfomG ;aomf
vnf;/ 1814 ckESpfwGif qJh7Spfqufajrmuf vl0Dbk7if
(1^55 1824) eef;wufaomtcg Al;AGefrif;quf jyef
ay:vmjyefonf? odk\7mwGif 1848 ckESpfY vl0Dzdvpf
bk7ifvufxufwGif jzpfyGm;aom awmfvSefa7;a-umifh
Al;AGefrif;quf jywfoGm;avonf?
pydefEdkifiH Al;AGefrif;qufonf 1^00 jynfhESpw f iG frS
pwifcJhonf? jyifopfbk7if 14 qufajrmuf vl0D.
ajr;awmf yVr zdvpfb7k if (1683 1^46) rS pwifI
pydefEidk fiHwGif Al;AGerf if;quf ay:aygufvmonf? zdvpf
bk7if. tquftEG,frsm;jzpfaom q}zm'Deefbk7if
(1^13 1759)/ wwd, csm;bk7if(1716 1788)ESifh
pwkšcsm;bk7if (1^48 1819)/ oWr zm'Deefbk7if
(1^84 1833)/ 'kwd, t%AJvm;bk7ifr (1830
1904)ESihf qJEh pS qf ufajrmuf t,fvzGe;f qd;k bk7if (185^
„1885)ESifh 13 qufajrmuf t,fvzGef;qdk;bk7if
(1886 1941)wdk\ vufxufwikd f 1931 ckEpS w f iG f pydef
orwEdkifiH jzpfay:vmonftxd Al;AGefrif;rsm; pydef
EdkifiHY tqufquf tkypf dk;cJ-h uonf?
pydefb7k if wwd,csm;onf pydefxD;eef; rqufc7H
ao;rD 1^38 ckESpfwGif aey,fb7k ifESifh yg;rm;e,fpm;
jzpfcJhonf? odk\7mwGif pydefbk7iftjzpf eef;wufaom
tcg aey,fESihf yg;rm;e,fwk\dudk om;awmfti,f zm'D
eeftm; ay;tyfvu dk o f nf? zm'DeefEiS hf ol. tquft
EG,rf sm;jzpfaom yXrz7efppf/ 'kwd,zm'DeefEiS hf 'kw,
Al;vif;ô tef;
z7efppfw\dkonf pPvDu`e;f tygt0if aey,fEiS hf yg;rm;
bk7ifrsm;tjzpf tkypf k;d cJ7h m 1860 jynfhESpfwGif †wvD
xD;eef;ESifh aygif;vdkuf7onfh tcsdeftxd jzpfonf?
jyifopf/ pyde/f ygrm;ESihf aey,fw\dkrS Al;AGef rif;quf
. tquftEG,rf sm;onf ,ckwikd f use7f pfcahJ o;onf?
jyifopf ordkif;Y tvGefxif7Sm;aom uGef'D aqGrsdK;pk
onf Al;AGefrif;quf. tEG,fawmfrsm; jzpfavonf?
Al;vif;ô tef;(c7pf 150^„1536)? ?tef;Al; vif;
onf t*®vefjynf t}r [ife7Db7k if.'kw, d rdz7k m;jzpf
I yXrt,fvpfZAuf bk7ifr-u;D . r,fawmf jzpfonf?
aemif tm;bGJ\7 0pf&d=if,mpm; jzpfvmaom qmawm
rwfA;l vif;ESihf 'sLbGJ\7 aemzd\kpm;.orD; t,fvpfZAuf
wd\krS 150^ ckEpS w f iG f zGm;jrifaomorD;jzpfonf?
zcifjzpfol qmawmrwf Al;vif;tm; t}r [ife7D
bk7ifu jyifopfEikd if o H \kd oHtrwftjzpf cef\tyfvu kd af om
tcg tef;vnf; vdu k yf goGm;onf? yXrwGif 12 quf
ajrmuf vl0b D 7k if.rdz7k m; t*®vyd rf if;orD;ar7D. tyg;
awmfjrJ tysKd awmftjzpf tr=xrf;I/ ar7Drif;orD; rkq;kd r
jzpfoGm;jyD;aemuf t*®vefodk\ jyefoGm;aomfvnf;/ jyif
opfeef;wGif;Yyif tr=xrf;ae7pfcJhavonf? jyifopf
eef;awmfYvnf; tef;. yg;eyfvdRmr=ESihf &ky7f nf acsm
armvSyr=a-umifh vltrsm;. cspfcifjcif;cH7onf?
1522 ckEpS w f iG f t*®vefjynfok\d jyefa7mufaomtcg
[ife7Db7k if. yXrrdzk7m; uufo7if;xHwiG f cpm;ae
7if;/ bk7ifESifh arWm ouf0ifrdonf? [ife7Dbk7if
onf tef;tm; vufxyf7eftwGuf uufo7if;rdzk7m;
ESifh uGm7Sif;7ef -udK;pm;cJhaomf oWr uvJref\ ykyf
7[ef;rif;u aqmif7Gufray;bJ aecJhojzifh [ife7D bk
7ifonf t*®vefjynf oH•tzGJ\udk A7if*sDoHtzGJ\rS cGJ
xkwfum *dk+f;oD;jcm; axmifavonf? rdrdudk,fwdkif
vnf; t*®vefjynf oH•tzGJ\.acgif;aqmiftjzpf cH,l
vdkufonf? (c7pf,mef omoemhta7;yHk„&=? ) 1533
ckESpfwGif uefwmAm7D*dk+f;tky-f uD; u7ef;rm;u uuf
o7if;rdz7k m;ESihf uGm7Si;f ay;I tef;ESihf Zefe0g7Dvavmuf
uyif wdww f qdwf vufxyfxm;cJhonfukd w7m;0ift
jzpf todtrSwf jyKvu dk o f nf? xdEk pS f ZGev
f wGif tef;tm;
tbdou d cf H rdz7k m;-uD;tjzpf wifajr|mufvu kd of nf? puf
wifbmvwGif aemiftcg yXr t,fvpfZAuf bk7ifr
jzpfvmrnfh orD;awmfudk zGm;jrifonf? (t,fvpfZAuf
bk7ifr/ yXr„&=? )
d om;a,musfm; uav;om ajr|mfrSef;aeaom [ife
14
Al;vif;ô tef; aAhpabmupm;jcif;

tef;Al;vif;tm; 'kwd, -uif,mawmf rdzk7m;tjzpf ajr|mufpm;pOf

7D bk7ifonf tef;tay:Y wjznf;jznf; tjypfjrifvm rSwfupm;r=a-umifh ,ckacwf vlodrsm;aom aAhpabm

um tef;.tysdKawmf *sdef;aq;rdk;ESifh arWmouf0ifcJh upm;enf;ay:vmcJhonf? wDxGifol 'lA,fa';tm;
jyefonf? xdk\a-umifh tef;udk oPmrwnf[k pGyfpGJI *k+fjyKaomtm;jzifh ol\Zmwd ul;yg;pawmif;jrdK\wGif
vef'efar~mpf if-u;D Y tusO;f csxm;jy;D v~if w7m;cGif wif trsdK;om; aAhpabmcef;rESifh jywdkufwck zGifhvSpfxm;
um ppfaq;aponf? w7m;&Hk;awmfrS ao'+fp7D ifvu kd f avonf? ,if;upm;enf;onf jrefrmEdik fio H k\d a7muf7dS
ojzifh 1536 ckESpf arv 19 7ufae\wiG f acgif;jzwfI vmjyjD zpfaomfvnf;acwfrpm;ao;acs?
tqH;k pD7ifjcif; cH7avonf? aAhpabmupm;onft h cg uGi;f -u;D .tv,f twGi;f
upm;uGi;f w0du k w
f iG f A[djk yKupm;-uonf? tjyifuiG ;f
aAhpabmupm;jcif;? ?jcif;vH;k cwfjcif;onf jrefrm onf us,Ef ikd o f r~us,7f I/ pnf;&d;k cwf xm;wwfonf?
vlrsKd ;wdk\. trsKd ;om; upm;enf;jzpfouJo h k\d aAhpabm twGi;f upm;uGif;onf 7mZrwfuu G yf k7H dI
S ab;tem;
upm;jcif;onfvnf; tar7duefvrl sdK;wd\k. trsKd ;om; wzufv~if ay 90 7Sno f nf? axmifh 4 axmif7h Sd onfh
upm;enf; jzpfonf? aAhpabm upm;jcif;onf upm; teuf 3 axmifhudk yXr tajccHaxmifh/ 'kwd,t
uGi;f twGi;f Y abmvH;k udk vufjzifh ypfI›if;/ AufwjH zifh ajccHaxmif/h wwd,tajccHaxmif[ h k ac:.? useaf xmifh
&du
k If ›if; upm;aom upm;enf;rsdK;jzpfonf? waxmifu h kd t*®vyd b
f momjzifh [kr;f yvdwaf c:I AufwH
aAhpabm upm;jcif;udk tar7duefjynfwiG ;f ppf t udik f aeaom ae7mjzpfonf? Aufwu H kid Ef iS hf abmvHk;ypf
1
olwk\d ae7mrsm;onf 60 2 ay uGma0;7onf?
wGi;f u Adkvcf sKyfjzpfchoJ l tufAem 'lA,fa'; qdkolonf
1839 ckEpS fwGif e,l;a,mhjynfe,f ul;yg;pawmif;jrdK\Y AufwHuikd af e7mESi'hf wk ,d tajccHaxmifo h nf 12 ay
pwifwx D iG fcho
J nf? xdktvsiuf rl ,if; upm;enf;rsKd ; 1
92 vufr a0;onf? Tum; vl-uD;rsm;twGuf aAh
udk upm;cJh-uaomfvnf; 'lA,fa';. pnf;urf;pepfcs pabmupm;uGif;jzpfI/ uav;rsm;twGuf upm;uGif;

15
 aAhabmupm;jcif;

aAhabmupm;jcif;onf ukd,fvuf-uHhckdifa7; upm;enf;aumif; wckjzpfonf?

16
 aAhabmupm;jcif;

udkrl xdk\xufao;aomtv,fuGi;f jyKvyk fEkid o f nf? t aAhpabm upm;7mwGif toif; 2 oif; ,SOjf ydKiu f
em;wzufv~if ay 90 r[kwb f J 82 ayxm;I abmvH;k pm;7I woif;v~if upm;ol 9a,mufpD yg0if7onf?
ypfoEl iS hf Aufwu H ikd af e7mudk ay 50 tuGm xm;Edik o f nf? ,if;wdk\rSm abmvHk;ypfol/ abmvHk;zrf;ol/ yXr tajc
AufwHukid f ae7mESifh 'kwd,tajccH axmifhukd 115 ay cHaxmifhvl/ 'kwd,tajccHaxmifhvl/ wwd, tajccH
1112 vufr cGmxm;7onf? axmifv h l/ 'kwd,ESiw fh wd,tajccHESpfc-k um; abmzrf;
aAhpabm upm;7mY toHk;jyKaom abmvHk;onf vl/ abmzrf;uGif; A,fvl/ abmzrf;uGif; tv,fvl/
rmonf? t0ef; 9 vufrESihf 941 vufrtwGif;7Sdonf? abmzrf;uGif; ,mvlwdk\jzpfonf? upm;yGJ paomtcg
A[dw k iG af zmhcI
H a7mfAmtxyfxyf od;k arG;ciftEkt-urf; wzuf toif;u uGi;f xJok\d qif;I ae7m,ljyD;aemuf/
txyfxyfywfI tay:rS jrif;om;a7jzifh csKyx f m;onf? useftoif;rS upm;olrsm;u abmvHk;udk AufwHESifh
5 atmifprS 5 14 atmifptxd av;onf? wvSnphf D &du k -f u7onf? rdrt d vSnrhf usrD uGi;f jyifxu G f
abmvHk;&dkufaom AufwHonf opfrmom;jzifh jyK I xkdifapmifh7onf? uGif;xJrS upm;olonf vufw
vkyxf m;I 42 vufrxuf ydI k r7Sn7f acs? Aufwo H nf zufudk om;a7vuftdwf pGyfxm;7onf? ,mvufjzifh
3
tvH;k jzpfI t-uD;qH;k tydki;f wGif tcsi;f 24 vufr7So d nf? abmvHk; ypfwwfoljzpfv~if 0Jvufukd vuftw d fpyG I f
AufwHudkifonf pwkštajccHaxmifh„[krf;yvdwf 0Jvufjzihf abmvH;k ypfwwfojl zpfv~if ,mvufukd vuf
.0J,m&Sd owfrSwfxm;aom tuGufwGif ae7onf? tdwf pGy7f onf? abmvH;k zrf;olonf &du k o
f laemufwGif
aAhpabm upm;7mY tenf;qH;k 'dik v f -l u;D wa,muf ae7I t7Sdefjyif;pGmESifhvmaom abmvHk;udk zrf;Edkif7ef
trsm;qHk; 4 a,muf xm;Edkifonf? 'dkifvl-uD; csKyf ydkI xlxlcHxm;aom vuftw d f pGyxf m;7onf? x\kjd yif
onf abmvH;k ypfo. l aemufwiG f aeI/ usef 3 a,muf rsuEf mS ud›k if;/ ud,
k u
f ›kd if;/ 'l;ud›k if; abmvH;k rSeI
f xdcu kd f
u yXrtajccHaxmif/h 'kw, d tajccHaxmifh/ abmvHk; '+f7m7jcif; r7Sad p7ef a-u;eef;-udK; cwfxm;aom rsuf
zrf;ol aemufwk\dwGif aeI -unf7h onf? ESmpGyf/ 'l;pGyfrsm; pGyfI umuG,x f m;avh 7Sd-uonf?

*syefEkdifiHwGif txl;acwfpm;vsuf7Sdaom aAhpabm tjydKiftqkdif upm;ae-upOf

17
aAhpabmupm;jcif;
abmvH;k ypfoo l nf abmvH;k ypfvw F cf sed w
f iG f owfrw
xm;aom ae7muGuu f dk rdrdajcwzufjzifh eif;rdxm;ap
7onf? abmvHk;ypfolonf abmvHk;udk AufwHudkif.
'l;atmufvnf;rus/ ycH;k ay:vnf; rausmaf pbJ ypfay;rS
pepfrSefabmvHk;[k ac:onf? pepfrSefabmvHk; jzpfyg
vsuEf iS hf Aufwu H ikd fu abmvH;k udk qD;Ir&du k b f J 7yfae
v~ijf zpfap/ abmvHk;udk AufwHuidk u f vSr;f &du k yf gvsuf
ESihf rrdvku d v f ~ifjzpfap 'dik fv-l uD;u px&dkuf[k ac:I
tqHk;tjzwfay;onf? ‘‘px&dkuf’’ 3 cg ac:7v~if
AufwHudkifxGuf7onf? odk\aomfvnf; wwd,t-udrf
‘‘px&du k ’f ’ac:onfwiG f zrf;olvufrS abmvH;k vGwu
cJhonf7Sdaomf AufwHudkif xGufay;7efrvdkacs? AufwH
udik f &du
k v f u dk af omabmvH;k onf ‘‘[kr;f yvdw’f ’rS yxr
tajccHESifh wwd,tajccHwdk\udk jzwfI uGif;jyifxJodk\
wdkifatmif qef\xGufaom e,fedrdwfrsOf; ESpfa-umif;
t-um;udk jzwfausmfap7onf? ,if;uJhodk\aom abm
vHk;udk pepfrSefabmvHk;[kqdkonf? xdkrsOf;ESpfa-umif;
tjyifo\kd tefxu G af om abmvH;k rSeo f r~rmS pepfreS af bm
vHk; r[kwfojzifh ‘‘px&dkuf’’ [lI tac:cH7rnfjzpf
onf? tu,fI abmvH;k onf AufwHuidk f 'l;atmufrS
jzpfap/ ycH;k ay:od\k ausmI f jzpfap/ ‘‘[kr;f yvdw’f ’ tjyifrS
jzpfap jzwfoGm;v~if 'dkifvl-uD;u ‘‘abm’’ [k atmf7
onf? ‘‘abm’’ 4-udrf jzpfv~if AufwHudkifonf yXr
tajccHaxmifhodk\ tqD;twm;r7Sd oGm;Edkifonf? uGif;
xJ7Sd abmvHk;upm;olrsm; &dkufvdkufaom abmvHk;
udk wbufom;u ajrod\rk usrD zrf;rdv~if &du k o f l xGu7f
onf? &dkufol yXrtajccHaxmifhodk\ ra7mufrD/ abm
vHk;7ol wbufom;u xdkaxmifhodk\ ta7muf OD;ae
v~iv f nf; &du k o f x l u G 7f onf? &du k of o l nf yXr tajccH
axmifhodk\ tvsifOD;pGm a7mufaev~if wbufom;u
raESmif, h u S f Edkiaf cs? qufajy;7ef tcGiho f maeao;v~if
yxr tajccH axmifhrS 'kwd,/ wwd, tajccHaxmifh
rsm;od\›k if;/ xdrk w S qifh ‘‘[kr;f yvdw’f ’/ od\kr[kwf yef;0if
axmifo h dk\›if; qifhuJajy;0ifEidk fonf? odk\7mwGif tajccH
axmifhwckESifhwck-um;wGif ajy;7if; abmvHk;ESifh rxd
atmifa7Smif7onf? xdrdv~if xGufay;7onf? abm
vHk;ESifhrxdbJ wywfjynfhatmif ajy;Edkifygu wywf
atmifonf[k ac:onf? Tenf;jzifh abmvHk; &dkuf7
onfzh ufrS 3 a,mufxu G 7f onftxd qufvufupm;
-uonf? 3 a,mufqufI xGuf7v~if wzufESifh
ae7m wvSnfhajymif;I upm;-u7onf?
wzufv~if abmvHk;&dkufvSnfh wvSnhu f s7jyD;aom
aAuifô z7efppf
S f tcg wcsDjyD;jyD[k rSwf,l7onf? wyGJwGif 9 csDtxd
upm;avh7Sdonf? oa7yGJjzpfv~if qufupm;7onf?
tar7duefjynfaxmifpkwGif a-u;pm;aAhpabm t
oif;rsm;wnfaxmifI ESpfpOf {jyDvtv,frS atmuf
wdkbmvqef;txd ,SOfjydKif upm;-uavonf?
aAuifô z7efppf(c7pf 1561 „ 1626)? ?t*®vyd f
Edik if jH yKokcrde/f obm0 ynm7SiEf iS fh pmrGefa7;q7m-uD;
z7efppf aAuifonf xif7Sm;aom trsKd ;tEG,frS qif;
oufvmol jzpfonf? zcifjzpfol wHqdyfawmf0ef-uD;
f s qmepfuvwfaAuifEiS hf rdcifjzpfol qm tefawmfeu D wG f
.orD; avmhAm*av. c,fr tef;wdk\rS 1561ck Zefe
0g7Dv 227ufae\wiG f vef'efjrdK\Y zGm;jrifaom 7Spaf ,muf
ajrmuf om;axG; jzpfonf? rdb 2 zufpvH;k rS aqGrsdK;
rsm;onf t,fvpfZAuf bk7ifr. eef;wGi;f Y 0ifxu G f
oGm;vmEdkifolrsm; jzpfaomfvnf;/ aAuifonf tcGifh
ta7; txl;taxG[lI rcHpm;cJh7acs?
15^3 ckESpfwGif aAuifonf udrf;A7pf wUodkvf
x7ifew D aD umvdyYf 0ifa7mufynmoif,I l 15^6 ckEpS f
wGif *a7;tif;od\k 0ifciG 7hf onf? xdak emuf qmatrd,wf
aygvuf.oHtzGJ\0iftjzpf jyifopfEdkifiHwiG foGm;a7muf
aexdik 7f m 15^9 ckEpS w f iG f zcifjzpfoul , G v f eG of nftxd
jzpfonf? zcifu, G fveG jf yD;rSyif aAuifonf 0wfvkH t
wwfudk jyD;ajrmufatmifoif,lI tr=vdkuf7m Oya'
wwfu`rf;em;vnfvo S jzifh r-umrD xif7Sm;ausm-f um;
vmonf? odk\7mwGif Edik fiaH 7;avmuodk\om 0ifvkad om
aAuifonf 1584 ckEpS w f iG f rJvurf7*J spef ,frS ygvDref
trwf jzpfvmonf? bk7ifr. tcspfawmf tufquf
pm;ESihv f nf; aAuifonf 7if;ES;D 7um;/ tufqufpm;.
apmifrulnrD =a-umifh eef;awmfwGi;f Y txl;tcGit hf a7;
rsm;7cJhonf? vpfvyfaeaom a7S\aecsKyf7mxl;udkyif
aAuiftm;cef\tyf7ef tufqufpm;u bk7ifrtm;ajym
ay;onf? od\k7mwGif jAdwo d ~tpd;k 7u aAuif. Edik if aH 7;
rlukd r-udKuo f jzifh ol.jydKizf uf ukwu f kd cef\xm;vdu k f
7m tufqufpm;u aAuiftm; u&k+m oufpGmjzifh
aygif 1ô800 wefe,fajrudk vufaqmifay;vdu k of nf?
aAuifum; xl;c`efxufjrufol jzpfoavmuf pdwf
oabmxm; jrifhjrwfjcif; r7SdvSacs? aus;Zl;7Sif tuf
qufpm;tm; bk7ifru trsuaf wmf7pdS Of/ tufqufpm;
zufrS ulnaD z;ray;jcif; r7S&d krH u ajredr7fh m vSHpu dk fyif
jyKvyk o f nf[k trsm;. pGypf jJG cif; cHc7hJ onf? tufquf
pm;.udPwGif aAuifonf txl;yif emrnfysucf o hJ nf?
18
aAuifô z7efppf
jAdwdo~EkdifiHjyKokcrdefESihf od_Hynm7Sif z7efppf aAuif
1603 ckwGif yXr *sdrf;bk7ifeef;wufaomtcg
aAuiftm; rsm;pGm csD;jr|ifhajr|mufpm;jcif;jyK.? xdkESpf
wGiyf if qmbG\JtyfEiS f;jcif; cHc7hJ I tpd;k 7 txl;a7Sah ecsKyf
-uD;/ y7DAaD umifpDtzGJ\0if/ w7m;Xme0ef-uD; ponfh 7m
xl;-uD;rsm;Y tqifhqifh wdk;wufcef\xm;jcif; cH7onf?
1618 ckEpS fwiG f AJ7Geb f J\G7I 1621 ckESpw f Gif Adki;f aumifh
bGJ\jzifh csD;jr|io
fh laumif;jyKjcif; cH7avonf?
eufeufeeJ J wwfodaom EdkifiHjyKokcrdefyyD D aAuif
onf *sdrf;bk7iftm; t-uHOm+faumif;rsm; ay;cJhaomf
vnf;/ bk7ifu aqmif7u G jf cif; rjyKacs? aAuifu,
uvnf; t-uHay; aumif;oavmuf ol\t-uHtwkdif;
olvdkuef m vkyfudkifavh r7Sdacs? w7m;pD7if7mY ajzmifh
rwf7ef -o0g'ay;avh7aSd omaAuifonf w7m;0ef-uD;
tjzpfaqmif7u G pf Of vmbfpm;r=jzifh wcgaomf w7m;pGcJ H
7zl;.? xdktr=twGuf vef'efar~mfpifY tusO;f cH7efEiS hf
'+faiG aygif 40ô000 ay;aqmif7eftjyif rnfonft
r~ tpd;k 77mxl;wGif xrf;aqmifcGihf rjyK7ef trdef\csrw
aAuifô a7mf*sm
jcif;cH7onf? aAuiftm; 4 7ufr~om csKyfI vFwf
vdkufum '+faiGukv d nf; av~mv f dkufonf? odk\7mwGif
rnfonft h pd;k 7 7mxl;wGirf ~ tr=rxrf;7 [laom trdef\
rSm wnfjrJaecJh.? tpdk;7 7mxl;rsm;wGio f m tr=xrf;
um wufvrf;udk ajr|mfreS f;cJah om aAuifonf ,if;odk\
vrf;ydwfoGm;ojzifh pmayESifh avmu"mwfynmudkom
avhvmvdu k fpm;cJah vonf?
tpd;k 7zufwiG f tr=xrf;pOfuyif aAuifonf pmrGef
ac: tufaq;rsm;udk a7;cJhonf? tpdk;7 7mxl;rS Ekwf
xGuf7aomtcg/ ,cifuxuf ydkIa7;EdkifcJhonf? aA
uifonf pmrGefaygif; 58 yk'fcef\ a7;om;xkwfa0cJh
onf? ol.pmrGefrsm;rSm Oya'/ tkyfcsKyfa7;/ avmu
"mwfynmESifh obm0 aA'ynm7yfrsm; ta-umif;
wdk\om rsm;onf? ,if;wdk\onf xif7Sm;aom pm-uD;
ay-uD; pm7if;0ifrsm;jzpfI aAuif.txif7Sm;qHk;
vuf7mrsm; jzpfonf? aAuifonf pmrGet f jyif tjcm;
pmtkyf pmwrf;aygif;rsm;pGm a7;om;cJhonfh teuf
‘oWr [ife7D bk7ifordik ;f ’ ESihf ‘t,fvpfZAufb7k ifr
tm; trSwfw7 [laom pmtkyf 2 tkyfrSm xdkacwf
t*®vdyfordkif;rsm;wGif taumif;qHk;jzpfonf? aAuif
tm; tcsdK\u uBmausmf 7SdwfpyD;,m; jyZmwfrsm;
a7;oltppf[k ,Hk-unfonf?
aAuifonf avmu"mwfynmudk avhvm7mY t
pdwpf w
d fcJjG cm;enf;/ odk\r[kwf od_Hpepf awG;awmqif
jcifenf;udk xGicf hoJ w l pfO;D jzpfonf? avmu"mwfynm
7yftwGuf vufawG\p;l prf;r=jyK7mrS aAuifonf tat;
rdI emruse;f jzpfum/ 1626 ckEpS f {jyDvwGif uG,v f Gef
avonf? -uuf taumifvdkufudk ESif;cJESif;yGifhjzifh
Xmyemxm;ygu -um7SnfcrH cH odvko d jzifh/ ESi;f awmxJ
qif;I vufawG\prf;oyf7mrS tat;rdjcif;jzpfonf?
oluG,fvGefaomfvnf; ol.prf;oyfcsufjzifh tpm;
tpmrsm;udk tat;"mwfay;u -um7SnfcHEdkifa-umif;
odum tat;"mwfay;I odkrSDenf;udk vkyfudkifEdkifcJh-u
onf? aAuifum; tvGefOm+fxufjrufol jzpfonf?
kd wf ikd f xdka-umifh uAsmq7m-uD; ykyfu ‘vlom;wdk\wiG f ynm
t7SdqHk;/ Om+f txufqHk;ESifh oabmxm; tao;qHk;
aomol’ [k aAuifudk pmwrf;xd;k cJhonf?
aAuifôa7mf*sm (c7pf 1214 1294)? ?a7mf*sm
aAuifonf Oa7mytv,facwfu ay:aygufcJhaom
h cg tawG;tac: eufeJvSonfh t*®vdyfvlrsdK; obm0
S f ynm7Si-f uD;jzpfonf?
19
aAuifô a7mf*sm
a7mfa*smfaAuifudk 1214 ckESpfwGif qRm;qufe,f
Y zGm;jrifonf? atmufpzd\kEiS hf yg7pf wUodv
ynmqnf;yl;cJh7m/ *7d/ vufwif/ [DjALESifh tm7AD
bmomrsm;udk wwfu`rf;onf? xkdaemuf acwfynm
wwfwdk\enf;twdkif; omoemhabmifodk\ 0ifI z7efpP
uef *dk+f;0ifbkef;awmf-uD; jzpfvmonf? atmufpzdk\
wUodv k Yf pmayrsm;vnf; yd\kcsonf?
aAuifonf *7d/ vufwif/ [DjAL/ tm7AD bm
omwdk\jzifh a7;om;xm;aom pmayusrf;*efrsm;udk zwf
&=&jHk zifh auseyfEpS o
f rd hjf cif;r7SdbJ [kwrf eS cf ikd v
f jHk cif; 7Srd 7Sd
udk vufawG\tm;jzifh pl;prf;wwfaom tavh7Sdonf?
aAuifonf ,rf;r=ef\ESifh oHvu kd ftyfta-umif;udk wif
-udKodxm;ESifhol jzpfonf? ta0;-unfhrSefajymif; jyK
vkyfenf;udkvnf; xkwfazmf jyocJhonf? xdkjyif uBm
ajr-uD;onf 0dkif;I tWvMdwf ork]7mudk jzwfum
taemufbufo\ko d mG ;v~if tm7Swu kd o
f \kd a7mufEikd o f nf[l
aomtcsufudk c`if;csufr7Sd ,Hk-unfxm;oljzpfonf?
aAuif. pmtkypf mwrf;rsm;wGif ,ckacwfY ay:ayguf
aejyDjzpfaom oab®m/ armfawmfum;/ wHwm;ESihf u7de;f
-uD;rsm; wpfae\wiG f ay:vmvdrrhf nfjzpfa-umif; wifu;l
a7;om;xm;onfudk awG\7onf? xdka-umifh a7mf*sm
aAuiftm; tcsdK\u acwfa7S\ajy;aeol[k qdk-uI ol\
t*‡vdyf obm0 ynm7Sif-uD; a7mf*sm aAuif
aA'gyif
acwf vlcyfrsm;rsm;url ua0q7m-uD;[k pGypf -GJ uonf?
k frsm;wGif pifppfaomfum; aAuifonf tawG;eufeJonfh vuf
awG\orm;-uD; jzpfayonf? xdkacwfu ,Hk-unfpJv G rf;
-uaom tcsKd \tcsurf sm;udk tajctjrpfr7Sd/ ,kWdrwef
[k ajymqdkr=a-umifh aAuifonf rd>m'd}d wpfOD;tjzpf
pGyfpGJcH7onf? w*dk+f;wnf;0if bkef;-uD;rsm;uyif aA
uiftay: ou®mruif;jzpfI -uOf-uojzifh yg7pfjrdK\ok\d
10 ESSpfcef\ oGm;a7muf aexdkifc7Jh avonf?
aAuif. txufbkef;awmf-uD;rsm;u aAuiftm;
w7m;pmayrsm; a[majymjcif;/ a7;om;jcif; quf
vufrjyK7ef wm;jrpf-uonf? ,if;od\k vltrsm;. oH
o, jzpfjcif;/ tm;ray;jcif; cHae7onfh-um;rSyif aA
uifonf rdr, d q
l csufrsm;udk rSefuefonf[k ,Hk-unf
onfhtwkdif; bmompmay/ od_Hynm/ t,l0g'/
obm0 aA' ponfwdk\ta-umif;ygaom tdkywfr*sK/
tdkywfrdkif;eyfESifh tdkywfwm,D,rf[laom pmtkyf-uD;
3 tkyfudk 18 v twGif; tjyD;a7;om;I ykyf7[ef;
rif;xH ay;ydk\onf? 12^8 ckESpfwGif ykyf7[ef;rif;-uD;
uG,v f eG f7m/ z7efpPuef *dk+;f tky-f uD;ud,k w
f idk f acgif;
aqmifI aAuiftm; qef\usifzufjyKvkyu f m ol. pm
tkyfrsm;udk rzwf-u7ef ydwfyif&Hkru ol\tm; rd>m'd}d
wOD;tjzpf axmifcsvu dk f.? axmifxJwGif 14 ESpfcef\
ae7pOf ‘‘tdkrif;7jcif;. c`wf,iG f;csuf’’ac: pmtkyf
wtkyu f kd a7;om;I yky7f [ef;rif;-uD; pwkšepfuvwf
xH qufaponf? xdk pmtkyfa-umifhyifavm/ tjcm;
ta-umif;a-umifhyifavm rajymEdkifaomfvnf;/ 1292
ckEpS fwiG f aAuifonf axmifrSvGwfI atmufpzdk\wU
odvk w f iG f pmayyd\kcscGihf 7jyefonf? od\k7mwGif 1294ckEpS f
wGif vl-uD;a7m*gjzifh uG,fvGef7Smavonf?
aA'gyif? ?jrefrmEdkiif Hatmufyidk f; jrpfacsmif; tif;
tdkiw f dk\wiG f a7,OfpD;I arsmygaeaom aA'gyifrsm;udk
awG\jrif-u7onf? aA'gyifonf yGew f D'D7aD ,;pDt;D rsdK;
7if;wGiyf g0ifI/ &kQaA'trnfrSm tdkufa[meD;,m;u
7yfqDyDjzpfonf? aA'gyifudk a7ydawmuf/ odk\r[kwf
a7oZif[lIvnf; ac:-uonf? aA'gyif. rlvZmwd
onf zavmf7D'g/ yem;rm;/ tm*sifwD;em;paom t
ar7duwdkuf tylydkif;a'orsm; jzpfonf? aemiftcgrS
tdNd,/ jrefrm/ *sm;Am;/ -opa-w;,m; ponfh t
a7S\yikd f; tylykid ;f a'orsm;odk\ rsdK;ys\HE\SHchaJ vonf?
aA'gyifonf a7YaygufI arsmygwwfaom 'du k yf if
rsdK; jzpfonf? -uufoGefOyHk7Sdaom 7Gufn|mwdk\onf t
20
 aA'gyif
a7wufa7uswGif pkefqefarsmvsuf7Sdonhf aA'gyif
om;xlI azmif;yGjyD;v~if azmhuo hJ \7kd o
dS jzifh aA'gyif onf
a7pkeaf 7qef arsmygaeEdik jf cif;jzpfonf? t7Guf wd\konf
pdr;f pdkajymifvufaeI 0dki;f vke;D yg; yHko!mef7Sd um
vufr0ufcef\rS 6 vufrcef\ txd us,fo nf?
tom;xlt7GufrsdK;jzpfjyD;v~if tem;nDonf? opfcGyef;
rsdK;qefI vSy0ifh-uGm;aom tyGihw f dk\onf tom;xljyD;
v~if azmif;yGaom tyGi\f wH.xdyfwGif tqkyftcJ yGifh
-uonf? wyGifhv~if c7rf;7ifha7mif yGifhcsyf 6 ckyg
7Sdonf? xdyfqH;k yGifhcsyfwGif tjymESifh t0g tpuf t
ajymufwk\djzifh a'gif;jrD;uGuo f !mef ay:aeonf? jref
rmEdkifiHwGif qdkcJhaom c7rf;7ifha7mifyGifhonfh aA'gyif
rsdK;om 7Sdaomfvnf;/ yef;a7mif7ifhyGifhonfhaA'gyifrsdK;
vnf; 7Sad o;onf? Oa7my Edik if t H csKd \wiG f tyGivhf S ojzifh
tvSpu dk fyef;yifrsdK;tjzpf pdkuyf sdK;-uavonf?
aA'gyifwGif rsm;jym;xlxyfaom tjrpfzGm;rsm;
7Sdonf? a7waycef\7v Sd ~if aA'gyif aygufEidk fonf? t
yifcGJjcif;jzifh rsdK;yGm;,lEkdifonf? tvGef rsdK;yGm;vG,f
aomtyifrsdK;jzpf7m txl;ojzifh rd;k 7moDwiG f ydkI tyif
yGm;onf? jrpfacsmif;wd\k wGif aA'gyifrsm; ydwfq\dk aeI
avSoab®moGm;vma7;udk rsm;pGm taESmifht,Suf jzpf
aponf? xdka-umifh aA'gyifrsm;udk vltiftm;/ puf
21
tiftm;jzifh zsufq;D ypf7ef -uH7G,ftm;xkwfcJh-uaomf
vnf;/ acWc+r~om wwfEdkif-uI aA'gyifw\dk um;
yGm;jrJ yGm;vsuf 7S-d uayonf?
pifppf aA'gyifudk toHk;jyKEdkifv~if tusdK;jzpfxGef;
onf? tdNd,EdkifiHwGif aA'gyifudk pULvkyfief;Y›if;/
uyfxlpULrsm;jyKvky7f mY›if; toHk;csavonf? ukef
xkyfpUL tndKa7mifrsm;vnf; jyKvkyfEkdifaomfvnf;
wGuaf jcrudu k af cs? w&kwv f rl sKd ;wd\konf aA'gyifukd 0uf
au`;7eftwGuf toHk;csonf? *sm;Am;u`ef;wGif t
7GufEkrsm;/ 7Gufnm| rsm;/ tyGifhcdkifrsm;udk wcgw7H
aygif;I›if;/ csuI f ›if; pm;aomuf-uonf?
xdkjyif aA'gyifudk ajr-oZmtjzpf toHk;jyKEdkifao;
onf? aA'gajr-oZmjyKvkyfenf;rSm cJawmifhc, J Of; r
[kwaf cs? aA'gyifrsm;udk a7rSq,fI a7ppfatmif wef;
wifay;7onf? a7ppfjy;D aA'gyifrsm;udk tvsm; 18ay/
teH 12 ay/ xk 9 vufrrS 12 vufrtxd 7Sdatmif
tnDtr~ jzef\ay;7onf? xdkaemuf ajr-uD; vSnf;wpD;
wduk w f 0uf/ EGm;acs;tpdk vSn;f wpD;wdu k fw0ufEiS hf jym
ESpfawmif;cef\udk aA'gyHkay:nDnmpGm jzef\cif;jyD;aomf
a7pGwf&Hkr~ zsef;ay;7onf? ,if;onfhenf;twdki;f w
xyfjyD; wxyfjznfhwifum 15 ay/ ay 20cef\ tjrifh7dS
tyHk-uD; jzpfvmap7onf? wvcef\-umI aA'gyH-k uD;
tcsOfaygufjyD;v~if ,d7GJvmv~iftyHk-uD;udk arFaESmuf
I topfjyefyH7k onf? aemufxyf wvcef\-umv~if
aA'gtyHk-uD; tcsOf"mwfukefI opf7GufaqG; EGm;acs;
aqG;uJho\dk jzpfvmavonf?
aA'gajr-oZmukd toD;tESHtrsKd;rsKd;twGuf tok;H
jyKEkdifonf? ajrap;rsm;ukd pkdufysK;d jzpfxGe;f aom tajc
taersK;d a7muf77Sd ef jyKjyif7mY aA'gajr-oZmonf txl;
tokH;0ifonf? EGm;acs;ajr-oZm rvkHavmufv~if t
pm;xk;d okH;pJGEkdifI EGm;acs;ajr-oZmenf;wl tmedoif7dS
onf? awmifolv,form;wk\donf aA'gyifrsm;ukd rdrd
wk\d vufvrS f;rD7m jrpfacsmif; tif;tdik w f k\drS aygaygrsm;
rsm;7Edkifojzifh txufenf;twdik ;f ajr-oZmtjzpf jyK
vkyt f oH;k cs oif-h uayonf?
x\dkjyif wenf;rSm w&kwfvlrsdK;wd\k onf aA'gyif
rsm;udk tajcmufvSe;f I rD;&=\d jyD;v~if jymudk ajr-o
Zmtjzpf toH;k jyKonf? aA'gyifwdk\onf ydkwuf"mwf
udk trsm;tjym; pkaqmif;xm;avh7Sdojzifh rD;&=d\v~if
vsijf refpGm rD;awmufEikd o f nf?
aA'gyif. tyifwHrsm;wGif tr~if&Sdonf? xdkt
r~ifrsm;udk -udK;uspfI7onf? *HkeD-udK;tpm;yif toHk;
aA'gyif
csEdkifonf? odk\aomf -udK;tjzpfa7mufatmif vkyfudkif
7ef p7dwfpu-uD;I wGufom;rudkufojzifh vkyfudkif
a7mif;csjcif; rjyK-uacs?
aA'gyGifhrsm;onf jrif;ta7jym;a7m*grsm;twGuf
aq;zuf0ifavonf?
aA'if? ?aA'if[lonfrmS rm*"yg–da0' (oo®u&d™k f
bmom [dNLe*7DaA') odjcif;ESifh t*®„t*®g jzpfjcif;
wdk\aygif;pyfI jzpfay:vmonfh a0'*®rS qif;oufvm
onf? a0'*®o]gonf aA'.t*®gjzpfaom usrf;udk
qd7k m/ ,if;wGiof Q
d m/u_/Asmu7+/ qN/ aZmwdoš/
ed&kWdusr;f rsm;yg0ifonf? a0'*®rSoo®u&dk™b f momod\k
a7G\avsmI aA'*®jzpfvmonf? aA'*®rS jrefrmbmom
jzifh aA'if[al om a0g[m7jzpfvmonf? a0'*®wiG f yg
0ifaom aZmwdošum; aA'ifynmyifjzpfonf? a0
'„aA'o]gonf odjcif;teufukd qdak oma-umifh aA'if
ynmjzifh yPK_ef twdwf tem*wf tusdK;tjypfwdk\udk
odEdkifonf[k a7S;tcguyif ,Hk-unf7if;pGJ 7SdcJhonf?
omr„,Zk„†&k[I l aA' 3yH7k o
dS nfwiG f tx¤eudk xnfh
od_yH nmxGe;f um;vsu7f aSd om t*‡vefjynfwiG f vQ+maA'ifynmukd ,ae\widk fvdu
22
aA'if
oGi;f vsuf aA' 4 yHk[ka7;om; ajymqdkavh7Sd-u7m/ t
rSefpifppftm;jzifh aA' 4 yHrk Sm [dNLvlrsKd ;wdk\. bmom
pmayrsm;om jzpf-uavonf?
TaA'ifynmonf tvGeaf 7S;usvaS om u,fv'D;
,m;/ AufAv D ;kH eD;,m;/ tD*spf/ tdNd,ESihf w&kwEf idk firH sm;
wGif xGef;um;ay:aygufvmcJh7m/ tb,fr~ ESpfy7da>'
-umcJhjy[D k rnforl ~ twwfrajymEdkiaf cs? rnfonhEf kid if H
rS pwifay:aygufcJhonf[lIvnf; taxmuftxm;
rjyEdkif-uacs? tqdkyg EkdifiHrsm;wGif acwfumv t
avsmuf ynm7Sifrsm;onf aumif;uif7Sd j*dK[feQwf
wm7mwdk\ukd tajcjyKI wDxiG fay:vmaom ynmw7yf
jzpfonf[k ,lq,H-k unf-uonf? aA'ifynmonf a7S;
a[mif; tdN, d Ekid if .
H tm7d,efvrl sKd ;wd\rk S aygufymG ;qif;
oufvmonf[k tqd7k o dS nf? bDpD 356 ckEpS f t,fvuf
ZNm„o„*7dwv f ufxufwiG f u,fv'D;,ef; vlrsdK;wdk\.
a-unmcsuft7 rdrdwdk\.aA'ifynmonf twdwfESpf
aygif; 4^3ô040 uyif 7So d nf[k od7onf? rnfok\dyif
jzpfap/ ESpyf 7da>'udk twdtus rcef\reS ;f Edik af om tcsed f
umvuyif aA'ifynm pwifay:ayguf cJhjcif;udrk u l m;
k fpm;avhvmvsuf 7S-d uao;ayonf?
 aA'if

rjiif;omacs? aq;ynmESifh tjcm; avmuDynm7yf

rsm;uJhodk\yif aA'ifynmonfvnf; a7S;rqGuyif ay:
aygufvmcJhonf? jrefrmEdik fi. H aA'ifynmonfvnf;
tdN, d rSqif;oufvmcJo h nfukd ordik ;f t7 odEikd af yonf?
aA'ifynmqdk7mY ajrjyifESihf tmumoaumif;uif
wGif jzpfay:vmor~aom wdwfedrdwfESifhwuG j*dK[f
eQwfwm7mwd\k. txGe;f „tndK| ;„tiky„f tay:/ -u,f
a-uGjcif;/ OUmysjH cif;/ wdraf wmufjcif;/ -u,fwHcGefay:
jcif;/ ae-uwf/ v-uwf/ j*dK[fyl;j*dK[fjrifrSpI jzpfay:
vmor~aom wdwef rd dwfrsm;udk tajccHjyKI a[mqdk7
aom ynmw7yfjzpfonf? zGm;oU7mZfESifh toufudk
wnfvsuf ^ ck/ 8 ck/ 12 ckpm;I t-uiG ;f *+ef;ocsm® t
7 wDxGifaom a[menf;rsm;rS tp tcsdefem7Dudk rl
wnfIa[maom [l;7m;aA'if/ umv-uD;aA'if/ *+ef;
aA'if/ arG;zGm;csdeft7 aumif;uif 12 7moDj*dK[/f v*f/
pef;wdk\udk -unfhI a[mqdkaomaA'if[lI trsdK;rsdK;7Sd
onf? od\kaomf arG;zGm;csdew f iG f wGuf,l77So d nfh aumif;
uif 12 7moDj*dK[cf Gi. f tvm;tvmudk ppfaq;a[m
ajymaom aA'ifynmonf obm0,kWd7daS yonf? pdr;f onf todOm+f/ om;orD;/ twwfynmwd\u k kd tpd;k 7
j*Kd [ef Qwf-u,fwm7mwd\konf ouf7o dS ufrchJ yford ;f onf? -umoyaw;j*dK[f0gonf ynm—m+f/ aiGa-u;
tay:wGif oufqidk 7f mobm0tpGrf;oWd t7Sed t f 0gjzifh OPm"e/ tusifhpm7dW/ bmom/ t,l0g'/ rdwfaqG/
vFrf;rdk; csKyfcs,fEdkifonf[k a7S;ynm7Sifwdk\ ,lqcJh-u q7m ponfwdk\udk zefwD;ay;Edkifonf? aom-umj*dK[f
onf? Oyrm„we*®aEGj*dK[f[k ac:qdo k nfh tyl"mwfukd onf ol. xGe;f awmufaom tvif;a7mif"mwftm;jzifh
ay;aqmifEdkifaom aerif;udk trSDjyKIom ouf7do S uf umr7m*/ tcspfa7;/ aysmf7Fijf rL;xl;jcif;/ rde;f r/ r,m;/
rJhwdk\onf oefpGrf;-uD;xGm;vm7onf? aer&Sdv~if *k+fyumoe/ xifay:ausmfapmjcif; tp7Sdonfwdk\udk
ouf7SdoufrJhtm;vHk; aoa-uysufjyKef; oGm;-uvdrfh pGr;f aqmifay;Edik of nf? paej*dK[rf JG j*dK[jf ymum; qif;
rnf? ae. tvif;"mwfa-umifh pdw"f mwfwuf-uGum 7J'kQ/ taESmifht,Suf/ tcsdefaESmifhaES; -uef\-umjcif;/
7JpGrf;oWd 7Sd7onf? tarSmif"mwfudk ouf7SdoufrJhwdk\ aqGrsdK;om;csif;/ awGa0rdef;armjcif; tp7Sdonfwdk\udk
onf tpOfxm07 rvdkvm;-uacs? Toabmudk qif jzpfapwwfonf? 7m[kESifh udwftarSmifj*dK[fwdk\onf
jcifv~if aerif;wnf;[laom we*®aEGj*Kd [o f nf ouf7dS aumif;uifrmS j*dK[fu, kd fj'AfESihf txift7Sm;r7Sd apum
oufrJhwdk\. toufocifjzpfonfESifhtnD tb,fr~ rl/ ae-uwf v-uwfudk zefwD;ay;Edkifaom tpGr;f oWd
tiftm;ay;Edik o f nfukd 7dypf m;rdoifo h nf? touf0n d mOf/ a-umifh tarSmifavmuESiw fh uG xl;jcm;qef;-u,faom
tz/ rme/ tvkyftudkif/ 7mxl; *k+fxl;udk tpdk;7.? tusdK;tjypf/ ajcav;acsmif;wd7>mef ponfw\dkukd tpdk;
xdk\twl wev®mac: vrif;onf j*dK[ftjzpfjzifh ol. 7onf? Tj*dK[f 9vHk;tjyif xyfrHawG\7Sd7aom ,la7;
obm0udk ay;pGrf;Edkifonf? oW0gwdk\onf at;jr eyf/ eufyu`e;f / yvlwkjd *Kd [fw\ku d vkd nf; ,cktcg xnfh
-unfvifvSaom va7mifudk jrif7aomtcg pdwfaysmf oGif;a[majym-uayonf? (j*dK[f „ &=?) t©0+D
7Fifvef; -unfE;l avh7-dS uonf? tat;"mwf/ trd/ pdw/f eQwftp a70wDeQwftqH;k eQwf 2^vH;k onfvnf;
aiG7wem ponfwk\dukd tpdk;7onf? xdktwl t*®gj*dK[f ol\obm0ESifhol zefwD;ay;Edik af yonf? a7S;ynm7Sifwdk\
eDonf rdrd. aoG;eDa7mifobm0twdkif; tpGrf;oWd/ onf Tobm0rsm;udk ESpfaygif;rsm;pGm vufawG\
t7nftcsi;f / 7JprG ;f oWd/ ZGv J k\v
H / pGe\fpm;r=/ owf0jhH zwf avhvmjyD;rSom ,lqa[mqdk-ujcif; jzpfonf?
0Hah ompdw/f cdu k 7f efa'gopdw/f ab;7ef y™dyQr=/ ppfruf/ wGu&f dk;ocs®mt7 tmumoaumif;uifudk puf0kid f;
aus;u`ef/ vifa,musfm;udk tpdk;7onf? Ak<[l;j*dK[f ozG,7f adS om 12 7moDpufukd wnfaqmufvsuf rd©„

23
aA'if
jyd©„arxkef ponfjzifh trnfay;xm;onf? xdkjyif
12 7moDpufukd we*®aEGj*Kd [f aerif;ESihf wev®mj*dK[v f onf 7yfwnfrae-ubJ oGm;jrJ oGm;ae-uaoma-umifh
rif;twGuf ydkiftdrf 13 pD/ t*®gtp paetqH;k yVwm;
j*dK[f 5 vH;k twGuf ydik t f rd f 2 tdrfpDowfrSwfxm;onf?
,if;od\k ydik t
f rd t
f jzpf ay;xm;yHrk mS vnf; obm0usvsuf
pdwfyg0ifpm;p7m aumif;vSonf? ydkiftdrfrsm; tjzpf
p„om„a7F„ul„tif;·0„ol„qef„jzL„w„wif;„ay; aqmif
yk'ft7 rd©7moDrSpI vuf0J7pftpOftwdki;f cs,lEidk f
onf? aumif;uifwGif ol\vrf;a-umif;ESifhol r7yfr
wnf vSnfhvnfoGm;vmae-uaom j*dK[fwdk\udk tcsdef
umvtm;avsmpf mG aemufcHeQwf 2^ vHk;ydkif 12 7moD
puft7 b,fae\wiG f b,f7moDrmS 7So d nfukd wGu, f El ikd f
onf? (eQwf 2^ vH;k ? 7moD„&=?) j*dK[ftm;vHk;
onf 127moDpufxrJ mS rnfok\drnfyw Hk nf7o Sd nfukd od7
jyD;aemuf/ arG;zGm;aomtcsdeft7 v*f 7moD tHom
vdWm wd\kukd wGucf su, f lEkid o
f nf? v*f. 1 wef\onf
wEkbm0/ v*f. 2 wef\onf ukw$k bm0/ 3 wef\onf
o[Zbm0 ponfjzifh 12 wef\onf Asm,bm0txd/
bm0 12yg;udk cGI J owfrw S 7f onf? rnfonfjh *dK[o f nf
rnfonfb h m0wGi7f odS nfukd od7aomtcg aA'ifusr;f vm
enf;pHepfrsm;twdki;f j*dK[fyl; j*dK[fjrif/ eQwf/ e0if;/
,k*f ponfwk\d tay:wGif tajcjyKum/ twdw/f yPK_ef
ESihf tem*wf tusKd ;tjypfw\kdukd wGu, f la[mqdEk ikd af om
pcef;odk\ a7mufvmayonf? TzGm;Zmwmj*dK[fciG fonf
Zmwm7Sif. woufwm tusdK;tjypfwdk\ukd a[mude;f
trsdK;rsKd ;tm;jzifh a[moGm;Edkifayonf?
zGm;Zmwm j*dK[fcGift7/ rlvtajccHygvmaom t
usdK;tjypfwdk\udk udef;ao,lqEdkifonf? rif; rSL;rwf
ppfo-l uD; olaX; ynm7Sd jzpfrnfh tajctae/ tdraf xmif
a7;/ usef;rma7;/ qif;7J'kQ/ ab;7ef/ rdb/ arG;csif;/
om;orD;tajctaeponfw\ku d kd bm0 12 yg;t7 a[m
qdk7ayonf? arG;zGm;csdeft7 12 7moD aumif;uifudk
"mwfyHk&dkufonfhozG,f &dkufjyxm;aom j*dK[fcGifonf
«·ºå¿¨³«º©µÇÄ
¼ ¦½·ºÞ«Üå
Adk;0g;ppfyGJ. ol7Jaumif;-uD;wOD;jzpfonf? odk\aomf vli,fvl7G,fuav;rsm;tm; vlawmf vlaumif; vl7nfc`ef
vl7nfrGefjzpfapaom uif;axmufvkyfief;udk pwifwnfaxmifoltjzpf uBmausmfavonf?
aA'ifydk0,fôa7mAwf (c7pf 18^5 1941) ? ?uif;
axmuf (vkvif) ESifh uif;axmuf trsdK;orD;rsm;t
a-umif;udk odorl sm;onf avmh a7mAwf aA'ifyk0d ,f.
24
aA'ifykd0,fô a7mAwf
zGm;Zmwmj*dK[cf iG [ f k twnfjyK7apumrl/ xdkxkd j*dK[fwk\d
a*gp7ac: aumZmj*dK[frsm;tjzpfodk\ ajymif;vJomG ;-u
ayonf? rnfonfh7moD rnfonfhbm0udk rnfonfh
j*dK[fpD;v~if rnfodk\jzpfrnfudk a7S\odk\qufjyD; ta[m
xkwfEikd o f nf? odk\r[kwf wev®mj*dK[fpD;,SOaf om pef;
pD;eQwf(pifeQwf) t7 'oa[mude;f rsm;ESihf tem*wf
ta[mrsm;udk csdefq a[mqdk7ayonf?
aA'ifa[mude;f trsKd ;rsKd ;7Sdonft h euf omref twdk
enf;tm;jzifh wGuf,laomudef;rsm;udk omrefynm&Sif
wdk\ wwfu`rf; em;vnf-uoavmuf/ aA'ifwGuf&dk;
ocs®mESifh ta[mynmudk yg7*la7mufwwfajrmufem;
vnf7efrmS rl tvGecf , J Of;vSayonf? aA'ifynmudk ,Hk
-unfjyD;v~if pdwf0ifpm;olrsm;7Sd-uouJhodk\ r,Hk-unf
pdwfr0ifpm;Edkifaom vlrsm;vnf; 7Sd-uayonf? rnf
odk\yifjzpfap/ aA'ifynmum; a7S;a[mif; ynmw7yf
tygt0if jzpf&rHk ~ru tajccHynm enf;pHepf xkx,f
vnf; cdkifcHhaumif;rGefvSayonf? j*dK[foGm; j*dK[fvm
udk ydik fyikd Ef ikd Ef ikd f wGu, f El ikd 7f ef ol7,
d od<M/ jA¦mho<d M/
t7d,od<M/ od<MoDa7mr+dtp7Sdaom od<MwGuf&k;d
18rsKd ;um; a7S;uyif7cdS ho J nf? xdjk yif j*[vm 81 wGuf
&dk;/bmokwd/o70da%m',ZeryWdu/jrefrmjynfjzpf
rum7M/oH'}d wGuf&dk;rsm;vnf; 7Sd-uonf? acwfrD t
aemufEdkifiH aA'ifwGuf&dk;ocs®musrf;rsm;vnf; trsm;
tjym;yif 7Sd-uonf? jAdK\[%mwu/ jAdK\[ZfoH[dw/
t_Zmwu? xdkjyif 7mZrW@/ Zmwuyg7dZmw/
om7m0vd„Zmwua'orC? jy©emrC/ zv'Dydum/
OW7umv tjrdW/ a[m77wem/ o¤špdMmr+d/
bm0 7wemu7/ ZmwuwwGm/ aZmwdošod•‡
aAm"/ Zmwuvu®m7 ZmwupN7d,A7*k¡/d A7aum}d/
oau®weDwd tp7Sdaom a7S;a[mif; oo®u&dk™faA'if
usrf;rsm;omru/ acwfay:taemufEdkifiH aA'ifusrf;
rsm;vnf; trsm;tjym;yif &Sd-uonf? OD;oef;armif
ta-umif;udkvnf; -um;zl;em;07Sd-uayvdrfhrnf? vl
i,fuav;rsm;. tusifhpm7dW aumif;rGefa7;/ vl\
usi0hf wfukd odem;vnfa7;/ wpfu,
kd af umif;pdwf y,f7mS ;
 aA'ifykd0,fô a7mAwf

vli,fvl7G,frsm;tzkd\ 7nfreG fjrihfjrwfaom tqihftwef;okd\ jyKjyifykd\aqmifay;onhf uif;axmufvkyfief;ukd pwifysKd;axmifcJhol

a7mAwf aA'ifykd0,ftm; vlrsKd;pHk uif;axmufrsm;ESifhtwl awG\7pOf

a7; ponfwdk\udk a7S;&=aom uif;axmufvkyfief;udk p
wif arG;zGm;ay;cJhorl mS aA'ify0dk ,f jzpfonf? xdak -umifh
avmhaA'ifydk0,fudk uif;axmufwdk\.zcif [kvnf;
ac:qdk7ayonf? pifppf aA'ify0dk ,fonf uif;axmuf
tzGJ\pwifonfrSpI uBmhuif;axmufrsm;. txGwf
txdyf/ uif;axmufcsKyf-uD; jzpfcJhavonf?
uif;axmuftzG\Judk aA'ify0kd ,fonf tb,fa-umifh
pwifwnfaxmifchyJ goenf;? awmiftmz7duwdkufwGif
Adk;0g;ppfyGJjzpfyGm;pOftwGif; rufzuif;jrdK\udk 7efol Akd;
0g;wyf-uD;u (1899 1900 ckESpftwGif;) ^ vcef\
-umatmif 0dkif;xm;onf? jrdK\wGif;7Sd jAdwdo~wyfudk
uGyfuJol AkdvfrSL;-uD; a7mAwfaA'ifydk0,fonf ppful
a7mufonftxd rufzuif; jrdK\udk 7efol\vuf rus
atmif qdkcJhaom umvywfvHk; xdef;odrf;xm;EdkifcJh
onf? 7efol t0dkif;cHae7pOftwGif; aA'ifydk0,fonf
rufzuif;jrdK\wGi;f 7Sd vli,frsm;udk uif;axmufrsm;/ pm
ydk\ owif;ykd\ vkvifrsm;/ a7S;OD;olemjyKrsm;tjzpf avh
usifhtoHk;jyKcJhjcif;jzifh vl7G,fvl-uD;rsm;udk tjcm;ydkI
ta7;ygaom vkyfief;rsm;Y ydkrdk toHk;csEdkifcJhaom
a-umifh/ wenf;tm;jzifh 7efow l yfukd -uHh-uHhcHEidk cf hjJ cif;
jzpfavonf? xdt k cgrSpI aA'ifyk0d ,fonf vli,f u
av;rsm;tm; uif;axmufpnf;rsOf;ESifh pm7dWaumif;
rGefa7;udk a7S;&=aom tajccHrsm;jzifh tzGJ\zGJ\I oGefoif
avhusifhay;Edkifv~if/ wdkif;jynftwGuf tzdk;wef om;
aumif; 7wemuav;rsm; jzpfvmEdkifonfudk oabm
aygufco hJ nf?
xdak -umifh aA'ify0kd ,fonf 1908 ckEpS w f iG f t*®vef
jynfY uif;axmuftzGJ\udk pwifzGJ\pnf;7m atmifjrif
onf? 7nf7G,fcsufaumif;rGefvSaom xdktzGJ\udk ESpf
jcdKuf tm;ay;-uaoma-umifh uif;axmuf tzGJ\rsm;
onf jAdwdo~tifydkif,mtwGif;Yomru/ uBmt7yf
7yfYyg vsifjrefpGm wdk;yGm;cJhonf? vli,fuav;rsm;
omru/ rdef;uav;rsm;onfvnf; uif;axmuf vkyf
ief;wGif pdwfyg0ifpm;vm-uojzifh/ aA'ifydk0,fonf
1910 jynfhEpS fwGif ESrjzpfol tCeuf. tultnDjzifh
uif;axmuf trsdK;orD;tzGJ\rsm;udkvnf; zGJ\pnf;cJhav
onf? uif;axmuftzGJ\rsm;/ uif;axmuftrsdK;orD;
tzGJ\rsm; zGJ\pnf;a7;twGuf uBmt7yf7yfok\d vSnfhvnf
oGm;vmcJh7m/ tdN, d ESifh jrefrmEdkiif w
H \dkok\dvnf; a7muf7dS
cJzh ;l avonf?

25
aA'ifykd0,fô a7mAwf
aA'ifydk0,fonf atmufpzdk\wUodkvfrS ygarmQ
wOD;. ajcmufa,mufajrmuf om;jzpfI vef'efjrdK\Y
185^ ckEpS f azazmf0g7Dv 22 7ufae\wiG f zGm;jrifonf?
csmwma[muf ywfAvpfausmif;wGif ynmqnf;yl;cJh
onf? pGef\pm;r=ukd ESpjf cdKuaf om aA'ifyk0d ,fonf trSwf
13 [wfZm;wyfodk\ 0ifcJhonf? tdNd,/ tmz*edpwef
ESihf awmiftmz7duwku d w f \kYd ol.wdu
k rf c= u
kd fr= pGr;f 7nf
oWdudk jyocJhojzifh vsijf refpmG 7mxl;wdk;wufco
awmiftmz7duwdkufwGif udk,f7HawmfAdkvftjzpf tr=
xrf;7mrS 188^ ckESpfY wyfrSL;csKyfjzpfvmonf? 1895
ckESpfwGif t7SefwD (*dk;vudk\jynfe,f) Y wkdif;7if;om;
wyfrsm;. wyfrSL;csKyf-uD;tjzpf aqmif7GufcJh7onf?
1896 ckESpf rufwADvJvef; (awmiftmz7duwkduf)
wdkufyGJpOftwGif; ppfOD;pD;csKyftjzpf aqmif7GufcJh7av
onf? rufzuif;jrdK\udk ckcHumuG,fcJhonfhtwGuf 'k
Adv
k cf sKyf-uD;7mxl;od\k wd;k wufchaJ vonf?
xdt
k jyif t*®vefjynftwGuf pGr;f pGr;f wrH tr=xrf;cJh
jcif;a-umifh jAdwo d ~tpdk;7u 1909 ckESpfwiG f qmbGJ\jcD;
jr|iohf nf? aemufwESpfwiG f ppfwyfrS tjird ;f pm;,lonf?
odk\aomf uif;axmufvkyfief;udk qufvufaqmif7Guf
onf? aA'ifydk0,fonf jidrf;csrf;pGm ynmay;aomvkyf
rUqDukdEdkifiH. qdyfurf;jrdK\jzpfaom aA7u&kjrdK\. &=cif;
aA7u&kjrdK\
ief-uD;odk\ uBmhvlrsdK;aygif;pHk. vli,frsm;udk qGJ
aqmifcJh7mY jAdwdefEdkifiHom;rsm;teuf ESpfa,mufr7Sd
atmifxl;jcm;aom ykCdKvf-uD;jzpfayonf? aA'ifydk
0,fonf i,f7G,pf Ofuyif a,musfm;uav;yDoaom
pdwf/ jrifhjrwfaom oabmxm;/ 7JprG f;oWdwdk\EiS fh jynfh
pHkcJholjzpfcJh7m/ ,if;pdwf"mwfrsdK;udk rdrd.uif;axmuf
rsm;Yvnf; udef;0yfap7ef -udK;yrf;cJhavonf?
Jh nf? ,if;odk\aom xl;jcm;pGm pGrf;aqmifr=rsm;a-umifh
1929ckESpfwGif AJ7GefbGJ\jzifh jcD;jr|ifhjcif;cH7onf? aA'if
ydk0,fonf wm0efvkyfief; rsm;jym;onfht-um;rSyif
ppfAsL[mESifh qdkifaom pmtkyftenf;i,fESifh uif;
axmufvkvifrsm;ESifh qdkifaom pmtkyfrsm; jyKpka7;
om;cJhao;onf? 193^ ckESpfwGif atmf'gatmhrJ7pfbGJ\
wHqyd f tyfEiS ;f jcif; cH7jyefonf? xdEk Spw f iG yf if tmz7du
wdu k f uif;e,m;jynfe,f an;7JjrdK\Y oGm;a7muf tjidr;f
pm;,laexdkicf 7hJ m/ 1941 ckEpS fwGif tedPa7mufoGm;av
onf? (uif;axmuf/ uif;axmuftrsdK;orD;„&=?)
aA7u&kjrdK\? ?aA7u&kjrdK\onf rUqDuEkd kid if . H t-u;D
qH;k aom oab®mqdyfurf;jrdK\jzpfonf? rUqDukyd ifv,f
auG\. urf;&d;k wef; ajrEkaom tedryhf ikd ;f wGif jrKd \wnfxm;
26
aA7u&kjrdK\
onf? rUqDuEkd ikd if . H jrKd \awmf rUqDupkd w
D rD S rD;7xm;
vrf;tm;jzifh ta7S\zuf 264 rdkifuGmcef\wGif wnf7SdI
rUqDudk EdkifiHt7yf7yfESifhvnf; rD;7xm;vrf;rsm;jzifh
qufo, G x f m;onf? vlOD;a7 (1959ckESpf cef\rSe;f oef
aumifpm7if;) 138ô012 a,muf 7Sdonf? 7moDOwkrSm
ylaEG;I pdpk w G xf ikd ;f r=id ;f avonf?
rUqDukd Ekid if u H kd yXrqH;k vma7mufwu dk cf ukd f odr;f
ydkucf Jhaom pydefvlrsdK; [meef'dkaumwuf(aumfwuf„
&=?) 1519 ckEpS w f iG f wnfaxmifcahJ om rlv aA7u&kjrdK\
onf ,ckjrKd \wnf7m. ajrmufzuf 10 rdik cf ef\tuGmwGif
7Sdonf? ,if;ae7monf t7yf tae raumif;ojzifh
,ckae7modk\ 1609 ckESpfwGif jrdK\a7F\ajymif;cJh7onf?
xdkae7mwGif u`ef;uav;rsm;ESifh oMmausmufwef;
rsm;7SdI oab®mrsm; cdkv=HqdkufuyfEdkifaom qdyfurf;
aumif; jyKvkyfEdkifonf? odk\wkdiaf tmif jrdK\wnfjyD;pu/
ajrEk ajredrfh a'ojzpfI›if;/ aomifrsm;7Sdojzifh›if;/
ajrmufzufrS avrkefwdkif;rsm;twGuf tumtuG,f
r7Sdao;I›if;/ yifv,f"m;jywdk\. 7efudk a-umuf
ae7ojzif›h if; tcuftcJawG\ -uHKcJh7onf? odk\aomf
EdkifiHtwGif;zufESifh qufoG,fEdkifaom tcsuf tjcm
ae7m/ ukefoG,fa7;tcsuftjcm ae7mwGif 7Sdaeojzifh
yD,m;qiftrnf7dS t*®vyd fuk$+D wcktm; aA7u&kjrdK\
udk jyifqifjyKjyifapcJo h nf?
xdu k $k +Donf oab®mrsm; ab;uif;pGm cdv
uyfEdik f7efESifh ukefpnfrsm; odak vSmifEdik f7ef qdyfurf;udk
jyKjyifay;jcif;/ jrKd \oef\7iS f;a7;ESifh oH;k aomuf7ef a7oG,f
,la7;vkyfief;rsm;udk acwfrDaompHepfrsm;jzifh jyKjyif
jcif;wdk\udk vkyfudkifay;7m aA7u&konf acwfrDaom
oab®mqdyu f rf;jrKd \-uD; jzpfvmcJo h nf? ,cifu jrKd \wnf
7m t7yfonf usef;rma7;ESifh rnDrnGwfI vltao
taysmufrsm;cJhojzifh ‘aorif;jrdK\’[k ac:wGifcJhonfh
trnfvnf; aysmufco hJ nf? ,cktcg rUqDukd wEdik if H
vHk;twGuf oGif;ukef xkwfukefwdk\onf aA7u&kjrdK\rS
wqifh wifyk\djzef\csjd cif; jyKvyk 7f avonf?
xdjk yif aA7u&kjrdK\onf ta7;ygaom pufrv
rsm;vkyfudkif7m jrdK\jzpfonf? xif7Sm;aom vkyfief;rsm;
rSm jApfcsufvkyfief;/ aq;jyif;vdyfvkyfief;/ acsmu
vufvkyfief;/ zdeyfvkyfief; ponfwdk\ jzpfI aumfzDESihf
o-um;puf&Hkrsm;vnf; 7Sdavonf?
aAvuf'Duwfô a,;*dk &dk'7Da*h ao qDvAm ,D;
(c7pf 1599 „1660)? ?aAvufuwfonf pydeyf ef;csD
aAvufuwf
q7mrsm;teuf txif7Sm;qHk;jzpfonf? uBmhtEkynm
ordki;f Yyif txif7Sm;qHk; rSww f rf;wif7aom eef;wGi;f
yef;csDausmf-uD; jzpfonf? aAvufuwfonf o&kyfrSef
yef;csDa7;qG7J mY pkwfcsuf tvGeyf dkifoljzpfonf? ol.
yef;csvD uf7mrsm;onf 19 7mpkEpS f jyifopf tify7uf7iS ;f
yef;csDausmfwdk\tay: tawmfyifvFrf;rdk;cJhonf?
aAvufuwfukd 1599ckEpS f ZGev f 67ufae\wiG f qJA;D
jrdK\Y ay:wl*t D rsdK;tEG,rf S zGm;jrifonf? zcifrSm a7S\ae
-uD;*`ef &dk'7Da*h ao qDvAmjzpfI rdcifrmS *sD&edk rD m aA
vufuwfjzpfonf? pydefxk;H pHtwdki;f rdcifzufrS rsdK;&d;k
trnfudk ,lojzifh aAvufuwf[k wGijf cif;jzpfonf?
tEkynmY pdwt f m;xufoefaom om;jzpfo. l 0goem
udk xl;c`efonfxuf xl;c`efapvdkaom zcifonf aA
vufuwftm; yef;csyD nm tajccHoifcef;pmrsm;udk yef;
csDq7m-uD; z7efpPudk [m7D7mxHwGif oif,7l ef tyfEHS
onf? od\k7mwGif a'gocufxefaomq7m.'+fukd rcH
Edik o
f jzifh aAvufuwfonf yef;csq D 7m-uD; ygcsu D x
kd oH \kd
oGm;a7mufqnf;yl;onf? wynfh.tpGrf;tpudk tuJ
cwfrdaom q7mjzpfolonf aAvufuwftm; ol.
orD; *sLtm;em;ESifh vufqufay;onf?
1622 ckEpS w f iG f aAvufuwfonf r'7pfjrKd \o\kd oGm;
a7mufaexkid , f if; pwkšzdvpfb7k if.yHw k ludk a7;qGJcJh
7m/ zdvpfbk7ifu ol.tpGr;f tpudk oabmusojzifh
k H= qdu k f ol\tm; eef;wGif; yef;csDq7mtjzpf cef\tyfavonf?
aAvufuwfonf rdz7k m; om;awmf orD;awmfEiS fh eef;
wGif;ol eef;wGif;om;rsm;. yHkwlum; trsm;tjym;
a7;qGcJ o Jh nf? txl;ojzifh om;awmf orD;awmfuav;
rsm; upm;aeyHkESifh eef;wGif; aysmfawmfqufrsm;yHkudk
a7;qGaJ vh7Sdonf? pwkšzdvpfbk7ifuvnf; aAvuf
uwftm; tvGefajr|mufpm;avonf? 1628 ckESpfwGif
zvef;'g;yef;csDausmf &l;Aif;onf pydeEf idk fiHo\dk eef;wGi;f
yef;csu D m;rsm; a7;qG7J eftwGuf a7mufvmcJ7h m/ aAvuf
uwftm; &l;Aif;udk ulnaD pmifah 7Smuf7ef bk7ifu cef\xm;
onf? yef;csaD usmf &l;Aif;onf aAvufuwf. vufprG ;f
= yk if ef; vufpudk tvGefoabmuscJhavonf? (&l;Aif; yDwm
ayg„&=?)
1629 ckESpw f Gif aAvufuwfonf †wvDEkid fio H k\d
oGm;a7mufI rdkufu,ftef*svdk tp7Sdaom tEkynm
7Sif-uD;rsm;. vuf7mrsm;udk 2 ESpfcef\avhvmjyD;v~if/
rdrdu, dk fydkif vufprG ;f jzifh [efopfro l pfrsm;udk zefwD;cJh
avonf?
aAvufuwfonf 1649ckEpS w f iG f zdvpfb7k iftwGuf
27
aAvufuwf
aAvufuwf.vufpGrf;jy aq;a7;yef;csDum;wcsyf
wpf7Sef/ wifwk7d ufwkEd iS hf A,f&ked D;wdk\ a7;qGJaomyef;csD
um;csyrf sm;ESihf pydefawmf0ifjycef;wGif xm;7Sd7eftwGuf
yef;yk&yk fvk;H rsm;udk 0,f,l7ef †wvDEdkifio H \dk wacguf
oGm;jyefonf? TtacgufwGif ykyf7[ef;rif; 'or
tif;Edk;qifh. yHkwludk a7;qGJcJhonf? ykyf7[ef;rif;u
vnf; aAvufuwftm; qkwHqdyfrsm;jcD;jr|ifhavonf?
,if;yHkwlum;onf ,ckacwfwGif awG\7aom aAvuf
uwf. vuf7mrsm;teuf taumif;qHk;um; wcsyjf zpf
onf? a7mrjrdK\ 'dk7D,meef;awmf jycef;7Sd yHkwlum;rsm;
teuf taumif;qHk; yHkwlum;[lIvnf; tcsdK\ yef;csD
q7mrsm;u qdo k nf? 1651 ckEpS w f iG f aAvufuwftm;
zdvpfb7k ifu eef;wGi;f tm+mydik t f 7m7Sdtjzpf ,H-k unf
udk;pm;cef\tyfonf? 1659 ckESpfwGif ua7mhatmh qef
wD,m;*dk;ac: pydefEdkifiH. tjrifhqHk; bGJ\wHqdyfjzifh ol
aumif;jyKco hJ nf?
1660 jynfEh pS w f iG f bk7ifEh rS awmf tifzefwm r7D;,m
w7D;Zm;ESihf jyifopfjynf7h iS f 14 qufajrmuf vl0b D 7k ifw\kd
.vufxufyJt G crf;tem;twGuf jyifqifrrG f;rH7ef vFJ
tyfjcif;cH7onf? ,if;od\k tr=awmfxrf;cJh7pOf touf
t7G,fESifh rvdkufatmif yifyef;vSojzifh yef;zsm;zsm;
um xdkESpf -o*kwfv 6 7ufae\wGif uG,fvGefonf?
28
aA;xkd;Aifô vk'Apf zef
aAvufuwfonf ol.yef;csu D m;rsm;wGif vufrw S f
a7;xdk;avhr7Sd7um; ol\twk,lI a7;qGJae-uaom
ol\wynfh yef;csDq7mrsm;.vuf7mrsm;ESifh tawmfyif
cGI
J ,l-u7onf? aAvufuwfonf zdvpfb7k if.yHw k l
um;yif tcsyf 40 cef\a7;qGcJ o hJ nf? ol. xif&mS ;aom
vuf7mrsm;rSm ‘qJAD;jrdK\rSa7onf’? ‘eHeufpm’? ‘c7pf
awmfESifh tD;ar;tyfbk7m;zl;rsm;’? ‘rmom. tdraf wmf
wGi;f rS c7pfawmf’? ‘AD;eyfESifh a-u;rHkjyif’? ‘rmusL7DEiS hf
tm;*yf’? ‘pwkš zdvpfbk7if’? ‘tifzefwmr7D;,m’
ponfwk\d jzpfonf?
aA;xdk;Aifôvk'Apfzef (c7pf 1^^0 182^)? ?*smref
vlrsdK; xdyfwef;*Dwpmqdkausmf-uD;wpfO;D jzpfol vk'Apf
zefaA;xd;k Aifonf taemufwidk ;f *Dw wd;k wufrt = wGuf
trsm;qHk;tusdK;jyKchaJ om ykCKd vf-uD;jzpfonf? txl;o
jzifh aA;xdk;Aif. qifzeD*w D rsm;um; *DwavmuwGif
tjrKaw7wemrsm;ozG,f xl;jcm;aumif;rGefvSI ,ck
acwftcgxd arS;rSdefcJhjcif; r7Sday? taemufwkdif;*Dw
avmuwGif aA;xdk;Aif. vuf7moDcsif;-uD; oDcsif;cef\
rsm;udk av;av;pm;pm; avhvmoif-um;-u7onf?
aA;xd;k Aifonf xl;jcm;aom tEkynmyg7rD7iS f wOD;
jzpfvifhupm;/ ol.b0woufwm wav~mufvk;H wGif
aysmf7Fif csrf;ajrhr=udk aumif;pGmrcHpm;77Smol jzpf
onf? tjcm;olrsm;. aomwtm&Hkudk om,m-unf
El;aponfh aw;*Dwrsm;udk pyfqdkpGrf;aqmifEdkifcJhaomf
vnf;/ oludk,w f kdirf mS rl t7G,faumif;csdef/ touf 30
ausmfcef\rSpI em;r-um;aom a0'em pGJuyfcJhonf
rSm uG,fvGefonfhwdkifatmif jzpfonf? odk\aomf rdrd
.b0tusdK;ay; EHkcsmr=/ tukodkvf zdpD;r=rsm;udk t&=H;
ray;bJ -udK;pm;wGe;f vSecf o hJ jzifh b0wku
d yf JG ol7aJ umif;
wOD;[k qd7k ayrnf?
aA;xdk;Aifonf *smreDEkid fiH AGef;jrdK\Y 1^^0 jynfhEpS f
'DZifbmv 16 7ufae\wGif arG;zGm;cJhonf? touf 4
ESpft7G,rf pS I tqdkawmf trl;orm;zcif.&du k Ef Sufap
cdik f;r=a-umifh pN7m;wD;oifcJh7onf? uav;b0 vGwf
vyfaysmf7iF pf mG rae7/ rupm;7bJ cdik ;f onft h wdki;f vkyf
ae7onfh tcsKyftcs,f cH7r=a-umifh aA;xdk;Aif.
pdwf"mwfukd xdcu dk o f mG ;um aemiftcgwGif pdwaf csmuf
csm; wwfjcif;/ pdww f akd wmif;jcif; jzpfvmwwfavonf?
zcifqk;d onf tdraf xmif.wm0efudk a-uyGefpGm r
xrf;vdo k jzifh aA;xd;k Aiftm; *Dworm;aygufp uav;
tjzpfjzifh tdraf xmifp7dwf 7SmEdkifap7ef *Dwe,fxJ t
 aA;xkd;Aifô vk'Apf zef

wif;qGo J iG ;f jcif;jzpfonf? pifppf aA;xd;k AifYvnf; i,f

pOfuyif *DwzufY xl;c`efrnfh t7nftaoG;rsm; 7SdcJh
onf? xdak -umifh 11 ESpfom;t7G,w f iG f ud,k w
*Dwrsm;udk pyfqEdk idk cf o Jh nf? 14 ESpfom;t7G,fwGif eef;
wGif;vufaxmuf atmf*efq7m jzpfvmonf? aemif
tcgwGif atmfcufp-wmwD;0dkif;rsm;udk acgif;aqmif
Edik cf haJ vonf?
aA;xd;k Aifwk\d rdom;pk. tajctaerSm pdwyf suzf ,
7m jzpfonf? zcifuvnf; tdraf xmif.wm0efukd r,l
vdkbJ ayghayghaeojzifh tdrfom;rsm;rSm qif;7J usyf
wnf;jyD;v~if/ use;f rma7;vnf; csdK\wh-J uonf? aA;xdk;
Aifonf rom,maom tdrfaxmifpkudk ausmaxmuf
aemufcjH yKum/ ol.*Dwynmudk wd;k onfxufw;kd atmif
-udK;pm;cJhonf? 1^ ESpo f m;t7G,f 1^8^ ckEpS fwGif xdk
pOfu *DwjrdK\awmfjzpfaom -opa-w;,m;Edik if H AD,if;em;
jrdK\odk\ oGm;a7mufI *Dwynm7Sif-uD; wOD;jzpfaom rdk;
Zwf.a7S\wGif rdrd.pGrf;7nfudk jyocJo h nf? xdt
Zwfu aA;xdk;Aifonf uBmY ol\*DwoH vFrf;atmif
jyKEikd rf nfho[ l Il edrw d zf wfvu kd af vonf?
AD,if;em;rS jyefa7mufjy;D aemuf rdcifjzpfol uG,v
7m/ trl;orm; zcifEiS fh nDtpfukad rmifESrwdk\. wm0ef
udk aA;xdk;Aifu vHk;0xrf;aqmif7onf? odk\jzpfvifh
upm; tdrfom;rsm;onf ol\tm; pdwcf sr;f omr= ray;bJ
em;ylem;qm jyKwwf-uavonf? ,if;od\kaom tajct
ae-um;xJryS if aA;xdk;Aif.*DwpGr;f 7nfonf wdk;wuf
vmcJhonf? AGef;jrdK\7Sd -oZmwdUr7Sdaom vl-uD;vl
aumif;rsm;u ol. *DwpGrf;7nfukd ta-umif;jyKjyD;v~if
aA;xdk;Aiftm; cifrifapwem xm;-uojzifh AD,if;em;
jrdK\wGif *Dw0d%m-uD; wOD;jzpfol *sdK;Zuf[dkif;'ifxw
*Dwynm qufvuf qnf;yl;Edik af tmif pDpOfay;-uonf?
AD,if;em;wGif *Dwynm qnf;yl;cJhjyD;aemufwGif aA;
xd;k Aifonf xdyw f ef; *Dwpmqdk wOD;tjzpfo\kd a7muf7cdS hJ
avonf?
,if;od\k xdyx f yd -f u*J wD ynm7Sif wOD;tjzpfo\kd a7muf
cJhjyefaomfvnf;/ pdwfrcsrf;omzG,f7m wrsKd ;onf aA;
xdk;Aif.tay: avmif;7dyfuJhodk\ rdk;vmjyefavonf?
,if;onfum; wjznf;jznf; em;av;vm7mu aemuf
qHk;wGif r-um;7aomb0odk\ a7mufcJhjcif;yif jzpfav
onf? odk\aomf pdwf"mwfjyif;jyvSaom aA;xdk;Aifonf
,if;od\kaom tukokv d zf pd ;D r=udk vG,v f , G fEiS hf t&H;= ray;
acs? toHudk ta-umif;jyK7aom rdrd. ynmvkyfief;
udk rpGe\v f wF b f /J toHr-um;7onfb h 0Yyif qufvufI
f ikd f aw;
G f
k cg rd;k
f eG f
*smref *Dwpmqkdausmf vk'Apf zef aA;xkd;Aif
aw;*Dw-uD;rsm;udk pyfqdkpDuk;H cJhonf? em;r-um;7onfh
aemufydkif;wGif pyfqdkonfh aw;-uD;aw;cef\rsm;onf
aA;xd;k Aif. taumif;qH;k vuf7mrsm;[k qd-k uavonf?
aA;xdk;Aifonf t7kyfqdk;aomfvnf; yifudkoabm
wnf-unfr/= ol.xl;c`efaom *Dwyg7rDw\dka-umifh ol\
H iG f tm; -unfndKav;pm;ol rsm;jym;onf? odk\aomf aA;
xd;k Aif em;xdkif;a7m*g jzpfjyD;aemufwiG f ol.nDtpfudk
armifESrrsm;u ol. aiGa-u;udPudk aqmif7Gufr=
a-umifh aA;xdk;Aiftm; cifrifcJh-uolrsm;ESifh pdrf;oGm;cJh
7onf? rdbaqGrsdK;twGuf wm0ef-uD; xrf;cJh7aomf
vnf; aqGrsdK;tusdK;ay;vnf; raumif;cJhay? cspfudP
rsm;Yvnf; uHaccJo h jzifh tdraf xmifrjyKchaJ om aA;xd;k
Aifonf wlwa,muftm; om;7if;wr~ cspcf ifjrwfE;kd cJh
7m/ xdo k o
l nf ol\tm;pdwf'Q k tay;qH;k jzpfco hJ nf? ,if;
odk\aom pdwfrcsrf;omzG,f trsdK;rsdK;udk -udK;pm;wGef;
vSefch7J aom aA;xdk;AifrSm wcgw7H rsdKodrfrxm;Edkib f J
a'gotdk; aygufuGJwwfonf? aA;xdk;Aif a7;cJhaom
aowrf;pmwapmifxw J iG f rdro
d nf em;xdik ;f jcif; ponfh
'kQtrsKd ;rsKd ; pdwrf csrf;omzG,f tzHkzHkwk\dukd cHpm;7vGe;f

