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K THUT X L V BO QUN SAU THU HOCH M NH: TI LIU K THUT CHO RAU QU V HOA CY CNH
Ti bn ln th 4
Cng ngh sau thu hoch rau qu v hoa cy cnh s 8, thng 7/2002, chnh l v b sung 11/2003 Tc gi: Lisa Kitinoja, Adel A. Kader
Trng i hc California, Davis Trung tm nghin cu v thng tin cng ngh sau thu hoch
Bn quyn
2004 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA - DAVIS, CALIFORNIA Bn quyn thuc Trng i hc Caliornia, Davis. xin php copy, sao chp ton b hoc mt phn ca ti liu ny cn phi vit n, trong ch r mc ch cch thc sao chp v gi v i hc Caliornia Davis, Caliornia.
K thut x l v bo qun sau thu hoch m nh: Ti liu k thut cho rau qu v hoa cy cnh -Page 1-
Ngi dch: 1. TS. Chu Don Thnh 1 2. KS. Lng Th Song Vn 2 3. KS. Nguyn Th Hnh 3 Hiu nh bn dch: 1. PGS.TS. V Mnh Hi 4 2. TS. Hong Th L Hng 5
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Trng B mn bo qun Ch bin Vin nghin cu rau qu Cn b B mn Bo qun Ch bin Vin nghin cu rau qu 3 Cn b B mn Bo qun Ch bin Vin nghin cu rau qu 4 Vin trng Vin nghin cu rau qu. 5 Ph trng B mn Bo qun Ch bin Vin nghin cu rau qu K thut x l v bo qun sau thu hoch m nh: Ti liu k thut cho rau qu v hoa cy cnh -Page 2-
MC LC
GII THIU Cc nguyn nhn ch yu gy tn tht sau thu hoch v gim cht lng sn phm Mc d h hng tng i v kh nng tn tr ca cc sn phm ti sng Cc ngun h tr qun l cht lng v xut khu CHNG 1: THU HOCH V CHUN B TIU TH SN PHM Tiu chun v gi thu hi S dng chit quang k S dng thit b o cng K thut thu hi Bao b thu hi Dng c thu hi ng gi ti rung Vn chuyn v khu vc ng gi CHNG 2: CC X L C BIT I VI RAU N R C V DNG BU X l ti rung X l bng kh nng Phng thc xp ng x l hnh c X l t xut CHNG 3: CC CNG ON X L TRONG KHU VC NG GI H thng pallet hp Cc cng on chung S b tr khu vc ng gi Bc d sn phm H thng bng chuyn
7 9 10 10 12 13 15 16 18 19 21 25 27 29 29 31 31 32 33 35 36 36 37 38
Ra Bc sp La chn Phn loi theo kch thc Dy chuyn ng gi n gin CHNG 4: BAO GI V VT LIU BAO GI: K thut ng gi Bao b La chn bao b K thut ng gi Dn nhn Chun ha kch c bao b ng gi to mi trng kh quyn ci bin (MAP) Xp bao b thnh khi CHNG 5: THI HNG V PHNG TR CN TRNG Phng tr bng ha cht Tui th cm l ca hoa ct X l nhit thp X l bng kh quyn iu chnh v kh quyn ci bin X l nhit nng Kim sot sinh hc v iu ha sinh trng CHNG 6: KIM SOT NHIT V M TNG I Lm lnh kiu trong phng Lm lnh bng khng kh cng bc Lm lnh bng nc Lm lnh bng phng php bay hi Thng gi phng bo qun vo ban m
40 41 42 45 48 50 51 54 63 65 67 68 69 71 73 73 77 79 79 80 82 84 85 86 89 90 96
Tn thng lnh S dng nc Mt s bin php lm lnh khc Tng m tng i Duy tr chui lnh cho cc sn phm d h hng CHNG 7: BO QUN CC SN PHM NGH VN Khuyn co nhit bo qun Mc nhy cm vi tn thng lnh K thut bo qun Cc loi kho bo qun Bo qun cc nng sn kh v sn phm dng bu Bo qun cc sn phm n r v n c Bo qun khoai ty Bo qun bng kh quyn kim sot CHNG 8: VN CHUYN CC SN PHM NGH VN Phng tin vn chuyn thng thng Phng tin lm lnh di ng (USDA) Xe vn ti lnh Cch thc xp hng/xp th cng Cch thc xp hng/xp bng pallet Cch thc xp hng Ging cht hng ha Vn chuyn bng my bay CHNG 9: X L TI NI TIP NHN D hng Nhit bo qun tm thi La chn v ng gi li
98 99 103 103 105 106 107 112 112 118 134 135 136 141 153 153 155 156 157 160 161 161 163 164 164 166 168
Rm chn By hng CHNG 10: CH BIN RAU QU V HOA Thit b ch bin Chun b ch bin Sy bng nng lng mt tri Sy bng khng kh cng bc Sy bng l sy du Sy bng l sy in Sy bng l nng Sy hoa kh ng hp Ch bin nc qu Cc phng php ch bin khc CHNG 11: V SINH AN TON THC PHM V sinh ng rung Gim thiu nhim vi sinh vt gy bnh trong qu trnh thu hi Gim thiu nhim vi sinh vt trong qu trnh x l sau thu hoch V sinh bao b, thit b thu hi v khu vc ng gi Truy xut ngun gc Mt s thng tin b sung TI LIU THAM KHO PH LC 1: MT S THNG TIN B SUNG TRN INTERNET
169 174 177 177 180 182 186 187 188 189 190 192 194 195 196 197 198 199 200 201 201 203 207
GII THIU Gii thiu chung

Ba mc tiu chnh ca vic p dng cng ngh sau thu hoch cho sn phm rau qu gm: 1. Gi vng cht lng (hnh dng, kt cu, hng v, v gi tr dinh dng) 2. Bo v thc phm an ton 3. Gim tn tht gia thi im thu hoch v tiu dng Vic qun l hiu qu trong sut thi k sau thu hoch, tt hn vic a ra bt k cng ngh phc tp no, l cha kha t c mc tiu t ra. Trong khi vic u t thit b t tin v x l sau thu hoch bng cng ngh cao s em li li ch cho cc hot ng quy m ln, th li l vn khng thc tin i vi quy m nh. Thay vo , cng ngh n gin, chi ph thp c th thch hp hn i vi khi lng nh. cc nc ang pht trin, cc hot ng thng mi thng hn ch, nng dn phi bn sn phm trc tip cho nh cung cp cng nh ngi xut khu. Nhiu s i mi gn y trong cng ngh sau thu hoch cc nc pht trin trnh c vic s dng lao ng gi cao v cho sn phm t cht lng hon ho. Cc phng php ny c th khng c chng minh trong thi gian di, v cn c s lin quan n kinh t x hi, vn ha v mi trng. V d, vic s dng thuc tr hi sau thu hoch c th lm gim t l khuyt tt b mt, nhng c th phi tr gi cao c v kinh ph v hu qu i vi mi trng. Thm na, nhu cu ngy cng ln v cc sn phm rau qu trng theo phng php hu c s to c hi cho ngi sn xut v bun bn quy m nh. Cc iu kin a phng i vi ngi sn xut quy m nh bao gm s d tha lao ng, thiu lng tin vo vic u t cng ngh sau thu hoch, ngun cung cp nng lng in khng chc chn, thiu phng tin vn chuyn, kho lu tr, nguyn liu bao gi, cng nh mt lot nhng hn ch khc. Cng rt may rng, c nhiu cng ngh sau thu hoch n gin c th la chn, v c nhiu kh nng p ng nhu cu ca ngi sn xut v bun bn quy m nh. Trong sch ny gii thiu nhiu phng php c s dng thnh cng lm gim tn tht v gia c sn phm cht lng tt ca nhiu cy trng nhiu ni trn th gii trong nhiu nm qua. C rt nhiu bc c nh hng n nhau trong bt k phng php sau thu hoch no. Sn phm thng c chuyn qua nhiu ngi khc nhau, vn chuyn v lu tr vi ln gia thi im thu hoch v tiu dng. Trong khi mi loi sn phm phi c k thut ring, v cc hot ng theo trnh t ring, th mc ch ca cun sch ny l a ra mt phng php chung cho vic lu tr sau thu hoch. Chng 1 a ra mt s k nng thu hoch v cc phng php chun b sn phm ti cho th trng. Chng 2 cung cp nhng v d c la chn v vic x l th no sn phm cy thn c, hnh trc khi tn tr hoc bo qun. Chng 3 minh ha cc cng ngh n gin c th s dng cho nh bao gi, c th l mt ci lu n gin trn ng rung, hoc mt vi cu trc kho lm mt v lu tr.