29
aA;xkd;Aifô vk'Apf zef A,fAifô tm;euf

I rcsdwifujJ zpfum/ wcgw7H pdwrf xde;f Edik jf zpfjy;D v~if 1920jynfEh pS w

f iG f vef'efjrdK\Y tvkyof rm;ta7;ESihf pyf
rdrda'gow-uD; jzpfrdonfrsm;udk nDtpfudk armifESr vsOf;I o,f,lydk\aqmifa7;vkyfief; pHkprf;a7;aumfr
rsm;u cGifhvFwfyg7ef a7;om;xm;avonf? 7Siwf ck.a7S\Y 11em7D-umr~ pum;ajymcJh7mrSpI wdik ;f
aA;xd;k Aiftzd\k wrsKd ;jyD; wrsKd ; ol7ifqidk 7f aom pdwf jynfw0ef;vHk;Y xif7mS ;vmjyD;v~if ‘‘tvkyform;wdk\.
rcsrf;omr=rsm;onf ol\tm; b0udk t&H=;ray;vdak tmif a7S\ae-uD;’’ [lIyif trnfay;jcif; cH7onf?
aoG;xd;k ay;ouJho\dk 7Sjd yD;v~i/f aw;*Dw wyk'jf yD; wyk'f tvkyform;avmutwGuf aqmif7GufcJh7mY A,f
ol\uavmifrsm;rS xGufcJhonf? oDcsif; &dk;&dk;rS *Dw Aif. t-uD;qHk;aom atmifjrifrw = 7yfrSm 1922 ckESpf
jyZmwf-uD;rsm;txd pyfqkad 7;om;cJh7m/ ol. *DwpGr;f wGif o,f,lydk\aqmifa7;ESifh taxGaxG tvkyform;
7nf rnfr~xufjrufxl;c`efyHkudk tuJcwfEdkifayonf? orC-uD; jzpfvmatmif zefwD;EdkifcJhjcif;yif jzpfonf?
aA;xdk;Aifonf aumif;pGm ruse;f rrm jzpfae7mrS 182^ xdok rC-u;D rSm tvkyo f rm; orCaygif; 32 ckukd pkaygif;
ckESpfwGif nDjzpfolxH tvnfoGm;7if; AD,if;em;jrdK\Y xm;aom orC-uD;jzpfI/ uBmay:7Sd tiftm;t-uD;
uG,v f eG o
f nf? aA;xdk;Aif uG,v f eG jf yD;onfh aemufwiG f qHk;aom tvkyform;orC-uD;rsm;wGif wcktygt0if
xl;jcm;aom *Dwynm7Sif-uD;udk *k+fjyKaomtm;jzifh jzpfonf? A,fAifonf xdo k rC.taxGaxG twGi;f a7;
ol.Zmwdjzpfaom AGef;jrdK\wGif›if;/ ol.ocsK‹if;7S7d m rSL;tjzpf aqmif7Guf7avonf?
AD,if;em;jrdK\Y›if; ol.&kyfwkrsm;udk xm;7SdjyD;v~if 'kwd, uBmppfjzpfyGm;aomtcg/ tvkyform; vl
aA;xdk;Aif arG;zGm;cJh7m aetdrfudk jywdkuftjzpf jyKvkyf wef;pm;wd\k. ta7;onf rsm;pGm -uD;rm;vmavonf?
xm;7Sad vonf? 1940 jynfhESpf arvY 0ifpwefcsmcsD 0ef-uD;csKyf jzpf
vmaomtcg A,fAiftm; tvkyform; vlxk-uD;u
A,fAifôtm;euf (c7pf 1881 1951)? ? 'kw, d -unf ndKonfudk odjrifjy;D jzpfonfhtwdik ;f tvkyo f rm;
uBmppftjyD;wGif jAdwdefEdkifiH. EdkifiHjcm;a7;7mrsm;rSm ESifh trsdK;om;0efxrf;Xme0ef-uD;tjzpf cef\xm;onf?
&=yfaxG;cufcJvmonfESifh tr~yif EdkifiHjcm;a7;Xme. A,fAifonf ppftwGif; yPnf;rsm; tvsiftjref xkwf
wm0efrsm;onfvnf; tvGefyif -uD;av;vSayonf? vkyfa7;udk tm;oGe-f udK;yrf;EdkifchI
J / tvkyform; y™dQ
Todk\aom tcsdefrsdK;wGif EdkifiHjcm;a7;0ef-uD;tjzpf jzpfr=rsm;udk enf;Edkifor~ enf;atmif aqmif7Gufay;
atmifjrifpGm aqmif7GufEdkifcJhonfh ykCdKvf-uD;um; rP
wmtm;eufA,fAif jzpfonf? rnfonfhausmif;wGifr~
raecJhbl;onfh ol7if;iSm;uav;b0rS uBm-uD;wckv;Hk
. tajctaeudk ajymif;vJoGm;apEdkifavmufatmif
ta7;-uD;vSaom tpnf;ta0;-uD;rsm;wGif acgif;
aqmifyg0if7aom Edik if jH yK okcrde-f uD;wOD; jzpfonftxd
wdk;wufvmcJhaom tm;e,fA,fAif. b0jzpfpOfrSm
txl;yif rSwo f m;zG,af umif;ayonf?
A,fAifonf omref v,form;wOD;. om;r~om
jzpfI 1881ckESpf arv 9 7ufae\wGif qRm;qufe,f
0if;pzdk\jrdK\Y arG;zGm;cJhonf? i,fpOfu rdbrsm; uG,f
vGeo f jzif/h i,fi,f7, G f7G,fESihyf if ol7if;iSm;tjzpf›if;/
rif;aptjzpf›if; vkyfudkifcJh7onf? xdkaemuf "mwf7
xm;armif;orm;/ ukefwifum; armif;orm; ponf
jzifh tvkyftrsdK;rsdK;udk ajymif;vJvkyfudkifcJhonf? A,f
Aifonf oab®musi;f tvkyo f rm;orCod\k 0ifa7mufc7hJ m
rsm;r-umrD ta7;ygt7ma7mufaom toif;0ifwOD;
jzpfvmjyD;v~if/ 1911 ckESpfwGif orC.vufaxmuf
taxGaxG twGi;f a7;rSL;tjzpf wifajrm| ufjcif;cH7onf? jAdwdo~ avbmygwDacgif;aqmifwpfOD;jzpfol tm;euf A,fAif

30
A,fAifô tm;euf A,f7Dô qm*sdrf;

Edkicf Jhonf? xdo k k\d 0ef-uD;jzpfpOfu olonf ygvDref t
rwf r[kwaf o;ay? od\kaomf ZGefvY 0if;p0yf A[dek ,f
-um;a7G;aumufyGJwGif avbmygwD trwftjzpf
ta7G;cH7onf?
'kwd, uBmppf-uD; jyD;qHk;jyD;aemuf taxGaxG
a7G;aumufyGJ-uD; usif;yaomtcg A,fAifonf av
bmygwD0if ygvDreftrwftjzpf ta7G;cHch7J onf? ,if;
od\jk zifh 1945 ckEpS w f iG f avbmtpd;k 7 wufvmaomtcg/
EdkifiHjcm;a7;0ef-uD;tjzpf aqmif7Guf7onf? A,fAif
onf xdEk Spf Zlvikd „f -o*kwfvrsm;wGif usi;f yaom ayghp
'rfnDvmcHodk\ wufa7mufonf? xdkjyif armpudkjrdK\Y
usif;yaom ‘‘-uD;oH;k -uD; nDvmcH’’(1945 ckESpf)ESifh
‘‘-uD;av;-uD; nDvmcH’’ (194^ ckESpf) rsm;od\k vnf;
wufa7mufcho J nf? qdkAD,uf&7k SESifh pyfvsOf;I A,fAif
u onf;cHjcif;ESifh -uHch dik jf cif;0g'udk xm;7SdcJhonf? ok\d
aomf &k7Su taemuf'Drdkua7pDEdkifiHrsm;udk ‘‘ppfat;’’
qifEFJvmaomtcg/ ,if;EdkifiHrsm;ESifh ppfa7; EdkifiHa7;
pD;yGm;a7; yl;aygif;aqmif7Gurf = 7Sdro S mv~if jidr;f csr;f a7;
7Edkifrnf[k oabmxm; ajymif;vmonf? xdka-umifh
A7yfqpJ mcsKyf (1948 ckEpS )f csKyfq7kd mwGi›f if;/ 0g7Siw
jrdK\Y tWvMdwfpmcsKyf (1949 ckESp)f csKyfqdk7mY›if;
OD;pD;OD;aqmif jyKolrsm;xJwGif A,fAifonf a7S\wef;rS
yg0ifchaJ vonf?
EdkifiHjcm;a7;0ef-uD; tjzpf ta7;-uD;aom uBmh
a7;7mrsm;udk pDrHaqmif7Guaf evsuu f yif tvkyo
vlwef;pm;wdk\bufrS tjrJwrf; umuG,f ay;cJhaom
a-umifh tvkyform;vlx-k uD;u ‘‘'dk\t³D’’[k jrwfEd;k
wem ac:a0:jcif;udk cHcJh7aom A,fAifonf usef;rm
a7; c`w, f iG ;f vmojzifh 1951 ckEpS f rwfvwGif Edik if jH cm;
a7;0ef-uD; 7mxl;rS EkwfxGufonf? odk\aomf ol\tm;
wHqdyfawmf 0ef-uD;tjzpf cef\xm;ao;onf? A,fAif
onf xdkESpf {jyDv 14 7ufae\wGif vef'efjrdK\Yyif
uG,v f Geo f mG ;avonf?
qJyif jzpfonf? qm*sdrf;.vuf7mwdk\onf rxdwxd
[mouav;rsm;/ odrfarG\aom tvGrf;taqG;rsm;ESifh
qef;-u,faom pdwful;,Ofr=uav;rsm; yg0ifojzifh/
ol. vuf7mjyZmwfwk\donf zwfI aumif;oavmuf/
jyZmwftjzpf &HkwifjyonfhtcgwGifvnf; ESpfjcdKufpGJ
vrf;zG,f7m aumif;vSayonf? qm*sdrf;. jyZmwfrsm;
pGmwd\kukd &kyf7iS ftjzpfvnf; &du k ful;cJ-h uavonf?
qm*sdr;f A,f7Donf paumhwvefjynf um;7D;rsL;jrdK\
Y 1860 jynfhESpf arv 9 7ufae\wiG f zGm;jrifcJhonf?
i,fpOfu tpOfojzifh rusef;rmjzpfaeol cspfvpS mG aom
ol.rdcifukd ESpo f rd ahf zsmaf jz7ef pdwuf l;,Of yHkjyifuav;
rsm;udk wDxGizf efwD; ajymjywwfay7m/ aemiftcgpdwf
ul;,OfyHkjyifrsm;udk 0 Krsm;/ jyZmwfrsm;tjzpf zefwD;
cJah vonf? tuf'ifAm7mwUodv k rf S bG\J7jy;D onfah emuf
ydik ;f rSpwifI pmaya7;om;vmcJ7h m/ ol.ESpo f ufpvJG rf;
zG,f7m pdwful;,Ofr=/ ta7;tom;aumif;rGef ajymif
ajrmufr=wdk\a-umifh atmifjrif ausmf-um;vmonf?
a7S;OD;pGm paumhvlrsdK;wdk\. taetxdkif/ "avhxk;H pHwk\d
f ef
f rm;

A,f7Dô qm*sdrf;rufo,l; (c7pf 1860 193^)? ?

t*®vyd fpmzwf uav;oli,frsm;.tcspfawmf ‘‘yDwm
yif’’udk zefw;D vdkufolrSm qm*sdr;f rufo,l; A,f7D
jzpfayonf? qm*sdrf;A,f7Donf paumhvlrsdK; pma7;
q7m-uD;wOD;jzpfI 0 Kta7;tom;Y›if;/ jyZmwf
ta7;tom;Y›if; xif7Sm;ausmf-um;onf? txl;
ojzifh qm*srd f;. vuf7mjzpfaom ‘‘yDwmyif’’ jyZmwf
onf ,ckacwfwkid fatmif vl-udKufrsm;jym; xif7Sm;ae emrnfausmf jAdwdo~ pma7;q7m qm *sdrf; A,f7D

31
A,f7Dô qm*sdrf; A,f7DA,f7D

udk o7kyfazmfonfh 0 Krsm;a-umifh emrnf7vmonf? zmvrDedwfwif; A,f7DA,f7D (jrefrm tvdktm;jzifh

aemiftcgwGifrl jyZmwfrsm; a7;om;7ef ydkI pdwftm; xkef7Syfem)/ (4) tifzifwdkif A,f7DA,f7D (uav;xkef
oefjyD;v~if/ jyZmwf trsm;tjym; a7;om;cJhonf? a7m*g)wd\jk zpfonf?
1885 ckESpfwGif vef'efjrdK\odk\ ajymif;a7F\vmI 1890 0ufA,f7DA,f7Dac: xkefpdkem jzpfvmaomtcg
jynfhESpfcef\wGif xdkacwf xdktcgu txif7Sm;qHk;aom tpm;taomufysufjcif;/ 7ifjynfh7ifu,fjcif;/ tom;
pma7;q7m-uD; wOD;tjzpfodk\ a7muf7SdcJhavonf? ta7rsm; uGufIuGufI,m;jcif;/ yljcif;/ usOfjcif;/ t
1913 ckEpS w f iG f yVra*smb h 7k ifrif;jrwfu ‘‘qm’’bG\J a7jym;Y uGuI f uGufI [dkwuGufonfwuGuf ydkrdkem
jzifh cs;D jr|iho
f nf? tuf'ifAm7m/ pdef\tef'7l;/ atmufpzd\k usOfjcif;/ ajcovHk;-uGufom;rsm; emjcif;/ yxrY 'l;
ESihf udr;f A7pfwUodv k w
f \ku
d cs;D jr|iahf om *k+xf ;l aqmif acgif;.wkH\jyefjcif; ydkrdkvmjyD;aemufwGif aysmufuG,f
bG\Jrsm;udv k nf; 77Scd o hJ nf? 1930 jynfEh pS rf pS I uG,v f eG f oGm;jcif;/ cGet f m;qkw, f wk jf cif;/ 7ifwek jf cif;/ armvG,f
onfw h kid fatmif tuf'ifAm7mwUodv k .
f t"dywd t jcif;/ ajczrdk;ESifh ajcusif;0wfrsm; azma7mifvmjcif;/
jzpf aqmif7u G cf ahJ vonf? r-umrD ajcaxmuf/ udk,f/ rsufESm ponf wudk,fvHk;
qm*srd ;f A,f7D zefwD;aom ‘‘yDwmyif’’ onf tvGef wif;rma7mif7rf;vmjcif;/ qD;enf;vmjcif;/ tvGet f rif;
acwfpm; xif7mS ;cJo h nf? vef'efjrKd \/ uif;qifwefO,smOf a7mifazmvmonfhtcg touf&SLusyfvmojzifh rsuf
Yyif ‘‘yDwmyif’’ . &kyw f kwpfcu k kd xkvyk fxm;7Sdonf? ESmndKyyk fyyk jf zpfvmjcif;/ aoG;wdk;jrefvmjcif;/ tvGefarm
‘‘yDwmyif’’ jyZmwfukd 1904 ckEpS w f Gifpwif &Hwk ifjyo yef;jcif;/ vnfyif;aoG;a-umrsm; axmifvmjcif;/ tdyf
7mY tvGefvl-udKufrsm;vSI ESpfpOf emwmvl;yGJawmf 7mxJrS rxEdik f rv=yEf ikd jf zpfvmjcif;wd\k jzpfonf? ,if;od\k
csdefwGif &HkwifcJh77m/ ,ckwdkif r&dk;Edkif -uao;acs? udk,frsm; a7mifazmvmonfudk pGJIvnf; bdef;jAJuk, d f
emrnfausmf jyZmwfrif;orD;-uD;rsm;onf ‘‘yDwmyif’’ a7mifa7m*g[kvnf; ac:-uao;onf?
tjzpf yg0ifo&kyfaqmifcJh-uonf? tar7duef jynf '&dik ;f z,f7AD ,f7aD c: xkeaf jcmufemjzpfvmaomtcg
axmifpkwGif ‘‘yDwmyif’’udk &kyf7iS f&du k ful;onf? 1953 xkefpdkemuJhodk\ azma7mifjcif; r7SdbJ eAfa-umrsm; av
ckESpfwGif a0gh'pfZeDu ‘‘yDwmyif’’udk umwGef;&kyf7Sif jywfonfh vQ+mrsm; xif7Sm;jzpfvmonf? ndKwH
&du
k u f ;l cJhjyefavonf? usn;f / ajczrd;k / aygiftjyifbuf/ vufacsmif;uav;rsm;
ESihf vufzsw H \k.
d ta7jym;rsm; xkeaf ejcif;/ zaemift h xuf
A,f7DA,f7D? ?pm;aomufaomtpmwd\w k iG f ADwmrif yx0Dta-um-u;D udk zspn f p| v
f ~if remusOjf cif;/ -uu G of m;
bD„1 ac: -oZm"mwfwrsdK; rygI›if;/ ygoifh o rsm;udk ESyd v f ~if emusOfjcif;/ aqmifha-umifh xdkifae7mrS
avmufrygI›if; tm&Hka-umrsm; a7mif7rf; vmum vufvw F x f Edik jf cif;iSm rpGr;f bJ vufjzifh wpHw k 7mudq k rJG S
-uGufom;rsm;ESifh ESvHk;om;rsm; tm;,kwfvmwwf xEdkijf cif;/ ajcvufrsm;rxdef;Edik fbJ wGJusjcif;/ aoG;wd;k
aoma7m*grsdK;udk A,f7DA,f7D a7m*g[kac:onf? (AD tm;enf;jcif;/ ta7jym;atmuf7Sd jrif7aom aoG;a-um
wmrif„&=?) rsm;ckefjcif;/ t&dk;ay: ta7wifaom &kyfrsdK;jzpfjcif;wdk\
A,f7DA,f7D [laompum;vHk;onf oD[dk–f bmom jzpfwwfonf?
pum;jzpfI ‘‘rvkyEf kid ’f ’[k t"d_g,f7onf? A,f7AD ,f7D tusKA,f7DA,f7Dac: xkef7SyfemrsdK;um; txl;t
a7m*g7So d ol nf rnfonfhtvkyu f krd ~ rvkyfEikd f rudik fEidk f axGvQ+mr7Sd/ xkepf ekd m/ od\kr[kwf xkeaf jcmuf wckck
aoma-umifh jzpfonf? ,if;a7m*gudk jrefrmwdk\ tvdk jzpfaepOf &kww f 7uf a7Smifwcif ESv;kH 7yfI aoqH;k wwf
tm;jzifh xkeaf 7m*g(xkefem)[k ac:onf? aom a7m*grsKd ;jzpfonf?
A,f7AD ,f7Da7m*gudk 4rsKd ; 4pm;cGjJ cm;Edik of nf? yxr tifzifwkdif A,f7AD ,f7Dac: uav;xkefa7m*gonf
3rsdK;rSm vQ+mrsm;udv k ku
d fI ac:a0:jcif; jzpfjyD;v~if 2 vrS 4vom;cef\uav;rsm;wGif jzpfwwfonf? trd
pwkštrsdK;rSm uav;rsm;Y awG\7ojzifh oli,fem Y ADwmrif bD„1 "mwf tvGefenf;yg;aoma-umifh u
wrsdK;[k ac:Edkifonf? ,if;wdk\rSm (1)0uf/ odk\r[kwf av;Y jzpfay:jcif; jzpfonf? ,if;a7m*g jzpfay:vm
'a7mhyppfu,f A,f7DA,f7D (jrefrmtvdktm;jzifh xkepf dk aomtcg 0rf;av~mjcif;/ ysdK\tefjcif;/ ta-umqGJjcif;/
em)/(2)'&dkif;/ od\kr[kwf yg7mvdu k w f pfA,f7AD ,f7D (jref wufjcif;wdk\ jzpfvmwwfonf?
rmtvdktm;jzifh xkefajcmufem)/ (3) tusK/ odk\r[kwf A,f7AD ,f7aD 7m*gonf vrnfr~avmufupI a7m*g

32
A,f7DA,f7D
ysKd ;onfudk twdtus uef\owfIrjzpfacs? vl. cHEkid f
7nf obm0udkvdkufI oDwif; 2 ywfavmufrS 6 v
twGi;f wGif ay:aygufvmwwfonf? xkeaf jcmufemonf
wjznf;jznf;ay:vmwwfI xkefpdkemrSm jrefjrefay:
vmwwfonf? xke7f Syfemrlum; tvGefjrefojzifh wcg
w7H em7Dykid ;f twGi;f Yyif vlemaoqH;k wwfonf?
A,f7AD ,f7aD 7m*gonf tdN, d / jrefrm/ *syef/ w&kw/f
tmz7duESifh tjcm;qefpm;aom EdkifiHrsm;wGif trsm;
tm;jzifh jzpfwwfonf? vl-uD;vli,fa,musfm; rdef;r
ra7G; jzpfwwf-uaomfvnf; vl-uD;ydik f;wGif ydrk jdk zpfwwf
onf? A,f7D A,f7D a7m*gjzifh wESpfv~if vlaygif;
100ô000 cef\ touf qHk;&H=;7I vloef;aygif;rsm;pGm
a0'emcHpm;ae7jyD;v~if oef;aygif;rsm;pGmwdk\rSm a7m*g
pjzpfI usef;rmonf[lI r7SdbJ rtDrvnf jzpfae-u
7onf?
188^ ckESpfrSpI 'yfcsvlrsdK; q7m0ef a'gufwm
tdwfurif;u A,f7DA,f7Da7m*g jzpfay:7jcif; t7if;
tjrpfudk 7SmazGawG\7Sdonf? aq;&Hk0if;twGif;Y vlem
rsm; pGef\ypfxm;aom xrif;usefrsm;udk pm;aomufae
onfh cdik u S rf sm;onf r-umrD A,f7AD ,f7aD 7m*g pGu
J yfvm
I ,if;wdk\tm; aumif;pGmr-udwf7ao;aom qefvHk;
wD;rsm; au`;onfhtcg/ wjznf;jznf; jyefvnfaumif;
rGefvmonfudk awG\7onf? qefwGif ADwmrif bD„1
ac: odkuf,mrif -oZm"mwf aygrsm;pGm ygaomfvnf;
qefpm;aomvlrsKd;onf A,f7D A,f7D ydkIjzpf7onfrSm
qefudk jzLpifatmifzyG jf yD;rS pm;-uaoma-umifjh zpfonf?
qefudk zGyfvkdufaomtcg odkuf,mrif"mwfrsm;pGm
pka0;ae7m tyifjzpfrnfh twufuav;ESifh pulw,f
vrf;ac:aom tvFmzGJEkponfw\dk jyKwx f Guf yGe;f yJo
h Gm;
ukefojzifh wa-umif;/ qefukd a7jzifh pifatmifaq;jyD;
aemuf csufI xrif;7nfudk iSJ\ypfojzifh odkuf,mrif
"mwf qHk;yg;aoma-umifhwa-umif; tm[m7 csdK\wJhI
A,f7DA,f7Da7m*g pJG7jcif;jzpfonf? qefomr[kwf
*sHKvHk;pdrf;udk zGyf-udwfjyD;rS tr=ef\jyKaom *sHKr=ef\jzL
rSD0Jolwdk\vnf; A,f7DA,f7D a7m*g jzpfwwfonf?
xdka-umifh A,f7AD ,f7D a7m*grS umuG,f7ef/ odk\r[kwf
aysmufuif;7ef qefv;Hk wD;/ yJyifayguf/ tyifazmufjyD;
ukvm;yJ/ aygifrke\f/ [if;oD; [if;7Gupf rd ;f / c7rf;csOo
yJrsdK;pHk/ -uufO/ rvdik f/ xef;7nfcsdK ponfwk\dukd csifch sdef
I 7ifru,fatmif pm;aomuf7onf? jrefrmEdkiif YH jzpf
aom yk*yH ke;f 7nf-uD;vnf; A,f7DA,f7aD 7m*g umuG,f
7eftwGuf oifhavsmfonf?
A,f7DvD,rf
ADwmrif bD„1 ac: odu k , f mrif"mwf zdau`;jcif;jzifh
A,f7AD ,f7aD 7m*g oufom7m7Edik af omfvnf; a7m*g7Si;f
7Si;f aysmufap7ef -um7SnfpGm ukrS 7onf? a7m*g ouf
omjyD;aemuf tjcm;aom ADwmrifESifh y&dkwif;"mwf
aygaom tpm;tpmudk rS0D Jap7onf? a7m*g7ifah ev~if
um; 7Si;f 7Sif;raysmufEidk fb7J Sdwwfacsonf?
A,f7DvD,rf? ?A,f7v D , D rfonf 7Sm;yg;aom oWK
j'yfpifwrsdK;jzpfI ,cifu *vlpDerf[kvnf;ac:onf?
"mwkoau®wenf;jzifh (Þ») [ka7;om;onf? A,f7D
ac: ausmufrsuf7GJ wrsdK;rS xkwf,7l 7Sdojzifh A,f7DvD
,rf[k ac:wGio f nf? ,if;udk c7rf;ausmuf/ odk\r[kwf
z7Jtal usmufEiS fh yifeqdkufausmufrsm;rSvnf; xkw, f l
77Sod nf? A,f7aD usmufwiG yf g0ifaom A,f7v D D,rfqm;
udk v~yfppf"mwfcGJjcif;jzifhvnf; A,f7DvD,rfj'Afpif7
atmif tenftusOf; vkyf,lEdkifonf? A,f7DvD,rf.
ta7mifonf rGJjymjym jzpfavonf?
A,f7Dv, D rfonf tvsLrDerf oWKESihf tvGeef ;D pyf
onf? od\kaomf A,f7v D , D rfatmufqu kd o
f nf tvsLrDem
ESifh uGjJ ym;a-umif; 1^98 ckEpS w f iG f vl0eD pfuvwfA;kd u
vif;u azmfxkwfcho J nf? A,f7DvD,rfudk ta7mtaESm
rsm;rS oD;oD;oef\oef\ yxrqHk; cGx J kwfco hJ rl sm;rSm z7D;'
7pf AsL;vm;ESifh tefwGe;f AsL;qDw\dkjzpfI 1828 ckEpS fwGif
aqmif7u G cf -hJuonf?
A,f7DvD,rfonf rmausmaom oWKrsm; teuf
tayghyg;qHk; jzpfaomfvnf;/ t7nfaysmfcsdef tjrifhqHk;
jzpfonf? tylcsed f pifw*D 7dwf 1280 'D*7DwiG rf S t7nf
aysmaf vonf?
A,f7v D D,rfj'Afpifukd 1916 ckESpfrSpI *smreDEkid if YH
pufr= xkwfvyk fa7;wGif toHk;jyKcJh-uonf? trsm;tm;
jzifh xdkj'Afpifudk tjcm;oWKrsm;ESifh a7mpyf toHk;jyK
-uonf? a-u;eD/ tvsLrDerf/ oH/ epfu,fpaom oWK
rsm;wGif A,f7v D D,rfudk a7mpyfv~if ydkIrmausm cdik fcHh
jyD;v~if oHacs;rwufEdkifaom oWKpyfrsm; 77Sdonf?
a-u;eDwGif A,f7DvD,rftenf;i,fudk a7mpyfv~if
a-u;eDxuf 6 qcef\yI kd cdik rf maom A,f7v D , D rfa-u;ndK
ac: oWKpyfjzpfvmjyD;v~if ,if;onf oHr+d taysmh
f D;/ pm;xuf 2 qydkI cdkifrma-umif;awG\7onf? xdka-umifh
uwfaus;uJo h \kd jzwfawmuf7ef ud7, d mrsm;/ py7ifrsm;
ESifh av,mOfw\dk. Eke,faom pufyPnf;rsm;udk A,f7D
vD,rfoWKpyfjzifh jyKvky-f uavonf?
1930 jynfhausmf ESpfrsm;wGif od_Hynm7Sifwdk\onf
33
A,f7DoD;rsm; A,fvuvm;AmwkdufyGJ

tufwrfukd jzdKcJ7G ef enf;trsdK;rsKd ; 7SmazGprf;oyfch-J u7m/ jzpfonf? pyspfyifonf EG,fyif jzpfavonf? (pyspf
A,f7DvD,rfonf EsLuvD,m"mwkaA'ESihf EsLuvD,m yif „ &=? ) AvufA,f7Dyifonf &dkaZ;pDt;D rsdK;7if;0if
&lyaA'wd\kYvnf; ta7;ygaom oWKj'Afpifjzpfa-umif; jzpfI &lAwfrsKd ;pkwGif yg0ifaom tyifi,frsdK; jzpfav
udk awG\7v dS m-uonf? ADwmr=ejf zifh jzdKciG f;aomtcg A,f onf?
7Dv, D rftufwrfwckrS [DvD,rftufwrfEpS cf kEiS hf EsLx
7Gefwck uGJxGufvmonf? t,fvzmr=efwckjzifh wdkuf A,fvuvm;AmwdkufyGJ? ?A,fvuvm;Am wku d f
cdu
k rf v d ~if umAGet
f ufwrfwckEiS hf EsLx7Gef wck jzpfay: yGJ(1854 ckEpS )f onf u&dik ;f rD;,ef;ppfyJt G wGif;Y jzpfyGm;
vmonf? A,f7DvD,rf. tufwrftav;csed frmS 9±02 cJhonf? ,if;wkdufyGJ trSwfw7 jzpf7aomta-umif;
jzpfI tufwrfudef;rSm 4 jzpfonf? 7if;rSm ppftwGuf ta7;ygvSI r[kwb f /J ppfonfawmf
tdypf a7;a7mifjcnfonf A,f7v D , D rfukd vG,fupl mG wpk. ppfom;aumif; yDor=udk jyocJhaomta-umif;
xdk;azmufEkid af -umif;awG\7ojzifh Tj'yfpifudk tdypf a7; a-umifhaywnf;?
jyeG rf sm;. avvHkaom ‘‘jywif;ayguf’’ rsm; jyKvky7f mY xdwk u dk yf oJG nf 1854 ckEpS f atmufwb kd mv 257uf
toHk;csonf? xdkjyif eD,Gefr;D acsmif;. "mwfacgif;(tD ae\wGif A,fvuvm;Amqdyu f rf;jrdK\uav;teD;YjzpfymG ;
vufx&kwf)rsm;jyKvkyf7eftwGufvnf; toHk;jyK-u cJoh nf? t*®vdyf/ jyifopf/ wl7uDwyfrsm;onf A,fv
onf? odk\aomf A,f7DvD,rfj'Afaygif;wdk\onf vlwdk\. uvm;Amudk ajcukwpf cef;jyKum qDAwfpwdkyjkd rdK\ukd 0dkif;
ta7jym;ESifh touf&SLt*®gpkw\dkjzifh xdawG\rv d ~if tM 7H vkyf-uHaecsdefjzpfI/ &k7w S yfrsm;u r[mrdww f yfrsm;
7m,fjzpfap wwfaoma-umifh eD,GefrD;acsmif;rsm;udk udk wGe;f vSefwdkufcdkuv f suf 7Sdonf? &k7S wyfrsm;onf
ruGJr7S7atmif owdjyKI udkifw, G f-u7monf? A,fvuvm;AmjrdK\teD; awmifukef; awmifwef;rsm;Y
wyfpGJxm;aom r[mrdwfwyfrsm;udk tvpf0ifa7muf
A,f7DoD;rsm;? ?tom;aysmt h dI taphrsm;jyD;v~if wdkufcdkufonf? odk\aomf r[mrdwfwyfrsm;u jyefvSef
t7nf7Frf;aom toD;rsm;udk A,f7DoD;[k ac:onf? wGe;f vSev f u dk o f jzifh qkwfajy;7onf? ,if;od\k qkwaf jy;
yHkpHtm;jzifh pyspfoD;ESifh e7GJoD;wdk\uJhodk\aom toD;rsdK; 7aom &k7Swyfrsm;udk wyfom; ajcmuf7mausmf yg0if
jzpfonf? A,f7DoD;rsdK; oD;aomtyifrsm;rSm pxa7m aom t*®vdyfjrif;wyf wwyfu vdkufwdkufavonf?
A,f7D (pxa7mA,f7D„&=? ) AvufA,f7D/ 'sL;A,f7D/ ,if;odk\ t*®vdyjf rif;wyfom;rsm;u &k7Sw\dkukd vdkuf
[wfu,f A,f7D/ Avl; A,f7D (qdwfwif;yif)/ vdk*ef wdu k 7f mwGif txufucsrw S af om trde\u f kd ,if;jrif;wyf
A,f7/D 7yfpA,f7D/ u7ef; A,f7/D um;7ef\o;D / atmf7*D eG f tm; uGyu f o J l avmhvu l efonf t,ltqvGo J mG ;onf?
pyspfoD;ponfwk\d jzpf-uavonf? xdak -umifh rdr. d wyftm; vuf0b J uf7dS &k7t S ajrmufwyf
toD;. trnfwGif A,f7Dygwdkif;vnf; &kQaA' udk wdkufcdkufap7rnfhtpm; awmif-um;tqHk;7Sd &k7S
tvdktm;jzifh A,f7DoD;rsm; r[kwf-uacs? yHkpHtm;jzifh tajrmufwyf77Sd mod\k csw D ufwu kd cf u
dk faponf? xdak e7m
pxa7mA,f7o D ;D [k ac:ae-uaomt7mrSm pifppf t7nf odk\a7muf7efrSm t*®vdyfjrif;wyfom;rsm;tzdk\ aorif;
7Fr;f aom yGi7hf if;cHwckjzpfI toD;uav;rsm;onf ,if; cHwiG ;f udk 0ifa7muf7onfEiS hf rjcm;awmhacs? ta-umif;
. rsufESmjyifwckvHk;wGif tESH\tjym;ay:vsuf7Sd-u rl jrif;wyfom;wd\jk zwfausm7f rnfh vrf;a-umif;.wbuf
onf? AvufA,f7Dac:aom toD;rsm;onf cs,f7D wcsuw f iG f &k7w S yfrsm;7Sad ejy;D v~if ,if;wd\kcsDwuf wdu k f
oD;rsm;ESihf wlI/ twGi;f cGrH moD;rsm; jzpf-uonf? toD; cdu
k 7f rnfh &k7t S ajrmufwyfuvnf; a7S\rq S ;D -udK ypfcwf
oD;yHkrmS twGv J udk ftjyGwfvdkufjzpfI/ toD;. tv,f aernf jzpfaoma-umifhwnf;?
wGif rmausmaom taphwckwnf;om 7Sdavonf? jrif;wyfom;rsm;onf trde\f ay;rSm;onfukd od-u
A,f7DoD;rsdK; oD;aom tyifrsdK;wdk\onfvnf; &kQ onf? ok\d7mwGif trde\fonf trdef\jzpfI ppfom;aumif;
aA'tvdkt7 rsdK;7if;csif;/ rsdK;pkcsif; rwl-uacs? yHkpH wk\drnfonf trde\fudk jyefvSeq f ifajcwufciG hf r7S?d trde\f
tm;jzifh Avl;A,f7yD ifonf csHKyifrsKd ;jzpfI tD7u D mpDt;D twkdif;aqmif7u G f7efom jzpfonf? xkda-umihf ,if;wkd\
rsdK;7if;Y yg0ifjyD;v~if AufqDeD,rf rsdK;pk0ifjzpfonf? onf aorif;cHwiG ;f twGi;f ok\d tjyif;txef csDwufwkduf
pyspfo;D onf AdkufwmpDt;D rsdK;7if;wGif yg0ifaom pyspf ckud f-uavonf?
yifro S ;D I xdtk yif. &kQaA'rsKd ;pktrnfonf Adkiw f pf wzufwcsuf awmifukef;awmifapmif;rsm;ay:rS

34
A,fvuvm;AmwkdufyGJ
A,fvuvm;Am wkdufyGJwGif 7efoltajrmufwyftm; jAdwdo~jrif;wyfom;rsm; csOf;eif;wkdufckdufpOf
ae7maumif;7xm;aom &k7Swyfrsm;u›if;/ a7S\rS &k7S
tajrmufwyfu›if; ,if;wd\k. ypfuiG ;f xJo\kd wd;k 0ifvm
aom t*®vdyjf rif;wyftm; aumif;pGm ypfcwfwu dk fcku
d f
Edkifay7m/ usnfqHtajrmufqHwdk\onf rdk;oD;rd;k ayguf
yrm woJoJ usaejyD;v~if waomaom nHaeawmh
onf? jrif;wyfom;wdk\um; rdrdwdk\.toufudk y"me
rxm; r7yfrem; '7pyf usa7mufaeaom usnq f Hwdk\
-um;xJrSyif 'v-urf; csDwufI 7Gyf7Gyfc`Hc`Hwdkufcdkuf
-uonf?
,if;od\k aorif;cHwiG ;f twGi;f od\k 'v-urf; csw
D ufI
7Gyf7Gyfc`H c`HwkdufcdkufcJh-uojzifh &k7Stajrmufwyfudkrl
odrf;ydkuEf dkifcJh.? odk\aomf wyfom; 600 ausmfteuf
195 a,mufr~om rdrdwk\dwyfo\dk ta7muf jyefvmEdik fchJ
-uonf? tustqHk;um; rsm;jym;vSI '+f7m7olrsm;
vnf; csDwuf7mvrf;a-umif;wav~muf jrifraumif;
atmif twH;k t&ke;f jzpfaecJah vonf//
ppfrdef\udk rSm;rSefodvsufESifh OD;vnfroHk/ ppfom;
aumif; yDopGm taocHI csDwufwdkufcdkufcJh-uyHkudk
t*®vdyf uAsmpmqdkawmf-uD; avmhwifeDqefu ‘‘jrif;
wyfr[m zdwdkufjcif;’’ trnf7Sd uAsmjzifh csD;usL;*k+f
35
A,fvy&kdufZkdjrdK\
jyKum xdk jrif;wyfr[mwyfom;wd\. k *k+7f nfukd O'gef;
wGi7f pfapcJah vonf?
,if;od\k uBmwGif O'gef;wGi7f pfaom wdkuyf u JG av;
jzpfymG ;cJ7h m A,fvuvm;AmjrKd \uav;rSm yifv,feuf.
u&kid ;f rD;,m; urf;ajcay:wGif wnf7o dS nf? qDAwfpwdyk dk
jrdK\. ta7S\awmifbuf 8rdkicf ef\a0;onf? 'kwd,uBm
ppftwGi;f uvnf; Ta'owGif &k7ES iS hf *smrefw\kd wdu k yf JG
rsm; jzpfymG ;cJah o;onf? ,cktcg qdyu f rf;omjrdK\uav;
jzpfI wHigvkyfief;ESifh 0dkift7ufvkyfief;rsm; 7Sdonf?
qkdAD,uftpdk;7vufxufwGif A,fvuvm;AmjrdK\udk
tjcm; qdyfurf;jrdK\rsm;uJhodk\ wdk;csJ\ jyKjyifjcif; r7dSay?
ta-umif;rl A,fvuvm;Am qdyu f rf;onf jrifrh m;aom
awmifukef; awmifwef;rsm;0ef;7Hvsuf7SdI oab®mw
pif;r~om 0ifayguf xGufayguf7Sdaoma-umifhwnf;?
xdk\a-umifh wdk;wufpnfum;jcif; r7SdvSbJ vlOD;a7
(1939 ckESpf) 1ô300 cef\r~om 7Sad vonf?
A,fvy&dkufZdkjrdK\? ?A,fvy&du k fZjdk rdK\onf awmift
ar7duwkud f/ csv
D ED idk if H. t-uD;qH;k yifv,fqyd u f rf;jrdK\
jzpfonf? ypdzw d uf rf;ajcjrdK\rsm;teuf t-uD;qH;k ESihf t
A,fvy&kdufZkdjrdK\ A,fav

pnf;um;qHk;vnf;jzpfonf? csDvED kid fi. H jrdK\awmf qefwD . aESmif, h u

S w
f udk cf ukd rf u= kd r-umc+ cHc7hJ onf? 15^8
,m*d. k taemufajrmufzuf ^5rdkicf ef\wiG 7f Sdonf? v ckEpS w
f iG f t*®vdyaf 7a-umif;Adv k f qm z7ef;ppf '7dwu f
jcrf;o!mef7adS om A,fvy&du k Zf ykd ifv,fatmf. awmif vma7muf wdu k cf u
dk o f drf;ydkucf haJ o;onf? xdkjyif tjcm;
zufvufwufay:wGif jrdK\wnfxm;onf? ,if;yifv,f jAdwdo~a7a-umif;Adv k fwOD;jzpfaom qm 7pfcswf a[m
atmfonf tcsi;f 3 rdkifcef\7I Sd oHk;zufo;Hk wefY obm uif;uvnf; 1594 ckEpS w f iG f jrKd \ukd wdu
k cf u
kd f vk,ufcJh
0tumtuG,f7Sdonf? odk\aomf ajrmufzufwiG f vGwf ao;onf? xdkaemuf 6 ESpft-umwGif 'yfcsa7wyfom;
aeojzifh avrkefwdkif;'+fudk cHEkid fatmif v=dif;umwef wd\k. vk,ufzsuq f D;jcif; cH7jyefonf? pydeaf 7wyfu
wdik ;f -uD;rsm;udk (xdkrmS zufY a7eufojzifh) cJc, J Of;,Of; vnf; jrKd \ukd 1866 ckEpS w f iG f tajrmufEiS hf ypfciG ;f zsuqf ;D
aqmufvyk jf yKjyifxm;7m/ acwfrI D aumif;rGeaf om qdyf ao;onf? 1891 ckESpftwGif;u jynfwGif; ppf'+f
urf;jrdK\-uD; jzpfvmavonf? a-umifh jrdK\ysufcJh7jyefonf? xdjk yif ivsif'+fudkvnf;
‘‘A,fvy&dkufZdk’’onf pydeftrnfjzpfI ‘‘ewfjynf r-umc+ cH7aomjrdK\ jzpfonf? txl;ojzifh 1906ckEpS f
csdKi0fh rS f;’’ [k t"d_g,f7onf? ,if;od\k ac:wGiaf vmuf ivsif'+fa-umifh A,fvy&dkuZf kjd rdK\onf t-uD;tus,f
atmifyif jrifuGif; om,mvSyaom jrdK\-uD; jzpfonf? ysupf D;cJh7onf? od\kaomf jyefvnfjyKjyif wnfaqmufchJ
ay 150 ausmftjrifh7daS om awmifukef;awmifwef;rsm; ojzifh ,cktcg acwfrv D yS aom jrdK\-u;D wjrKd \ jzpfaeav
u jrdK\. aemufct H jzpf wnf7adS e-u7m/ cs\JxiG v f maom jyD? vlOD;a7rSm (1958 ckESpf oefaumifpm7if;t7)
jrKd \onf awmifapmif; qifajcav~mrsm;xufo\kd wpwp 250ô000 a,muf jzpfavonf?
a7muf7SdvmcJhonf? vlae7yfuGuf. tdrfajcwdkufwm
wdk\onf awmifapmif; qifajcav~mrsm;ay:Y tqifh A,fav? ?A,favonf taemufwdik ;f obifavm
qifh wnf7SdI/ pD;yGm;a7;7yfuGufwdk\onf oab®mqdyf uY xif7Sm;aom jyZmwf wrsdK;jzpfonf? wOD;csif;
urf;em;wGif wnf7-Sd uonf? A,fvy&dkufZkjd rdK\onf vS aomf›if;/ tpktzGJ\ESifhaomf›if; ujy -u7onf? ‘‘A,f
y wifhw,faom taqmufttHkrsm;/ ausmif;rsm;jzifh av’’onf jyifopfpum;vH;k jzpfI a7S;vufwifpum;
vnf; jynfhpHkonf? csDvED idk fi. H a7wyfwUodkvfonf ‘‘A,fvm7D’’(u7ef)rS qif;oufvmonf? Zmwfvrf;
A,fvy&dkufZdkjrdK\Y 7Sdonf? vSyus,fjyef\aom O,smOf ZmwfuGuu f k›d if;/ Zmwfaumif. pdwt f ajctaeudk›if;
yef;jcHrsm;vnf; 7SdI/ c7Pwdkzm udkvHAyf/ csDvD,ef tqdktajymrygbJ tuESifh [eftrlt7mwdk\jzifh o&kyf
a7wyfudk pwifwnfaxmifcJhaom a7a-umif; AdkvfcsKyf azmfjyjcif;jzpf7m/ tcsdK\u uZmwf/ od\kr[kwf o&kyaf zmf
aumhu7def; ponfh ykCdKvfausmfrsm;. &kyfwkrsm;udk tu[k qdk-uonf?
yef;jcHrsm;twGi;f Y xm;7Sdonf? A,favwGif t"dutcsuo f nf *Dwjzpfonf? tcsdK\
A,fvy&du k Zf jdk rKd \onf ta7;ygaom pufrv = yk if ef;jrdK\ u A,favonf aw;*Dwudk o&kyaf zmfaom tu[kqkd
vnf; jzpfonf? jrdK\. t"du xGufukefrsm;rSm jcnf -uonf? A,favwcktwGuf ,if;ESiq hf ikd 7f m aw;*Dwwd\k
xnf/ pufu7d d,m/ aq;vdy/f o-um;ESit fh 7ufwk\d jzpf udpk yfq-kd u7onf? wcgw7H Zmwfvrf;ygaom aw;*Dw
onf? xdkjyif rD;7xm;acgif;wGJ vkyfief;ESifh oab®m wd\kukd A,favjzifh o&kyfazmf-uonf? aw;*Dw tjyif/
azmif'7Dvkyfief;rsm;vnf; 7Sdavonf? tef;'D;awmif t0wftpm;/ tcrf;tem;/ tvif;tarSmif/ rD;a7mift
udkjzwfI tm*siw f D;em;Edik if rH S aAG\Ekq d kid f;7ufjrdK\EiS hf quf ,ltqwdk\onfvnf; A,favtwGuf ta7;ygaom
oG,x f m;aom tef;'D;awmifausmf rD;7xm;vrf;a-umifh tpdwftydki;f rsm; jzpf-uavonf? A,favuyGJ twGuf
A,fvy&dkufZdk oab®mqdyfonf ydkI ukefwif ukefcs u-uKd ;uuGuf [eftrlt7m ponfw\u kd kd wDxiG pf pD OfneF f
rsm;jym;pnfum;onf? qefwD,m*dkjrdK\ESifh v~yfppf -um;oltm; aumf7, D *kd 7yfzm/ od\kr[kwf A,fav'g&du k f
rD;7xm;vrf;jzifh tquftoG,f7dI S / tjcm;v~yfppfrD;7 wm[k ac:onf? xl;c`efaom aumf7D,dk*7yfzmrsm;.
xm;vrf;wvrf;onf csv D ED idk fit
H wGif;zuf/ oWKwGi;f xGifOm+f/ jyifOm+fwdk\udkta-umif;jyKI A,favwGif
a'oESifh qufoG,x f m;avonf? wdk;wufr= rsm;pGm 7SdcJhavonf?
A,fvy&du k Zf jkd rdK\ukd pydevf rl sKd ; [Grf ao qmtm;aA; A,favonf a7S;a7mrESifh*7dwdk\. yefwdkrdkif;ac:
x7m;u 1536 ckESpfwGif pwif wnfaxmifcJhonf? [efZmwfwrsKd ;rS qif;oufvmI tDwvDEikd if w H iG f c7pf
wnfaxmifjyD;ptcgu wdkif;7if;om; tif'D;,ef;rsm; ESpf 1450 cef\upjy;D ay:aygufvmonf? (yefwrkd ikd ;f [ef

36
 A,fav

uBmausmf &k7S A,fav u[efw7yf

37
 A,fav
Zmwf„&=? )tvGef aiGukefa-u;us rsm;aom uyGJrsdK;
jzpfI xdpk Ofu rif;pd;k 7mZm txufwef;pm;avmuYom
acwfpm;cJo h nf? aemuf tESpw f 7mcef\twGi;f A,fav
onf tDwvDEdkifiHwGif zG\HjzdK; xGef;um;vmonf?
16 7mpkEpS f tpydki;f wGif tDwmvsH rif;orD; uufo7if;
'grJ'DcsDonf jyifopfbk7if. rdzk7m; jzpfvmaomtcg
A,favonf jyifopfeef;wGif;Y acwfpm;vmonf?
,if;od\jk zifh A,favonf tDwvDrS jyifopfEikd if o H \kd ul;puf
ysH\E\HSomG ;onf? jyifopfb7k if 14 qufajrmuf vl0o D nf
A,favudk csD;jr|ifhajr|mufpm;onf? udk,fawmfwdkif
A,favuZmwf wckY acgif;aqmifyg0ifcJhonf? vl0D
bk7ifonf *DwESifh tutu,f'rDausmif;udk wnf
axmifcJh7m/ xdkausmif;onf acwfopfOa7my A,fav
pwifaygufzmG ;7m Xmejzpfco Jh nf? xdkjyif A,favonf
awmfoHk;tjzpfrS vlxkoHk; obifw7yfvnf; jzpfvm
avonf?
xdpk Ofu A,favwGif tuwvSnhf tqd/k od\kr[kwf
vu®m7Gwfjcif; wvSnhjf zpfonf? 1600 jynfEh pS cf ef\wiG f
atmfy7m ac: *DwjyZmwfudk pwifa7;om; jyocJh7m/
A,favudk atmfy7mY csyI f ujyavh 7Scd o hJ nf? A,fav
tcef;udk atmfy7mZmwfuGuftv,fYaomf›if;/ acW
7yfem;csdefYaomf›if; ujy toHk;awmfcHavh 7Sd-uonf?
16 7mpkEpS tf wGi;f a-u;pm; A,fav uajconfrsm;
ay:aygufvmonf? yxrwGif trsdK;om;/ aemiftcg
trsKd;orD; uajconfrsm; yg7Sdvmonf? 14 quf
ajrmufvl0Dbk7if. vufxufwGif zG\HjzdK;cJhaom A,f
avonf aemiftcgwGif pnf;urf;pepf/ todik f;t0dik ;f
rsm; rsm;vGef;jyD;v~if or&d;k ustwdkif;7SdaeI rwdk;wuf
bJaecJh7m 18 7mpkESpfxJwGif Zef; aZmhZufEdkAm;onf
A,favudk tqdktajymrygbJ tuESifh [eftrlt7m
oufoufjzpfatmif jyKjyifvku d o f nf? A,fav ujyol
wd\ktm; a7S;pHepfjzpfaom rsuEf mS zH;k pGyjf cif;udv k nf; rjyKap
awmhay? xdkjyif t0wfwefqmrsm;udk ydkIvSyatmif
jyKjyifjyD;v~if trlt7mwdk\udk ydI k obm0usapcJhonf?
18 7mpkESpf tv,fydkif;avmufwGif A,favonf
Oa7mywkdufY twefi,f acwfwdrfvmonf? ,if;odk\
arS;rSed v f maom A,favudk jyefvnf ta7mifxGufvm
apolrSm &k7SrS aumf7D,dk*7yfzm (A,fav'g&dkufwm)
wOD;jzpfaom rD7S,f zdk;uif; jzpfonf? rD7S,f zdk;uif;
onf a7S;&d;k A,favudk qef;opfvyS aom A,favobif
jzpfvmatmif pDpOfrGrf;rHwDxGifvdkufonf? A,favu
Zmwfonf &k7o S k\dvnf; jyef\ymG ;a7muf7cSd h7J m 1^35 ckEpS f
38
cef\u &k7w S iG f tify;D 7D;,,f A,favtwwfoifausmif;
wnfaxmifcJhonf? xdkausmif;Y oifjyaom q7m
aumif;rsm;a-umifh &k7SedkifiHwGif A,favonf rsm;pGm
wdk;wufcJhonf? EkdifiH7yfjcm;rS A,fav'g&dkufwm t
ausmftarmfwdk\onf &k7SA,favudk tqifhtwef; jrifh
onfxuf jrifhatmif zefwD; oif-um;ay;-uonf? odk\
aomf 18 7mpkEpS t f v,fykid ;f wGif A,favobif n|dK;rSed f
vm7m rD7, S f zd;k uif;u jyefvnfjr|iw hf ifay;cJah vonf?
rD7S,f zdk;uif;onf qD,m*sD ',m*sDvsuf pDrHtkyf
csKyaf omA,favtzG\u J kd 1909 ckEpS w f iG f yg7pfjrKd \Y yGx
J wk f
apcJ7h m/ qef;opfvyS aom &k7AS ,favonf tvGeaf usmf
-um;oGm;avonf? ,if;tzGJ\wGif trsdK;om;A,fav
tu0d%m nDZif;puD;ESifh trsdK;orD; A,favtu0d%m
tNm ygAvdAk mwd\k yg0ifonf? ,if;wd\t k zG\J ujywifquf
aom A,favuZmwfwdk\rSm ‘7SD[m7mZm;'D’/ ‘yDxa7mh
7Sum’/ ‘rD;iSuf’/ ‘ief;a7tkid f’ponfw\dkjzpfI xl;uJvSy
wifhqef; vSayonf? ,if;wdk\ukd ESpfaygif;rsm;pGm r&dk;
wrf; ujycJh7avonf? ',m*sv D suf acgif;aqmifaom
,if;wd\ktzG\Jonf t*®vefEiS hf tar7duefjynfaxmifpw k k\d
Yvnf; ujy toH;k awmfcHchI J tvGefw7m csD;usL;tm;
ay;r=udk cHcJh7jyD;aomf uBmausmf-um;cJah vonf?
&k7SwGif ',m*sDvsuf uG,fvGefjyD;onfhaemufwGif
A,favtzGJ\rsm;pGm ay:aygufcho J nf? tpd;k 7tkycf sKyfa7;
pHepf ajymif;oGm;aomfvnf; A,favobifrmS rl tpdk;7
tqufquf. tm;ay;ulnrD u = kd 77Sv
d suyf if7adS vonf?
',m*sDvsufwdk\tzGJ\ vma7muf ujyoGm;jyD;aemuf/
tar7duefEiS hf t*®vefwk\dwiG v f nf; A,favonf quf
vufacwfpm;aecJhonf? A,favtuoifausmif;rsm;
A,favtzGJ\rsm; ay:aygufcJhonf? tar7duef jynf
axmifpkwGif A,fav u7AeftzGJ\/ zdv'JvzD;,m; A,f
avtzGJ\/ ayh (*s) pwkef; A,favtzGJ\/ qefz7efpPudk
A,favtzGJ\rsm;onf emrnf7aom tzGJ\rsm;jzpfonf?
txl;ojzifh 'kwd,uBmppfjyD;umvwGif A,favonf
tar7duefjynfaxmifpkY ydkradk cwfpm;I tqifhtwef;
wd;k wufvmonf? xdjk yif t*®vef7dS quf'vm0JA,fav
tuoifausmif;rS A,favtu0d%mrsm;pGm ay:xGuf
cJhavonf? uBmwGif tausmf-um;qHk; jzpfcJhaom
A,fav tu0d%m ESpfOD;rSm &k7SrS t³mygAvdkAmESifh
'def;rwfrS t'JvD eJ7SdeDwdk\ jzpf-uonf?
ajymifajrmufaom A,favuajconfwOD; jzpfvm
7efrSm vG,fulonf r[kwfacs? i,f7G,pf OfupI ESpf
aygif;rsm;pGm xdxda7mufa7muf/ jyif;jyif;xefxef avh
A,fav AJô t,fvufZNm *a7[rf

usifh7onf? &k7S tifyD;7D;,,f A,fav twwfoif

ausmif;wGif touf 3 ESpfrS 6 ESpf txd uav;ol
i,frsm;udk pwif oif-um;ay;onf? A,fav uonfh
tcg pD;aomzdeyfrsdK;udk oif-um;r=tajccH 2 ESpfausmf
rSom pD;I avhusihcf iG 7hf onf? A,favuajconf wOD;
tzdk\ u-udK; uenf;rsm;udk u`rf;usif&Hkomru/ *Dw/
yef;csDEiS fh yef;yktwwfw\dkudkyg em;vnfxm;7ef vdt
k yf
ayao;onf?

AJôt,fvufZNm*a7[rf(c7pf 18^4 1922)? ?

wae7mrS wae7m/ wjrdK\rS wjrdK\/ wEkdiif rH S wEdik if o
wOD;ESifh wOD; pum;ajymqdk qufoG,fEdkifatmif
aqmif7Gufaom pum;ajyma-u;eef;(pum;ajyma-u;
eef;„&=?)udk pwifwDxGifcJholrSm t,fvufZNm *a7
[rfAJ jzpfavonf? ,ckacwfY toH;k jyKvsu7f d-S uaom
pum;ajyma-u;eef;rsm;onf AJ. acwfrpS wifI tqifh
qifh jyKjyifr=jzifh wdk;wufvmcJhjcif; jzpfonf? AJonf
pifppf i,fpOfuwnf;u od_yH nmudk avhvmqnf;yl;cJo
r[kwaf omfvnf;/ od_q H idk 7f m wDxiG rf r= sm;pGmudk jyKcu
vl\avmu tusdK;udk onfydk; aqmif7u G fay;cJhaom vl\
avmuom;wdk\. aus;Zl;7Si-f uD; wOD;jzpfayonf? xdk
a-umifh rsm;pGmaom wUodv k Ef Sihf od_Hynmtoif;rsm;
u od_Hynm7Sif-uD; wOD;tjzpf *k+fjyKjcif;udk cHcJh7
avonf?
AJonf paumhvlrsdK;jzpfI/ paumhwvefjynf tuf
'ifAm7mjrdK\Y 184^ ckEpS w f iG f zGm;jrifonf? tuf'ifAm7m
wUodkvfESifh vef'efwUodkvfwGif ynmqnf;yl;cJh
onf? 18^0 jynhfESpw f iG f usef;rma7; tajctaet7/
rdbrsm;ESifhtwl uae'gEdkiif Hok\d ajymif;a7F\ tajcpdkufchJ
-uonf? AJ.tzd;k ESizhf cifw\o kd nf pum;oHynmudk wwf
u`rf;I qGH\t em;xdki;f olrsm;tm; pum;ajymenf; oif
ay;jcif;wdk\udk aqmif7u G 7f mY xif7mS ;cJhonf? xdak -umifh
brsdK;bdk;wlaom AJonfvnf; qGH\t em;xdkif;olrsm;.
q7m jzpfvmonf? aemiftcg aAmhpwefwUodv
toHZ0D udPaA'ygarmQtjzpf aqmif7Gu7f avonf?
xdt
k csed w
f iG f a-u;eef;vkyif ef;onf acwfpm;I vsif
jrefpGm wdk;wufvsuf7Sdonf? AJonf a-u;eef;-udK; w
-udK;wnf;jzifh a-u;eef;rsm;pGm wcsed w f nf;ydk\Ekid 7f ef ‘‘rm
vwDyvuf’’enf;udk -uHpnfonf? xdjk yif vl.pum;oH
udk a-u;eef;-uKd ;jzifh wzufrS wzufo\kd yd\kaqmifEikd 7f efukd
vnf; -uHpnfonf? AJonf toHZD0udPaA' ynm7Sif
wOD;tjzpf vlwdk\. pum;oHxGufyHk/ ajymyHkajymenf;
H dk\
h l
hJ m/
pum;ajyma-u;eef;ukd wDxGifcJhol t,fvufZNm *a7[rfAJ
wd\kukd u`r;f usifojl zpfonf? pifppf AJonf v~ypf pf"mwf
ta-umif;udk u`r;f usifol r[kwfaomfvnf; tcsed ftm;
7onfhtcgwkdi;f ol.vufaxmufjzpfaom pufq7m
awmrwf at 0yfqifESifhtwl okawoejyKum trsdK;
rsdK; -uHqprf;oyf vkyfudkifcJhavonf?
18^4 ckEpS f ZGev f xJwiG f AJonf pum;ajyma-u;eef;
.tajccHpeH pfukd trSwrf xif prf;oyfawG\7cdS o hJ nf? ol.
0rf;ajrmufaysmf7Fifr=um; azmfrjyEdkifavmufatmif jzpf
awmh.? AJonf xdkpepfukd tajccHxm;I/ wdk;wuf-uH
pnfvyk fukid fum/ 18^6 ckEpS fwGif pum;ajym a-u;eef;
k w f iG f wDxGirf = rlyikd f rSwyf w
kH ifciG u
hf kd &H;k awmfY av~mufxm;77Sd
cJah vonf?
AJonf 18^6 ckEpS f zdv'JvzD;,m;jrdK\ ESpfw7mjynfh
jyyGJjydKifyJw
G iG f v~yfppf"mwf. jzpfxGef;r=w7yfjzpfaom
pum;ajyma-u;eef;ud7, d mudk wifjyEdik cf ahJ v7m/ a-u;eef;
-uKd ;wzufrS pum;ajymoHudk a-u;eef;-udK;wzufr-S um;
-u7aom jyyGv J my7dwo f wfw\dkrmS tHrh cef;Edik af tmif jzpf
-u7avonf?
AJonf tjcm;wDxGirf =rsm;pGmudkvnf;jyKcJhao;onf?

39
AJô t,fvufZNm *a7[rf
odk\aomf pum;ajyma-u;eef;avmuf vloHk;rrsm;cJhbJ/
ta7;yg t7ma7mufjcif;vnf; r7SdchaJ y? AJ. wDxiG fr=
rsm;xJwGif wkecf gaeaom tvif;a7mifjcnfukd oHk;um
udu k f 250 cef\ toHviF Ehf ikd af om a7'D,q kd efqef ud7,
d m
wrsdK;vnf; yg0ifaomfvnf;/ qufvufI wdk;wuf
aumif;rGeaf tmifjyKjyif-uHpnfjcif; r7Scd aJh y? xdkjyif *7yf
zdkzkef;ac: za,mif;"mwfjym;csyfrsm;udk pwif toHk;jyK
onfh ud7d,mwrsdK;vnf; wDxGifcJhao;onf? udk,f
c¶mxJo\dk 0ifomG ;onfu h snq f efudk vlemtm; remusif
apbJ usnq f efwnfae7mudk prf;oyf7SmazGay;Edik o f jzifh
q7m0efw\t kd wGuf tusKd ;tvGe7f adS om w,fvzD ek ;f prf;wH
wrsKd ;udvk nf; AJonf wDxiG cf o hJ nf? AJonf avxJwiG f
ysHoef;jcif;ESifh pyfvsO;f aom wDxiG rf =w\dkYvnf; pdw0f if
pm;ay7m/ pGefvFwf-unhfjcif;jzifh ta7;ygaom avxJ
ysHoef;r= tajccHtcsuftvufrsm;udk awG\7SdchaJ vonf?
AJ7if;yifv,fwGif; &k7S od_Hokawoe a7ikyfoab‡m pl;prf;7SmazG avhvmaepOf
40
AJ7if;yifv,f
AJonf pdwo f abmxm; tvGeaf umif;rGeIf olwyg;
tm; tvGefulnD ,dkif;yif;wwfoljzpfonf? aysmfaysmf
vnf;aewwfonf? olonf 1922 ckESpfwGif uae'g
Edkiif /H udyAf 7ufwefu`e;f 7Sd ol.aEG7moDa*[mY uG,f
vGeo f Gm;avonf? olwDxGifcahJ om pum;ajyma-u;eef;
onf c7D;tvGefuGma0;aom ae7mrsm;udk eD;pyfatmif
qufo, G af y;onfh tajctxd wd;k wufvmonfukd awG\
jrifomG ;7aomfvnf;/ pum;ajym a-u;eef;oHrsm;a-umifh
ol. prf;oyfr=rsm;wGif taESmifht,Suf jzpfcJh7ojzifh/
oludk,fwdkifurl pum;ajyma-u;eef;udk rESpfjcdKufEdkif
atmif jzpfcJh7onf[k qdkavonf?
AJ7if;yifv,f? ?AJ7if;yifv,fonf ypdzw d fork]7m
.ajrmufzufqHk; tpdwftydkif;jzpfonf? ajrmuftar
7duwdku7f Sd tvmpumjynfe,fEiS fh tm7Swku
d f. ta7S\
AJ7if;yifv,f AJv*7dwfjrdK\

bufurf;&dk;wef; t-um;wGif7SdI/ tvsL;7Sif;u`ef;. iH.jrdK\awmf jzpfI t-uD;qHk; jrdK\vnf; jzpfonf? xdk

ajrmufzufusonf? AJ7if;a7vuf-um;onf AJ7if;yif jyif jynfaxmifpk0if jynfe,fwpfckjzpfaom qm;AD;
v,fukd tmwdwfork]7mrS ydki;f jcm;xm;I/ tvsL;7Sif; ,m;jynfe,f. jrdK\awmfvnf; jzpfonf? qAfbmom
u`ef;onf AJ7if;yifv,fukd ypdzdwfork]7mrS ydkif;jcm; jzifh AJ,*kd 7uf[v k nf; ac:wGiIf ‘‘7Jwu dk jf zL’’[k teuf
xm;avonf? 7onf? a7S;a7S;tcgurl qif*sD'sLerf[k ac:avonf?
AJ7if;yifv,fonf ajrmufrSawmifodk\ tvsm; rdkif xdkjyif 13 7mpkESpfrS 19 7mpkEpS t f xd wl7uDw\dku AJv
1ô000cef\7n S v f sm;I/ ta7S\rStaemufo\dkrkid f 1ô500cef\ *7dwjf rdK\ukd ‘‘omoemhppfajr’’[k ac:qdkc-Jh uavonf?
us,f0ef;onf? AJ7if; a7vuf-um;wGifrl tvmpum AJv*7dwjf rKd \onf 'ef;nKjrpfwiG ;f od\k qm;Am;jrpfp;D 0if
jynfe,fESihf tm7Swdkuw f dk\onf 54rdkifcef\r~om uGma0; aygif;qH7k m-w*d aH jray:wGif 'ef;nKjrpf.vufsmzufurf;
avonf? yifv,f.teufonf ysrf;r~jcif;tm;jzifh
4ô^00 ay7S7d m/ teufq;Hk ae7mwGif ayaygif; 13ô400
ausmcf ef\ 7Sad vonf?
AJ7if;yifv,fxJwiG f u`e;f uav;rsm;/ a7vuf-um;
rsm; rsm;pGm7Sdonf? y7pfADavmhu`ef;onf ta7;tyg
qHk;aom u`ef;jzpfonf? xdkyifv,fonf uBmhtat;
ydik ;f a'oY wnf7o dS jzifh yifv,f.ajrmufzufykid ;f onf
aqmif;7moDwGif vaygif;rsm;pGm a7cJ aewwfonf?
aEG7moDwiG rf l yifv,fwckv;kH onf a7cJjcif;rS uif;vGwf
ojzifh ul;oef;oGm;vmEdkifayonf? tm7SwdkufzufrS
›if;/ ajrmuftar7duwdkufzufr›S if; jrpfrsm;pGm AJ7if;
yifv,fxo J \kd pD;0if7m/ ,if;wd\kwiG f tvmpumjynfe,f
rS ,l;uGefjrpfESifh qdkufAD;7D;,m;jynfrS tem'gjrpfwdk\
vnf; yg0ifonf?
a7S;tcgu AJ7if;yifv,fukd urfcsuu f m yifv,f[k
vnf; ac:wGifonf? aemiftcg &k7SZmbk7if yDwm„
o„*7dwu f AJ7if;yifv,f. tusKd ;ta-umif;udk pHv k if
pGm od7v Sd Ikd apcdik ;f ojzifh xdkyifv,fukd aocsmpGmpl;prf;
avhvmwdik ;f xGmrSwfwrf;wifcho J l 'def;rwfvrl sdK; ADw;l AJ
7if;udk *k+fjyKaomtm;jzifh AJ7if;yifv,f[kac:a0:cJh
onf? pifppfaomfum; &k7SaumhqufvlrsdK; 'uf7Seuf
qdo k o l nf 1648 ckEpS fwiG f xdkyifv,fukd pwifawG\7dcS hJ AJv*7dwfjrdK\awmf. eHeufcif; &=cif;w7yf
avonf?
AJ7if;yifv,fonf yifv,fzsHom;arG; tajrmuf ay:Y wnf7o Sd nf? jrpfvrf;jzifah omf›if;/ rD;7xm;vrf;
tjrm;xGuf7m a'o jzpfonf? y7pfADavmh u`ef;onf jzifhaomf›if; ul;oef;oGm;vma7; vrf;qHkusaom jrdK\
yifv,fzsH om;arG;vkyfief;. tcsuftcsm Xme jzpf jzpfonf? Ekid if wH iG ;f rD;7xm;vrf;qHjk rdK\ jzpfonfomru
onf? 186^ ckESpfwGif tar7duefjynfaxmifpk tpdk;7 yg7pf/ bmvifEiS hf AD,if;em; paom Oa7mytaemufyikd f;
u &k7t S pd;k 7xHrS tvmpumjynfe,fukd 0,f,ljy;D onfh ESihf tv,fyikd ;f jrdK\-uD;rsm;rS ta7S\Oa7myEkid if Hrsm;odk\ oGm;
aemufwGif *7dwfjAdwdefESifh tar7duefjynfaxmifpkwdk\ 7m rD;7xm;vrf;qHv k nf; jzpfonf? xdjk yif AJv*7dwjf rdK\
onf AJ7if;yifv,ftwGif; yifv,fzsH zrf;qD;a7;ESifh onf uBmhava-umif; vrf;ay:Yvnf; wnf7Sdonf?
pyfvsOf;I t-uD;tus,f tcsif;rsm;cJhzl;avonf? ,if;uJhok\d ul;oef;oGm;vma7; vrf;qHkjrdK\-uD;jzpfojzifh
,l*pkd vm;AD;,m;Ekid if H wckv;kH . ukeo f , G f azmufum;r=
AJv*7dwfjrdK\? ?,l*dkpvm;AD;,m; jynfaxmifpEk kdif twGufomru aAmfvuefEkdifiHrsm;ESifh Oa7mytv,f

41
AJv*7dwfjrdK\ AJv*sD,rfEkdifiH

ydkif;EkdifiHrsm;. ukefyPnf; zvS,f a7mif;0,fr=twGuf AJv*7dwjf rKd \uav;onf a7mrwd\kvufxufwiG f ppfpcef;

vnf; tcsuftcsmjrdK\ jzpfonf? xdk\a-umifh AJv*7dwf jrdK\jzpfcho
J nf? Adik Zf if;wdik rf if;rsm;. vufrS vGwfajrmuf
jrdK\wGif jcnfxnfvkyfief;/ o-um;puf&Hk/ om;a7vkyf cJhjyD;aemufwGif [efa*7Dwdk\. vufatmufusa7mufchJ
ief;/ t7ufvyk fief; pojzifh pufr=vkyif ef; tenf;i,f jyefonf? xdak emuf AJv*7dwjf rKd \ukd at'D 1330 jynfEh pS f
r~om 7Sdaomfvnf;/ ukefoG,fa7mif;0,f azmufum;r= rS 142^ ckESpfwkid fatmif qAfvlrsdK;wd\ku odrf;ydu k fxm;
pnfum;zG\HjzKd ;vSonf? vlO;D a7 (1958 ckEpS f oefaumif onf? 1456 ckESpw f Gif wl7uDw\dku wdu k fckud fvmaom
pm7if;t7) 520ô000 a,muf 7Sdavonf? tcg *`ef[l;anm'D trnf7Sd [efa*7D rsdK;cspfwOD;u
AJv*7dwjf rdK\onf acwfrI D pHepfwus aqmufvkyf acgif;aqmifjyD; wGe;f vSew f ku
d cf ku
d fonf? od\kaomf 1521
xm;aomjrdK\ jzpfonf? jrKd \onf tjrifyh ikd ;f / tedryhf idk ;f [lI ckESpfwGifrl wl7uDwk\d. vufatmufok\d usa7mufc7Jh m/
7S7d m/ tjrifhyidk f;Y ay 150 cef\jrifhaom awmifuek ;f wck 1866 ckESpfwkdifatmif jzpfonf? Tr~ 7Snf-umaom
ay:wGif 7JwkdufjzL [kac:qdk-uaom taqmuf ttHk umvtwGi;f AJv*7dwf onfw7l uDw\. kd vufatmufrS
-uD;7Sdonf? qAfbmomjzifh AJ,dk*7uf[k ac:wGifjcif; vGwaf jrmufI/ pdk;rd;k ol vufajymif;r=rsm; 7Scd ahJ omfvnf;/
rSm xd7k w J dkufjzLudk tpGJjyKac:a0:jcif; jzpfonf? tedrhf -umr7Snv f bS /J wl7uDw\dkvufatmufodk\yif jyefIom
ydki;f [lonfrmS jrpfurf;em;ydkif;udk ac:onf? AJv*7dwf usa7mufcho J nf? 1866 ckEpS fwiG frl qAfvlrsdK;wdk\ vuf
jrdK\wGif cef\nm;vSyaom taqmufttHkrsm;pGm 7Sad y7m atmufodk\ a7mufcJhjyefavonf? 1882 ckESpfwGif qm;
,if;wdk\teuf wUodkvftaqmufttHkrsm;onf xif AD;,m;Ekid fiH. jrdK\awmfjzpfvmI/ 1929 ckEpS w f Gif ,l*pdk
7Sm;ausm-f um;onf? xdkjyif ,Ofaus;r=a7;7mESifh ynm vm;AD;,m;EkdifiH. jrdK\awmfjzpfvmavonf?
a7;qdkif7m tzGJ\tpnf;wdk\. taqmufttHkrsm;vnf; AJv*7dwjf rKd \onf aAmfvuefppfyrJG sm; jyD;qH;k oGm;onfh
rsm;pGm7Sdonf? a7S;u jrdK\wcH g;ayguf 5 ck7Sdonfh jrdK\&k;d aemufwiG f -u;D yGm;wd;k wufvmonf? txl;ojzifh 1919
wefwkid ;f jzifh 0dik f;ywfxm;7m/ 1868 ckEpS w f iG f xdkjrKd \&k;d udk ckESpfwGif ,l*dkpvm;AD;,m;EkdifiHudk zefwD;wnfaxmif
zsuI f jrKd \.e,fedrw d uf kd cs\x
J iG cf 7hJ mrS ta7S\wikd ;f jrdK\ wjrdK\ jyD;onfhaemufwiG f ydkI wkd;wufvmonf? aAmfvuef
. toGit f jyif aysmufu, G cf ahJ vonf? ,cifurl wl7 EkdifiHrsm;wGif t-uD;tus,fqHk;aom jrdK\wjrdK\ tjzpf
uDw\dk. -uD;pdk;vFr;f rdk;r=udk r-umc+ cHch7J ojzifh ta7S\ a7mufatmif jyKjyifcJh-uavonf?
wdkif;taiG\toufrsm; 7SdaejyD;v~if/ ta7S\wdkif; qefae 'kw, d uBmppf-uD;twGi;f u AJv*7dwjf rdK\ukd tum
aom jrdK\wjrdK\ jzpfcJhavonf? uG,frJhjrdK\[lI a-unmxm;cJhaomfvnf;/ *smrefwdk\u
AJv*7dwfjrdK\onf ta7S\EiS ht f aemuf Oa7myEkdifiHrsm; 1941 ckEpS f {jyDvxJwGif rn|mrwm AH;k -uJwu dk fcku
d jf yD;
.tv,fY wnf7I dS ppfra= 7;7mtwGuf tcsuu f saom aemuf/ odrf;ydu k fxm;cJhao;onf? 1944 ckESpf atmuf
jrdK\jzpfojzifh a7S;a7S;acwftcgrsm;uyif/ vufeufEikd fiH wdkbmvwGif rm7S,w f ;D wdk;acgif;aqmifaom ,l*kpd vyf
rsm;. wefc;kd tm+mvkyJt G wGuf ppfajrwckjzpfco Jh nf? vGwfvyfa7; wyfom;rsm;onf qdkAD,ufwyfrsm;ESifh
xdka-umifh pdk;rdk;ol vuftrsdK;rsdK; ajymif;cJhonf? bDpD yl;aygif;um AJv*7dwjf rKd \ukd jyefvnf wdu k cf u
kd f odr;f ydu k f
3 7mpkcef\u uJhvlrsdK;wdk\ pwifwnfaxmif cJhaom cJah vonf?