Chng 4 a ra nhng phng php khc nhau ca vic bao gi, v nguyn liu bao gi, c th gip gi c cht lng sn phm v lm gim tn thng c gii trong qu trnh lu tr, vn chuyn v bo qun. Chng 5 miu t phng php kim sot vt gy hi, v a ra gi v vic x l ha hc trong vic kim sot cn trng v bnh hi. Cc phng php n gin lm mt sn phm c miu t trong chng 6. Cu trc kho bo qun, phng php m bo s thng gi thch hp, v cc cng ngh n gin cho vic bo qun trong iu kin khng kh ci bin c gii thiu trong chng 7. K thut vn chuyn c th hn ch tn tht c gii thiu trong chng 8, v cc phng php lu tr cc im bn bun bn l c a ra chng 9. Chng 10 gii thiu mt vi phng php ch bin sn phm ti lm tng gi tr sn phm nh sy kh, ng hp v p nc qu. Cui cng, chng 11 l mt chng mi ca phin bn ln ny ca cun sch, miu t c s ca Thc hnh nng nghip tt (GAP), v phng php n gin c th p dng m bo an ton cho sn phm ti. Mi k nng c a ra trong sch ny u c miu t chi tit v minh ha bng hnh nh. Nhng thng tin chi tit hn v bt k mt k nng c th no, ngi s dng sch c th tm theo ngun sch lit k, hoc c th lin h trc tip vi tc gi ca sch. Nhng k thut c miu t trong cun sch ny khng phi l ton b cc vn ca cng ngh sau thu hoch, nhng l im khi u cho vic lu tr sn phm cy trng quy m nh. Chng ti khuyn bn nn th cc bin php k thut v so snh chng vi cc k thut hin thi ca bn. Nh rng, bt k k thut no cng cn s dng linh hot ph hp nht vi iu kin a phng hoc ph hp vi nguyn liu. V chng ti hy vng rng, nhng ngi s dng cun sch ny cng s thng tin cho chng ti thm na nhng cng ngh c tnh thc tin, v chi ph thp cc bn ang s dng, m chng ti cha cp n trong phin bn ny. Chng ti tin tng rng vic p dng mt vi k nng n gin c m t trong sch ny c th gip vic tn tr nng sn quy m nh gim c tn tht sn phm, bo v sn phm an ton, v gi rau qu t cht lng tt. Hnh 1: Cc bc lu tr sau thu hoch i vi sn phm nhit i
Nguyn nhn chnh ca tn tht v suy gim cht lng sau thu hoch D vic gio dc o to c gng hng thp nin, nhng nguyn nhn chnh ch yu ca vic tn tht sau thu hoch cc nc ang pht trin vn l tn tr trong iu kin b mt xu, x x, s duy tr lm mt v nhit khng thch hp. Ngoi ra thiu s phn loi loi ra nhng sn phm khuyt tt trc khi lu tr, v s dng vt liu bao gi khng ph hp cng l nhng nguyn nhn ca vn ny. Ni chung, gim n mc ti thiu vic tn tr trong iu kin xu, phn loi loi b nhng sn phm b tn thng v b bnh, v qun l nhit hiu qu s c tc dng ng k gi cht lng sn phm v gim tn tht khi bo qun. Tui th bo qun s tng ln nu nhit trong sut thi k tn tr c gi gn vi nhit ti u ca sn phm. Nhm Mu Nguyn nhn gy tn tht v gim cht lng sau thu hoch (xp theo th t mc quan trng) Tn thng c gii Phng php x l khng thch hp Ny mm v bn r Mt nc (ho) Thi hng Tn thng lnh (thng xy ra i vi cc sn phm cy trng c ngun gc cn nhit i hoc nhit i). Mt nc (ho) Mt mu xanh Tn thng c gii Cng h hp tng i cao Thi hng Rau n hoa Cy atiso Hoa l xanh Hoa l trng Rau n qu non Da chut B C tm t Mp u xanh
Rau n c
C rt C ci ng Hnh c Ti Khoai ty Khoai lang
Rau n l
Rau dip Rau bina Bp ci Hnh hoa
Tn thng c gii Vng ha v cc biu hin bin mu khc Rng hoa Thi hng Thu hoch qu chn Mt nc (nhn ho) Bm tm v cc tn thng c gii khc Tn thng lnh Thi hng
Rau n qu v tri cy chn
C chua Da Qu c mi Chui Xoi To Nho Qu hch
Bm tm Thu hoch khi qu chn hoc mm Mt nc Tn thng lnh (y l nhng loi qu rt nhy cm vi nhit lnh) Thay i cu trc Thi hng
Kh nng h hng tng i v tui th sau thu hoch ca cc sn phm ti Phn loi cc sn phm cy trng ti theo kh nng h hng tng i v tui th sau thu hoch trong khng kh nhit v m gn vi iu kin ti u. Kh nng h Kh nng tui th sau thu hng tng hoch i Rt cao <2 Sn phm hng ha M, qu mm xi, vit qut, o, qu v, du ty, mng ty, gi, hoa l xanh, hoa l trng, hnh hoa, rau dip, nm, u H Lan, rau bina, ng ngt, c chua chn, hoa ct, rau qu qua x l nh. L, chui, nho (khng x l SO2), i, sn tr Nht, qut, xoi, da, cc loi da, xun o, u , o, mn, atiso, u xanh, ci bruxen, bp ci, cn ty, mp, t, b, c chua ng. Mt vi ging to v l, nho x l SO2, cam, bi, qut, qu kiwi, qu hng, lu, c ci ng, c rt, khoai ty bi. Mt s ging l v to, chanh, khoai ty i, hnh kh, ti, b ng, b ma ng, khoai lang, khoai mn, chi mm ca cc cy cnh. Qu hch, rau qu kh.
Cao
2-4
Trung bnh Thp Rt thp
4-8 8 - 16 >16
Ngun: Kader, A.A, 1993. Tn tr sau thu hoch Cc ngun h tr cho qun l cht lng v xut khu cung cp nhng thng tin v yu cu chi tit v xut khu cho nhng ngi tn tr nng sn, vin nghin cu ti nguyn thin nhin (1994) xut bn mt cun sch kh ton din v m Bo Cht Lng Cho Nng Sn Xut Khu. Cun sch a ra nhng hng dn c th cho vic qun l cht lng ton din cc quy trnh sau thu hoch, bao gm kim tra, v sinh, phn tch d lng thuc bo v thc vt, tiu chun ha cc thit b o nhit , v lu h s. Sch ny c khuyn co s dng i vi bt k ai hot ng trong lnh vc thng mi xut
khu sn phm cy trng ti cc nc khi Chu u (Sch c bn ti NRI, trung tm Avenue, Chatham Martime, Kent ME4 4TB, UK). Tiu chun phn loi Hoa K c p dng rng ri i vi cc loi rau qu s dng cho th trng hoc ch bin. xem cc tiu chun ca Hoa K cho cc loi hng nng sn c bit, v mi hng dn kim tra, bn c th tm n a ch:Ngnh hng ti, USDA-AMS, FV, phng 2056-S, Washington, D.C.,20250. U.S. Hoc c th truy cp vo website ca USDA-AMS: http://www.ams.usda.gov/standards/stanfrfv.htm . T chc hp tc kinh t v pht trin (OECD) xut bn cun sch nh Tiu chun quc t v rau qu, ti Bc M, son tho bi trung tm thng tin v xut bn OECD, 2001, ph L, N.W, dy 700, Washington, D.C., 20036-4910. Ngoi ra, cn c th lin h vi nh xut bn OECD, 2 Rue Andr-Pascal, 75775 Paris Cedex 16, Php. An ton thc phm gn y tr thnh iu c u tin xem xt hng u i vi nhng ngi bn l, nhng ngi ang hng n xy dng mt K Nng Thc Hnh Nng Nghip Tt (GAP) ton cu. Ti liu v GAP i vi rau qu c mt nhm nhng ngi bn l Chu u khi xng v c cng nhn sut 3 nm qua.Bn d tho EUREP-GAP v rau qu cng c cp giy chng nhn. Cc t chc sn xut t khp cc chu lc cng bt u p dng nhng gii php c tnh thng nht v chi ph thp ny m bo an ton thc phm (http://www.eurep.org) Nhim v ca ban thanh tra y t ng vt v thc vt (APHIS) l bo v ng vt v cc ngun thc vt ca Hoa K bng cch: - Bo v ti nguyn trnh vt hi v bnh hi a t nc ngoi vo. - Gim st v qun l vt hi v bnh hi tn ti M - Phn tch v qun l cc vn thng mi lin quan n an ton ng thc vt - m bo chm sc sc khe con ngi Website ca APHIS (http://www.aphis.usda.gov ) cung cp cc thng tin phong ph lin quan n quy nh xut nhp khu Hoa K. T chc Protrade xc tin thng mi M latinh, chu Phi, chu , v ng u bng cch cung cp nhng kinh nghim chuyn mn v marketing cho cc nh sn xut cnh tranh trn th trng chu u. c s tay hng dn chung cho thng mi v marketing cho tri cy ti v kh, s tay xut khu (bng ting Anh v Ty Ban Nha) cho mng ty, xoai, l, u v da. Nhng n phm ny c xut bn bi Deutsche Gesellschaft fur Technische Zusammenarbeit (GTZ), Gmb H/Protrade, P.O. Box 5180, D-65726 Eschborn, c. Sch v thu hoch, tn tr v marketing sau thu hoch i vi chui, xoi, chm chm, u v su ring c xut bn bi cc tn tr thc phm ASEAN. Sch c bn ti cc tn tr thc phm ASEAN, tng 3, G14/G15, Pusat Bandar Damansara, 50490 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Cc thnh vin ca Produceworld c th mua hoc bn cc sn phm qua trang web: www.produceworld.com .
Chng 1
QU TRNH THU HOCH V CHUN B CHO TH TRNG - 1 Nhng ngi sn xut quy m nh c th thu hoch sm i vi rau, rau non v c gi tr hn, hoc thu hoch mun i vi qu, qu t trng thi chn tt, hng thm tt, hoc thu hoch nhiu ln ( tp hp sn phm trng thi ti u). Tt c nhng la chn ny s em li li nhun cao v lm tng gi tr ca sn phm bn ra th trng. Mt trong nhng li ph bin nht m ngi nng dn mc phi l thu hoch qu qu sm, khi chng cha chn, cha t c hng v tt nht. Mt vi loi rau, nu sinh trng qu la s b nhiu x, n khng ngon. i vi rt nhiu loi nng sn, nu thu hoch ton b ch trong mt ln th s ln rt nhiu sn phm cn non, hoc qu chn. Nu s dng ch s chn nh mt tiu chun th s gim c rt nhiu s tn tht trong qu trnh phn loi trc. i vi mt vi loi cy trng, th phi s dng khc x k xc nh hm lng ng, hoc s dng my o cng xc nh cng. Cc tn thng c gii trong qu trnh thu hoch c th tr thnh vn nghim trng, v cc vt thng ny s dn n thi hng sn phm, mt nc nhanh, tng cng h hp v s sn sinh ethylene dn n suy gim cht lng nhanh chng. Ni chung, thu hoch bng my s gy tn thng nhiu hn so vi thu hoch bng tay, mc d cc cy c c c th b tn thng do o xi bng tay khng cn thn. Vt dng dng cha ng trn ng rung cn phi sch s, c b mt trong nhn, v khng c cc cnh x x. Nn s dng cc thng nha tng, lc u c th thy t, nhng chng bn, c th s dng li v ra sch d dng (FAO, 1989). Nu s dng st tre, nn dng st c an theo kiu mt trong i xng vi mt ngoi, v phn cung ca im bt u v kt thc phi mt ngoi ca r (Grierson, 1987). Nhng ngi thu hoch bng tay cn c o to cch thu hoch ph hp ti thiu ha cc tn thng v lng ph, v phi nhn ra c chn ti thch ca sn phm m h ang thu hoch. Ngi thu hoch cn lm vic vi s thn trng, bng cch b, hoc ct, hoc ko git rau qu ra khi cy bng cch t gy tn thng nht. Nn chn u dao trn, ti thiu vic v m vo qu, v lm tn thng nng cc cy lu nm. Dao v cc dng c xn khc cn phi sc. Ngi thu hoch phi c hun luyn s dng ti ng mt cch cn thn, khng nm sn phm vo vt cha ng. Nu ng nng sn trc tip vo thng ln th s trnh c cc vt bm dp. Cng trnh phi nng sn di nh nng mt tri th cng tt, k c trong lc thu hoch v sau thu hoch, v sn phm b phi di nng s thu nhit, v c th b rm nng. Sn phm b phi di nng c th nhanh chng nng ln 4 60C (7 110F) so vi nhit khng kh (Thompson, 2001). Thng ng trn cnh ng cn trong bng rm hoc c che ph nh (v d dng bt sng mu, hoc cy rm l, hoc dng rm) nu chng khng c vn chuyn sm ra khi cnh ng. Thnh thong c th thu hoch vo bui ti hoc sng sm, khi nhit bn trong nng sn thp, gim c nng lng cho vic lm mt sau ny. Hin tng chy nha mt s loi nng sn thng t hn vo bui sng mun, nhiu hn vo
lc bnh minh, v d nh xoi v u (Pantastico, 1980), v th nn thu hoch vo bui sng, nhng sng mun th tt hn, gim cng lm sch sn phm trc khi bao gi. Cng nh vy, cc qu c mi cng khng nn thu hoch vo lc sng tinh m khi qu b sng v tnh nhy cm ln ca n vi vic gii phng ra tinh du t cc tuyn du, iu ny s li cc vt du (cc m xanh trn qu c mi mu vng, hoc cam). Ngay sau khi thu hoch, khi sn phm c chun b cho th trng, cn phi c lm mt. Lm mt (hay lm mt s b), l xua i nhit tch t trn ng rung ngay sau khi thu hoch, trc khi bt k hot ng lu tr no din ra. Tr hon vic lm mt s dn n gim tui th sau thu hoch, v gim cht lng. Thm ch sn phm c lp li qu trnh lm mt ri li lm nng th t l h hng vn thp hn so vi sn phm khng c lm mt (Mitchell v cng s, 1972). Lu tr trong b mt x x khi chun b nguyn liu cho th trng s lm tng cc tn thng c gii v cc vt bm dp, hn ch li ch ca vic lm mt. Con ng i t ng rung n nh bao gi nn c la chn, trnh va p, trnh h. Thng ng nng sn cn c bo v tt trong qu trnh vn chuyn, nu khng lt rm y . Tc vn chuyn phi ph hp vi cht lng v iu kin ca con ng, xe ti hoc xe b cn c gi gn tt. Cng gim c s ln lu tr cho sn phm th cng gim c tn tht. Bao gi trn ng rung (la chn, phn loi, ct xn v bao gi sn phm ti thi im thu hoch) c th gim cc bc lu tr sn phm trc khi a ra th trng. C th thit k xe ko nh hoc cc trm bao gi di ng trn ng rung, cng vi ngi bao gi, v cn m bo bng rm cho qu trnh bao gi. Tiu chun gi thu hi Tiu chun chn c xc nh cho rt nhiu loi qu, rau v cc loi hoa. Thu hoch nng sn chn thch hp s cho sn phm c cht lng tt. Sn phm c thu hoch qu sm c th km mi v, v c th khng chn, trong khi thu hoch qu mun th gi hoc qu chn. Ngi thu hoch cn c o to phng php nhn dng sn phm ph hp cho thu hoch. Trong bng di y, Reid cung cp mt vi biu hin ca s chn
Biu hin Thi gian tnh t khi hoa n r Nhit trung bnh trong qu trnh pht trin S pht trin ca cc lp v Hnh thi v cu trc b mt
V d To, l o, to, ng ngt Mt vi loi da, to, qu mn M S hnh thnh biu b nho, c chua, hnh thnh mng mt s loi da, v bng by ca mt vi loi qu do s pht trin ca lp sp Tt c cc loi qu v nhiu loi rau Anh o, da hu, khoai ty M xoi y n, chc, cht ca hoa l xanh v trng. Bp ci, ci Brusel. To, l, qu hch u H Lan Tt c cc loi qu v hu ht cc loi rau S hnh thnh vt cht ging nh thch trong qu c chua. To, l To, l, qu hch, nho Lu, qu c mi, u , da, kiwi Qu c mi L tu Qu hng, qu ch l To, l.
Kch thc Trng lng ring Hnh dng rn chc c im cu to cng Tnh non, mm Mu sc bn ngoi Mu sc v cu to bn trong Cc yu t cu thnh Hm lng tinh bt Hm lng ng Hm lng axit, t l ng/axit Hm lng dch qu Hm lng du Cht ng (hm lng tanin) Hm lng ethylene ni sinh
Ngun: Kader, A.A, 1983. Postharvest Quality Maintenance of Fruits and Vegetables in Developing Countries. In: Lieberman, M., Post-harvest Physiology and Crop Preservation. Plenum Publishing Corporation. P.455-469 Rau c th thu hoch phm vi rng ca chn, tu vo b phn ca cy c s dng lm thc n. Bng di y cung cp mt vi v d v biu hin chn ca cc loi cy rau.
Loi cy trng Cy c c, cy thn c, thn hnh C ci, c rt Khoai ty, hnh, ti Khoai lang, c t, c gng Hnh hoa Cc loi rau dng qu Cc loi rau u Mp ty Bu b
Biu hin to v gin (k c phn rut nu chn gi) Phn ngn bt u kh v thng b to (dai v x nu qu chn) L cy to nht v di nht. V y v sn sng tch i. Mt s loi u th bt u mt mu xanh t kch thc tt nht, v phn cung hoa c th rng d dng. t kch thc tt nht, mng tay ci c th m vo tht qu (nu mng tay khng m c vo tht qu tc l gi) t kch thc tt nht, nhng vn mm (nu mu sc b ti, hoc thay i, hoc ht cng th tc l gi). Sa chy ra t ht nu b ct. Cc ht s trt khi qu b ct, hoc mu xanh ca v chuyn sang mu hng. Mu xanh m chuyn sang mu sm hoc . D dng tch ra khi cy leo bng cch xon nh. S thay i mu sc ca qu t mu xanh sng sang mu kem, mi thm d nhn thy. Mu ca phn pha di chuyn sang mu vng kem, khi v nghe ting rng. Kt hoa cht, chc (nu qu la th cm hoa di ra v lng lo). Khm n cht, chc (nu qu la th lng). ln trc khi ra hoa. u kt li chc nch (qu la th u m). ln.
C tm, mp ng, da leo Ng rau C chua t ngt Da x Da mt Da hu Rau n hoa Hoa l trng Hoa l xanh Rau n l Rau dip Bp ci Cn ty
Cch s dng thit b o khc x (Chit quang k) ng l cht rn chnh ha tan trong dch qu, v v th, hm lng cht rn ha tan c th s dng nh gi ngt. My o khc x cm tay c th s dng
xc nh % SSC (Soluble Solids Content hm lng cht kh ha tan tng s, tng ng vi Brix cho dung dch ng) trong mt mu nh dch qu. Nhit s nh hng n kt qu o (tng khong 0,5% SSC khi tng 50C hoc 100F), nn bn cn iu chnh php o cho nhit thng. My p ti c th s dng p dch qu t cc mu qu. i vi qu nh, s dng ton b qu. i vi qu ln, ly mt gc i din cho phn u cung n phn u hoa, v n trung tm ca qu. Loi b tht qu bng cch lc dch qua mt ming vi tha nh. Bn phi lm sch, v chun ha my o chit xut gia mi ln c kt qu bng nc lc (nn 0% SSC 200C hoc 680F).