Ñ¿ú³§ ¬¿»³«º§·¼µ åº °°º©ª·ºåÛµ·¼ ·º Ø

AJv*sD,rfEkdifiHwGif Oa7myEkdifiH-uD;rsm;. ppfyGJ-uD;rsm; t-udrf-udrf qifEFJcJh-uonf? AJv*sD,rfEkdifiHonf ppfa-umifh
t-udrf-udrf a-ucJh7onf? odk\aomf EkdifiHolEkdifiHom;wdk\. ZGJoWdESifh0D7d,wdk\a-umifh AJv*sD,rfonf jyefvnf
zGH\jzdK;pnfum;jrJ 7SdwwfjyD;v~if tEkynm jrwfEkd;olwdk\ aysmfydkufaom EkdifiHvnf; jzpfonf?

AJv*sD,rfEkdifiH? ?Oa7mywdkuw f Gif ti,fq;Hk EkdifiH AJv*sD,rfEkdifiHonf xif7Sm;aom tydkif;u@rS yg0if

wckonf AJv*s, D rfEdik if jH zpfonf? odk\aomf Oa7myEkdiif H cJo
h nf? Oa7myta7;udP-uHKwkid f; AJv*s,
D rf Ekid if yH g0if
orkdif;wGif a7S;a7mracwfrSonf ,ckacwfwdkifatmif cJh7onfom rsm;onf? ajrmufzufY e,fomvefEkdifi/H

42

ta7S\zufY *smreDEdik fiHEiS hf vyfZifAwfEdik fiH/ awmifzuf
wGif jyifopfEkdifiHwdk\ESifh e,fcsif;pyfvsuf wnf7SdI t
aemufajrmufzuf7dS *7dwjf Adwed Ef Sihrf l ajrmufyifv,f.
a7jyifwpdwfwa'or~om jcm;vsuf7Sd7m EkdifiH-uD;rsm;
. t-um;Y n|yfvsuf wnfaeyHk taetxm;a-umifh
Oa7my taemufydkif;Y ppfrufta7;-uHKvmaom tcg
rsm;wGif AJv*sD,rfEdik fiHonf trsm;qHk; yg0ifcJh7onf?
odk\aomf uBmhukefoG,fEkdifiH-uD;rsm;jzpf-uaom azmfjy
yg Ekdifi-H uD;rsm;ESihf pD;yGm;a7;qufqrH =wGif ta7;yg t
AJv*sD,rfEkdifiH wnfae7mjyajryHk
7ma7mufojzifh AJv*sD,rfEidk if . H pD;yGm;ukeo
tvGefzGH\jzdK;onf? 'kwd,BmppfrwkdifrD 1939 ckESpfu
Oa7mywdu k f pufrE= idk if rH sm;wGif AJv*s,D rfEidk if uH wwd,
pGcJ haJ vonf?
AJv*s,
D rfEidk if o
H nf Oa7mywdu k w
f iG f 'kw,
txlxyfq;kH Ekid if jH zpfonf? Ekid if . H tus,t
11ô^55 pwk7ef;rdik f jzpfI jrefrmEkid if H tus,t
tyHk 20 atmuf i,fonf? vlO;D a7onf 8^ô980ô055
AJv*sD,rfEkdifiH
a,mufr~7Sd7m pwk7ef;wrdkifv~if ^4^ a,mufus
7Sdaeojzifh EkdifiH.tus,ft0ef;ESifh rr~atmif jzpf
aeonf? xdka-umifh ajrae7mvyfrusefatmif pdkufysdK;
vkyfudkifygvsuf/ pm;eyf7dQm rvHkavmufao;I EkdifiH
jcm;rS wifoGi;f 7ao;onf?
ajrmufyifv,fzufo\dk rsufESmrlvsu7f daS om AJv*sD
,rfEikd if H. yifv,furf;&d;k wef;onf 42 rdkif 7Snfvsm;
onf? ajrrsufESmjyifonf taemufajrmufzuf7Sd yif
v,furf;ajcrS ta7Shawmifzuf7dS tm'if;eD;awmifwef;
qDo\dk wjznf;jznf; jrifhwufomG ;onf? yx0D0if tae
txm;t7 AJv*sD,rfEkdiif H. ajrrsufESmjyifudk 3 ydkif;
cGJjcm;Ekdif7m/ ,if;wdk\rmS (1) zvef;'g;ESihf uifyifa'o
(2) tv,fydkif;vGifjyifa'oESifh (3) tm'if;eD;awmif
wef;a'owdk\ jzpfavonf?
AJv*sD,rfEkdifiHwGif jrpfacsmif;rsm;pGm jzwfoef;pD;
qif;vsuf7Sd7m t"dujrpf-uD; 3 oG,fwdk\rSm quJhjrpf/
qef;A7mjrpfEiS fh rsL;pjrpfw\dkjzpf-uI xdkjrpf 3 oG,fvHk;
yif jypfopfEdkifiHY jrpfzsm;cH-uonf? AJv*sD,rfonf
ajredrhcf sKd if0h rS ;f a'o rsm;jym;aom Ekid if jH zpf7m/ tcsKd \tydki;f
rsm;onf yifv,f a7rsuEf mS jyifxufyif edrahf eao;onf?
a7S;u ajrmufyifv,frS 'Da7vFrf;rdk;jcif;udk r-umc+
cHcJh77m/ urf;&dk;wef;wav~muf a7vFrf;rdk;onfh ab;rS
umuG,f7onfh wm0efonf tawmfyif -uD;av;cJh
onf?
,cktcgwGifrl -uD;us,fcdkifcHhvSaom wmwrH-uD;
rsm; aqmufvkyfxm;onfhjyif/ tjcm; acwfrSD tum
tuG,rf sm;a-umifh a7vFrf;jcif;ab;rS tawmfyif uif;
vGw7f jyD jzpfonf? x\kjd yif wmwrHrsm;. TrSmzuf7dS
urf;&dk;wef; ajredrfha'orsm;udk a7rsm;pkwfxkwfypfI
ajrzdk\jyKjyifjcif;jzifh ajrrsufESmjyif wdk;csJ\-uonf? xdka'
oudk ‘‘aygv'g’’[k ac:I [if;oD;[if;7Gurf sm; pdu k yf sKd ;
vkyfudkif7m/ jzpfxeG f;vSojzihf Oa7mywwku d fvkH;okd\yif
wify\kdEdik o f nf?
xkda'oonf zvef;'g;e,fwGif 7dSonf? zvef'g;
f , G rf o
= nf
e,fonf AJv*s, D rfEidk if H ajrmufyidk f;wGi7f I
Sd ajrtedrq hf ;Hk
tykdi;f jzpfonf? urf;&k;d wef;onf ajzmihfpif;vkrwwf
jzpfI vSyaom a7csdK;qdyfurf;rsm; 7dSonf?
AJv*sD,rf Ekdiif HwGif jrpfacsmif;rsm;tjyif wl;ajrmif;
d vlO;D a7
rsm;vnf; aygrsm;vSay7m/ EkdifiH wckvH;k onf u`ef;u
f 0ef;onf
av;aygif; ajrmufjrm;pGmukd pkxm;bdouJhokd\ xif7
f 0ef;.
onf? wl;ajrmif;rsm;onf a7oGif;pkdufysdK;a7;twGuf
r[kwaf y? wmwrH wkwx f m;aom a'orsm;rS a7rsm;ukd
43
 AJv*sD,rfEdkifiH
trsKd;om;0wfpHk qif,ifxm;onhf AJv*sD,ef trsKd;orD;wOD;
tpOfrjywf pkwfxkwfypfae7I/ pkwfxw k faom a7rsm;
udk wl;ajrmif;rsm;xJodk\ a7tm;jznfhay; 7avonf?
xdkw;l ajrmif;rsm;udk ul;oef;oGm;vma7;twGuf toHk;
jyK-uavonf?
AJv*s, D rfEidk if .
H ta7S\ajrmufa'oudk uifyif/ od\kr
[kwf urfykid f;[kac:I 1900 jynfhESpfcef\txd ajr&dkif;
zkef;qdk; a'ojzpfonf? 1910 ckESpfwGif xdka'oY
ausmufrD;aoG; awG\7do S nfrpS I pufr=vkyif ef;ESihf v,f
,majrrsm; wdk;wufvmcJhavonf?
zvef;'g;ESihf uifyifa'o.awmifzuf/ rsL;pjrpf.
ajrmufzuf7dS vGijf yifa'oonf ajr-oZmaumif;rGef ojzifh
ajrvGwrf 7Sdatmif pdu k yf sKd ;vkyfukid -f uonf? *sKH / tkw*f sKH /
&dkif;*sHK/ tmvl;/ o-um;rkefvm/ ydkufqHav~mf ponfh
aumufyJoDESHrsm; xGufonf? xdka'owGif AJv
*sD,rfEkdifiH. ta7;ygvSaom jrdK\-uDjy-uD;rsm; wnf7Sd
avonf?
ta7S\awmifzuf7dS tm'if;eD; awmifwef;a'oonf
44
ukef;jyifjrifh a'ojzpfonf? xdka'owGif ajr-oZm nHh
zsif;onf? tif;tdkif pdrfhprf;aygrsm;onf? xdka'o7Sd
opfawmrsm;rS tzdk;wef opfrsm;um; rxGufacs?
AJv*s, D rfEidk if . H 7moDOwkonf oifw h ifrh ~wonf?
ylaEG;aomaEG7moDESifh rat;rcsrf;vGef;aom aqmif;
7moDrsdK; 7So d nf? yifv,fav 7aoma-umifh jzpfonf?
odk\aomf ajrmufzuf orydkif; a'otwGif; usa7muf
aom EkdifiHjzpfI aEG7moDtcg ae\wm7SnfI/ aqmif;
tcg ae\wmwdv k jS yD;v~if qD;ESi;f jrLcd;k wd\kjzifh tH\kt\rHk id= ;f r=id ;f
7Sdaewwfavonf?
AJv*s, D rfEdik if . H ta7;ygqH;k aom o,HZmwyPnf;
rSm ajrjzpfonf? pdu k yf sdK;vkyuf kid 7f ef ajruGuo f nf AJv
*sD,rf Ekdifio H m;wd\ktwGuf tzdk;wefvSayonf? 7or~
ajruGufudkvnf; aocsmusepGm pdkufysdK;vkyfudkif-uo
jzifh oD;ESHxGufaumif;onf? AJv*sD,rf EdkifiHonf
ausmufr;D aoG;/ oH/ oGyf/ cJ/ a-u;eD paom oWKw\dkjzifh
ayg-uG,f0vSojzifh -uD;us,fzGH\jzdK;aom pufr=vkyfief;
rsm;7So d nf? pufr=vkyfief;wdk\rSm oHESifh oHr+dvkyfief;/
zefxnfvkyfief;/ txnftvdyfvkyfief;/ o-um;csuf
vkyif ef;/ tazsm, f rumvkyif ef;/ "mwkaA'yPnf;vkyif ef;
ponfw\kd jzpf-uavonf?
AJv*s, D rfEidk if Honf txnftvdyfvkyif ef;wGif -uD;
us,f xGef;um;vSonf? AJv*sD,rfEkdifiHrS Zmvkyfief;
onf uBmausmfjzpfI AJv*sD,rfEikd if o H nf Zmvkyfief;
wGif xdyfwef;EdkifiHwck jzpfonf? trsdK;orD;rsm;onf
Zmxdk;vkyfief;udk puf&Hk-uD;rsm;wGifomru rdrdwdk\ ae
tdrrf sm;wGiv f nf; vkyfudkif-uavonf?
AJv*sD,rfEkdiif HwGi;f 7Sd jrdK\-uD;rsm;onf rsm;aomtm;
jzifh a7S;ESpfaygif; 1ô000 ausmfcef\u wnfxm;cJhaom
jrdK\rsm;jzpf-uonf? od\kaomf acwfESihaf vsmfpGm ajymif;vJ
wd;k wufrr= sm;vnf; 7Scd o Jh jzifh acwfa[mif;ESiahf cwfopf
taqmufttHkrsm; a7mjyGrf;um awG\7Sd7onf? AJv*sD
,rf.jrdK\awmfonf A7yfqjJ rdK\jzpfonf?(A7yfqjJ rdK\„&=?)
AJv*sD,rfEdik fi. H pD;yGm;ukeo f , G fa7; tcsuftjcmjrdK\rSm
tef\wyG jf rKd \jzpfonf? (tef\wyG jf rKd \„&=?) AJv*s, D rfEidk if . H
ta7S\awmifykid ;f 7Sd vd*sjrdK\-u;D onf oHxnf/ zefxnfvyk f
ief;ESihf tjcm;pufr=vkyfief; xGef;um;onfhjrdK\-uD; wjrdK\
jzpfonf? xdkjrdK\-uD;rsm;tjyif/ om,mvSyaom urf;
ajcpcef;ESifh oab®mqdyfjrdK\-uD; wjrdK\jzpfaom twfp
wif;jrdK\/ a7S;tusqHk;ESifh tvStyqHk;jrdK\wjrdK\ jzpfaom
A&k*sjrdK\ ponfwdk\vnf; 7Sdayao;onf? (A&k*sjrdK\ „
&=?)
 AJv*sD,rfEkdifiH

A7yfqjJ rKd \/vl;Aef;jrKd \/*ihjf rKd \/vd*sjrKd \-u;D wd\w

k iG f wUodv k f vlrsdK;wrsdK;udk tpGJjyK ac:a0:jcif; jzpfonf? xdkvlrsdK;
ausmif;-uD;rsm; 7Sdonf? rlvwef;ESifh tv,fwef; wd\konf a7S;ESpaf ygif; ESpaf xmifausmfcef\u ,ck AJv*sD
ausmif;rsm;udk tpd;k 7u zGiv fh Spfay;onf? xd\kjyif tpd;k 7 ,rfEkdifiH jzpfvmaom a'oudk *sL;v,yfqDZm vm
taxmuftyHhcH wef;jrifhausmif;rsm;ESifh Oypmaum a7mufwu dk cf u
kd pf Ofu/ xdak 'oY aexdik v f su7f dS -uonf?
vdyfrsm;vnf; 7Sad vonf? *sL;v,yfqDZm wdkufcdkufvmr=udk xdkvlrsdK;wdk\u 7Gyf
AJv*s,D rfEikd if w H Gif zvif;rpfEiS hf a0gvGe;f [lI &H;k oH;k 7Gyfc`Hc`H ckcHumuG,fcJh-uojzifh ol7oWdESifh tjynfhpHk
bmompum;ESpfrsKd ;xm;I a'oXmetvdkuf oH;k pGv J suf qHk;aom vlrsdK;jzpfonf[k *sL;v,yfqDZmu ajym
7Sdonf? ta-umif;rl AJv*sD,rfEdik fiHwGif bmompum; prSwf jyKcJah vonf?
csif;rwlaom zvif;rif;vlrsdK;ESifh a0gvGef;vlrsdK;[lI bDpD 5^ ckrS 51 ckxd *sL;v,yfqDZmu AJv*sD
vlrsdK;-uD;ESpfrsdK; uGJjym;vsuf7Sd7m/ ,if;vlrsdK;-uD;rsm; ,rfa'oudk ^ ESpfwdkifwdkif wdkufcdkufodrf;ydkufcJhonf
. Xmea'otvdu k f bmompum; uGjJ ym;jcm;em;r=jzpf rSpI ESpfaygif;ig;7mcef\r~-umatmif a7mrwd\k. vuf
ay:cJah vonf? zvif;rif;vlrsdK;wdk\onf ajrmufyikd f;wGif atmufwGif usa7mufaecJh7onf? at'D ^00 cef\wiG f
aexdkif-uI 'yfcsvlrsdK;wdk\ESifh aoG;pyfolrsm; jzpf-u 7Sm;vrde;f bk7if-uD;onf xdak 'o. pd;k rd;k oltjzpf cH,cl hJ
onf? xdka-umifh 'yfcspum;ESifh qifwlaom zvif;rpf avonf?
bmompum;udk ajymqdk-uonf? a0gvGef;vlrsdK;wdk\ xdpk Ofu AJv*s, D rf[I
l rac:wGiaf o;ay? ta-umif;
onf awmifyikd ;f Y aexdik -f uvsuf jyifopfw\kdEiS hf aoG;pyf rl xdkacwfu a[mfvef/ AJv*s, D rfEiS hf jyifopfzvef;'g;
olrsm; jzpf-uI jyifopfbmompum;wrsdK;jzpfaom jynfe,fwdk\udk ajredrfhydkif;jynfrsm;[k ac:a0:-uonf?
a0gvGef;bmomudk ajymqdk -uavonf? u&l;qdwfppfyGJrsm;tjyD;wGif AJv*sD,rfjrdK\rsm; pnfyif
AJv*sD,rfEkdifiHom;wdk\onf vHk\v0D7d,7SdI tvGef 0ajymvmonf? 11 7mpk ESihf 12 7mpkESpt f wGif;u oD;
tvkyf vkyfaom vlrsdK;rsm; jzpf-uonf? vkyfief;wck jcm; vGwv f yfru = v kd nf; cHpm;-u7onf? 13 7mpkEpS Ef iS hf
twGuf xda7mufI tvkyw f iG rf nfeh nf;pHepfopf rSeo f r~ 14 7mpkEpS ftwGi;f wGirf /l AJv*s, D rftygt0if ajredryhf idk ;f
udk tvG,fwul vufcHusihfoHk;-uonf? xdka-umifh jynfrsm;onf Am*ef'jD ynfe,fESihf yl;aygif;vku d f7onf?
puf&t kH vky&f rkH sm;wGif acwfrDpufu7d , d mrsm;udk toH;k jyK aemiftcg Am*ef'jD ynfe,f7iS f ar7D rif;orD;onf -op
rsm;jcif; jzpfonf? wdki;f wyg;om;wdk\. pdk;rdk;r=udk ESpf -wD;,m;jynfh7Sif rUqDrDvsHESifh vufqufcJhojzifh›if;/
aygif;7maygif;rsm;pGm cHch7J ojzifh csKyfcs,fru = dk rvdv k m; ar7Drif;orD;.om;awmf zdvpfonf pydefjynfh7Sif.
bJ vGwv f yfru = kd tvGecf rkH if jrwfE;dk -uavonf? AJv*sD orD;awmfESifh vufqufcho J jzifh›if; ajredryfh dkif;jynfrsm;
,efwdk\onf rsm;aomtm;jzifh A7if*sD*dk+f;0ifrsm; jzpf udk -op-wD;,m;ESihf pydef ESpEf dik if w H \dku ydkicf Giqfh idk fcGihf 7Sd
-uonf? bmoma7;zufY csKyfcs,fr= r7Sdacs? vmcJhavonf? xdka-umifh aemiftcgwGif ajredrfhydkif;
ao;i,faomEkid if yH if jzpfvifhupm;/ AJv*s, D rfEdik if H jynfrsm;onf Oa7my ppfwvif; jzpfch7J avonf?
wGif vrf;yef;qufo, G af 7; aumif;rGefonf? armfawmf 1568 ckEpS w f iG f AJv*s,D rfEiS hf a[mfvefw\kdonf pydef
um;vrf;rdkiaf ygif; 6ô^00 ausm7f I dS / rD;7xm;vrf;vnf; EkdifiHtm; awmfvSef-uonf? odk\aomf a[mfvefjynf
rdkif 3ô000ausmf7o Sd nf? 1835 ckESpfwiG Af 7yfqjJ rdK\Y zGifh onf omv~if pydefvufatmufrS vGwfajrmufoGm;I
vSpaf om rD;7xm;blwm&Ho k nf Oa7mywdu k w
f iG f yXrqH;k AJv*s, D rfrmS rl pydev f ufatmufwiG f aemiftESpf ^0cef\
jzpfonf? xdb k w l m&Hu k zkd sucf svu kd I f / Oa7my. yXrqH;k qufvuf aecJ7h onf? pydefxD;eef;qufcaH 7; ppfyJG t
uBmh7[wfysH([,fvDaumhywm)av,mOfqdyfudk xdk wGi;f u AJv*sD,rfonf ppfajrjyif jzpfch7J jyefavonf?
ae7mwGif wnfaqmufjyD;v~if 1953 ckESpw f iG f zGihvf Spf xdkppfyGJtjyD;wGif ,l;x7ufpmcsKyft7 AJv*sD,rfonf
cJhonf? AJv*sD,rfEikd fiHY ava-umif; o,f,lyk\daqmif -op-wD;,m; vufatmuf a7mufcJh7jyefavonf?
a7;wGif 7[wfysHrsm;udv k nf; toHk;jyKonf? jrpfacsmif; jyifopfawmfvSefa7;-uD; jzpfyGm;jyD;aemuf/ 1^92 ck
wl;ajrmif;rsm;jzifhvnf; rdkif 1ô000 ausmfr~ oGm;vmEkdif wGif jyifopfwyfrsm;u -op-wD;,ef;wyfrsm;udk atmif
onf? ajredrfha'orsm;wGif wl;ajrmif;rsm;onf ul; jrifcho
J jzif/h AJv*s, D rfonf jyifopfyikd ef ,fwe,fjzpfch7J
oef;oGm;vma7;twGuf ta7;ygavonf? jyefonf? eydv k D,ef wefc;kd tm+m usqif;vmI/ AJv
AJv*s,D rf[laom trnfonf ‘‘AJva*s;’’ ac:onfh *s,D rfjynftwGi;f 7Sd 0g;wmvl; ppfyJw G iG f tnHch v H kud 7f jyD;

45
 AJv*sD,rfEkdifiH

aemuf AD,if;em;pmcsKyft7 AJv*sD,rfonf a[mfvef cdk;tm+monf eef;7if;0efESifh tpdk;7tzG\Jwk\dYom wnf

ESifh yl;aygif;vdu k 7f jyefonf? od\kaomf AJv*s, D rfEiS haf [mf ayonf? ygvDrefY trwfO;D a7trsm;qH;k 77Sad om ygwD
vefonf t,l0g'"avhxHk;pH pdwfaepdwfxm;csif; uGJ u tpd;k 7zG\7J jy;D v~i/f xdyk gwD.acgif;aqmiftm; eef;7if;
jym;-uojzifh tcsi;f csi;f rnDnw G Ef idk of nfth jyif 'yfcsw\kd 0eftjzpf aqmif7u G 7f ef bk7ifu cef\xm;7onf? ygvDref
ESihf wef;wltusKd ;cHpm;cGihf r7ojzifh 1830jynfhESpf puf wGif txufvw F fawmfESifh atmufvw F fawmf 2 7yf yg
wifbmvwGif AJv*sD,efw\dkonf a[mfvefjynf7h Sit f m; 0ifonf? vFwfawmf 2 7yfvHk;. oufwrf;rSm 4 ESpf
awmfvSeyf ek fuef-uavonf? csnf;jzpfonf? txuf vFwfawmfwGif trwfOD;a7
A7yfqjJ rdK\wGi;f Yyif wdkufyGJrsm;jzpfyGm;I/ 'yfcs wyf 1^5 a,muf7SdI/ atmufvFwfawmfwGif 212 a,muf
rsm; qkwfcGm7onf? AJv*sD,efwdk\onf 1831 ckESpf 7So
d nf?
azazmf0g7Dv 3 7ufae\wiG f tcsKyt f jcmtm+mydik f oD; 1865 ckEpS w f Gif eef;wufaom 'kwd, vD,kyd b dk k7if
jcm;vGwv f yfaomEkid fiHtjzpf xlaxmifum/ zG\Jpnf; tkyf onf AJv*sD,rfEkdifiHxuf tq 7Spfq,fru -uD;rm;
csKyfyHk tajccHOya'w7yfudk jy}mef;vufcHcJh-uonf? us,f0ef;aom uGef*dkz7D;pwdwf (tmz7duwkduf7Sd) udk
xdEk pS Zf eG v
f wGif qUqDuAkd wfrif;om; vD,ykd ku d kd bk7if udk,fwdkif -uyfrwfxlaxmifcJhonf? xdkjynfe,fonf
tjzpfwifajr|muf-u7m yXr vD,ydk b kd k7ifb\GJu,kd lI eef; AJv*sD,rf.t-uD;qHk;aom udv k ked jD zpfvmI AJv*sD,rf
wufavonf? 1839 ckESpw f Gif Oa7myEkdifiH-uD;rsm;u uGe*f [
kd ak c:wGio f nf? AJv*s, D rftpdk;7onf xdjk ynfe,f
vef'ef pmcsKyfudk vufrw S af 7;xd;k I AJv*sD,rfEikd fiH. udk 1960 jynfhESpfwGif vGwfvyfa7; ay;vdkufonf?
oD;jcm;vGwfvyfr=ESifh tcsKyftjcmtm+mydkifr=udk tod 'kw, d vD,kyd kb d 7k if-uD;onf AJv*sD,rf rD;7xm;vkyf
trSwjf yKum/ ppfumvrsm;wGif -um;aeEkdiif t H jzpf xm; ief;ESifh pufr=vkyfief;wdk\udkvnf; tm;ay;aqmif7GufcJh
7Sd7ef oabmwlnD-uavonf? onf? AJv*sD,rfEkdifio H nf 19 7mpkEpS ftwGif;wGif xl;
AJv*sD,rf Ekid if HwGif bk7ifonftxGwftxdyf jzpf xl;jcm;jcm; -uD;yGm;wdk;wufcJhavonf?
aomfvnf; [efjyr~omjzpfI wefc;kd tm+mr7Sad y? wef Oa7myEkid if -H uD;rsm;onf AJv*s, D rftm; -um;aeEkid if H

AJv*sD,rfEkdifiHwGif acG;rsm;ukd vSnf;qGJ7eftwGuf ,ae\wkdif toHk;jyKvsuf7Sd-uonf?

46
AJv*sD,rfEkdifiH AJvzkd;ô tmom *sdrf;

a7S;enf;wlyif AJv*s, D rf. -um;aea7;udk zsuq f ;D wduk f

cdu
k jf cif; cH7jyefonf? xdt k csed Yf AJv*s, D rfEidk if H jynf7h iS f
wwd, vD,ykd kb d k7ifonf wdu k cf u
kd vf maom *smrefwyf
rsm;tm; 1940 jynfhESpf arv 28 7ufae\wGif tnHhcH
vdu k o f nf? odk\aomf AJv*sD,ef uufAed uf0ef-u;D tzG\Ju
rl tnHrh cHbJ vef'efjrdK\o\kd ajymif;a7F\jy;D aomf/ AJv*sD,ef
ta0;a7muf tpd7k tzGJ\[I l zG\Jpnf;xm;onf? xdktpdk;7
tzGJ\wGif txif7Sm;qHk; ykCdKvfrSm EkdifiHjcm;a7;0ef-uD;
ayg[ife7Dpywf jzpfonf? r[mrdwfwyfrsm;onf AJv
*sD,efEkdifiHtm; 1944 ckESpf pufwifbmvwGif jyef
vnfwku d fcu dk f odr;f ydu
k fay;onf? ta0;a7muf AJv*sD
,eftpd;k 7tzG\Jonf A7yfqjJ rdK\o\kd jyefvmjyD;aomf vD,ydk kd
bk7if. nDawmf csm;rif;om;udk eef;apmifhxm;onf?
1944 ckEpS f 'DZifbmvY AJv*s, D rfEidk if t
H wGi;f 7Sd ‘‘Am;v
cs’’ Y *smrefESifh r[mrdwfwyfrsm; wdkufcdku-f uaom
ppfyo JG nf 'kw, d uBmppftwGi;f ta7;ygqH;k aom wdu k f
yGwJ ck jzpfavonf?
ppf-uD;jyD;qH;k jyD;aemuf 1950 jynfhESpf Zlvidk v f wGif
AJv*s, D ef uufAed uftzG\Ju wwd, vD,ydk t kd m; jyefI
AJv*sD,rfEkdifiH7SdjrdK\rsm;wGif wl;ajrmif;vrf;rsm; azmufvkyfxm; eef;wifay;aomfvnf; jynfolvlxku rvdkvm;vSacs?
-uojzihf/ jrdK\cif;om,m qdwfjidrfI oef\7Sif;ayonf? xdka-umifh om;awmf aAmf'ltifrif;om;onf 1951 ck
ESpw f Gif bk7iftjzpf bdou d fc,H al vonf?
tjzpf todtrSwfjyKxm;aomfvnf; yXr uBmppf-uD; ppf-u;D .'+fa-umifh Oa7myEkid if t H rsm;tjym;yif ysuf
jzpfvmaomtcg/ todtrSwfjyKxm;csufudk azmuf pD;qHk;&=H;cJ7h m AJv*sD,efonfvnf; tygt0ifjzpfonf?
zsufvm-uonf? xdt k csed fwiG f AJv*s, D rfEkdiif H jynfh7Sif od\kaomf ppfjyD;I wdik ;f jynfjyefvnf xlaxmif-u7mwGif
yXr tJvAwfbk7ifESifh wdki;f oljynfom;wdk\onf rdrdwk\d AJv*sD,rfEkdifiHonf yXrqHk;jyefI emvefxlEkdifaom
EkdifiH. -um;aer=udk xdef;odrf;EkdifiH7ef ZGJoWd7SdpGmjzifh wdkif;jynf wjynfjzpfcJhonf? xdka-umifh Oa7mwdkufY
touft;dk tdrf pnf;pdryf supf ;D qHk;&=;H r=ukcd Hum -udK;pm;cJh ppfjyD;acwfwGif jidr0f yfyjd ym;jcif;ESihf pD;yGm;a7;zufY A,f
-uonf? odk\aomf *smrefwyfrsm;. vltiftm;/ vuf v*sD,rfEdik fiu H dk pHerlxm;7avonf? ,if;odk\ vsifjref
euftiftm; -uD;rm;pGmjzifh wdu k fcdkufvmr=udk rcHEkdifo pGm jyefvnfxal xmifEdik jf cif;onf wdik ;f jynf jyefvnfxl
jzifh *smrefw\dktm; tnHch Hc7Jh avonf? axmifrY= *d+ k ;f *+ra7G;/ wkid ;f jynf. -uD;yGm;a7;/ pD;yGm;
uBmppf-uD; ESpfckpyf-um;umvwGif AJv*s, D rfEidk fiH a7;udkomv~if a7S;&=I yl;aygif; aqmif7GufcJh-uaom
. pufrv = kyfief;pHepfonf wrsdK;ajymif;cJhonf? yHpk w H l a-umifv h nf; jzpfayonf?
trsm;tjym;xkwv f kyfonfhpHepfukd vkyu f ikd o f nfEh dik if -H uD;
rsm;. ,SOjf ydKirf = 0ifvmjcif;a-umifh pufrv = yk if ef;tajc AJvzdk;ôtmom*sdrf;(c7pf 1848 1930)? ?jAw d d
cdkifvmonftxd pHepfwrsdK;ajymif;I vkyfudkifcJhonf? o~Eidk if jH yKock rdef tmom*sdr;f AJvzd;k onf jAdwo
d ~ygvDref
AJv*s, D rfEidk if o
H nf ,if;.0daoovkyif ef;rsm;jzpfaom atmufvFwfawmfwGif uGeq f m;AwpfygwDudk tESpf 20
pdev f yk if ef;/ pmtkycf sKyvf yk if ef;/ vifeiftxnf vkyif ef; ausmfacgif;aqmifco Jh l jzpfcoJh nf?
ESihf yxrwef;pm;ausmufr;D aoG; xkwv f yk o f nfh vkyif ef; AJvzdk;udk 1848 ckEpS f Zlvikd v f 257ufae\wiG f ta7S\
ponfwdk\udk tm;oGefvkyfudkifjcif;jzifh pD;yGm;a7; tajc vdkoD,efe,f 7SpfwifhwrfjrdK\Y zGm;jrifonf? wwd,
r,dkiaf tmif -uKd ;pm;cJah vonf? rm;uGpaf qmhpAm7D. wljzpfI/ 0,fvifwefjrdK\pm;-uD;.
'kwd,uBmppf-uD; jzpfvmjyefaom tcgwGiv f nf; acgif;udkifom;jzpfonf? tDwefausmif;ESifh udrf;A7pf

47
 AJvzkd;ô tmom *sdrf;

wUodkvf x7ifeDwD aumvdyfwdk\wGif ynmoif,ljyD; pm;csD;usL;vmcJ-h uonf? 1891ck ESpw f Gif atmufvFwf
aemuf 18^4 ckEpS w f iG f [wfz\ekd ,frS uGeqf m;AwpfygwD awmfY ,le, D efepftzGJ\. acgif;aqmifjzpfvmI 1892
0if ygvDreftrwftjzpf ta7G;cH7onf? ckEpS rf S 1895 ckEpS t f wGi;f *vufpwke;f ESihf &d\pk Am7Dtpd;k 7
18^8 ckEpS w f Gif avmh'gAD.ae7mY avmhaqmhpAm7D rsm;vufxufwGif twkduftcHacgif;aqmiftjzpf *sdK;
onf Ekid fijH cm;a7;0ef-uD; jzpfvmaomtcg AJvzd;k onf ZufcsdeAf mvdefEiS ht f wl xdyw f ef;rS aqmif7u G cf oJh nf?
Ekdiif Hjcm;a7;0ef-uD;. twGi;f a7; twGif;0ef jzpfvmI/ 1895 ckEpS w f iG f ,le, D efepfygwD jyefwufvmonfrS
0ef-uD;csKyf 'pfZa7vDESihf twl bmvif nDvmcH-uD;odk\ tpjyKI 1905ckESpftxd AJvzd;k onf b@ma7;0ef-uD;
vkdufygoGm;7onf? ('pfZa7vDôAD „ &=?) 1885 ckESpf ESifh atmufvFwfawmfwiG f ,le, D efepftzG\J acgif;aqmif
wGif ta7S\refcsupf wme,frS ygvDreftrwftjzpf a7G; tjzpf aqmif7Guf7onf? 1902 ckESpf ZlvkdifvwGif OD;
aumufwifajr|mufjcif;cH77m/ aemif 21ESpw f ikd w
f idk f ,if; av;awmf avmhaqmhpAm7D tem;,laomtcg AJvzdk;
e,fryS if qufwu dk tf a7G;cH7onf? xdEk pS wf iG yf ifa'oM7 onf 0ef-uD;csKyftjzpf qufcHxrf;7Guf7onf? 1905
tzGJ\rsm;qdik 7f m Xme0ef-uD;tjzpf 0ifa7muf aqmif7Gu7f ckEpS wf iG f 7mxl;rS Ekwx f uG o f nf? 1906ckEpS f a7G;aumuf
onf? odk\aomfr-umcif paumhwvefjynfqdik f7m0ef-uD; yG-J u;D wGif ,le, D efepfygwDom ta7; &H;= edrchf o hJ nfr[kw/f
tjzpf ajymif;a7F\cef\xm;jcif;cH7I 188^ ckEpS fwGif tdkif AJvzd;k ud, k wf ikd v
f nf; ta7S\refcsupf wme,frS ta7G;cH7m
,mvefjynfqidk f7m 0ef-uD;tjzpf cef\tyfjcif; cH7jyefav wGif &H;= edrcfh h7J onf? odk\7mwGif r-umrD vef'efjrdK\ wae
onf? tdki, f mvefjynfwGif wdusjywfom;pGm tkycf sKyf 7mrS ta7G;cH7I 1911 ckEpS t f xd ,le, D efepf tzG\Jacgif;
cJ7h m/ OD;pGmY rsKd ;csppf w
d f tvGef jyif;xefaeaom tdki7f pf aqmiftjzpf aqmif7u G cf ohJ nf? 1911 ckEpS w f iG f acWt
rsdK;cspfrsm;u AJvzdk;.0g'udk t-urf;zuf uef\uu G f&kH em;,lchI J / 1914 ckEpS w f iG f yxr uBmppf jzpfymG ;aom
ru/ AJvzd;k tm;vnf; ‘‘t-urf;orm; AJvzdk;’’[k ac: tcg/ EkdifiaH 7;xJok\d jyefvnf 0ifa7mufcJhonf? 1915
prSwjf yKcJh-uaomfvnf;/ aemufq;Hk wGif AJvzd;k tm; av; ckESpfrS 1919 ckESpftxd nGef\aygif;tpdk;7tzGJ\rsm;wGif
a7a-umif;0ef-u;D tjzpfjzif›h if;/ Ekid if jH cm;a7;0ef-uD; tjzpf
jzifh›if; aqmif7u G cf Jhonf? 191^ ckEpS fwGif tar7duef
jynfaxmifpkEkdifiHodk\ jAdwdo~rpf7SiftzGJ\ acgif;aqmif
tjzpfomG ;a7mufI t*®vefEiS t hf ar7duef yl;aygif;wdu k f
cdkufa7; udPrsm;udk atmifjrifpGm aqmif7GufcJhonf?
1919 ckESpf Amaq;nDvmcH-u;D wGif AJvzdk;onf jAdwo d ~
EkdifiHjcm;a7; 0ef-uD;tjzpf xl;c`efpGm yg0ifaqmif7GufchJ
7m/ r[mrdwfEkdifirH sm;. csD;usL;jcif;cH7onf? Amaq;
pmcsKyf csKyfqdk jyD;onfhaemufwGif AJvzdk;onf y7DAD
aumifpD OUXtjzpf ajymif;a7F\aqmif7Gufch. J ? AJvzdk;
onf 191^ ckEpS f Ek0d ifbmvwGif ppftjyD;Y y,fvuf
pwkid w f iG f ,[l'rD sm;twGujf ynfe,f wnfaxmifay;7ef
pDrHcsufudk jAdwdo~tpdk;7u oabmwl a-unmonf?
,if;udk AJvzdk;a-unmcsufpmwrf;[k ac:onf?
AJvzd;k onf 1921 22 ckEpS rf sm;wGif 0g7Siw f efa7wyf
uGefz7ifhodk\ jAdwo d ~ udk,fpm;vS,f acgif;aqmiftjzpf
wufa7mufcJhjyD;aemuf tjyefwGif tm; bGJ\jcD;jr|ifhum
olaumif;jyKjcif;cH7onf? xdjk yif AJvzdk;onf udr;f A7pf
wUodv k .f t"dywdtjzpf 1919 ckEpS rf S 1930 jynfEh pS f
rwfv 19 7ufae\wiG f uG,v f eG o f nftxd aqmif7u G cf hJ
avonf?
jAdwdo~EkdifiHjyK okcrdef tmom *sdrf; AJvzkd; AJvzd;k onf Ekid if HjyK okcrdeo f m r[kw/f ,xmblw

48
AJvzkd;ô tmom *sdrf;
ynm7Si-f uD;vnf; jzpfonf? ,xmblw ynm7yfEiS phf yf
vsOf;aom pmtkypf mwrf;rsm;udkvnf; a7;om;cJhonf?
‘‘,xmblwESifh pyfvsOf;onfh oHo,jzpfr=udk acsy
csuf’’ (18^9)/ ‘‘ pmrGefrsm;ESifh rdef\cGefrsm;’’(1893)/
‘‘,H-k unfr=. tajccH’’(1895)/‘‘u`e;f vH;k qdkif7m vGwf
vyfpGmukefo, G fr’= ’ (1903)/ ‘‘bk7m;7S0d g'ESihf vl\usKd ;jypf
0g'’’(1914) ponfw\dk onf AJvzdk;. xif7Sm;aom
vuf7mrsm; jzpfavonf?
AJvzwfjrKd\? ?AJvzwfjrKd \onf jAwd ed Ef idk if .
H wpdwwf
a'ojzpfaom ajrmufyidk ;f tdki, f mvef. jrdK\awmf jzpf
onf? tm;pwm;jynfe,f. ta7S\zufurf;&d;k wef;/ tef
x7if; aumifwDtwGif;Y wnf7SdI/ AJvzwfavmhac:
yifv,fvuf-um;xJo\kd vuf*efjrpfp;D 0if7m jrpf0Y wnf
7Sad vonf?
vlO;D a7 438ô086 a,muf7I Sd ajrmufydkif; tdik , f m
vef. vlOD;a7trsm;qHk;/ pufr=vufr=ESifh ukefoG,fr=
vkyfief;rsm; t-uD;tus,fqHk; jrdK\-uD; jzpfonf? AJv
zwfjrdK\onf jAdwdeEf idk if HY taumif;qH;k aom oab®mqdyf
wck7Sdaom jrdK\vnf; jzpfonf? 1636 ckESpfu paumh
vlrsdK; y7ufZADwD;7D;,ef; *dk+f;om;wpkonf tar7d
ajrmufykdif; tkdif,mvef. jrdK\awmfjzpfaom AJvzwfjrdK\7Sd tpkd;7tdrfawmf
49
AJvzwfjrdK\
uwdu k o
f \kd oGm;7ef yifv,fu;l oab®mwpif;udk AJvzwf
Y wnfaqmufcho J nf? aemif tESpw f 7mcef\ -umv~if
AJvzwfY oab®musif;-uD;rsm;7SdvmI/ ,cktcg t*®
vefESifh tar7duwkdufudk ul;vl; oGm;vm aeaom
oab®m-uD;rsm;pGmwdk\onf AJvzwfoab®musif; xGuf
rsm;jzpfI/ AJvzwfonf uBmay:Y oab®mwnf vkyf
ief; -uD;us,fvaS om jrdK\-uD;wjrdK\ jzpfavonf?
,if;od\ak om jrdK\-uD; jy-u;D jzpfvmonfh AJvzwfonf
a7S;tcgu omrnwHig7Gmuav;w7Gmr~om jzpfonf?
1641 ckESpf tkdi7f pfoyl kef ta7;ay:jyD;aemufwGif jrdK\&k;d
cHwyfESifh jrdK\wjrdK\jzpfvmI ukefoG,af 7mif;0,fr= zGH\jzdK;
wd;k wufvmonf? [sL;*sEd;k rsm; jyifopfEikd fiHrS xGucf Gm
vm-u7aomtcg/ AJvzwfjrdK\Y tajrmuftjrm; vm
a7muftajcpdkuf-uonf? ,if;wdk\onf puf7ufuef;
toHk;jyKaom vifeifyw d af csmpuf&Hkrsm; wnfaxmif7m
Y ulnt D m;ay;-uonf? xdka-umifh 18 7mpkEpS f aemuf
ydkif;wGif AJvzwfjrdK\onf ydkIpnfum; 0ajymvmonf?
tdkif7pfvifeif ydwfacsmvkyfief;. tcsuftcsmjrdK\-uD;
jzpfvmonf? ,cktcg ,if;txnfvyk fief;onf AJv
zwfjrdK\. 'kw, d ta7;ygaomvkyif ef; jzpfaeavjyD? xdk
jyif AJvzwfjrdK\rS -udK;vkyif ef;/ aq;vdyfaq;vkyfief;wdk\
AJvzwfjrdK\
onfvnf; jAdwo d ~u`ef;pkwiG f t-u;D tus,fq;Hk jzpfae
avonf? pufu7d , d m/ csKyfjyD;t0wftxnf/ av,mOf
ysHESifh "mwkaA' aq;vkyfief;rsm;udkvnf; AJvzwfjrdK\Y
vkyfudkif-uI/ t7ufcsufpuf/ *sHKpuf/ om;a7e,fpuf
rsm;vnf; 7Sad vonf?
AJvzwfjrdK\onf vSyaomjrdK\ r[kwfacs? odk\aomf
jrdK\taetxm; tuGufusI pepfwus7Sdonf? bk7ifr
wUodkvf/ bk7m;7Sdcdk;ausmif;rsm;ESifh tpdk;7&Hk;-uD;rsm;
paom vSycef\nm;onfh taqmufttHk-uD;rsm;vnf;
7Sad vonf?
jrdK\ojl rdK\om;wdk\onf rsm;aomtm;jzifh paumh„tdki;f
7pf tquftEG,frsm;jzpfI y&dkwufpwef\rsm; jzpf-u
onf? xdka-umifh jAdwdo~ tpdk;7tm; oHa,mZOf-uD;
rm;I ,Hk-unftm;xm;um/ [kR&l;tkycf sKyfa7; wdkufyGJ
udk qef\usifwGef;vSefcJhaom tcsuftcsmjrdK\ jzpfcJhav
onf? xdka-umifh jAdwdo~tpdk;7 ttkyftcsKyf vuf
atmufwGifyif 7Sdaeaom ajrmufydkif; tdkif,mvef.
jrdK\awmf jzpfvmcJah vonf?
'kwd,uBmppftwGif;u AJvzwfjrdK\onf ta7;yg
aom a7wyfpcef;jrdK\ jzpfco Jh nf? 1941 ckEpS fu *smref
avwyf. ig;-urd w f dik w
f kid f AHk;-ujJ cif;udk cH7I 7yfuu
G f
ypdzdwforkN7mukd a7S;OD;pGm awG\jrif-u7ojzihf AJvAkdtmESihf wynhfrsm; aysmf7Fifa-uG;a-umfae-upOf
50
AJvAkdtmô Awf7Sul; El;nwf ao
tm;vH;k wGif tysuftpD; 7Scd o
Jh nf? tar7duefrS ydk\aom
7dQmrsm;/ ppfvufeufyPnf;rsm;udk AJvzwfjrdK\rSwqifh
r[mrdwfwyfrsm;odk\ wifyk\dcJh7avonf?
AJvAdktmôAwf7Sul; El;nwf ao (c7pf 14^5cef\„
151^)? ?Awf7u S ;l El;nwf ao AJvAdt k monf ypdzw d f
ork]7mudk yXrqH;k jrifz;l aom Oa7mywdu k o f m; pydev f l
rsdK;wOD;jzpfonf? ,ckyem;rm;oRwEkdiif H jzpfaom xdk
pOfu 'g;7D;,if;e,f.taemufzufwiG o f rk]7m-uD; w
pif;7SdI ,if;.urf;ajcwGif a7Faygaom wdki;f jynfrsm;7Sd
onf[al om owif;pum;a-umifh AJvAdt k monf aemuf
yg vufa7G;pif pydew f yfom; 190 cef\EiS fh 'g;7D;,if;jrKd \rS
1513 ckEpS f pufwifbmv 17ufae\wiG f taemufzufo\dk
c7D;xGufcJh-uonf? 'g7D;,if;u`ef;qufukd jzwf
ausmf7mwGif xlxyfjyD;v~if rSuf/ jcif/ ,if aygrsm;vS
aom tylykdif;Zkefopfawm-uD;rsm;ukd cJ,Of;pGm jzwf
oef;cJh7I wkdif;7if;om;vl&kdif;rsm;. wkdufckdufjcif;ukd
vnf; wGe;f vSecf 7Jh ao;onf? pufwifbmv 257ufae\
wGif awmifxdyfwckay:rSaeI tajymus,fvSaom
ork]7m-uD;ukd AJvAkdtmwk\dvpl k jrifawG\-u7onf? AJv
Akdtmu ,if;a7jyifus,f-uD;ukd rm;o,fqm; (awmif
AJvAkdtmô Awf7Sul; El;nwfao
yifv,f)[k trnfay;onf? xdkaemuf ^ ESpf -umrS
,if;ork]7mudk r*sv J ifu ypdzw d f[ktrnfay;cJo h nf?
(r*sv J if„&=?)
AJvAdt k monf yifv,furf;ajca'ow0ku d .f tusKd ;
ta-umif;udk ar;jref;pl;prf;jyD;aemuf 29 7ufae\wGif
xdkork]7ma7jyifus,fEiS fhwuG ,if;ork]7m a7jyifxd
pyf7m ajrrSeo f r~onf rdr. d t7Si/f pydeEf kdifiHbk7ifrif;
jrwfyXrzm'Deef. ydik ef uftjzpf ausnmavonf? ,if;
od\kjyKjcif;rSm pydefb7k ifrif;jrwfu rdrt d ay: rsufawmfrl
aeonfudk ajzap7ef wa-umif;jzpfayonf?
AJvAdktmonf pydefEikd if H tuf7Sx7Jrh ol;7mjynfe,f
wGif 14^5 ckcef\Y arG;zGm;onf? xdpk Ofu uBmopf[k
ac:qdk-uaom tar7duwkdufo\dk olaX;jzpf7eft-uHESifh
1500 jynfhcef\wGif a7mufvmcJhonf? taemuf tdN, d -uD;vnf; jzpfonf? e,l;t*®vefjynfe,frsm;. pD;yGm;
u`ef;pkxrJ S [PygndKvm(a[;wD;)u`e;f wGif pdkufysdK;a7;
vkyfudkifonf? odk\aomf pD;yGm;vrf;rajzmifhbJ a-uG;rsm;
0dkif;0dkif;vnfaecJhonf? xdka-umifh a-uG;7Sifrsm; rod
atmif oab®may:Y a7pnfwckx0J ifjy;D ykef;I vdu k fyg
um 'g;7D;,if;e,fzufo\dk vGihv f mcJhjyefonf?
'g;7D;,if;od\k a7mufjyD;aemufwiG f ,if;a'oudk e,f
opfxlaxmif7mY yg0ifcJhonf? odk\aomf e,fopf xl
axmif-uolacgif;aqmifydkif;Y tcsif;rsm;-u7m/ AJvAdk
tmonf tcGihaf umif;,ljyD;aomf/ ,if;e,f. bk7ifcH
7mxl;udk 0if,v l ku
d o
f nf? AJvAdt k m yke;f atmif;vdu k fyg
cJah om oab®mrSO;D pD;onf e,fopf xlaxmif7mY yg0if
7m/ acgif;aqmifrsm; tcsif;rsm;jyD;aemufwGif ,if;
oab®mOD;pD;udk oHajcusOf;cwfI pydefodk\ jyefydk\onf?
oab®mOD;pD;onf pydeo f \kd jyefa7mufaomtcg bk7ifrif;
jrwfxH ta-umif;pHkav~mufxm;I toem;cHojzifh
tcsKyfrS vGwfajrmufonf? ,if;udPESifh pyfvsOf;I
bk7ifu rdrt d m; rsuaf wmfral -umif; AJvAdt k m -um;od7
avonf?
xdka-umifh bk7iftm; e,fopf7SmI qufjcif;jzifh
trsufajy7ef wa-umif;/ a7Faygaoma'orsm; 7Sdonfh
owif;pum;a-umifhwa-umif; 'g;7D;,if;.taemuf
zufo\dk c7D;xGufoGm;jcif; jzpfonf? pydefb7k if zm'Deef
onf ork]7mtopfwpif;awG\a-umif; oHawmfOD; wif
vFmESihf tzdk;xdkut f zd;k wef vufaqmify#mrsm;udk 77Sd
I AJvAdktmtay: trsufajyawmfrljyD;v~if AJvAdktm
tm; awmifyifv,f. a7a-umif; AdkvfcsKyftjzpf cef\
tyfonf? od\kaomf 'g;7D;,if;e,ftwGurf l bk7ifco H pf
cef\xm;jyD; jzpfavonf? bk7ifcHopfonf AJvAdktmudk
51
aAmhpwefjrdK\
rvdkrkef;xm;ol jzpfonf? ,if;a'ow0dkufwGif AJvAdk
tm. aemufxyf aqmif7Gufr=rsm; atmifjrifI AJvAdk
tmvmjcif;udk rvdkvm;acs? xdka-umifh tjypff7SmI
AJvAdktmtm; EkdifiHtpdk;7udk oPmazmufr=jzifh zrf;qD;
jyD;v~if 151^ ckESpfY 'g;7D;,if;e,f tUvmjrdK\wGif
vly7dowftrsm;a7S\Y acgif;jzwf pD7ifvdkuaf vonf?
AJavmh ? ?v~Kd\0u
S rf „J &=?
aAmhpwefjrdK\? ?tar7duefjynfaxmifpk rufqcsL;
qufjynfe,f. jrdK\awmfjzpfaom aAmhpwefjrKd \onf jynf
axmifp. k e0rt-uD;qHk;jrdK\vnf; jzpfonf? uBmhxdyf
wef; oab®mqdyu f rf;jrdK\-uD;ESihf ava-umif; vrf;qH;k jrdK\
a7; ynma7; ,Ofaus;r= tcsuftcsm‘‘r@dKif’’jrdK\-uD;
[kvnf; ac:a0:-uavonf?
aAmhpwefjrKd \onf csm;jrpf0rS rufqcsL;quf yifv,f
atmfxJodk\ xdk;xGufaeaom a7SmrGwfu`ef;qG,fay:Y
wnf7Sdonf? e,l;a,mhjrdK\. ta7S\ajrmufzufridk f 230
cef\tuGm/ 0g7Siw f efjrdK\. ta7S\ajrmufzuf rdik f 440cef\
tuGmwGif 7So d nf? jrdK\. tus,ft0ef;rSm 4^ pwk7ef;
rdkijf zpfI(1960 jynfhEpS f oefaumifpm7if;t7) vlOD;a7
69^ô19^ a,muf7o dS nf?
,if;jrdK\. oab®mqdyfonf {u 30ô000 cef\7SdI
uBmwGif t-uD;qHk;ESifh ab;tM7m,f tuif;qHk;
oab®mqdyf wck jzpfonf? obm0tavsmuf aumif;
rGeaf om oab®mqdyu f kd jyKjyifw;kd cs\Jxm;ojzifh tar7duef
jynfaxmifpk. taumif;qH;k oab®mqdyw f ck tjzpfok\d
a7muf7dcS hoJ nf? rdkif 40 cef\7n S af om qdyfurf;wGif yif
v,fu;l oab®m/ ukefoab®m/ wHigoab®m/ ppfoab®m
ponfw\kjd zifh tpOfrjywf jynfEh u S v f suf7dI
S / ajrmufjrm;
pGmaom oab®musif;rsm;vnf; 7Sdonf? uBmwGif
t-uD;qHk; wckjzpfaom oab‡musif;-uD;vnf; 7So d nf?
oab®m wnfaqmufjcif;vkyfief;onf aAmhpwefjrdK\.
ta7;ygaom vkyif ef;wck jzpfavonf?
aAmhpwefjrdK\Y pufr=vyk fief;rsm;vnf; -uD;us,fvS
onf? tar7duefjynfaxmifpk odk;arG;vkyfief;zufY
aAmhpwefjrdK\onf tcsuftcsmjzpfI uBmhodk;arG;vkyf
ief;wGif vef'efjrdK\.aemuf 'kwd,t-uD;us,q f ;Hk jzpf
onf? xdkjyif ig;zrf;onfh vkyfief;vnf; -uD;us,fI
uBmY t-uD;tus,fqHk;aom ig;aps;-uD;vnf; 7Sd
onf? oab®mqdyaf umif; 7So d jzif›h if;/ rD;7xm; tquf
 NTP

aAmhpwefjrdK\

aAmhpwefjrdK\. qdwfjidrfaom vlae7yfuGuf &=cif;

toG,f aumif;rGeo f jzif›h if; tar7duef jynfaxmifp. k "mwfjyif;jyaom jrKd \jzpfayonf? tar7duef awmfveS af 7;
0ifukefrsm;udk t7yf7yfodk\ jzef\jzL;ay;7aom ta7;yg pwifaygufzGm;7mjrdK\ [kvnf; qdk-uonf? tar7duef
t7ma7mufvo S nfh ukepf nfjzef\jzL;a7; jrdK\-uD;vnf; jzpf awmfvSefa7;udk acgif;aqmifcJh-uaom ayg7DAD;,m;/
onf? b+fpaom aiGa-u;vkyif ef;bufwiG v f nf; e,l; *`e[f ef;aumh/ q,frsL,,f tuf'rf/ a7mAwf yde;f wd\k.
a,mh/ 7SDum;*dk;ESifh zdv'JzD;,m;jrdK\wdk\rS vGJv~if t-uD; *locsK‹if;rsm; aAmhpwefwGif 7Sdonf? tar7duef awmf
us,fq;Hk jzpfavonf? vSeaf 7;od\k a7S;7SLaom 1^^0 jynfhEpS f aAmhpweftpktjyKH
aAmhpwefjrdK\ESiqfh ifajczHk;a'orsm;wGif uBmYt-uD; vduk f olowfy/JG aAmhpwef vufzufajcmufygwD/ Aefum
us,q f ;kH aom zdeyfpuf&rkH sm;ESihf tar7duefY xdyw f ef;t awmifukef;wdkufyGJ (1^^5)ESifh aAmhpwefrS jAdwdo~wdk\
usq;kH aom jcnfxnfpuf&rHk sm;7So d nf? xkjd yif pmtkyyf EkH ydS f a7F\ajymif;7aom udPwd\kum; aAmhpwefjrdK\. orkid f;0if
xkwaf 0a7;vkyif ef;/ trJom; pnfow G vf yk if ef;wdk\vnf; xif7Sm;aom tjzpftysufrsm;aywnf;?
aAmhpwefjrdK\. -u;D us,af om vkyif ef;rsm; jzpf-uonf? aAmhpwefjrdK\wiG f pwiftajcpdu k v f molw\rkd mS *`ef 0if;
aAmhpwefjrKd \onf tar7duefjrKd \rsm;teuf pdw0f ifpm; xa7mhacgif;aqmifaom ysL7Dwefrsm; jzpf-uI/ 1630
zG,f taumif;qH;k jrdK\wjrdK\ jzpfonf? a7S;udkvekd aD cwfu jynfEh pS cf ef\wiG f xdak 'ood\k a7muf7v Sd m-uonf? rlvu
pdw0f ifpm;zG,f tjzpftysuw f \dkonf aAmhpwefjrdK\Y jzpf ,if;a'o7Sd awmifuke;f 3vHk;udk tpGJjyKum ‘‘x&dkif
yGm;cJhavonf? ysL7Dwefwdk\ pwiftajcpdkufcJhaom jrdK\ armif;wde;f ’’ [kac:onf? aemiftcgwGif xdkjrdK\Y vm
jzpfI/ ysL7Dwefr[kwo f rl sm;tm; jrdK\t0ifrcHbJ 7uf7uf a7muf tajcpdu k of w l \kw
d iG f t*®vefjynf vifueG ;f &=id f,m
pufpufjyKrcl jJh yD;v~i/f rdcifEidk if H. ESyd uf yG f csKycf s,rf r= sm; e,f/ aAmhpwefjrdK\rS trsm;tjym; yg0ifojzifh aAmhpwef
udvk nf; jyif;jyif;xefxef awmfvSeyf keu f efcJhonfh pdwf [k trnfajymif;cJo h nf?

52
aAmhpwefjrdK\ aAmhpeD;,m;ESihf [m;ZD*kdAD;em;

aAmhpwefonf 1^ 7mpkEpS t f wGi;f zGH\jzKd ;wd;k wufvm
onf? awmfvSefa7;tpwGif jrdK\vOl D;a7 20ô000 cef\7Sd
onf? xdkpOfu udkvdkeDrsm;teuf ta7;ygqHk; jzpfcJh
onf? awmfvSefa7; jyD;onfhaemufwGifvnf; -uD;yGm;
wdk;wufvmonf? jynfwiG ;f ppftwGif;u jynfaxmifpk
tzG\Jukd tm;ay;I aiG0,fu`epf epf y,fzsuaf 7;udv k nf;
axmufcH tm;ay;cJhonf? 18^2 ckwGif rD;-uD;avmif
u`rf;I jrdK\ysufvke;D yg;jzpfcaJh omfvnf;/ vsifjrefpmG jyef
vnfxal xmifEikd fcoJh nf? 197mpkEpS f yxrydki;f wGif aAmh
pwefonf tvGefw;dk wufcho J nf? ,cktcg aAmhpwef
onf wenf;tm;jzifq h vkd ~if jrdK\EpS jf rdK\uo
Jh \dk jzpfaeonf?
a7S;udkvdkeDacwf yHkpHrysufaom taqmufttHkrsm; 7Sd
onfh jrdK\a[mif;ESifh acwfrD taqmufttHkrsm;7Sdonfh
acwfrD O,smOfyef;jcHrsm;jzifh crf;em;wifhw,faom jrdK\
opf[lI ESpfydkif; 7Sdavonf? aAmhpwefjrdK\wGif wU
odkvfrsm;/ aumvdyfrsm; trsm;tjym;7SdI uBmausmf
[m;A'fwUodv k of nf csm;jrpf. wzufurf; aAmhpwef
jrdK\. qifajczH;k Y wnf7o dS nf? a7S;tcguyif aAmhpwef
jrdK\onf ynma7;ESifh tEkynm xGef;um;aom jrdK\-uD;
wjrdK\tjzpf xif7Sm;cJhonf? ausmf-um;aom a7S;acwf
tar7duef pm-uD;aycef\wdk\udk jyKpka7;om;cJh-uol pm
a7;q7m-uD;rsm;wGif aAmhpwefjrdK\om; trsm;tjym;
yg0ifonf[k qd-k uonf? xdka-umifh aAmhpwefjrKd \u‘kd ‘t
ar7duef tufoif;jrdK\’’ [k ac:a0:-uavonf?

¯´§´ª§× ºúͳå®×¶§·ºå¨»º½¸¿ÖÖ̧ ±³¶§²º»ôº®-³å

jynfe,fuav;rsm;jzpfaomfvnf;/ Oa7myedkifiH-uD;rsm; wefcdk;tm+m jydKifqdkifr=Y pufuGif;rvGwfcJhacs? xdka-umifh
yxruBmppf-uD;. ppfrD;onf r-uD;us,fvSaom aAmhpeD;,m;jynfe,f. jrdK\awmfrS xI awmufcJhavonf?

aAmhpeD;,m;ESifh [m;ZD*dkAD;em;? ?xdek ,f ESpef ,f rsm;xGufaomfvnf;/ ul;oef;oGm;vma7; cufcJjcif;

aygif;onf ,l*pdk vm;AD;,m;Ekdiif H. jynfe,fwckjzpfI
wcgu -op-wD;,m;„[efa*7D tifykid f,m. jynfe,f
wckjzpfcahJ vonf? ,if;wd\o k nf aAmfvuefu`e;f qG,.
taemufajrmufzufwiG f wnf7dI S / ajrmufzufwiG f qm;
Am;jrpfonf›if;/ ta7S\zufESifhawmifbufwGif qm;AD;
,m;jynfe,fESifh rGefwDeD;*&d;k jynfe,fw\dk onf›if;/ t
aemufzufwiG f u&dkat;7Sm;jynfe,fESihf 'gvar;7Sm;e,f
wd\o
k nf›if; e,ferd w d t f jzpf wnf7-dSuonf? aAmhpeD;,m;
ESihf [m;ZD*Adk ;D em;e,f ESpcf ak ygif;. tus,t f 0ef;onf
19ô908 pwk7ef;rdkicf ef\7I Sd vlO;D a7rSm 2ô6^9ô000 cef\
jzpfonf?
,if;e,f ESpcf o k nf awmifxx l yfaoma'ojzpfonf?
jrifhrm;rwfapmufaom awmifrsm;onf xlxyfaom
opfawmrsm; zHk;vFrf;vsu7f I dS ajr-oZm aumif;rGeaf om
awmif-um;rsm;ESifh qm;Am;jrpfESifh ,if;. vuf
wufrsm;. jrpf0Sr;f rsm;7Sd ajrjyef\rsm;wGif pdkufysdK;a7;udk
vkyfuidk -f uI/ pdu k fysKd ;a7;onf xdke,fESpfe,f. t"du
vkyfief; jzpfavonf? aq;7Guf/ *sHK/ rka,m/ ajymif;/
jrif;pm;*sHK/ ESHpm;ajymif;/ ADoGmav~mf ponfwdk\ESifh opf
oD;rsm;udk pdkufysdK;vkyfudkif-uonf? opfoD;ajcmufESifh
opfwdk\onf t"duxGufukefrsm; jzpf-uavonf? oH/
a-u;eD/ ref*ed/ ausmufrD;aoG; ponfhwGi;f xGufyPnf;
a-umifh trsm;tjym; wl;azmf vkyfudkifjcif; r7Sday? jrdK\
-uD;rsm;rSm qm;7m*sJAdkjrdK\/ armhpwmjrdK\ESifh Aef*smvl
f umjrdK\w\kd jzpfavonf? yxr uBmppfr;D -uD;udk awmuf
avmifapcJhaom rD;yGm;onf aAmhpeD;,m;e,f jrdK\awmf
qm;7m*sJAdkjrdK\rS ay:xGufcJhavonf? (uBmppf yxr
„&=)
aAmhpeD;,m;ESifh [m;ZD*kAd D;em;e,fwk\d. tajctae
rSm tjcm;aAmfvuefe,frsm; enf;wl rjidrfrouf v=yf
v=yf7G7G 7SdcJhonf? ,if;wdk\. aemufa-umif;ordkif;udk
jyef-unfrh nfqv kd ~if ,if;wd\konf w7Hcgu oD;jcm;vGwf
vyfaome,frsm; jzpfcJh-uonf? aemifwGif ,if;wdk\udk
[efa*7DEikd fiHu odrf;ydkufcho J nf? ,if;onfah emufwGif
wl7uD tifyidk f,mwGi;f od\k usa7mufc7hJ jyefonf? 18^^
ckESpfwGif &k7Sm;„wl7uD ppfyGJjzpfyGm;aomtcg &k7Sm;.
tultnDjzifh ,if;e,f ESpef ,fonf ud, k yf ikd t
f yk cf sKyaf 7;7
cJhonf? od\kaomf tjcm;Oa7myvufeufEkdifiH-uD;rsm;u
0ifpuG -f uojzifh 18^8 ckESpf bmvifpmcsKyt f 7 xdke,f
ESpfe,ftm; -op-wD;,m;EkdifiHu tkyfcsKyf7ef vFJay;
vdkufonf? 1908 ckESpfwGif -op-wD;,m;u ,if;
e,f ESpfe,fudk -op-wD;,m;ydkifeuftwGif; odrf;oGif;
vdkufonf? xdka-umifh xdke,fom;wdk\onf rausreyf
jzpfum udk,yf dkit f kyfcsKyfa7;77ef v=yf7Sm;qlylr=rsm; jyKchJ

53
aAmhpeD;,m;ESihf [m;ZD*kdAD;em; aAmhpy7yfa7vuf-um;

avonf? aAmhpeD;,m;e,fom; qAfvlrsdK;rsm;uvnf; zufrS taemufawmifbufok\d tvGef tauG\taumuf

,if;wdk\. e,fudk qm;AD;,m;ESifh yl;aygif;apvdkonf?
,if;odk\jzifh tajctae&=yfaxG;vmjyD;v~if -op-wD;,m;
tdrfa7S\Oy7mZmrif;om;ESifh -uif,mawmfwdk\ qm;7m*sJ
AdkjrdK\Y vkyf-uHcH77mrStp yxruBmppfrD;-uD; awmuf
avmifonftxd tajctaeqdk;7Gm;jyif;xefchaJ vonf?
yxruBmppf-uD; jyD;qHk;aomtcg xdek ,fESpfe,fukd
,l*dkpvm;AD;,m; EkdifiHtwGif; oGwfoGif; vdkufonf?
'kwd, uBmppftwGif;u tDwmvsHESifh *smrefwyfrsm;
onf aAmhpeD;,m;ESifh [m;ZD*dkA;D em;e,frsm;udk csif;eif;
0ifa7mufwu dk cf u
kd f cJah o;aomfvnf;/ ppftjyD;wGif ,l*pkd
vm;AD;,m;Edkiif o H k\d jyefvnfay;tyfcho
rSpI ,if;onfEh pS ef ,fukd aygif;vdu k jf yD;v~if ,l*kpd vm;
AD;,m;Ekid if .
H ud, k yf ikd t
f yk cf sKycf iG 7hf 7Sad om jynfe,fwpfck
jzpfvmcJah vonf?
aAmhpy7yfa7vuf-um; ? ?wl7uD Ekid if yH ikd f jzpfI
tm7SwdkufESifh Oa7mywkdufudk ydkif;jcm;xm;aom e,fed
rdwf wpdww f a'ojzpfonf? ppfrufa7;7mtcgwGif t
a7;ygI uBmwGif xif7Sm;aoma7vuf-um; wck jzpf
onf? yifv,feufESifh rm;r7yifv,f/ tD;*sD;,ef;yif
v,f/ ajrxJyifv,fwdk\udk ,if;a7vuf-um;u quf
oG,af y;xm;onf? tvsm; 19 rdkifcef\7SdI tus,frSm
tcsdK\ae7mY rdkif0ufcef\/ tcsdK\ae7mY ESpfrkdifausmfcef\
ponfjzifh tusO;f tus,af e7mtrsKd ;rsKd ;7SI
d ta7S\ajrmuf
rsm;aom jrpfa-umif;ozG,f wnf7Sdavonf?
Oa7mywku d fzufo\dk usaom taemufzuftpGe;f wGif
wl7uDEdik fiH. jrdK\awmf tPwefAl(,cif uGefpwefwDEkd
y,f). qdyfurf;jzpfaom *dk;v'if;[Gef; oab®mqdyf
wnf7Sdonf? aAmhpy7yf a7vuf-um;wGif a7pD;oef
aom a7pD;a-umif;rsm;7SdI tcsdK\ae7mrsm;wGif a7pD;
tvGef oefvo S nf? xdak -umifh oab®mrsm; oGm;vm7ef
tM7m,frsm;vSI rD;jywdkufrsm;pGm aqmufvkyfxm;7
avonf?
urf;wzufwcsuw f Gif pdrf;pdv
k yS aomopfawmrsm;/
J nf? 1945 ckEpS f crf;em;vSyaomeef;awmf/ aEG7moDpt H drf/ 7Jwu
dk fponfh
taqmufttHkrsm;/ aus;7Gmrsm;jzifh vSyaom yef;csD
um;wcsyo f zG,f &=cif;om,mvSayonf? ,if;od\k om
,m-unfEl;zG,faumif;vSaom urf;wzufwcsufwiG f
wl7uDtpdk;7u tapmifhtaexlxyfpGm csxm;onf?
a7S;acwfrSpI ppfrufa7;twGu›f if;/ukefoG,af 7; t
wGu›f if; yifv,feufqyd furf; jrKd \rsm;ESihf qufo, G v f kd
v~if Ta7vuf-um;udk jzwfoGm;7onf? aAmhp7yf
a7vuf-um;onf yifv,feuf. wckwnf;aom xGuf
aygufjzpfayonf? (yifv,feuf „&=?)
1451 ckEpS rf pS I a7vuf-um;twGi;f oGm;vmcGiu hf dk
wl7uDu -uD;pdk;cJo h nf? 1^^4 ckEpS Ef iS hf 1806 ckEpS rf sm;
twGif; pmcsKyf trsdK;rsdK; csKyfqdkjcif;jzifh ,if;. a7
a-umif;udk EkdifiHtoD;oD;rS ukefoab®mrsm; toHk;jyK

yifv,feufESihf ajrxJyifv,fwkd\ukd qufoG,fay;7mjzpfaom wl7uDEkdifiH aAmhpy7yfa7vuf-um;. &=cif;wpdwfwa'o