Di y l mt vi v d v hm lng %SSC ti thiu ca hng ha nng sn c la chn. Nu ch s bn c c cao hn, th sn phm ca bn tt hn so vi mc tiu chun ti thiu. V d du ty l mt loi qu cho hng v hp dn nht, s o c 8% SSC hoc cao hn. Hm lng SSC ti thiu ca mt s loi nguyn liu M 10% Vit qut 10 Anh o 14-16 Nho 14-17.5 Kiwi 6.5 Xoi 10-12 Da 10 Xun o 10 u 11.5 o 10 L 13 Da 12 Mn 12 Lu 17 Du ty 7 Da hu 10 Ngun: Kader, A.A 1999 Cch s dng my o cng mm hoc gin c th nh gi bng cch p sn phm, hoc bng cch cn th. C th thc hin php o khch quan bng my o cng, l mt thit b khng t. Cch ph bin nht o cng l nh gi kh nng chng li lc p v lc nghin. My o cng cho qu Effe-gi l thit b cm tay vi my o lc nghin. xc nh cng, s dng cc qu cng nhit , v qu nhit m lun mm hn lnh. S dng qu cng kch thc, v qu to thng mm hn qu nh. Thc hin hai ln m vo qu i vi qu to, mt ln vo m i din, gia phn u cung v u hoa. B i mt ming v (to hn u mi m) v chn
u mi m thch hp (xem bn di). Gi qu ng nguyn mt ch, trn b mt cng, v dng lc t t m mi m vo qu, vi tc nht qun (khong 2 giy) n ng vch trn mi m. c ch s gn nht 0.5 lbf. Cc kch thc u m Effi-gi thch hp s dng khi xc nh cng ca qu 1,5 mm (1/16 inch) 3 mm (1/8 inch) 8 mm (5/16 inch) 11 mm (7/16 inch) Oliu Anh o, nho, du ty M, l tu, kiwi, l, xoi, xun o, u , o. To
Kim tra my o cng bng cch gi my o thng ng v t u mi m trn h thng chia (t l). n xung cho ti khi thit b ch mt trng lng, sau c kt qu. c 3-5 ln, nu cho kt qu nh nhau th my o cng sn sng s dng. Bn c th iu chnh my o cng bng cch chn mt vng m vo v tr thch hp (theo s hng dn s dng thit b).
K nng thu hi K nng thu hi cng trnh gy tn thng c hc th cng tt. o xi, cm, hi mt cch nh nhng s gim c tn tht.
i vi mt vi loi cy trng, im phn chia t nhin c hnh thnh mi ni gia phn cung v thn, khi qu chn. Ngi thu hi nn cm gi qu chc chn nhng nh nhng, v b ngc ln nh hnh minh ha di y. eo gng tay vi, ct mng tay, v khng eo trang sc nh nhn, vng tay gim tn thng c hc trong qu trnh thu hi.
Ngun: FAO, 1989. Prevention of Post-harvest Losses: Fruits, Vegetables and Root Crops. A Training Manual, Rome: UNFAO.157 pp Nu thu hoch mt lng nh rau n l s dng trong gia nh hoc bn cho cc ch nh, c th s dng mt chu nc lnh lm mt sn phm. C th mang chu ra ng rung, v s dng ng thi nh mt vt dng cha ng. Nn thay nc sch cho mi m rau. Lm lnh rau bng nc lnh khi thu hoch s gip gi c cht lng tt, v trnh kh ho.
Bao b thu hi Gi, ti, thng thu hi c nhiu kch c v hnh dng. S dng thng th tt hn, v tnh rng ri, khng nn p sn phm.
Dng c cha ng c th c lm bng cch khu nhng ci ti h hai u, ph ln gi khng y c sn, iu chnh ti cho ph hp vi gi, hoc c th s dng cc quai eo ln gi.
Thng tha bng nha th tng i t nhng c tnh bn, c th s dng li, v ra sch d dng. Khi khng s dng, n c th c xp lng vo nhau tit kim khng gian ni lu tr hoc vn chuyn. Khi ng y, c th lt rm nu chng cc thng ln nhau.
Nu thng nha c nhiu l mt bn v mt y, chng c th c s dng ra hoc lm mt sn phm sau thu hoch. Xem chng 3 v chng 4.
Dng c thu hi
Mt s qu cn phi c bm hoc ct ra khi cy m. Dng c bm v ko ct phi lun sc. Phn cung nn ct cng st qu cng tt, trnh cc tn thng do s va chm gia cc qu khi vn chuyn gy ra. Ko ct ta thng xuyn c s dng thu hi qu, mt s loi rau, v ct hoa. C rt nhiu kiu dng khc nhau tay cm, kiu gng, thm ch c loi ko ct v gi c phn cung qu. c im ny gip cho ngi thu hoch khng cn s dng ti hng m qu khng b ri.
Ko li thng ct qu v hoa
Ko thu hoch nho v qu
Ko kp gi
Ko thu hoch cam
Dng c thu hi qu trn cao
S dng cng c ct c ti hng gn vo u mt cy so di, c th gip hi c qu, nh xoi, l khi qu cao khng vi c. Li ct phi lun c gi sc, ti hng ch cn tng i nh. Gc ca dao ct v hnh dng ca ti hng
c th nh hng n cht lng ca qu c thu hoch. V th, cn phi kim tra c tnh trc khi s dng bt k mt cng c mi no. Gy thu hi
So v ti hng qu c th c lm bng tay hoc mua t c s cung cp dng c nng nghip. Ti hng c minh ho di y c an bng tay bi cc si dy nh, hoc c may bng vi. Vnh ai c s dng nh ci np ti, v li ct c th c lm t mt mnh kim loi, hoc mt ng thp. Cc loi ti thu hi
Cy n qu i khi kh cao, v nu qu ri xung t sau khi ct khi cy s gy ra cc vt bm dp. Nu hai ngi thu hi cng lm vic, mt ngi c th ct qu t cy, v ngi kia c th dng ti hng. Ngi hng qu dng hai tay v c mt chn lm vic, u tin hng qu, ri n ti qu tip t nh nhng.
Khng ging nh nhiu loi qu hch, qu h trn khng nn ri xung t trong khi thu hoch v c tnh ca n l v m, v m tng i cao. Kiu thu hoch c minh ha di y c th s dng cho qu h trn v oliu, cho kt qu tt. Mnh nha hoc vi bt c tri ra di gc cy c thu hoch, ri rung cy
bng my hoc bng tay cho qu rng. Trong hnh minh ho di y, hai ngi thu hch cng lm vic v ang thu li tm bt c ph y qu.
Thu hoch v ng gi trn ng rung Bao gi trn ng rung ngha l thu hoch v lp tc bao gi sn phm ch sau thi gian lu tr ti thiu. Du ty thng c bao gi trn ng rung, v ch thi gian tn tr ngn cng s lm tn thng loi qu rt mm ny. Khi rau c bao gi trn ng rung th mt t giy gi c dng lt m cho sn phm trong qu trnh vn chuyn. C th s dng xe y nh ngi thu hi phi ci xung, ngng ln trong sut qu trnh thu hoch. Xe ko c minh ho di y c mt mt bnh xe trc n gin, c th ko dc theo hng, pha trc ngi thu hi. Thu hoch v ng gi du ty ti rung
Thu hoch v ng gi c rt ti rung
Cng c h tr cho ngi thu hi l mt xe ko di ng, vi gi hp v c np rng to bng rm. Xe ko nh ny c thit k ko bng tay dc theo cnh sn ca vn qu thu hoch. N thng c s dng bao gi trn ng rung i vi nho, nhng qu h, v mt s loi rau.
Cc xe ko ln cho vic bao gi trn ng rung c thit k c ko bng mt my ko nh khi thu hoch. Loi xe ny c th c s dng trong qu trnh thu hoch v bao gi nhiu loi sn phm cy trng. Mi ca xe c gp li vn chuyn, v c m ra to bng rm cho ngi thu hi v cho c sn phm. C th iu chnh kiu dng ca xe ko sao cho ph hp nht vi cc sn phm v cc cng on lm vic khc nhau.
H thng bao gi t ng s gip ngi cng nhn trn ng rung c th ct, sp xp, phn loi, buc v bao gi ngay trn ng rung, nh th c th b qua mt cng on bao gi trong nh. Trong hnh minh ho di y, xe nhiu toa ang chuyn ng dc theo h thng bao gi trn ng rung, v sn phm c bao gi c a ln phng tin vn chuyn.
Vn chuyn n nh bao gi. Khi nng sn c thu hoch v tr xa so vi nh bao gi, sn phm cn c vn chuyn trc khi bao gi. H thng chuyn ch cho chui c minh ha di y l mt v d lm th no ti thiu ha qu trnh chun b nng sn cho th trng. Chui thu hoch c mang n cc sn dc theo ng chuyn ch, sau
c treo vo mc trn dy. Tc vn chuyn c kim sot v cng nhn s a sn phm n nh bao gi t di chn i.
Chng 2
X L CC LOI C, CY THN C V HNH X l c v cc cy thn c nh khoai lang, khoai ty, sn, l vic lm quan trng nu mun tn tr nhng sn phm ny trong mt thi gian di. Qu trnh x l c hon thin bng cch gi sn phm nhit cao, m tng i cao trong mt vi ngy, khi cc vt thng trong qu trnh thu hoch s lnh, v lp t bo bo v mi s c hnh thnh. Vic x l lc u c th tng tn km, nhng tui th ca sn phm c ko di s em li gi tr kinh t cao. Cc iu kin tt nht x l cc loi nng sn c a ra trong bng sau: Hng nng sn Nhit
0
m tng i
0
Ngy
% 90-95 85-90 90-100 90-95 5-10 4-7 1-4 2-5
Khoai ty Khoai lang C t sn
15-20 30-32 32-40 30-40
59-68 86-90 90-104 86-104
X l hnh ty, ti v hnh hoa l ni n cng vic c lm ngay sau khi thu hoch, lm cho lp v ngoi v lp m t bo c kh li trc khi a vo tn tr v bo qun. Nu iu kin thi tit a phng cho php, nhng loi nng sn ny c th c ct v ti ra li trn cnh ng cho kh t 5-10 ngy. Phn thn, l kh sm hn th cn c che mt trong qu trnh x l, bo v sn phm trnh tha nhit chy nng. Nu s dng nhit cng bc x l hnh ty v cc cy thn hnh khc th nn x l khng qu mt ngy 35-450C (95-1130F) v m khng kh l 60-75%. Lp v kh sau s bo v c sn phm trnh mt nc trong qu trnh tn tr. X l trn ng rung C t, hoc cc cy c c ngun gc nhit i khc, v cc cy thn hnh, c th c x l ngoi tri nu c mt khu rm mt. C hoc rm ct c th c s dng lm nguyn liu cch ly nhit, v ng sn phm nn c bao ph bng vi bt, bao ti, hoc chiu dt. Qu trnh x l i hi nhit v m tng i cao, v vic che ph ny c th t to c nhit v m thch hp.
Mt ct ca nh bo qun khoai mn
Hnh, ti c th c x l trn ng rung ngay ti ch nu ma thu hoch trng vi ma kh. Cc loi cy ny c th c x l khi ti ra hoc sau khi bao gi trong ti si hoc vi li. Sn phm c th trn ng rung vi ngy, v kim tra hng ngy cho ti khi lp v ngoi v lp m c cy kh li. Vic x l c th mt n 10 ngy, ph thuc vo iu kin thi tit. Qu trnh x l c th c h tr bng lu thng gi nhng ni m bc x mt tri v/hoc m tng i cao hoc khng kh t nhin lu thng chm. Sn phm trong cc bao ti c th xp thnh chng trong bng rm ca lu vi, hoc c t trong lu m thong mt mt, di mt hoc nhiu qut trn. L thng kh trn mi c th gip lu thng khng kh tt. Thng gi bng qut thi
X l bng khng kh nng. Nhit s c phn b u nu nhit c a vo v tr gn mt sn ca lu x l. L cp nhit c th t trn sn gn khay sn phm, hoc nhit c th c dn t bn ngoi vo phng x l. C th duy tr m tng i cao bng cch lm t mt sn, hoc s dng cht lm mt bay hi trong phng m khng c mt khng kh bn ngoi.
L cp nhit c t gn trn, v qut trn c th phn b nhit xung pha di phng sn phm. Cc ti hng cn phi sp xp sao cho khong cch gia cc hng l 10-15 cm (4-6 inch) to iu kin tt cho thng gi.
Phng php xp ng x l hnh ty X l hnh ty bng phng php ny i hi phi c qut, l cp nhit v sn git g. Hnh minh ho di y cho thy lm cch no khng kh c a vo phng, c t nng v phn b u qua cc ng hnh trong phng x l. Mt khe thot gn trn nh gip lu thng khng kh nng. Khi s dng khng kh nng, s d lm cho hnh b qu kh, dn n bong mt lp vy ngoi, v lm ph ra lp vy tht bn di. Cn kim tra thng xuyn trong qu trnh x l trnh hin tng ny.
X l khn cp Nu cc iu kin nh ma hoc thm ch ng rung b lt khng cho php x l nguyn liu trn cnh ng v khng c iu kin d dng x l, th c th dng tm mt ci lu cho vic x l hnh. Trong minh ha di y, lu c dng ln t mt tm vi nha ln. Khng kh nng cng bc c a vo khong trng trung tm cc ti sn phm. S dng mt vi ci qut lu thng khng kh m qua lp hnh ang c x l.
Chng 3
HOT NG TRONG NH NG GI 1 Hot ng trong nh bao gi c th ch n gin l chuyn sn phm t ng rung vo cc xe vn chuyn, cng c th li bao gm nhiu hot ng t lm sch, vut sp, phn loi theo kch c, tuyn chn cht lng n phn loi mu sc. Vic m bo bng rm trong sut qu trnh hot ng trong nh bao gi l rt quan trng. Bng rm c th c to ra bng cch s dng cc cnh l lc nh cnh c, hoc s dng vi bt mc tm ln che, hoc lp mi c nh. Khi quyt nh la chn v tr ca nh bao gi, nn xem xt la chn v tr gn ng rung, gn th trng, c khng gian ph hp xe vn ti ra vo, v gn ngun lao ng. (Proctor, 1985). Trong nh bao gi n gin nht, sn phm c vn chuyn trong cc xe chuyn ch ngay sau khi thu hoch n ch ngi bao gi. Ngi bao gi s phn loi, tuyn chn, v ng gi sn phm trc tip ngay trong cc xe vn chuyn . Trong trng hp ny, mi cng nhn phi c kin thc thng tho v cc khuyt tt ca sn phm, cc yu cu tuyn chn, phn loi kch c, v phng php bao gi. Bc d sn phm Nng sn bng cch ny hay cch khc phi c a t ng rung v nh bao gi. D sn phm xung l bc u tin trong cc hot ng y. ng phi nh nhng, c th t hoc kh. t c th gim c cc vt bm dp, try xc cho sn phm bng cch s dng nc Clo (100-150 ppm) n nng sn. Nu kh, ng dc thoai thoi hoc lt m c th gim tn thng cho sn phm. Phn loi trc Phn loi sn phm thng c thc hin loi i cc phn b tn thng, thi hng, hoc nhng sn phm khuyt tt khc (phn b i) trc khi lm mt hoc x l thm. Phn loi trc s tit kim c nng lng v khng phi x l nhng sn phm h hng. Loi b i cc sn phm thi hng s hn ch c s ly lan ca bnh ly nhim sang cc n v sn phm khc, c bit l nu khng s dng thuc tr dch hi sau thu hoch. Lm sch i vi mt vi loi hng ha, nh kiwi v l tu, bn chi kh cng lm sch sn phm. Nhng cc hng ho khc nh chui, c rt th i hi phi ra. La chn chi kh v/hoc ra phi tu vo loi hng ha v loi nhim bn. Ra trc khi lm mt v bao gi: c chua, da leo, rau n l. Ra sch nha m v gim s bin mu: xoi, chui. Ra sau khi lu tr: khoai lang, khoai ty, c rt. Chi kh sau khi x l hoc tn tr: hnh ty, ti, kiwi. Khng ra: u non, da, bp ci, mp ty, u H Lan, t, b ma h. Ci thin iu kin v sinh l rt cn thit, va gip kim sot s ly lan bnh t mt sn phm sang phn cn li, va gip hn ch s sinh bo t trong nc ra
v trong khng kh nh bo qun. C th ra bng nc Clo (100-150 ppm) kim sot s pht sinh bnh trong sut qu trnh bao gi (Moline, 1984). C mt vi s khc nhau v nng ca thuc ty ra thng mi cc nc khc nhau, nhng theo kinh nghim th s dng 1-2 ml thuc ty ra Clo cho 1 lit nc (1-2 ounce thuc ty Clo cho 8 Galon nc sch). Tng nh, sn nh, v thit b bao gi cng c th c ra sch s dng hp cht Amoni ha tr 4 c dn nhn an ton cho thit b ch bin thc phm (Kupferman, 1990). Bi sp Cht sp ca cc loi rau dng qu khi cn non nh da chut, b ma h; ca rau dng qu chn nh c tm, t, c chua; v ca qu nh to, o, l rt ph bin. Vic bi sp cho qu s thay th phn sp t nhin ca qu b mt i trong qu trnh ra v lm sch, ng thi s lm gim s thot hi nc ca sn phm trong sut qu trnh lu tr v bn trn th trng. Nu sn phm c bi sp, lp sp ph ngoi nn c kh trc khi tn tr. Phn loi theo kch thc Phn loi sn phm theo kch thc l iu khng bt buc, nhng s c ngha nu mt loi kch thc no s bn c vi gi cao hn so vi cc loi khc. mt s nh bao gi n gin, vic phn loi kch thc bng tay l rt ph bin. Phn loi theo kch thc c th thc hin ch quan (bng mt) bng vic s dng thc o kch c tiu chun. My o cm tay c s dng cho rt nhiu loi sn phm. Rt nhiu sn phm c xy dng tiu chun la chn Hoa K, c th gip ngi nng dn phn loi v tuyn chn theo kch c sn phm. Nhng v d di y l tiu chun v ng knh v/hoc chiu di. V d v tiu chun la chn ca USDA Phn loi cy i hong US Fancy US No1 US No2 ng knh > 1 inch >3/4 inch > 1/2 inch Chiu di > 10 inch > 10 inch > 10 inch ng knh tnh bng inch > 2 15/16 2 11/16 2 15/16 2 7/16 2 11/16 2 3/16 2 7/16 1 15/16 2 3/16 1 13/16 1 15/16 1 11/16 1 12/16 1 9/16 1 11/16
Gi tn theo kch thc ti #11 Super-Colossal #10 Colossal #9 Super - Jumbo #8 Extra - Jumbo #7 Jumbo # 6 Giant #5 Tube #4 Medium Tube
Mt vi kiu my phn loi theo kch thc c s dng cho hot ng phm vi nh. Mt kiu my c to ra bi mt khay nghing vi mt dy l trn (xp l to nht trn, v nh dn xung di). Kiu thit b ny lm vic tt nht cho cc loi sn phm hnh trn. Cc kiu thit b phn loi kch thc khc c thit k nh mt bng ti dy xch hoc nha do, c cc khe h kch thc khc nhau, hu dng phn loi kch thc nhiu loi sn phm. Mt phng php n gin khc l xp cc thanh ngang r ra (xem hnh minh ho), cc sn phm c kch thc nh hn s ri qua cc thanh ngang xung thng phn loi trc, v nhng sn phm c kch thc ln hn th ri tip sau nhng v tr m thanh ngang r ra rng hn. Phn loi
H thng tm nng hng nh (palet) Trng i hc Wisconsis sng to ra h thng ny cho sn phm tit kim thi gian, kinh ph v an ton cho ngi lm vic. Vi mt ci xe c tm nng hng, dng tay, bn c th di chuyn ti 16 thng carton mt ln. Mt ci xe nh th ny c th lm nghing i ly hng hoc d hng, hoc c th c cht v tr nht nh. Theo nh k hoch ca Uwisconsis th ng mt xe nng v tm palet nh th mt xp x 750$. Vi 7$ mt gi, bn cn 107 gi tr cho thit b ny. Nu bn tit kim c 30 pht mi tun (10 ting trong mt thng), th s tr tin cho thit b ny trong vng khng n 11 thng. H thng thit b ny cn tit kim c kinh ph cho bn bng vic trnh au lng, khng phi khm cha bnh ny. Trong khi nu bn gim c 15 ln n bc s (bn mt khong 50$ cho mt ln khm bnh), l tin tr cho h thng thit b ny.