54
aAmhpy7yfa7vuf-um;
cGifh 7cJhonf? 1923 ckESpf vdkZef;pmcsKyft7 aAmhp7yf
urf;ESpzf ufukd wl7uDtm; ydik q f ikd cf iG hf ay;xm;vifu
h pm;
a7a-umif;tkyfcsKyfr=udk EkdifiHaygif;pHkyg0ifaom aumf
r7Sif.vufatmufwGif xm;7Sdco Jh nf? odk\aomf 1936
ckESprf SpI a7a-umif;tkycf sKyaf 7;udk wl7uD tpd;k 7tm;
jyefI ay;cJah vonf?
‘‘aAmhpy7yf’’ [laomtrnfonf ‘‘EGm;r jzwfa7
wdrf’’ [k teuf7onfh *7dpum;rS qif;oufvmonf?
*7dxHk;a[mif; yHkjyift7 tdkit f dkewforD;onf [D;7ewf
orD;.7efudk a-umufIxGufajy;7mwGif aAmhpy7yf a7
vuf-um;ae7monf a7wdrfojzifh EGm;toGif zefqif;
jyD;aomf ul;jzwfajy;onf[k qdkavonf?
aAmhZ0Jô*sdrf;(c7pf 1^40 1^95)? ?t*®vyd f pm
ayavmuwGif ‘‘q,frsL,,f*`eq f if.tšK_Wd’’onf
tšK_Wdpmtkyfrsm;xJwGif txif7Sm;tausmf-um;qH;k
jzpfonf? xdkpmtkyu f kd a7;om;jyKpmolrmS paumhvlrsdK;
*sdrf;aAmhZ0JjzpfI ,if;pmtkyfonf ol.taumif;qHk;
vuf7mjzpfonf? xif7Sm;ausmf-um;aom t*®vdyfpm
a7;q7m-uD; q,frsL,,f*`efqif (*`efqifô q,frsL
,,f„&=?) . ta-umif;udk aphpyf aocsmpGmESifh
uGufuGufuGif;uGif; xifjrifvmatmif a7;om;jyKpkcJh
ol aAmhZ0Jtm; tcsdK\u tawmfqHk;aom tšK_Wda7;
ol[k todtrSwjf yK-uavonf?
pma7;q7m-uD; aAmhZ0JESihf a'gufwm q,frsL,,f*`efqifwkd\ yxrqHk;t-udrf awG\qHkrdwfqufyGJ usif;y-upOf
55
aAmhZ0Jô *sdrf;
aAmhZ0Jonf aemifavmhatmfuifvuf jzpfvmonfh
t,fvufZNm;aAmhZ0J. om;-uD;jzpfI paumhaqG-uD;
rsdK;-uD;rS qif;oufvmonf? tuf'ifAm7mjrdK\Y 1^40
jynfhESpf atmufwdkbm 29 7ufae\wiG f arG;zGm;I tuf
'ifAm7m wUodkvfESifh *vyfp*dk; wUodkvfwdk\ tjyif
a[mfvefEkid if H ,l;x7uf wUodv k fYvnf; ynmqnf;
yl;cJhavonf?
1^63 ckEpS w f iG f vef'efjrdK\o\kd a7mufcphJ Ofu *`eq f if
ESihf yxrqH;k t-udrf awG\qkzH ;l onf? aAmhZ0Jonf xdkESpf
wGif Oa7mywdkuo f \dk oGm;a7mufvnfywfjyD;v~if ,l;x
7ufwUodkvfY Oya'ynm qnf;yl;onf? xdkaemuf
†wvDEikd if o H dk\ oGm;a7mufcJh7m/ aAmfvwJ,m;/ &l;qdk;/
aumfpu D efacgif;aqmif yg;tdkvD paom EkdifiaH 7;ykCKd vf
ausmfrsm;ESihf odu`rf;cJo h nf?
aAmhZ0Jonf oGufvufcsufcsmI azmfa7Gvu dk favsm
pGm aygif;oif;qufqHwwfol jzpfonf? xdka-umifh p
aumhvlrsdK;udk rkef;wD;aom *`efqifonfyif aAmhZ0Judk
cifrifvmcJh7onf? *`efqifESifh cifrif7if;ESD;vmonfrS
pI aAmhZ0J.b0wGif tcsdK;wauG\ ajymif;vmonf?
1^66 ckEpS w f iG f tuf'ifAm7mjrdK\Y 0wfvkH vdu k cf iG 7hf aomf
vnf; aAmhZ0Jonf pma7;om;7ef ydI k pdwo f efvmonf?
*`efqif.ta-umif;udk pmwapmif aywzGJ\jyKpk7ef -uH
pnfpdwful;vmonf? xdka-umifh *`efqif oGm;av7m
waumufaumuf vdu k fygjyD;v~i/f *`eqf if. tajymt
aAmhZ0Jô *sdrf;
qd/k taetxdkif/ pdwfaeoabmxm;wd\kudk aphpyfaocsm
wduspmG rSww f rf;wifonf? xdt k awmtwGi;f pmwdak yp
rsm;udvk nf; a7;om;7m 0ifaiGraumif;ojzifh a-uG;0dik ;f
aeavonf? 1^68 ckESpw f Gif †wvDEdik if H aumfpu D m;
u`ef;odk\ oGm;a7mufpOfu ta-umif;udk pmwtkyf a7;
om;xkwaf 0onf?
*`efqifESifh aAmhZ0Jwdk\onf wwGJwGJEiS hf 7SdaecJhaomf
vnf;/ olw\ko d nf oufw7l , G rf ~ r[kwb f /J aAmhZ0Jonf
*`efqifxuf tESpfoHk;q,fcef\ i,fonf? *`efqif.
ajymifavSmifoa7mfr=/ usDp,fr=w\dkudk yrmrxm;bJ aAmh
Z0Ju olov d o kd r~w\ku
d kd pyfpyfppk k ar;jref;rSwfom;wwf
onf? xdka-umifhvnf; aAmhZ0JjyKpkaom *`efqif.
tšK_Wdonf tjcm;aom tšK_Wdrsm;xuf jynfhpHk
jyD;aomf uGufuGufuGif;uGif; 7SdvSavonf? aAmhZ0J
onf *`eq f ifudk ta-umif;jyKI *pfAef/ *dk;prpf/ tuf'
refAwf/ qm a7;aem paomykCdKvfausmf-uD;rsm;ESifh
vnf; 7if;ES;D cJo h nf? aAmhZ0J. 0goemrSmvnf; ykCKd vf
tausmftarmfrsm;ESifh odu`rf;vdkjcif; jzpfonf? *`ef
qifOD;pD;I txufwGif qdkcJhaom pma7;q7mESifh yef;
csDq7m tausmftarmf-uD;rsm; yg0ifonfh ‘‘pmay t
oif;’’ wGif *`efqif. axmufcHcsuft7 aAmhZ0Jonf
toif;0if wOD; jzpfcahJ vonf?
1^^3 ckESpfwGif aAmhZ0Jonf paumhwvefjynf
[ufA7d'Du`ef;od\k *`efqiftm; rvdkufvu dk fatmif ac:
aqmifI ESpfv-umr~ tvnftywf oGm;onf? *`ef
qif uG,fvGefjyD;aemuf ESpfEpS fcef\t-um (1^85 ckESp)f
wGif xdo k k\d c7D;xGu-f upOfu trSwfw7 tjzpftysuf
uav;rsm;ESit hf wl ‘‘[ufA7d';D u`e;f c7D;oGm;rSwfwrf;’’
pmtkyfudk a7;om;xkwfa0cJhonf? xdkaemuf 1^91 ck
ESpfwGif pmayavmuwGif ol.*k+fowif;udk xGef;
ajymifaprnfh a'gufwm*`efqif. tšK_Wdpmtkyf-uD;
udk a7;om;xkwfa0onf? ,if;pmtkyf ESpftkyfvHk;wGif
xdkpOfu touf7SifaeqJ ykCdKvftcsdK\. ta-umif;udk
bGif;bGif;7Sif;7Sif; xnfhoGif; a7;om; xm;ojzifh xdk
pmtkyfrsm; xGufonfhtcg qlqlylyl jzpfcJhao;onf?
rnfodk\yifjzpfap aAmhZ0J. *`efqif tšK_Wd pmtkyf
um; taumif;qH;k tšK_Wd pmtkyfwtkyf jzpfvm
avonf?
,if;tšK_Wd pmtkyfukd a7;om; xkwfa0jyD;aemuf
wGif aAmhZ0Jonf rdrd tESpfESpf tvv -udK;pm;tm;cJ
aqmif7Gucf aJh om vkyfief; jyD;pD;jyDjzpfI pdwftm;avsmh
onfwa-umif;/ a-uG;rsm;twGuf aomursm;7ojzifh
56
aAmf'd;k jrdK\
wa-umif;a-umifh pmtkyf xkwfa0jyD;I 4 ESpf t-um
1^95 ckESpf arvwGif vef'efjrdK\Y uG,fvGef oGm;
avonf?
aAmfw,fyif? ? aAmfw,fyifonf -opa-w;vD;,m;
wkud /f uGi;f pvefjynfe,fEiS hf twGi;f ydik ;f usaom tylyikd ;f
a'orsm;Yom aygufa7mufwwfaom t7G,ftvwf
pm; opfyifrsKd ; jzpfonf? yifpnf. yHo k !mefEiS haf yguf
a7mufyHkrSm tvGef -uD;rm;aom ykvif;vHk;-uD; wckudk
axmifxm;onfESifh wlaoma-umifh ykvif;yif[laom
t"d_g,fjzifh aAmfw,fx7D;[k t*®vyd fbmomjzifh ac:
a0:jcif;jzpfavonf?
aAmfw,fyifonf pwm;usLvDa,;pDt;D rsKd ;7if;wGif
yg0ifonf? yifpnfonf yk0dki;f 0dkif;jzpfI tudki;f tcuf
wdk\onf yifpnfrSxGufjcif; r7SdbJ ykvif;0ESifhwlaom
yifpnfxdyfrSom ,SufjzmIxGufonf? t7Gufwk\donf
vSpH yG yf 7kH I
dS tem;acsmrFwjf yD;v~if xdycf `eof nf? 2 vufr
rS 4vufr txd 7Snfonf? ao;odrfaom tudkif;
tvufrsm;ay:wGif tyGifhuav;rsm; tpkvkduf/ tcJ
vdu k f yGio fh nf? toD;onf yJawmifhuJhodk\ jzpfI taph
6 aph ygonf?
tyif. twGi;f om; tlwikd o f nf aysmzh wfrsm;jzpfI
t7nf7Frf;vSonf? a7yg;7Sm;aom umvrsm;wGif t
yif.yifpnfudk ckwfxpfI EGm;rsm;tm; au`;v~if a7
iwfvnf;ajyI tm[m7vnf; jzpfonf? EGm;rsm; t
vGefESpfouf7m tyifudk ckwfxpf7mrS vGifhpifusaom
tptersm;udyk if tvkt,uf wdk;a0S\ pm;aomufwwf
-uonf? wdik ;f 7if;om;rsm;ESihf c7D;onfw\v kd nf; xdtk yif
. yifpnfukd xpfI t7nfudk cH,jl yD; aomuf-uonf?
yifpnf.tacgufrS xkw, f l77Sdaom av~mrf ~ifjzifh ydkuf
uGefrsm; 7ufvkyf-uonf? xdkjyif yifpnfudk xGif;I
abmufwlrsm;vnf; jyKvkyftoHk;csEdkifao;onf? aAmf
w,fyif rsdK;pdwfrsm;7Sdao;7m tcsKd \tyif. tjrpfrsm;udk
a7S;OD; wdkif;7if;om;wdk\ pm;oHk; -uavonf?
aAmf'dk;jrdK\? ?aAmf';dk jrdK\onf jyifopfEikd fiH. xdyw f ef;
oab®mqdyjf rdK\-uD; wjrKd \vnf;jzpfI/ ukeo f , G af 7mif;0,f
r=-uD;us,fpnfum;vSaom jrdK\-uD;wjrdK\vnf; jzpfonf?
APau;yifv,fatmfxJodk\ pD;0ifaom ZD;7Ge;f jrpf0us,f
rS ta7S\awmifzuf rkid f ^0 cef\qefwufvmv~if *7Ge;f jrpf
xJodk\ a7mufvmjyD;aomf ,if;. vuf0Jzufurf;
ay:Ywnf7daS om aAmf'k;d jrdK\ukd awG\7ayvdrrf nf? aAmf'k;d
 aAmf'd;k jrdK\

jrdK\onf ZD;7Ge;f pD7ifpek ,f. jrdK\awmfjzpfI/ yg7pfjrdK\awmfrS A7ef't D 7uf/ o-um;/ 7Smvum7nf/ tdk;cGuf/ zefxnf/
taemufawmifzuf rdik f 360 cef\uGma0;avonf? aumfaZm/ pULESihf wHigvkyfief;wdk\uv kd nf; aAmf';dk jrdK\Y
aAmf';kd jrdK\o\kd ta7mufwiG f *7Ge;f jrpfonf auG\aumuf vkyu f ikd -f uao;onf?
ae7m/ ,if;onfyif aAmf'k;d jrdK\twGuf tvGeaf umif;rGef aAmf';dk jrdK\ESifh wzufurf;7Sd jrdK\. qifajczH;k a'oudk
aom oab®mqdyfudk jzpfaponf? obm0oab®mqdyf aygif;ul; 1^ ck7Sdaom aAmf'dk;wHwm;jzifh qufoG,f
aumif;udk jyKjyifrGr;f rHxm;jyefojzifh tvGe-f uD;rm;aom xm;onf? ,if;wHwm;ay:rS aAmf'dk;jrdK\. om,mvSy
oab®m-uD;rsm;rSty oab®m-uD;rsm;pGmwdk\onf aAmf aom &=cif;udk awG\jrifEikd o f nf? aAmf';kd jrKd \. cef\nm;vSy
'd;k jrKd \o\kd 0ifxu G o f mG ;vmEdik -f uonf? txl;ojzifh awmif aom taqmufttHrk sm;rSm 12 7mpk/ 14 7mpk acwfu
tar7duwku d frS jyifopfEidk if o H k\d vma7mufaom oab®m aqmufvkyfcJhaom pdeftef'a70wfausmif;/ pdefrD7S,/f
-uD;rsm;onf aAmf';dk jrdK\ok\d qdkufuyf-uavonf? aAmf';dk pdeaf qA7ef;/ pdefu7Gm;bk7m;7Sdcdk;ausmif;rsm; jzpfonf?
jrdK\. jrpfurf;wav~mufY acwfro D ab‡musi;f -uD; rsm; xdkjyif a7mracwf Zmwf&Hk0dkif; tysuftpD;wckESifh cef\
pGm7SI d oab‡mwnfaqmufaomvkyfief;onf aAmf'k;d jrdK\ nm;vSaom jrdK\wcH g; 4 aygufvnf; 7Sad o;onf? aAmf';kd
. ta7;ygaom vkyif ef;w7yf jzpfavonf? jrdK\. wUodkvfausmif;awmf-uD;ESifh pm-unfw h u dk f-uD;
aAmf'dk;jrdK\onf awmifukef;xlxyfI aea7mifjcnf7 rsm;onfvnf; jrdK\usufoa7aqmif-uD;rsm; jzpf-u
aom tufu;D wde;f a'o.tv,fY wnf7o dS nf? ,if; onf? vlOD;a7 2^5ô946 a,muf 7So d nf?
a'owGif pyspfjcHrsm; jzpfxGef; aygrsm;vSonf? xdk aAmf'dk;jrdK\onf a7S;tcgu uJhvlrsdK;wdk\. jrdK\jzpf7m
a-umifh 0dkift7ufvkyfief;udk aAmf'dk;jrdK\Y t-uD;tus,f aemiftcg a7mrvlrsdK;wd\ku vma7muf-uD;pdk;onf? a7m
vkyu f ikd of nf? aAmf'k;d jrKd \xu G f 0dik tf eDESifh tjzLonf a7m racwfwGif ukefoG,fa7;tcsut f csmjrdK\EiS fh e,f-uD; w
racwftcguyif ausm-f um;xif7Sm;cJah vonf? xdjk yif e,f. jrKd \awmfvnf; jzpfco hJ nf? 1154 ckEpS w f iG f jyifopf

emrnfausmf aAmf'kd; 0kdift7ufESihf pyspfo;D rsm;xGuf7m aAmf'kd;jrdK\. &=cif;

57
aAmf'kd;jrdK\ aAmfeD,u
dk `ef;

rif;orD; t,fveD monf t*®vefjynf7h iS f 'kw, d [ife7D . tapmifhta7SmufcH jzpf-uaom jAdwdo~udkvdkeDe,f

ESifh vufqufaomtcg/ aAmf';dk jrdK\onf rif;orD;.cef; 2 e,fEiS fh apmfbmG ;e,f we,fwk\d yg0ifayonf?
0ifvufzJ\Gtjzpf t*®vdyv f ufok\da7mufc7hJ m/ 1453 ckEpS f rsm;aomtm;jzifh aAmfeD,dku`ef;. ajrrsufESmjyif
wGirf S jyifopfvufo\kd jyefIa7mufco Jh nf? jyifopfawmf onf awmifrsm;xlxyfonf? aAmfeD,dku`ef;. awmif
vSeaf 7;acwfu aAmf';dk jrdK\wiG f qlyal omif;use;f r= rsm;pGm pOf awmifwef;wdk\wGif tjrifhqHk;jzpfaom uDemAmvl
jzpfymG ;cJI
h jrKd \vnf;ysufp;D cJh7onf? 18^0 jynfh ESpw f iG f
yg7pfjrdK\awmfudk *smrefwdk\u odrf;ydkufxm;aomtcg/
aAmf';dk onf jyifopfjrdK\awmf acWjzpfcaJh o;onf?
yXruBmppf-uD;twGi;f uvnf; yg7pfjrdK\. tajc
tae pdk;7drf7aomtcg/ jyifopftpdk;7onf aAmf'dk;odk\
ajymif;a7F\ &Hk;pdkufc7Jh onf? xdjk yif tar7duefjynfaxmif
pkrS r[mrdwfrsm;twGuf vl/ 7dQmESihf vufeufrsm;udk
aAmf'k;d odk\ ydk\jyD;aomf xdkrwS qifh jzef\jzL;7onf? 'kwd,
uBmppftwGif; (1940 jynfhESpf ZGefv)uvnf; jyif
opftpdk;7onf AD7jSD rdK\o\dk rajymif;rD/ aAmf';dk jrdK\Y ,m,D
&Hk;pdkuf ao;onf? yXruBmppftwGi;f Y›if;/ 'kw, d
uBmppftwGi;f Y›if; AH;k '+f t-udr-f udrcf Hc7Jh onf? yg
7pfjrdK\awmf usqHk;jyD;aemuf r-umrD *smrefwyfrsm;u
aAmf'dk;udkvnf; odrf;ydu k fI a7ikyfoab®m tajccHpcef;
jyKxm;onf? 1944 ckESpf -o*kwfvukefavmufwGifrS
jyifopfESihf tar7duefwyfrsm;u aAmf';dk jrdK\udk jyefvnf
odr;f yduk cf 7hJ avonf?

aAmfeD,dku`ef;? ?aAmfeD,ku d `ef;onf ta7S\tdNd,

u`ef;pkwGif t-uD;qHk;u`ef;jzpfI/ uBmhvlaeu`ef;rsm;
xJwiG f *7if;vef;ESiehf ,l;*if;eDu`e;f wd\.
k aemuf wwd,
t-uD;qHk; jzpfavonf? zdvpfyidk fu`ef;pk. awmifzuf
wGif›if;/ *sm;Am;u`ef;.ajrmufzufwGif›if; wnf7SdI
,if;.e,fedrw d frmS ajrmufzufwiG q f ;l vl;yifv,f/ t
a7S\zufwiG f pJvAD;yifv,fESifh rmuufqma7vuf-um;/
awmifzufwGif *sm;Am;yifv,f/ taemufawmifzuf
wGif u7drmwm a7vuf-um;/ taemufajrmufzuf
wGif awmifw&kwyf ifv,fwk\d 7So d nf?
xdu
k `e;f onf -wd*yH o
kH !mef7I Sd txufusO;f jy;D v~if
atmufydkif;um;onf? t7SnfqHk;aom ae7mwGif rdkif
850 cef\7I dS / tus,fq;Hk ae7mwGif rdkif 600 cef\7o dS nf?
u`ef; wu`ef;vHk;. tus,ft0ef;rSm pwk7ef;rdkif
28^ô420jzpfonf? u`e;f tus,t f 0ef;. ^2 7mcdik Ef e= ;f
onf ,cifu e,fomvef('yfcs) aAmfeD,dkjzpfI ,ck
tcg tif'dkeD;7Sm;EkdifiHwGif;Y yg0ifum umvDref;wif;
jynfe,f[k ac:wGio f nf? u`e;f .-uGif;aom tpdwft
ydkif;onf jAdwdo~aAmfeD,dk[k ac:wGifI jAdwdo~tpdk;7
aAmfeD,kdu`ef; wnfae7mjyajryHk
awmifxdyfonf yifv,fjyiftxuf ay 13ô000 ausmf
cef\jrifhonf? jrpfacsmif;rsm;vnf; aygrsm;I ,if;wdk\
onf cef;ajcmufonfr7SdbJ a7rsm;jzifh jynfhv~HIom
7Sd-uonf? xif7Sm;aom jrpf-uD;rsm;rSm taemuf
ajrmufzufY 7m*sefjrpf/ taemufawmifzufY uyGwf
,m;jrpf/ ta7S\awmifzufY Am7pfwdkjrpfESifh ta7S\zuf
Y r[murfjrpfwdk\ jzpf-uonf? ,if;wdk\ tm;vHk;wGif
rsm;aomtm;jzifh rdkifaygif;rsm;pGmwdkifatmif avS
oab®moGm;vmEdki-f uavonf? urf;&d;k wef;wav~muf
onf 7FH\EGHxlajymaom ajraysmhajredrfhrsm; jzpfonf?
taumif;qHk; oab®mqdyfonf A&l;ae; yifv,fatmf
jzpfI ajrmufzufurf;&dk;wef;wGif 7So
d nf? 'kw,d uBm
ppftwGi;f u ,if;onf *syefw\k. d tajccH a7wyfpcef;
jzpfcahJ vonf?

58
 aAmfeD,u
dk `ef;
tDauGwmrsO;f jzwfoef;oGm;7m tylyidk ;f Zkeaf 'ojzpf
ojzifh 7moDOwk yltku d fpGwfjyD;v~if wESpyf wfvk;H vdkvdk
yif rdk;7Gmwwfonf? yljyif;ajcmufaoG\aom tcgor,
[lI ajymyavmufatmif r7Sdacs? yifv,fav aumif;
pGm77Sdaeaoma-umifv h nf; tyltat;vGefuJjcif;vnf;
r7Sad y? rdk;rsm;vSaom a'ojzpfojzifh odyfonf;xlxyf
aom opfawm-uD;rsm; 7Sdonf? ,if;opfawm-uD;
rsm;rS opftrsdK;aygif; 50 ausmfxGufI u`ef;opf
paom tzkd;wefopfrsm;vnf; yg0ifavonf?
aAmfe,D dku`ef;onf o,HZmw wGif;xGufyPnf;rsm;
jzifh ayg-uG,0f onf? tzdk;wefvSaom a7eHajrrsm;pGm
vnf; 7So d nf? t-u;D qHk; a7eHcsufpuf&-Hk uD;onf ta7S\
awmifzufurf;&d;k wef;Y 7Sdaom AmvpfygyefjrdK\Y wnf
7Sdonf? pdefESifh tjcm; ausmufrsuf7wemrsm;udkvnf;
wl;azmf 77Sdonf? odk\aomf pdefrsm;onf tmz7du pdef
rsm;avmuf trsdK;tpm; raumif;vSay? a7F/ a-u;eD/
oH/ caemufpdr;f / yvufweD rf/ oHjzL paom oWKrsm;
vnf; wl;azmf77Sad vonf?
aAmfeD,kdu`ef; wkdif;7if;om;wOD;ESihf pGJudkifaom aAmfeD,kdu`ef;wGif ,ae\xufwkdif i,f7G,fpOf xdrf;jrm;vufxyfay;onhf
vufeuf
59
aAmfeD,dku`ef;. ta7;ygaom vkyif ef;rsm;rSm a7eH
ESifh -uufaygifap;vkyfief; jzpfonf? 'kwd, uBmppf
rwkdifrDu aAmfeD,dku`ef;onf uBmh-uufaygifap;.
1 k xGufcJhonf? qefpyg;/ aumfzD/ aq;7Guf/ aumf/
„yH
12
[if;cwftarF;t-udKifrsm;/ o-um;ESifh 0g*Grf;wdk\onf
vnf; aAmfeDu`ef;. xif7Sm;aom xGufukefrsm; jzpf
onf? aAmfeD,ku d `e;f olrsm; 7ufvyk o f nfh tqiftuGuf
ESifh ta7mif qef;jym;aom jcnfxnfrsm;ESifh jrufzsm
rsm;onfvnf; ausmf-um;vSayonf?
u`ef;wu`ef;vHk;Y rD;7xm;vrf; 12^ rkdifr~om 7Sd
onf? 7xm; armfawmfum; oGm;vmEdkifaom vrf;r
-uD;rsm;onf pkpkaygif; rdik f 2ô500 cef\7o Sd nf? ukepf nf
rsm; o,f,lydk\aqmifa7;twGuf jrpfa-umif;rsm;udk t
oH;k rsm;avonf?
aAmfe,
D u
kd `e;f . yxrqH;k wdik ;f 7if;om;wd\krmS ',uf
vlrsdK;rsm; jzpf-uonf? ,if;wdk\onf t7if;cHjzpfI/
tjcm;rsdK;cGJ wdkif;7if;om;vlrsdK;aygif; rsm;pGm7Sdao;
onf? ',ufw\dkonf a7S;u acgif;jzwfvlom;pm; vl
"avh7Sd -uao;onf?
 aAmfeD,u
dk `ef;

&dkif;rsm; jzpfcJh-uaomfvnf; wpwp ,Ofaus;vm-u +Dwcku pwiftajcpdu k cf aJh omfvnf; 1881 ckEpS rf pS I
ayjyD? odk\aomf eufacgifaom awm-uD;awmif-uD;rsm; jAdwdo~ ajrmufaAmfeD,dk uk$+DvufatmufcH jzpfvm
tv,fYrl r,Ofaus;ao;ol trsm;tjym; 7Sd-uao; avonf?
onf? ',ufwdk\onf *sm;Am;/ qlr-wm;ESifh tjcm; A&l;ae;e,f. plvwefapmfbmG ;onf ukefo, G fa7;
u`ef;rsm;rS rav;vlrsdK;rsm; a7mufvm-uaomtcg ESifh yifv,f"m;jy ESdrfESi;f a7;twGuf jAdwdo~tpdk;7ESihf
ukef;zufodk\ wjznf;jznf; qkwfay;cJh-uonf? rav; 184^ ckESpfwGif pmcsKyfcsKyfqdkcJhonf? 1888 ckESpfwGif
wdk\onf rsm;aomtm;jzifh tPvrft,l0g'Drsm;jzpf-u qm*sdrf;A7Gwf. q7m;0yfe,fESifhtwl A&l;ae;e,fESifh
onf? rav;wdk\tjyif w&kwv f rl sKd ;rsm;vnf; vma7muf ajrmufaAmfeD,dke,fwdk\onfvnf; jAdwdo~tapmifht
aexkdi-f uonf? aAmfe, D u dk `ef;onf 5 7mpkESpcf ef\uyif a7SmufcH e,frsm; jzpfvm-uavonf?
w&kwfEkdifiHESifh ukefoG,fr= tquftoG,f 7SdcJhonf? 'kwd,uBmppftwGif; 1942 ckESpfwGif *syefonf
od\ak omf 12 7mpkEpS cf ef\url w&kww f \o kd nf aAmfe, D u
kd `e;f Y aAmfeD,dku`ef;udk wdkufcdkufodrf;ydkufaomtcg/ jAdwdo~
vma7muftajcpdku-f uavonf? xdjk yif zdvpfykid fu`ef; aAmfe, D o
dk nfvnf; *syefvufatmuf usa7mufcho J nf?
rS ql;vl;vlrsdK;rsm;vnf; aAmfeD,dku`ef;ajrmufydkif;Y ppf-uD;tjyD; 1945 ckEpS fwGif *syefvufatmufrS vGwf
vma7mufaexdkif-uonf? Oa7mywkdufom;rsm;vnf; ajrmufcI hJ ppftyk fcsKyfa7; &kyo f rd ;f jyD;aemuf/ 1946 ckEpS f
7Sad vonf? ZlvdkifvrSpI q7m;0yfe,fESifh ajrmufaAmfeD,dke,f
aAmfe, D u kd `ef;odk\ yxrqH;k a7muf7v dS maom Oa7my wdk\onf jAdwo d ~tpdk;7u cef\xm;aom bk7ifcH tkycf sKyf
wdkufom;wdk\onf ay:wl*D oab®mom;rsm;jzpf-uI onfh jAdwdo~uv dk edk De,frsm; jzpfvmonf? A&l;ae;e,f
16 7mpkEpS ftwGi;f Y a7mufc-hJ uonf? ay:wl*/D 'yfcsEiS hf onf trnfcHtm;jzifh apmfbmG ;e,fjzpfaomfvnf; jAdwd
t*®vyd w f \kod nf [if;cwftarF;t-udKiEf iS hf y&kwpf onfw\kd o~ta7;ydik u f tkyfcsKyaf 7;udk -uKd ;udik o f nf? ,if;ta7;
udk ukefoG,rf =twGuaf 7muf7v Sd m-uonf? 1^ 7mpkEpS f ydkiof nf ppfumvrwkid rf u D rmvm,ke,frsm;. r[m
aemufydkif;wGif 'yfcsESifh jAdwdo~wdk\onf urf;&dk;wef; rif;-uD;udk ud, k fpm;jyKonf? ppfjyD;umvwGif q7m;0yf
wav~mufwGif vlaepcef;rsm; pwifwnfaxmifonf? e,f. bk7ifcu H A&l;ae;e,f. r[mrif;-uD; jzpfvmI
xdkpOfu rav;yifv,f"m;jyESifh ',uf vl&dkif;rsm;. ,if;tm; A&l;ae;e,f jAdwo d ~ta7;ydik fu ud, k pf m;jyK7
wdkucf dkufr=/ aESmifh,u S frw = dk\udk rsm;pGmcHch-J u7avonf? avonf?
jAdwdo~ESifh 'yfcswdk\onf aAmfeDu`ef;Y ukefoG,fr= rlvu A&l;ae;e,fonf us,fjyef\aome,f-uD; w
udk tjydKifjyK7if; e,fajrrsm;odrf;oGif;cJh7m 'yfcswdk\u e,f jzpfcahJ omfvnf;/ ajrmufaAmfe, D Ekd iS hf q7m;0yfe,fw\kd
jAw d do~w\kx d uf ydI k ajcoGufco hJ nf? xdka-umifh aAmfe, D kd u e,fajrrsm; zJI h zJI h odr;f oGi;f cJo h jzifh ti,fq;Hk aom
u`ef;.q,fyHk ckepfykcH ef\rSm 'yfcswk\d. vufatmufo\dk e,fwe,fjzpfvmonf? tus,t f 0ef; 2ô226 pwk7ef;
a7mufcho J nf? 1891 ckESpw f Gif jAdwo d ~ESihf 'yfcswdk\ ydkif rdkif7ISd vlO;D a7 (1958 ckESpf cef\rSe;f acs) 80ô2^^ cef\7dS
aome,frsm;. e,fedrdwfrsm;udk ydkif;jcm; owfrSwfcJh onf? ajrmufaAmfeD,dkonf (vm;Al;tef;u`ef; tyg
avonf? t0if) 29ô38^ pwk7ef;rkid f us,0f ef;I vlO;D a7 (1959
jAw
d o d ~ aAmfe, D w kd iG f yg0ifaom q7m;0yfe,f/(q7m; ckEpS f cef\rSef;ajc) 500ô000 cef\ 7Sdonf? q7m;0yfe,f
0yfe,f„&=?) aAmfeD,adk jrmufydkif;e,fESifh A&l;ae;e,fw\dk onf 4^ô0^1 pwk7ef;rkid f us,f0ef;I vlO;D a7 (1959
onf 1840 jynfhESpfwiG f q7m;0yfe,fodk\ a7muf7Sdvm ckESpf cef\rSe;f ajc) 6^5ô000 cef\7daS vonf?
aom jAdwo d ~vrl sdK; qm*srd f;A7Gw. f pGrf;aqmifra= -umifh aAmfeD,dku`ef;. -uD;rm;aom tpdwt f ydik f;jzpfonfh
jAdwdo~ -oZmcH e,frsm;tjzpfodk\ a7muf7SdvmcJhonf? 'yfcs (e,fomvef) aAmfe, D ku d dk 'yfcswk\donf wdu k cf ku
d f
A&l;ae;e,f. plvwefapmfbmG ;onf x-uGykeu f efrw = ck jcif;jzifh›if;/ pmcsKyf csKyfqdkjcif;jzif›h if; e,fajrrsm;
udk ESrd feif;7ef A7Gwftm; tultnDawmif;7m/ A7Gwfu odr;f oGi;f cJhonf? 'yfcswd\k pdk;rdk;pOftcgu taemufaAmf
ulnDchI J q7m;0yfe,fukd tydkipf m;ay;cJo h nf? qm*sdr;f eD,edk ,f/ awmifESihf ta7S\aAmfe, D ked ,f[I l e,f 2 e,f
A7Gwfonf xdke,fwiG f tvGew f efck;d -oZm-uD;vmonf? cGJjcm;xm;cJhonf? 'kwd,uBmppftwGif; *syefwdk\
aemiftcg e,fajrrsm; xyfrHodrf;oGif;cJhonf? ajrmuf vufatmufo\dk usa7mufchjJ yD;aemuf ppf-uD;jyD;I ppftyk f
aAmfeD,ked ,fonf rlvu tar7duefukeo f ,G fa7; uk$ csKyaf 7; &kyo f rd ;f jyD;aomtcg/ 'yfcstpd;k 7onf 194^ ck

60
aAmfeD,u
dk `ef; aAmfvuefu`ef;qG,f

ESpfrSpI tkyfcsKyfa7;vGwfvyfr= tawmftoifh ay;cJh ref;wif;[laom wkdif;7if;trnfopfjzifh jynfe,f xl

onf? 1950 jynfhESpfwGif tif'dkeD;7Sm;oRwEkdifiH xl axmifcho f 0ef;rSm pwk7ef; rdik f 208ô286
J nf? tus,t
axmifaomtcg 'yfcsaAmfeD,ko d nf jynfe,fwcktjzpf jzpfI vlOD;a7 2ô^25ô000 a,muf7Sdavonf?(tif'dk
yg0ifcJhonf? 'yfcspdk;rdk;r=ESifh uif;vGwfjyDjzpfI umvD eD;7Sm;Ekid fi„H &=?)

Ñ¿ú³§©µ«
¼ Ä
º ô®ºå¬¼åµ ¶¦°º¿±³¿ù±
awmawmifxlxyfaom aAmfvuefu`ef;qG,fa'oonf 7mpkESpfaygif; rsm;pGmyif Oa7mywdkuf.,rf;tdk; jzpfcJh
onf? Oa7mywkduf. ppfyGJaygif;rsm;pGmonf tb,fa-umifh xdka'oY tpysdK;cJhonfudk atmufygta-umif;7yfudk
zwf-unfhu od-u7ayvdrfhrnf?
aAmfvuefu`ef;qG,f? ?aAmfvuefu`e;f qG,o f nf *&dk;/ ',fvar;7Sm;/ aAmhpeD;,m;/ qm;AD;,m;ESifh [m;
Oa7mywku d af wmifyikd ;f .u`e;f qG,-f uD; 3 ckteuf ta7S\ ZD*kAd D;em;jynfe,fw\kd yg0ifonf? aAmfvuef u`e;f qG,f
zufqk;H u`e;f qG,fjzpfonf? tDvD7D;,ef; u`ef;qG,[ f k . ta7S\zufq;kH tpGe;f onf wl7uDEikd if . H wpdww f a'
vnf; ac:onf? aAmfvuefu`ef;qG,f[lonfh trnf ojzpfavonf?
onf aAmfvuefawmifwef;udk tpGJjyKac:a0:jcif; jzpf u`e;f qG,. f ajrmufzufyikd ;f onf Oa7myEkid if rH sm;.
onf? ‘‘aAmfvuef’’onf wl7uDa0g[m7jzpfI ‘‘awmif e,fedrw d rf sm;ESihf qufpyfaeonf? tjcm;Oa7myawmif
wef;jrifh’’[laom t"d_g,f7avonf? ydkif;u`ef;qG,rf sm;uJhodk\ ajrmufzufydkif;Y jrifhrm;aom
aAmfvuefu`ef;qG,af 'oudk ‘‘Oa7my,rf;tdk;’’[k awmif&dk;awmifwef;rsm;jzifh Oa7myukef;r-uD;ESifh ydkif;
vnf; ac:qdkcJh-uonf? ta-umif;rl ppfyaGJ ygif;rsm;pGm jcm;xm;jcif; r7Sdacs? 'ef;nKjrpfESifhqm;Am;jrpfwdk\onf
wd\konf ,if;a'orS pwifcahJ oma-umifw h nf;? ,if;a' ajrmufzufydkif;e,fedrdwfrsm;jzpf-uonf? -wd*HyHk qef
oY EdkifiHa7;rjidrrf ouf/ v=yf7Sm;r=rsm; r-umc+ jzpf qef7Sdaom awmifzufydkif;rSmrl oHk;zufoHk;wefY yif
jcif;onf u`ef;qG,. f 7yfwnfyHktaetxm;a-umifh
jzpfonf? ,if;onf pdu k yf sKd ;a7;twGu›f if;/ pufrv
= yk if ef;
twGuf›if; o,HZmw obm0 yPnf;wd\kjzifh ayg-uG,f
0onfvnf; r[kwfacs? od\kaomf Oa7myESifh tm7Swku d f
-uD;ESpwf u dk uf kd uke;f vrf;c7D;jzifh qufoG,fay;Ekid faom
aygif;ul;wHwm;ozG,fjzpfI wa-umif;/ aAmfvuef
u`e;f qG,u f kd pdk;rd;k Ekid o
f o l nf ajrxJyifv,fEiS hf yifv,f
euf t-um; vloEl SifhyPnf;7dQm tydk\t,ludk csKyfuidk f
xm;Ekid faoma-umifw h a-umif; jzpfayonf?
aAmfvuefu`ef;qG,fwGif yg0ifI aAmfvuefEkdifiH
rsm;[k ac:wGiaf om wdki;f jynfEkdifiHwdk\rSm ,l*dkpvm;AD;
,m;/ t,fvaA;eD;,m;/ *7d/ Alva*;7D;,m;ESifh &lar;
eD;,m;EkdifiHwdk\jzpfonf? (,l*dkpvm;AD;,m;EkdifiH? t,f
vaA'eD;,m;Ekid if ?H *7dEkid fiH? Alva*;7D;,m;Ekid if ?H &lar;
eD;,m;Edkifi„H &=? ) &lareD;,m;EkdifiHonf pifppf aAmf
vuefEikd if [ H k rac:qdEk dik faomfvnf; EdkifiHorkid ;f tm;jzifh
›if;/ EkdifiHa7;tm;jzifh›if; aAmfvuefa'oESifh qufpyf
aeojzifh ,if;udk aAmfvuefEkdifiHwck tjzpf,q l xm; aAmfvuefu`ef;qG,frS qm;AD;,m;vlrsK;d wkd\onf Tokd\qif,if
-uonf? ,l*dkpvm;AD;,m;EkdifiHwGif ,cifu rGefwDeD; avh 7Sd-uonf?

61
 aAmfvuefu`ef;qG,f

v,fa7jyifrsm;jzifh 0dik f;7Hvsuf7Sdonf? ta7S\zufY yif aAmfvuefu`e;f qG,. f urf;&dk;wef;onf tvGeaf uG\
v,feuf7dI S awmifzufwiG f rm;r7yfyifv,f/'g;'eJa7 aumufI ukefoG,fa7;twGu›f if;/ ppfa7;twGuf›if;
vuf-um;ESit hf ;D *s;D ,ef;yifv,fw\7kd odS nf? atj', D ufwpf ta7;ygaom oab®mqdyfaumif;rsm;pGm 7Sdonf? odk\
yifv,fEiS hf tdik t f ;kd eD;,ef;yifv,fw\dkonf taemufzuf aomf awmif&k;d awmifwef;rsm; cHaeojzifh uke;f wGi;f odk\
Y7So d nf? aAmfvuefu`e;f qG,f wckv;kH onf pwk7ef;rdkif t0iftxGuf jyK7ef rvG,u f al cs? u`e;f pkrsm;/ u`e;f i,f
1^5ô000 cef\us,f0ef;onf? u`ef;qG,. f awmifzuf uav;rsm;onf tm7Srdki;f em;ESifh ul;oef;qufoG,7f ef
qHk;tpGe;f onf *7dEdik fiH. awmifzufpeG ;f jzpfaom armf7D wHwm;ozG,v f nf; 7Sad e-uonf? 'g;'eJ ESihf aAmhpy7yf
,e,fjzpfI pifppftm;jzifh u`ef;wu`ef; jzpfayonf? a7vuf-um;wdk\a-umifo h mv~if tm7Swu kd f uke;f r-u;D ESihf
aAmfvuefu`ef;qG,o f nf rsm;aomtm;jzifh awmif ydik ;f jcm;vsuf aeawmhonf?
xlxyfonf? aAmfvuefawmifwef;onf Oa7mywdkuf aAmfvuefu`e;f qG,w f iG f 7moDOwk taxGaxGtjym;
tv,fyidk f;7Sd tJv h yawmifwef;. awmif&k;d rS qufEG,f jym;7Sdonf? rsm;aomtm;jzifh urf;&dk;wef;a'o w
vmjcif;jzpfonf? ,if;awmifwef;onf Alva*;7D;,m;/ av~mufwGif ajrxJyifv,f 7moDOwkrsdK;7SdI/ awmifxl
,l*dkpvm;AD;,m;ESifh &lareD;,m;EkdifiHwdk\. e,fedrdwf xyfaom a'orsm;wGif ukef;wGi;f 7moDOwkrsdK;7Sdonf?
rsm; qHkonfhae7mrS aAmfvuefu`ef;qG,fxJodk\ 0if u`ef;qG,fwckvHk;udk jcHKI-unfhv~if awmifxlxyfI
a7mufvm7m awmifzufESifh taemufzufY ,l*pdk vm; jrufcif;jyifrsm; toift h wifh7do S jzifh opfawmvkyif ef;/
AD;,m;EkdifiHud›k if;/ ta7S\zufY Alva*;7D;,m;EkdifiHudk od;k qdwfarG;jrLa7;vkyif ef;rsm; vkyu f ikd Ef dik of nf? jrpf0rS ;f
›if; jzwfoGm;7m yifv,feuf.urf;ajcwdik af tmif jzpf a'orsm;onf ajr-oZmaumif;rGefI pdkufysdK;jzpfxGef;
awmhonf? aAmfvuefawmifwef;. awmifzufwGif onf? xdka-umifh aAmfvuefu`ef;qG,. f xGufukef
Alva*;7D;,m;awmifykid ;f rS a7mh'kyd J awmifwef; 7So d nf? rsm;rSm *sKH / ajymif;/ 0g*Gr;f / aq;7Gu/f pyspo f ;D / oHviG o f ;D /
tjrifhq;Hk awmifxdyo f nf ay ^ô^89 jrifI h / ay ^ô000 ydk;pmoD;/ EGm;/ qdwf/ odk;ESifh 0ufrsm; jzpf-uonf?
ausmfjrifhaom awmifxdyfaygif;rsm;pGm7Sdonf? awmif aAmfvuefu`ef;qG,w f iG f wdik ;f jynfEikd fiHtrsdK;rsdK; yg
-um;vrf;aygif; oHk;q,fausmf7SdI tcsdK\awmif-um; 0ifouJo h \kd bmompum;/ 0wfpm;qif,ifyEkH iS hf "avhx;kH
vrf;wd\konf yifv,fa7jyifrS ay 4ô000 rS 5ô000txd pH uGJjym;jcm;em;aom vlrsdK; trsdK;rsdK;7Sdonf? awmif
jrifhonf? aAmfvuefawmifwef;. taemufzufwGif zufpGef;ESifh ,if;teD;tem;u`ef;pkrsm;wGif *7dvlrsdK;
tzdk;wef oH / a-u;eD/ cJESifh tjcm;"mwfoWKrsm;pGm rsm; aexkdif-uonf? atj'D,ufwpf urf;&dk;wef; w
wl;azmf77Sdonf? av~mufwGif t,fvaA;eD;,ef; vlrsdK;rsm; aexdkif-u
u`ef;qG,f.tv,fwGif 'Dem7pftv Jh y/t,fvaA; onf? taemufajrmufzufwiG f a'otvdkuf qAf[lI
eD;,ef;ESihf yif;'yfawmif&;dk awmifwef;rsm; 7Sad o;onf? ›if;/ u&d;k tuf[lI›if;/ aAmhpeD;,ef; [lI›if;/ [m;ZD*kd
Alva*;7D;,m;Ekdiif H7Sd &lrJv, D vGijf yifESihf ,if;xufi,f AD;,ef;[lI›if; ponfjzifh trnftrsdK;rsdK; cH,lxm;
aom qm;AD;,m;EkdifiH7Sd aumhqkdAdkvGifjyifwdk\rS vGJv~if aom qvAvlrsdK;rsm; aexkdif-uonf? ,if;wdk\tjyif
aAmfvuefu`e;f qG,fwiG f vGijf yifa'orsm;onf rus,f wl7uDvlrsdK;rsm;onfvnf; ta7S\awmifydkif;pGef;wGif
0ef;vSacs? aexdkif-uonf? vlrsdK;csif; uGJjym;aomfvnf; pdwfae
aAmfvuefu`e;f qG,w f iG f 'ef;nKrv
S v JG ~if jrpfacsmif; pdwfxm;wGifrl trsm;tm;jzifh wlnD-uonf? aAmfv
wd\konf tvsm;wdI k a7pD;jrefonf? xdak -umifh o,f,l uefu`ef;qG,fom;wdk\onf pdwfqwfI rw7m;r=/ csKyf
ydk\aqmifoGm;vma7;twGuf toHk;0ifaom jrpfacsmif; cs,rf w = \ukd kd rvdv
k m;acs? vGwv f yfrt = wGuf wdu k cf ukd v f kd
rsm;enf;yg;onf? yifv,feufxJo\kd pD;0ifaom 'ef;nK olrsm; jzpf-uonf?
jrpfonf ta7;tygqH;k / toH;k 0ifqk;H jzpfavonf? c7D; aAmfvuefjynfe,frsm;onft,fvufZNm„o„*7dwf
vrf;yef; tquftoG,frsm;onf rsm;aomtm;jzifh jrpf . tifyikd f,mtwGi;f Y›if;/ a7mrESihf AdkiZf if;wkid f tifyikd f
a-umif;/ jrpf0rS f;rsm;ESihf ,SOfvsufazmufvkyx f m;onf? ,mrsm;twGi;f Y›if; wpdwfwa'otjzpf yg0ifcho J nf?
aAmfvuefu`ef;qG,fY ta7;ygaom jrdK\-uD;rsm; jzpf 14 7mpkESihf 157mpkEpS frsm;wGif wl7uDwk\d 0ifa7mufp;dk rdk;
onfh AJv*7dwf/ q,fvdkeD;um;ESifh tPwefAlwdk\onf cJ7h m 19 7mpkacwfwidk fatmif jzpfco Jh nf? *7dEidk fio H nf
a7vrf; ukef;vrf;qHkwk\dY wnf7Sd-uavonf? 1829 ckESpfwGif vGwfvyfcJhonf? qm;AD;,m;/ &lar;

62
aAmfvuefu`ef;qG,f aAmfv*gjrpf

eD;,m;ESihf rGew f eD ;D *&d;k wd\konf 18^8 ckEpS w f iG f vGwv f yf uefEdik fiHw\kdwiG f uGefjrLepf0g'vFr;f rdk;I &k7-S oZm -uD;pdk;
cJI
h / Alva*;7D;,m;onf 1908 ckEpS Yf ›if;/ t,fvaA;eD; cJhonf? od\kaomf ,l*pkd vm;AD;,m;Ekdiif o H nf 1948 ckEpS f
,m;onf 1912 ckEpS f wGi›f if; vGwv f yfa7;7cJah vonf? wGif &k7S-oZmcHtjzpfrS cGJxGufI taemuf'Drdkua7pD
aAmfvuefppfyGJ(1912 13)tjyD;wGif aAmfvuefu`ef; Edik fiHrsm;zufodk\ ydkI ,drf;aom uGefjrLepfEdkifiH jzpfvm
qG,fY wl7uD. wefck;d tm+m usqif;cJjh yD;v~if jyefI avonf?
acgif;raxmif Ekdifawmhacs?
aAmfvuefEikd fiHrsm;onf tcsi;f csi;f vnf; ppfjydKifchJ aAmfv*gjrpf? ?aAmfv*gjrpfonf Oa7mywkduw f iG f
-uonf? tjcm; Oa7myEkdifiHrsm;ESifh woD;wjcm;uJhodk\ t7Snq f ;kH jrpfjzpfonf? tvsm;rdik af ygif; 2ô300 ausm7f I dS
7Sad eaomfvnf;/ aAmfvuefppfrufa7;wGif Oa7myEkdifiH qdkAD,uf &k7Sjynfaxmifpk twGif;Y vHk;vHk;vsm;vsm;
rsm; yg0ifcJh-uonf? yxruBmppfonf aAmfvuef wnf7o Sd nf? &k7ES dik if H. a7a-umif;c7D;vrf;r-uD;vnf;
EkdifiHrsm;rS pwifcJhI Oa7mywwdkufvHk; jyef\ESH\cJhonf? jzpfI/ ukepf nful;oef;a7mif;0,frt = wGuo f m ta7;yg
ppfjyD;umvwGif qm;AD;,m;EkdifiHudktajccHxm;I -op onfr[kw/f Oa7mywku d Ef iS hf tm7Swu kd wf \ku
d kd qufoG,f
-wdK„[efa*7DEikd fiH. e,fajrtrsm;tjym;ESihf Alva*;7D; ay;aom aygif;ul;wHwm;-uD;ozG,v f nf; ta7;ygaom
,m;e,ftcsKd \ukd yl;aygif;xnfo h Gi;f I ,l*dkpvm;AD;,m; jrpf-uD; jzpfavonf?
EkdifiHudk xlaxmifonf? &lar;eD;,m;. e,fedrdwv f nf; xdjk rpfonf qdAk , D uf&7k ES idk if .
H taemufajrmufzuf
ydkIus,f vmonf? t,fvaA;eD,m;. e,fedrdwf ykdif;/ vDeif*7ufjrdK\. ta7S\awmifzuf rdkiEf Spf7mcef\ t
udv k nf; jyefvnfowfrw S o
f nf? *7dEikd if o H nf Alva*;7D; uGm7Sd Amv'kdif;awmifukef;a'oY jrpfzsm;cHjyD;v~if/
,m;Ekdiif H. tD;*sD;,ef;urf;&dk;wef;a'oudk 77Sdcho J nf? uufpysef yifv,fxJodk\ auG\aumuf pD;qif;onf?
'kwud uBmppftwGi;f u †wvDEidk if Honf t,fv wdu k fqdkifyHkrSm aAmfv*gjrpf auG\aumuf pD;qif;yHkonf
aA;eD;,m;udk odrf;,lco Jh nf? &lar;eD;,m;Edik fiH wpdwf qdAk , D ufjynfaxmifpYk wefc;kd tm+m -uD;vSaom uGef
wa'oudk [efa*7D/ &k7SESifh Alva*;7D;,m;EkdifiHwdk\u jrLepfygwD. wHqyd jf zpfonfh wlwpH OfyrkH S wHpOfyo kH !mef
odr;f yduk cf o
hJ nf? *7dEidk if wH iG ;f od\k *smrefEiS †
hf wmvsw H yfrsm; ESihf qifqifwjl cif;jzpfonf? xdjk rpfonf OD;pGmY ta7S\zuf
0ifa7mufwdkufcJhonf? aemufqHk;wGif aAmfvuef odk\ auG\aumufumpD;onf? xdkaemuf awmifzufodk\
EdkifiHtm;vHk;udk *smrefwyfrsm;u odrf;ydkufI *smref pD;jyefum aemufqHk;wGif ta7S\awmifzufok\d csdK;csoGm;
vufeufEkdifiHrsm;tjzpf xm;cJhonf? ppftjyD;wGif *sm av7m ‘‘wHpOf.vufuikd ’f ’ ae7muJo h \kd jzpfay:aponf?
refvufatmufrS vGwfajrmufcJhI/ e,fedrdwfrsm; jyef aAmfv*gjrpf.jrpf0u`e;f ay:onf rkdif ^0 ausmfr~ jyef\
vnfowfrSwfcJhonf? *7dEkdifiHrS vGJv~if tjcm;aAmfv jzL;I jrpf0uav;aygif; ESp7f mausmjf zifh uufpysef yif

aAmfv*gjrpfESihf 'Gefjrpfwkd\ukd qufoG,fazmufvkyfxm;aom aAmfv*g„'Gef wl;ajrmif;7Sd a7wHcg;

63
aAmfv*gjrpf
v,fxJok\d pD;0ifavonf? xdjk rpf-uD;. ta7;ygaom
jrpfvufwufrsm;onf tyfu/ um;rESifh tGeZf wdk\ jzpf
-uavonf?
aAmfv*gjrpfonf a7pD;aES;ojzifh rdik af ygif; ESpaf xmif
ausmftxd avSoab®mrsm; oGm;vmEdkifonf? wESpf
v~if oHk;vr~ a7cJaomae7m rsm;pGm7Sdaomfvnf;/ xdk
a7cJjyifrsm;ay:wGif jrif;qGJ odk\r[kwf pufwyfpGwfzm;
vSn;f rsm;jzifh ukefpnfrsm;udk o,f,l yd\kaqmifEidk o f jzifh
jrpfa-umif;wav~muf ul;oef;a7mif;0,fa7;onf w
ESpfywfvHk; tqufrjywfvSacs? rnfonfh ork]7ma7
jyifEiS fhr~ wdkuf&dkufqufpyfvsuf r7Sdaomfvnf;/ jrpf.
txufydkif;wGif aAmvwpfyifv,f/ yifv,fjzLwdk\ESifh
wl;ajrmif;rsm; tm;jzifh›if;/ atmufydkif;wGif yifv,f
eufESifh aAmfv*g„'Gefwl;ajrmif;jzif›h if; qufoG,f
Ekid o f nf? xdjk yif tmwdwo f rk]7m/ armfpudjk rKd \w\Ekd iS vhf nf;
wl;ajrmif;rsm;jzifh qufo, G fxm;avonf?
qdkcJhaomwl;ajrmif;rsm;onf aAmfv*g;jrpf0Srf; w
av~mufrS xGufukerf sm;udk &k7Se,fpyfa'orsm;ta7muf
o,faqmifay;7mY ta7;yg toHk;0if-uayonf?
aAmfv*g;jrpf0Srf;onf *sHKpyg;t-uD;tus,f pdu k fysdK;7m
a'oESifh opfvkyif ef;t-uD;tus,v f kyfukid faom a'o
jzpfonf? aEGu;l 7moDwGif aAmfv*g;jrpfonf jrpfa7v~H
wwf7m uufpysefyifv,fudk rsm;pGm a7wdk;aponf?
aAmfv*gjrpf. a7pD;a-umifh urf;yg;rsm; jydKjydKvdkufo
jzifh ukefwifukefcsoab®mqdyfrsm;udk r-umc+ ae7m
ajymif;-u7onf?
aAmfv*gjrpfonf qdAk , D uf&7k ES idk if .
H jynfwiG ;f o,f
,lydk\aqmifa7;twGuf toufaoG;a-um-uD; ozG,f
jzpfI/ xdjk rpf-uD;ESihf ,if;. vufwufrsm;udk trSjD yKum
oGm;vmvkyfudkif pm;aomufae-u7aom vlaygif;rSm
oef;aygif; 50 ausmfr~7Sdonf? pwmvif*7ufjrdK\ESifh
a*:7uDjrdK\w\dkonf aAmfv*gjrpfurf;ay:7Sd ta7;ygaom
pufr=vkyfief;jrdK\-uD;rsm;jzpfonf? qm7mawmhESifh tuf
p-wmcefjrdK\w\dkonfvnf; xdkjrpf0Srf;wGif ta7;ygaom
jrKd \-uD;rsm; jzpf-uavonf?
aAmfv*gjrpfukd a7S;acwf tD*spyf nm7Sif-uD;wOD;jzpf
aom awmfvrD. yx0D0ifpmtkyx f JY azmfjyxm;onf
udk awG\7onf? a7S;acwfordkif;wav~mufwGif tm7S
wdkurf S Oa7mywkdufok\d vltrsm; a7F\ajymif;oGm;vma7;
Y aAmfv*gjrpfonf ta7;ygcJhonf? um;rjrpfEiS hf aAmf
v*gjrpfw\kd aygif;qH7k mt7yfwiG f wcgu Alva*;7D;,ef;
tifydkif,mwck xGef;um;cJhzl;onf? &k7SvlrsdK;wdk\onf
64
aAmfvwJ,m;
aAmfv*gjrpf-uD;tm; cspfjrwfEdk;-uyHkudk aw;uAsmrsm;
pmayrsm;jzifh zGJ\qx
kd m;-uavonf?
aAmfvwJ,m;(c7pf1694 1^^8) ? ?txif7Sm;qHk;
aom jyifopfpma7;q7m-uD;wOD;jzpfol aAmfvwJ,m;
uavmiftrnfcH z7efqmG rm7D tma7G;onf obm0
aA'ynm7Sif/ orkdi;f ynm7Si/f 0 KjyZmwfEiS hf uAsma7;
q7m/ pG,fpHkusrf;jyKynm7SifESifh pmajymifa7;q7m jzpf
onf? uBmay:wGif t-uG,f0qH;k ESifh tausmf-um;qHk;
pma7;q7m[kyif qd-k uonf?
aAmfvwJ,m;udk 1694 ckEpS f Ed0k ifbmv 21 7ufae\
wGif yg7pfjrdK\Y zGm;jrifonf? rdcifjzpforl mS aAmfvwJ,m;
^ ESpfom;t7G,fuyif uG,fvGefonf? rdcifjzpfol.
rdwfaqG 7Smwl;Edk\ bkef;awmf-uD;u pmaya7;7mrsm;udk
nFef-um; jyocJhayonf? touf 10 ESpft7G,fwGif
*sufZl;tpf*dk+f;0ifrsm; wnfaxmifxm;aomausmif;Y
0ifa7muf ynmoif-um;7m 1^11 ckEpS ftxd jzpfonf?
7Smwl;Edk\ bke;f awmf-uD;onf aAmfvwJ,m;tm; jyifopf
txufwef;vFmwGif xif7Sm;aomtrsdK;orD;-uD; eDEGef
'g vef;uvdk\ESifh 7if;ES;D atmifrdwfzGJ\ay;7m/ 1^05 ckESpf
wGif ,if;trsdK;orD;-uD; uG,fvGeaf omtcg aAmfvwJ
,m;twGuf pmtkyfrsm;0,f7ef z7ef\ 2ô000 tarGay;
cJo
h nf?
1^11 ckESpw f Gif aAmfvwJ,m; ausmif;rS xGuv f mI
tdrjf yefa7mufaomtcg pmaya7;7mjzifhom tcsdefukef
vGefaeaom om;jzpfolonf pmayudk txifr-uD;bJ
Oya'ynmudk vdkufpm;oif,lapvdkonfh qNjyif;jyae
aom zcifjzpfolEiS hf tjrJyif oabmrwdu k q f ikd Ef idk af tmif
jzpfaeawmhonf? zcif auseyfap7ef Oya'ynmudk
twefi,fvu kd pf m;jy;D aemuf e,fomvefqikd 7f m jyifopf
oHtrwf-uD;.twGi;f 0eftjzpfjzifh [dwjf rKd \o\kv d u kd yf goGm;
onf? ,if;odk\ tr=xrf;,if; tqifrajyaom tcspf
a7;a-umifh yg7pfjrKd \o\kd jyefc7hJ onf? yg7pfjrKd \YaepOf zcif
auseyfap7ef 0wfvk-H u;D wOD;xH 0ifa7muf tvkyf vkyf
udkif[efaqmif7if; jyifopfeef;wGif;ol eef;wGif;om;
rsm;tm; jyuf7,fjyKonfhpmayrsm; tpOfwpdkuf a7;
om;onf? atmfvD,ef;pm;tm; jyuf7,fjyKa7;om;
aomuAsmtwGuf tzrf;cH7I AufpwD;axmifwiG f 11
vwdkifwdkif tusOf;csxm;jcif; cH7onf? 1^18 ckESpf
{jyvD wGif axmifrv S w G o
f nfrpS I z7efqmG trnfrS aAmf
vwJ,m;trnfodk\ ajymif;vdkufonf?
AufpwD;axmifwiG f tusO;f usaecJph Ofu ol.a7S;OD;

xif7Sm;ausmf-um;onhf jyifopfobm0 aA' u0daAmfvwJ,m;
qH;k jyZmwfjzpfaom ‘td'k pf’udk a7;om; tacsmudkio
axmifrS vGwfaomtcg tkd'pfjyZmwfudk usus
eepDpOfjyo7m vl-udKufrsm;I 0ifaiGrsm;pGm 7onf?
1^21 ckESpfwGif zcifjzpfol uG,fveG fojzifh wESpfv~if
vDAm'*®g; 4ô000 0ifaiG7Sdaom tarGyPnf;rsm; 77Sd
vdu k of nf? 1^24 ckEpS fwGif jyifopfEikd if H pwkš[ife7D
bk7ifta-umif;jzpfaom ‘‘vm [ife7D,uf’’ tufypf
uAsm-uD;udk a7;om;jyD;onf? 1^25 ckESpfwiG f jyifopf
EdkifiHY -oZmtm+m tvGef7Sdaom ykCdKvf-uD;wOD;ESifh
roifrh wifch u kd f7efjzpfojzifh AufpwD;axmifwiG f tusO;f
cscH7jyefonf? aAmfvwJ,m;onf ol.awmif;qdck suf
t7 7ufoW 2ywf-umaomtcg t*®vefjynfo\kd tydk\
cH7onf? aAmfvwJ,m;onf t*®vyd v f rl sKd ;wd\k. vlaer=
pepfESifh t*®vefjynf. vGwv f yfru
= dk oabmusojzifh
t*®vefjynfY 3 ESp-f umr~ aexkdifonf? t*®vefY ae
pOf 0gvydk/ aAmvif;A&kwf/ ykyf/ rmvAm7me,fpm;
uawmf qm7m paom xif7Sm;onhf ykCdKvf-uD;rsm;ESifh
cifrif7if;ES;D cJo
h nf?
1^29 ckESpw f Gif yg7DjrdK\o\dk jyefvmum ol.jyZmwf
rsm;udk pepfwus xkwaf 0jcif;/ pepfwus pifwifjcif;
jyKvkycf Jh7m tvGe0f ifaiGaumif;cJhonf? ,if;wdk\ teuf
1^32 ckEpS w f iG f xGufay:vmaom ‘ZJ,m;’ jyZmwfonf
ol. taumif;qH;k vuf7mvnf;jzpfI jyifopfjyZmwfw\kd
aAmfvwJ,m;
teuf taumif;qH;k jyZmwf wckvnf;jzpfonf? 1^33
ckESpfwGif t*®vdyf vlr=a7;pepfudk csD;usL;I jyifopf
omoem0efxrf;tzGJ\ESifh tpdk;7tzGJ\wdk\. jyKrlyHkrsm;udk
apmif;ajrmif;ykwfcwfa7;om;xm;onfh ‘t*®vdyfvlrsdK;
ta-umif;ay;pmrsm;’ [laompmtkyfESifh jyifopfpma7;
q7mtausmf &l;qd;k tm; oa7mfxm;aom ‘wify,f'l
a*gh’ pmtky2f tkyf a7;om;xkwfa0onf? 1^34 ckESpf
wGif ol. t*®vdyfvlrsdK;ta-umif; ay;pmrsm; pmtkyf
udk tpdk;7tm+mydkiw f \ku
d awG\7mt7yfwGif odr;f I rD;&d\=
ypfum aAmfvwJ,m;tm;vnf; zrf;7ef 07ef;xkwo f jzifh
yg7pfjrdK\rS xGufajy;7onf? 1^34 ckESpfrS 1^46 ckESpf
twGif; aAmfvwJ,m;onf 7Srfyed ;f ESiv fh 7dk def;e,ft-um;
pDa7;t7yf7dS tdrw f tdrYf r'rf7w S w f av;ESit hf wl aexdik f
onf? r'rf7w S w f av;.tm;ay;r=jzifh tdik Zf yfEsLwef.
y7ifpDyD,m;pmtkyu f dk jyifopfbmomodk\ jyefqakd 7;om;
I 14 qufajrmuf vl0b D 7k iforkid ;f ponfw\u kd kd a7;om;
jyKpck h.
J ? 1^35 ckESpfwGif aAmfvwJ,m;tm; zrf;qD;7ef
trdef\ &kyfodrf;oGm;ojzifh vGwfvyfpGm aexdkifEdkifcJhjyef
onf? 1^46 ckEpS w f iG f jyifopfynmhwcH eG t f oif;0if tjzpf
f nf? a7G;cs,w f ifajrm| ufjcif;cH7onf?
1^49 ckESpw f Gif r'rf7w S fwav;uG,fvGefI 1^15
ckEpS wf iG f y7yf7mS ;bk7ifz7uf'7pf.zdwaf c:csut f 7 y7yf
7Sm;eef;awmfwGif oGm;a7mufaexdkifonf? yxrwGif
bk7ifuvnf; tvGe-f unfnKd onft h avsmuf ajr|mufpm;
aomfvnf;/ aAmfvwJ,m;. rif;vdv k u kd f rif;-uKd urf ae
wwfonfh tavha-umifh bk7ifESihpf um;rsm;um 1^53
ckEpS f rwfvwGif jyifopfEidk if o H \kd jyefvmonf? od\k7mwGif
y7yf7Sm;EkdifiHY oGm;a7mufaexdkifcJholjzpfI jyifopf
Edik fiHuvnf; vufrcHojzifh qGpfZmvefEidk fiH *seD D;Am;jrdK\
teD; jyifopfe,fpyf7Sd zm;ae;7GmwGif tdrw f vHk; 0,fum
wlrjzpfolEiS fh aexdik fonf? zm;ae;7GmwGifaepOf pmtkyf
pmwrf;rsm;pGmudk vGwfvyfpmG a7;om;onf? t,l0g'
a7;qdkif7m tjrifusOf;r=ESifh pyfvsOf;aom pmtkyfpm
wrf;rsm;ESifh pG,fpHkusrf;twGuf obm0 aA' t
a-umif;7yfrsm;qdkif7m aqmif;yg;rsm; a7;om;onf?
aAmfvwJ,m;onf zm;ae;7GmYaepOf pD;yGm;jzpfvkyfief;
rsm;udk vkyfudkif,if; -uG,f0onfxuf -uG,f0vmum/
qif;7Jom;rsm;ESifh t,l0g'a7;7m n|Of;yef;r=a-umifh
xGufajy;vm7aom 'kQonfrsm;udk au`;arG; jyKpkI/
,if;wdk\ ta-umif;udk wifjyaom jyZmwfrsm; a7;om;
onf? aAmfvwJ,m;um; xdktcsdefwGif tausmf-um;
qH;k jzpfonf?
65
aAmfvwJ,m; aAmfv'Giôf pwefav

1^^4 ckEpS w f iG f 15 qufajrmuf vl0b D 7k if ewf7mG pH a7; wnf;[laom vlra= 7;0g'udk jyifopfvlxk oabm
aomtcg aAmfvwJ,m;onf yg7pfjrdK\odk\ jyefoGm;7ef aygufEidk -f ujcif; jzpfonf?
tcGiafh umif; apmifah eavonf? 1^^8 ckEpS w f iG f 28ESpf aAmfvwJ,m;onf w7m;r~wr=ESifh vGwfvyfr=udk
vHk;vHk; uGJumG ae7aom yg7pfjrdK\odk\ jyefoGm;aomtcg/ vdv
k m;oljzpfonft h avsmuf t7m7mwGif r[kwrf cH vGwf
aAmfvwJ,m;tm; pmayorm;ESifh EkdifiHjcm;om; t vyfpmG ajymqdka7;om;wwfojzifh cspfcifz, G f raumif;
ajrmuftjrm;u aomif;aomif;zszs qD;-udK*k+fjyK-u onfh 7efpG,fESifh aigaig vlwa,muftjzpf tcsdK\u
onf? toufuvnf;-uD; c7D;uvnf; yef;ojzifh yg7pf jrif-uonf?
jrdK\o\akd 7mufI 7ufoW 2ywft-um aAmfvwJ,m;onf
tjyif;zsm;avonf? jyefvnf usef;rmvmaomtcg aAmfv'Gifôpwefav(c7pf 186^„194^) ? ?t}r
ol. tvGr;f jyZmwf ‘tdki7f if;’udk &Hw k ifujy7ef pdik ;f jyif; tuf'Gyf bk7if eef;pGef\onfh ta7;wGif jAdwdefEdkifiHESifh
onf? ,if;jyZmwfujypOf vlxu k ol\tm;0dki;f I *k+f wuG tifykid , f m-uD; wckv;Hk udk rwdr;f rapmif;7atmif
jyK-obmay;-uonf? aAmfvwJ,m;onf yg7pfjrdK\Y ae xde;f odr;f cJo h nfh jAdwdo~ 0ef-u;D csKyf pwefavaAmfv'Gif
xdkifpOf ynmhwHcGeftoif; tpnf;ta0;rsm;odk\ rem; udk 186^ ckESpf -o*kwfv 37ufae\wiG f 0kpwm&d=if,m
raewufa7mufjcif;/ vlxkcsD;usL;yGJrsm;od\k wufa7muf e,f AsL'vDjrdK\wiG f zGm;jrifonf? t*®vefjynf7Sd t-uD;
jcif;wdk\a-umifh yef;zsm;zsm;um xdkESpf arv 30 7ufae\ qHk;aom tif*sifeD,mvkyfief;jzpfonfh aAmfv'Gif vDrd
wGif uG,fvGefavonf? wufyikd 7f iS fEiS hf 'g&duk wf mvl-uD; tJvz7uf aAmfv'Gi. f
aAmfvwJ,m;. ynmyg7rD xl;c`efyHkudk rnfolr~ wOD;wnf;aomom; jzpfonf?
rjiif;Edik af cs? od\7k mwGif rnfonfv h yk if ef;wckc/k bmom7yf [,f&akd usmif;ESihf x7ifew D aD umvdywf iG f ynmoifchJ
wckckwGif xl;c`efI ausmf-um;onf[lIrl twdtus I 1888 ckwGif bGJ\7cJhjyD;aemufzcifjzpfol. vkyfief;
rqdkEdkifacs? aAmfvwJ,m;. jyZmwfrsm;onf ausmf udk 0ifa7muf OD;pD;vkyfuidk cf o Jh nf? tESpf ESpq f ,fausmf
-um;aomfvnf;/ ol\udkum; taumif;qHk; jyZmwfa7; ausmf pD;yGm;a7;zufwGif vHk;yef;cJhjyD;aemuf 1908 ckESpf
q7m[k ac:Irjzpfay? xdk\twl aAmfvwJ,m; a7;om; wGif zcifjzpfol. ae7mjzpfaom AsL'vDrS uGefqm;A
aom orkdif;rsm;onf zwfaumif;jyD; ausmf-um;aomf wpftrwftjzpf a7G;aumufwifajr|mufjcif; cH7onf?
vnf;/ ol\uu dk m; taumif;qH;k ordkif;a7;q7m[k rqdk 1916 ckESpfwGif Akdemavm tpdk;vufxufY aAmfv'Gif
Edik facs? olum; tjypfjrifa0zefa7;orm;jzpfonf? ol\ onf ygvDref twGi;f 0eftjzpf xrf;7Guf7onf? 191^
acwfEkdiif Ha7;ESihf t,l0g'a7;qdik f7m tzGJ\tpnf;rsm;udk ckEpS wf iG f b@ma7;0efuav; jzpfvmI 1920 jynfhESpf
cyfjyif;jyif;ESifh -urf;-urf; a0zefa7;om;ol jzpfonf? wGif ul;oef;a7mif;0,fa7; 0ef-uD;tjzpf aqmif7Guf7
ol. ‘‘uif'pf'’D ’[lonfh pmajymif jyZmwfYyif vlra= 7; onf? 1922 ckESpf atmufwdkbmvwGif usif;yaom
pepf. c`w, f iG ;f csurf sm; jyKjyif7ef 7nfoefI a7;om; uGeq f m;Awpf ygwDpnf;a0;yGYJ aAmfv'Gif rde\f-um;aom
cJo
h nf? *`eef oefqpG u f o
hJ \kd olonf vl\obm0udk oa7mf rdef\cGef;. *,uf&dkufr=a-umifh vGdKufa*smh. nGef\
onf r[kwfbJ/ vl\tzGJ\tpnf;udkom oa7mfjcif;jzpf aygif;tpdk;7 jyKwfusI Adkemavmtpdk;7 wufvmav
onf? (qGpôf *`eef oef„&=? ) od\7k mwGif tcsed Ef iS t hf ajc onf? (avmôAdkem„ &=? ) Adkemavmtpdk;7 tzG\JwiG f
taeajymif;vJr=wdk\a-umifh ol\acwfu tvGefxufjruf aAmfv'Gio f nf b@ma7; 0ef-uD;tjzpf aqmif7u G 7f if;
yHk7aom ol\pmayrsm;onf ,ckacwfwGif ysif;7dzG,f 1923 ckEpS w f iG f jAdwed Ef ikd if u
H qyf7ef7daS om ppfa-uG;rsm;
aumif;vsuf 7Sad yonf? udPudk pDpOf7ef tar7duefEkid if H od\koGm;a7mufco Jh nf?
jyifopfawmfveS fa7;udk aoG;xd;k ay;ol &l;qd;k uJo h \kyd if xdkESpf arvwGif Akdemavm 0ef-uD;csKyf7mxl;rS Ekwf
aAmfvwJ,m;onf vlra= 7;qdik 7f m obm0 aA' ynm xGufvu dk af omtcg aAmfv'Gif0ef-uD;csKyf jzpfvmonf?
7Sifjzpfonf?( &l;qdk;ôa*s/a*s„&=? ) olonf tdk;opf odk\7mwGif 1924 ckESpf Zefe0g7DY usif;yaom a7G;
tdro f pfwnfaqmuf7ef cvkwu f efoif;jzifh jynfEh u S af e aumufy-JG uD;Y aAmfv'Gif.ygwD &H=;edro fh mG ;aoma-umifh
onfah jrudk 7Si;f ay;olEiS v fh nf;wlonf? vlxt k m; ol. aemufw-udrf usif;yaom a7G;aumufyGJ-uD; txd
uavmifvufeufjzifh rsupf zd iG ahf y;cJI h om &l;qd;k . vGwf twdkuftcHacgif;aqmiftjzpf aqmif7Guf7avonf?
vyfa7;/ cGihw f l a7;wl 7a7;/ tcsi;f csif; cspfcifr~wr=7dS xdkESpf atmufwdkbmv a7G;aumufyGJwGif aAmfv'Gif.