Cc hot ng chung H thng in hnh ca cc hot ng trong nh bao gi c minh ha di y. D hng c th phng php d kh hoc h tr bng nc, tu thuc vo loi sn phm. Lm sch, cng tng t nh th, c th ra trong nc c cha Clo hoc ch cn chi kh. Bi sp sau khi ra nu cn thit S tuyn chn c minh ho di y, phn chia sn phm thnh hai loi: sn xut hoc cung cp cho th trng n ti. Phn loi theo kch thc cho sn phm, loi nh th cung cp cho cc ch a phng hoc cho ch bin. Cc sn phm c cht lng tt nht, mang tnh c trng th c bao gi v a i xut khu.
Cch b tr nh bao gi Cc hot ng trong nh bao gi nu thc hin khng c h thng s gy ra s chm tr, v nh hng n cht lng ca sn phm. Bng cch b tr nh bao gi
mt cch c t chc, trt t theo tng bc, bn c th tit kim c thi gian v kinh ph.
Bc d sn phm Bt k lc no sn phm c chuyn t mt cngten ny sang mt cngten khc, cn ht sc cn thn hn ch tn thng c hc cho hng ho. Khi d sn phm t xe vn chuyn xung nh bao gi, c th dng cch kh hoc t. Khi s dng phng php kh, nn t t v nh nhng ln b dc nghing c lt m cc cnh sc. Trong hnh minh ho di y, c mt bng ti dng sn phm c kh xung nh bao gi.
Bc d kh
t thnh thong cng c s dng gim tn thng c gii, hoc l v xung nc th tt hn ln dc kh, hoc v trng thi chm trong nc v ni. Nu trng lng ring ca sn phm, v d nh to, thp hn trng lng ring ca nc, th sn phm s ni. Vi mt vi loi sn phm nh qu l, mui c thm vo trong nc tng trng lng ring ca nc v qu s ni. C th s dng mt tm bao ti qu khi ri mnh t bng truyn xung thng ln.
Thit b bng chuyn gim cc vt bm dp: - S dng ng dc c lt m - Lm chm tc ca sn phm trn dc bng cch tri cc tm thm, mn.
- S dng cc tm thm lm chm tc ca qu khi qu ri t thanh truyn cao hn xung thanh truyn thp hn. (S dng thm mng nu khong cch gia hai bng truyn ngn, s dng thm dy hn nu khong cch gia hai bng truyn xa hn, hoc cao hn.) - Cn c dy ti trnh cho sn phm ri trc tip xung trc ln.
Chng 3:
CC HOT NG TRONG NH NG GI 2 Ra Thng thp tr c th s dng to thnh mt thit b ra n gin. Nhng chic thng ny c ca i gia, ni vi ng dn nc, v tt c nhng cnh, g kim loi c lt bng vng m caosu hoc nha. Thng thp ny sau c t vo trong mt chic bn g nghing. Bn c lm t nhng thanh g mng, v c s dng nh mng lm kh trc khi ng gi. V cc thng thp thng c s dng ng xng hoc cc sn phm ho hc, nn bn thn n cn c ra tht sch trc khi c s dng lm mng ra.
Thng ra c m t di y c lm t cc tm kim loi m thp. Mt vch ngn c lm bng tm kim loi c l c t v tr gn ng dn nc, gip cho vic lu thng nc qua sn phm. Nc sch c a vo di p lc, qua cc ng dn c l nh, s gip di chuyn cc sn phm ni trn mt nc n ci mng cui cng ca thng ly ra sau khi ra sch.
ci tin, c th thm vo pha trc vch ngn ni trn mt tm chn rc c th dch chuyn c, v/hoc c th thm vo mt h thng tun hon nc ra (vi s c mt ca Clo).
Thm Clo vo nc ra l vic rt quan trng. Clo c th gim tc ly lan ca s nhim t mt vt sang phn cn li trong sut qu trnh ra. pH ca nc ra nn c gi 6.5 7.5 l tt nht. 1- 2 ml thuc ty trng Clo cho vo trong 1 lit nc sch s to ra dung dch Clo 100 150 ppm. Cn nhiu Clo hn nu s dng nhit cao hoc nu c qu nhiu cht hu c trong nc ra. Bc sp Dng c bi sp minh ha di y c thit k s dng sau qu trnh chi kh trn cc bng ti. Len n cng nghip c b rng bng dy truyn ca bng ti c s dng chi cht sp lng t mt ci mng ln rau hoc qu . Hin tng kh sp s c khc phc bng cch ph ln len n mt lp polyethylene dy.
Phn loi Bn phn loi c minh ho di y l s kt hp hai bc phn loi v bao gi. Sn phm nhn vo c t trong ngn phn loi, c cng nhn phn loi ri chuyn sang ngn bao gi, v cui cng c ng gi bi cng nhn th hai. Nu cng nhn phi ng lm vic, th c th lt m cao su di sn nh gim mt mi.
B mt ca chic bn phn loi di ng c minh ha di y c thit k t vi bt, v c bn knh khong 1 mt (khong 3 feet). Cc cnh bn c lt bng tm mt mng bo v sn phm trnh bm dp trong qu trnh phn loi, v dc t trung tm hng ra pha ngi la chn l khong 100. Sn phm c th c ln bn t vt cha khi thu hoch, sau c phn loi theo kch c, mu sc, v tuyn chn, bao gi trc tip ri chuyn ln cngten vn chuyn. Vi thit k ny, 4 cng nhn c th cng lm vic mt lc.
Khi phn loi loi b nhng qu qu nh, thi hng, hoc b tn thng, chiu cao ca bn phn loi nn mc ph hp nht cho ngi phn loi. Gh u, hoc mt tm m cao su ng ln c th gip gim s mt mi. V tr ca bn v ngn phn loi nn c chn sao cho vic phi chuyn ng tay l t nht. C mt khuyn co rng cnh tay ca ngi cng nhn nn to ra mt gc 450 khi h vi tay v pha bn phn loi, v rng ca bn nn nh hn 0.5 mt khng phi dui tay ra nhiu. Cn cung cp nh sng tt nht (500 1000 lux) cho qu trnh phn loi. Trong h thng bng ti, sn phm khng nn chuyn ng qu nhanh n ch ngi phn loi. Cng nhn c th thay i v tr lun phin nhau nhm chn v mt mi.
Minh ha di y m t 3 kiu bng ti s dng cho mc ch phn loi sn phm. n gin nht l bng ti dy ai, ngi phn loi phi vi tay ly sn phm xem c tt c cc mt ca n v kim tra khuyt tt. Bng ti c thanh ko c th lm cho sn phm chuyn ng quay v pha trc khi n c ko qua ch ngi phn loi. V bng ti trc ln s lm sn phm chuyn ng quay ngc khi n i qua v tr ca ngi phn loi.
Bng ti ko
Bng ti y
Bng ti ln
Phn loi theo kch thc Cc sn phm c hnh trn c th c phn loi bng l trn xc nh kch thc. Cc l trn ny c th c khoan trn g, hoc mua sn vi nhiu kch c khc nhau.
Vng phn loi n
Vng phn loi kp
Bn phn loi hnh ty c minh ha di y l mt trong 3 bn (hoc nhiu hn) c s dng kiu bc thang. Mi bn oc lm bng g dn, v c c l vi kch thc ring. Bn v tr cao nht s c l ln nht, v bn thp nht s c l nh nht. Mt lp hnh c ln bn cao nht. Nhng c hnh khng lt qua kch thc l ny c a vo nhm c kch thc rt ln. Phn lt qua l s ri xung mn hng, v c a vo thng cha ln. Thng cha ny li c ln bn phn loi c kch thc ln th 2. Nhng c hnh khng lt qua kch thc l ny c xp vo nhm c kch thc ln, v c tip tc nh th.
Thit b phn loi qu c mi c minh ha di y gm c mng hnh ch nht lm bng g dn, c lt tm mt trnh bm dp. Qu c vo hnh bt gic u mng, sau c cho ln, hng v pha cc khe hp. Nhng qu ln s c gi li khe hp th nht, qu va s c gi li khe th hai, v nhng qu nh khe cui cng. Qu c kch thc b hn c khe hp b nht th s ln n ht mng v chuyn thng vo thng cha. Cng nhn s ly qu ra bng tay v chng vo thng cha c kch thc tng ng. Vic phn loi s nhanh nht khi c 5 cng nhn ng cc v tr ca thit b.