66
 aAmfv'Gifô pwefav
jAdwdo~ eef;7ef;0efjzpfcJhol pwefavaAmfv'Gif
ygwD tEdkif7ojzifh 1929 ckESpftxd 0ef-uD;csKyftjzpf
aqmif7Guf7onf? xdktcsdefumvtwGif; aAmfv'Gif
tpd;k 7onf qdAk D,uf&k7SEiS fh qufqaH 7;/ tvkyfvufrJh
jy©em/ oydwfta7;awmfykH paom jy©em-uD;aygif;
rsm;pGmESifh -uHKawG\cJh7avonf? 1929 ckESpfwGif
aAmfv'Giftpdk;7 jyKwfusavonf? 1931 ckESpfwGif
7Raq rUa':e,f acgif;aqmifaom nGef\aygif;
tpdk;7wufcJh7m aAmfv'Gifonf y7DADaumifpDOU}ESifh
wHqyd af wmf0ef-uD;tjzpf xrf;aqmifc7Jh onf? ygvDref
wGif uGefqm;Awpf trwfrsm; tm;aumif;aeav7m/
aAmfv'Gifonfvnf; tpdk;7tzGJ\wiG f -oZmt7Sdq;Hk ykCdKvf
jzpfaeavonf? 1935 ckESpf ZGefvwGif rUa':e,f
7mxl;rS EkwfxGuaf omtcg aAmfv'Gio f nf 0ef-uD;csKyf
tjzpf wifajrm| ufjcif; cH7avonf?
wwd,ESihf aemufqHk;t-udrfajrmuf 0ef-uD;csKyf t
jzpfaqmif7Gufc7Jh pOf aAmfv'Gifonf Oa7mywkdufY ydkrdk
jyif;xefvmonfh EdkifiHa7;wif;rmr=rsm;udk›if;/ jAdwdo~
eef;wGi;f a7; jy©emudk›if; 7ifqdkifcJh7avonf? rlqkd
vDeDESifh [pfwvmwdk\onf usL;ausmfr=rsm;jzifh EkdifiH
aygif;csKyftoif;-uD;udk zufjydKiftefwkcJhojzifh uBmh
67
Ekid fiaH 7; tawmfv=y7f mS ;cJh7avonf? xdt k awmtwGi;f
yVra*smb h 7k if ewf7mG pHI om;awmf t}rtuf'yG b f 7k if
t&kduft7m qufcHcJhjyD;aemuf/ rif;aqGrif;rsdK; r[kwf
aom tar7duefol wckvyf rPpfqifyqiftm; rdzk7m;
wifajr|mufa7;ESifh pyfvsOf;I oabmuGJvGJr=rsm; jzpf
ay:cJhavonf? Teef;wGi;f a7;udk aAmfv'Gio f nf at;
at; csrf;csrf;ESifh jyD;jidrf;oGm;atmif vdRmyg;eyfpGm
aqmif7GufchJ avonf?
aAmfv'Giu f m; tvGerf sKd ;csppf w
d f xufoefol tjzpf
ausmf-um;cJhonf? 1919 ckESpfwGif ol.pnf;pdrf 5 yHk
1 yHkudk jAdwdo~ tpdk;7odk\ ay;vSLcJholjzpfonf? odk\7m
wGif twdkuftcHwdk\url aAmfv'Gifonf Oa7mytm+m
7Siw f \k.
d tiftm;udk csucf si;f r7drrf o d /l jAw d do~ avwyf
tiftm; jznfw h if;a7;twGuf uwdysuo f t l jzpf pGyfpcGJ hJ
-uonf?
193^ ckESpf arv 28 7ufae\wGif aAmfv'Gifonf
Ekid if aH 7;rS tem;,lonf? r-umrD q}a*smb h 7k ifu aAmfv
'Giftm; qmbGJ\jzifh olaumif;jyKonf? 194^ ckESpf
'DZifbmv 137ufae\wGif aAmfv'Gifonf 0kpwm&d=if
,me,f pwl;0g;ydk\„tGe„f qJAef;jrKd \wiG f uG,v f eG o
f nf?
aAmfv'Gif pwefav
aAmfv'Gifum; Ekdiif Ha7;Yomr[kwf/ rnfonfh bm
om7yfYrqdk pum;ajymxdol jzpfonf? ol. rdef\cGef;
rsm;udk pkI ‘‘t*®vefjynfta-umif;’’ (1926) /‘‘u`Eyfk f
wdk\.tarG’’ (1928)/ ‘‘rdef\cGe;f rsm;ESifh rSwfwrf;rsm;’’
(1935) [lI pmtkyrf sm;xkwfa0cJhonf? ol. tjcm;
pmayvuf7mrsm;rSm ‘‘vGwfvyfa7;. rD;&SL;wdkif’’
(1935)/ ‘‘t*®vefjynftm; o&kyfazmfol’’ (1939)/
‘‘*ª0ifESifh vljydef;’’ (1926) ponfwdk\jzpfonf?
aAmfv7SDApf? ?20 7mpkEpS t f pESifh yxruBmppf t
jyD;umvwGif &k7SEkdifiHY xif7Sm;aom EdkifiHa7;tzGJ\-uD;
um; aAmfv7SAD pfygwD jzpfonf? &k7ES dik if rH S rwf0g'Dw\ku d
&k7SEdik if t
H m; qdk7S,v
f pf'rD udk 7ufwpftvkyo f rm; Edkiif H
tjzpf xlaxmif7ef tm;xkwf7if; ay:aygufvmaom
EkdifiHa7;tzG\Jyifjzpfonf? aAmfv7SAD pf[laom pum;vH;k
onf &k7Sbmoma0g[m7 aAmfv7SifpwpfrS qif;ouf
I vlrsm;pk[k t"d_g,f7onf? ,if;ygwDonf 1918ckEpS f
aemufyikd ;f wGif &k7S uGejf rLepfygwDtjzpf uBmwGif ausmf
-um;vmavonf?
aAmfv7SAD pfygwD. rlvtprSm 1813 ckEpS af vmufu
jzpfonf? ay:pu ,if;trnfjzifh r[kwfbJ yavcg
aemhESifh tufZJa7mhwdk\acgif;aqmifaom tvkyform;
vGwaf jrmufa7; tkypf t k jzpfrS wjznf;jznf; aAmfv7SAD pf
ygwDtjzpf a7muf7Sdvmjcif;jzpfonf? xdktkypf k. 0g'
pnf;rsOf;um; awmfvSefa7;-uD; atmifjrifa7;twGuf
t"duvlpo k nf pepfwusz\JpG nf;xm;aom tvkyo f rm;
vlwef;pm; jzpf7rnf[o l wnf;? xdktyk pf o k nf pm7Guf
pmwrf;rsm; xkwfa0jcif;/ aqG;aEG;yGJ usif;yjcif;r~om
jyKvkyfI tvkyform;vlwef;pmwdk\tay:Y -oZm r
anmif;ao;acs? tkypf w k Gif acgif;aqmifom7SdI aemuf
vdkufr7Sdoavmuf 7Sm;aeonf? 1898 ckESpfavmuf
a7mufI vDeif/ u7yfqif/ rmawmh paom xif7mS ;onfh
ykCdKvf-uD;rsm; 0ifa7muftm;ay;rS xdktkyfpkrsm; zGH\jzdK;
vmavonf? ,if;tcsed ftxdyif ygwDonf rnfonfh
0g'vkyfief;pOfjzifh rnfo\dkaomenf;twdik ;f aqmif7u G f7
rnfukd jywfjywfom;om; r7Sad o;acs? od\k7mwGif tvkyf
orm;wd\k. qdk7S,'f rD u kd 7uftzG\Juav;rsm; jrdK\widk ;f wGif
ay:vmavonf?
1902 ckEpS fwGif ‘u`Efyk w f k\dbmvkyf7rvJ’ [laompm
tkyYf vDeifu ‘tzGJ\0ifwOD;pDtm; toD;toD; vkyif ef;
wm0ef cstyfay;I ppfwyfrS ppfom;yrm xrf;aqmif
apjcif;jzifh awmfveS fa7;tiftm;pkukd pkpnf;um aZmuf
68
aAmfv7SDApf
csvkyu f ikd f7rnf’ [k a7;vdu k rf S ygwD. 0g'vrf;pOfukd
aqG;aEG;7ef vrf;pay:vmonf? 1903 ckEpS f Zlvidk v f rS
-o*kwfvtwGi;f vef'efjrdK\Y usif;yaom tjynfjynf
qdkif7m qdk7S,f'Drdku7ufwpf avbmygwD. 'kwd,
uGe*f 7ufY ygwD0g'ESiv hf yk if ef;pOfukd aqG;aEG;I oabm
uG7J mrStp vDeifacgif;aqmifaomtkypf Ek iS hf rmawmhacgif;
aqmifaom tkypf [ k I
l tkyfpk 2 ck jzpfvmonf? vDeif
tkyfpo k nf vlrsm;pkjzpfonfupdk I GJ aAmfv7SDApf/ rmawmh
tkyfpkonf vlenf;pkjzpfonfudkpGJI rif7SDApf[lI jzpf
ay:vmonf?
aAmfv7SDApfwk\du ygwDukd tiftm;awmifhwif;atmif
zGJ\pnf;I wdkufa7;cdkufa7;udPrsm;udk aqmif7Gufaom
tzGJ\tpnf;jzpfatmif ysdK;axmif7rnf? ygwDvkyfief;udk
ud, k xf v d ufa7muf 0ifa7mufaqmif7u G of rl S ygwD0ifjzpf
7rnf[k owfrSwfonf? rif7SDApfwdk\url ygwD7efyHkaiG
xnfh0ifolrSefor~ ygwD0ifjzpfEdkifonf[k avsmhvsnf;
vsnf;zG\Jpnf;csif-uonf? TonfwGirf S oabmrwkduf
qkdifjzpfum oD;jcm;ygwD axmif-uaomfvnf; &k7S
qd7k S,fvpf 'Drdku7ufwpf avbmwD uGe*f 7ufuku d m;
qufvuf usif;yoGm;avonf? wwd,ESifh pwkš
'sL;rm;wGifrl 2 zGJ\vHk;rS ykCdKvfrsm;onf qdk7S,f 'Drdk
u7uf udk,pf m;vS,ftjzpf wufa7muf-uao;onf?
1912 ckESpf y7m[jrdK\wGif usif;yaom uGef*7ufwGif
rS aAmfv7SDApfwdk\u tjywftowf tiftm;-uD;um
rif7SDApfwdk\ arS;rSdefoGm;ojzifh &k7Sqk7d , S fvpf 'Drdku7uf
wpf avbmygwD (aAmfv7SAD pf)[k ygwDtrnfyg twd
tvif; ajymif;vJay:xGuv f monf? ,if;od\kjzifh jrefrm
EkdifiHrS zvyv tzGJ\csKyf-uD; 2 jcrf;uGJonfhtcg
zqyv(wnfjrJ)/ zqyv(oef\7iS ;f ) [kjzpf7mrS tzsm;
qGwfI oef\7Sif;ygwD0if/ wnfjrJygwD0if[lI jzpfay:
vmouJhodk\ qdk7S,f'Drdku7ufygwD trnfwdrfI aAmf
v7SDApfygwD trnfwGifvmonf? aAmfv7SDApfwdk\um;
vuf0J Edkiif Ha7;udk pGJjrJpGm ,Hk-unf-uolrsm; jzpfonf?
vlwef;pm;wkdufyGJ 0g'udk t-uGif;rJh axmufcHI/ qif;
7Jom; tvkyform;rsm; vufxJodk\ EdkifiHa7;tm+m
a7muf7aSd 7;udk a7S;&=aqmif7u G f-uonf?
&k7*S syefppfyYGJ &k7w
S \dk &H;= 7onfukd rcHr7yfEdik jf zpfum/
Zmbk7iftpdk;7tm; oydwfarSmuf qNjy/ ykeu f ef qlylr=
rsm; jzpfcJh7mwGif aAmfv7SDApfygwDonf ta7;ygaom
tzG\JwzG\Jjzpfonf? aAmfv7SAD pfw\kd. OD;aqmifr=jzifjh rdK\-uD;
rsm;Y puf&Hktvkyform;rsm;u›if;/ ppfom;rsm;ESifh
awmifolv,form;rsm;u›if; qdkAD,ufac: aumifpD
aAmfv7SDApf aAmfvDabmupm;jcif;

tzG\Jrsm; zG\J-uonf? yxruBmppf jzpfaomtcg &k7w S k\d vmjcif;jzpfonf? ,if;odk\ upm;enf;wrsdK;udk atmif
ppfxJ0ifa7muf-uonfudk vDeifacgif;aqmifaom aAmf jrifpGm wDxGifjyD;aemuf/ uBmt7yf7yf7Sd c7pf,ef vl
v7SDApfwk\du t7if;7Sif e,fcs\Jtm;ay;jcif;om jzpfonf i,frsm;toif;rsm;u wqifh jzef\vdkuf7m/ ,cktcg
[kqu kd m uef\uu G -f uonf? aAmfv7SAD pfw\ku d ‘‘ppfonf tESH\tjym; acwfpm;aeaom upm;enf;wrsdK; jzpf
awmfw\kdtwGuf jidr;f csr;f a7;/ tvkyform;twGuf aygif aeavjyD? jrefrmEkdifiHodk\rl 1920 jynfhESpfavmufwGif
rkef\/ v,form;twGuf v,fajr7atmif vkyaf y;rnf’’ c7pf,efvli,frsm;toif;ESifh ppfykvdyfwyfrsm;udk t
[k 0g'jzef\ uwday;vdku7f m vlxkoabmus jzpfomG ; a-umif;jyKum a7muf7v Sd monfrSpI aAmfvDabmupm;
avonf? 191^ ckESpf rwfvwGif Zmbk7iftpd;k 7usI enf; tpysdK;cJhavonf? 1921 22 ckESpfwGif ausmif;
-um;jzwftpd;k 7wufonf? t,fvufZNm um7ifpuD. aygif;pHk aAmfvDabmupm;jydKifyGJ-uD; usif;ycJh-uonf?
-um;jzwftpd;k 7onfvnf; vlxak wmifw h aeaom jidrf; odk\7mwGif tpOfwpdkuf acwfpm;jcif;r7SdbJ wdrjf rKyfae
csrf;a7;/ aygifrkef\ESifh v,fajrudk ray;Edki&f Hkru qlyrl = ouJhok\d jzpfjy;D rS 1946 ckEpS f 'kwd,uBmppfjyD;p tcsed f
rsm;udkyif rxde;f odr;f Ekdifojzifh 191^ ckEpS f Ek0d ifbmv wGif r[mrdwfwyfom;rsm; upm;-uonfwGif wzef
^ 7ufae\wiG f tvkyform;/ v,form;/ ppfom;paom jyefay: vmjyefonf? odk\7mwGif pepfwus upm;-u
vlxt k -kH uG awmfveS vf u
kd 7f m um7ifpuDtpd;k 7 jyKwu f sI ao;onf r[kwfacs? 1951 ckESpfwGif trsdK;om;
aAmfv7SDApfwdk\ OD;pD;zGJ\pnf;xm;aom qdkAD,uftzGJ\rsm; udk,fvuf-uHhcdkifa7; aumifpDrS upm;enf; pnf;rsOf;
tm+m7vmonf? xdktcsdefrSpI qdkAD,ufqdk7S,f Oya'rsm; 7SmazGowfrw S fonf? 1952 ckESpw f Gif jrefrm
vpfoRwEdik if H tpd;k 7 ay:aygufvmI/ aAmfv7SAD pfygwD EkdifiH taysmfwrf; aAmfvDabm tzGJ\csKyfudk zGJ\pnf;I/
acgif;aqmif vDeifonf xdq k kAd D,uftpd;k 7. yxrqH;k 1956 ckESpfwGif tjynfjynfqdkif7m upm;enf; Oya'
aom obmywd jzpfvmavonf? rsm;ESifh n|dE=dif;csrSwfonf? xdkaemuf EdkifiHwGif;Y
aAmfv7SDApfygwD tm+m7jyD;aemuf 1918 ckESpf aAmfvaD bmupm;jydKifyJrG sm; usif;yI EdkifijH cm;Y usif;y
rwfv 6 7ufae\rS pwifusi;f yaom aAmfv7SAD pfygwD. aom upm;yGJrsm;wGifvnf; yg0if,SOfjyd|ifEdkif7ef tm;
oWrt-udrfajrmuf uGef*7ufwGif aAmfv7SDApfygwD ay;onf? 1961 ckESpf 'DZb‡mwGif 7efukefjrdK\Y usif;
tm; &k7SuGefjrLepfygwD (aAmfv7SDApf) [laomtrnf ycJhonfh 'kwd,t-udrfajrmuf ta7S\awmiftm7S u`ef;
opfo\kd ajymif;7ef wnDwnGww f nf; qH;k jzwfvu
kd o
f nfrS qG,f tm;upm;jydKifyw GJ Gif 0ifa7muf,OS fjydKif7m/ jrefrm
,if; ygwDonf ,ckwikd f uGejf rLepfygwDtjzpf uBmwGif aAmfvDabmtoif;u AkdvfpGJum a7FwHqdyfqk 77SdcJh
xif7Sm;vsuf 7Sdavonf? avonf?
aAmfvDabm upm;onfhtcg pnf;rsOf; wus
aAmfvDabm upm;jcif;? ?wif;epfabmvk;H upm; upm;rnfqdku wzufv~if vl 6 a,mufpD yg0if,SOf
ouJhokd\ upm;uGif;tv,fwGif ykdufwef;I wzuf jydKif7onf? odk\7mwGif udk,v f ufv=yf7Sm;r= oufouf
ESihfwzuf abmvkH;ukd vufjzihf ykwfupm;jcif;ukd aAmf twGuf tanmif;ajy tnmajy upm;rnf qdkygrl 11
vDabm upm;jcif;[k ac:onf? ,if;upm;enf;onf a,mufp/D od\kr[kwf xd\kxufyI kd yif yg0ifupm;Edik o f nf?
tyifyef; rcHEkdifolrsm;/ tm;upm;zufY u`rf;usifr= ,if;upm;enf;onf upm;&HkwGif;Yjzpfap/ jyifyuGif;
r7dv S Solrsm; upm;Ekid faom taxGaxG udk,v f uf v=yf jyifYjzpfap rnfonhaf e7mYrqdk upm;Edik o f nf? upm;
7Sm;upm;enf; w7yf jzpfonf? &HkwGif; aAmfvDabm upm;uGif;onf xHk;pHtm;jzifh t
aAmfvDabmupm;enf;udk 1895 ckESpfwGif tar7d vsm;ay 60/ teHay 30 7Sd7onf? wif;epfabmvHk; u
uefjynfaxmifpk/ rufqcsL;qufjynfe,f [dk\va,mh pm;onft h cguJo h \kd uGi;f tv,fab;wzufwcsupf w D iG f
jrdK\rS c7pf,mefvil ,frsm;toif;. um,enf;jyq7m wdkiw f wdkipf D pdkuI f ,if;wdkirf sm;wGif ydkufudkwef;xm;
0DvsH armf*ifqkod u
l pwifwx D Gicf o
hJ nf? abmvH;k / Awf 7onf? ydkufxdyftjrifo h nf ajr-uD;txuf 8 ayjrifh7
puufabm/ wif;epf paom upm;enf;wd\kuho J \kd yifyef; onf? upm;7mY vH;k ywf 25 vufrrS 2^ vufrtxd7dS
onfu h pm;enf;udk rupm;Edik o
f rl sm; upm;Ekdi7f ef ouf aom om;a7pjzifh csKyfxm;onfh abmvHk;udk oHk;7
oufomomESihf ud, k vf ufv=yf7mS ;r= jzpfaponfh upm; onf? aAmfvDabmupm;jcif;. 7nf7G,cf sufrmS upm;
enf;udk wDxGif7mrS aAmfvDabmupm;enf; ay:ayguf enf;Oya't7 ydkufudk ausmfI abmvHk;ykwyf \dkum ,if;

69
 aAmfvDabmupm;jcif;

1961 ckEpS f/'DZifbmv 117ufrS 167ufae\xd jrefrmEdkiif H 7efuek fjrdK\awmfYusif;yaom 'kwd,ta7S\awmiftm7Su`ef;qG,f tm;upm; yGJawmf
abmf vD abmjydK if yG J wG i f/ jrefr mEk di fi H vufa7G ;pif t oif; (tusˆj zL)ES ih f uaºm'D; ,m;Ekd i fi H vuf a7G; pif toif ; wk d \ t-ud wf t e,f
,SOfjydKifupm;ae-upOf? ,if;jyKdifyGJwGif jrefrmwkd\u (15;^)/ (15;10) ESihf (15;12)jzihf/ 3 yGJpvHk;wGif uaBm'D;,m;wkd\tay: tEkdif
77SdcJhojzihf/ ta7S\awmiftm7Su`ef;qG,f abmfvDabmjydKifyGJ yxrqkjzpfaom a7FwHqdyfudk qGwfcl;cJhonf? jrefrmEkdifiH abmfvDabm vuf
a7G;piftoif;onf avmEdkifiH/ ,kd;',m;Ekdifiw H kd\ESihf ,SOfjydKifupm;7mwGifvnf;/ 3 yGJpvHk;wkdif;Y tEkdif77SdchJonf?

70
aAmfvDabmupm;jcif; aAmf,m

abmvHk;udk rdrdzufok\d jyefvnf rydk\Eikd fap7ef jzpfonf? tcg wzuftoif;rS wzefjyefI ykwyf \k7d onf? ,if;od\k
abmvH;k udk wzufrw S zufo\kd tqufrjywf ykwI f yd\kae tjyeftvSef rydk\Edkifygu abmvHk;usaomzufu w
7onf? wzufykwfaom abmvHk;udk usefwzufu zufok\d trSwaf y;7onf? abmvH;k udk pay;aom zufrS
jyefI ykwrf yd\Ek idk af omf yxr ykwyf \akd omtzG\zJ ufu trSwf trSw7f v~if rlvu pay;olyif abmvH;k udk qufvufI
77So d nf? wzufu jyefyw k f ryk\Ed ikd o
f nft h cgwdik ;f wzuf pwif&dkufyk\d7onf? Tod\kr[kwfbJ pay;aom toif;
tzG\Ju wrSw7f 7SI d OD;pGm trSwf 15 rSwf77Sad omtzG\Ju zufwGif abmvHk;usI wzuftoif;u abmvH;k pwif
tEdik f7onf? od\k7mwGif yGjJ yD;aomtcg tEdkif7onfhtzG\J &du
k yf \7kd onf7adS omf/ rlvu abmvH;k pay;olonf vuf0J
u &H=;onfhtzGJ\xuf tenf;qHk; 2rSwo f m7onf? rom zufae7modk\ a7F\I usefvlrsm;uvnf; ,if;uJhodk\yif
ygu qufvufupm;7onf? yrmtm;jzifh 15 rSwEf Sihf em7DvufwHvSnfhouJhodk\ tpOfvdkufa7F\I ae7m ,l7
13rSwf? tu,fI trSwfcsif;wlaeygu (14rSwfÓ14 onf? Tenf;twkdif; qufvuf upm;oGm;7onf?
rSw)f 14 rSwEf iS fh 16 rSw/f od\kr[kwf 15 rSwfEiS hf 1^rSw/f aAmfvaD bmupm;jcif;onf Om+fzswv f wfjcif;/ud,
k f
od\kr[kwf 16 rSwEf iS hf 18rSwf ponfjzifh 2 rSwf yd7k onf taetxm; zswfvwfjcif;/ aiGukeaf -u;us oufompGm
txd qufvufupm;7onf? &dk;&dk;,SOfjydKifupm;yGJY ESifh upm;Edik fjcif;/ 'dkifvl-uD; rygbJ acsmarmpGm upm;
3 yGJ wGif 2 yGJEdkifv~if tEkdif7onf? EdkifiHtcsif;csif; Edkifjcif;wdk\a-umifh wpwp vl-udKufrsm;vmavonf?
,SOjf ydKiu f pm;yG-J uD;rsm;Yrlum; 5 yGw J iG f 3 yGEJ ikd rf o
S mv~if
tEdkif7avonf? aAmf,m? ?yifv,fwdrrf sm;/ a7vuf-um;rsm;/
aAmfvDabmupm;olrsm;onf rdrdxHodk\ abmvHk; jrpfrsm;/ tdki-f uD;rsm; ponfw\dkwiG f oGm;vmae-uaom
a7mufvmaomtcg zrf;udkifjyD;rS jyefypfjcif;rsdK; rjyK7 avSoab®mrsm;tm; ausmufaqmifrsm;/ aomifrsm;
acs? teD;odk\ abmvHk; a7mufvmonfESifh vufjzifh ESifh oab®mysufrsm; tp7Sdaom ab;tM7m,f7Sdonfh
wzufodk\ csufcsif;ykwfxw k 7f onf? rdrdzufodk\ a7muf ae7mrsm;rS uif;a0;pGm oGm;vmEdkif-uap7ef jyKvkyf
aom abmvH;k udk vl 3 a,mufxufykI d wzufodk\yw k f xm;aom a7a-umif;trSwftom;rsm;udk aAmf,m
yd\kjcif; rjyK7acs? ,if;od\k ykwf7mwGif wOD;jyD;rS wOD;ykwf [kac:onf? aAmf,m[lonfrSm t*®vdyfpum; AGdKifrS
7onf? vlwOD;wnf; 2 -udrq f ufI jyefyw k fjcif; rjyK7 qif;oufvmaom pum;ysufjzpfonf? aAmf,mrsm;
acs? rdrdyw k fvu dk faom abmvH;k onf tjcm; wa,muf udk opfom;jzifh jzpfap/ oHjzifhjzpfap jyKvkyfI a7
ESifh rxdrD rdrdvufjzifh rqdkxm;bd rdrdukd,t f *®gtpdwf
tydik ;f wckcjk zifyh if rxd7acs? tu,fIxdrv d ~if tcsuf
qifyh w k o f nf[k rSw, f 7l onf? abmvH;k pwifay;aom
t-udrw f Gif abmvHk;onf ydkufukad usmo f nfhtcg rxdrd
ap7aomfvnf;/ aemuft-udrfrsm;Yxdu ta7;r-uD;
acs? upm;ol.ajconf A[dkpnf;udk ausmfeif;jcif;
rjyK7acs?
upm;yGJ ponft h cg wbufv~if 3 a,muf pD2wef;
a7S\aemufcI JG ae7m,l7onf? tu,fI 3wef;cGJ ae7m
,lvdkygu 2a,mufpD a7S\aemuftpOfvdkuf ae7m,l
upm;7onf? ,if;odk\upm;7mY a7S\wef;vlrsm;onf
aemufzufo\dk qkwfI upm;Edik faomfvnf;/ tpOfojzifh
aemufwef;vlrsm;.a7S\Yom 7S7d onf? vuf,maxmifh
aemufwef;vlupI yGJOD;xGuf {7d,mtwGif;rS abm
vH;k ykw7f onf? abmvH;k udk pykwo f nft h cg vufwzuf
jzifh abmvH;k udk avxJo\kdajr|mufI wzufjzifh ykwx f w k f
tay: (0J) &kd;&kd;aAmf,m 2 rsKd;ESihf (,m) acgif;avmif;wyf t
7onf? vufwzufay:wifI vufwzufjzifh ykwjf cif; csufay; aAmf,m 2 rsKd;wkd\jzpf-uonf? atmufyHkrsm;rSmrl rD;jy
rjyK7acs? abmvHk;onf ydkufudk ausmfvGefoGm;aom aAmf,mrsm; jzpf-uonf?

71
 aAmf,m
atmuf ausmuf-udK;csI pGJapum a7ay:Y ayg
avmay:aeatmif vkyfxm;-uonf?
a7S;usaomumvu a7a-umif; trSwt f om; tjzpf
opfom;wHk;udk csI oHk;cJh-uonf? xdkaemuf 1883
ckESpf rwdkifrDumvtxd rdrdEdkifiHESifhrdrd oD;jcm;trSwf
tom;rsm; csxm;-uojzifh wa'orS rSwfom;yHkESifh
tjcm;a'orS rSwo f m;yHk rwlra= -umifh a7a-umif;oGm;vm
a7;wGif tcuftcJrsm; awG\cJh-u7onf? xdka-umifh
jAwd o
d ~tifyikd ,
f m wckv;kH Y a7a-umif;trSwt f om;rsm;
wajy;nDnm jzpfap7ef 1882 ckESpfwGif jAdwdef a7
a-umif;tm+mydkifrsm; uGefz7ifh usif;yI a7a-umif;
trSwt f om; wnDwnGww f nf; jyKvyk f7ef pepfcsrw S f
um/ tdNd,/ -opa-w;vD;,m; paom jAdwdo~tifydkif
,mtwGi;f rS Edik if rH sm;tm;vH;k vduk ef m -uonf? 1889
ckESpfwGif tar7duefEkdifiH 0g7SifwefjrdK\Y tjynfjynf
qdkif7m a7a-umif; uGefz7ifhusif;yI a7a-umif;
trSwftom; rsm; wajy;nDnmjzpf7ef n|Ed =di;f owfrw S f
-uavonf?
1912 ck rwfvwGif pdefyw D mpAwfjrdK\Y a7a-umif;
uGefz7ifh wck usif;yI a7a-umif;trSwt f om;rsm;udk
jyKjyif csrSwf jyefonf? 1922 ckESpfwGif t*®vefjynf
x7ifeDwD taqmufttHkY a7a-umif; uGezf 7ifh usi;f y
I jAdwdefu`ef;vHk; toHk;jyKrnfh aAmf,myHko@mefESifh
ta7mifudk wajy;nDnmjzpfatmif n|dE=dif;csrSwf-ujyef
avonf?
aAmf,mrsm;onf yHko!mef trsdK;rsdK;ESifh t7G,f
tpm;pm; 7Sd-uonf? xif7Sm;aom jrpf-uD;rsm; t
0ifwGif aAmf,mtrsm;tjym; csxm;onfudk awG\-u7
onf? ajymif;vH;k yH7k Sdaom aAmf,mudk ‘‘uif;AGdKif’’ [k
ac:.? uawmhyHk7Sdaom aAmf,mrsm;/ abmvHk;yHk
7Sdaom aAmf,mrsm;vnf; 7Sdao;onf? ,if;wdk\teuf
tcsdK\udk trnf;okwfxm;I tcsdK\udk teDokwfxm;.?
tcsdK\ukd trnf;wjcrf; tjzLwjcrf; okwx f m;I tcsKd \ukd
teDESifh tjzLokwfxm;.? TtrSwftom;rsm;onf
rnfonfh ae7mY ausmufaqmif7I dS rnfonfah e7mwGif
aomif7jSd yD;v~if rnfonfhae7mY a7a-umif;7So d nfwk\dukd
jyxm;aom tjynfjynfqdkif7m trSwftom;rsm; jzpf
-uonf? xdktrSwftom;rsm;a-umifh oab®mom;wdk\
onf a7a-umif;Y ab;uif;pGm oGm;vmEkid f-uonf?
tcsdK\aomaAmf,mrsm;wGif acgif;avmif;rsm; wyf
qifxm;7m v=dif;.v=y7f Sm;r=a-umifh acgif;avmif;jrnf
oHukd ta0;uyif -um;Edkifonf? xdak Amf,mrsdK;udk t*®
72
aAm*sô qDZm
vdyfbmomjzifh AJAGdKif[ak c:onf? avc`eo f HuJhodk\ jrnf
aom aAmf,mrsdK;udk ‘‘0SpfpJAGdKif’’ [k ac:onf? ,if;
aAmf,m ESpfrsdK;vHk;udkyif ausmufaqmifESifh aomifrsm;
7Sdaom ae7mrsm;Y csxm;avh7d-S uonf?
oab®mysufrsm;7Sdonfh ae7mrsm;wGif csxm;aom
aAmf,mrsm;udk tpdr;f a7mifokwfxm;I ‘‘oab®mysuf’’
[laom pmvHk;udk ta0;rSyif jrifEdkifaatmif xif
7Sm;pGm a7;om;xm;avh7Sd-uonf? xdkaAmf,mudk ‘‘7uf
AGKd i’f ’ [kac:onf? wcgw7H yifv,fwiG f a7ikyo f ab®m
rsm; tvkyfvkyfaeaomtcg tjcm;oab®mrsm; rvm
a7mufap7ef owday;aomtaejzifh aAmf,mrsm; cs
xm;wwf-uao;onf? xdak Amf,mudk ‘‘eef;AGdKi’f ’ [kac:
.? xdk aAmf,mESprf sdK;vH;k udyk if ,m,Dr~ csxm;jcif;jzpf
I tvkyjf yD;pD;onft h cg &kyof dr;f oGm;-uonf?
tcsdK\aAmf,mrsm;wGif "mwfaiG\ xnfhxm;aom a-
umifh qD;ESif;rsm;zHk;vFrf;aeonfhtcgrsdK;ESifh nOfhtcsdef
rsm;wGif xdkaAmf,mrsm;rS rD;tvif;a7mifudk ta0;rS
jrifEdkifonf? xdkuJhok\daom aAmf,mrsm;udk ‘‘*ufpAGdKif’’
[kac:onf?
tcsdK\ pnfum;aom oab®mqdyf jrdK\-uD;rsm;wGif
oab®m-uD;rsm; ab;uif;pGm ausmufcsaeEkdif7ef owf
rSwfay;xm;aom aAmf,mrsm;vnf; 7Sdao;.? ,if;
aAmf,mrsm;onf wckESifhwck uyfIrae-uacs? xdkuJh
odk\ owfrSwfay;xm;aoma-umifh 'Da7 twuftus
rsm;wGif oab®mrsm; wpif;ESihw f pif; xdcku d fjcif; r7Sb
d J
ab;uif;pGm ausmufcsaeedkif-uavonf? xdkaAmf,m
rsdK;rsm;onf trsm;tm;jzifh opfom;jzifh jyKvky-f uaomf
vnf; tcsdK\udk oHjzifhvnf; jyKvkyf-uayonf?
aAm*sôqDZm (c7pf 14^6 150^)? ?qD Z ma Am
*sonf 1492 ckESpw f Gif q} t,fvufZNm;[lI ykyf7
[ef; rif;-uD;jzpfvmaom &dk'7D*dk aAm*s. om;jzpf
onf? aAm*s rsdK;qufonf pydeftrsdK;tEG,frsm;jzpf-u
I 157mpkEpS af vmufurS †wvDEidk if w H iG f xif7mS ;vmol
rsm;jzpf-uonf? zcifjzpfolu qDZmtm; toufESpf
q,f rjynfhru D yif/ *d+
k f;csKyfq7mawmfEiS fh um'ife,f
tjzpf cs;D ajr|mufxm;avonf? od\kaomf 1499 ckEpS w f iG f
xdk7mxl;rsm;rS EkwfxGufI/ emAm;bk7if. orD;awmf
7Sm;avmh'g;vAwfESifh xdrf;jrm;vufxyfonf?
xdt
k csed af vmufrmS yif jyifopfb7k if 12 qufajrmuf
vl0Du ol\tm; AmvifwDEGm; jrdK\pm;tjzpf csD;ajr|muf
avonf? xdkaemufwzef ol.aemifawmf *sdK;A³D;aAm
aAm*sô qDZm
{nhfcHyGJwpfckwGif qDZm aAm*s.orD;ukd,fwkdif azsmfajzujy toHk;awmfcHpOf
*s. &du k 7f mjzpfaom yky7f [ef;rif;. AdkvfrSL;csKyftjzpf
qufcH7onf? ,if;odk\ qufcHjyD;aemuf 4 ESpftwGif;
ykyf7[ef;rif;rsm;. ttkyftcsKyfatmufrS awmfvSefcJh
aom jrdK\pm;e,fpm;rsm;tm; ra-umufr7GH\ rwGe\frqkwf
7ufpufpmG ESdref if;wdu k fcdkujf yD;v~if tDwvDtv,fyidk f;
wGif aAm*srsdK;qufpdk;pH7rnfh xD;eef;udkxlaxmif7ef-uH
7G,af vonf? zcifyyk 7f [ef;rif;-u;D . t7Sed t f 0gjzif›h if;/
yifudk,pf rG f;7nfoWdvnf; 7Sdojl zpfojzifh›if; yD&l;*sm;/
qD;tifem/ tmADEdk tp7Sdaom e,fajrrsm;udk atmif
jrifpGm odrf;ydkufEkdifojzifh &dkruf*emjrdK\pm;tjzpfudk cH
,l77Sdjyefonf? qDZmonf &dkruf*em/ trfA7D,mESifh
rwfcsuftp7Sdaom e,fy,frsm;udk ol.aqGrsdK;rsm; t
ultnDjzifh cGaJ 0tkyfcsKyaf vonf? 1503 ckEpS w f iG f zcif
jzpfol ykyf7[ef;rif; uG,fvGefjyD;aemuf aAm*strsdK;
tEG,. f 7efojl zpfaom 'kw, d *sL;v,yf yky7f [ef;rif;
vufxufwiG f qDZm tzrf;cH7onf? qDZmonf tzrf;cH
77mrS xGuaf jy;vGwaf jrmufomG ;um emAm;bk7ifxH 0if
a7mufcdkv=Havonf? emAm;bk7if. tr=awmfudk xrf;
aqmifaecJph Ofyif 150^ ckEpS f rwfv 12 7ufae\Y pydef
EdkifiH/ AD,mem 7Jwdu k fa7S\wGif wdu k fyGJ0if7if; usq;Hk oGm;
avonf?
73
aAm"dyif
qDZmaAm*sonf vlacsmwa,muf jzpf&Hkomru
ynmA[kokwESihv f nf; jynfhpko
H ljzpfonf? rdrd. ud,
k f
usdK;jzpfrnfqdkv~if raxmufrn|m 7ufpufpGm jyKvkyf
wwfavonf? wzufwGif ol. qdk;oGrf;rdkufrJr=rsm;
twGuf ausmaf pmoavmuf wzufwiG u f m; tEkynmudk
tm;ay;cs;D jr|ifholwa,muftjzpf ausmf-um;avonf?
aAm"dyif? ?aAm"dyif[lonf bk7m;7Siw f k\d o¤nKw
wnf;[laom aAm"dOm+fawmf77ef tm;xkwf7mY trSD
jyKaomtyifrsm; (0g) bk7m;yGifhawmfrl7m tyifrsm;
jzpfonf? xdktyifrsm;udk XmEsLypmtm;jzifh aAm"d
yif[kac:onf? (ESpfusdyf7Spfql„&=?) a*gwrbk7m;
tavmif;awmfonf anmifAk<a[ yif7if;Y bk7m;t
jzpfodk\ a7mufawmfrlcJh7m/ xdak nmifAk<a[yifudk aAm"d
anmifyif[lI ac:wGicf -Jh uavonf?
aAm"danmifyif odk\r[kwf anmifAk<a[yifonf
rdka7;pDtD;rsdK;7if;0if jzpfI anmifyifrsdK;pdwf (anmif
yif„ &=?)wGif yg0ifonf? &kQaA'trnfrmS zdik ;f uyf 7D
vD*sDtdkqm jzpfonf? tjcm;anmifyifrsm;enf;wl t
avhusaygufaom -uD;rm;I t7dyftm0go aumif;
onfh tyif-uD;rsdK;jzpfjyD;v~if/ tdNd,/ oD[dk–f/ jrefrm

uBmat;apwDteD; pkdufysKd;xm;aom aAm"dyifwcsKd\
paom tylyikd ;f a'oEdik if rH sm;Y aygufa7mufonf? wyif
csif; oD;jcm; aygufavh7Sdonf? t7Gufwdk\onf tjcm;
anmif7u G rf sm;uJo h \kyd if vl.ESv;kH yHko!mef 7Sad omfvnf;
t7Guzf sm; ydI k 7Snof , G of nf? {jyDvESihf arvwGif tyGihf
yGihI f ao;i,faom toD;rsm;oD;onf?
tdN, d /jrefrm/oD[–kd f paom Ak<t,l0g'xGe;f um;7m
Edik if Hw\kdY aAm"danmifyifukd txGwt f jrwfxm;-uonf?
Ak<t,l0g'Dwk\dtzd\k aAm"dyifonf bk7m;7Si. f udk,fpm;
ylaZmfu;kd uG,7f mjzpfaom y7dabm*apwD wyg;jzpfonf?
xdka-umifh Ak<t,l0g'qdkif7m ausmif;uefbk7m;wdk\.
y70k+t f wGif;Y tav;tjrwfjyKI pdu k yf sKd ;ud;k uG,fxm;
aom aAm"danmifyifrsm;udk awG\jrif-u7onf?
rsm;aomtm;jzifh ,if;odk\ tav;tjrwfjyKI udk;
uG,-f uaom aAm"danmifyifwk\donf a*gwrbk7m;7Sif
yGiafh wmfr7l m rlvaAm"dyif-uD;rS tpOftquf tqifq
rsKd ;yGm;,lcJhaom aAm"dyifaygufwdk\ukd yifhaqmifpdkufysKd;
-ujcif; jzpfonf? rlvaAm"dyifae7mwGif vGefcJhaom
ESpaf ygif; ESpaf xmifausmcf ef\uyif aAm"dyifEiS w hf uG tjrKduf
w7m;xl;77ef bk7m;7Sif tm;xkwf7if;/ xuf0,fzGJ\acG
pHaeawmfrlcJhonfh aAm"dyif7if;7Sd yœifawmfudkyg iHkI
apwDawmf wnfcJhonf? oD7"d Rmaomurif;w7m;-uD;
pwifwnfcI hJ aemifA<k 0g'Drif;rsm;u jyKjyifrrG ;f rHcho
aAm"dyif
[k tqdk7Sdonf? xdkapwDawmf-uD;udk r[maAm"dapwD
[kac:wGifI tdNd,EkdifiH *,mc&dkiftwGif;7Sd Ak<*,m
. xif7Sm; ausmf-um;aom t"du7 Xme-uD; jzpf
avonf?
rlvaAm"dyif. vufsmawmifuikd ;f udk omoemjyK7ef
7nf7G,fcsufjzifh oD7d"Rmaomurif;-uD;onf t"d}mef
jyKum ydik f;jzwfapI orD;awmf o•®rdWax7DESifhtwl
oD[kd–fu`e;f od\k ydk\aqmifpdkufysKd;ap7m/ xdktyifonf oD
[d–k u
f `e;f tEk7m"yl7jrKd \7dS o•®rW d r[maAm"dyif jzpfav
onf? touft7SnfqHk;tyif-uD;vnf; jzpfonf? xdk
a-umifh xd'k Qd+omcg r[maAm"dyif-uD;7Sd7mod\k ESppf Of
ESpfwdkif; taxmiftaomif;r~aom Ak<t,l0g'Dwdk\ zl;
ajrmf7ef vma7muf-uonf? ,if;'Qd+omcg aAm"d
yif-u;D rS yGm;aomaAm"dyifw\ku d kd oD[–kd u
f `e;f Y tES\Htjym;
pdkufysdK;udk;uG,f-u7m jrefrmEdkifiHodk\vnf; yifhaqmif
pdkufysdK; udk;uG,f-uonf? ,if;aAm"dyifwdk\rS a-uGus
aom t7Gufrsm;udkvnf; aumuf,u l dk;uG,f-uonf?
aAm"dyifwdk\onf y7dabm*apwDjzpfojzifh tudkif;t
vufw\dkukd ckwcf syikd ;f jzwfjcif; rjyKpaumif;ay? od\kaomf
ta-umif; trsdK;rsdK;a-umifh usdK;yJhusaom tudkif;t
vufw\ku d kd bk7m;&kyyf mG ;awmfrsm; xkvyk I f 'Qd+omcg
bk7m; qif;wkawmfrsm;tjzpf udk;uG,yf laZmf-u7m/ t
vGew f efck;d -uD;onf[k ,Hk-unf-uavonf?
aAm"danmifyifukd [dNLt,l0g'Dw\dkuvnf; Ad©Ed;k
ewfrif;-uD;ESifh pyfvsOf;I txGwftjrwf xm;-u
avonf?
h ifh
aAm"danmif7Guf (,m)ukd tjcm;aom anmif7Gufrsm;(0J)ESifh
cGJjcm;odEkdifonf?
J nf
74
 ß¼±µ«³ÛÍ·¸º §»ºå©¿®³¸ ª«ºú³©Ù·º «®Y³¿«-³¿º ±³
¿°©Ü¿©³ºÞ«Üå
*sm;Am;u`ef;Ywnf7SdI/ tv,facwf *sm;Am;AdokumESifh yef;warmhvuf7m taumif;qHk;rsm;udk awG\7SdEkdifonf?
-uD;us,fcrf;em;vSjyD;v~if -unfndKzG,f7mjzpfaom aAma7mAka"mapwDawmf-uD;onfta7S\awmiftm7SY tv,f
acwfu Ak<omoemyGifhvif;cJhaom om"uw7yfjzpfI *sm;Am;u`ef;. usufoa7aqmifvnf;jzpfayonf?

aAma7mAka"m ? ?uBmay:7Sd Ak<t,l0g'qdik 7f m t orkdif;ESifh ausmufpmzufqdki7f m ykCdKvf-uD;wOD; jzpfol

aqmufttHkrsm;teuf tif'dkeD;7Sm;EkdifiH *sm;Am;u`ef; ygarmQ yktmaAmh,m&dkuku d qdkonf? A7m[lonfrmS
Y7Sdaom aAma7mAka"mapwDonf t-uD;tus,fqHk; oo®u&d™k b f mom 0d[m7rS Ad[m7/ xdrk AS 7d / A7mjzpfvm
jzpfonf? (*sm;Am;u`ef;„&=?) xdkjyif apwDawmf. onf[k qdkonf? t"d_m,frSm ausmif;awmf-uD;jzpf
-unfndKzG,fjzpfaom Adokumvuf7mESifh yef;warmh onf? Aka"monf ,ckapwD-uD;. awmifzuf7dS 7Gmu
vuf7mrsm;onf uBmay:Y tvGefw7m ausmfapm av;. trnf[kqdkonf? xdka-umifh aAma7mAka"m[l
avonf? onfrSm Aka"m7Gmausmif;awmf-uD;jzpfonf[k t"d_g,f
aAma7mAka"mapwDonf *sm;Am;u`ef;tv,fydkif;/ aumuf,lonf? tcsdK\uvnf; aAma7mAka"monf y7
a,mh,mum;wm;jrdK\ taemufajrmufzuf rdkif 20 t A"[laom pum;rSvmonf[kqdkI/ tcsdK\url rdeefu
uGm t,fvdkESifh y&dk*dkjrpfqHk7mwGif7Sdaom ukef;jyifjrifh aAmbmomjzifh Ak'GrS Aka"mjzpfvmonf[kqdkonf? Ak'G
ay:Y wnf7o Sd nf? ,if;a'oonf wcgu a7tdik -f uD; .t"d_g,frSm xif7Sm;jcif;teufjzpfI awmifuek f;ay:
ozG,fjzpfav7m/ aAma7mAka"mapwDonf a7tdkiw f iG f; rS xif7Sm;aom ausmif;awmf-uD;[k t"d_g,f7onf?
wGif iGg;iGg;pGiphf iG hf yGiahf eaom -umyef;-u;D ozG,f wifw h ,f rnfodk\yif trsdK;rsdK;-uHqapumrl t"d_g,frsm;rSm wck
onf[k tqdk7adS vonf? apwDawmf-uD;. ywf0ef;usif ESiw
hf ck rwdrf;r,dr;f yif jzpfacsonf?
uke;f jrifwh 0du
k o f nf xef;yifw\kjd zifh txl;wifw h ,fItcsKd \
ae7mwGif pyg;yifw\dkjzifh pdrf;vef;pdkajyvsuf7do S nf? t
a7S\EiS hf taemufzuf crf;vSr;f vSr;f wGif rD;awmif-uD;rsm;
rdk;vsuf7Sdonfudk awG\7ayrnf? taemufzufwGif ay
10ô000ausmfjrifhaom rDEdk;7mESifh qrf;Aif;rD;awmif-uD;
2awmif7SdI ta7S\zufwGif rm;AmAlESifh rm;tyDac: t
jrGmrD;awmif 2 awmif7Sdonf? ajrmufzufwGif *sm;Am;
u`e;f tm; yifv,fxw J iG f cdik fcikd jf rJjrJ pGaJ eap7ef ESux f m;
onfhoHr=d[k *sm;Am; u`ef;olu`ef;om;rsm;u ,lq
aom ra*svefawmif 7So d nf?
aAma7mAka"mapwDukd ^ 7mpk ESihf 8 7mpkEpS t f wGi;f u
wnfchJ[ef7Sdonf? AdokumESifh warmh vuf7mrsm;udk
tuJcwf -unfhjcif;tm;jzifh 8 7mpkEpS f aemufydkif;wGif
wnfonf[k ydkrdk,lqzG,f7Sdonf? apwDawmfwiG f ao
vdNmbk7ifrsm;tkypf k;d pOf xGef;um;onfh tEkynm vuf
7mrsm;udk awG\7onf? odk\7mwGif rnfonfh armfuGef;
ausmufpmrSww f rf; ponfw\ku d krd ~ rawG\7ojzifh t7if;
tjrpfudk ,ckwdkif twdtus rod-u7acs?
aAma7mAka"m[laom trnfonf A7mESifh Aka"m
aAma7mAka"mapwD. jzwfykdif;yHk (tay:)ESihf pepfyHk(atmuf)
[laom a0g[m7 2 vH;k udk aygif;pyfxm;jcif;jzpfonf[k

75
 Ak<t,l0g'qkdif7m taqmufttHkrsm;teuf aAma7m Aka"mapwDonf t-uD;us,fqHk;jzpfonf? apwDawmf. -unfndKzG,fjzpfaom
Adokumvuf7mESihf yef;warmhvuf7mrsm;onf txufyHkrsm;wGif &=jrif7onftwkdif; uBmay:Y ausmfapmavonf?

aAma7mAka"mapwDudk teD;7Sd rD;awmifrsm;rS 77Sd pGmbk7m;ocif "Rp-umw7m;awmfudk a[majymonf

aom -wmcdkufausmufrsdK;jzifh wnfaqmufxm;jcif;
jzpfonf? apwDawmf.yHak wmfukd tdNd,Edik if HapwDawmf
rsm;rS twk,lI *sm;Am;tEkynmvuf7mjzifh rGrf;rHcJh
onf[k ,lqzG,7f o dS nf? apwDawmf.y³ufyo kH nf av;
axmifhjzpfI/ rsuEf Smwzufv~if 4^9 ay7Sdonf? zdeyf
awmfr/S od\rk [kwf yef;cHrk t S mvde/f od\kr[kwf yP,m 5qifh
wufomG ;I/ ,if;wd\ktxufY -unf;0ef; 3 qifh 7Sdjyef
onf? ,if;wdk\txuf tv,fA[dkwGif oydwfarSmuf/
iSufaysmzl;/ xD;wdk\7Sdavonf? tmvdef 5qifhwGif rkcf
0taqmifuav;rsm;7SI d ,if;taqmifxYJ vl wudk,f
eD;yg;7Sd "smedA<k ac: &kyfwak wmfrsm;udk wnfxm;ud;k uG,f
avonf? ,if;&kyw f ak wmfrsm;onf pkpak ygif; 432 ql7dS
onf? tay:qH;k yP,mwGif &kyfyGm; 64 ql7SdI usefyP
,m 4 ckwiG f wzufwzufY &kyfymG ;awmf 92ql7o dS nf?
ta7S\zuf7Sd &kyfyGm;awmfrsm;onf taQmb, (ajr
nFef;) yHkawmf/ awmifzuf&kyfyGm;awmfrsm;onf 7wem
oB0 (qkay;) yHkawmf/ taemufzufwGif trdwbm
(w7m;xdik )f yHkawmf/ ajrmufzufwiG f tarm•od<d (7ef
uif;)yHkawmfwdk\jzpfonf? &kyfyGm;awmfrsm;aemuf yP
,mvrf;jcm;vsuf apwDawmf.eH7H 4 ckwiG f warmhvuf
7mrsm;jzifh xkvkyfxm;aom pOfhuGif;ausmufcsyfrsm;udk
awG\7dES kdifonf? apwDawmftm; wnfaqmufpOfu pOfh
uGif;ausmufcsyfaygif; 2ô000 cef\ 7Scd h[ J efwlaomfvnf;
,cktcg ausmufcsyfa7 1ô300 cef\om 7Sdawmhonf?
,if;ausmufcsyrf sm;udk wckESihw f ck qufItvsm;vdu
csomG ;rl 3 rdik cf ef\7n S frnf[k cef\reS ;f 7onf?
apwDawmf-uD;. tay:qH;k yP,meH7w H iG f pOfhuiG ;f
2 wef;7Sdonf? tay:wef;wGif bk7m;tavmif;awmf
aowauwkewfom;onf vl\jynfok\d -unfhjcif;-uD; ig;
yg;jzifh -unfjh yD;aemuf pkawonfrS rd*'g0keaf wmY jrwf
txd &kyfvk;H azmfxm;onfh pOfu h iG ;f rsm;7SI
d / atmufwef;
wGif r[m,me Ak<omoemt,l0g'qdkif7m jzpfpOf
ta-umif;7yf Zmwfrsm;udk &kyv f ;Hk azmfxm;onfh pOfhuGi;f
rsm;7Sdonf? tay:wef;wGif pOfhuGif;ausmufcsyf 120
7SdI/ atmufwef;wGiv f nf; 120 7So d nf?
yP,m 5 cktxuf7Sd -unf;0ef; 3 qifhwGif acgif;
avmif;o!mefapwD ^2 ql7Sdonf? yXrtqifhwGif
32 ql/ 'kw, d tqifhwiG hf 24 qlESihf wwd,tqifw h Gif
16 ql 7Sdonf? apwDawmfrsm;.twGif;Y 0da7m"e
&kyyf mG ;awmfrsm; pHy,fvsu7f o dS nfukd ,if;apwDY jyKvyk f
xm;onfh twef;vdkuf azmufxm;aom rsufuGuft
aygufrsm;rS zl;awG\Eidk o
f nf? atmufyP,m 5 qifYh uJo h \kd
&kyfvHk;rsm;ESifh tvStywefqm qifxm;jcif; r7SdbJ
7Si;f 7Si;f yif wnfaqmufxm;onf?
-unf;0ef;txuf tv,fA[dw k nfhwnfhwGif t0ef;
52 ay7Sd acgif;avmif;yHak pwD-uD;wql 7So d nf? aAma7m
Aka"mapwDawmf-uD;onf zdeyfawmfrS tv,fapwDxdyf
txd tjrifh 115 aycef\7Sdonf? apwDawmf-uD;. yHk
o!mefonf tuJcwf7ef tvGecf ufonf? ppfuikd ;f jrKd \7dS
aumif;r=awmf-uD;ozG,f vHk;0ef;oGm;ra,mifa,mif/ yd
7rpfozG,f jrifhrm; c`efwufoGm;ra,mifa,mif ,lq
7onf? yxryP,m 6 qifh wnfaqmufxm;yHkudk
tuJcwfrl apwDawmf-uD;onf aumif;uifo\dk rwfrwf
-uD; jrifw h ufoGm;ra,mifxif7onf? odk\7mwGif -unf;
k f 0ef; 3 qifh wnfaqmufxm;yHkurl tv,fo\dk wjznf;
jznf; pkIapwDawmf-uD;tm; yHk\yHk\av;av;-uD; ozG,f
jzpfomG ;aponf?
apwDawmf-uD;udk 3ydkif; cGJjcm;Edkifonf? wydkif;ESifh
wydkif; vHk;0 rwlacs? (1) yef;cHkESifhyP,m 5qifh/ (2)
-unf;0ef; 3qif/h (3) xdyq f ;kH rSapwDwk\djzpfonf? yef;cHk

76
aAma7mAka"m
ESihf yP,m 5qifw h iG f pkvpfreG ;f c`e/f &kyv
f ;kH ponfw\kjd zifh
wefqmqifxm;oavmuf -unf;0ef 3 qifhwGif wef
qmqifr= vH;k 0r7SdbJ tqHk;tpr7Sad om oHo7mudk 7nf
nFef;vdkI t0dkif;yHkrsm;ESifh apwDyHkrsm; wnfxm;[ef7Sd
onf[k ,lq7onf? wefqmtrsdK;rsdK; qifxm;aom
yP,m 5 qifo h nfum; avmuDpnf;pdrw f \kdjzifh trsKd ;rsdK;
tzHzk kH cHpm;pHpm;7m umrbHu k kd 7nfneF ;f wnfaqmufjcif;
jzpfonf[k ,lq-uonf?
aAma7mAka"m apwDawmf-uD;onf ESpfaygif;rsm;pGm
avrkd;'+fccH h7J ojzifh ,drf;,dkifusrnfok\d 7Sdvm7m/ 'yfcs
tdN, d tpd;k 7u zavmf7ifh 60ô000 (aygif5ô000)tukef
tuscHI tif*sifeD,m AdkvfrSL;Aeftyftm; apwDawmf
xdef;odrf;a7;udk -uD;rSL;aqmif7u G fapcJhonf? ,ckvuf
7Sd tif'ked D;7Sm;tpdk;7uvnf; tEkynmvuf7mrsm; ysuf
pD;aysmufysufomG ;jcif; r7Sdap7ef qufvuf xdef;odrf;
vsuf 7Sdavonf?
aAmvwpfyifv,f? ?Oa7mywdu k f taemufajrmuf
zufwGif wnf7Sdaom aAmvwpfyifv,fonf ukef;
wGif; yifv,f-uD;jzpfonf? ,if;onf Oa7mywdkuf
ajrmufykid f;urf;&dk;wef;ESihf puef'Dae;AD;,ef;u`ef;qG,f
wdk\ukd ydki;f jcm;xm;aom a7jyif-uD;vnf;jzpfonf? a7S;
tcgu ,if;udk rJ,m;qlatADurf[lI›if;/ wcgw7H
ta7S\yifv,f[I l ›if; ac:a0:cJ-h uonf? aAmvwpfyif
v,f. ajrmufzufwiG f qG'D ifEiS hf zif;vefEidk if /H ta7S\zuf
wGif &k7SEkdifi/H awmifzufwGif *smreDESifh ydv k efEidk fiH/ t
aemufzufwGif 'def;rwfESifhqGD'ifEkdifiHwdk\ toD;oD;0ef;
7Hvsu7f o dS nf? aAmvwpfyifv,fonf &k7ES idk if rH S tW
vMdwo f rk]7mzufo\kd xGu7f m wckwnf;aom taemuf
zufa7a-umif;vrf;aygufjzpfonf?
aAmvwpfyifv,fonf taemufawmifrS ta7S\
ajrmuftxd tvsm;rdkif 900 ausmfI tus,rf Smrl t
usO;f qH;k 45 rdik cf ef\7u dS m tus,q f ;kH ae7mY 145 rdkicf ef\
7Sdonf? ajrmufzuf7Sd aAmhoeD;,m;auG\/ ta7S\zuf7Sd
zif;vefauG\EiS fh 7d*gauG\/ 'ef;Zpfyifv,fatmf tygt0if
yifv,fatmfaygif;rsm;pGmudk xnfo h iG ;f v~if pkpak ygif;pwk
7ef;rdkif 1^0ô000 cef\us,0f ef;7m uufpyseyf ifv,fcef\
-uD;onf?(uufpysefyifv,f„&=?),if;onf a7wdrfI
ysr;f r~jcif;tm;jzifh ay 180 cef\om eufonf? a*ghwa0g
u`e;f ESihf cyfvrS ;f vSr;f wGif aAmvwpfyifv,fonf teuf
qH;k jzpfI ay 1ô380 cef\eufonf? yifv,furf;&kd;wef;
onf rdik f 5ô000 cef\7n S o
f nf? ta7S\EiS hf awmifzufurf;
77
aAmvwpfyifv,f
onf edrI hf taemufzufurf;onf jrifjh yD;v~if ausmuf
aqmif xlxyfonf? ,if;yifv,ftwGif;od\k a7qif;{7d
,maygif; ^00ô000cef\jzifh jrpfaygif; 200 ausmf pD;0if
onft h euf txif7mS ;qHk;rSm eDAm/ 'DeG / eDrif;/ od\kr[kwf
rJr,f/ APbsLv/ td'k g paomjrpfrsm;jzpfonf? aAmvwpf
yifv,fwGif;Y u`ef;aygif; ajrmufrsm;pGm7So d nfhteuf
'def;rwfydkif AGef[krf;/ ZD;vefESifh zl;eef;u`ef;/ qGD'ifydkif
,wfwvefESit fh ;D vefu`e;f / *smreDyidk f &l;*if;u`e;f / zif;
vefydkif tm;vefu`ef;/ &k7Sydkif tDZ,fu`ef;/ 'J*D;u`ef;/
pwefpumu`ef;ESihf aumhwvDemu`ef;wdk\onf xif7Sm;
aomu`e;f rsm; jzpfonf?
aAmvwpfyifv,fwiG ;f od\k jrpfrsm;pGmpD;0ifojzifh a7
csKd rsm;pGm 0ifa7mufonfu wa-umif;/ yifv,frS xGuf
aygufjzpfaom *7dwfA/hJ vpfwJAEhJ iS haf qmif;a7vuf-um;
rsm;uvnf; a7wdrfI usOf;ajrmif;aoma-umifh w
a-umif;/ tat;ydkif;ZkefwGif wnf7SdI a7rsm;onf a7
cdk;a7aiG\tjzpf cef;ajcmufroGm;jcif;a-umifh wa-umif;
wd\ak -umifh aAmvwpfyifv,fa7onf qm;iefenf;onf?
yifv,fauG\twGi;f a7rsuEf mS jyif a7onf 1 7mcdik Ef e= ;f
rS ^ 7mcdik Ef e= ;f cef\omiefI a7euf7mrSa7onf 12 7mcdik f
E=e;f rS 16 7mcdik Ef e= ;f cef\om iefonf? ,if;od\k a7iefouf
omr=a-umifh a7cJvG,o f jzifh aAmhoeD;,m;ESifh zif;vef
auG\onf aqmif;wGi;f wdik ;f a7cJjyif jzpfaeI/ aAmvwpf
yifv,f tv,fydkif;Y a7cJpdkifrsm;jzifh jyGrf;aewwfjyD;
v~i/f yifv,fxu G af yguf a7vuf-um;rsm;onf ydwfq\kd
aewwfavonf? Edk0ifbmv/ 'DZifbmvrsm;wGif a7
pcJI rwfv/ {jyv D txda7cJaewwfonf? arvavmuf
wGif a7cJjcif; vHk;0 r7Sdawmhcs? a7wufa7usvnf;
tenf;i,fom7So d nf?
aAmvwpfyifv,furf;ay:Y udkyif[m;*if;/ pawmh
[krf;/[Jvqif;uD;/vDeif*7uf/ u&kef;pwwf/ 7D;*/ rJ
r,f/ au;ePAwf/'ef;Zpf/*'dEsm;/ pwufwif/ uD; paom
xif7Sm;onfh qdyfurf;jrdK\rsm; 7Sdonfhteuf udkyif[m;
*if;jrdK\onf t-uD;tus,q f k;H qdyu
f rf;jrdK\jzpfavonf?
qGD'ifEkdifiHrS aAmvwpfyifv,fqdyfurf;jrdK\rsm; teuf
awmifzufurf;rS jrdK\rsm;Yom aqmif;wGif;Y oab®m
rsm; qdkufuyfEdkifonf? zif;vefqdyfurf;jrdK\rsm;teuf
taemufawmifurf;ajc7Sd qdyfurf;jrdK\rsm;rSwyg; usefjrKd \
rsm;onf aqmif;7moDY 0ifxGufoGm;vmI r7atmif
a7cJjyifrsm; jzpfaeavonf? *smrefqdyfurf;rsm;rSmrl
tjrJwapr[kwb f J wcgw7Hom ydwq f k\daeavh7Sdonf?
1324 ckEpS cf ef\u aAmvwpfyifv,fjyifonf a7tvGecf J
Adk\ô qlbwf csN7m Adk*dk;wm;jrdK\

oGm;7m *smreDESifh'def;rwfEdkifiHrS qGD'ifEkdifiHodk\ awmuf

av~muf oGm;vmEkid cf hoJ nf? 1658 ckEpS w f iG f qG'D ifb7k if
'©rcsm;onf ppfonfawmfrsm;ESiht f wl *smreDEidk fio H \dk
awmufav~muf ppfcsDEdkifonftxd a7cJjyif-uD; jzpfcJh
zl;avonf?
aAmvwpfyifv,frS ajrmufyifv,fo\kd xGu7f ef 'de;f
rwfa7vuf-um;rsm;omru ,wfwmwl;ajrmif;ESihf uD;
wl;ajrmif;vrf;wd\kvnf; 7Sad vonf? ,wfwmwl;ajrmif;
onf ,mhwaAm,DESifh pawmh[krf;jrdK\-um;7Sd qGD'if a7
tdik af 'oudk jzwfum azmufxm;jcif;jzpfI oab®mi,f
rsm;om 0ifxu G o
f mG ;vmEkid o
f nf? 1895 ckEpS u f zGiv hf pS f
cJah om uD;wl;ajrmif;rSmrl uD;jrdK\ESihf A7ifhpApfwjJ rdK\w\kdukd
qufo, G fI azmufxm;jyD;v~if yifv,fu;l oab®m-uD;
rsm; 0ifxGufoGm;vmEdkifonf?(uD;wl; ajrmif;„&=?)
aAmvwpfyifv,f ywf0ef;usi7f dS Ekdiif rH sm;rS opfEiS hf
opfxGufyPnf;/ om;a7/ oH/ ausmufrD;aoG; ponfw\dk
xGuaf vonf?
tdNd,EdkifiH vGwfajrmufa7;-udK;yrf;cJhol qlbwf csN7mAdk\
Adk\ôqlbwfcsN7m (c7pf 189^„1945)? ?qlbwf
csN7mAd\konf tdN, d trsdK;om;acgif;aqmif-uD; wOD;jzpf vdkifvwGif umvuWm;jrdK\aowGif;txdrf;trSwf
I yPnf;OPmuHkvk-H u, G 0f aom rdbrsm;rS zGm;jrifol jzpf ausmufwikd u f kd zsuq f ;D 7ef tm;xkwrf j= zifh tzrf;cH7onf?
onf? t*®vefjynf udrf;A7pfwUodkvw f Gif ynmoif Ad\o
k nf axmifrS wdww f qdwf xGuaf jy;jy;D v~if *smreDEidk if H
-um;jyD;aemuf/ tdik /f pD/ tufac: tdNd, y™dnmOfcH0ef odk\ oGm;a7mufI [pfwvmESifh awG\qkaH vonf? xdkrS
xrf;7mxl;udk qGwfc;l 77Scd Jhonf? odk\aomfvnf; rsKd ;cspf wzef *syefEdkifiHodk\ oGm;a7mufcJhonf? *syefEkdifiHwGif
pdwjf yif;xefvaS om Ad\konf tdik /f pD/tuf7mxl;udk jAdwo d ~ tdkif/ tif/ at ac: tdNd, trsdK;om;wyfrawmfudk
wd\k. oPmawmfcH u`eft-uD;pm;r~omjzpfonf[k cHrk if zGJ\pnf;jyD;aemuf/ *syefwyfrsm;ESifhtwl jrefrmEdkifiHodk\
ESpo f ufjcif; r7So d jzif/h xd7k mxl;udk 77Sjd y;D aemuf wESpt f a7muf7Sdvmonf? Adk\.7nf7G,fcsufrSm *syef. tul
-umwGif Ekwx f u G fvku
d af vonf? tnDjzifh tdN, d Edik if Hukd jAdwdo~wk\d vufatmufrS vGwf
,if;od\k 7mxl;rS Ekwx f u G jf yD;aemuf Ad\o
k nf trsKd ;om; ajrmufatmif -udK;yrf;7efjzpfonf? 1943 ckESpf atmuf
v=y7f Sm;r=rsm;wGif pwif0ifa7muf aqmif7Gufavonf? wdkbmv 21 7ufae\wGif vGwfvyfaom tdNd,EkdifiH
1926 ckEpS rf S 1929 ckEpS t f xd A*®vm;jynfe,f Oya'jyK ,m,Dtpdk;7tzG\Jacgif;aqmif jzpfvmonf?
aumifpt D zG\J0if wOD;jzpfI 192^ ckESpfwGif A*®vm;jynf *syefwdk\ ppfa7;&=H;edrI fh jrefrmEdik fiHrSqw
k fcGmoGm;-u
e,f trsKd ;om;uGe*f 7uftzG\J. OU}tjzpf a7G;aumuf 7aomtcg Adk\vnf; vdkufygoGm;7avonf? xdik f;EdkifiH
wifajr|mufjcif; cH7onf? odk\7mwGif ol. jyif;xefvS rS *syefEdkifiHodk\ tjyefvrf;c7D;Y av,mOfysH ysufus
aom Edik if aH 7;t,ltqrsm;a-umifh 1931 ckEpS w f iG f Ad\t
k m; ojzifh 1945 ckESpf -o*kwv f 19 7ufae\wiG f uG,v f eG f
uGef*7ufrS xkwyf ,fvu dk favonf? avonf?
Ad\konf ol.rdwaf qGrsm;ESit hf wl yl;aygif;I‘‘azm0yf’’
trnf7Sd trsdK;om; ae\pOfowif;pm wapmifudk OD;pD; Adk*dk;wm;jrdK\? ?Ad*k k;d wm;jrdK\onf awmiftar7duwkduf
xkwfa0cJhonf? 1939 ckESpfwGif tdNd,Edkifiv H Hk;qdkif7m 7Sd udvk ;Hk AD;,m;Edik if .
H jrdK\awmfjzpfI uGe'f eD mrm;um;e,f
trsdK;om;uGe*f 7uftzGJ\-uD;. OU}tjzpf wifajr|muf wGif wnf7o dS nf? yifv,fjyiftxufay 8ô600 ausmf
jcif;cH7onf? xdkaemuf jAdwdo~tpdk;7tm; tm+mzD tjrifw h iG fwnf7I Sd / tDauGwmrsO;f ajrmufzuf 4±36 Hom
qefa7;vkyfief;rsm; vkyfudkifcJh7m/ 1940 jynfhESpf Zl uGma0;onf? jrdK\. 3 zuf 3 wefwGif rdkif30 uGm

78
Adk*dk;wm;jrdK\ Adkvfpm;yJyif

vSrf;onftxd ajr-oZmxufoefaom vGifjyifjrifh-uD; ,Ofaus;r= tEkynmt7mwGiv f nf; Ad*k ;kd wm;jrdK\onf

wnf7SdI/ ta7S\zufwGifrS vm*Gg'gvkESifh rGefqm7dwf
awmifxGwf-uD; 2cku rdk;ae7m/ Adk*dk;wm;jrdK\onf ESif;
zHk;onfh awmifxGwfrsm;. &=cif;jzifh tvGefvSyvsuf
7Sdonf? rufom;av;em;jrpf. jrpfvufwufrsm;jzpf
aom qefz7efpPudEk iS hf qefat*wfpwefjrpfw\ko d nf jrdK\
udk jzwfI pD;qif;vsuf7Sdonf?
Ad*k ;kd wm;jrKd \ukd 1538 ckEpS w f iG f *Ge;f ovd;k [dar;edyaf o
au;qom;qdo k u
l pwnfonf? pydeEf ikd if 7H dS ol.arG;7yf
jrdK\EiS hf cspAf uyfe,f. awmifzufjrKd \awmfjzpfaom Aum
wmjrdK\trnf 2 ckukd aygif;I qefwmzD;aoAdk*k;d wm;[k
ac:cJ7h mrS Adk*k;d wm;jrdK\[k wGifvmonf? Ad*k ;dk wm;jrdK\onf
tDauGwmESiehf ;D aomfvnf;/ awmifjrifah y:wGif wnf7daS e
ojzifh 7moDOwkaumif;rGefaoma-umifh vlaepnfum;
vm7m/ 1598 ckEpS w f iG f pydeu f vkd ekd jD zpfaom e,l;*7me'g
e,f.bk7ifcH &H;k pdu k jf rKd \awmf jzpfvmonf? 1821 ckEpS w
*7ef;udkvHk;AD;,m;e,f. jrdK\awmf jzpfvmjyD;aemuf/
1831 ckEpS w f iG f aemif udv k ;kH AD;,m;oRwEkid if [ H k trnf
wGifvmaom e,l;*7me'g oRwEdkifiHawmf jzpfvm
avonf?
Ad*k ;kd wm;jrdK\onf jrpfurf;ay:wGiw f nf7aSd eojzifh a7
a-umif;tquftoG,f vG,fulonf? xdkjyif rD;7xm;
vrf;rsm;vnf; wd;k wufazmufvyk v f su7f o dS jzifh ul;oef;
oGm;vma7; rcufcJvSacs? ypdzdwfurf;ajc7Sd aAGemAif
wl;tm; qdyu f rf;jrdK\txd rD;7xm;vrf; azmufvkyq f uf
oG,x f m;onf? ,cktcg Ad*k ;kd wm;jrdK\wiG f avqdyaf umif;
wck aqmufvkyfjyD; jzpf7m/ udkvHk;AD;,m;EkdifiHwGif;7Sd
jrdK\-uD;wdki;f odk\ ae\pOf av,mOftquftoG,f 7Sdonf?
u,f7pfAsef yifv,furf;ajcay:7Sd zm7efuD;,m;jrdK\ok\d
Adk*dk;wm;jrdK\rS uke;f vrf;c7D;jzifhoGm;aomf ^„21 7uf-um
aomfvnf; ,if;jrKd \ 2jrdK\ ava-umif; tquftoG,f7jdS y;D
jzpfojzifh ava-umif;jzifh 2 em7DESifh a7mufEkdifonf?
xdka-umifh Adk*dk;wm;jrdK\onf udkvHk;AD;,m;Ekdiif H. a7mif;
0,fazmufum;a7;/ pD;yGm;a7;/ EkdifiaH 7;/ pmay,Ofaus;
r=ESifh tEkynm A[dktcsuftcsm jrdK\-uD; jzpfonf? t
xnftvdy/f Advwfajr/ a7arF;/ AD,m/ o-um;/ okwf
aq;/ *sKH r=e\f/ rD;jcpfEiS hf acsmuvuf/ om;a7xnfyPnf;
ponf xkwfvkyfaom puf&k-H uD;rsm;7So d nf? 0ef;usif7Sd
vGifjyifa'owGif od;k EGm; wd7>mefrsm; arG;jrLI tcsdK\
ae7mwGif *sHK/ rka,m/ opfawmfoD;/ yef;oD;/ rufro
rsm;udk pdu k fysdK;-uonf? ,if;xGuu f kefrsm;udk Edik fiHjcm;
od\k tajrmuftjrm; wifyk\donf?
awmiftar7duwdkuf wwdu k fv;Hk wGif txif7Sm;qHk;jzpf
onf? xdka-umifh ‘awmiftar7duwkduf. tufoif;
jrdK\’ [kyif ac:prSwfjyK-uonf? 15^2 ckESpfu wnf
axmifcJhaom trsdK;om;wUodkvfonf›if;/ 1604 ck
ESpu f wnfaxmifchaJ om qefAmwdkvkad rtrsKd ;om;aum
vdyo f nf›if;/ 1653 ckESpfu wnfaxmifchaJ om *suZf ;l
tpfaumvdyfonf›if;/ Oya'ynmY ausmf-um;aom
tjcm;wUodv k f 2ckonf›if; Ad*k ;dk wm;jrdK\. pmay tEk
ynmESihf ,Ofaus;r=qikd 7f m taqmufttHrk sm;jzpfonf?
xdkjyif 1823 ckESpfu wnfaxmifcJhaom trsdK;om;jy
wkduf/ eQwf-unfah r~mfpif -uD;/ pm-unfyh d™uwfwdkuf/
*Dwynmoifausmif; ponfwdk\vnf; txift7Sm; 7Sd
onf?
jrKd \ay:wGif 167mpkEpS Ef iS 1hf ^7mpkEpS rf sm;u wnfaqmuf
f iG f cJhaom bk7m;7Sdcdk;ausmif; paom a7S;a[mif;taqmuf
ttHk-uD;rsm;ESifhtwl oRwtdrfawmf/ tpdk;7&Hk;/ vFwf
awmf paom acwfrD taqmufttHk-uDaygif;rsm;pGm
udv k nf; awG\Eidk o f nf?
Adk*dk;wm;jrdK\. vlOD;a7onf 1959 ckESpf cef\rSef;
oef;acgifpm7if;t7 1ô180ô000 jzpfavonf?
Adkvfpm;iSuf ? ?pEdu
k if Su„f &=?
Adkvpf m;yJyif ? ? Adv k pf m;yJyifonf vD*rl ED ;kd pD;rsKd ;7if;/
yufyDvDtdkEGdKuf'D; rsdK;7if;cGJ. zmpDtdkvyf rsdK;pdwfwGif
yg0ifaom yJyifrsdK;jzpfonf? ,if;udk &kQaA' tvdk
tm;jzifh zmpDtdkvyf Amv*g7pf[k ac:onf?
Adkvpf m;yJyifukd tar7duwdu k f tv,fyikd ;f ESiahf wmif
tar7duwku d f7Sd wdki;f 7if;om;wd\ku yXrOD;qH;k pdkufysdK;
cJhonf? 16 7mpkESpfwGif jAdwdefEdkifiHYvnf; pdkufysdK;cJh
onf? tdN, d Edik if w
H iG f pwifaygufa7mufaom tyifjzpf
onf[k tqd7k daS omfvnf;/ t,fvzke;f a'uGe'f k;d qdo k lu
Adkvpf m;yJyifonf awmiftar7duwdu k fwGif rlvayguf
a7mufaom tyifjzpfonf[k azmfjyxm;onf? Adkvf
pm;yJaph[k xifrSwf7aom taphESifh tar7duefEdkifiH
ayguf tjcm;yJaphrsm;udk ckESpfoU7mZf taotcsm
razmfjyEkdifonfh tcsdefuwnf;u wnfaqmufcJhaom
yD;&l;AD;,ef; oif;csKid f;*lrsm;wGif awG\7onf?
Hk D; yifaxmifrsdK;/ yifEG,frsdK;[lI Adkvfpm;yJyif 2rsdK;7Sd
onf? ESppf Of pdkuyf sdK;7aom tyifrsdK; jzpfonf? t&dki;f
aygufonfh Adv k pf m;yJyif[I l rnfonfah 'owGirf ~ rawG\

79
Adkvfpm;yJyif Adkvwmôaumifht,fvufZjNdK

7acs? 7GufjrFm 3 7Gufyg7So d nfh 7Gufaygif;rsm;rSm c`eI f wufvsuf toD;oD;onf? 7Sr;f jynfe,fwiG f rd;k 7GmpwGif
t7Guftem;wGif acG;oGm;pdyf ryg7Sdacs? tyGifhrsm;rSm pdkufonf? rdk;ukefv~if rpdkufawmhacs? odk\aomf prf;a7
tjzLa7mif/ od\kr[kwf 0g-uef\-uef\a7mifjzpfonf? c7rf; 7onfha'owGif a7ay;oGif;I pdu k fysKd ;ojzifh wESpfywf
a7mifoef;onfh tyGirhf sm;vnf; 7Sdao;onf? t7G,t f m; vH;k Adv
k pf m;yJukd pm;oH;k 7onf? jrefrmEkid if w
H iG rf l aqmif;
jzifh tvsm;vufr0ufcef\7Sdonf? tyGifhwGif 0wfqHzdk 7moDESihf aEGrul;rDpyf-um;wGif pdu k fysKd ;onf? odk\7mwGif
10 ck 7Sdonfhteuf 9 ckrSm wom;wnf; aygif;pyfae yljyif;aom 7moDa7mufv~if yifE, G frsdK; Adkvfpm;yJyifudk
jyD;v~if usef 1 ckrSm oufoufvGwfvsuf7Sdonf? rpdkuaf wmhacs?
Adkvfpm;yJoD;onf ESpfajrmif;uGJ oD;awmifhrsdK; jzpfI
a,bk,stm;jzifh tvsm; 6 vufrcef\ 7Snfaomf S f?
AdkvfwJiu ?iSuo
f cl ;kd „ &=?
vnf;/ 6 vufrxuf7Snfaom oD;awmifhrsm;udkvnf;
awG\7onf? oD;awmifhwGif taphrsm;yg7Sdonf? taph AdkeywfôeydkvD,ef ? ?eydv
k ,
D ef bk7ifrsm;„&=?
rsm;. ta7mifrSm tjzL/ tndK/ odk\r[kwf eDusifusif
a7mifjzpfonf? tjyma7mifrS teufa7mifxd ta7mif Adkem avm? ? avmôtef'&l; Adkem„&=?
trsKd ;rsKd ; uGJjym;vsuf 7Sdonfudkvnf; awG\7ao;onf?
Adkvfpm;yJudk jyifopfyJ/ yJykawmifh [lIvnf; ac: Adkvwmôaumift h ,fvufZjNdK (c7pf1^45 „ 182^)
onf? jyifopfy[ J k ac:qdkaomfvnf; jyifopfEkid if rH S vm ? ?†wmvsHvlrsdK; &lyaA'ynm7Sif aumifht,f
aomyJrsdK; r[kwaf y? tar7duefjynfaxmifp/k uae'g/ vufZjNdKAdkvwmonf v~ypf pfynm vufawG\7mS azGavh
*7dwfjAdwde/f Oa7mywdkuaf jrmufydki;f / tdN, d / jrefrm p vmolw\w kd iG f a7S\aqmifyCk Kd v-f uD; wOD;jzpfonf? Adv k wm
aomEkdifirH sm;wGif pdkufysdK;onfhtyifjzpfonf? vGifjyif tm; *k+fjyKaomtm;jzifh v~yfppfzdtm;,lepfudk Adk\[k
ajrjyef\rsm;rSmxuf ukef;ajrjrifhrsm;wGif ydkrdkoefpGrf; rSnafh c:xm;-uonf?
onf? jrefrmEdik if H ajrnDt7yfa'owGif -o*kwv f v,frS Adv
k wmudk †wvDEikd fiH udk;rdk;jrdK\Y 1^45 ckESpf az
atmufwdkbmvxd pdkufysdK;Edkifonf? ukef;jrifht7yfa' azmf0g7D 18 7ufae\wiG f *k+o f a77Sd rdbwd\rk S zGm;jrifonf?
orsm;wGirf l {jyDvrS ZGefvtxd pdu k yf sdK;-u.? Adkvpf m; 1^69 ckEpS fEiS hf 1^^1 ckEpS rf sm;wGif v~yfppfqkid 7f m puf
yJyifonf tvif;udk -udKufaomfvnf;/ aeyludkrl rESpf opfwckta-umif; pmwrf; 2apmifa7;om; xkwfa0
oufay? uGif;jyif/ v[mjyif ponfwdk\wGif pdkufysdK; onfwiG f emrnf-uD;vmonf? 1^^4 ckEpS w f iG f ud;k rd;k jrdK\
jcif;xuf opfyiftumtuG,7f adS om O,smOfyef;jcHrsm;Y awmf0ifausmif;wGif &lyaA'ygarmQjzpfvmI/ 1^^9
pdkufoifhayonf? od\k7mwGif avmif;7dyu f sonfh ae7mY ckwGif yg;AD;,m;wUodkvfY obm0,xmblwynm
um; aumif;pGm7Sifoefjcif; r7Sdacs? rmuspaf om ajrrsdK; (&lyaA') ygarmQ tjzpf ajymif;a7F\cef\tyfjcif; cH7
Y Adv k fpm;yJudk pdu k fIr7acs? rdk;rukefrpD u dk fv~if ajrmif; onf? olonf 1^^^ ckEpS u f yif tDvufx&dak zm7yfac:
azmfI pdkuf7onf? pdkpGwfaom7moDwGif a7rvdkaomf v~ypf pf"mwfvkyf ud7, d mESihf tDvufx&dpk ukyaf c: v~yf
vnf;/ajcmufaoG\aom7moDwGif ajrmif;udkwywfw-udrf ppfjywdk\ukd wDxGifcJh7mrStp v~yfppfynm avmuwGif
a7oGi;f ay;jcif;/ od\kr[kwf ae\pOf a7yufzse;f ay;jcif; p xif7Sm;aom wdk;wufr=rsm; jzpfcJhavonf? Adkvwm
onfwdk\udk jyKvkyfay;7onf? pdkufysdK;pOfwGif ajrudk onf a7aowGif jzpfay:vmaom AvHpk rD sm;udk avhvm
ruspfap7ef r-umr-um wl;qGI aygif;jrufrsm;udk jcif;jzifh "mwfaiG\rsm;ta-umif; tzdk;weftcsuftvuf
oifay;edkifu omIaumif;.? taphcsonfhtcg 6 rsm;udk 7SmazGawG\7SdcJhonf? v~yfppfyPwdk/ ,l'DtdkrDwm/
vufrpDjcm;I ajrwGif teufwvufrcef\jrKyfatmif v~yfppfuGef'if;qm; ponfwdk\onf Adkvwm. wD
taphcsoifhonf? Adkvfpm;yJyif wwef;ESifh wwef;udk xGifr=rsm; jzpfonf? 1800 jynfhESpfwGif Adk\vwdwfydkif;
waycGcJ ef\ jcm;ap7rnf? ac: v~yfppfAufx7Dtk;d udk wDxGijf yKvkyfvu dk f7m txl;
yifEG,rf sdK;jzpfaom Adkvfpm;yJudk arjrdK\yJoD;awmifh/ yif emrnf-u;D vmonf? 1^49 ckEpS w f iG f ol. uGe'f if;
odk\r[kwf Adkvfpm;yJ wdkiaf xmifrsdK;[k ac:onf? tyif qm; ta-umif;pmwrf;twGuf vef'efjrdK\ awmf0ift
EG,w f ufap7ef pifrxd;k 7bJ 0g;vuf/ od\kr[kwf 0g;wdik f oif;-u;D rS aumhyvD,efwq H yd u
f kd cs;D jri| chf o
hJ nf? Adv k wm
ponfudk axmifay;7onf? tyifrmS vlw7yfcef\ EG,f wDxGifaom v~yfppfud7d,mrsm;ta-umif;udk jyifopf

80
Adkvwmôaumifht,fvufZjNdK
bk7ifeydv k D,ef -um;odaomtcg/ 1801 ckESpfwGif Adv k
wmtm; yg7pfjrdK\ok\dvma7mufI ol. wDxiG fr=rsm; t
a-umif; a[majymap7m txl;yiftm;7ojzihf a7FwHqyd f
csD;jri| ohf nf? od\kjzifh Adv
k wmonf vD*se;f „atmh„atmfem
bGJ\wHqdyfESifh tdkif,ef;ua7mif; bGJ\wHqdyfudk 77Sd&Hkru
aumifhbGJ\ukyd g tyfEiS ;f jcif;cH7onf?
Advk wmonf 1804 ckEpS fwiG f vkyfief;rS tem;,lchJ
onf? 182^ ckESpf rwfv 5 7ufae\wGifudk;rdk;jrdK\Yyif
uG,fveG favonf?
AdkvpfAm;ôqkdirf eG f (c7pf 1^83 1830) ? ? qdik rf eG *f kd
vpfAm;onf awmiftar7duwdkuf rsdK;cspfykCdKvf/ ppf
Adv
k cf sKy-f u;D ESihf Edik if jH yK okcrdef jzpfonf? awmiftar7du
EkdifiHrsm;udk pydeftpdk;7 vufatmufrS vGwfajrmufap
7ef -udK;pm;aqmif7u G of l jzpfojzifh ol\tm; ‘‘u,fwif
ol’’ [k ac:a0:-uonf? ‘‘awmiftar7du a*smh0g7Sif
wef’’ [kvnf; wifpm;ac:a0:-uonf? (0g7Sefwefô
a*smh „&=?)
Adv
k pfAm;udk xdkpOfu pydeu f v
dk edk jD zpfaeaom AifeZD ;GD
vm;jynf u7uyfjrKd \wGif 1^83 ckESpf Zlvidk v
wGif zGm;jrifonf? Adv k pfAm;.rdbrsm;onf tkycf sKyaf 7;
AdkvpfAD;,m;EdkifiH vGwfvyfa7;udk a&S\aqmif7,lay;cJhol
qdkifrGefAdkvpfAm;
AdkvpfAm;ôqdkifrGef
vlwef;pm;avmurS -u, G 0f csr;f omolrsm; jzpf-uonf?
pydefEikd fiH r'7pfjrdK\awmfo\dk Oya'ynm oGm;a7muf oif
,ljyD;aemuf/ Oa7mywcGif vSnfhvnf oGm;vmcJhonf?
Advk pfAm;onf u7uyfjrdK\Y 1801 ckEpS rf S 1804ckEpS f
txd jyefIaexdik o f nf? ZeD;jzpfol uG,fveG af omtcg/
Oa7myod\k wzefjyefomG ;onf? xdktacgufwiG f a7mrjrdK\
od\k a7mufcphJ Ofu Adv k pfAm;onf rdrZd mwd wdik ;f jynftm;
vufatmufcHb0rS u,fwif7ef o³d}mefcschaJ vonf?
rsdK;&dk;*k+fodQmtvdkufqdkaomf/ AdkvpfAm;onf pydef
tpdk;7zufawmfom;jzpf7efom ta-umif;7Sdaomfvnf;
ol.xufoefaom rsdK;cspfpw d fa-umifh tkycf sKyfol pydef
tpdk;7tm;yif acgif;aqmif awmfvSefol jzpfavonf?
1810ckESpf awmfvSeyf keu f efr= rjzpfyGm;rDuav;wGif ol
onf AifeDZGD;vm;odk\ jyefoGm;onf? OD;pGmY rsdK;cspfol
ykefrsm; ta7;&H=;edrfhoGm;aomfvnf; AdkvpfAm;onf r
avsmhaomZGJoWdjzifh tcGifhaumif;,lvsuf qufvuf
-upH nfcahJ vonf? 1819 ckEpS w f iG f AifeZD ;DG vm;rS tef;'D;
awmifudkausmfI e,l;*7me'gjynfe,fzufodk\ atmif
jrifpGm csDwufEkdifcJhonf? xdkaemuf e,l;*7me'gESifh
f 27ufae\ AifeDZGD;vm; 2 jynfaxmifudk yl;aygif;I udkvHk;AD;,m;
jynfaxmifpkEkdifiHtjzpf zGJ\pnf;vdkufonf? ,if;jynf
axmifpkwGif Adv k pfAm;tm; oRw wifajr|muf-uonf?
Advk pfAm;onf udv k k;H AD;,m;jynfaxmifprk S pydew f \dkukd
armif;xkwfjyD;aemuf/ tufuGma'gESifh yD;&l;jynfrsm;
wGif jzpfyGm;aeaom awmfvSefa7;udk oGm;a7muf ulnD
onf? odk\aomf tufuGma'g rsdK;cspfacgif;aqmifwdk\ESifh
Adv
k pfAm;onf aphpyfr7ojzif/h yD;&l;jynfuo kd m 0ifa7muf
tultnDay;onf? Adv k pfAm;tm; yD;&l;vlxku tm+m
7Sifwifajr|mufI pydeftyk fcsKyfr=udk wGe;f vSe7f m/ r-umrD
yD;&l;jynfonf pydev f ufatmufrS vGwaf jrmufomG ;onf?
Adv
k pfAm;vnf; yD;&l;Ekid if . H tm+m7Sit f jzpfrS Ekwx f u G f
vdu k o f nf? 1825 ckEpS w f iG f yD;&l;awmifyidk ;f jynfe,frsm;
onf oD;jcm;Edik fix H al xmifI Adv k pfAm;tm; *k+fjyKaom
tm;jzifh AdkvpfAD;,m;EkdifiH[k rSnfhac:onf? øAdkvpfAD;
,m;Edkifi„H &=?) AdkvpfAm;ud, k w f kdifyif AdkvpfAD;,m;Ekdif
iHtwGuf zG\Jpnf;tkycf sKyyf kH tajccHOya' a7;qGJay;av
onf? 1825 ckEpS w f Gif yem;rm;jrdK\Y usi;f yaom tar7d
uwdkufrsm;7Sd oRwEkid if Hrsm;. yxrqHk; uGefz7ifw h iG f
tar7duEdkiif Haygif;csKyf tzGJ\-uD;zGJ\7ef pDpOfonf? odk\7m
wGif ratmifjrifacs? 1826 ckEpS Ef iS hf 1828 ckEpS rf sm;wGif
AdkvpfAm;onf udkvHk;AD;,m;jynfaxmifpk oRw tjzpf
jyefvnf ta7G;cH7onf? od\k7mwGif 7DywfAvpfuefygwD
81
AdkvpfAm;ôqdkifrGef AdkvpfAD;,m;EdkifiH

0ifw\dku Adv k pfAm;onf awmiftar7duEkdiif rH sm;udk tif tpifoHk;pGJvdkufjyD; jzpfojzifh qif;7JndK| ;i,fpGm aexdkif
ydki,f mzGJ\I tm+m7Sio f zG,f tjrJwrf;tkyfpk;d 7efvdkvm; 7onf?
ol[kpGyfpGJum ol\tm;vkyf-uH7efyif -uHpnf-uonf? 1830 jynfhESpf 'DZifbmv 10 7ufae\wiG f awmif
,if;odk\jzifh oludk,fwkdif vGwfvyfa7; 7,lay;cJhaom tar7duEkdifiHrsm;. u,fwifol-uD; qdkifrGefAdkvpfAm;
awmiftar7du EdkifirH sm; wpfvHk;wpfpnf;wnf; nDnD onf udv k ;kH AD;,m;Ekid if H qefwmrmwmjrdK\teD;wGif uG,f
nGwfnGwf jynfaxmifpkzGJ\pnf;7ef AdkvpfAm;.t-uH vGeo
f nf?
onf ysujf ym;7onf? 1829 ckEpS w f iG f AifeZD ;DG vm;jynf Adv
k pfAm;. *k+o f wif;onf touf7iS fpOfuxuf
onf udv k k;H AD;,m;jynfaxmifprk S cGJxuG fvkud af omtcg uG,fvGefaomtcgrS ydkrdkausmf-um;cJhonf? awmift
Advk pfAm;onf oRw7mxl;rS EkwfxGufvu dk 7f I udkv;Hk ar7duwku d Ef iS hf tar7duefjynfaxmifp7k Sd jrdK\-uD; jrdK\i,f
AD;,m;EkdifiH umw*sD;em;jrdK\ok\d oGm;a7mufum tem;,l tcsdK\udkyif AdkvpfAm;. trnfudk *k+fjyKaomtm;jzifh
aecJah vonf? AdkvpfAm;onf ol. pnf;pdrOf Pmrsm;udk rSnfhac:jcif;/ AifeDZGD;vm; Ekid fiHok;H '*®g;udk Adv
k pfAm;[k
awmiftar7duEkdifiHrsm; vGwfvyfa7;twGuf tukef trnfay;jcif; ponfjzifh ol\tm; *k+jf yKcJ-h uavonf?