Nu h thng bng ti c s dng trong nh bao gi, s c rt nhiu kch thc khc nhau ca dy xch hoc dy ai, cng nh kch thc ca khe h phn loi sn phm. Cc khe vung thng c s dng cho nhiu loi hng ha nh to, c chua, hnh ty, trong khi khe h hnh ch nht s dng cho o, v t. Cc khe hnh lc gic th thng s dng cho khoai ty v hnh ty. Hnh vung
Hnh ch nht
Hnh lc gic
Dy chuyn bao gi n gin c mt s nh sn xut v cung cp cc thit b bao gi sn phm quy m nh. Di y minh ho dy truyn bao gi qu, do tp on sn xut TEW cung cp vi gi 5000$ - 6000$, tu thuc vo kch c. M hnh c bit ny gm c mt bng ti truyn ng, my ra, my ht nc v bn phn loi. Cc thit b t chn c my kh nc, bn chi kh, my bi sp, v cc loi bng ti khc nhau v cc loi bn.
Chng 4
BAO GI V VT LIU BAO GI Trong ton b qu trnh tn tr, bao gi va c th ng vai tr h tr, li va c th cn tr vic duy tr tui th v cht lng ti a cho ca nng sn. Bao gi cn c s thng hi va trnh b bc. Nu sn phm c bao gi n gin tn tr, th s dng thng carton c nh bng bng sp, thng g, hoc thng nha cng s tt hn s dng ti hoc gi, v ti v gi khng bo v c sn phm khi cht thnh ng. Thnh thong mt vi cngten c lm theo kiu a phng c th lm cho vng chi hn v lt mt bo v sn phm. Thng carton nh bng bng sp, thng g v thng nha t hn nhng cho hiu qu cao hn nu s dng cho th trng ni a. Cc loi thng cha ny bn hn, v c th chu c m tng i cao trong mi trng bo qun. Thm mt tm ba vo trong thng c th hn ch cc vt try xc cho sn phm. Thng cha khng nn cha qu lng lo hoc qu cht. Sn phm xp lng lo c th rung ng v va chm vo nhau gy nn cc vt bm, trong khi bao gi qu cht li dn n cc vt do nn. C th chn cc ming giy nh, nh vo trong cc thng cha trong qu trnh vn chuyn (Harvey v cng s, 1990). Nhng ngi lu tr phm vi nh thng t to ra cc hp ba cng t cc tm x p lm nhn li (xem thm Broustead v New 1986 c thm cc thng tin chi tit). C rt nhiu loi x thc vt ph hp cho vic sn xut giy (Hunsigi, 1989), v ngi lu tr nng sn d dng nhn thy tnh kinh t khi a cng on ny vo cc hot ng sau thu hoch ca h. Cc tm x c th c xp thnh np nhn theo 4 kiu: kiu B (cao 1/8 inch, xp c 47 53 np trn 1 inch; khi lng nh mc l 26lb (khong 12kg)/1.000 ft2 (khong 90m2) l kiu c s dng ph bin nht tn tr cc loi nng sn d thi hng (Thompson, Kader, 2002). Bt k khi no kin hng c trong mi trng c m cao, th bn, cng ca n cng s b gim i. Kin hng b s gn nh khng cn tnh bo v sn phm, i hi sn phm phi chu ton b trng lng ca vt nng bn trn. Bao gi l cch thc bo v sn phm hng ha bng cch gi c nh v lt m cho chng, nhng qun l nhit s rt kh khn nu vt liu bao gi cn tr cc l thng hi. Vt liu bao gi cn c tc dng chng bay hi nc, gip gi c m tng i cao bn trong vt liu bao gi. Ngoi tc dng bo v, bao gi cn cho php tn tr trong sut qu trnh phn phi v tiu th trn th trng, v c th ti thiu ha cc va chm khi vn chuyn trong iu kin xu. Sn phm c th c bao gi bng tay, sao cho n v kch thc ging nhau. Vt liu bao gi thng l cc khay, cc, hoc giy bc, v nn thm vo cc ming vi lt hoc cc tm m gip c nh v tr cho sn phm. H thng bao gi bng my n gin thng s dng phng php rt th tch hoc phng php lm y. Theo hai phng php , sn phm phn loi c chuyn vo trong hp, ri lm n nh li. Hu ht cc thit b in y th tch c thit k s dng trng lng trong vic c lng th tch, v vic iu chnh cui cng c thc hin bng tay (Mitchell, Kader, 2002).
Ti ht kh ethylene c t trong thng cha nng sn i vi nhng sn phm nhy cm vi ethylene lm gim tc chn ca qu, s mt mu xanh ca rau, v s ho a ca hoa. Bao gi bng cc mng do c th lm ci bin kh quyn xung quanh sn phm (Bao gi trong kh quyn ci bin, vit tt l MAP). MAP s hn ch s chuyn ng ca khng kh, cho php sn phm h hp bnh thng, lm gim hm lng oxy v tng hm lng Cacbondioxit ca khng kh bn trong vt liu bao gi. Mt li ch ln na ca vic s dng mng do l gim s thot hi nc. MAP c th s dng bn trong cc cngten vn chuyn. Kh quyn ci bin c th c to ra bng cch to chn khng trong ti hi bt kn (nh ti polyethylene khng c thng l), v sau thay kh quyn trong ti bao gi bng hn hp kh mong mun. Nhn chung hm lng O2 thp v CO2 cao s c li cho hu ht cc nng sn (xem bng hn hp kh l tng cho vic tn tr trong kh quyn ci bin MA v kh quyn kim sot CA i vi cc loi nng sn, chng 7). S la chn mng polyethylene thch hp nht cho sn phm ph thuc vo tnh thm ca mng, v cng h hp ca mi loi nng sn di iu kin thi gian/nhit mong i trong sut qu trnh tn tr. My ht kh oxy, carbondioxt, v ethylene c th c s dng duy tr thnh phn kh quyn nh mong mun. MAP nn c xem nh mt cch ph qun l nhit v m tng i. Ranh gii gia hm lng oxy v carbondioxit c li v c hi cho mi loi nng sn l tng i nh, v th cn ht sc cn thn khi s dng phng php ny. K thut bao gi
Mt trm bao gi n gin trn cnh ng c th c dng nn t cc ct g v mt tm polyethylene. Lp mi l ly bng rm, v gi mt cho trm bao gi. Cu trc ny nn quay v hng ng phn nh ra ca mi nh c th che c nh mt tri.
Nhng ni chui, sau khi c ra sch nha v phun thuc dit nm, c ng gi vo nhng thng carton lt polyethylene. Minh ha di y miu t mt phng php lm y thng cha m bo t gy tn thng nht trong qu trnh vn chuyn. Lu rng lp polyethylene phi c ph kn ln chui trc khi ng hp. (a) Ni to, thng c qu khng u nm gia thng
(b) Ni ln c chiu di trung bnh pha trn, cung ni khng tip xc vi cc qu bn di
(c) Ni ln c chiu di di trung bnh, cung ni khng tip xc vi cc qu bn di)
(d) Mt ni ln hoc 2 chm qu di
Bn chuyn ng quay trn c th s dng bao gi rt nhiu loi nng sn. Sn phm c t vo bng ti, hoc nu khng c bng ti hot ng, ch cn n gin t ln bn, cng nhn s la chn sn phm v ng vo thng carton ti v tr ca h. Mi cng nhn c th lm vic c lp, c th tranh th sp xp v kim tra trng lng thng carton.
Bao b Bao b thng c s dng ng gi sn phm, v chng kh r v sn c. Bng di y cung cp mt s thng tin lin quan n c im ca cc vt liu khc nhau c s dng lm bao ti. Tht ra khng c kiu bao ti no tt cho vic bo v nng sn ti, v nn trnh s dng nu c th. c im ca bao ti s dng nh dng c bao gi Kh nng phng nga, bo v Ht m Cn trng xm hi Khng c Khng c
Kiu bao b Si ay
bn chc Tt
Chu va chm Tt
Chng nhim bn Km, gy nhim bn do si bao ti Kh Kh
Lu Gim gi tr sinh hc Ni cn trng c tr li mi Kh nng s dng li cao Chu tc ng xu ca tia cc tm Kh khu v Cht lng tng i D in n
Vi bng Nha do an Giy
Kh Kh tt
Kh Tt
Khng c Khng c
Khng c C th bo v, nu an dy C th bo v, tt hn nu c x l
Km
Hi km
Tt WFP bao ti nhiu vch, c lt tm nha
Tt
Bng di y cung cp v d v mt vi kiu tn thng c gii in hnh v nh hng ca n ln cc dng c bao gi. Kiu tn thng Tn thng do va chm v ri, nm Dng c bao gi Bao ti- nha an v giy Hp x p Kt qu Lm t cc ng may ni, gy ra cc vt thng v lm tn tht t cc ng ni, bt np lm mt chc nng bo v. Lm mo m hnh dng, s kh chng, xp. Cc mi ni d gy, khng gi c sn phm Tn thng do bp, lm, thng b vnh, mp. Gy mi ni. D b v, gy Mo m hnh dng, nt gy, bp cc gc thng carton Mo m, v, v thnh thong b nt Tr nn b nn v mt tnh cht lm m. Sn phm d b v b tn thng do va p D b rch, gy D b thng Yu t quan trng Tnh bn chc ca cc ng ni
Thng g Bnh hoc thng ng nha Chai nha Tn thng do nn p v xp ng cao Hp x p
Tnh bn ca g
La chn vt liu, chiu dy thch hp Kh nng chu nn p Thit k, vt liu, dy Kh nng chu nn
Chai nha S chn ng Thng x p xp np
Tn thng do gy, rch, m, mc
Bao ti-nha an hoc giy Thic
Tnh bn, dai dy ca kim loi
Cc hnh v di y l cc loi thng cha lm bng x p ph bin. Kch thc cui cng c th c thay i cho ph hp vi yu cu ca ngi lm lu tr, v tt c cc thng cha ny u c thng l y . Thng carton c th c dn, vin, hoc ng inh ph hp vi cu trc ca nh bao gi.