¿»¿ú³·º¶½²ºÛÍ·¯
¸º åÜ ÛÍ·åº ¬¶§Õ¼ ·ºú¼¿Í »¿±³Û¼·µ º·Ø
ukef;acgifacgifY wnf7Sdaom EdkifiHjzpfI awmiftar7du oRwEdkifiHrsm;teuf vlodenf;vSaomEdkifiHjzpfavonf?
odk\aomf xdkEdkifiHta-umif;udk avhvm-unfhonfhtcg/ aea7mifjcnfESifhqD;ESif;uJhodk\ qef\usifbufrsm; tjydKif7Sdae
onfh pdwf0ifpm;zG,f EkdifiHjzpfa-umif; awG\7ayrnf?
AdkvpfAD;,m;EdkifiH? ?awmiftar7duwdkuf. yVr Adv
k pfAD;,m; Ekdiif Honf vloal exdkif7m uBmh ukef;
tus,f0ef;qHk;EdkifiHjzpfaom AdkvpfAD;,m;EdkifiHonf ajrtjrifhqk;H a'owckjzpfonf? tef;'D;awmifwef;-uD;
obm0wGif;xGufyPnf;wdk\jzifh t-uG,f0qHk;aomEdkifiH onf Adv k pfAD;,m;Edkiif H taemufzufrS ta7S\awmifzuf
wEdkifiHvnf;jzpfonf? xdkjyif awmiftar7duwdu k w f iG f odk\ wef;qif;wnf7Sdaeonf? tef;'D;awmifwef;onf
yifv,fESifh qufpyfjcif;r7Sdaom ukef;wGi;f ydki;f EdkifiH 2 Adv
k pfA;D ,m;Ekid if w
H iG ;f Y aumf'v D m;7m;atmhqD'ifw,fEiS hf
EdkifiH7Sdonfhteuf AdkvpfAD;,m;EdkifiHonf wEdkifiHjzpf aumf'v D m;7m;7D,[ J al om rsO;f jydKiaf wmifwef; 2 oG,t f
onf? ajrmufzufwiG f A7mZD;Edik if /H ta7S\zufwGif A7mZD; jzpf jzmqif;vmonf? ta7S\zuf7Sd aumf'Dvm;7m;7D,J
ESifh yg;7a*G;EdkifiH/ awmifzufwGif tm*sifwD;em;EdkifiH/ awmifwef;onf taemufzuf7Sd csDvED kid if EH iS hf e,fedrdwf
taemufzufwGif csDvDEiS yfh D;&l;Edik fiHwk\dESihf e,ferd dwf pyf ozG,f wnf7daS eaom aumf'Dvm;7m; atmhqD'ifw,f
vsuf7o dS nf? ,if;Edkifiu H kd awmiftar7duwku d f rsKd ;cspf awmifwef;ESifh rdkif 80 cef\a0;onf? AdkvpfAD;,m;Edik if H
ykCdKvf-uD; qdkifrGefAdkvpfAm;tm; *k+fjyKaomtm;jzifh Adk ukd ajrrsuEf SmoGijf yift7 oHk;ydki;f cGjJ cm;Edkio f nf? aumf'D
vpfAD;,m;EdkifiH[k ac:wGifcJhonf?(AdkvpfAm;ô qdkif vm;7m;awmifwef; 2 ck-um;7Sd atmfvwDyvmEdkukef;
rGe„f &=?) 1825 ckESpfrSpI AdkvpfAD;,m; oRwEdkifiH jrif/h ta7S\aumf'v D m;7m;awmifwef; ta7S\zuf7dS ,Ge*f wf
jzpfvmcJo h nf? a'oESifh tDvmaemhac: awmifykid f;ajredrhv f Gif jyifa'o
d pfA;D ,m;Edik if Honf rlvu pwk7ef;rdik f 900ô000
Akv wd\jk zpfonf? atmfvwDyvmEdu k ek ;f jrifhonf ay 11ô500
cef\us,0f ef;I ypdzw d f ork]7murf;ajctxda7mufaomf rS 15ô000 txdjrifo h nf? ,if;onf Adv k pfA;D ,m;Edik fiH
vnf;/ 19 7mpkEiS hf 20 7mpkEpS f tpavmufu tdref ;D csi;f tus,t f 0ef;. 16 7mcdik Ef e= ;f r~om 7Sad omfvnf; wEdik if H
5 Edik if EH iS hf t-udr-f udrf ppfjzpfch7J mrS a'oaygif;rsm;pGmudk vH;k 7Sd vlO;D a7. ^5 7mcdik Ef e= ;f wd\k rSw D if;aexdik 7f m vlae
vufvw F v kd 7f 7m/ ,cktcg pkpak ygif; 424ô162 pwk
f u pdyfaom tydkif;jzpfonf? tzdk;wef oWKwGif;rsm;jzifh
7ef;rdik fom 7Sad wmhojzifh jrefrmEkdifiHxuf wqcGJausmf -uG,0f aom a'ojzpfonf? oHjzLrsm;pGm xGufonf?
us,f0ef;onf? 1884 ckESpw f Gif csDvDEkid if HEiS fh ppfjzpfjyD; ,Gef*wfa'oonf AdkvpfAD;,m;EdkifiH tus,ft0ef;.
onfhaemuf yifv,furf;&dk;wef;a'oudkvnf; vuf 14 7mcdkifE=ef;7SdI tDavmaemh ajredrfhvGifjyifa'orSmrl
vFwcf 7hJ ojzifh ukef;wGi;f Edik if H jzpfch7J onf? ^0 7mcdik Ef e= ;f us,0f ef;onf? ,Ge*f wfa'owGif jrpf0rS ;f

82
 AdkvpfAD;,m;EdkifiH

i,frsm;/ apmufrwfaom awmifapmif;rsm;ESifh nGef Ekid if EH iS hf yD;&l;Edik if H 2 Edik if u

H dk cGI wnfaeonf? yifv,f
acsmufrsm; 7Sdaomfvnf; 7moDOwkaumif;rGefI a7 a7rsufESmjyif txuf 12ô645 ay jrifhI pwk7ef;rdkif
aumif;rGefpGm7aoma-umifh EdkifiHwGif; v,f,mpdkufysdK; 3ô200 us,f0ef;onf? wzufurf;rS wzufurf;odk\
a7; xGef;um;7m t"dutydkif;jzpfonf? txl;ojzifh oab®m-uD;rsm; ckwfarmif;oGm;vmEdkifonf? xdktdkifxJ
AdkvpfAD;,m;EdkifiH. -uufaygifap; txGufqHk;tydkif; 7Sd a7rSm tvGeaf t;jraomfvnf; rnfonft h cgr~ a7rcJ
vnf; jzpfonf? tif'D;,ef;vlrsdK;wdk\ trsm;tm;jzifh acs? atmfvwDyvmEdkukef;jrifhay:Y ydktdk;ydkac: qm;
aexdik af vonf? tDvmaemh ajredrv hf iG jf yif a'oYrl vlae ieftkid -f uD;7S7d m/ wDwu D mumtdkicf ef\yif us,f0ef;onf?
uso J nf? tcsKd \ae7mwGif rd;k rsm;I opfawmxlxyfjy;D v~if tdkif-uD; 2 ckonf a'pm*Gga';&dk;jrpfjzifh qufvsuf7Sd
tcsdK\ae7mY rdk;yg;I u`/J EGm; arG;jrLEdkif&Hk jrufcif;rsm; avonf?
om 7So d nf? Adv
k pfA;D ,m;Ekid if o H nf awmif,OfpeG ;f wef;. ajrmuf
Adv
k pfA;D ,m;Edkifiw
H Gif -uD;us,x f if7mS ;aomjrpf-uD; zufwGif vHk;vHk;usa7mufae7m/ tylykid ;f ZkefEkid fiyH if jzpf
rsm; r7Sdaomfvnf;/ jrpfacsmif;rsm;tm;jzifh ul;oef; onf? od\ak omfvnf; tat;qH;k rS tylq;kH txd 7moDOwk
oGm;vmEdik o f nfh c7D;vrf;rSm rdkifaygif; 5ô580 cef\7d. S ? trsdK;rsdK;7Sdonf? ukef;jrifha'owGif at;I ajredrfhvGif
,Gef*wfa'owGif tRZkefjrpf-uD;. jrpfvufwufrsm; jyifa'owGif ylaEG;I xdkif;rd=if;onf? atmfvwDyvmEdk
jzpfom rmrdk;a7;/ *Ggyl7J/ aAeD/ rJ'7ma''Datmhpaom ukef;jrifha'owGif tylcsdeyf srf;r~jcif; zm7if[dkuf 50'D*
jrpfrsm;wGif a7rsm;onft h cg oab®mi,frsm;jzifh ul;oef; 7D7I Sd aEGESifh aqmif;tylcsed f ruGmvSacs? wEdkifiv H Hk;.
oGm;vmEdik o f nf? xdka'orS xGufaom -uufaygifap; ysrf;r~tylcsed o f nf zm7if[ku d f ^^ 'D*7Djzpfonf? Adkvpf
rsm;udk jrpfa-umif;rsm;jzifh tRZkefjrpfodk\ ta7muf AD;,m; ajrmufydkif;onf awmifydkif;xuf rdk;rsm;onf?
ydk\I EdkifiHjcm;od\k wifydk\a7mif;cs-uonf? uBmay:wGif ajrmufydki;f wGif rdk;a7csdef vufr 40 rS 80 txd 7GmI
tjrihfq;kH aom wDwDumum tdik -f uD;onf AdkvpfAD;,m; awmifydkif;wGif vufr 20 rS 40 txd7Gmonf?
1959 ckEpS f cef\reS ;f ajc oef;acgifpm7if;t7 Adv k pfA;D
,m;Ekdiif H. vlOD;a7onf 3ô349ô000 cef\jzpfI tif'D;
,ef;vlrsdK; w0ufausmf yg0ifonf? vljzLrsdK;157mcdkif
E=ef;cef\om7SdI tif'D;,ef;ESifh vljzLujym; rufpwDZdk
vlrsKd ;um; 357mcdik Ef e= ;f 7So d nf? atmfvwDyvmEdu k ek ;f jrifh
a'owGif vlaepdyI f tDvmaemh ajredrv hf iG jf yifa'owGif
vlaeenf;onf? vljzLrsm;ESifhtpdk;7ydkif;u pydefbmom
pum;udk ajymqdkaomfvnf;/ tif'D;,ef;vlrsdK;wdk\url
,if;wdk\. a7S;a[mif;bmompum;jzpfaom trm;7m;
ESifh auGcsLtm; bmompum;udkom ajymqdkI bdk;pOf
abmifqufrS "avhxHk;pHwdk\udkom vdkufem aexdkif-u
onfukd awG\7onf? tif';D ,ef;vlrsKd ;wdk\onf rdrdwk\d.
pm;0wfaer= zlvaHk 7;om *7kpu kd fI Ekdiif aH 7;/ uBmha7;7m
ponfw\kYd pdwv f nf; r0ifpm;/ yg0ifpu G zf ufjcif;vnf;
vH;k 0rjyKacs? Adv k pfA;D ,m;Edik if w H iG f tpd;k 7 todtrSwjf yK
t,l0g'onf a7mruufovpf c7pf,mef*+ kd ;f jzpfonf?
odk\7mwGif vlwdki;f vGwv f yfpmG udk;uG,fEkdifcGih7f do S nf?
Advk pfA;D ,m;Ekid if o H nf wGi;f xGufoWKrsm;jzifh -uG,f
0aomEdkifiHjzpfonf? a7S;tcgu aiGtrsm;qHk; xGufcJh
aomfvnf;/ ,cktcg oHjzLwGif;rsm; awG\7Sdojzifh aiG
onf 'kw, d txGurf sm;qH;k oWKjzpfI oHjzLu yxrpGJ
AdkvpfAD;,m;EdkifiH wnfae7mjy ajryHk onf? uBmay:wGif oHjzL 'kwd,trsm;qHk; xGufaom

83
 AdkvpfAD;,m;EdkifiH

AdkvpfAD;,m;wdkif;7if;om;wdk\ a7S;a[mif;"avhxHk;pHt7 usif;yonfh yGJawmfwckwGif oDqdkwD;r=wfae-upOf

Edik if jH zpfonf? tef;qD;,m;/ ydw k ;kd qD;/ td&k ;l &d;k ESihf vmyuf wGif AdkvpfAD;,m;Edkiif YH rD;7xm;vrf; rdkiaf ygif; 1ô491
e,fw0du k fwGif oHjzLtrsm;qHk;xGuo f nf? tjcm; xif r~77dS m 1ô12^ rdik cf ef\rmS ykCvduuk$+Drsm;.vufxw J iG f
7Sm;aom oWKrsm;rSm 0l;z7rf/ caemufpdrf;/ cJ/ oGyf/ 7Sdonf? xif7Sm;aomrD;7xm;vrf;-uD;rsm;rSm vmyuf
a-u;eD/ a7FESifh -uGyfwdk\jzpfonf? AdkvpfAD;,m;EdkifiH. jrdK\rS tef;'D;awmifudkausmfI csDvDEdkifiH tm;7D;um;jrdK\
t"du pD;yGm;a7;vkyif ef;onf oWKwiG ;f vkyif ef;jzpfonf? txd›if;/ vmyufjrKd \rS wDwu D mumtdik af y:7Sd *GguDjrdK\ok\/d
Edik if xH u G uf ek w
f efz;kd . 95 7mcdik Ef e= ;f udk oWKrsm; a7mif; ,if;rSu;l wd\koab®mjzifh yD;7l;Edik if zH ufurf;7Sd ylEjkd rdK\o\kjd zwf
jcif;jzifh 77Sdonf? a7eHvnf; tenf;i,f awG\xm;jyD; um xdkrw S qifh yD;7l;urf;ajc7Sd armfvif;'dk;jrdK\txd›if;/
jzpf7m/ aemufxyfI tajrmuftjrm; awG\z, G 7f oSd nf[k vmyufjrdK\rS awmifzufodk\ tdk7;l 7dk;/ ylvum,dk; paom
cef\reS ;f -uonf? jrdK\rsm;udkjzwfum csv D DEikd if Hurf;ajc7Sd tefwzdk *ufpwm;
Adv k pfA;D ,m;Edik if H vlO;D a7 3 yHk 2yHck ef\onf v,f,m jrdK\ok\d ›if; qufoG,fxm;onfh vrf;rsm;jzpfonf? armf
pdu
k yf sdK;vkyu f ikd -f uaomfvnf;/ wEdik if v H ;Hk . 2 7mcdik Ef e= ;f awmfum;vrf;rSmrl tpkpk rdkifaygif; 6ô000 cef\7o Sd nf?
r~om ajrwGio f m pdkufysdK;vkyfuidk -f uonf? t"du pdu k f vrf;rsm;rSm wdk;wufaumif;rGefvmonf[lI r7Sdaomf
ysdK;a7; xGufukefrsm;rSm uau;tdk;/ o-um;/ ajymif;/ vnf; Owkra7G; oGm;vmEdkifaomvrf;rsm; jzpfonf?
rka,m/ tmvl;/ umzD/ -uufaygifap;wdk\ jzpfonf? ,cktcg ava-umif;c7D; ay:aygufvm7m AdkvpfAD;
AdkvpfAD;,m;EdkifiHonf awmiftar7duwdu k fwiG f -uuf ,m;EkdifiHonf uBmt7yf7yfESifh tquftoG,f ydkrdk
aygifap; 'kwd,trsm;qHk; xGufaomEdkifiHjzpfonf? vG,u f vl mavonf?
awmifydkif;vGifjyifwGif u`J EGm; arG;jrLojzifh om;a7 AdkvpfAD;,m;Edik fiHwiG f jrdK\awmf 2 ck7do S nf[k qdk7ay
rsm;vnf; a7mif;cs-uonf? rnf? vmyufjrdK\onf A[dktpdk;7 &Hk;pdku7f mjrdK\awmf-uD;
Adv k pfA;D ,m;Edik if .
H ul;oef;a7mif;0,fa7;rSm awmif jzpfaomfvnf;/ qlua7;jrdK\onf w7m;vFwfawmfcsKyf
ukef;jrifhrsm;a-umifh cufcJonf? rD;7xm;vrf;/ um; wnf7m jrKd \awmfjzpfonf? ,if;jrdK\ukd Adv k pfA;D ,m; yxr
vrf; ponfwdk\wGif vG,fulpGmrazmufEdkiaf cs? 1951ck oRw qlua7;tm; *k+fjyKaomtm;jzifh rSnfhac:xm;

84
 AdkvpfAD;,m;EdkifiH

jcif;jzpfonf? vmyufjrdK\onf yifv,fa7rsufESmjyif tm;vH;k .w0ufonf 2 ESpw f -urd x f u G f ay;7avonf?

txuf 11ô800 ayjrifI h / qlua7;jrdK\onf 8ô532 ay touf 21ESpjf ynfholwidk f; rJqN ay;Edkicf iG 7fh do S nf?
jrifhonf? vrf;rsm;rSm usOf;I taqmufttHkrsm;onf Adv
k pfA;D ,m; Ekid if w
H iG f e,f 9 e,f7o dS nf? ,if;wd\rk mS
pydefAo d u
k m yHkptH wdik f;jzpfonf? vmyuf/udkcsmArf;Am;/ ydkwdk;qD;/ qefwmu7k/ csLuGDq
Adv
k pfA;D ,m;Ekid if o
H nf a7S;acwf tif;um; tifyikd ,
f m um;/ w7dZ/ td&k l;&dk;/ aAeD/ yef'w dk dk\jzpfonf?
.wpdwfwa'ojzpfcJh.? xdkaemuf pydefwdk\.vuf rlvwef;ynma7;rSm tcvGwfroifrae7 jzpf.?
atmufo\kd ESp7f maygif;rsm;pGm usa7mufc7hJ m/ 1825 ckEpS f 193^ckEpS u f rl rlvwef;ausmif;aygif; 2ô000 7SI d ausmif;
wGif vGwfvyfaom oRwEdkiif H jzpfvmonf? 1938ck om;aygif; 145ô000 7So d nf? qlua7;jrdK\/ vmyufjrKd \EiS hf
ESpfwGif twnfjyK jy}mef;vdkufaom zGJ\pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHk udkcsmArf;Am;jrdK\w\kdY wUodv k af usmif; wausmif;pD 7Sd
tajccHOya't7 Ekid if aH wmfoRwudk 4 ESpw f -urd f jynfol avonf? qlua7;jrdK\7dS qefz7efpPudak q;AD;,m; wU
wdk\u wdkuf7kduaf 7G;aumufwifajr|muf7onf? ygvDref odvk o f nf tar7duwdu k f7Sd wUodv k frsm;teuf Oya'
Oya'jyKtzGJ\wGif txufvFwfawmf atmufvFwfawmf ESifh aq;ynmqdkif7m r[mXmersm; tjynfhtpHk7Sdaom
[lI ESpcf k7Sd7m txufvFwfawmfwGif 6ESpfw-udrf a7G; yxrqH;k wUodv k jf zpfonf?
aumufwifajr|muf7aom trwf 2^OD; yg0ifI atmuf touf 19ESpfrS55ESpt f wGi;f 7Sd a,musfm;wdki;f ppf
vFwfawmfwGif 4 ESpfw-udrf a7G;aumufwifajr|muf7 ynmudk roifrae7pepf7Sd.? xdkjyif touf14ESpfrS
aom jynfol\udk,fpm;vS,f 120yg0if.? 3 yHk 1 yHk 18 ESpftwGi;f 7Sd a,musfm;uav;rsm;onfvnf; a7S;OD;
aom txufvFwfawmftrwfrsm;onf 2 ESpfv~if w oifppfynmudk ausmif;wGif tjrJwrf;oif,l-u7onf?
-udrf xGufay;-u7.? atmufvw F fawmf trwf OD;a7 omreftcsed frsm;wGif tjrw J rf; ppfwyftwGuf owfrw S f

AdkvpfAD;,m;EdkifiH wdkif;7if;om;wkd\onf &dk;om;I aysmf7FifpGm aexdkifavh7Sd-uonf?

85
AdkvpfAD;,m;EdkifiH Adk[D;rD;,m;e,f

xm;aom ppfom;OD;a7rSm 1943 ckEpS f Oya't7 15ô000 tawmifw h if;qHk; wdik ;f jynfwjynf jzpfvmonf? 1200
jzpfavonf? jynfhESpfaemufydkif;wGif tkypf k;d aom vlZif;Awfrif;quf
jzpfaom Ad[ k ;D rD;,m;bk7ifrsm;onf {u7mZfbk7ifcsn;f
Adk[D;rD;,m;e,f? ?Ad[ k ;D rD;,m; e,fonf csuu f kd jzpf-uonf? odk\7mwGif 15 7mpkESpfrsm;Y *`efwyfpudk
qvdAk m;uD;,m;Ekdifi. H taemufzuftusq;Hk e,fjzpf ta-umif;jyKI jzpfyGm;aom t,l0g'a7; ppfyGJrsm;ESifh
onf? yxruBmppfrwdik rf u D ,if;onf -op-w;D ,m;„ 1618 ckESpfwGif jzpfyGm;aom ESpo f ;kH q,fppfyJrG sm;a-umifh
[efa*7Dtifydkif,mtwGi;f Y xif7Sm;aom jynfe,f w Adk[D;rD;,m;EdkifiHonf arS;rSdefoGm;7onf? jynfoljynf
e,fjzpfco hJ nf? om;rsm;onf trsdK;om;pdwf"mwfrsm; usqif;csdefY
Adk[D;rD;,m;e,fonf rSefuluGuf yHko!mef7Sdaom [ufZAwfrif;rsm; tkypf ;kd vsuf7do S nf? 18 7mpkESpfusrS
ukef;jrifh-uD;jzpfonf? taemufajrmufzufwGif qU yif Adk[D;rD;,m; vlxo k nf EkdifiHa7;Ed;k -um;vmum t
qGeef jD ynfe,fukd tdk;awmifwef;u›if;/ ta7S\ajrmufzuf rsdK;om;tcGifhta7;rsm;/ udk,fydkiftkyfcsKyfa7;ESifh EdkifiH
wGif qdkifvD;7Sm;e,fudk *sdKif;,ifah wmifwef;u›if;/ t a7;vGwv f yfrw = k\dukd awmif;qdv k m-uonf? 19 7mpkcef\
aemufawmifzufwGif AmaA;7D;,m;jynfe,fukd Adk[;D rD; wGif -op-wD;,m;„[efa*7Dtpd;k 7tm; tawmfyif raus
,m;opfawmac: awmifwef;rsm;u›if;/ ta7S\awmif reyfjzpfaecJ-h uonf? yxruBmppfjyD;aomtcg Ad[ k D;
zufwGif rdka7;AD;,m;e,fudk tpf*avmif;ukef;jrifh-uD; rD;,m;jynfe,fonf csufuq kd vdAk m;uD;,m;Edik if o H pf.
u›if; Adk[D;rD;,m;e,fESifh jcm;xm;avonf? *sKd if;,ifh e,fwe,f jzpfvmonf? 'kw, d uBmppftwGi;f Yrl *sm
awmifwef;Y jrpfjzm;cHaom tJhvAjrpf txufydkif;ESifh reftkyfcsKyfcHe,f jzpfaecJhjyD;v~if 'kwd,uBmppfjyD;rS
,if;. jrpfvufwufrsm;onf we,fv;kH Y jzmI pD;qif; csufuq dk vdAk m;uD;,m;Ekdiif . H jynfe,ftjzpf jyefvnf
vsuf7Sdonf? Adk[D;rD;,m;. xGufaygufrsm;onf a7muf7o Sd nf?
ajrmufzufwGif tJhzAjrpf0Srf;rSty useftm;vHk;onf Ad[
k ;D rD;,m;e,fonf csuu f qkd vdAk m;uD;,m; wEdik if H
awmif-um;vrf;rsm; jzpfonf? vHk;wGif t-uG,0f tpnf;um; tzGJ\jzdK;qHk;aom e,fjzpf
Adk[;D rD;,m;e,fonfpwk7ef;rdkif 20ô000 cef\us,f onf? csuw f \.
kd y7m[jrKd \awmfonf Ad[ k ;D rD;,m;e,fwiG f
I/ jrefrmEdkifiH weo®m7Dwdkif;cef\ 7Sdonf? vlOD;a7 wnf7SdI 7D;uifAwf/ yDvqef/ AGwfApf/ um;vpAwf
^ô109ô3^6 a,muf7d7S m/ weo®m7Dwdki;f vlO;D a7. 5 paom xif7mS ;onfh jrKd \-u;D rsm;onfvnf; ,if;e,fYyif
qausmf7Sdavonf? trsm;tm;jzifh csufvlrsdK;ESifh *sm yg0ifonf? Ad[ k D;rD;,m;e,f. jrifrh m;aom uke;f jyifESihf
refvlrsdK;wdk\ aexdik f-uI *sL;vlrsdK;vnf; 5 yHk 1 yHkcef\7Sd ajr-oZmaumif;aom jrpf0Srf;a'orsm;onf v,f,m
onf? trsm;tm;jzifh A7if*sD*k+ d ;f 0ifrsm; jzpf-uonf? vkyu f ikd f7ef tvGeaf umif;rGeo f jzifh *sHK/ rka,m/ tmvl;/
Adk[D;rD;,m;[laomtrnfonf wdkif;7if;vlrsdK; uJh &dkif;pyg;/ jrif;pm;*sHK/ o-um;rkefvm ponfwdk\ xGuf
tEG,f0if AdktD;rsm;tm; tpGJjyKI wGifjcif; jzpfonf? onf? O,smOftvkyfvnf; rsm;pGmjzpfxGef;aom a'o
od77Sd or~ Adk[D;rD;,m;e,fY tapmqH;k aexdkifcho J rl sm; jzpfonf? awmifukef;rsm;wGif opfawmrsm; ayguf
jzpfaom xdkAdktD;wdkif;7if;om;rsm;tm; c7pfawmfay:p a7mufvsuf7Sdaoma-umifh opfvkyfief;vnf; t-uD;t
tcsed u f rmudrk efvrl sdK;wd\ku wdu k x f w
k If aexdki-f ujyef us,fvyk fudkif-uonf? Adk[D;rD;,m;jynfe,f taemuf
7m/ ,if;wd\ktm; *smrefw\dku›if;/ *smrefw\dktm; qvA ajrmufyikd ;f Yrl oWKrsm;xGuo f nf? txl;ojzifh oHwiG ;f
tEG,f0if csufw\dk u›if; armif;xkwf aexdki-f uonf? rsm;pGm7Sdonf? a-uGxnfyPnf;rsm;vkyfudkifEdkifonfh 7FH\
62^ ckEpS w f iG f qrdb
k 7k ifvufxufY tuGu J JG jzpfaeaom ajrrsdK;vnf;7So d jzifh a-uGxnfvyk if ef;vkyfudki-f uonf?
Adk[D;rD;,m;e,fonf pnf;vHk;rdavonf? 805 ckESpf ,if;tydki;f wGif oH/ oHr+d/ jcnfEiS hf od;k arG;/ tdraf xmif
wGif 7Sm;vrdef;bk7ifu odrf;ydu k fxm;cJhjyD;aemuf r-um y7dabm*/ pUL/ "mwkaA'yPnf;rsm;/ a-uGxnf/ zef
rDyif rdka7;AD;,m;EdkifiH. vufatmufcH jzpfcJhonf? xnf ponfh pufrv = yk if ef;rsm; vkyu f ikd 7f m puf&-kH uD;rsm;
1000jynfhESpfausmfcef\url Adk[D;rD;,m;onf *smref jzifh pnfum;onf? Ad[ k ;D rD;,m;e,fxu G f zefxnfonf
e,fwe,ftjzpf a7muf7SdaeI 1198ckwGif oD;jcm; uBmausmf jzpfonf? Adk[D;rD;,m;. tjcm; xif7Sm;
jynfaxmif jzpfvmjyefonf? 1253 ckESpfrS 12^8 ckESpf aom xGufukefrSm yDvZifemAD,mac: uBmausmf
twGif;Y Adk[D;rD;,m;onf Oa7mywdkufwGif tiftm; AD,mjzpfonf?

86
Adk[D;rD;,m;e,f
Ad[k ;D rD;,m;e,fonf jynfwiG ;f ul;oef; oGm;vma7;
twGuf tvGefaumif;rGefaom rD;7xm;vrf;ESifh um;
vrf;-uD;rsm; 7Sd&Hkru jynfyjrdK\-uD;rsm;jzpfaom AD,if;
em;/ '7ufZ'if ponfhjrdK\-uD;rsm;ESifh rD;7xmvrf;jzifh
tquftoG,7f o dS nf?
Ad[ k ;D rD;,m;e,fwiG f *smrefwUodkvfEiS fh csufwU
odv
k rf sm;7So d nfh teuf 1348 ckEpS u
f wnfaxmifcahJ om
y7m[wUodv k o f nf Oa7mywdu
k 7f dS a7S;tusqk;H wU
odkvw f ckjzpfonf?
Ad;k ôeD;v(c7pf 1885 1962) ? ?eD;vAd;k onf 'de;f rwfvl
rsdK; &lyaA'ynm7Sif wOD;jzpfI/ tufwrf. c¶mtdrzf J\G
pnf;yHk 0g'opfudk pwifazmfxw k cf ahJ vonf? t7m0 K
rSeo f r~. tajccH,lepfjzpfaom tufwrfrsm;. zGJ\pnf;
wnfaeyHo k nf aep-um0 m zG\Jpnf;wnfaeyHEk iS hf tvm;
wljzpfonf? tufwrf.tv,fA[d7k dS av;vHaom 0wf
qHuJhodk\jzpfonfh EsL;uvD;,wfudk v~yfppf"mwftm;
aqmifaom tDvufx7Gefrsm;u/ aeudk j*dK[frsm;vSnfh
ywfae-uonfhenf;wl vSnyfh wfae-uonf? tufwrf
wGif rsm;aomtm;jzifh (ae7mvGwf) [if;vif;jyifrsm;
yg7So d nf[k Ad;k uol.t,ltqrsm;udk xkwaf zmfco hJ nf?
Ad;k .tufwrf0g'opfukd tajcjyKI ta7;ygaomod_H
ynmwd;k wufr=rsm;udk jyKvkyfEkid cf -Jh uonf? ,if;wd\kwiG f
tufwrf.pGr;f tifukd xkw, f t
l oH;k jyKjcif;vnf; yg0ifchJ
tEkjrL okawoevkyfief;wGif EdkAifqk csD;jr|ihfcH7onfh
&lyaA' od_Hynmausmf eD;v Adk;
87
Adk;ôeD;v
I/ tufwrf(tEkjrL) AHk; vkyfudkifEkdifonftxd ayguf
ajrmuf atmifjrifcho J nf? Adk;onf rdr. d 0g'opfukd wd;k
wuf jyKjyifch7J m/ a7'D,dkoWd-uGjcif;udk awG\7d7S mrS ay:
aygufvmaom jy©emrsm;ud›k if;/ *smref &lyaA'
ynm7Sif yvef\. uGrfwefot D dk7rD S ay:aygufvmaom
jy©emrsm;udk›if; ajz7Si;f Edkicf ahJ vonf?
Akd;onf 'def;rwfEidk if H udkyif[m;*if;jrdK\Y 1885 ckEpS f
atmufwb kd mv ^ 7ufae\wiG f zGm;jrifI/ udyk if[m;*if;
wUodv k rf S 'D*7Db\J7G 7Scd o
hJ nf? a7S;OD;pGm Ad;k . od_o H ak w
oevkyif ef;wdk\rmS oWKrsm;rS tDvufx7Gefot D 7dk uD kd pl;
prf;avhvmjcif; jzpfonf? aemiftcgwGif t*®vefjynf
odk\ oGm;a7mufI 7lyaA'ynm7Sif tausmftarmf-uD;
rsm;jzpf-uaom a*s/ a*s/ oGerf qifEiS hf avmh7m;om;zd\kw\kd
vufatmufwGif od_Hoak woevkyfief;rsm;udk aqmif
7Guo f nf? tufwrfc¶mtdrzf \JpG nf;yH0k g'opfukd xkwaf zmf
cJph Ofu Adk;onf touf28 ESpt f 7G,fr~om 7Sdao;onf?
1920 jynfEh pS w f iG f udyk if[m;*if;wUodv k wf iG f oDt7kd uf
wpfu,f& lyaA'od_Hausmif;udk uln Dwnfaxmif
ay;onf? 1922 ckEpS f touftm;jzihf 3^ ESpw f iG f 7ly
aA'twGuf uBmausmf EdkAq J -k uD;udk 77S7d m/ xdak cwft
xd EdkAJqk 7olrsm;xJwGif toufti,fqHk; jzpfav
onf? tjcm; Ekid if rH sm;pGmwd\kuvnf; ol. 7lyaA'ynm
pGrf;7nfudk *k+fjyKcsD;usL;aomtm;jzifh qkwHqdyfrsm;
csD;jr|ih-f uavonf? 1926 ckESpw f iG f awmf0iftoif;-uD;
. EkdifiHjcm;toif;0iftjzpf a7G;cs,fjcif; cH7onf?
1938 39 ckESpfwGif tar7duefjynfaxmifpkodk\ acW
oGm;a7mufI/ tufwrfprG ;f tif okawoevkyfief;rsm;
udk aqmif7u G cf 7hJ m/ od_yH nm7Si-f uD; tJvAwftidk ;f pwdik ;f
ESiv hf nf; awG\qkEH ;SD aESmcJah vonf?
xdt k csed w f Gif Ad;k onf ,la7;eD;,rf;tufwrfukcd JpG w d f
I ,la7;eD;,rf;xJY odrk ;DS vsu7f adS eaompGr;f tifukd trsm;
tjym; xkw, f ltoH;k jyK7ef -udK;yrf;vsu7f o Sd nf? 1940
jynfhEpS w f Gif *smrefwyfrsm;u 'de;f rwfEidk fiu H kd wdu k fcu kd f
odrf;ydu k v f kud faomtcg/ t*®vefjynfok\d xGufajy;wdr;f
a7SmifaecJhonf? xdkaemufwGif t*®vdyEf Sifh tar7duef
r[mrdwfwyfrsm;udk ulnDcJh7m/ tufwrf (tEkjrL) AHk;
vkyfudkif7eftwGuf od_Hynm7yfqkid f7m tcuftcJrsm;
ajz7Sif;ay;jcif;jzifh trsm;qHk;ulnDcJhonf? aemiftcg
Adk;onf e,l;rUqDudk avmhpt,fvrdk; tufwrfrpf
y&dk*sufwGif t-uHay;t7m7Sdtjzpf aqmif7Guf7onf?
1945 ckEpS fwGif 'de;f rwfEidk if Hok\djyefoGm;.? 1962 ckEpS f
Ekd0ifbmv 18 7ufae\wiG f uG,fvGefonf?
 Adk;0g;ppfyGJ

Ad;k 0g;ppfyJG (c7pf 1899 1902)? ?tmz7duwdu k f aemufq;kH Y 1899 ckEpS f atmufwb kd mv 11 7ufae\
awmifydkif;7Sd Adk;0g;jynfe,frsm;jzpfaom -o7def;z7D; wGif jAdwdo~ESifh Adk;0g;wdk\ ppfpwifwdkufcdkuf-uonf?
pwdwfESihf x7efpAm;jynfe,frsm;ESihf jAdwdo~tpdk;7wdk\ -o7de;f z7D;pwdwfjynfe,fonf Ad;k 0g;wdk\ESifhy;l aygif;um
1899 ckESpfrS 1920 ckESpftwGif; jzpfyGm;aom ppfyGJudk jAdwdo~tm; wkdufcku d favonf? xdpk pfyGJwiG f -uD;us,f
Ad;k 0g;ppfyJ[ G k ac:onf? xdpk pfyu GJ kd awmiftmz7duppfyJG aom wdu k yf J-G uD;rsm; r7SdvSacs? acsmif;ajrmif; wdu k cf ku d f
[k vnf;ac:-uonf? jcif;/ axmifzrf;I wdkufjcif;/ jrdK\-uD;rsm;udk 0dik ;f 7Hydwq f k\d
Adk;0g;[laompum;rSm 'yfcsbmomjzifh v,form; jcif;rsm;om rsm;avonf? ppfy. GJ tpwGif Adk;0g;wdk\u
[k ac:jcif;jzpfonf? 1652 ckEpS cf ef\u a[mfvefEkid firH S ta7;omavonf? Ad;k 0g;wdk\onf typftcwfu`r;f usif
'yfcsvlrsdK;wpkonf tmz7duwdkufawmifydkif; a'o jyD;v~if xdka'o. ta-umif;7if;udk aumif;pGmodol
rsm;od\k oGm;a7mufI v,f,mpdu k yf sKd ;jcif;jzifh tajcpdu k f rsm;jzpf-u.? Ad;k 0g;wdk\zufrS 'DApf/ vl0AD kw d m/ 'vma7;
aexdkif-uonf? xdkolwdk\rS qif;oufolrsm;udk Adk;0g; ponfh Adkvcf sKyf-uD;rsm;u tkycf sKyw f du
k fcukd . f ? jAdwo d ~
[kac:-uonf? 1^96 ckEpS w f iG f tmz7duwku d 7f dS Ad;k 0g; wdk\onf 1990jynfhESpf Zefe0g7Dvwdkifatmif Adk;0g;wdk\
wdk\. a'oopfrsm;udk jAdwdo~wdk\ 0ifa7mufodrf;ydkuf zdEdyS w f u kd fcu kd jf cif;udo k m cHae7avonf?
onf? jAw d od ~tyk cf sKyo
f nfukd rvdv k m;olw\o kd nf 1836 1900 jynfEh pS f Zefe0g7DvwGiaf vmha7mAwfEiS haf vmh
ckwGif olwdk\.a'orsm;udk pGef\I x\dkxufajrmufzuf upfcsemwdk\ OD;pD;onfh tiftm;-uD;rm;aom jAdwdo~
usaom a'orsm;odk\ ajymif;a7F\um tdk;opftdrfopf wyfopfrsm; a7mufvmavonf? (upfcsemôtdyf/ tdyf
xlaxmif-uonf? xdka'oudkvnf; awmiftmz7du „&=?) xdEk pS f azazmf0g7Dv 2^ 7ufae\wiG f Ad;k 0g;ppfAv kd f
oRwEdkifiHESifh -o7def;z7D;pwdwf[lI udkvdkeDEkdifiHopf csKyf-uD; u7Gef,DESifh wyfom; 4axmifcef\onf yg;'D
wnfaxmifonf? awmiftmz7du oRwEdkifiH[kac: AwfY vufeufcs-u7avonf? xdkEpS f rwfv 137uf
aoma'oonf aemiftcg x7efpAm;jynfe,f[k wGif ae\wGif -o7def;z7D;pwdwfjynfe,f. jrdK\awmf AvGrf;
vmonf? zGew f ed ;f jrKd \ukd avmha7mAwfu csDwuford ;f ydu k u f m ,if;
1884 ckESpfwGif awmiftmz7duoRwEdkifiHY a7F jynfe,fudk jAw d od ~yikd tf jzpf a-unmEkid cf o hJ nf?
wGif;rsm; awG\onfhowif;a-umifh EdkifijH cm;om;rsm; t avmha7mAwfacgif;aqmifaom jAdwdo~ppfwyfrsm;
rsm;tjym;yif xdka'oxJodk\ 0ifa7mufvm-uonf? xdk onf ajrmufzufo\kcd sw D ufum *sKd [³ufpAwfjrdK\ukd odr;f
EdkifiHjcm;om;rsm;rSm trsm;tm;jzifh jAdwdo~ vlrsdK;rsm; ydu k o f nf? xdkaemuf ZGev f 57ufae\wiG af wmiftmz7du
jzpf-uonf? Adk;0g;wdk\uvnf; olwk\d. tkycf sKyfa7;wGif oRwEdkiif . H jrdK\awmf y7Dwk;d 7D;,m;jrdK\ukd odrf;ydu k jf yef
jAdwdo~wdk\ 0iffa7mufjc,fvS,frnfudk pdk;7GH\-uonf? avonf? xdEk pS f pufwifbmvwGif Ad;k 0g;Adv k cf sKyf Adw
k m
xd\ak -umifh awmiftmz7duoRwEdik if . H oRw aygu&l; ESihf vufatmufcw H yfrsm;udk avmha7mAwfu vufeuf
*g;u EdkifiHjcm;om;rsm;tm; csKyfcs,fuef\owfonfh csapI/ awmiftmz7duoRwEkdifiHudk x7efpAm;jynf
Oya'rsm;udk jyKvkyfavonf? xdt k cg EkdifijH cm;om;rsm; e,f[t k rnfajymif;um jAdwo d ~yikd tf jzpf a-unmonf?
uvnf; rcHr7yfEidk jf zpfum/ tcGiht f a7; ydkay;7ef qlyl useAf k;d 0g;wyfrsm;onf awmcdkoGm;um ajymufusm;
awmif;qdk-uonf? Edkiif Hjcm;om;wdk\zufrS jAdwo d ~wdk\u pepfjzifh wdkufcdkufao;onf? xdktcsdefwGif avmha7m
tm;ay;avonf? Awfonf t*®vefo\kjd yefomG ;I avmhupfcsemu jAdwo d ~
,if;wdk\jzifh xdkta7;rSm Adk;0g;wdk\ESifh EdkifiHjcm;om; wyfrsm;udk OD;pD;wdkufcdkufvsuf7Sdonf? avmhupfcsem
wdk\ tiftm;jydKif-uonfh tajcrS/ Adk;0g;ESifh jAdwdo~wdk\ onf Adk;0g;wdk\. ajymufusm;ppfqifr=udk tpGrf;ukef
tiftm;jydKifonfh tajcodk\ qdkufa7mufoGm;avonf? ESrd ef if;vdu k 7f m 1902 ckEpS f arv 317ufae\wiG f Ad;k 0g;ppfyJG
1896 ckEpS w f iG f vufeufpu JG ikd f wdu k cf u kd -f uonfh tajc onf tqHk;owftjyD;wdkifa7mufchaJ vonf?
od\ak 7mufvmonf? t*®vyd v f rl sKd ; *srd ;f qefqo kd ul vuf Ad;k 0g;wd\konf wyfom;tiftm; 95ô000r~EiS hf jAw d o d ~
eufukid f wdkucf dkufa7;udk OD;aqmifch7J m/ ,if;x-uGr=udk wd\k. 200ô000ausmf7daS om wyfudk 3 ESprf ~ -uHh-uHhcHI
*sdr;f qefwdkufy[ GJ k ac:-u.? xdkta7;wGif *sdrf;qefw\dk wdkufcdkufcJhonf? y7Dwdk;7D;,m;jrdK\Y 1902ckESpf arv
zufu &=;H edro fh Gm;avonf? od\k7mwGif jAdwo d ~ESihf Ad;k 0g; 317ufae\wiG f csKyq f akd om zma7;epf*if;pmcsKyt f 7/ x7ef
wdk\ ta7;onf jyD;jidr;f oGm;jcif; r7Sdacs? pAm;ESifh -o7def;z7D;pwdwfwdk\onf jAdwdo~ udkvedk Drsm;

88
Adk;0g;ppfyGJ
jzpfvm-uonf? Adk;0g;wdk\vnf; jAdwdo~tpdk;7 oPmcH
rsm;tjzpf cH,l-uonf? odk\aomf 1906 ckESpfwGif t*®
vefjynfY vpfA7,fygwD -uD;pdk;vmaomtcg/ xdkjynf
e,f 2 e,fudk wm0efcHtkyfcsKyfa7;ay;tyfonf? jynf
e,frsm;wGif Adk;0g;ppfa-umifh ysupf D;7onfhtwGuf a':
vm 15ô000ô000 avsmaf -u;tjzpf jAdwo d ~wdk\u ay;
avonf? ausmif;rsm;Yvnf; 'yfcsbmomudk oif
cGifhjyKonf? ,if;odk\ jAdwdo~tpdk;7. oufn|mr=rsm;
a-umifh Adk;0g;ESifh jAdwdo~qufqHa7;onf txl;yif
aumif;rGefvmonf? 1910 ckEpS w f Gif xdjk ynfe,f 2e,f
onf awmiftmz7dujynfaxmifpkEdkifiHtwGif;Y udk,f
ydkiftkyfcsKyfcGifh7 jynfe,frsm;jzpfvmavonf? (awmif
tmz7du jynfaxmifpk„&=? )
Aufpudk 'g *g;r(c7pf 1460cef\„1524)? ?e,fajr
opfpl;prf;7SmazGcJholrsm;teuf ay:wl*DvlrsdK; Aufpudk
'g*g;ronf uBmwGif tausmf-um;qHk; ykCdKvfwOD;
jzpfayonf? e,fajropf7SmazGro = nf pGef\pGef\pm;pm;jyK7
oavmuf tvGeftusdK;aus;Zl;rsm;vSojzifh a7S;acwf
rsm;rStpjyKI Oa7mywGifacwfpm;cJhonf? wEdkifiHESifh
e,fajropf7SmazGr=Y tausmfqHk; ykCdKvfjzpfonfh Aufpudk'g*g;r
89
Aufpudk 'g *g;r
wEdik if H tjydKife,fopfrsm;7Sm-ujyD;v~i/f oufqidk 7f m rdrd
wd\kEdik fi. H ydik feufEiS fh wefc;kd tm+mudk e,fcsJ\c-Jh uonf?
wcgu wefcdk;-uD;EdkifiHrsm;jzpf-uaom pydefESifh ay:wl
*,fEkid fiHw\dkonfvnf; csr;f om-uG,0f aom ta7S\wikd ;f /
txl;ojzifh tdNd,EkdifiHodk\ ydkifeufcsJ\vdk-uonf? xdk
a-umifh ,if;a'orsm;od\k tjrefq;Hk aygufa7mufaom yif
v,fc7D;vrf;udk tjydKif-udK;pm;7SmazGc-Jh uonf?
ay:wl*w D \dkonf ESpfaygif; 60cef\r~ tmz7duwdu k f
taemufzufurf;ajcwav~muf awmifzufo\dk c7D;vrf;
udk wjznf;jznf;prf;I oab®mvFi-fh unfch -Jh u7m/ 1488
ckEpS w f iG f Amwl;vl;ar,k't D wfqo kd o
l nf tmz7duwdu k f
awmifzufpGef;udk ywfrdjyD;v~if ta7S\zufurf;ajc w
av~muf tawmfyif c7D;aygufcJhonf? ('D;twfôAmwl;
vl;ar,k„&=?) xdkaemuf 10ESpfeD;yg;r~ ay:wl*Dwdk\.
a7S\qufvuf-udK;yrf;r=onf c7D;ra7mufbJ 7SdaecJhav
onf? xdktawmtwGif; pydefEkdifiHu 1492 ckESpfwGif
ta7S\wikd ;f od\k oGm;aom yifv,fc7D;ud7k mS 7ef udkvAH yfukd
vFwv f u kd 7f m tar7duwdu k of \kd oGm;7mc7D;vrf;p 7cJah v
onf? (udkvAH yfôpD„&=?) xdt k cg ay:wl*w D \kdonf tm;
usrcH/ tmz7dwdkufudk ywfI ta7SoGm; c7D;vrf;udk
qufvuf7mS azG7ef t-uHtpnfjyK-uavonf?
,if;onft h csderf wdkirf uD Aufpud'k g*g;ronf xif
xif7Sm;7Sm; r7SdcJhao;acs? odk\aomf rSL;rwfrsdK;&dk;rS
qif;oufvmolwOD;jzpfI uufpwD;Edik if EH iS hf ay:wl*,f
EdkifiHwdk\ ppfjydKif7mwGif yg0ifqifEFJcJhz;l a-umif;r~om od
-uonf? yifv,fqdyfurf;jrdK\uav;jzpfaom qD;ae;Y
arG;zGm;cJo h l Aufpudk'g*g;ronf yifv,fc7D;u`rf;usif
oljzpfI yifv,frsm;Y oGm;vm7ef ESpfoufjyD;v~i/f r
a-umufr7G\H oGm;vm0Ho h l jzpfavonf? xdak -umifh 149^
ckESpfwGif ay:wl*b D k7if yXrtDref;EsLt,fonf Aufp
udk'g*g;rtm; oab®m 4 pif;udk uGyfuJtkyfcsKyfapjyD;
aomf ta7S\wkid ;f oGm; yifv,fc7D;vrf; 7SmazGap7ef cef\
tyfonf? Aufpud'k g*g;ronf xdEk pS f Zlvikd v f wGif vP
AGe;f jrdK\rS pwifI c7D;xGufcahJ vonf?
4vtwGif;Y Aufpudk'g*g;rwdk\onf *Gwf[kyftil
udk aumif;rGefpmG ywfr-d uonf? xdktiludk ausmfvGeI f
c7D;qufrnfjyKaomtcgoab®mom;wdk\onf rvdu k fvdk
-uawmhbJ awmfvSefykefuef-uawmhonf? xdkjyif av
jyif;rkew f idk ;f rsm;ESiv
hf nf; tcgcg-uHKc7hJ onf? Aufpudk'g
*g;ronf oab®mom;rsm;. ykefuefrE= Sihf avjyif; rkef
wdkif;ponfh tcuftcJwdk\rS vGwfajrmuf ausmfeif;Edkif
atmif trsdK;rsdK; -udK;yrf;cJh7avonf?
Aufpudk 'g *g;r AufpyGwfcsDôtar7d*dk

,if;odk\aom tcuftcJrsm;udkausmfeif; ajz7Sif; -udK;yrf;aepOf/ udkcsifjrdK\Y xdEk pS f 'DZifbmv 24 7ufae\

,if;yif tmz7duwdkuf ta7S\zufurf;&d;k wef;7Sd rvif'D wGif uG,fvGefomG ;avonf?
qdyfurf;jrdK\wGif tdNd,Edik fiHom; ukefonfrsm;ESifh awG\
avonf? ,if;wdk\txJrS tdNd,a7a-umif;jy wOD;. AufpyGwfcsDôtar7d*dk (c7pf 1451 „ 1512)? ?
tultnDjzifh tdN, d ork]7mudjk zwfausmu f m/ vPAGe;f jrKd \ uBmopf (tar7duwkduf)udk tOD;qHk; awG\7Sdoltjzpf
rS xGufcjJh yD;aemuf 10 vt-um 1498 ckEpS f arv t ajymprSwf jyKjcif;cH7ol tar7d*kAd ufpyGwcf s;D tm; tpGjJ yK
wGif;Y tdNd,taemufzufurf;ajc7Sd umvduwfjrdK\ok\d I tar7duwdu k f[k rSnhaf c:-uonf?
a7mufcahJ vonf? ,if;od\jk zifh Aufpud'k g*g;ronf Oa7m AufpyGwcf so D nf †wvDEikd if o H m; ukeo f nfwOD;jzpf
yrS tdNd,odk\ yifv,fc7D;udk pwifawG\7SdcJhavonf? I/ 1451 ckEpS f rwfv 97ufae\wGif zavmf7ifhjrdK\Y zGm;
umvduwfjrdK\wGif;Y xdktcsdefu rl;0g;vlrsdK; ukef jrifonf? i,fpOfu OD;avawmfol 'drk ifeDuef*dk+f;0if
onfrsm;vnf;7Sdaeonf? rl;0g;wd\ku ay:wl*w D \dka7muf bke;f -uD;wyg;u pmayoif-um;ay;cJ7h m/ eQWaA'ESihf
vmjcif;udk rvdk-uacs? xdka-umifh jrdK\tkyfcsKyfoltm; ocs®mynm7yfrsm;udk txl;yif avhvmwwfajrmufcJh
ay:wl*w D \dkudk aumif;pGm vufcH rjyKpkavatmif jyK-u ayonf? zavmf7ifjh rdK\wiG f twef-umr~ ukeo f nftvkyf
onf? xdak -umifh aAmfpud'k g*g;ronf jrKd \. tajctaeudk ESihf aexdik cf .hJ ? 1492 ckEpS w f iG f pydeEf ikd if H qJAh ;D jrKd \o\›kd if;/
avhvmpHkprf;jyD;aemuf ay:wl*,fodk\jyefcJhonf? rlv xdkaemuf au;'pfjrdK\od\k ›if; oGm;a7mufaexdkifI ukef
ay:wl*,fEidk if HrS xGufcmG cJhpOfu oab®mom; 1^0 yg7Sd oG,frv = yk if ef;jzifh toufarG;avonf? 1495 ckEpS w f iG f
cJh7m vrf;c7D;wGif zsm;emaoqHk;-uojzifh 55 a,muf yifv,fwGicf 7D;7SnfxGuf7eftwGuf oab®mrsm; wnf
r~om ay:wl*,fEkid fio H \kd jyefa7mufEikd -f uavonf? aqmufay;aom tvkyf&HkwckESifh qufoG,frdcJh.? xdk
ay:wl*,fEkdifiHodk\ jyefa7mufaomtcg/ bk7ifrif; tcgrSpI AufpyGwcf st D wGuf pGe\pf m;c7D;xGu7f ef vrf;p
jrwfu Aufpud'k g*g;rESihf oab®mom;rsm;udk qkawmf ay:cJo h nf?
v'fawmfrsm; csD;jr|iho f nf? Aufpudk'g*g;rtm; t*®vyd f c7PwdkzmudkvHApfonf 1492 ckESpfwGif w-udrf/
‘‘qm’’ bGJ\EiS hn f rD ~aom ‘‘'Grf’’ bGJ\ay;tyfonf? ay:wl
*,fESihf tdN, d Edik fiw H \kd ukeo f , G fvrf; yGihaf vonf? Auf
pud'k g*g;ronf tdN, d Edik if EH iS hf ukeo
f ,G 7f ef tcGit hf a7;
rsm;vnf; 7Sdch7J m/ tvGefcsrf;om -uG,f0vmavonf?
aemuf 3ESpcf ef\t-um 1502 ckEpS w f iG f Aufpud'k g*g;
ronf a7wyf wwyfukd tkycf sKyI f tdN, d Edik if o
H \dk oGm;
a7mufcJh7jyefonf? ta-umif;rl umvduwfjrdK\wiG af y:
wl*Dukefonfrsm;ESifh tdNd,wdik ;f om;wd\k y™dyQ jzpfymG ;
aoma-umifw h nf;? Aufpudk'g*g;ronf umvduwfjrdK\
om;wd\ktm; jyif;jyif;xefxef ESrd ef if;cJ7h m/ Aufpud'k g*g;r
.trnfwiG t f rnf;pufxifco hJ nf? xdak emuf udck sijf rKd \o\kd
oGm;a7mufI ukefoG,fr=rsm; jyKvkyf7m a7FaiGyPnf;
awmify7kH myHk 77Sdcho J nf? rdZk rfApfEiS hf qdzk mvme,fw\kw d iG f
ay:wl*jD ynfe,frsm; wnfaxmifcJhonf? xdkaemuf xdk
ESpfwiG fyif vPAGef;odk\ jyefcaJh vonf?
Aufpud'k g*g;ronf ta7S\widk ;f wGif ay:wl*w D \kd ajc
uky7f 7ef pwif vrf;cif;ay;cJah omfvnf;/ 1524 ckEpS w f iG f
rS tNd,Edik fi7H Sd ay:wl*yD kid ef ,frsm;. bk7ifccH sKyftjzpf
cef\ tyfc7H I tdN, d od\k vmcJjh yefonf? tdN, d od\k a7mufI
7mxl;vufcHjyD;aemufwGif tdNd,7Sd ay:wl*D tpdk;7.
tkyfcsKyfa7; uarmufur jzpfaeonfrsm;udk jyKjyif7ef tar7duefEdkifiHudk pwifawG\7SdcJhol tar7d*dkAufpyGufcsD

90
AufpyGufcsDôtar7d*dk AufqDrmôqm [ife7D

1493 ckEpS w f iG f w-udrf 2 -urd w f ikd fwikd f taemufzufo\kd

oab®mvGihpf Ofu AufpyGwcf sDonf pydefY 7Sad vonf?
(udkvHAyfôpD„&=?) xdk 2acgufwGif udkvHAyfonf t
ar7duwkduf uke;f r-u;D od\k ra7mufbJ ,ck taemuftNd d
,u`e;f pk[w k Giv f su7f Sdaom u`e;f pkrsm;odk\om a7mufchJ
onf? 1504 ckEpS Yf xkwaf 0aom pmwrf;wckY Aufp
yGwcf so D nf taemufo\dk oab®mjzifh 149^ ckEpS /f 1499
ckEpS /f 1501 ckEpS Ef iS hf 1503 ckEpS rf sm;wGif 4 -urd w f ikd wf ikd f
oGm;a7mufcJha-umif;/ yXrtacguf 149^ ckESpf ZGefv
16 7ufae\wiG f awmiftar7du taemufajrmuf urf;
ajcodk\ a7muf7SdcJha-umif; a7;om;azmfjyxm;avonf?
149^ ckEpS w f iG f tu,fyif c7D;xGucf o hJ nf rxGucf o hJ nf
udk taotcsmrod7aomfvnf;/ 1499 ckEpS w f iG f awmif
tar7duwdkufodk\ c7D;xGufcJha-umif;um; taotcsm
od7onf? xdkjyif AufpyGwcf so D nf tar7duwdu k f (0g)
uBmopfudk awG\7SdcJha-umif; ajymqdkcJhonfudkvnf;
udv k AH yfu jiif;qdjk cif;rjyKcahJ cs? xdak -umifh 150^ ckEpS w f iG f
xkwfa0cJhaom yx0Dpmtkyf wtkyfY *smrefygarmQ
wOD;u uBmopfukd tar7d*akd wG\7o dS jzifh tar7duwdu k f
[kac:oifha-umif; t-uHay;cJhavonf? od\kaomf rsm;pGm oHr+dusdKenf;opfudkwDxGifcJhol qm[ife7DAufqDrm
tjiif;yGm;cJ-h ujy;D aemuf/ yXrwGif oltu,fawG\7cdS hJ aom
awmiftar7duwkduf rUqDudk yifv,fauG\ae7m7Sd axmif vkyu f kid af eol emrnf-uD; tif*sife, D m tefwedk D
ukef;jyifudkom ol\trnfjzifh ac:cJhaomfvnf;/ aemuf AufqrD m jzpfavonf?
r-umrD awmiftar7du wwdu k v f ;kH ESihf ajrmuftar7du [ife7DAufqrD monf i,fpOfrpS I zcifjzpfo. l cJpm
wdu k uf ydk g ol.trnfjzifh ac:a0:cJ-h uavonf? vHk;oGef;pufwGif pufr=vkyfief;udk avhvmoif-um;jyD;
AufpyGwcf so D nf yXrESihf 'kw, d t-urd rf sm;wGif pydef aemuf/ touf 1^ESpt f 7G,w f iG f vef'efjrdK\o\kd ajymif;a7F\
Edik if t
H wGuf c7D;xGucf I hJ / aemuf 2-urd w f iG rf l ay:wl*,f aexkdifum/ yHkqGJoltjzpf toufarG;onf? xdktwGif;
Ekid if t
H wGuf c7D;xGucf o hJ nf[q k okd nf? xdo k \kcd 7D;xGu7f m trsKd ;rsdK; prf;oyfI wDxiG frr= sm;udk vkyfudkio f nf? Auf
wGif AufpyGwcf sDonf acgif;aqmiftjzpfEiS fh r[kwb f /J qDrm. woufwmwGif wDxiG rf w = \okd nf rsm;jym;vSaom
eQwfq7m (0g) a7a-umif;jy tjzpfvu dk fygcJ7h onf[k a-umifh ol\tm; txGifyg7*l[kyif ac:qdkxkdufonf?
vnf; qdak vonf? 1512 ckEpS f azaz:0g7Dv 227ufae\ pmcsKywf q H yd af cgif; &du k Ef ydS 7f mY &du k 7f mudk zsuI f jyefvnf
wGif qJhAD;jrdK\Y uG,fvGefonftxd/ AufpyGwfcsDonf toHk;jyKwwf-uojzifh EdkifiaH wmftpd;k 7 tcGeaf wmf vpf
pydeEf idk if .H a7a-umif;jy t7m7Scd sKyftjzpf tr=xrf;um/ [if;qHk;&=H;7onf[k ,lqum/ zsufr7onfh aq;cdkif
uBmopf.ajryHrk sm; a7;qGjJ cif;jzifh tcsed u f ek v f eG cf o
hJ nf? wHqyd af cgif;&du k Ef ydS ef nf;udk xGicf . hJ ? xdjk yif cJwcH vJ yk if ef;/
a7Frifaq;vkyif ef;/ cJpmvH;k oGe;f enf;opf ponfw\o kd nf
AufqrD môqm[ife7D (c7pf 1813 1898)? ? vnf; AufqDrm. wDxGifr=rsm;jzpfonf?
AufqrD menf;[k xif7mS ;aom oHr+dusKd enf;udk wDxiG f AufqDrm. txif7Sm;t-uD;us,fqHk; wDxGifr=rSm
ol qm[ife7DAufqrD monf t*®vyd v f rl sKd ; wDxiG o
f lEiS hf AufqrD menf;[k wGiaf om oHr+dusKd enf;yif jzpfonf?
oHr+dvyk if ef; ydki7f Sijf zpfonf? AufqrD mudk 1813 ckEpS f u&dkif;rD;,m;ppfyGJjzpfyGm;pOfu toH;k jyKaom tajrmuf
Zefe0g7Dv 197ufae\wiG f t*®vefjynf Aufz\k&d id= , f me,f -uD;rsm;. oHr+drsm;aysmhyHkudk tm;r7aom AufqDrm
csmvwefjrdK\Y zGm;jrifonf? zcifjzpforl Sm cJpmvH;k oGef; onf ydkrdkaumif;rGeaf om aoewftajrmufrsm; wDxGif
vkyif ef;/ a7Feef;-udK;qGv J yk if ef;wd\kukd csmvwefjrdK\Y wnf jyKvyk f7ef prf;oyfvo dk nf? odk\7mwGif jAdwo d ~ tm+m

91
AufqDrmôqm [ife7D AufwDuifeef;jrdK\

ydik wf \u
kd tm;ray;ojzifh jyifopfb7k if wwd,eydv k , D ef wDxiG fjy;D jzpfaomfvnf; uBmho_d aH vmuwGif pxGicf o hJ l
.zdwaf c:csuu f kd vufcu H m jyifopfEikd if w
H iG f oGm;a7muf AufqrD m. aus;Zl;um; -uD;ygbdonf? AufqrD monf
prf;oyfvkyfukid fonf? AufqrD m. prf;oyfcsuf atmif t*®vefjynf 7Suzf ;D jrKd \wiG f ol. prf;oyfrr= sm;udk jyKvyk 7f m
jrifI ,ckwidk f AufqrD menf;rSm ausm-f um;vsu7f o dS nf? t-udrf-udrf ratmifjrifcJhaomfvnf; tm;ravsmhbJ ZGJ
AufqDrmonf oHpdrf;rS oHr+d rnfodk\ usdKcsuf77SdEkdif vHk\vjzifh -udK;pm;jcif;a-umifh 1865 ckESpfwGif oHr+d
onfukd jyocJhonf? oHr+dcsufpuf&-Hk uD; wcko\kd oGm; vkyef nf;udk 77SdcahJ vonf? t*®vefjynf 7Suzf ;D jrKd \Y Auf
a7mufvnfywfchv J ~if puf&HkxJY pOfhtdk;o!mef7Sdaom qDrmoHr+dvkyfief; wnfaxmifI vlaygif;rsm;pGmudk
oHr+dt;kd -uD; wck. xdy0f rS rD;&SL;rD;yGm;wd\k w&SL;&SL;yef; tvkyaf y;Edik &f rkH u wuBmvH;k udyk g ynm jzef\Eikd cf o hJ nf?
xGufaeonfudk awG\7ayvdrfhrnf? atmufzufY t 1859 ckESpfwGif AufqDrmonf jrdK\jy tif*sifeD,m
aygufrsm; yg7Sdaom uGefAmwmac: pOft h k;d o@mef oH toif;. wJvzd\w k q
H yd uf 7kd 7SI
d 18^2 ckEpS w f iG f tEkynm
r+dtdk;-uD;wGif t7nfaysmfjyD; oHpdrf;rsm; xnfhum toif;rS tJvAwfa7Fwq H yd u f dk 77So d nf? 18^1 ckEpS frS
atmufzufrS jyif;xefaom avudk r=waf y;jcif;jzifh oH 18^3 ckEpS t f wGi;f *7dwjf Adwed Ef ikd if H oHEiS hf oHr+dvyk if ef;
pdr;f rS umAGe"f mwfukd xkwyf ,fypfjcif;jzpfonf? avvH;k OU}jzpfI 18^9 ckEpS w f iG f awmf0iftoif;. tjrw J rf;
&dkuo f nfht7Sdeaf -umifh uGefAmwmxJ7dS oH.tyl7deS o f nf toif;0if jzpfvmonf? xdEk pS w f iG yf if 0dw7kd ,
d bk7ifru
tvGefjrifhwufvmI umAGe"f mwfonf avmifu`r;f vGifh AufqrD mtm; qmbGJ\jzifh olaumif;jyKonf?
yg;oGm;jcif;jzifh rdepf 20 twGi;f oHprd ;f rS oHr+d jzpfvm qm[ife7DAufqrD monf 1898 ckEpS f rwfv 157uf
Edik o
f nf? oHr+dwiG f tap;oWd jzpfay:vmap7ef oHEiS hf ae\wiG f vef'efjrdK\ 'de;f r[D;7yfuu G w f iG f uG,v f eG o f nf?
ref*eda7mpyfxm;aom pyD*,fvidk fZifac: oWKa7mudk
oHpdrf;ta7usdKxJodk\ aygif;xnfhay;7onf? ,cktcg AufwDuifeef;jrdK\? ?Aufwu D ifeef;jrKd \onf c7pf,ef
AufqDrmenf;udk tajccHI ydkradk umif;rGefaomenf;rsm; t,l0g'a7;qdkif7mjrdK\jzpfonf? ,if;onf oD;jcm;vGwf

ykyf7[ef;rif; oDwif;oHk;7mjzpfaom AufwDuifeef;jrdK\7Sd AufwDuifeef;awmf

92
 AufwDuifeef;jrdK\
vyfaom tcsKyftjcmtm+mydkif EdkifiHuav; wck o
zG,f wnf7adS eonf?
AufwDuifeef;jrdK\onf †wvDEidk fiaH 7mrjrdK\awmf.
taemufajrmufyidk ;f Y wdkif;Am;jrpf. taemufzufurf;
Aufwu D ifuek ;f jrifhay:wGif wnf7do S nf? tus,ft0ef;
tm;jzifh 108±^{u7Sdonf? uBmay:wGif tao;i,f
qHk;aom EdkifiHrsm;teuf wEdkiif H jzpfavonf?
c7pf ^54 56 ckESprf sm;wGif z7ifhb7k if ypfyifonf
c7pf,efomoemydkif yky7f [ef;rif;-uD;tm; †wvDEikd fiH
wGif ajr,mrsm;ay;vSLI oD;jcm;tkyfcsKyfa7; tm+m
rsm;ay;cJo h nf? rlvu yky7f [ef;rif;-uD;rsm;onf ae7m
twnfwus [lI r7SdcJhaomfv nf; / {u'or
yky7f [ef;rif;-u;D *7uf*7D vufxuf/ c7pf 13^^ckEpS rf S
pI ,ckAufwu D ifeef;jrKd \wnf7m t7yfwiG f pwiftwnf
wus aexdkicf o hJ nf? xdkacwfu omoemydkif yky7f [ef;
rif;-uD;ydkif e,fajrrSm pwk7ef;rdkif 1ô6007SI d vlO;D a7
3ô125ô000 cef\yif7SdcJhonf? odk\7mwGif c7pf,ef*dk+f;
rsm; uGo J mG ;jcif;ESihf †wvDEkid if H aoG;pnf;r=ta7;awmfykH
ay:ayguf jcif;wd\ka-umifh 18^1 ckEpS w f iG f yky7f [ef;rif;
-uD;onf AufwDuif O,smOfY tus,cf sKyfozG,f rdrd
tvdt k avsmufaexdik cf o hJ nfrpS I yky7f [ef;rif;. Edik if aH 7;
tm+m avsmus7avonf? 1929ckESpf azazmf0g7Dv
117ufae\wiG f vufwm7rfpmcsKyjf zifh †wvDtm+m7Sif
rlqv dk eD uD yky7f [ef;rif;-uD;tm; ,ck AufwDuifeef;jrdK\
ae7mudk vHk;0tm+mydkiftjzpf tkyfcsKyf7ef vFJtyf7mrS
tp Aufwu D ifeef;jrKd \ aygufzmG ;vmonf? vuf7dS AufwD
uifeef;jrdK\wGif pdefyDwmeef;awmf/ AufwDuifeef;awmf
O,smOfrsm;ESifh jywdu k f/ pm-unfhwu dk fponfh taqmuf
ttHk 13 ck7daS vonf?
1958 ckEpS fcef\rSe;f ajc oefaumifpm7if;t7 AufwD
uifeef;jrdK\. vlO;D a7onf 890 a,mufjzpfonf? ,if;
wd\kteuf 85 7mcdkiEf =e;f onf †wmvsHvrl sdK;rsm; jzpfI
15 7mcdkiEf =ef;onf qGpfEiS fhtjcm;vlrsdK;jzpfonf?
Aufwu D ifeef;jrdK\. tcsKyt f jcmtm+mydik o f nf A7if
*s*D +
kd ;f omoemydik yf ky7f [ef;rif;-uD;jzpfonf? od\k7mwGif
tkyfcsKyfa7;udPrsm;udk vlykCdKvfbk7ifcHwOD;tm; wm
0efvFJtyf tkyfcsKyfaponf? ykyf7[ef;rif;-uD;atmuf
wefcdk;tm+m t7Sdq;Hk rSm um'ife,f*dk+;f csKyfrsm; jzpf
onf? xdkum'ife,f *dk+f;csKyfrsm;onf ykyf7[ef;rif;
-uD;. twdkiyf ifcH ykCKd vrf sm;jzpfonf? 1509 ckEpS rf pS I
um'ife,faumvdyfac: um'ife,f*dk+f;csKyftzGJ\onf
yky7f [ef;rif;wyg; ysv H eG v
f ~if t&duk t f 7mudk qufcrH nfh
93
ykCKd vftm; rdrdw\dktxJrS rJpepfjzifh a7G;cs,w f ifajr|muf7
onf? (um'ife,f*dk+f;csKy„f &=?)
AufwDuifeef;jrdK\awmfwGif oD;jcm;tkycf sKyfaom rD;
7xm;Xme/a-u;eef;ESifh pmydk\vyk fief;Xme/ aiGa-u;Xme/
toHvFifhXme/ jynfolhvkyfief;Xme/ yHkESdyfXmeponfwdk\
7Sdonf? yky7f [ef;rif;-uD;Y EdkifijH cm;odk\ oHwrefrsm;ap
vFwfjcif;/ Edik if jH cm;rS oHwrefrsm; vufcHEidk fjcif; paom
tcGifhta7;ESifh tm+m7Sdavonf? udk,fydkif av,mOf
uGi;f wckaqmufvky7f efyif tpDtpOf 7Sdavonf? Ekdiif H
awmf. b@ma7;twGuf uBmt7yf7yfrS A7if*sD
*d+ k ;f 0ifrsm; vSL'gef;aom tvSLaiGESifh AufwDuifeef;
jrdK\wGif;rS aumufcH77Sdaom tcGefawmfay:wGif trSDjyK
avonf? xdjk yif †wvDtpd;k 7u ,cif omoemajr
rsm;udk odrf;ydkufxm;cJhonfhtwGuf avsmfa-u;oabm
jzifh ay;aom aiGvnf;7So d nf?
Aufwu D ifeef;jrKd \onf uBmay:7Sd A7if*s*D + kd ;f 0ifw\.
kd
txGwt f jrwf xm;7mXmejzpfonf? yXr yky7f [ef;rif;
vnf;jzpfI ocifa,&=ESifh t7if;ESD;qHk; wrefawmf-uD;
vnf;jzpfaom pdeyf Dwm(7Sifayw&k)onf a7mrbk7ife;D
&d;k vufxuf c7pf 6^ckEpS w f iG f Tt7yfY um;pifwifI
towfc7H onf[k A7if*sD*k+ d f;0ifrsm;u ,H-k unf-uo
jzifh ESpfpOf A7if*sD*dk+f;0ifrsm; tajrmuftrsm; vm
a7muf-uonf?
Aufwu D ifeef;jrdK\onf uBmha7S;a[mif;pmayESifh tEk
ynmvuf7mrsm; pka0;7ma'o tjzpfjzifhvnf; ausmf
-um;onf? a7S;a[mif;jywdkuf-uD; 5 ck/ yef;csD jywdkuf
2ckESifh pm-unfhwkduf-uD;wckwdk\rSm uBmausmfrsm; jzpf
onf? a7S;a[mif; jywkduf-uD;rsm;wGif a7S;*7d/ a7mr
ESifh tD*spfvuf7m &kyfwkrsm;/ ESpfaxmifaygif;rsm;pGm
rykyfrodk;ap7ef aq;jzifh pDrHjyKvkyfxm;aom rHrD&kyfu
vmyfrsm;ponfw\u kd kd awG\Eikd If / yef;csjD ywku
d wf iG rf l uBm
ausmf yef;csDynm7Sif-uD;rsm;jzpfaom zdvpfydkvpfyd/ vD
,dkem'dk'gAifcsD/ 7ufzDt,f/ wpf7eS /f rdkufu,ftef*svkd
ponfwdk\. vuf7mrsm;ESifhwuG tjcm;xif7Sm;aom
yef;csDausmw f \dk. t,l0g'a7;7m yef;csDum;rsm;7Sdonf?
Aufwu D ifpm-unfw h u kd -f uD;rSmrl uBmay:wGif 7Sm;yg;I
tzdk;wefvSaom a7S;a[mif;pmayrsm; pka0;7mXme jzpf
onf? a7S;*7dpmrlrsm;/ a7mrpmrlrsm;/ ta7S\wdkif; qdkif
7mpmrlrsm;/ 47mpkacwfavmufu ynm7Sd-uD; qDq&dk
a7;om;cJah om ‘‘'D7yD wfAvdum’’usr;f vufa7;pmrluo hJ \kd
aom 7Sm;yg;onfh pmrlrsm;/ bmom7yf trsdK;rsdK;ESifh
usrf;*eftrsdK;rsdK; 7Sdonf? pkpkaygif; pmtkyfpmwrf;3
AufwDuifeef;jrdK\
odef; 5 aomif;cef\ 7SdI vufa7;pmrl 5 aomif;ausmf
7So
d nf?
AufwDeef;jrdK\. xl;jcm;csuf w7yfum; ppfwyf
yif jzpfonf? ppfwyfonf jrKd \ukd umuG,7f ef t"duxm;
I zG\pJ nf;xm;onfr[kwb f /J yky7f [ef;rif;-u;D . ud,k 7f H
awmfwyftjzpf tr=xrf;aqmif7efESifh t,l0g'a7; t
crf;tem;rsm;wGif vdu k yf gqifEJ7F efom t"dujzpfonf?
ppfom;rsm;rSm EkdifiHjcm;ppfom;rsm; jzpfonf? vGefcJh
aomESpaf ygif; 450 cef\u vlZef;ESifh Zl;7pfe,f 2e,fEiS hf
yky7f [ef;rif;-uD;wd\k csKyq
f ckd ahJ ompmcsKyt
f 7 xdek ,f 2e,f
rS ppfom;rsm; vma7muftr=xrf;7jcif;jzpfonf? ppf0wf
wefqmrSm tv,facwfyef;csDausmf rdkufu,ftef*svkd
wDxGifcJhaom yHkprH sdK;udk ,ckwdkif 0wfpm;oHk;pGJvsufyif
7Sdonf? ppfwyfwGif ppfom; 100 cef\7Sdavonf?
AufwD;7D;,m;? ?Aufw;D 7D;,m;qdo k nfrmS omref
rsufpjd zifh -unfIh rjrifEdkifaom qJwckom7Sdonfh tyif
i,fuav;rsm; jzpfonf? rdkU&dpk ukyfac: rSefbv D ;l jzifh
-unfhrSom jrifEdkifonf? ,if;wdk\onf &dk;&dk;qJuav;
rsm;jzpfI tyifavmuwGif tqifhtwef;tedrfhqHk;ESifh
ta7twGuf trsm;qHk;jzpfonf? odk\7mwGif tjcm;t
yifrsm;rSmuJhodk\ uvdk&dkzD;ac: pdrf;a7mifj'yf ryg7Sdacs?
Aufw;D 7D;,m;wGif y&dw k kyd vmZrfac: oufO;D &kyjf zifh jyD;
aom qJwckpD 7Sdonf? t7G,ftm;jzifh AufwD;7D;,m;
t0dki;f wckonf wvufr.25ô400yHkwyHkom-uD;onf?
vl-uD;vli,fra7G; jzpfyGm;avh7Sdaom 'pfzoD;7D;,m; qHkqdk\em(0J)
ESifh tqkwfa7mifem(,m)wdk\. AufwD;7D;,m;rsm;? (tqaygif;
rsm;pGm yHk-uD;csJ\xm;onf)?
94
AufwD;7D;,m;
,if;udk tqaygif; 1ô000 t-uD;cs\JI -unfrh S cJwHxyd f
zsm;cef\7doS nfudk awG\7onf?
AufwD;7D;,m;udk yHko!meftvdkuf 4 rsdK; cGJxm;
onf? t0dik f;/ od\kr[kwf tvH;k yH7k o dS nfh Aufw;D 7D;,m;udk
aumhqkid f[kac:I/ wkwfacsmif;yHk Aufw;D 7D;,m;udk Auf
qDvdkif[kac:onf? 0uftluJhodk\ auG;aumufaeaom
Aufw;D 7D;,m;udk pydik f7v D m[kac:I/ 0uftyl kH Aufw;D 7D;
,m;tqef;wrsdK;udk pydkif&dkud[kac:onf? 0ufjcHESifh
tylzrk sm;udk jzpfapwwfaom pwufzv D dkaumhqkid f/ EsL
rd;k eD;,m;ac: tqkwfa7mifemudk jzpfapwwfaom EsLrdk
aumhqdkif/ wdkufzGdKufac: tla7mifzsm;udk jzpfapwwf
aom Aufqv D dkif/ tqkwfausm&dk; emAfa-um tqpft
jrpfponfY a7m*gjzpfapwufaom p-wufwkad umhqdkif
ponfwk\drSm tm;vHk; AufwD;7D;,m;rsm;jzpf-uonf?
a7m*gjzpfapwwfaom AufwD;7D;,m;rsm;onf vl/
wd7>mefESifh tyifw\dkwiG f aoG;/ t&d;k / aysmhaysmif;aom
wpf&LS ;/ yifpnfEiS hf toD;rsm;twGi;f Y aewwfI wd;k yGm;
vm-uonf? ,if;wdk\onf taoG;/ -uGufom;/ wpf&LS ;
wdk\udk pm;aomufI tvGeftqdyfjyif;aom "mwfudk
xkwfypf-uojzifh ,if;wdk\rSDwif;aexdkif7m opfyif/ wd
7>mefESihf vlwk\dtm; a7m*gusa7mufapwwfonf? T
AufwD;7D;,m;rsdK;udk uyfyg;[k ac:onf? 'pfzoD;7D;
,m;qHq k \ekd m/ tqkwaf 7mifem/ *dEk akd nmif;usa7m*g/ ukwf
[D;acsmif;qdk;/ wufwewfa7m*g/ wsLAmu,fydk;pGJem/
qpfzvpfa7m*g/ OD;aESmufajr|;a7mifa7m*g/ a'gifhoef;
em/ uk}Elem/ yvdyaf 7m*gponfw\rkd mS tqdyk g Aufw;D 7D;
,m;rsm;rS xGufaom tqdyfa-umifh jzpfvmaom a7m
*grsm; jzpf-uonf? oD;ESyH ifrsm;od\k txufyg Aufw;D 7D;
,m;rsm; 0ifvmaomtcg uGif;vdu k f jcHvdkuf ysufjyKef;
wwfonf? tpm;taomufrsm; ykyo f dk;jcif;/ pnfoGwf
Al;rS tpm;tpmrsm; tqdyfjzpfjcif;wdk\onfvnf; T
Aufw;D 7D;,m;wd\ka-umifyh if jzpfavonf?
opfyif/ wd7>mefESifh vlwdk\tm; tusdK;rsm;pGmjyK
aom AufwD;7D;,m;rsm;vnf;7SdI ,if;wdk\udk qufy&dk
zdkuf[kac:onf? ,if;wd\konf ajrqDvFmwGif toifh7Sd
aom -o*JepfyPnf;rsm;udk tpmtjzpfjzifh tokH;jyKI
,if;rS7aom pGr;f tifjzifh avxJrS Edu k xf &d*k siuf kd ajrqD
vFmxJo\kd a7mufatmif oGi;f ,l-uonf? od\kjzifh oD;ESyH if
rsm;udk -uD;xGm;oefpGrf;atmif tusdK;jyKay;-uonf?
tvm;wl Aufw;D 7D;,m;wd\k. tjcm;tusKd ;jyKenf; wck
rSm tyifaoESifh wd7>mefaorsm;udk trd=uf7Sif;orm;
uJho\kd okwo f if7iS ;f vif;ay;jcif;yif jzpfonf? ,if;tykyf
AufwD;7D;,m;
todk;rsm;udk tqdkygAufwD;7D;,m;rsm;uom pm;rypf
ygu uBmajray:wGif tyif7SifESifh wd7>mef7Sifwdk\
xuf tyifao wd7>mefaowd\ku rsm;IaernfrSm rkcs
jzpfayonf? xdjk yif 'decf /J axmywf/ aq;wHaomufaq;/
vufzufajcmuf/ udkudk;r=ef\ ponfwdk\udk teH\t7om
wd;k wufaumif;rGeaf tmifjyKjyif7mY toH;k jyK7aom Auf
wD;7D;,m;rsKd ;vnf;7Sad yonf?
a7m*gjzpfapwwfaom AufwD;7D;,mwdk\. xl;jcm;
csufw7yfrSm tyltat;'+fESifh tpma7pm acgif;yg;
jcif;'+fukd xl;xl;uJucJ EH idk 7f nf7jdS cif;yif jzpfonf? ,if;
wd\konf toufwnfwHhaeedik f7ef tajctae rom,m
aomtcg ,if;wdk\rS pydk;(a7m*gatmif;ydk;)[kac:aom
qJrsm; aygufyGm;vmonf? pydk;wdk\Y xlxJaom eH7H
rsm;7SdI tyltat;'+f ponfrsm;udk -uHh-uHhcHEdkif
onf? qlaeaoma7wGif &dk;&dk;AufwD;7D;,m;rsm; csuf
csif;vdkyif aoqHk;oGm;aomfvnf; pydk;rsm;rSmrl 16em7D
wdik af tmif raobJaeEdik -f uonf? tylcsed f oknatmuf
3207Sad omt7nfwiG f pydk;rsm;udkxnfhI tat;cHxm;
aomtcg touf7Sijf rJ 7Sifvsuf7Sdonfudk awG\7onf?
pydk;wdk\onf tHh-ozG,faumif;avmifatmif -umjrifh
¬»³¿ú³ö¹ «³«Ùô¿º ú嬩٫º ¿ª¸ª³ú¿±³
¿¯å§²³©ú§º
AufwD;7D;,m;rsm;onf ae7mwumwGif 7Sdae7m/ ,if;wdk\onf vloW0gwdk\tm; aumif;usdK;udkay;Edkifonfhenf;wl
aoapavmufaom tema7m*grsm; pGJuyfaprnfh qdk;usdK;rsm;udkvnf; ay;Ekdif-uonf? AufwD;7D;,m;aA'onf
AufwD;7D;,m;wdk\.ta-umif;udk avhvmI/ aq;ynmESifh a7m*ga0'emrsm;udk umuG,fonfh ynm7yfrsm;twGuf
tajccHynmtjzpf tusdK;7SdpGm toHk;csEdkifonf?
AufwD;7D;,m;aA'? ?Aufw;D 7D;,m;aA'onf Auf
wD;7D;,m;udkavhvmaom ynm7yfjzpfonf? (AufwD;
7D;,m;„7=?) ,if;ynm7yfonf omrefrsufpdjzifh
rjrifEdkifaom tyifESifhoW0guav;rsm;udk avhvm
aom rdkU&dkAdkif-ovdk*sD ynm7yfwGif tusHK;0ifonf?
AufwD;7D;,m;aA'udk aq;ynmYa7m*ga0'emrsm;udk
umuG,af 7;twGufaomf›if;/ 0dkift7uf vkyfief;rsKd ;uJh
od\ak om Aufw;D 7D;,m;ESihf oufqikd o
f nfh pufrv
= ufrv
= yk f
ief;rsm;twGufaomf›if;/ wd7>mefrsm;wGifjzpfyGm;aom
a7m*grsm;udk avhvm7eftwGufaomf›if;/ tyifrsm;Y
jzpfyGm;aom a7m*gudk avhvm7eftwGuf aomf›if;
toH;k jyKEkid fonf? 19 7mpkEpS f tv,favmufwGif Auf
95
AufwD;7D;,m;aA'
pGmtouf7Sif aeEdkifjyD;v~if tajctaeaumif;vm
onfESifhwjydKifeuf AufwD;7D;,m;rsm; jyefIjzpfvm-u
jyefonf?
AufwD;7D;,m;wdk\onf tajctaeaumif;v~if t
vGefvsifjrefpmG -uD;jyif;aygufyGm;wwfonf? AufwD;7D;
,m; tcsdK\wGif em7D0uftcsdeftwGif; AufwD;7D;,m;
wckrS -uD;jyif;vmI ESpfcktjzpfodk\ uGJxGufEdkifonf?
TuJo h \kd wem7DwGif w-udruf Jx
G u
G rf nfqkyd gu Aufw;D
7D;,m; wckrS 24 em7DtwGif; AufwD;7D;,m;aygif;
18ô000ô000 txd wdk;yGm;vmEdkifI 48em7D-umaomf
Aufw;D 7D;,m;aygif; uka™uk™m jzpfvmEdkifayonf?
AufwD;7D;,m;wdk\udk enf;trsdK;rsdK;jzifh aoapEdkif
onf? avxJY7Sdaom AufwD;7D;,m;rsm;udk aoap7ef
twGuf aea7mifESifh tmv-wm0dkiftdkvuf ac: c7rf;
ab;a7mifjcnfwdk\udk toHk;jyKavh7Sd-uonf? tpm;t
aomufrsm;udk rD;ESifhcsufjyKwfjcif;/ aygif;jcif;wdk\onf
,if;wdk\wGif7Sdaom AufwD;7D;,m;rsm;udk owf7ef t
aumif;qHk;enf;rsm;yif jzpfonf? tat;cHjcif;ESifh t
ajcmufvSef;jcif;wdk\jzifh AufwD;7D;,m;tm;vHk;udk rao
apEdik /f ,if;wd\k r-uD;ryGm;atmifom wm;qD;Edik af yonf?
wD;7D;,m;aA'onf vl0yD g;pwm;. vkyu f idk f-udK;pm;r=
a-umifh wdk;wuf-uD;yGm;vmaom od_Hynm7yf jzpf
onf? (yg;pwm;ô vl0„D &=? )
AufwD;7D;,m; a7m*goufa7mufaponf r[kwf
acs? vl.udk,cf ¶m twGi;f tjyifwiG f a7m*grjzpfapbJ
7Sdaeaom Aufw;D 7D;,m;rsm;vnf; 7Sdao;onf? xdkjyif
tcsdK\aom AufwD;7D;,m;rsm;onf ,if;wdk\ rSDcdkaexdkif
aomoltwGuf tusdK;7Sdaom tvkyfudkyif aqmif7Guf
ay;avh7odS nf? yHyk rm·vlw\kt d wGuf toH;k 0ifaom ADwm
rif bDrsm;udk tlxw J iG 7f daS om tcsKd \aom Aufw;D 7D;,m;
wd\ku azmfxw k fay;-uonf?
Aufw;D 7D;,m;rsm;a-umifh ul;pufwwfaom a7m*g
 AufwD;7D;,m;aA'
trsm;yifjzpfwwfacsonf? (ul;pufwwfaom a7m*g
rsm;„7=? ) ,if;txJwGif tvGefao;i,fonfh Adkif;
7yfrsm;a-umifh jzpfaoma7m*gvnf; 7Sdonf? yHkyrm „
ausmuf-uD;a7m*g/ 0ufoufa7m*g/ ydkvD,dka7m*grsm;
jzpfonf? jrefrmEdkifiHwGif AufwD;7D;,m;a-umifh jzpf
aom xif7Sm;onfh a7m*gtcsdK\wk\drSm wkdufzdKG uftla7mif
zsm;/ 0rf;udkufa7m*g/ wsLAmu,f ydk;pGJema7m*g (wD
ADa7m*g)/ yvdyfa7m*g/ umv0rf;a7m*gESifh 'pfzoD;7D;
,m; qHkqdk\ema7m*grsm; jzpfavonf? ,if;a7m*grsm;
rjzpfymG ;ap7ef AufwD;7D;,m;aA'udk tajccHxm;aom
umuG,ef nf;rsm;7Sad vonf?
AufwD;7D;,m;aA'wGif ,if;a7m*gydk;rsm;ta-umif;
udk pHv k ifpmG oif-um;avhvm7onf? xdjk yif ,if;a7m*g
yd;k rsm;onf vl.udk,cf NmwGif rnfodk\rnfyHk a7m*gjzpf
yGm;apyHk/ ,if;wdk\a-umifh jzpfymG ;aoma7m*grsm;udk rnf
uJo h \kd prf;oyf-unf7h I
= a7m*g.ta-umif;7if;udk rnfo\kd
azmf7yHkESifh ,if;a7m*grsm;udk rnfok\dukoI rnfokd\um
uG,f7ef vdktyfyHkwdk\udk tusOf;csKyftm;jzifh oif-um;
avhvm7avonf?
prf;oyf-unhfaom pwufzvkdaumhuyf atm7d, a7m*gykd;onf
yifeDqvif tp7Sdaom ywdZD0eaq;rsm;ESihf ukoI7Ekdirf nhf t
a-umif; txufygyHkwGif awG\7onf? a7m*gykd;rSm aq;ESihf xd
awG\onhfae7mwGif raygufryGm;I/ oufqkdif7m ywdZD0eaq;yg
aom a7ppfpUL0dkif;ywfvnfwGif -unfvifaom t0kdif;rsm;ukd
awG\Edkifonf?
aomufa7/ EGm;Ed\k paom vlw\dk rSD0o
J nfh tpm;tpm
rsm;rSvnf; ul;pufwwfaom a7m*grsm;jyef\yGm;Edkif7
um;/ oef\7Sif;aomaomufa7/ EGm;Edk\ ponfwk\d77Sad p7ef
AufwD;7D;,m;aA'udk toHk;jyKI ppfaq;7ayonf?
AufwD;7D;,m;onf tema7m*grsm;udk jzpfapEdkifaom
a-umifh tema7m*gwdk\rS umuG,fEdik 7f ef AufwD;7D;,m;
ADZrsdK;udk pif-u,fap7ef jyKvkyfenf;trsdK;rsdK;7Sdonf?
96
,if;enf;rsm;udk toHk;jyKjcif;tm;jzifh cGJpdwfynmonf
rsm;pGm xajrmufatmifjrifhcJh7Hkru vlem tajrmuf
tjrm;. toufuv kd nf; u,fq,fEkid cf haJ yonf? Auf
wD;7D;,m;aA'okawoDrsm;. aus;Zl;a-umifh tpGrf;
xufaom yifeDqvifpaomywdZD0eaq;rsm; ay:
cJ7h ayonf?
AufwD;7D;,m;aA'udkavhvm7mwGif a7m*god<daA'
udkvnf; em;vnf7ayonf? odk\rSomv~if aq;nmESifh
a7m*ga0'emrsm;udk umuG,fonfh ynm7yfwdk\twGuf
AufwD;7D;,m;aA'udk tajccHynmtjzpf tusdK;7SdpGm
toH;k csEikd af yrnf?
ul;pufwwfaoma7m*gjzpfymG ;vmonfhtcg a7m*g
.ta-umif;7if;udk 7SmazG7mwGif AufwD;7D;,m;aA'udk
toHk;cs7onf? ,if;uJo h \dka7m*gydk;udk pH;k prf;7SmazGonfh
tcg atmufygenf;pHepfudk toHk;jyK7onf? zwf7=ol
vG,fulpGm em;vnfEdkifapjcif;iSm tqkwfema7m*gudk
yHkpx H m;I 7Sif;vif;azmfjyygtHh?
(u) vlem. a7m*g7mZ0ifudk pHkprf;jy;D v~if prf;oyf
-unf7h rnfh yPnf;rSmtqkwef m a7m*goonf[k
xif7aom vlem.ovdyf jzpfonf?
(c) wDADa7m*gydk;7Sdr7Sd ,if;ovdyfudk rSefjym;ay:
wGif wifI aq;a7mifqdk;jyD;v~if rdkU7dkpukyf
rSeaf jymif;ESifh -unfh7p= pfaq;jcif;?
(*) ovdyw f iG f wDAD a7m*gydk; 7Srd 7SdodEdkif7ef ydk;udk
rsdK;yGm;I-unfhjcif;?
(•) ,if;rS wDAaD 7m*gydk;[kxif7aomydk; aygufyGm;
vmygu ,if;. "mwkaA'"mwfobm0udk
ppfaq; -unfhEdkifjcif;? wDADa7m*gydk;twGuf
Tppfaq;r=ukd toHk;rjyKwwfacs?
(i) ,if;wDAaD 7m*gyd;k udk ywdyPnf;yg7Sdaom aoG;
-uufwuf7nfESifh ppfaq;-unfhjcif;? a7m*g
ta-umif;7if;7SmazG7mwGif Tenf;udk roHk;
acs?
(p) vlem.ovdyfudk oifhawmfovdk jyKjyifum
wd7>mefrsm;Y xdk;oGif;I vufawG\prf;oyf
ppfaq;jcif;?
a7m*g. ta-umif;7if;udk 7SmazGonfhtcg pHv k ifap
jcif;iSm txufyg pHkprf;r= enf;pHepfudk azmfjyxm;aomf
vnf;/ tcsdK\aom a7m*grsm;twGuf txufazmfjyyg
enf;tm;vHk;udk toHk;jyK7ef rvdkay?
ppfaq;aom ovdyfrS wsLAmu,f AufqDvyfac:
wDAaD 7m*gyd;k udk 7SmazGawG\7dyS gu vlemwGif wsLAmu,f
AufwD;7D;,m;aA'
ydk;pGJem tqkwfwGifjzpfyGm;a-umif;od7ojzifh oifhawmf
aomaq;rsm;ESihf tjrefqk;H ukoEdkifayrnf?
wcgwpf7w H iG f a7m*gyd;k udk 7SmazGarG;jrLIr7onft h cg/
vlem.aoG;udk azmufxkwfppfaq;I a7m*gydk;. t
a-umif;7if;udk 7SmazG7onf? yHyk rm „ umvom;a7m*g
jzpfaom qpfzvifa7m*gudk ppfaq;7ef AD/'D/tmt,f[k
rSnfhac:xm;aom aoG;ppfenf;wpfrsdK;jzifh ppf7onf?
vl. ta7jym;wGif oufqkid f7m a7m*gydk;rS xkwfxm;
aomt7mjzifh ppfaq;jcif;jzifhvnf; a7m*g.ta-umif;
7if;udk odEikd favonf? wsLAmu,fy;dk pGJem 7Sdr7Sd prf;oyf
enf;wpfrsdK;jzpfaom wsLAmuvif prf;oyfenf;onf
ta7jym;wGif;odk\ a7m*gydk;oGif;I prf;oyfenf;wpfrsdK;
jzpfonf?
a7m*gumuG,fa7;wGif Aufw;D 7D;,m;aA'udk toHk;
jyKjcif;tm;jzifh a7m*gjzpfEdkifaomolrsm;udk ,if;a7m*g
jyD;aomolrsm;rS cGx J wk f Edik fjyD;v~if umuG,af q;rsm;udk
xdk;ay;jcif;jzifh a7m*grS umuG,fay;Edkio f nf? ausmuf
-uD;a7m*grjzpfap7ef ausmufaq;xdk;ay;jcif; oabm
rsdK;jzpfonf? (usef;rma7;„7=?) xdkjyif a7m*gudk
jyef\yGm;apaomolrsm;udkvnf; pHkprf;7SmazGI oifhavsmf
ovdk ta7;,ljcif;tm;jzifh ul;pufwwfaom a7m*ga0
'emrsm; jyef\yGm;jcif;r7Sdatmif ESdrfeif;Edkifavonf?
a7m*g77SdjyD;aomtcgwGifvnf; aysmufuif;ap7ef
oihfavsmfaomaq;jzifh uko7avonf? yHkpHtm;jzifh
'pfao;7D;,m; qHq k k\dema7m*gjzpfaeaom vlemtwGuf
tefwDawmhqif tqdyfajzaq;xdk;ay;I uko7efvdk
onf? ( aq;ynmESifh cGJpdwfynm„7=? )
oifhavsmfaom ywdZ0D eaq;udk vlemodk\ay;7ef t
wGuf Aufw;D 7D;,m;aA'udk toH;k jyKEkid fonf? ,cktcg
wGif ywdZ0D eaq; trsm;tjym;yif ay:xGufaejyD;jzpfI/
a7m*gyd;k ESihf oifhavsmfaom ywdZD0eaq;udk AufwD;7D;
,m;aA'jzifh prf;oyf7mS azGEkid o f nf? yHw
k iG -f unfyh g? ,if;
odk\v~if temESihfaq; udkufatmifay;Edkifjcif;a-umifh
a7m*gvsifjrefpGm aysmufuif;um vlemvnf;oufom/
aq;zdk;aiGvnf; tukeftusenf;onf tusdK;aus;Zl;cH
pm;7onf? xdkjyif vlem.ta7jym;wGif prf;oyfjcif;
tm;jzifhvlemESifhroifhaom ywdZD0eaq;udkvnf; od
Edkifaoma-umifh rvdkvm;tyfaom a0'emcHpm;r=rsm;udk
a7Smif7Sm;Edkifayonf? yHkyrm„yifeDqvifESifh roifh
a-umif;prf;oyfawG\7d7S aomoltm; yifeq D vifrxdk;jcif;
tm;jzifh vlem.toufudkyif u,fq,f7ma7mufEkdif
ayonf?
97
Aufx7Dtkd;
,if;odk\v~if Aufw;D 7D;,m;aA'udk umuG,af 7;/ uko
a7;/ pl;prf;a7;wd\kwiG f tzufzufrS wd;k wuf-uD;yGm;ap7ef
aqmif7Gufjcif;jzifh uBmay:7Sdvlwdk\twGuf tusdK;
jzpfxGef;apjcif;a-umifh yg;pwm;/ aumh paom ykCdKvf
-uD;rsm;tm; uBmhaus;Zl;7Sif-uD;rsm;tjzpf rSwfwrf;
wif7ayonf? a'gufwma':azh
Auf x 7Dt dk ; ? ?armfawmfum;wGif toHk;jyKaom
v~yfppf"mwftk;d udk t*®vdyf bmomjzifh Aufx7Dtdk;[k
ac:onf? jrefrmarmfawmf tvkyf7Hkwdk\wGifvnf; Auf
x7D[laom a0g[m7udk vloHk;rsm;onf? odk\aomf xdk
tdk;udk pwd;k 7dwAf ufx7D/ od\kr[kwf tufusLrlav;wm;/
odk\r[kwf v~yfppf"mwfavSmift;dk [k od_Hynma0g[m7
tvdk ac:wGio f ifo
h nf?
tqdkyg Aufx7Dt;dk rsm;udk armfawmfum;/ a7'D,dkt
oHzrf;pufrsm;Y omru "mwfr;D xGe;f 7mYvnf; toH;k jyK
Edkifonf? xdkr~ruao;/ tcsdK\ v~yfppf"mwfESifh oGm;
aom ,mOfrsm;udkvnf; Aufx7Dtdk;jzifh oGm;vmckwf
armif;EkdifI/ a7ikyfoab®mrsm;onfvnf; a7atmufY
oGm;vmvsuf7SdpOf Aufx7Drsm;udkomv~if vHk;vHk;
vsm;vsm;rSDcdk-u7onf? T"mwftdk;rsdK;udk toHk;jyK7
onfh tjcm;udPrsm;vnf;tajrmuftjrm;yif 7Sday
ao;onf?
Aufx7Dtdk;[kqdkonfhtwGuf v~yfppf"mwfudk odk
avSmifxm;aomtd;k [lI xifrw S faumif; xifrw S f-uay
rnf? trSerf mS rnfonfhv~ypf pf"mwftk;d / v~yfppf"mwf
cJrsdK;yifrqdk twGif;7Sd"mwfyPnf;rsm; v=yf7Sm;azmuf
jyefrj= zifh v~ypf pf"mwfukd zefw;D xkwaf y;onfh t7mcsn;f
yifjzpfavonf? Aufx7Dtdk;ESifh tjcm;omref Auf
x7Dtdk;/ v~yfppf"mwfcw J dk\. jcm;em;csufrSm Todk\jzpf
onf? omrefAufx7Dt;kd / od\rk [kwf "mwfcw J \o
kd nf tm;
ukecf ef;oGm;aomtcg twGi;f 7S"d mwfyPnf; (t7nf/ od\k
r[kwf tzwf)tjyif v~ypf pf"mwfzko d WKjym;rsm;udk t
opfvJay;rSomv~if tm;opfjyef7Ekdifonf? Aufx7D
tdk;rlum; "mwftdk;twGif;odk\ v~yfppf"mwfudk ajymif;
jyefjzwfpD;apjcif;jzifh xyfwvJvJ tm;jyefoGif;ay;Edkif
avonf?
Aufx7Dtdk;rsm;udk-unfhv~if twGi;f Y v~yfppf"mwf
avSmifcef;uav;rsm; wpfckESiw fh pfckyl;wGv J suf wnf7Sd
onfudk awG\7Sd7vdrfhrnf? tqdkyg "mwfavSmifcef;rsm;
wGif rsm;aomtm;jzifh qmvzsL7pftufqpftaysmh
7nfudk xnfx h m;I/ xdkt7nfxw J iG f ESpx
f m;aom v~yf
 Aufx7Dtkd;
ppf"mwfzdk "mwfroWKjym;rSm cJjym;rsm; jzpf-uonf?
"mwfzdkoWKjym;tjzpf cJjym;rsm;udk vufyga7muf
qdu k Ef iS fh zHk;tkyx
f m;onf? "mwfroWKjym;tjzpf toHk;
jyKaom cJjym;rSmum; a7jr|KyfuJhodk\yGa,mif;a,mif; 7Sd
onf? xdkcJjym;rsm;udk tzdkwck trwck tpOfvdkuf cs
xm;I/ wpfcEk Siw hf pfcpk yf-um;wGif rsm;aomtm;jzifh opf
jym;cHxm;avh 7So d nf?
xdkaemuf v~yfppf"mwfavSmifcef;rsm;udk zef/ odk\r
[kwf u`Jaumfjzifh jyKvkyfxm;aom udk,fxnftdk;wGif
tpOfvdkufyl;wGJIxnfhxm;7onf? xdktjyif tcef; t
oD;toD;.txufY "mwftm;prf;oyf7eftwGuEf iS hf t
aiG\ysHoGm;aoma7tpm; a7opfjznfhay;7eftwGuf t
zH;k 7Siw
f yfxm;aom taygufwpfcpk v D nf; yg7Sjd rjJ zpfonf?
"mwftm; 6 Adk\7Sdaom v~yfppf"mwfavSmiftdk;rsm;wGif
"mwftm; 2 Ad\kcef\pD7aSd om "mwfavSmifcef; 3cef; ygavh
7SdI/ 16 cef;/ tcef; 60 txdyg0ifaom "mwftdk;-uD;
rsm;vnf; 7Sad vonf?
v~yfppf"mwftm; toHk;csenf;ukd pwifawG\7SdcsdefrpS I rsufarSmufacwfwkdifatmif wDxGiftoHk;jyKcJhaom Aufx7Dtkd; trsKd;rsKd;
tqihfqihf wkd;wufajymif;vmyHkukd awG\jrifEkdiaf yonf?
98
v~ypf pf"mwfavSmiftk;d rS v~ypf pf"mwfukd toHk;jyKae
csdewf Gif cJjym;rsm;tay:Y vufqmvzdwf pGJuyfvmI
tufqpf.tm;vnf; wjznf;jznf; avsmo h mG ;avonf?
v~yfp pf"mwfavSm iftdk; twGif; wGif tufqpf7nf
. odyo f nf;qonf "mwft;kd Ytm;jynfhcsed w f iG f 1±39r~
7SI
d tm;enf;oGm;csed w f iG f 1±11 cef\7dS a-umif;od7onf?
"mwft;kd 7Sd tcef;toD;toD;wd\k. "mwftm;onf tm;
avsmo h Gm;v~if "mwft;kd udk tm;opfjyefoGif;7ef vdktyf
jy[D ok 7d monf?
Aufx7Dtdk;tm;jyefoGif;onf[kqdk7mrSm "mwftdk;
twGif;7Sd "mwfyPnf;rsm;udk rlvtajcodk\ jyefa7muf
atmif jyKvkyfay;jcif;yifjzpfonf? tm;jyefoGif;aom
tcg/ 'D„pDum;7ifhac: v~ypf pf"mwfwzufowfp;D aom
"mwf-udK;tzdkudk "mwftdk;"mwfzdkwdkifodk\vnf;aumif;/
"mwf-udK;trudk "mwfrwdkifodk\vnf;aumif; qufay;
jcif;jzifh v~yfppf"mwfudk ajymif;jyefpD;0ifap7avonf?
 ¬¿»³«º©·µ¼ ºåôѺ¿«-å®× ®¿§æ¿§¹«º®Ü«
¨Ù»ºå«³å½Ö¿¸ ±³Û¼µ·º·ØÞ«Üå
rufqdkydkaw;rD;,m;(tD7wf)EdkifiH. ae7mY ESpfaygif; 5000 cef\u/ bkef;awmufcJhaom EdkifiH-uD;jzpfonf?
wl;azmfawG\7Sd7aomausmufwHk;rsm;/ pOfhtkwfrsm;rS yef;csDyef;ykvuf7mrsm;/ yd™uwfwdkufrS 7FH\pmcsyfrsm;udk
avhvm7jcif;jzifh tvGef-uD;us,fcrf;em;aom a7S;acwfEdkifiH-uD; wpfEkdifiHjzpfa-umif; od7avonf?

AufADvHk;eD;,m;Ekdifi?H ?uBmhordki;f wGif a7S;acwf aygif;ajrmufjrm;pGm wnfaxmifaexdkif-uonfrSm

,Ofaus;r=pwifxGef;um;7ma'orsm;teuf wcktyg bDpD 2500 cef\wdkifatmifjzpfonf? (AufADvHk;jrdK\„&=?)
t0ifjzpfaom AufADvHk;eD;,m;onf tm7Swdkuf t xdpk Ofu xdak 'owav~mufukd qlrm;[kac:a0:-uonf?
aemufyidk f; wdki;f *7pfjrpf ESihf ,lza7;wD;jrpf 2 oG,fwdk\ bDpD 2500cef\wiG f qlrm;jrdK\uav;rsm;. ajrmufzuf
,SOfjydKifp;D qif;7m awmifbufjrpf0rS f;a'owGif wnf7cdS hJ tufuwfa'orS qm*Get f rnf7dS qD;rdkuv f rl sKd ; od;k xde;f
I/ ,ck tD7wfEdik fiH. awmifykid f;jzpfavonf? (wdki;f * acgif;aqmif-uD;wOD;onf ppfa7;ppf7mY u`rf;usifo
7pfjrpf? ,lza7;wD;jrpf„&=?) jzifh jrdK\uav;rsm;udw k jrdK\jyD;wjrdK\ wdu
k cf u
kd of rd ;f ydu
k u f m/
a7S;a7S;tcguyg;7Si;f yifv,fauG\onf ,ckAC'uf AufADvHk;jrdK\ukd tajcjyKjyD;v~if/ AufADvk;H eD;,m;Edik if Hudk
jrdK\wnf7m t7yftxda7mufonf[k od_Henf;pHepfrsm; pwif xlaxmifavonf? qD;rdkufwdk\onf qlrm;wdk\
jzifh avhvmpl;prf;olwdk\uqdk-uonf? ESpfy7da>'7Snf avmuf,Ofaus;r= tqifhtwef; r7Sday? xdk\a-umifh
-umaomf jrpf 2 jrFmrS ygvmaom oJajrrsm; ydk\wufI ql;rm;wdk\.,Ofaus;r=ukd twk,lusifhoHk;-uonf? odk\
ay:vmaom ukef;ajronf wjznf;jznf; us,fjyef\ aomfajrmufbufyidk ;f wGif qD;rdkufvlrsdK;wdk\. "avhx;Hk pH
vmonf? xdkjyifjrpf 2 oG,fwdk\onf ESpfpOfa7vFrf;rdk; rsm;vnf; vFrf;rdk;cJhonfjzpfI/ AufADvHk;eD;,m;EdkifiH
avh7Sdaoma-umifh eHk;ajrrsm;urf;ajcay:wifI wif ajrmufyikd ;f udk tufuwf[I l vnf;aumif;/ awmifyikd ;f udk
I usefcJhonf? xdkEkH;ajrrsm;onf ajr-oZmxufoef qlrm;[lIvnf;aumif;ac:a0:-ujcif;jzpfavonf? od\k
aumif;rGefI/ jrpf 2oG,frSa7udkvnf; vHkavmufpGm7 aomf aemiftcg AufAv D k;H eD;,m;[lIac:a0:vm-uav
Edkifojzifh xdka'ow0dkufonf pdkufysdK;jzpfxGef;onf? onf?
xdk\a-umifh tm7Stv,fydkif;rS ajropfae7mopf7SmazG qm*Ge. f vufxuf vGejf y;D onfah emufwiG f AufAv D ;kH
olrsm;onf jrpf 2 jrFma'owGif tajcpdkufaexdkif-u eD;,m;EdkifiHonf n|dK;rSdefvmavonf? EdkifiHwGif;odk\ t
jcif;jzpfonf? rdk;yg;aomfvnf; jrpf 2 oG,frS a7oG,f jcm;vlrsdK;rsm; 0ifa7mufwkdufcdkufjcif; jyK-uojzifh
wl;ajrmif;rsm;jzifh pdkufysKd ;vkyuf kid Ef idk fojzifh xdak 'owGif aemufqHk;wGif Edkiif H-uD; jydKuyGJ supf D;7avonf?
vma7muf aexdkifolrsm; wpfpwpfp rsm;jym;vm od\kaomfbpD D 2000 cef\wiG f qm*Ge. f tEG,fawmfjzpf
avonf? aom [RL7mADrif;onf jydKuGJaeaomAufADvHk;eD;,m;
jrpfEpS jf rmF a'owGif vlw\kd pwif0ifa7mufaexdik o f nfh EkdifiHudk jyefvnfpkpnf;onf? EdkifiHudk armfuGef;wif
acwfrmS bDpD 5000cef\ujzpfonf? ,if;wd\o k nf awmif avmuf atmifpHepfusepGmtkyfcsKyfonf? tkyfcsKyfa7;
uke;f / awmifypl mrsm;ay:wGiv f nf;aumif;/ uke;f zd\kIvnf; pHepfaumif;rsm;udv k nf;xGicf ho J nf? txl;ojzifh [RL
aumif; td;k tdrw f nfaqmufaexdik -f uonf? xdak 'owGif 7mADrif;-uD;onf ,if;jyKpkcJhaom Oya'rsm;twGuf
pwifvma7mufaexdkifolrsm;onf qD;rdkufESifh qD;rdkuf Ekid if Horkdif;wGif xif7mS ;ausmf-um;aom rif;wpfyg;jzpfcJh
r[kwaf omvlrsKd ;rsm;jzpf-uonf? onf?
qD;rdkufr[kwfaomvlrsdK;tkypf x k JwGif qlrm;7D;,ef; [RL7mADrif;-uD; uHukejf yD;aemufwiG f ta7S\ajrmuf
vlrsdK;wdk\um ,Ofaus;r=t7mwGifacgif;aqmifrsm;jzpf zufa'orsm;rS uufqdkuf vl7dkif;rsdK;wdk\onf csOf;eif;
-uonf? bDpD 3000 ausmcf ef\wGif jrpfESpjf rFma'o w wdu k cf ukd fjy;D aomf/ AufAvD ;kH eD;,m;Ekid fit
H wGi;f 0ifa7muf
av~mufY qlrm;7D;,efw\ko d nf AufAv D ;Hk tygt0if jrKd \7;dk aexdkif-uonf? wpESihw f p Edkifit H wGif;Y pdk;rdk;rif;rlcJh
jzifh0ef;7Hxm;aom oD;jcm;vGwfvyfonfh jrdK\uav; -uonfrmS bDpD 1^50rS 1200 cef\widk af tmif yifjzpf.?

99
 AufADvHk;eD;,m;EkdifiH

,cktcg ysufpD;vsuf7SdI AufADvHk;eD;,m;EkdifiH aumif;pm;pOfu wnfaqmufcJhaom tpf7Swm taqmufttHk

od\kaomf AufADv;kH Edkiif t H wGif;rS 7S7d if;pGv J rl sKd ;rsm;u uuf onf? od\kaomf om;awmf tDqm[uf'ifu jrdK\awmf-u;D
qdkuw f \kdukd wjznf;jznf; jyefvnfvrF ;f rd;k jyD;aemuf AwfAD udk jyefvnf jyKjyifavonf?
vHk;eD;,m;wGif rlvwdki;f 7if;om;rif;wdk\ jyefvnftyk pf k;d bDpD 606 ckEpS w f Gif AufAv D k;H eD;,m; Edik fio H m;rsm;ESihf
-uavonf? rd'vlrsKd ;wdk\y;l aygif;I tqD;7D;,m;Edik if . H -uD;us,fcrf;
xdtk csed fwGif ajrmufzufrS Edkiif eH D;csif;jzpfaomtqD; em;vSyaom jrdK\awmfeif;edA (eif;edAjrdK\? rd'vlrsdK;
7D;,m;onf wpwp xif7Sm;vmonf? (tqD;7D;,m; „7=?) udk wkdufcdkufodrf;ydkufI zsufqD;vdku-f uonfrS
„7=?) AufAv D k;H eD;,m;ESifh tqD;7D;,m;Edik fiHwk\donf t pI tqD;7D;,efwdk\ wefcdk;arS;rSdefoGm;um acgif;rxl
csif;csif;xdyg;wdkufcdkufr=rsm;7Sdvm-u7mrS tiftm;jydKif Edkif-uawmhacs? AufADvHk;eD;,m; EdkifiHawmf-uD;um;
vm-uavonf? xdt k wGi;f AufAv D ;kH eD;,m;Edik if H twGi;f aumv'D;,ef;vlrsdK; 'kw, d eufAsLcufeufZmbk7if.
Yvnf; 7Sd7if;pGJ wkdif;7if;om;vlrsdK;rsm;ESifh oJuMm7 vufatmufwGif jyefvnfpnfum; om,m0ajymvm
bufrS csO;f eif;0ifa7mufvmaom aumv'D;,ef;vlrsKd ;/ jyefonf? xdt k cg'kw, d AufAvD ;kH eD;,m;Edik if aH wmf-u;D [lI
tm7rD;,ef;vlrsdK;wd\konf wdu k fcu
dk fvsu7f o Sd nf? vnf;aumif;/ aumv'D;,ef;Edik if aH wmf[I l vnf;aumif;
aumv'D;,ef;ESifh tm7rD;,ef;wd\konf AufADvHk;eD; ac:a0:-uonf? eufAsLcufeufZmrif;-uD;onf jrdK\-uD;
,m;Y ta7;omvm-uonf? tqD;7D;,m;uvnf; rsm;udk jyefvnfwnfaqmufaponf? ukeo f , G rf E= iS hf vkyf
AufADvHk;eD;,m;udk vFr;f rd;k Edik af tmif-udK;pm;onf? Auf ief;aqmifwmwdk\uv kd nf;wdk;wufzH\GjzKd ;aponf?qnf/wl;
ADvk;H eD;,m;ESifh tqD;7D;,m;wd\konf tiftm;jydKif-ujyef ajrmif;rsm;udkjyKjyifay;ojzifh pdkufysdK;a7;vnf;aumif;
onf? tqD;7D;,m;EdkifiH. qifemu7pfrif;onf bDpD rGef jzpfxeG ;f vmavonf? eufAsLacwfeufZmonf AufAD
689 ckEpS w f iG f AufAv D ;Hk jrdK\awmf-uD;udk wdkucf ku d zf sufqD; vHk;eD;,m;EkdifiH-uD; us,fjyef\atmifvnf; aqmif7GufcJh

100
 AufADvHk;eD;,m;EkdifiH

7m/ xdpk Ofu e,ferd w d w f iG f qD;7D;,m;Edik if HEiS hf y,fvuf t,fvufZNm;tm; qufcHolrsm;onf AufADvk;H eD;
pwkid fEikd if wH \dk yg0ifonf omru tD*spfEidk if eH ,fpyfwkid f ,m;tm; zdESdyfcsKyfcs,fjcif;rjyKbJ oifhwifhavsmuf
atmifyif a7mufcahJ vonf? ywfaom cs;D jri| ahf jr|mufpm;r=ukd jyKco hJ nf? od\kaomf [,f
eufAsLcufeufZmrif;-uD; vGefjyD;aemufwiG f qufcH vifepfpwpfacwf. v=y7f mS ;r=ujkd yKco hJ nf? od\ak omf [,f
aomrif;rsm;rSm bkef;vuf7Hk;enf;yg;aomrif;rsm;om vifepfpwpfacwf. v=y7f mS ;x-urG r= sm;.'+fukd AufAD
trsm;tm;jzifhjzpf-uI/ EdkifiHawmf-uD;tiftm; qkwf vHk;eD;,m;uJho\dk a7S;acwfa[mif;Edik fi-H uD;onf cHEidk f7nf
,kwv f monf? xdk\a-umifh bDpD 539 ckwiG f yg;7Si;f bk7if r7Sday? xdk\a-umifh wjznf;jznf; tajctaeqkwf,kwf
qdik f;7yf.wyfrsm;u wdu k fcku d fvmaomtcg tjyif;t vmcJh7m at'D 200 jynfEh pS fvGeEf Spfrsm;wGirf l a7S;acwf
xef ckcrH r= 7Sb d /J yg;7Si;f wd\k.vufatmufo\dk usa7muf7 a[mif; AufADvHk;eD;,m;EdkifiH-uD;onf wjznf;jznf;
avonf? (qkid f;7yf„7=? )AufADv;Hk eD;,m;onf yg;7Sif; acwfwdrv f m7mrS wdrjf rKyfuG,faysmufomG ;awmhonf?
wdk\.pdk;rdk;r=udk tESpEf pS f7mausmfcHc7Jh onf? bDpo D Hk;7mrS AufAv D ;kH Edik if -H uD;onf ,if;od\ku, G af ysmufomG ;cJah omf
av;7mtwGi;f Y AufAv D k;H eD;,m;tygt0if yg;7Si;f jynf vnf;/ AufAv D ;kH ,Ofaus;r=. vufpvufewd\u k kd ,[l'D
e,frsm; wefc;kd arS;rSed v f monf? *7db7k ift,fvufZNm„ ,Ofaus;r=Yvnf;aumif;/*7d,Ofaus;r=Y vnf;aumif;
o„*7dwo f nf yg;7Si;f wyfrsm;udk atmifEidk I f AufAv D ;kH eD; awG\7-dS u7onf? xd\ka-umifh AufAv D ;kH ,Ofaus;r=. tarG
,m;od\k a7muf7v dS maomtcg AufAv D ;kH eD;,m;wGif t,f tESpu f dk acwfopf,Ofaus;r=w\dku qufcH7a-umif;od7
vufZNmtm; ckcw H eG f;vSeo f rl 7Sb
d J/bk7iftjzpfvufcH-u onf? ,if;odk\ acwfopf,Ofaus;r=wdk\u vufcHEkdif
avonf? t,fvufZNmonfvnf; AufAv D k;H jrdK\awmfudk avmufatmifvnf; AufADvHk;,Ofaus;r=onf tqifh
rdrdvufeufEdkifiHawmf-uD;. jrdK\awmftjzpfxm;7efyif twef;jrifch o hJ nf? bDpD 3500 cef\uyif AufAv D ;kH eD;,m;
7nf7, G cf haJ o;onf? (t,fvufZNm„o„*7dw?f &=) Ekid if jH zpfvmrnfh jrpfEpS jf rmF a'owav~mufwiG f aexdik af om
qlrm;vlrsKd ;wd\o k nf pma7;pmzwfwwf-uonf? qlrm;wd\k

AufADvHk;EkdifiHom;wkd\onf aA'ifusrf;*efrsm;ukd Tokd\7FH\jym;xuftQ7mwifum rSwfom;xm;cJh-uonf?

101
AufADvHk;eD;,m;EdkifiH AufADvHk;jrdK\

.tQ7mrsm;rSm jrm;OD;yHko!mef7SdI 7FH\jym;uav;rsm; AufADvHk;jrdK\? ?AufAv D ;kH jrdK\onf tm7Swku d . f a7S;

ay:wGif oH;k ajr|mifyh kH usL7d;k t7if;ESihf zdEydS af 7;om;-uonf? a[mif;jrdK\-uD;jzpfI uBmay:Y a7S;tusqHk;jrdK\-uD; w
a7;om;jyD;aom 7FH\csyfrsm;udk aevSef;rD;zkwfaoma-umifh jrdK\jzpfonf? AufAv D ;kH eD;,m;Ekid if H jrKd \awmf-u;D tjzpf bDpD
ESpfaygif;rsm;pGm -umatmif cdik cf aHh vonf? 1800 539 twGif; xif7Sm;cJhI ,lza7;wD;jrpfonf
qlrm;wd\k. pma7;enf;udk aemiftcg jrpf 2 jrFma' ,if;jrKd\ujkdzwfIpD;qif;onf? tD7ufEidk if H AC'ufjrKd \ awmif
oudk 0ifa7mufpdk;rdk;aomqD;rdkufvlrsdK;rsm;/ tqD;7D; zuf rdki6f 0cef\tuGmwGif wnf7do S nf?
,ef;vlrsdK;rsm;/ t,fvrdkufvlrsdK;rsm;/ [pfwkdufvlrsdK; AufADv;Hk jrdK\7Sd c7pfray:rD tESpf 3000 ausmfcef\u
rsm;/ yg;7Sif;vlrsdK;rsm;uvnf; vufcH-uonf? pwifwnfaxmifonf[k qdo k nf? AufAv D ;Hk [laom t
,Ofaus;pvlrsdK;wdk\. tavhtxtwdkif; ql;rm;wdk\ "d_g,frmS ewfwcH g;0[kjzpfonf? aemifwiG f ,lza7;wD;
onf ajr a7avpaomobm0rsm;udk udk;uG,-f u ESihf wdik f;*7pfjrpf 2 ckt-um;jrpf 2 jrGma'oY Ekid if w H nf
onfjh yif v,form;rsm;jzpf-uonfhtwdkif; aus;Zl;7Sif axmifaomtcg ,if;jrdK\trnfukd tpGJjyKI AufAD vH;k eD;
EGm;rsm;udkvnf;udk;uG,f-uonf? ,m;EkdifiH[krSnfhac:onf? (AufADv Hk;eD;,m;EdkifiH
vufr= tEkynm7yfESifh pyfvsOf;I AufADvHk;eD;,m; „7=?) bDpD 2000 ce\w f iG f [RL7mADrif;vufxufY Auf
EdkifiHom;wdk\jyKvkyfcJhaom vufr=yPnf;rsm;teuf a7S; ADv;Hk jrdK\onf AufAv D ;kH eD;,m;Edik if aH wmf.jrdK\awmf jzpfvm
tusq;kH yPnf;rsm;rSm bDpD 3000 ausmfcef\u tdk;cGuf onf? [RL7mADrif;-u;D bDpD 1925 ckEpS w f iG f uG,v f eG jf y;D
rsm;jzpfonf? ,if;onfhtdk;cGufrsm;udk aq;a7mifrsm; aemuf [pfwu dk Ef iS hf uufqikd v f lrsKd ;rsm; AufAv D ;Hk jrdK\awmf
jc,fI yHpk H 'DZkid ;f rsm; azmfjy xm;onfudk awG\7onf? udk 0ifa7mufwdu k cf u dk -f uonf? xdk aemuf jrpfzsm;a'o
bDpD 3000cef\wGif ausmufwHk;rsm;udk xkxGif;jcif;/ 7Sd tqD7;D ,ef;vlrsKd ;wd\ku t-udr-f udrf0ifa7mufwu dk fcu kd f
7kyfwkrsm; xkvkyfjcif;/ a7F aiG wdk\jzifh tqifwefqm 7m bDpD 689 ckESpw f iG f AufADv;Hk jrdK\-uD; ysupf D;oGm;av
rsm; vkyu f kid fjcif;udv k nf;jyKvyk -f uonf? xdjk yif pmcsKyf onf? tqD;7D;,m;bk7if tDqm[uf'if vufxufodk\
pmwrf;rsm;twGuf wHqdyw f k;H rsm;toH;k jyKonfukd vnf; a7mufaomf AufADvHk;jrdK\awmfudk jyefvnfwnfaxmif
awG\7avonf?
qlrm;wd\konf rlvu7F\HEiS u hf sLyifrsm;jzifh jyKvkyo f nfh
wJtdrfrsm;jzifh aexdkifcJh7mrS/ aemiftcg aevSef;tkwf/
rD;zkwftw k frsm;jzifhjyKvkyfaom wxyftkwfwku d rf sm;jzifh
aexdik v f m-uonf? xdjk yif ,if;wdk\uk;d uG,f7m ewft
rsKd ;rsdK;wdk\twGuf Adrmefjzpfaom wefaqmif;jrifhjrifh-uD;
rsm;udkaqmufvkyf-uonf? jrdK\7dk;wefwdkirf sm;jyKvkyf7m
Yvnf; AufAv D ;kH eD;,m;Edik if o
H m;wd\k vuf7majrmuf-uay
onf? ,if;odk\jzifh AufADvHk;eD;,m;EkdifiHom;wdk\onf
EdkifiHESifh ,Ofaus;r=ESifh tapmqHk; aexdkifvm-uolrsm;
wGif yg0ifcahJ vonf?
uBmhorkdif;wGif tapmqHk;ay:xGufcJhaom ,Of
aus;r=rsm;teuf AufADvHk;eD;,ef;ESifh tD*spf,Ofaus;r=
wd\o k nf rnfonfua7S;usI rnfonfu aemufusonf
[laom jy©emtwGuf ynm7Sifw\dk tjiif;yGm;ae-uqJ
yifjzpf.? od\kaomf ,Ofaus;r=qkid f7m ta7;ygaom wd;k
wufrw = k\donf AufAv D ;kH eD;,m;Y OD;pGmpwifco hJ nf? od_H
ynm/ tkyfcsKyfa7;pHepf/ t,l0g'a7;/ vufr=ynm7yf
ponfwk\donf AufAv D k;H eD;,m;YtpysKd ;cJI h AufADvHk;eD;
,ef;,Ofaus;r=onf aESmif;acwftm7Swdkuf taemuf AufADvHk;jrdK\7dS a7S;a[mif;ar~mfpif-uD;ukd txufygyHktwkdif; wnf
ydki;f ,Ofaus;r=rsm;. jrpfzsm;cH7mjzpfcaJh vonf? aqmufc-hJ uavonf?

102
AufADvHk;jrdK\
onf? bDpD 602 ckwGif tqD;7D;,m;EkdifiH-uD;ysufpD;I
'kwd,AufAv D Hk;eD;,m;EdkifiH jyefvnfxeG f;um;vmaom
tcg AufADv;Hk jrdK\onf -uD;us,x f if7mS ;vmjyefonf?
bDpD 604 rS 561 txd xD;eef;wufaom 'kw, d euf
AsLcufeufZmbk7ifonf AufADvHk;jrdK\awmf-uD;udk a7S;u
xuf omvGefcrf;em;atmif wnfaqmufonf? AufAD
vHk;jrKd \awmfukd aqmufvyk 7f mY txl;ojzifh jrdK\7;kd -uD;rsm;
ESifh O,mOfysrH sm;udk pDrHavonf? jrdK\7k;d -uD;rsm;udk cdkeef;
csdK;rsm;jzifh vSyatmif aqmufvkyfonf? jrdK\7dk;eH7Hrsm;
ay:Yvnf; wd7>mef7kyfrsm;jzifh jc,fvS,fxm;onf?
jrdK\7;kd -uD;rsm;twGi;f zufwiG f aumif;uifY wGv J q
JG aJG e[ef
xifrSwf7aom O,smOfysHrsm; pDrHxm;onf? ,if;onfh
O,smOfysHrsm;onf vSyqef;-u,fvSojzifh a7S;uBmh
tHjh cD;zG,f7m ckepfjzmwGif tygt0ifjzpfonf? eef;awmf
-uD;wGirf l a7S;jrefrmbk7ifrsm; wnfaqmufchaJ om tm
vdefrsm;jzifh jyKvkyfxm;onfh ar~mfpif-uD;rsm;uJhodk\ t
qifhqifh t7pf7pfjyKvkyfxm;aom ar~mfpifrsm;7Sdonf?
xdkar~mfpif-uD;rsm;. tqifhrsm; t7pfrsm;wGif ta7mif
rsdK;pHkyGifhaom yef;yiftrsdK;rsdK; pdkufysdK;xm;7m yef;rsm;
jzifh a0qmjrdKifqdkifaeaomtcg xdkar~mfpif-uD;onf
awmif-uD;rsm;uJhodk\ xifrSwf7onf? aumif;uifwGif
O,smOf-uD;rsm;ESifh yef;rsdK;pHk,drf;EGJ\aeouJhodk\yif xif
rSwf7onf? eufAsLcufeufZmbk7ifuHukefjyD;aemuf
bDpD 539 ckESpw f Gif ,ck tD7ef (yg;7Sm;) vlrsdK;[k xif
7Sm;aom tm7d,efvlrsdK;wdk\onf AufADvHk;jrdK\awmf-uD;
udkodrf;,lonf? xdkaemufwGif ukefoG,fr=A[dkXmet
jzpfrS avsmuscI Jh / jrdK\-uD;vnf; wjznf;jznf; ysuo f ek ;f
oGm;avonf?
AufADvk;H jrdK\udk pwk7ef;yHk wnfaqmufxm;onf? jrdK\
7d;k ESpfxyf7I dS wxyfu 10 ayxljyD;v~i/f tjcm; wxyf
u 12 ayxlonf? twGi;f jrdK\7;kd ywfvnfwiG f usKH ;7So d nf?
7efolrsm; jrdK\udk 0ifa7mufwdkufcdkufonfhtcg 7dQmt
cuftcJr7Sad p7ef jrKd \7k;d 2 ck -um;wGif v,f,majrjyKvkyf
I aumufyJo;D ESHrsm; pdkufysdK;-uonf? twGi;f jrdK\7k;d wGif
a-u;ndKwHcg;rsm; wyfqifxm;I ,if;wHcg;rsm;odk\ OD;
wkdufI jrdK\wiG ;f odk\ oGm;aomvrf;rsm; azmufxm;onf?
jrdK\wGif;Y vltrsm;tjym;aexkdif-uI vlaetdrfrsm;
onf 7F\Htw k jf zifh aqmufxm;onfukd awG\7onf? AufAD
vHk;jrdK\. -uD;us,fcrf;em;aom taqmufttHkrsm;rSm
bk7ifrsm;pHjref;onfh eef;awmftaqmufttHkrsm;ESifh
AufADv;Hk jrdK\awmf7Sif rm;'yfAJewfrif;. ausmif;aqmif
wdk\jzpfonf?
103
AufovD[rfjrdK\
AufADvHk;jrdK\onf ESpfaygif;rsm;pGmwdrfaumcJhjyD;
aemuf ajryHk-uD;odk\jzpfaecJh7m 20 7mpkESpf tpavmuf
upwifI a7S;a[mif;yPnf;ESihf u$rnf;ausmufpm ok
awoDwdk\. aus;Zl;a-umifh wcguuBmwGif xif7Sm;
-uD;us,fcJhaom jrdK\-uD;ta-umif; od7SdEdkifcJh-uonf?
AufAvD ;kH jrdK\. awmifzufyikd ;f ae7mwGif 11 7mpkEpS cf ef\
u [DvmjrdK\wnfxm;onf? [DvmjrdK\rS taqmufttHk
rsm;udk AufAv D Hk;jrdK\ysufrS wl;azmf77So
d nfh tkwrf sm;jzifh
aqmufvkyfxm;avonf?
AufovD[rfjrdK\? ?c7pf,mefoRmusrf;wGif Aufvif
jrdK\[kazmfjyyg7Sdaom AufovD[rfjrdK\onf c7pfawmf
zGm;jrif7mt7yf[k ,lq-uonfhtwdkif;/ t,l0g'a7;
wGif txGwftjrwfxm;7m aoOfajrtjzpf todtrSwf
jyK-uonf? xdkpOfu y,fvufpwdkifEdkifiH *sL'ge,f.
jrdK\wjrdK\jzpfonf? ,ckrl a*sm'efEdik if H. jrdK\uav;wjrdK\
jzpfaeI Adwv f rf[kac:wGio f nf?
AufovD[rfjrKd \onf *s7;l qvrfjrKd \. taemufawmif
zuf 6 rdkifcef\tuGmwGifwnf7SdI c7pf,ef t,l0g'
a7;7mwGif *s7l;qvrf;jrdK\rSvGJv~if 'kwd,ta7;ygqHk;
aomXmejzpfonf? xdak -umifh ESppf Ofc7pf,mef t,l0g'D
wdk\ axmifaomif; csI D bk7m;zl;vma7muf -uavonf?
c7pf,mefoRmusrf;pmrsm;Y xif7Sm;aom ,[l'v D l
rsdK; a';Apfbk7ifonfvnf; AufovD[rfYyif zGm;jrifchJ
onf? aemifwiG f a';Apfonf bk7iftjzpf xdjk rdK\Yyif bd
odufcHcJhavonf? c7pf,eft,l0g'Dwdk\u xdkjrdK\ukd t
xGwftjrwfxm;avojzifh a7mr{u7mZf a['7D,efu
at'D 132 ckEpS w f iG f jrdK\ukd zsuq f ;D ypfonf? aemuftESpf
27mcef\-umaomf/ uGefpwefwif;„o„*7dwf bk7if-uD;
onf tdyfruft7 c7pfawmfzGm;jrifawmfrlonfh ae7m
[k ,lqaomt7yfwGif zGm;awmfrl0wfausmif; (csyf
atmhoeufwpfADwD) udk wnfaqmufcJhonf? xdk0wf
ausmif;onf uBmay:wGif a7S;tusqHk;[k qdk-u
onf? 6 7mpkESpfcef\wiG f yXr *syfpwif;eD;,ef; bk7if
-uD;u xyfrHrGrf;rHI taqmufttHkopfrsm;udkvnf;
wd;k cs\Jaqmufvkyo f nf? xdjk yif jrKd \uv kd nf; jrdK\7;kd wefwkid ;f
rsm;jzifh 0dkif;7Hxm;aponf? aemiftcgrsm;wGif zGm;
awmfrl 0wfausmif;udk 0dkif;7HI vufwif/ *7d/ tmar;
eD;,ef; 0wfausmif;wdk\udkvnf; trsm;tjym; aqmuf
vky-f uavonf?
a7mrwd\u k y,fvufpwdik u f kd pd;k rd;k onft
h cg/AufovD
[rfonfvnf; a7mrwdk\vufatmufwiG u f sa7mufaecJh
AufovD[rfjrdK\
c7pfawmfzGm;jrif7ma'ojzpfaom AufovD[rfjrdK\
7onf? xdkaemufwGif y,fvufpwdkifonf wl7uDwdk\
vufatmufo\ku d sa7mufc7Jh jyefonf? c7pf,eft,l0g'D
wd\konf rdrw d \dktxGwftjrwfxm;7mjzpfaom aoOfajr
rsm;udk jyefvnfodrf;ydkufxm;7ef u7l;qdwfppfyGJrsm;
t-udrf-udrfqifEFJum -udK;yrf;wdkufcdkufcJh-uavonf?
(u&l;qdwfppfyGJrsm;„7=?) yXruBmppf-uD; jyD;onfh
aemufwiG f AuovD[rfjrdK\onf *s7;l qvrf;jrdK\ESit fh wl
jAdwo d ~-oZmcHjzpfcho J nf? odk\aomf jAdwdo~-oZmcH tkyf
csKyfa7;oufwrf;ukefqHk;I 1949 ckESpfwGif y,fvuf
pwkdiu f dk (tm7yf) a*smf'efEkid if HESihf (,[l')D t%7D,,f
Ekdiif H[I l ydki;f jcm;vdkuaf omtcg/ AufovD[rfjrdK\onf
a*smf'efEkid if t
H wGif;Y yg0ifcaJh vonf?
AufovD[rfjrdK\wGif vlOD;a7 6815 a,mufcef\7SdI
rsm;aomtm;jzifh c7pf,eft,l0g'Drsm; jzpf-uonf?
jrdK\.ywf0ef;usifwiG f ajymif;cif;rsm;/ oHvGif/ wnfEiS fh
pyspfjcHrsm; 7Sdavonf?
AC'ufjrdK\? ?yoDyjHk yifrsm;udk zwfz;l olwidk ;f a7S;acwf
tcgu tvGefcrf;em;-uD;us,fom,m0ajymvSaom
AC'ufa7FjrdK\awmf-uD;ta-umif;udk -um;zl;em;07Sd-u
ayvdrrhf nf? AC'ufjrKd \onf tD7ufEidk fiH (,cif„rufqkyd kd
104
AC'ufjrdK\
aw;rD;,m;jynf) . jrdK\awmfvnf;jzpfonf? xdkEidk fi. H
t-uD;qHk;jrdK\vnf;jzpfonf? AC'ufjrdK\. vuf7Sd tajc
taerSm a7S;acwfu -uD;us,fcrf;em;r=/ ausmf-um;
xif7Sm;r=udk rrSDao;onfhwdkiaf tmif wpwpESihf uBmh
tqifhtwef;rSD jrdK\-uD;wjrdK\tjzpfodk\ wdk;wufvsuf 7Sd
avonf?
AC'ufjrdK\wnf7ma'oonf wdkif;*7pfjrpfurf;ay:
wGifwnf7SdI a7S;ESpfaygif; 4000 ausmfcef\uyif t
pOftquf jrdK\uek f;jrKd \ae7mjzpfcho J nf? a7S;acwf AC'uf
jrdK\awmf-uD;onf jrpf.taemufzufurf;ay:wGif wnf
cJhI vlOD;a7ESpfoef;ausmaf exdkifcJhonf[k qdk-uonf?
xdkpOfu jrdK\7dk;-uD;onf t0ef; 6 rdkifr~7Sd7m/ ,cktcg
ysupf D;,dk,iG f;aeavjyD? ,ck AC'ufjrdK\onf wkid ;f *7pf
jrpf. urf;ESpb f ufvk;H ay:wGif jrdK\wnfxm;I vlO;D a7
^30549 (1956 ckESpf) a,muf7Sdavonf?
jrdK\udk c7pf ^64 ckESpfwGif pwifwnfaxmifcJholrSm
au;vpfbk7if atm„refZmjzpfonf? 9 7mpkEpS fcef\wiG f
xdkacwf xdktcgu xdyw f ef;crf;em;-uD;us,v f Syaom
jrdK\-uD;wjrdK\tjzpfo\kad 7mufatmif au;vpfb7k if-uD; [m
7Ge„f t,f„7m7Spu f jyKjyifrrG ;f rHco
hJ nf? ‘‘waxmifh wn’’
yoDyjkH yifxw J iG f a7FjrdK\awmf-uD;. ewfbekH wfeef;yrm-uD;
 AC'ufjrdK\

us,fcrf;em;pnfum;0ajymyHkwdk\udk zwf7=-u7onf? yXruBmppftwGi;f u jAdwdo~wyfrsm;onf wl7uD

jrKd \wnfxm;aomae7mw0du k rf mS xdpk Ofu ajr-oZm xuf wyfwwyfudk wdkufcdkufatmifjrifjyD;aemufwGif/ AC
oefaumif;rGefaom a'ojzpfonf? xdkjyif aumif;rGef 'ufjrdK\udk odr;f ydu k fxm;cJo
h nf? ppfajyjird ;f pmcsKyf csKyq f dk
aom a7oGif;wl;ajrmif;pHepfvnf;7SdcJhI tvGefpdkufysdK; jyD;I rufqdkydkaw;rD;,m;jynfonf jAdwdo~-oZmcH tD
jzpfxeG ;f onf? 7wfjynfjzpfvmaomtcg AC'ufjrdK\ukd jrKd \awmftjzpfjyef
od\ak omf c7pf 1258 ckEpS cf ef\wiG f wmwmvlrsKd ;wd\k 0if vnfxm;7So d nf? 1930 jynhEf pS w f iG f tD7wfonf vGwf
a7mufwkdufcdkuaf csr=ef;r=a-umifh jrdK\awmf-uD; ysufpD;cJh7 vyfaomEkid if t H jzpf a7muf7v dS maomtcgwGiv f nf; AC
onf? aemiftcgwGiv f nf; jynfwiG ;f ppfrsm;a-umifh vnf; 'ufjrdK\ukyd if jrdK\awmftjzpf qufvufxm;7Sdavonf?
aumif;/ rGe*f krd sm;/ wl7uDrsm;/ yg;7Si;f rsm;. ppfwvif; tD7wfjynf. jrdK\awmfjzpfvmjyD;onfhaemuf 1920
jzpfcJh7Ivnf;aumif; jrdK\awmf-uD;rSm ysufpD;onfxuf jynhEf pS cf ef\rpS I AC'ufjrKd \onf jyefvnfpnfum;vmjyef
ysupf D;cJ7h onf? ESpaf ygif; 7maxmifru tusKd ;jyKcJah om onf? ,cifu ta7S\EiS t hf aemufEikd if rH sm;udk qufo, G f
a7oG,fwl;ajrmif;pHepfvnf;ysufpD;cJhI AC'ufjrdK\awmf cJhonfh ukvm;tkwfvrf;a-umif;a[mif;rsm;wGif armf
-u;D w0du k o
f nf oJuMm7yrm cef;ajcmufaecJo h nf? xdjk yif awmfum;rsm;oGm;vmapjcif;jzifh ukefoG,fr=twGuf
tmz7duwdkuu f dk auG\ywfI uBmta7S\ESifhtaemufukd qufoG,fa7;vrf;a-umif;rsm;udk jyefIazmfonf?
qufoG,fonfh a7vrf;c7D;rsm;udk awG\7Sdvm-uaom 1888 ckwGif pwifcJhI 1940 jynfhESpfwGif jyD;pD;oGm;
tcg/ AC'ufjrdK\. ukeo f ,
G af 7;zG\jH zdK;r=onfvnf; tawmf aom AC'uf„ bmvif (*smreDEidk if )H rD;7xm;vrf;onf
twefusqif;vmavonf? xd\ka-umifh 1638 ckEpS fwGif wl7uDEdkifiHudkjzwfI Oa7myrD;7xm;vrf;rsm;ESifh quf
atmhwrdk ef (wl7uD) tifyikd , f mtwGif;odk\ odr;f oGif;cH7 oG,fEdkifojzifhta7;ygaom ta7S\taemufqufoG,f
aomtcg/ ,cifu vlOD;a7ESpfoef;ausmf7SdcJhaom jrdK\ a7;uke;f vrf;c7D;wckjzpfonf? 194^ ckEpS w f iG f AC'ufjrdK\
-uD;wGif vlOD;a7 14000 r~om7Sdawmhonf[k qdk-u Y wkdi;f *7pfjrpfukd jzwfausmfxm;aom wefwm;udk rD;7
onf? ql;tufwl;ajrmif; zGiv fh pS jf yD;onfh aemufyikd ;f wGif xm;rsm;oGm;vmEdik af p7efvnf;aumif;/yg;7Si;f yifv,fauG\ay:
AC'ufjrKd \. ukeo f ,G rf o
= nf ydrk q kd w k , f w
k v
f mcJah vonf? rS tD7wfEidk fi. H oab®mqdyjf rdK\jzpfaomAmq7mjrdK\/ rdkqm

oJrkefwkdif;'+fukd cHEkdif7eftwGuf AC'ufjrdK\wGif tdrfrsm;ukd trkd;jym;rsm;jyKvkyfI wnfaqmufxm;avh7Sd-uonf?

105
A*‡vm;qD;oD;
jrdK\EiS hf wl7uDEikd if HrSvmaom rD;7xm;vrf;rsm;udk yg;7Sm;
(tD7ef)Edkiif rH S rD;7xm;vrf;rsm;/ umuGwaf 7eHajrrS vm
aomrD;7xm;vrf;rsm;ESihf tquftoG,jf yKEdik 7f ef vnf;
aumif;jyKjyifcho J nf? 1933wGif zGiv hf pS cf ahJ om AC'ufjrKd \
av,mOfuiG ;f onf ta7S\Eidk firH sm;wGif taumif;qHk; av
,mOfuiG f;wckjzpfonf? ,if;odk\jzifh AC'ufjrdK\. ukef
oG,fa7;vrf;a-umif;rsm; jyefvnfaumif;rGefvmo
jzifh ukefoG,rf w = dk;wufzGH\jzdK;I jyefvnfpnfum;0ajym
vmonf? 1939 wGif uGwfAma7\ trnf7Sd qnf-uD;
jyD;pD;oGm;av7m/ jrdK\. ajrmufzuf7Sd oJuMm7 jzpfae
aom ajrrsm;udk a7oGif;I jyefvnfpdkufysdK;EdkifcJhonf?
AC'ufjrdK\wGif tD7ufEikd if w H Gif; t7yf7yfrS xGufukerf sm;
udk ta7mif;t0,fjyK-uonf? ,if;xGufuek rf sm;rSm pGef
yvGo H ;D / *sHK/ odk;arG;ESifh a7eH ponfwdk\jzpfavonf?
acwfro D ,f,yl k\daqmifa7;vrf;rsm; yGihv f mojzifh AC
'ufjrdK\onfvnf; a7S;a[mif;jrdK\-uD;wjrKd \tjzpfrS acwfrDS
jrdK\-u;D wjrdK\ tqift h wef;od\k wd;k wufvmvsuf 7Sad vjy?D
acwfrSDtaqmufttkHrsm;/ v~yfppftoHk;taqmifrsm;/
vrf;yef;tquftoG,rf sm;jzifh crf;em;odu k fjrdKufvsuf
7SdvmavjyD? ('g0kyg;7Sm;aqmufvkyfaom aps;-uD;rSm
-uD;us,cf ef;em;vSojzifh ,ckwkid f taumif;qH;k uBmh
aps;-uD;rsm;xJwGif tygt0if jzpfaeavao;onf?)
AC'ufjrKd \wiG f tm7yfrsm;/ wl7uDrsm;/ yg;7Si;f rsm;/ uwf
rsm;/ tmar;eD;,ef;rsm;/ ,[l'D(*sL;)rsm; ponfjzifh
vlrsdK;aygif;pHk aexdkifvsuf7Sd7m tm7yfvlrsdK; OD;a7rSm
trsm;qH;k jzpfavonf?
,cktcg AC'ufjrdK\onf tD7wfEdik fi. H ukeo
pufr=vkyfief;tcsuftcsm jrdK\-uD;vnf;jzpfonf? wdki;f
*7pfjrpfurf;wav~muf vSyaom 7=cif;omrsm;onf
Edkiif Hjcm;{nfo h nfrsm;tm; qGJaqmifEdkif-uavonf?
A*®vm;qD;oD;? ?A*®vm;qD;oD;udk t*®vyd v f dk at
y7Daumh[k uBmtESH\tjym;od7-Sd uonf? 7kQaA'tvdk
tm;jzifh 7dak Z;pDt;D rsKd ;7if;wGif yg0ifaom ,if;tyifonf
opfyifvwfpm;rsdK;jzpfI/ w7kwfEdik if HwGif pwifayguf
a7mufonf[k,lq-uonf? t7Gurf Sm bJOyHko!mef7Sd
I tem;wGif cyfusJusJtxpfrsm;7SdjyD;v~if xdyzf sm;c`ef
rsm;onf pkIaomfvnf;aumif;/wyGifhcsif;aomfvnf;
aumif; yGi-fh uonf? yef;onf tjzLwGif yef;a7mifaoG;
pGef;vsuf7Sdwwfonf? t7GufnGef\rsm; rxGufrDaomf
vnf;aumif;/ t7GufnGef\rsm;ESifh wcsdefwnf;aomf
vnf;aumif; xGufay:vmwwfonf? yGifhzwfrsm;
A*‡vm;jynfe,f
a-uG7mrSoD;uif;rsm;jzpfvmonf? toD;rSm t7nf7Frf;
aomtumom;/ ,if;.twGi;f tvGefrmaom taphcHG
ESihf taphct HG wGi;f Y wckwnf;aomtaph7o dS nf? taphcHG
rSm acsmrGwfI ecrf;onf xljyD;v~if t7pf7Sdonf?
A*®vm;qD;oD;yifudk tylydkif;a'oY atmifjrifpGm
pdkufysKd ;Ir77SdEdik [ f k ,cktcsdefxd ,lq-uonf? tdN, d
Edkiif aH jrmufykid f;7Sd ay waomif;cef\jrifhaom awmifay:
a'orsm;/ wdAufEikd fi/H w7kwfEidk fi/H qD;7D;,m;Edkiif H/ tD
7efEdkifiH/ t*®vefjynftp7Sdaoma'orsm;wGif toD;
pm;yiftjzpf atmifjrifpGmpdkufysdK;-uonf? ,if;tyif
udk a7aumif;pGmpD;qif;onfh xHk;ausmufEkH;ajrwGif
atmifjrifpGm pdkufysdK;Ekdifonf? a7aumif;pGmpD;qif;
onfh 3 aycef\eufaom oJE;kH ajrwGifpu kd yf sdK;ygu toD;
aumif;pGm 77SdEkdifonf? roifhavsmfaomajrwGif pdkuf
ysdK;ygu acgif;nGe\fuikd ;f ajcmufjcif;/ tjrpfwiG f ua7mif;
a*gac: a7m*gusa7mufjcif;rsm; awG\7o Sd nf? puvm7dk
wD;eD;,m; z7ufwD*seD m;ac: r=drsdK;a-umifh toD;ykyjf cif;/
puvm7dkwD;eD;,m; vmZa-umifh yef;yGifhESifh udkif;nGef\
rsm;n|dK;jcif; a7m*grsm;vnf; jzpfay:wwfonf? ykyf
aomtoD;rsm;udk ajrjr|Kyfjcif;/ n|dK;aomyef;/ tudkif;
rsm;udkjzwfI rD;&d=\zsufpD;jcif;jzifh xdka7m*grsm; jyef\yGm;
r=udkumuG,fEkdifonf? tyifrsm;ysdK;7ef udkif;ul;I jyef
vnfpu kd yf sKd ;Ekid o
f nf?
A*®vm;qD;oD;onf t7omtvGefaumif;I t
ajcmufcHxm;aom toD;rsm;udk uBmtESH\pm;oHk;7ef
wify\dka7mif;cs-uonf? tom;omr[kwf taphcHw G iG f;rS
f G,frE= iS hf taphuvnf; t7omqdro fh jzifh vlw\kEd pS o
f uf-uonf?
A*®vm;jynfe,f? ?Ak<pmayusr;f *efw\Ykd t*®wikd ;f /
0*‡wdkif;[kac:qdkaom A*®vm;jynfe,fonf jAdwdo~
tpd;k 7wd\k. vufxuftcgu -u;D rm;us,0f ef;I ta7;
ygaom jynfe,f-uD;wckjzpfonf? tdNd,Ekdifi. H ta7S\
zufpeG ;f jzpfI A*®vm;yifv,fatmf.xdyYf wnf7o dS nf?
tdNd,u`ef;qG,ftydkif;onf A*®vm;jynfe,f. t
aemufzufY7SI d / [dr0Mmawmifajc7Sd qpfuifEiS hf blwef
jynfw\o kd nf ajrmufzufYvnf;aumif;/ tmoHawmifuek ;f
rsm;ESihf jrefrmEdik if w
H \o
kd nf ta7S\zufYvnf;aumif; wnf7dS
-uonf? xdjk ynfe,fonf [dr0MmY jrpfzsm;cHaom**®g/
jA¦ykW7ESihf aremjrpf-uD; 3 oG,w f k\d b*®vm;yifv,f
atmfwiG ;f od\k pD;0ifjcif;rjyKrD aygif;qHkI us,fjyef\aom
jrpf0u`e;f ay:udjk zpfapcJah om a'ojzpfayonf? xd\ak -umifh
A*®vm;jynfe,f. ajrrsuEf mS oGijf yifonf [dr0Mmawmif
106
 A*‡vm;jynfe,f

A*‡vm;jynfe,f umvuWm;jrdK\7Sd xif7Sm;ausmf-um;aom 0dwkd7d,bk7ifr txdrf;trSwftaqmufttHk

ajc7if;jzpfaom ajrmufzufykid ;f YomjrifI h useaf 'owdk\ jynfe,f. tus,ft0ef;onf 33805 pwk7ef;rdik jf zpf
wGif ajredrahf 'orsm;jzpfavonf? I/ vlOD;a7onf 26±25 oef;cef\7rdS nf[k cef\rSef;7onf?
A*®vm;jynfe,f. 7moDOwkonf yltu kd If pdpk w G xf ikd ;f xdv k Ol ;D a7. 20 7mckid Ef e= ;f cef\onf tPvrft,l0g'Drsm;
rd=i;f onf? ysr;f r~tylcsdef zm7if[ku d f ^0 H rS 80H txd7dS jzpf-uonf? ajrmufzufydki;f usaom ul;cs„AD[m;e,f/
onf? ysrf;r~rdk;a7csdefonf ^8 vufrjzpfonf? rdk;t 'g*sDvif/ *sydkif*l7Dc7dkifwdk\onf taemufA*®vm;jynf
rsm;qHk;tydik ;f onf ajrmufbufpeG ;f ESifh ta7S\zufpeG ;f a' e,f. jynfrrS ta7S\yguPwefEiS hf AD;[m;jynfe,fw\kjd zifh
orsm; jzpf-uavonf? A*®vm;jynfe,fonf ajrEk jcm;vsuf7Sdonf? tdNd,EdkifiHwGif t-uD;qHk;jzpfaom
u`ef;ay:a'ojzpfI/ yltkdufpdkpGwfaom 7moDOwk7Sdo umvuWm;jrdK\onf taemufA*®vm;jynfe,f. jrdK\
jzifh tdN, d Edik if w
H iG f qefpyg;trsm;qH;k pdu k yf sKd ; vkyfukid f awmfjzpfavonf? (umvuWm;„7=?)tjcm; xif
aom jynfe,fjzpfavonf? 7Sm;aomjrdK\-uD;rsm;rSm umvuWm;ESifh wqufwnf;
194^ ckEpS w f iG f tdN,d 'drk eD ,
D efEikd if EH iS fh yguPwef 'drk D jzpfI *Hkav~mfvkyfief;XmecsKyfjzpfaom a[mif7mjrdK\ESifh
eD,efEkdifiH[lI cGJjcm;wnfaxmifvkdufjyD;aemufY/ A*® aEG7moDpcef;jzpfaom 'g*sv D ifjrdK\wk\d jzpfavonf?
vm;jynfe,fudkvnf; taemufA*®vm;jynfe,fESifh t taemufA*®vm;jynfe,fonf rsm;aomtm;jzifh
a7S\A*®vm;jynfe,f (ta7S\yguPwef) [k cGJjcm;vdkuf v,f,mpdkufysdK;7ma'ojzpfonf? odk\aomf vlOD;a7
onf? taemufA*®vm;jynfe,fonf tdNd, 'krd eD D,ef rsm;jym;vSojzifh jynfe,fxGufqefpyg;onf jynfe,f
Edik if YH yg0ifI ta7S\b*‡vm;jynfe,fonf yguPwef'rkd D vlxt k zd\kyif rvHkavmufacs? taemufA*®vm;jynfe,f
eD,efEikd fiHtwGi;f Y yg0ifavonf? wGif pufrv = kyfief;zGH\jzdK;xGef;um;onf? tdNd,EdkifiHxu G f
taemufA*®vm;jynfe,f? ? 1950 jynfhESpfwGif yl; ausmufr;D aoG; oH;k yHw k yHo k nf Tjynfe,frx S u
G fonf?
aygif;vdu k af om ul;cs„AD[m;e,f-uD;ESihf 1956 ck jynf *Hkav~mfpuf7Hk/ 0g*Grf;puf7Hkrsm;/ oHESifhoHr+dpuf7Hkrsm;
e,frsm; jyefvnfzJ\Gpnf;a7; tufOya't7 xyfrHxnfh vnf;7So d nf? tqefq;kd jrdK\7dS oHr+dpuf7-kH uD;onf acwf
oGif;aom c7dkief ,ftcsdK\w\dktygt0if/ taemufA*®vm; rDSpuf7Hk-uD;jzpfonf? 'g*sDvifESifh *sydkif*l7DjrdK\rsm;onf

107
 A*‡vm;jynfe,f

A*‡vm;ajrmufykdif; uvifyHkjrdK\. aps;ae\&=cif;rsm;

108
A*‡vm;jynfe,f
vufzufpu dk yf sKd ;7ma'otwGi;f Y wnf7-Sd uojzihf xdjk rdK\
rsm;wGif vufzufajcmufpuf7Hkrsm; 7Sdavonf?
taemufA*®vm;jynfe,f. vrf;yef;qufo, G fa7;
rSm armfawmfum;vrf; 1453 rdkif/ rD;7xm;vrf; 180^
rdkif7SdI/ ul;oef;oGm;vmEdkifaom wl;ajrmif;rdkifaygif;
484 7Sdavonf?
ta7S\b*®vm;jynfe,f ? ? ,if;onf ta7S\ yguPwef
jynfe,fjzpfonf? ,cif A*®vm;jynfe,f. ta7S\yikd ;f e,f
rsm;ESihf tmoHjynfrS qD;v[ufc7dik fw\dkyg0ifI tus,f
t0ef;onf 54501 pwk7ef;rdik 7f o dS nf? 1951 ckEpS f oef
aumifpm7if;t7 vlOD;a7 42 oef;ausmf7Sdonfhteuf/
32 oef;ausmo f nf tPvrft,l0g'Drsm;/ 9 oef;ausmf
onf [dNLt,l0g'Drsm;jzpfI c7pf,meft,l0g'D wode;f
ausmfcef\7Sdonf? Ak<t,l0g'Drsm;vnf;7Sd.? taemuf
yguPwefjynfe,frS rdkifukd;7mcef\r~om tdNd,e,fajr
-um;cHvsu7f o dS nf? jrdK\awmfonf 'Um;jrKd \jzpfI yifv,f
qdyfurf;jrdK\-uD;rsm;rSm ppfwaumif;ESifh csmvemjrdK\wdk\
jzpf-uonf?
ta7S\A*®vm;jynfe,fonf **®gjrpf/ jA¦ykW7jrpfEiS hf
aremjrpfwdk\ ,laqmifvmaom EkH;ajrrsm;a-umifh ajr
-oZm xufoefaumif;rGefojzifh/ pdkufysdK;a7;jzpfxGef;
onf? qefpyg;tjyif/ 0g*Grf;/ o-um;ESifh vufzuf
ajcmufrsm;xGufonf? ta7S\A*®vm;jynfe,frS xGuf
aom*Hkav~mfonf uBmvHk;oHk;*Hkav~mf. ^0 rS 80
7mckdiEf e= f;jzpfonf? -uD;us,af ompufrv = yk fief;wdk\onf
'Um;jrdK\ESifh ppfwaumif;jrdK\rsm;Yom7S-d uonf? A*®vm;
jynfe,fwGif a7S;tpOftqufu vkyfukid fvmonfh tdrf
wGi;f vufry= nmvkyif ef;rsm;udk qufvufxed ;f odr;f vkyf
udik cf -hJ u7m/ yd;k ESihf jcnf vuf7ufxnf vkyif ef;rsm;vnf;
yg0ifonf? 'Um;jrdK\rS rmvusiyf dwfonf Oa7mywdu k f
wGif 167mpkcef\uyif vl-udKurf sm;cJhavonf?
wd7>mef7Hkrsm;YawG\-u7aom emrnfausmf A*‡vm;
usm;onf ta7S\A*‡vm;jynfe,fwGif aexdkifusufpm;
-uaomwd7>mefjzpfavonf?
ta7S\A*®vm;jynfe,ftwGi;f vrf;yef;tquftoG,f
rsm; acwfrrDvSao;acs? trsm;tm;jzifh a7a-umif;
udk toHk;jyK-u7av7m jynfwGif;a7a-umif;c7D; rdkif
aygif;rSm 2800 cef\7daS vonf?
A*®vm;jynfe,f. aemufa-umif;ordkif;udk jyefI
-unfhv~if/ A*®vm;jynfe,fonf a7S;ESpfaygif; 1000
cef\upI A*®gvDpum;ajymqdkaomvlrsdK;wdk\ aexdkif7m
a'ojzpfcho J nf? at'D 8 7mpkrS 12 7mpkEpS ftxd [dNL
109
A*‡vm;atmf
rif;7dk;jzpfaom ygvrif;wdk\ pdk;rdk;cJhonf? aemiftcg
a'vDjrdK\rS r*dkrif;rsm;.vufatmufok\d usa7mufcho J nf
rSm 13 7mpkrSonf yvufqDppfyGJtjyD; jAdwdo~wdk\.
vufatmufusa7mufonftxd jzpfavonf? jAdwdo~
tpdk;7.vufatmufwGif ESpfaygif;ESpf7mcef\ -umcJhjyD;
aemuf/ 194^ ckEpS f -o*kwv f wGif tdN,
d ESihf yguPwef
[lI ESpfEdkifiH ydkif;jcm;vdkufaomtcg/ A*®vm;jynfe,f
udkvnf; ESpfydki;f cGJvdkuaf vonf? taemufA*®vm;jynf
e,fonf tdN, d Edik if .
H jynfe,fjzpfvmI/ ta7S\A*®vm;
jynfe,fonf tPvrft,l0g'Dwk\d rsm;jym;ojzifh yguP
wefEdik if .
H jynfe,fwckjzpfvmum ta7S\yguPwef[k
ac:a0:-uavonf?
A*®vm;atmf ? ? A*®vm;atmfonf xdyyf ikd ;f c`eI f
atmufydkif;um;aom -wd*HyHko!mef7Sd tdNd,ork]7m
ajrmufykid ;f a7jyifa'ojzpfonf? ta7S\zufwGif yguP
wef/ jrefrm/ ,k;d ',m;ESihf rœm,kEikd if rH sm;7SI d taemuf
zufwGif tdNd,EdkifiHwdk\7SdjyD;v~if awmifzufodk\ oD[kd–f
u`ef;ESifh qlr-wm;u`ef;wdk\ txdus,fjyef\onf?
A*®vm;atmfwGif;odk\ pD;0ifaom jrpf-uD;rsm;rSm
ajrmufzufrS **®gjrpfESifh jA¦ykW7jrpf/ taemufzufrS
r[me'D/ *dk'g07D/ uPem;ESifh aumfA7Djrpf/ ta7S\zufrS
{7m0wDjrpfwdk\jzpfonf? **®gjrpf0ESihf cyfvSr;f vSrf;wGif
a7jrKyfaomifcHk-uD; wjznf;jznf;us,fjyef\pGm jzpfxGef;
wnf7Sdonf? 7cdkif7kd;rawmifwef;.tqufjzpfI A*®
vm;atmftwGi;f Y u`ef;tjzpfay:aeaom u_vDu`ef;
ESifh eDudkAmu`ef;w0dkufwGif ay 600 cef\omeufaom
a7jyifa'o7So d nf? A*®vm;atmfurf;7d;k wef;teD;7Sd xif
7Sm;aomjrdK\-uD;rsm;rSm umvuWm;/ 7efuek Ef iS hf r'7yfjrdK\
rsm;jzpf-uonf? ta7S\zufurf;7dk;wef;wGif jrefrmEdkifiH
rS ppfawG/ armfvjrdKifESifh 7efukefjrdK\rsm;tygt0if qdyf
urf;aumif;rsm; trsm;tjym;7Sdoavmuf/ taemuf
zufurf;7d;k wef;wGiu f m; Adu k Zf uf*ywefjrdK\rSwyg; qdyf
urf;aumif;rsm;r7SdvSacs? u_vDESifh eDudkAmu`ef;rsm;
tjyif y7Dyg7pfu`e;f / udu k ukd `e;f pk/ jrdwu f `e;f pk ponfw\kd
vnf;7So d nf? jrefrmEkid if uH rf;7d;k wrf;ESihf reD;ra0;Y wnf
7Sdaeaom refatmifu`ef;ponfh tcsdK\u`ef;i,fuav;
rsm;wGif e*g;AGuftidk rf sm;7Sdonf?
A*®vm;atmftwGi;f 7moDOwkonf tylyidk ;f 7moDOwk
rsKd ;jzpfI/ aqmif;tcgwGif ta7S\ajrmuf rkwo f ek af vwdu
k f
I aEGtcgwGif taemufawmif rkwfokefav wdkuf
cwfonf?
Aifwl7DjyGef Aifwrfô*s,f7DrD

Aifwl7DjyGef ? ?od_Hynm7yfrsm;onf wae\wjcm;

wdk;wufvmonfESifhtr~ od_yH nm7yfrsm;wGif toH;k jyK
-uonfh u7d,mwefqmyvm toH;k taqmifrsm;onf
vnf; wdk;wufIvm7ayonf? &lyaA'ynmwGif xdu k hJ
odk\ wdk;wufvmaom u7d,mrsm;teuf Aifwl7DjyGef
onf wcktygt0ifjzpf.?
Aifwl7DjyGefqkdonfrSm cg;usOf;aomjyGefjzpfI taiG\
ESifh t7nfrsm;pD;jzwfaomt7Sdef/ txl;ojzifh a7t
ajrmuftjrm; pD;jzwfaomt7Sdef (pD;7Sdef)udk wdkif;wm
aomtcg ‘‘Aifw7l rD w D m’’ ac: Aifwl7jD yGeEf iS hf pDrjH yKvkyf
xm;onfh u7d,mjzifh wdki;f wm-u7avonf?
187mpkESpftwGif;u ‘‘Aifwl7D’’ trnf7Sdaom †
wmvsv H rl sKd ;&lyaA'ynm7Siw f OD;7Scd I
hJ / xdyk Ck Kd vu
f ‘‘Aifwl
7Ded,mr’’ [kwiG o f nfh ed,rw7yfukjd yXmef;cJo h nf? xdk
ed,rYqdkxm;onfrSm ‘‘taiG\ESifht7nfw\dkonf jyGev f ;Hk
twGi;f Y cg;usO;f aomae7mukd pD;jzwfpOf zdtm;avsmh
I pD;7SdefjrefoGm;onf? tjyeftvSeftm;jzifh cg;us,f
aomae7mudk pD;jzwfv~iv f nf;/ zdtm;wdk;I pD;7Sdeaf vsmh
oGm;onf’’ [lIjzpf.? txufazmfjyyg jyeG Ef iS hf rDwmwd\k
wGif Ted,rudk tajcjyKtoHk;csxm;onf? xdk\a-umifh vef'efwUokdvfY odrf;qnf;jyoxm;onhf *s,f7DrDAifwrf.
,if;wd\kukd Aifw7l DjyeG f/ Aifw7l rD Dwm[lI ac:wGif-ujcif; yHkwl&kyfvHk;ESihf aq;7nfpdrx
f m;aom ,if;.OD;acgif;
jzpfavonf?
t7nfw\. kd pD;7Sed uf w
kd ikd ;f aom Aifw7l rD w D mwGif Aifwl Aifwrf.t,ltqrSm vlwdk\onf tusdK;7Sad tmif ae
7DjyGew
f acsmif;7Sd.? jyGefwiG f cg;usO;f onfhae7mESifh cg; xdik 7f rnf[. l ? vlw\k. d tajccH7nf7, G cf suEf pS cf rk mS okc
jyefus,fvmonfhae7mwdk\Y zdtm;jcm;em;yHktvdkuf a7 udk7SmI 'kQudka7Smif7efjzpfonf? Aifwrfonf xdkt,l
rsufESmjyiftwuftus7Sdaom jyGefESpfck wyfqifxm; tqrsm;udk tajccHjyKum ‘‘trsm;tusdK;jzpfxGef;a7;’’
onf? xdjk yGefrsm;rS wzef jyGefwiG ;f 7Sd t7nf. pD;7SdeEf Sihf 0g'udk azmfxw k cf ahJ vonf?
wuG pD;oGm;aom t7nfyrm+udkjyonfh u7d,m7Sd Aifwrfonfvef'efjrdK\Y 1^48 ck azzGm7Dv 15 7uf
odk\ -udK;rsm;jzifh qufoG,fxm;avonf? ae\wiG f zGm;jrifoljzpfonf? touf ckepfESpft7G,frpS I
0ufprifpwmausmif;Y ynmpwifqnf;yl;cJhjyD;aemuf/
Aifwrfô*s,f7DrD(c7pf1848 1832 )? ?trsm;t q,fhoHk;ESpft7G,fwGif atmufpzdk\wUodkvf bk7ifr
usdK;jzpfxGef;a7; (,lwDvD aw;7D;,ef;epfZif;) [laom aumvdyfY qufvufoif-um;onf? r[m0d%mbGJ\udk
,xmblw0g'udpk wifco Jh ljzpfI ‘‘tpdk;7aumif;wd\krnf 18 ESpfom;t7G,fY 77SdjyD;aemufwGif 0wfvt Hk wwfudk
onf trsm;aumif;usdK;udk trsm;qHk;ay;Edki7f rnf’’ [l oif,jl yef7m/ 0wfvb kH \JG77Scd ho
J nf? odk\aomf 0wfvv Hk u
dk f
aomaqmifyk'fudk vufudkifjyKjyD;v~if Oya'jyKjyifa7;/ jcif;udk acWr~om jyKchaJ vonf?
vlr=jyKjyifa7;wdk\udk vH=\aqmfwu dk w f Gef;cJhaom t*®vyd fvl Aifwrf.tmoDoonf Ekid if aH 7;ESihf vlra= 7;pHepf/ Oy
rsdK; ,xmblwynmausmf-uD;wOD;um; *s,7f DrDAifwrf a'pHepfw\dkukd avhvmjyKjyif7efjzpfonf? zcifjzpfol 0wf
jzpfavonf? t*®vefjynfwGif t7G,fa7mufolwdkif; vHkawmf7-uD; uG,fveG fjyD;aemufwiG f tarGtESpfrsm;pGm
rJqNay;a7;/ vsdK\0SufrJay;Edkifa7;/ tusOf;axmif jyK usecf hoJ jzifh Aifwrfonf oltmoDo7Sad omvkyfief;rsm;
jyifa7;/ ygvDreftrwfrsm; vpmay;a7;paom Oya' udk aqmif7GufEdkifcJhonf? ol.Oya'jyKjyifa7;v=H\aqmf
rsm;onf Aifwrf. v=\Haqmfwu dk fwGe;f r=rsm;a-umifh wp r=rsm;a-umifh Aifwrf.trnfonf 19 7mpkESpftwGi;f
wpjyKjyifay:aygufvmcJah om Oya'rsm;jzpfavonf? ,xmblwynm7Sifrsm;xJwGif xifay:cJhonf? Aifwrf

110
Aifx7DvkduGpfZif; AifeDZGD;vm;EkdifiH

onf ay:wl*,f/ -opa-w;vD;,m;/ uae'gESihf tar7d csif;xdjyD;rSxGufaom yzAbtoHrsm;udkrl E=wfcrf;

uefjynfaxmifpkrS jynfe,ftcsKd \twGuf Oya'a7;qG7J m v=y7f mS ;rajym7ojzifh u * toHrsm;jzifh xGu, f 7l onf?
wGiyf g0ifun l cD o
hJ nf? Aifwrfonf tusO;f axmif jyKjyif wcgw7H taemufEkdifiHjyZmwfyGJrsm;wGif t7kyfwck
a7;udk tvGefpdwx f ufoefonfhtavsmuf ‘‘ygaemhywD udk a7S\wGifxm;I tjyeftvSefpum;ajym[ef toHk;
uGef’’ac: pHjytcsKyfaxmifypHk Hwckudk ESp7f Snv f rsm; yHpk H awmfcH-uonf? t7kyu f touf7du S o
Jh \dk jyefveS fpum;
xkwI f tpd;k 7tm;wifjycJo h nf? xdyk pkH o
H nf p7dwt f ukef ajym[efjyKonfhtcg/ tem;7Sd vluyif toHwrsdK;jzifh
tusrsm;vGef;I tpdk;7uvufav~mhvdkuf7aomfvnf; ajymaeaomfvnf; yG-J unfyh 7dwo f wfu t7kyu f yif ajym
Aifwrftm; Om+fylaZmfc aygifpwmvif 23ô000 jcD; aeouJhodk\ tm7Hka7mufaeatmif qGaJ qmifxm;7onf?
jri| chf o
hJ nf? t7kyfudkvnf; rsufESmtaetxm; [eftrlt,mrStp
Aifwrfonf vlr=jyKjyifa7;/ Oya'jyKjyifa7;qdkif7m tjyeftvSef pum;ajymaeouJhodk\jzpfatmif t7kyfudk
pmtkyfpmwrf; ajrmufjrm;pGmudk jyKpkxkwfa0cJhonf? v=yf7Sm;aponfh pufcvkwfESdyfay;onf? odk\rSom t
‘‘0ufprifpwm7DAsL; rCZif;’’ udv k nf; ulnw D nfaxmif em;rS vlupum;ajymaeonf[kodvsuf/ t7kyfuyif
ay;cJhonf? vef'efwUodkvf xlaxmif7mwGifvnf; ajymaeonf[k tm7HkvSnfhpm;oGm;Ekdifayonf? t7kyf
yg0ifun l cD o
hJ nf? taeESihf pum;ajymjyD;v~i/f rdrdtaeESifh wvSnfhpum;
Aifwrfonf tdrfaxmifrjyKbJ vlysdK-uD;b0ESifh t ajymonfhtcg/ t7kyfpum;ajymonfhtcg toHav,l
ouf 84 ESpt f 7G,w f iG u
f ,
G vf eG o
f nf? ol.7kyt f avmif; avodr;f ponfw\kEd iS hf vH;k 0rwlatmifajymif; ay;7onf?
udk aq;od_yH nmxGe;f um;r=ukd a7S;7SLvsuf cGJpw d -f unfh ,if;odk\ wa,mufwnf;u toHav,lavodrf;rSpI
Ekid 7f ef vSL'gef;cJ7h m/ ol.t7d;k pkw\kdukd &kyw f jl yKvyk I f vnf; trsdK;rsdK; ajymif;vJajymqdkEdkif7ef yg7rDcHvnf;7SdI pdwf
aumif;/ ol. OD;acgif;udk aq;7nfpdrfIvnf;aumif; 7Snf7Snf avhusifhzdk\vdkonf? xdktwwfrsdK;ESifh cyfqif
vef'efwUodkvYf jyoxm;avonf? qifwlaom jrefrmwdk\tavhtxudk uGufpdyfa[majym
7mY awG\7ayonf?
Aifx7DvdkupG Zf if;? ?vlwpfO;D wnf;u toHtrsKd;rsKd;
ajymif;um tjcm;olrsm;ajymaeonf[k xif7atômif AifeDZGD;vm;EkdifiH ? ? AifeZD ;GD vm;Ekid if o H nf awmift
pum;ajymonfhtwwfudk Aifx7DvdkuGpfZif;[k ac: ar7duwkduf. ajrmufzuftusqH;k aom Ekid if Hjzpfonf?
onf? Aifx7DvdkuGpfZif;[laom pum;vHk;onf vuf ,if;udk AifeDZGD;vm; jynfaxmifpkoRwEdkifiH[k ac:
wifbmom AifwmESihf vdu k qDG akd om pum; 2 vH;k aygif;I onf? ajrmufzufwGif u,f7pfAsefyifv,f/ ta7S\zuf
jzpfay:vmjcif;jzpfonf? Aifwm.t"d_g,frSm 0rf; wGif *D,m;em;e,frsm;/ ta7S\awmifzufwGif A7mZD;
ydkujf zpfI/ vdku. GD t"d_g,fonf pum;ajymjcif;jzpf7m Ekdiif H/ taemufzufEiS t fh aemufawmifzufwiG f udkvHk;AD;
Aifx7DvdkuGpfZif;[lonfrSm 0rf;ydkufrS pum;ajymjcif; ,m;Ekid if w H k\7d odS nf? ta7S\rS taemufok\d 928 rdik u f s,I f
[k teufxu G o
f nf? awmifrSajrmuf ^90 rdkif7Snfonf? urf;7dk;wef;onf
Aifx7DvdkuGpfZif;twwfudk *7dESiht f D*spv
f lrsdK;wdk\ p 1ô^50 rdik 7f n S I f wEdik if vH ;kH . tus,t f 0ef;rSm 352ô143
wifco Jh nf? ,cktcg tufpuD;rd;k / rmtd7k /D Zl;vl;paom pwk7ef;rdkifjzpfvsuf jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEdik fiH. wqcGJ
rzGH\jzdK;ao;onfh vlrsdK;rsm;vnf; ,if;twwfukd wwf eD;eD;7Sdonf? awmiftar7duwdkuf7Sd EkdifiHrsm;teuf
ajrmufu`rf;usifvsuf7d-S uonf? ,if;twwfonf t q}rt-uD;qHk;Edkiif Hjzpfonf?
vGeftavhtusifhvdkaom twwfrsdK;jzpfonf? 7dk;7dk;p AifeZD D;G vm;[laomtrnfrmS pydefbmomjzifh Aif;epf
um;ajympOf toHxu G ef nf;uJo h \kx
d u
G f7aomfvnf;/ E=wf jrdK\uav;jzpfonf? 1499 ckwGif pydefvlrsdK; tvGef;
crf;udk wwfEdkifor~rv=yf7Sm;atmifae7onf? v~mudk qdkaotdkaZ'gacgif;aqmifaom pGef\pm;7SmazGol wpk
vnf; v~mzsm;uav;omv=yfI useftydkif;udk jidrfEdkif onf ,ck„rm7mudik f;Adt k idk t
f wGi;f a7wdr7f mY wdik rf sm;
or~ jidrfjird x f m;7onf? ,if;odk\ pum;ajympOf touf pdkufI wJtdrfajcwH7Snfrsm;aqmufvkyfxm;aom tif
7SL7mY 0ifoufudk7Snfvsm;pGmoGif;I xGufoufudk wdk 'D;,ef;7Gmudk awG\jrif7aomtcg/ Aif;epfjrKd \.7=cif;ESiq hf if
Edkifor~ nifnifomomwdkap7rnf? toHudktrsdK;rsdK; qifwlojzifh AifeDZGD;vm;[krSnfhac:cJhonf? ,if;rS w
ajymif;Ekid fap7ef avjyGefukt d pfxm;7avonf? E=wcf rf; EdkifiHvHk;udk AifeDZ;GD vm;[k ac:a0:cJh-uavonf?

111
 AifeDZGD;vm;EkdifiH
awmiftar7duwku d f taemufzufurf;7d;k wav~muf
wef;vsuf7Sdaom tef;'D;awmifwef;-uD;rS awmifwef;
cGu
J av;rsm;onf AifeDZD;G vm;Ekdiif H taemufawmifzuf/
tv,fzufEiS fh ajrmufzufw\dko\dk jzmxGuv f mavonf?
awmiftar7duwdkuf. wwd,t-uD;qHk;jrpfjzpfaom
atmf7ifE;kd ud;k jrpfEiS hf ,if;. jrpfvufwufaygif; 436 ck
wdk\onf AifeDZGD;vm;EkdifiH tus,ft0ef;. 5 yHk 4 yHk
AifeDZGD;vm;EkdifiH wnfae7mjyajryHk
wGif ydkuu f Ge-f uD;ozG,f jzef\IpD;qif;vsu7f o dS nf? atmf
7ifE;kd ud;k jrpfonf rdik f 1ô^00 cef\7nS I
f yGm;wdt k ,mulcsd
jrdK\wnf7m jrpf0rS rkid f 1ô000cef\txd avSoab®mrsm;oGm;
vmEdik o f nf? atmf7if;Edk;ud;k jrpf0Srf;a'o. xl;jcm;csuf
wpf7yfrSmtRZkefjrpf/ eD;*7dk;jrpfwdk\ESifh atmf7ifEkd;ud;k jrpf
udk obm0wl;ajrmif;-uD;ozG,f qufvsuf7daS om um
qDuGD;,m;a7;jrpfyifjzpfonf? tWvMdwf ork]7mrS
atmf7ifEdk;udk;jrpfudk qefwufvmonfh oab®mrsm;
onf umqDuGD;,m;a7rSwqifh eD;*7dk;jrpf/ ,if;rS
tRZkefjrpfukd pkeq f if;um tWvMdwo f rk]7mxJo\kd jyef
xGuEf ikd af vonf?
AifeDZD;G vm;EdkifiHudk obm0tm;jzifh 4 ydkif;cGJjcm;Edkif
onf? yifv,furf;7dk;wef;a'o/ awmifwef;a'o/
uke;f jyifjrifha'oESifh tDvmaem\ac: vGijf yifa'owdk\jzpf
onf? yifv,furf;7dk;wef;a'owGiu f rf;7dk;vGe7f dS u`e;f
uav;rsm;yg0ifonf? pwk7ef;rdik f 20ô000ausmf us,f
0ef;onf? ykvJzrf;vkyfief; trsm;tjym;vkyfudkifonf?
AifeDZGD;vm;EkdifiHxGuf a7eHtrsm;qHk;xGuf7m a'ojzpf
onf? 7moDOwkrSm ylI pdkpGwfonf? awmifwef;a'o
onf AifeDZD;G vm; ajrmufydkif;ESihf taemufajrmufydkif;7Sd
tef;'D;awmifwef;rS jzmxGufaom awmifwef;rsm;ESifh
112
rdkiaf ygif; 500cef\ urf;7dk;wef;ESifhjydKifI wef;qif;oGm;
aom awmifwef;rsm;7Sd7m a'ojzpfonf? ,if;a'o
onf pwk7ef;rdik af ygif; 40ô000cef\us,0f ef;I/ Ekdiif aH 7;
ESifh pD;yGm;a7;avmu. tm7kpH l;pdkuf7m a'ojzpfonf?
atmf7ifE;kd udk;jrpf. vusfmzufurf;rS AifeZD ;GD vm;„A7m
ZDEdkifiHe,fedrdwftwGif;7Sd *D,m;em; ukef;jyifjrifha'o
onf AifeZD ;DG vm;Edik if . H w0ufcef\7o dS nf? opfawmrsm;
tvGefxlxyfI tcsKd \ae7mrsm;od\k ,ckwdkif vloal 7muf
aygufjcif;r7Sdao;acs? wGif;xGufoWKrsm;ESifh tzdk;
wefopfawmrsm;7Sd7ma'ojzpfonf? vlaetvGefenf;
I tif';D ,ef;vlrsdK;rsm;om7Sdonf? tDvmaemh vGifjyif
a'oonf udkvHkAD;,m;ESifh AifeDZGD;vm;EkdifiHrsm;.e,f
pyfrS u,f7pfAsefyifv,ftxd awmifwef;a'oESifh *D;
,m;em;ukef;jyifjrifha'ot-um;wGif wnf7Sdonf?
,if;a'o. rsm;pGmaomtydki;f onf yifv,fa7 rsuf
ESmjyiftxuf ay 650 omjrifah om ajredryhf ikd ;f jzpfonf?
rd;k 7moDwiG f a7vFr;f rd;k onf? jrufcif;aygI u`J/ EGm;arG;
jrL7ma'ojzpfonf?
AifeZD ;GD vm;Ekid if o
H nf tylyidk ;f Zkew
f iG v
f k;H vHk;usa7muf
aeojzifh tylyikd ;f 7moDOwk7o dS nf? od\k7mwGif ajrrsuEf Sm
jyiftedrfhtjrifhESifh wdkufcwfaomavudkvdkufI 7moD
Owktydkif;-uD; 3 ydkif;cGJEkdio f nf? yifv,fa7rsufEmS jyif
txufay 1ô800cef\jrifhaom yifv,furf;7dk;wef;a'
oESifh tDvmaemhviG fjyifa'oonf tylcsed f zm7if[dkuf
^5 rH 9S ^ t H wGi;f 7SI d yltu f nf? ay 18ô00 rS 6ô000t
kd o
xdjrifah om tef;'D;ESihf urf;7d;k awmifwef;a'oonf tyl
csdefzm7if[dkuf 50 HrS^5 HtwGi;f 7Sdonf? ukefonfav
rSew f u
kd cf wf7ma'ojzpfojzifh 7moDOwk orr~wonf?
xif7Sm;aomjrdK\-uD;rsm;ESifh vlaetdrfajcaygrsm;7m/ t
a7mif;t0,fzH\GjzdK;7ma'ojzpfonf? ay 6ô000 txuf
jrifhaoma'oonf at;aomtydkif;jzpfI vlaeenf;
onf? AifeDZGD;vm;EkdifiHwGif pdkpGwfaom 7moDOwkESifh
ajcmuf aoG \ a om 7moD O wk [ lI wES p f v ~if 2
rsdK;om7Sdonf? arrS Edk0ifbmtwGif; rdk;rsm;pGm
7GmoGef;onf? ,if;onf yltdkufpdkpGwfaom7moDjzpf
onf? 'DZifbmrS {jyDvtwGi;f ajcmufaoG\aom 7moD
jzpfonf? ajrmufzufrSwku d fcwfaom ukefonfavrSef
a-umifh 7moDOwkrSm ydkrdkr~wonf? a,bk,stm;jzifh
rl AifeZD ;GD vm;Ekdiif . H 7moDOwkonf use;f rma7;ESihf nD
nGwaf umif;rGeaf om 7moDOwkjzpfonf?
1950 jynfEh Spfoef;acgifpm7if;t7 AifeDZ;GD vm;Ekdiif H
.vlO;D a7onf 5ô034ô838 a,mufjzpfI 1959 ckESpf
 AifeDZGD;vm;EkdifiH
cef\rSef;ajct7 6ô60^ô000ce\f7Sdonf? ,if;wdk\teuf
7mckid fE=ef; 20 ce\o f nf vljzLrsm;jzpfI 65 7mckid fEe= ;f cef\
onf vljzLESifhwkdif;7if;om;vlrsdK;wdk\rS aygufzGm;aom
ujym;rsm;jzpfonf? usef 15 7mckdifE=ef;onf wkdi;f 7if;
om; tif'D;,ef;vlrsdK;rsm;ESifh eD;*7dk;vlrsdK;rsm; jzpf
onf? ajrmufESifh taemufajrmufawmifwef;a'o
wGif vltrsm;qH;k aexkdifI/ *D,m;em;ukef;jyifjrifha'o
onf vlaetenf;qHk;jzpfonf? trsm;tm;jzifh pydef
bmompum;udk ajymqdk-uI/ A7if*sD *dk+f;0ifrsm;jzpf
-uonf?
v,f,mpdkufysdK;jcif;ESifh u`JEGm;wd7>mef arG;jrLjcif;
onf AifeZD ;DG vm;Edik if . H t"duvkyif ef;jzpfonf? wEdik if H
vH;k 7Sd vlO;D a7. 40 7mcdik Ef =e;f onf v,f,mpdu k yf sKd ;jcif;
jzifh toufarG;jrL-uonf? txl;ojzifh ajrmufydkif;
wGif pdkufysdK;a7;udk ydkrkv d yk fuidk f-uonf/ umzDyifudk t
rsm;qHk;pdkuyf sdK;vkyfukid fI uau;tdk;onf 'kwd,t-uD;
us,fq;kH pdu k yf sKd ;a7;xGuuf ek jf zpfonf? o-um;/ ajymif;/
yJ/ tkef;ESifh tylydkif;Zkef toD;tESHrsm;udkvnf; pdkufysdK;
-uonf? vGifjyifa'o7Sd jrufcif;rsm;wGif u`J EGm;
wd7>mefrsm; arG;jrLI om;a7rsm;udk wifydk\a7mif;cs-u
onf? opfawma'orSvnf; -uufaygifap;ESifh b,
AifeDZGD;vm;EdkifiH. jrdK\awmfjzpfaom u7uyfjrdK\. &=cif;
113
aq;yifrsm;pGmxGufonf? ,cktcg AifeDZGD;vm;EkdifiH
wGif pufr=vyk if ef;rsm;udk tpdk;7uaiGa-u;tultnDjzifh
tm;ay;aoma-umifh pufr=vkyfief;rsm; zGH\jzdK;vmaomf
vnf;/ Ekdiif Ha7;v=yf7Sm;r=rsm; r-umc+ay:aygufaom
a-umifh/ wdk;wufoifhoavmuf rwdk;wufao;acs?
acsmu h vuf/Advwfajr/ AD,m/ pD;u7uf/ zdeyf/ b,aq;/
za,mif;wdik /f rD;jcpf/ qyfjym/ txnftvdyEf Sihf tom;
bl;vkyfief;ponfh vkyif ef;rsm; vkyfudkif-uonf?
AifeDZGD;vm;EkdifiHonf uBmay:wGif a7eH'kwd, t
rsm;qHk;xGufI trsm;qHk; wifydk\a7mif;csaomEkdifiHjzpf
onf? txl;ojzifh rm7mudkif;Adka'owGif trsm;qHk;
xGufonf? EkdifiHjcm;uk$+Drsm;u vma7mufI a7eH
vkyif ef;udk t-uD;tus,v f yk fukid -f uonf? AifeDZ;GD vm;
Ekid if xH u
G u f ek .
f 90 7mckid Ef e= ;f onf a7eHjzpfonf? AifeZD ;GD
vm;Edik fiHxu G f tjcm;wGi;f xGufoWKrsm;rSm a7F/ a-u;
eD/ ref*ed/ ausmufrD;aoG;/ uW7m/ oHESifh qm;wdk\
jzpfonf?
1953ckwiG f AifeZD D;G vm;EkdifiHY wpfEpS yf wfvHk; oGm;
vmEdkiaf omum;vrf;onf rdkiaf ygif; 102ô43 7SdI/ rD;7
xm;vrf;r-uD; 11vrf;7S7d m rdkiaf ygif; 6407So d nf? ,if;
rD;7xm;vrf;r-uD;rsm;rSm oWKwGif;ESiv fh ,f,mpdkuyf sdK;
 AifeDZGD;vm;EkdifiH

u7uyfjrdK\ukd 7Haeaom u7uyf awmifwef;ESihfjrdK\cif; wpdwfwa'o

a7;a'orsm;odk\ rdkifaygif; 2ô6407Sdvrf;cGJrsm;jzifh quf rvdkufemojzihf pmcsKyfudk zsufodrf;jcif;cH7onf? xdk

oG,x f m;onf? a7vrf;tm;jzifrh l aEGtcgY Ekid if t H wGi;f 7Sd
jrpfrsm;wGif rdik faygif; 12ô000 cef\ ul;oef;oGm;vmEkdif
avonf?
c7Pwdzk mudkvHAyfonf wwd,t-udrf c7D;xGucf 7hJ m
Y 1498 ckEpS f -o*kwv f 1 7ufae\wiG f atmf7ifE;kd ud;k jrpf0
teD; ukef;ajrudak wG\7dcS hjJ cif;jzifh awmiftar7duwdu k u f kd
awG\7SdcjJh yD;aemuf/ 1499 ckEpS fwiG f tar7d*kd AufpyGwcf sD
yg0ifI tvGef;qdk ao tdkaZ'g acgif;aqmifaom pydef
pGef\pm;7SmazGolrsm;tzGJ\u rm7mudkif; Adktdkifa'oodk\
a7muf7Sd-u7mrStp pydev f lrsdK;rsm;vma7mufaexdik f-u
onf? pwif0ifa7mufaexkdifpOfu pydefvlrsdK;wdk\ESifh
wdki;f 7if;om; tif';D ,ef;vlrsdK;wd\k r-umc+wdu k fyJrG sm;
jzpfyGm;-uonf? 1525 ckEpS w f Gif pydef {u7mZfyVrcsm;
bk7ifu *smreDjynf/ atmhpAkjrdK\rS -uG,f0csrf;omaom
ukefonfrsm;jzpfonfh AJvqm;aqGrsdK;pktm; AifeDZGD;
vm;EdkifiHudk tiSm;csvdkufonfrStp ,if;EkdifiHonf
uBmopfwiG f yXrqHk;aom *smrefudkvked Djzpfvmonf?
odk\7mwGif AJvmqm;wdk\u pmcsKyfyg 0efcHcsuftwdkif;
aemuf pydew f dk\u xdke,fajrudk jyefvnftkycf sKyfonf?
1810 ckESpfwGif AifeDZGD;vm;EdkifiHonf pydeftm; awmf
vSefonf? 1811 ckESpfwGif vGwfvyfa7;7onf? ,if;
onf awmiftar7du EkdifiHrsm;teuf vGwfvyfa7;udk
a7S;OD;qHk;7,lcJhaomEkdiif Hjzpfonf? yXraomf tufuGm
a'gESifh udkvHk;AD;,m;EkdifiHrsm;ESifhaygif;I udkvHk;AD;,m;
jynfaxmifpk[k zGJ\pnf;xm;aomfvnf;/ 1830 jynfhESpf
wGif udv k Hk;AD;,m;jynfaxmifpkrcS Jx G Gufum AifeDZDG;vm;
oRw Ekid if x H al xmifavonf?
AifeDZ;GD vm;Edkiif H. zG\Jpnf;tkycf sKyfyHk tajccHOya'udk
1953 ckEpS f {jyv D 15 7ufae\wiG f aemufq;kH jyifqif t
wnfjyKvu kd fonf? tajccHOya't7 trwf 40 yg0if
aom txufvFwfawmfESifh trwf 160 yg0ifaom
atmufvFwfawmf[lI Oya'jyKvFwfawmf 2 7yfyg0if
onfh trsdK;om; uGef*7uf7Sdonf? 4 ESpfw-udrf a7G;
aumufyGJusif;yI trwfrsm;udk wifajr|muf-uonf?
touf21 ESprf S 65 ESpt f wGi;f usm;/ rwkid ;f rJray;rae
7acs? orwudrk l 5 ESpfw-udrf a7G;aumufwifajr|muf

114
Aif;a'gvlrsKd;
onf? touf 18 ESpjf ynfo h w
l ikd ;f ppfynmoif7I ppfru
= kd
rxrf;rae7 owfrw S x
f m;onf? rlvwef;ynmudk roif
rae7tcrJhoif-um;ay;onf? txufwef;ynm oif
-um;7eftwGuf wUodkvfausmif;-uD; 5 ausmif;7SdI
194^ ckESpu f Oya'jyKI wnfaxmifxm;aom tvkyf
orm;wUodv k f wpfc7k do S nf?
AifeZD ;GD vm;Edkiif .
H jrdK\awmfrmS u7uyfjrdK\jzpfI/ 1959
ckESpf cef\rSe;f oefaumifpm7if;t7 vlOD;a7 1ô200ô000
a,muf7Sdonf? tjcm;xif7Sm;aomjrdK\-uD;rsm;rSm rm7
udkif;AdkjrdK\/ AmuGDqDrDwdkjrdK\/ rm7au;jrdK\/ Avef;7Sm;jrdK\/
qefc7PwdkaAmjrdK\wk\d jzpfavonf?
Aif;a'gvlrsdK; ? ? Aif;a'gvlrsKd ;onf wsLwefepf
vlrsdK;pkrS qif;oufvmolrsm; jzpfI/ a*gv vlrsdK;rsm;
ESiv fh nf; tquftEG,cf sif;eD;onf? ,if;wd\konf OD;pGm
Y *smreDEkid fiHta7S\ajrmufzufa'orsm;Y aexkdifolrsm;
jzpfI/ Oa7my e,fy,frsm;udk wdkufcdkuf vk,ufavh
7Sod nf?
at'D 406 ckESpfwGif *smreDEdkifiHrS vl&kdif;rsdK;rsm;ESifh
aygif;um taemufzufodk\ a7F\vm-u7mrS &kdif;jrpfudk
jzwfI/ a*gvjynfe,fwGif;odk\ 0ifa7muf-uavonf?
od\kaomf z7ef\vlrsdK;wdk\u ,if;wdk\tm; wkdufcdkufESdrfeif;
vdkuo f jzif/h a*gvjynfe,frS yD;7eD;udkjzwfausmfI pydef
EkdifiHwiG f;odk\ 0ifa7mufaexdkicf -Jh uonf?
pydeEf dik if wH iG f ESpaf ygif; 20 cef\r~ tajcpdu
k af exdki-f u
jyD;aemuf 429 ckESpfwGif a7mrtpd;k 7tm; rausreyfjzpf
aeaom a7mrbk7ifcHwOD;. zdwfac:csuft7 a7mr
vufatmufcH tmz7dujynfe,frsm;zufodk\ a7F\ajymif;
-ujyefonf? xdt k csed u
f Aif;a'gvlrsKd ;wd\k.bk7ifrmS a*;
qm7pfjzpfI/ xdkorl Sm aemiftcgwGif a7mrjrdK\awmfESifh
um;aohjrdK\-uD;rsm;udk 'v-urf; arFaESmufrnfhol
yifwnf;?
tmz7duwkdu7f dS a7mre,fy,frsm;udk Aif;a'gwdk\u
aESmifh,u S zf suq f ;D av7m/ xdpk Ofu a7mr{u7mZf wwd
, Avifwif;eD;,ef;u a*;qm7pfb7k ifEiS hf 435 ckEpS w
oabmwlpmcsKyfôcsKyfI/ tmz7duwkduf7Sd tcsdK\ a7mr
e,fy,frsm;udk ay;7avonf? odk\aomf 439 ckESpfwiG f
a*;qm;7pfonf xdjk ynfe,frsm;77Hkjzifh rauseyfb/J a7m
rvufatmufjzpfaeao;aom um;aohjrdK\-uD;udk wdkuf
cdu
k o f rd ;f ydu
k jf yefonf? xdt k cgrSpI um;aoh jrKd \-u;D onf
Aif;a'gwd\kvufatmufo\kd ESpaf ygif; 100 cef\ usa7mufchJ
7avonf?
Aif;eufôtmEkd
a*;qm;7pfonf um;aohjrdK\-uD;udk rdrw d \kd. yifv,f
"m;jya7wyfXmecsKyjf yKvyk u f m ESpaf ygif; 30 cef\r~ ajrxJ
yifv,fwiG f wdu k cf u
kd rf if;rlaecJah vonf? 455 ckEpS w f iG f
um;Avifwif;eD;,ef; {u7mZf.rdzk7m; ,l'7dk Sm; zdwf
ac:csut f 7/ a7mrjrdK\awmf-uD;udk wdu k fcu
kd If / tzdk;wef
yPnf;[lor~ESifh ,l'dk7Sm;zdzk7m;ESifh orD;awmfESpfyg;udk
um;aohjrdK\o\kd ,laqmifcahJ vonf? a7mrjrKd \awmf7dS A7if
*sD*dk+f;0ifrsm;tm;vnf; owfjzwf n|Of;qJjcif;rsm; jyK
avonf? a*;qm7pftm;ESdrfeif;7ef Oa7myjynfe,frsm;
rS ppfwyfrsm;vFwaf omfvnf; ratmifjrifay? Tod\kjzifh
a*;qm7pfESio hf .
l tquftEG,rf sm;onf xifovdk rif;
rlae-uavonf?
a7mrta7S\EdkifiHawmfjzpfaom AdkifZif;wdkifEdkifiHawmf
wGif bkef;vuf7;Hk ESifhjynfhpaHk om yXr *syfpwif;eD;,ef;
bk7if. vufxufwGifrS Aif;a'grsm;udk ESdrfeif;Edkif
avonf? 533 ckESpf pufwifbmvwGif *syfpwif;eD;
,ef;bk7if. ppfAkv d cf sKy-f uD; A,fvq D m7D;,yfonf tif
tm;awmifhwif;aom a7wyf-uD;ESihf Aif;a'gwd\k. Xme
csKyfjzpfaom um;aojrdK\ukd wdkufcu dk ford f;ydu k fvdkuaf v
onf? (*sypf wif;eD;,ef;/ yXr„7=? )
xdpk Ofu Aif;a'gwd\. k bk7ifonf vufvw G x
f uG af jy;
aomfvnf; aemiftcgwGif vufeufcsum trdco H nf?
zrf;qD;7rdaom Aif;a'goHk\yef;rsm;udkvnf; uGefpwif
wDEdky,fjrdK\awmfodk\ ac:aqmifoGm;7m tcsdK\onf *syfp
wif;eD;,ef; bk7if. ppfwyfrsm;wGif 0ifa7muftr=xrf;
-uonf? tmz7duwkdufwGif usef7pfaom Aif;a'gtcsdK\
onf qufvufyek u f efvsuf7d7S m/ A,fvDqm7D;,yfu
tjyD;wdkif ESdrfESif;vdkufonf? xdktcsdefrSpI Aif;a'gwdk\
onf a7mrwdk\ESihf rsdK;csif;a7mum uBmhorkdi;f rS aysmuf
uG,o f Gm;-uavonf?
Aif;eufôtmEdk (c7pf 186^ „ 1931) ? ? t*®vyd f
0 KjyZmwfEiS hf pme,fZif;q7m tD;aemhtmEdkAifeufudk
t*®vefjynf7dS tdk;cGuv f yk u
f ikd f7m emrnf-u;D pwufzk\d&id= f
f iG f ,me,f vefvjD rKd \teD; 7S,v f wefjrKd \uav;wGif 186^ ck
arv 2^ 7ufae\YzGm;jrifonf? zcifjzpfolrSm 0wf
vHak wmf7-u;D jzpfonf?
tmEdkAif;eufonf EsL;uyfqjJ rdK\tv,fwef;ausmif;
wGif ynmoifjyD;aemuf zcifxHwGif tca-u;aiG
r7aom 0wfvHkpma7;0ifvkyf,if; Oya'ynmudk avh
vmonf? ,if;odk\ avhvmaepOf vef'efwUodkvfrS
usif;yaom Xmaer[kwfaom ausmif;om;rsm;twGuf
115
Aif;eufôtmEkd Aif;euf7SôtD;

wUodkvf0ifpmar;yGJudk 0ifa7mufajzqdk7m atmifjrif

onf? 1885 ckESpw f Gif vef'efjrdK\ok\dwufI 0wfvHk-uD;
wpfO;D . pma7;tjzpf vkyu f ikd of nf?
0wfvHkpma7;vkyfaepOftwGif;Y Aif;eufonf 0go
emtavsmuf 0 KwdkEiS haf qmif;yg;rsm;udk 7Hzef7cH g a7;
om;cJo h nf? ol.0 Kww kd ckukd pmtky0f g *sme,frS a7G;
cs,fxnfhoGif;vdkufonfrSpI pma7;q7mtjzpf t
oufarG;7ef 1893 ckEpS fwGif a7S\aepma7;tvkyrf S xGuf
vku d fum/ vef'efjrdK\rSxw k af 0aom ‘trsKd ;orD;’ trnf7dS
rCZif;wdu k w
f iG f vufaxmuf pmwnf;tjzpf 0ifa7muf
vkyu f ikd af vonf? 1896 ckEpS w f iG f xdrk CZif;. wm0efcH
pmwnf;jzpfvmonf?
1898 ckESpw f Gif tmEdAk if;eufonf ‘‘tnmom;’’t
rnf7dS 0 K7Snf-uD;udk a7S;OD;pGm a7;om;xkwaf 0cJo h nf?
xdk0 Kudk xkwfa0onfhtcsdefwGif tmEdkAif;eufrSm t
ouf 30 cef\7adS vjy?D
1900 jynfhESpw f Gif tmEdkAif;eufonf trsdK;orD;*sm
e,fpmwnf;tjzpfrS vH;k 0Ekwfxu G v f udk jf yD;v~i/f jyifopf
Edik if aH zmifwdeAf vd;k jrdK\Y 8 ESpcf ef\omG ;a7mufaexdik fI/ rdrd jAdwdo~pmayavmuwGix
f if7Sm;aom 0 Ka7;q7m tmEkdAif;euf
zmom 0 Krsm;/ aqmif;yg;rsm;ESifh pmaya0zefcsuf
rsm;udk a7;om;cJhavonf? wESpfv~if pmvHk;a7 ig; tqef;uav;rsm;udkvnf; jrifaeust7mrsm;uJhodk\
aomif;cef\ a7;cJo h nf[kqdkonf? 190^ ckEpS fwGif jyif xifrSwfvmatmif a7;Edik af ompGr;f 7nf7Sdonfudk awG\7
opfuajconf rm*7pf[DAwfESihf vufxyfonf? ayonf? 1931 ckEpS f rwfv 2^ 7ufae\wiG f vef'efjrdK\Y
1908 ckEpS fwGix f kwaf 0aom ‘‘tdr7f iS rf rsm;yHkjyif’’t tmEkAd if;euf uG,v
f GefcJhonf?
rnf70Sd KrmS Aif;euf. taumif;qHk;vuf7m[kyifqk7d
ayrnf? xdk0 KxGuv f monfhtcsed frSpI Aif;eufonf Aif;euf7ôS tD; (c7pf1884 1948) ? ?csuu f qkd vdk
ol\acwf t*®vdyfpmayavmuwGif xdyfwef;0 Ka7; Am;uD;,m;Ekdiif H. Edik fijH yKock rdef-uD; tuf'yG Af if;euf7S
q7m-uD;tjzpf todtrSwfjyKjcif;cH7avonf? ,if; udk 1884 ckEpS f arv 28 7ufae\wiG f Ad[ k ;D rD;,m;jynfe,f
0 KY olarG;zGm;7m pwufzdk\7Sdki, f m ajrmufydkif;udk aumhZvmeD7GmYarG;zGm;onf? ol.zcifrSm qif;7Jom;
aemufcx H m;I a7;om;avonf? v,form;wOD;r~omjzpfaomfvnf; olh\tm; y7m[jrdK\7dS
Aif;eufa7;om;cJhaom 0 Krsm;pGm7Sdonfhteuf wUodv k fodk\ydk\I ynmoifapcJhonf? xdk\aemuf yg7pf/
xif7Sm;aom0 Krsm;rSm ‘‘uav;[if;*g;’’ (1910) vef'efEiS hf 'DZeG ;f wUodv k rf sm;wGif qufvufI ynmoif
‘‘[Dv'gvufpa0;’’ (1911) ESihf ‘‘TESpOf ;D ’’ (1915)/ -um;cJhonf? 1908 ckESpfwGif jyifopfEkdifiH 'DZGef;
tp 7Sdaom0 Krsm;jzpfavonf? xdk\jyif Aif;eufonf wUodkvfrS Oya'qdkif7m yg7*lbGJ\udk 77SdcJhjyD;aemuf/
‘‘*saumhwGeq f ef’’ [laom uavmiftrnfjzifh ‘‘acwf y7m[jrdK\odk\jyefI aumvdyfausmif;wckwGif ygarmQ
opf’’ pmapmifwiG f a0zefa7;aqmif;yg;rsm;udk tywfpOf tjzpf vkyu f ikd cf ohJ nf?
a7;om;xnfo h iG ;f cJah o;onf? Aif;euf.vuf7m pmtkyf yXruBmppf rjzpfrDu/ -op-wD;,m; „ [efa*7D
50 cef\7cSd Jhonfhteuf jyZmwf 13 ckyg0ifonf? ol. EdkifiH. wpdww f a'or~omjzpfaeao;aom csufukq d
xif7Sm;aom jyZmwfrsm;rSm ‘‘vlxkbmvdkcsifovJ’’ vdAk m;uD;,m;jynf oD;jcm;vGwfvyfa7;twGuf -udK;yrf;
(1909)/ ‘‘pGe\fpm;cef;-uD;’’ (1913) ponfw\kd jzpfonf? -u7mwGi/f a'gufwmAif;euf7Svnf;yg0ifonf? yg7pf
tmEdkAif;eufonf ae\pOfawG\jrifaeus tjzpftysuf jrdK\wiG f ygarmQtjzpfvkyu f idk fae,if;uyif csuv f rl sdK;
uav;rsm;udk tqef;ozG,fjzpfatmifa7;EkdifI txl; wd\k. vGwv f yfa7;wdu k yf w
JG iG f ud,k x
f v
d ufa7muf yg0if

116
Aif;euf7SôtD; Aif;epfjrdK\

ulnDcJhI/ aemiftcgwGif acgif;aqmif-uD; a'gufwm 1945 ckwGif *smrefwdk\tm; vHk;0ESdrfeif;jyD;aomt

awmrwfrmqm7pf. vuf7;Hk wpfql jzpfvmonf? (rm cg/ Aif;euf7o S nf y7m[jrdK\ok\d jyefvnfa7muf7v Sd m7m/
qm7pfôwD/*sD„7=?) yXruBmppf jzpfyGm;aepOf 1915 wdki;f oljynfom;wdk\onf ol\tm; 0rf;ajrmuf0rf;om-udK
ckESpfu yg7pfjrdK\Y csufudkvqdkAuf trsdK;om;aumifpD qdok nf? xdEk pS f atmufwb kd mv 28 7ufae\wiG f ,m,D
zGJ\pnf;wnfaxmifa7;udk a'gufwmrmqm7pfESifhtwl trsdK;om;vFwfawmfrS ol\tm; orwtjzpf jyefvnf
-udK;yrf;cJjh yD;v~if xdkaumifp. D twGi;f a7;rSL;csKyftjzpf wifajrm| ufonf? 1946 ckEpS f ZGevf 19 7ufae\wiG f wdki;f
aqmif7u G of nf? jyKjynfjyKvFwfawmfrS ol\tm; orwtjzpf wzef a7G;
yXruBmppf jyD;qHk;csed fwGif -op-wD;,m;EkdifiHonf aumufwifajrm| ufjyefonf? od\kaomf 1948 ckEpS f azzGm
ppf&=H;EkdifijH zpfojzifh ppfajyjidrf;pmcsKyf csKyfqkad omtcg/ 7DvwGif uGefjrLepfw\dk tm+mvFr;f rdk;cJ7h m/ orw Aif;
csufvlrsdK;wdk\ tcGifhomI oD;jcm;vGwfvyfa7; 7-u euf7Sonf tcsuftjcm ae7m[lor~udk uGefjrLepf0ef
onf? csufuq dk vdkAm;uD;,m; oRwEkdiif . H yXrqHk; -uD;rsm;udkifxm;aom tpdk;7tzGJ\ESifh yl;wGJaqmif7Guf
zGJ\pnf;aom tpdk;7tzGJ\wGif a'gufwmAif;euf7Sonf ae7ojzifh xdEk pS f ZGev
f ^ 7ufae\wiG f 7mxl;rS Ekwx f u
G f
EdkifiHjcm;a7;0ef-uD;tjzpf yg0ifcJh7jyD;v~if/ xdk7mxl;Y onf? 7mxl;rSxGufI 4 vr~t-um pufwifbmv
1935 ckEpS t f xd wqufwnf;7Guaf qmifco hJ nf? (1921 3 7ufae\wiG f uG,fvGefavonf?
ckEpS f atmufwb kd mvrS 1922 ckEpS f Zlvikd v f txd 0ef-uD;
csKyf7mxl;udkyg yl;wGJaqmif7u G fcJh7onf?) csufudkqvdk Aif;epfjrdK\? ?uBmay:wGif 7=cif;tvSq;kH ESihf -unfE;l
Am;uD;,mESifh ,l*dkpvm;AD;,m;/ &lar;eD;,m;EdkifiHwdk\ zG,ftaumif;qHk; jrdK\wjrdK\tjzpfausmf-um;aom Aif;epf
r[mrdwt f jzpf yl;aygif;a7;udk Aif;euf7aS qmif7u G cf . hJ ? jrKd \onf †wvDEidk if . H ta7S\ajrmufzuf atj', D ufwpf
EdkifiHaygif;csKyftoif;-uD;. vkyfief;rsm;wGifvnf; t yifv,fxyd 7f dS ADAmyifv,fx;kH xJ0,f u`e;f uav;aygif;
a7;ygt7ma7mufow l pfO;D tjzpf yg0ifaqmif7u G cf o hJ nf? 120 cef\ay:wGif vSyqef;-u,fpGmwnf7Sdonf? xdk
1932 ckEpS w f iG f jyifopfEiS v hf nf;aumif;/ 1935 ckEpS w f iG f a-umifv h nf; Aif;epfjrdK\tm; ‘atj'D,ufwpf. bk7ifr’
7k7mS ;ESivhf nf;aumif; r[mrdwpf mcsKyrf sm; csKyq f ckd ohJ nf? [kyif wifpm;ac:a0:-uonf? ,if;jrKd \onf rDvefjrKd \.
1935 ckEpS w f iG f orwa'gufwmrmqm7pf Ekwx f u G f ta7S\zufwiG f wnf7dI S / rD;7xm;vrf;tm;jzifh 164 rdik f
ojzifh a'gufwmAif;euf7S orwtjzpfqufcHonf? uGma0;onf? Aif;epfjrdK\. ta7S\zufwGif vD'u dk `ef;ac:
1938 ckESpfwGif csufudkqvdkAm;uD;,m;EkdifiH ajrmuf oJaomifco kH zG,f u`e;f 7Sn7f n S w f ck77dS m/ ,if;onf Aif;
ydkif;7Sd *smrefrsm;pGmaexdik o f nfh qla'wefe,fonf *sm epf jrKd \ojl rKd \om;rsm;. tem;,l tyef;ajzpcef;jzpfonf?
reDEkid fi. H tpdwftydik f;wckjzpfoifo h nf[I l *smreftm Aif;epfjrKd \ukd c7pf 452 ckESpfwGif pwifwnfaxmif
+m7Sif[pfwvmu awmif;qdkvku d 7f m/ Aif;euf7o S nf onf? Oa7mywkdufajrmufydkif;rS †wvDajrmufydkif;od\k
jyifopfESihf &k7Swdk\. tultnDukd ar~mfu;dk cJhaomfvnf;/ 0ifa7mufwdu k fcdkufvm-uaom [ef;vlrsdK;rsm;. ab;
tqdkyg EdkifiH-uD;rsm;tzdk\ TudPonf *smreDtm; ppf 7efrS wdrf;a7Smifxu G fajy;-u7olrsm;u yifv,fwGi;f 7Sd
a7;qif7ef vHkavmufaom ta-umif;r[kwfojzifh u`ef ; uav;rsm;ay:Y ,m,Dw Jt d r f u av;rsm;
tultnDr7cJhacs? xdk\a-umifh a'gufwm Aif;euf7S aqmufvkyfaexkdi7f mrS wjznf;jznf;pnfum;-uD;us,f
onf tiftm;ESifhjcdrf;ajcmufvsuf7Sdaom *smrefwdk\t vmjcif;jzpfonf?
vdt k wdik ;f vdu k favsmcJ7h onf? 1938 ckEpS f atmufwb kd m Aif;epfjrdK\ukd wnfaqmufpOfu 7F\HEx HG x
l yfaom u`e;f
v 5 7ufae\wiG f orwtjzpfrS Ekwx f u
G I f tar7duef ajrY opfom;wdkirf sm;pdkufI jrJatmifpGJjyD;rS taqmuf
jynfaxmifpo k dk\oGm;a7mufcJhonf? xdktawmtwGi;f 7SD ttHkrsm; wnfaqmuf-uonf? u`ef;uav; wu`ef;
um*dk;wUodv k fwGif pmayyd\kcsaeavonf? 1939 ckESpf ESifhwu`ef;-um;a7jyifudk wl;ajrmif;ozG,f azmufvkyf
rwfvwGif *smrefwdk\onf csufuq dk vdAk m;uD;,m;EkdifiH xm;7m jrdK\xYJ wl;ajrmif; 1^0 cef\7I dS / ,if;wdk\ukd jzwf
udk odrf;ydkufvdkufI/ csufrsdK;cspfykCdKvf-uD;rsm;onf ausmfum ausmufom;jzifh aqmufvkyfxm;aom wef
t*®vefjynfo\kd xGuaf jy;cdk0ifaepOf/ a'gufwmAif;euf7S wm; 400ausmcf ef\7o dS nf? jrKd \utkd *®vyd pf mvH;k Í o!mef
onf vef'efjrdK\odk\ a7mufvmjyD;v~if csufudkqvdkAm; auG\azmufxm;aom *7if;ue,fonf t-uD;qHk; wl;
uD;,m;EdkifiH ppfajy;tpdk;7udk zGJ\pnf;onf? ajrmif;jzpfI 7D,,fvwdkwefwm;ESifh qdkif;wHwm;-uD;

117
Aif;epfjrdK\
wd\krmS uBmausmo f nf? 7D,,fvwdw k efwm;onf *7if;
ue,fukjd zwfI aqmufvkyfxm;vsuf/ wefwm;wzuf
wcsufwGif aps;qdkif-uD;rsm;7So d nf? qdkif;wefwm;rSmrl
'd;k *seef;awmftxufxyfEiS fh tusO;f axmif-uD;udk quf
oG,af qmufvkyfxm;aom wHwm;jzpfonf?
Aif;epfjrdK\onf tjcm;jrdK\rsm;uJhodk\ vrf;-uD;rsm;ESifh
azmufvyk x f m;onfr[kwb f /J vrf;rsm;tpm; wl;ajrmif;
rsm;om7Sdaoma-umifh/ Aif;epfjrdK\oljrdK\om;rsm;onf w
ae7mrSwae7modk\ avSoºefrsm;ESifhom ul;oef;-u7
onfjzpf7m/ armfawmfum;oH/ rD;7xm;oHrsm;udk r-um;
7bJ taqmufttHrk sm;udk vdi= f;*,ufrsm; wjzwfjzwf
&kdufcwfoHrsm;ESifhwuG avSoºef-uD;rsm; avSmfcwfoH
ESifh avSorm;rsm;. oDcsif;oHrsm;udkom -um;7.?
,mOfpufoH[I l wcgw7H armfawmfAw k frsm; ckwfarmif;
oHESifh †wvDurf;r-uD;rSaeI qufo, G af qmufvkyf
xm;aom wefwm;-uD;ay:Y ckwfarmif;vmaom rD;7
xm;-uD;. O-ooHrsm;udkom -um;7onf?
Aif;epfjrdK\Y uBmausmf pderf wf/ qefqmvAm;awm/
qefuufq;D ,m;Ed;k / qefqAD wfpwD,mEk;d paom bk7m;
7Sdckd;ausmif;-ud;rsm;/ pm-unfhwdkuf-uD;rsm;/ 'dk;*seef;
awmfpaom a7S;a[mif;taqmufttHk-uD;rsm; trsm;
tjym;7So d nf? Aif;epfjrdK\onf AdkifZifwkdiftifykid f,m-uD;
Aif;epfjrdK\wGif a7vrf;rsm;jzihfom c7D;oGm;vm-uonf?
118
aAmifwkwfiSuf
ESihf ESpaf ygif;waxmifausmcf ef\ qufo, G cf o
hJ jzifh Aif;epf
taqmufttHEk iS hf jrKd \taetxm;onf †wvD[efrqef
bJ/ *7d[efqefonf? taqmufttHk-uD;rsm;udk tjyif
a7mtwGif;yg crf;em;pGmjyifqifxm;onf? eef;awmf
rsm;. twGif;zufeH7Hrsm;wGif Aif;epfjrdK\om; yef;csD
ausmfwdk\. vuf7mrsm;jzpfaom eH7Huyfyef;csDrsm;jzifh
a7;jc,fxm;avonf?
Aif;epfjrdK\onf qdyu f rf;aumif;wckjzpfI qdyfurf;
7=cif;rSmvnf; tvGefvSyonf? a7S;tcgu ajrxJyif
v,fxw J Gif Aif;epfjrdK\onf ul;oef;a7mif;0,fa7; A[dk
tcsuftjcm jrdK\-uD;jzpfcJhaomfvnf;/ ,ckrl †wvD
Edik fiH. oWrt-uD;qHk; jrdK\omjzpfawmhonf? vlO;D a7
303ô0007Sdonf? Aif;epfjrdK\.xif7Sm;aom xGufukef
rsm;rSm yg;vFmEke,faom zefxnf/ vufx;dk Zm/ A&ku d wd f
xnfw\dkjzpfonf? Aif;epfjrdK\om;wd\konf opfom;yef;yk/
a-u;&kyfwk/ rSefpDa7FcsyPnf; ponfhtEkynmvuf7m
rsm;Y txl;yif ajymifajrmuf-uonf? 'kwd,uBmppf
rjzpfrDu Aif;epfjrdK\wGif oab®mrsm; wnfaqmufcJhI
wdyk 'D kjd yKvkyo f nfh puf&Hkyif7cSd zJh l;onf?
aAmifwkwfiSuf? ? aAmifww k if uS of nf *&l;tD;azmrD;
rsdK;pOf/ 7,fvD'D;rsdK;7if;wGif yg0ifaom iSufrsdK;jzpf
onf? ,if;udk yg+aA'tvdt k m;jzifh *,fvu D 7ufpDeD
7D;,m;[k ac:onf?
aAmifww k fiu
S f. tvsm;rSm 1^ vufr jzpfonf?
aAmifwkwfiSufrxuf aAmifwkwfiSufzdkwGif tarmuf
atmufajcydkIus,fjyef\onf? om;aygufcsdefwGif xdk
tarmufatmufajconf tom;qdkifjzifhjyD;aom OD;csdK
uJhodk\ aigxGufaeI/ teDa7mifjzpfaejyD;v~if/ EkwfoD;
onf t0ga7mifjzpfonf? om;aygufcsdefr[kwfonfh
tcgwGif ikufzdkonf iSufrESifh cyfqifqifwlonfhjyif/
ausmzufwGif tndKa7mifEkESifh tndKa7mif7ifh tuGuf
rsm;7Sdonf? atmufydkif;Yrl tndKa7mifazsmhazsmh7SdjyD;
v~if/ tndK7ifha7mif7Sdaom aumufauG;onfh tpif;
a-umif;rsm;7Sod nf? rsufpdESifhE=wo f D;0gonf? tarmuf
ryg7Sdacs? ajcaxmufESifh ajcacsmif;rsm;rSm tpdrf;7ifh
a7mifoef;aom tndKa7mifjzpfonf? ysHoef;aepOf t
awmifrsm;rSm rGJjyma7mifoef;aom tndKa7mifjzpfjyD;
v~if/ vnfwHEiS fhtjrD;rSm teufa7mifjzpfonf? iSuu f
av;rsm;rSm iSufrESifhwlaomfvnf;/ eDndKa7mifydkIoef;
vsuf7SdjyD;v~if/ atmufykdif;wGif tpif;a-umif;tenf;
i,fomyg7So d nf?