Hp 1 mnh
Hp 2 mnh c np y
Hp kiu Bliss
Hp np lng
Hp np lng 1 tm
Hp 1 tm c np lin
Khay t kha
Hp gi
Thng cha c th c ch to t g hoc cc dy kim loi, theo nh nhng hnh m phng tng qut di y.
Cc kiu y thng
Cc kiu thn thng
Cc thng g l loi dng c c trng ng nho. Loi thng ny rt cng cp, v c th gi c bn ca n qua thi gian di m tng i cao. Thng nha cng cng c s dng kh rng ri. Thng thng, cc tm vi, giy lt thng c ph ln nho trc khi ng np. Cc tm lt ny c tc dng bo v sn phm khi bi hoc hi nc ngng t. Nu tm m lt c cha sulfua dioxit th c th cho vo cng vi nho nh mt cch x l kim sot thi hng. Hu ht hng ha nng sn ngoi tr nho, u c th b tn thng (b ty mu) nu x l sulfur dioxit.
Thng nha cng hoc g cng c s dng rng ri cho mng ty.
i vi th trng trong nc, thng nha s to ra kh nng bo v tt cho sn phm v s thng gi y trong sut qu trnh x l, lm mt, vn chuyn, v tn tr. Mt vi loi thng nha c th gp li hoc xp lng vo nhau khi rng, thun tin cho vic ct gi. Thng cha nn c ra sch s nh k bng nc Clo v thuc ty hn ch c hi ly lan s thi hng t mt sn phm sang phn cn li.
Thng ng hoa ct thng di v hp, thit k gn gn, c l thng c hai u, d dng thng gi cng bc. Din tch ca tt c cc l thng nn chim 5% din tch ton b mt hp. Np c th iu chnh kch thc ng m s gip duy tr nhhit mt nu hp b gi tm thi trong phng tin vn chuyn hoc c tn tr trong iu kin mi trng khng kim sot nhit .
Khay g n gin vi 4 chn c ng ni ln, d chng xp, v cho php thng hi tt cho cc loi nng sn d hng nh c chua chn.
Chng 4
BAO GI V VT LIU BAO GI 2 La chn bao b La chn dng c cha ng i khi l mt quyt nh phc tp. Lun lun phi xem xt cn i v gi c, tnh bn, kh nng s dng li, v kh nng bo v. y l danh sch cc yu t xem xt khi phi la chn vt cha ng t hai hay nhiu kiu bao gi. S dng bao nhiu kiu bng mu ny cho by nhiu yu cu c t ra so snh cc s la chn ca bn. Miu t tng kiu bao gi, sau in vo bng xem xt kiu bao gi no c c im tch cc nht v s a ra la chn tt nht cho th trng m bn d tnh. 1) nh gi v c im ca cc kiu bao gi khc nhau + 2 = tnh tri hn hn + 1 = Tt 0 = Kh - 1 = Khng ph hp - 2 = Rt khng ph hp 2) t cho mi c im mt gi tr t 0 100. Tng gi tr cho tt c 24 c im cho mi kiu bao gi nn t n 100.
Kiu bao gi 1 (nh gi) Kiu bao gi 1 (Gi tr) Mc nh gi x gi tr Kiu bao gi 2 (nh gi) Kiu bao gi 2 (Gi tr) Mc nh gi x gi tr
Miu t bao gi TNH CHA NG 1. Kh nng cha ng sn khi lng sn phm 2. Mt ngi c th cm d dng. 3. Thit k tiu chun, ph hp c vi tiu chun v c yu cu ca th trng 4. C tm nng hng BO V 5. Chc chn khi chng xp 6. Kch thc chc chn, chng li c
p lc khi chng xp 7. Thng gi tt 8. Bo v trong sut qu trnh tn tr, vn chuyn v mua bn. 9. B mt vt liu nhn, khng c cnh sc 10. C cc tm lt m 11. Ra d dng 12. C tnh chng trm TNH THNG TIN 13. D dn nhn 14. C th qung co, ng du trn hp MARKETING 15. C th nhn thy sn phm 16. p ng c s kim sot ca khch hng GI C & NHNG C TNH KHC 17. Gi hp l 18. Tnh bn 19. Kh nng sa cha 20. m bo tnh chc chn. 21. Th tch nh, nu khng phi cha ng 22. C th ch to a phng 23. D vn chuyn 24. t gy tn tht TNG IM 3) Nhn mc nh gi mi c tnh ca kiu bao gi vi gi tr ca n s c mt gi tr mi. 4) Tnh tng im cho mi kiu bao gi. Kim tra xem kiu bao gi t im cao nht c thc s tt khng. S khc nhau gia hai kiu bao gi cng c s im cao nht? S la chn tt nht s l kiu bao gi c chi ph thp hn. Ngun: Schuur, C.C.M. 1988. Packaging for fruits, vegetables and root crops. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Bridgetown, Barbados.s
K thut bao gi Chn mt tm ngn bng x p vo thng carton s tng kh nng chng . Tm ngn ny c s dng ph bin cho nhng nng sn nng nh da. Cc tm ngn cng trnh cho da khng b rung v va p vo nhau trong qu trnh vn chuyn. Chn cc tm g hoc tm x p c gp thnh hnh tam gic vo 4 gc ca thng carton s lm cho n kin c hn, mt cch hiu qu. Cc tm ngn bng x p:
Vt gc hnh tam gic Vt gc n gin c th c lm t cc tm g hoc tm x p gp li. Cc tm x p c s dng theo kt cu ca 4 gc thng carton s tng thm vng chc ca gc, v tng kh nng chng . Khi cc thng cha c cc cnh sc, hoc c b mt bn trong nhm, x x, th c th dng cch n gin l lt tm x p vo bn trong trnh gy tn thng cho qu.
Nu s dng cc thng hoc st ln ng khi lng ln rau qu, c th s dng mt ng thng hi n gin gim s tng nhit khi sn phm h hp. Trong hnh minh ha di y, ng bng tre an (di khong 1 mt) c dng thng hi cho mt thng ln t cay. t ng vo thng cha trc khi y sn phm vo.
ng tre an cn gip cho khng kh i vo vng trung tm ca vt cha trong sut qu trnh tn tr.
Mt t giy mng hoc mt ng nha bao ngoi s hu ch cho vic bo v hoa ct trnh khi b tn thng trong qu trnh tn tr v vn chuyn. Trong minh ha di y, ngi thu hi ang ko tm bao ngoi chm ln b hoa trc khi a chng vo thng carton c s thng hi y . ng bao ngoi ny khng ch bo v m cn gi cho cc b hoa ring r nhau bn trong hp.
Dn nhn Dn nhn cho sn phm bao gi s gip ngi bao gi gi c du hiu ca sn phm khi n c vn chuyn trong h thng sau thu hoch, v gip nhng ngi bn bun, bn l s dng ng k thut. Nhn c th c in trc ln hp giy, hoc dn ln sau . Dn nhn sn phm c th gip qung co, gii thiu nh sn xut, nh bao gi, hoc nh xut nhp khu sn phm. Nh xut nhp khu i khi cn cung cp thm mt quyn s hng dn chi tit phng php bo qun hoc cng thc ch bin cho ngi tiu dng. Nhn mc ca nh xut nhp khu c th gm mt s hoc ton b thng tin sau: - Tn thng thng ca sn phm - Trng lng tnh, s lng v/hoc th tch - Tn v a ch ca nh bao gi hoc xut nhp khu. - Ngun gc xut x (Mt t nc hoc mt vng) - Kch c v loi - Nhit bo qun thch hp - Hng dn x l c bit - Tn ca cc loi sp hoc cc loi thuc tr su c chp thun s dng cho sn phm. Dn nhn cho hng tiu dng l yu cu bt buc ca FDA. Nhn phi c tn sn phm, trng lng tnh, tn v a ch ca nh sn xut, bao gi hoc nh phn phi.
Chng 4
BAO GI V VT LIU BAO GI 3 Chun ha bao b Khi c nhiu thng carton kch thc khc nhau, nn s dng thng c kch thc tiu chun. Khi ng sn phm trong cc thng c kch thc khng tng ng, s khng m bo chc chn khi chng xp. Nhng thng carton nng hn s p cc thng nh hn. Mt chng hng khng chc chn s d trong qu trnh vn chuyn hoc tn tr. Kch thc ca thng cha c khuyn co s dng c trong bng di y. Nhng thng cha ny l kiu thng trong chng trnh MUM (Modularization, Unitization and Metrication) theo ch trng ca UADA. N c th c chng xp thnh nhiu hnh dng, ph thuc vo kch thc ca n, nhng vn to ra c mt khi hng ha chc chn trn tm palet n gin kch thc 1000 x 1200 mm (40 x 48 inch). Thng cha MUM cho nng sn: Kch thc bn ngoi mm 600 x 500 500 x 400 600 x 400 500 x 333 600 x 333 500 x 333 475 x 250 400 x 300 433 x 333 400 x 250 inch (23,62 x 19,69) (19,68 x 15,75) (23,62 x 15,75) (19,68 x 13,11) (23,62 x 13,11) (19,68 x 11,81) (18,70 x 9,84) (15,75 x 11,81) (17,01 x 13,11) (15,74 x 9,84) 4 6 5 7 6 8 10 10 8 12 S lng/lp Din tch b mt tm nng hng c s dng % 100 100 100 97 99 100 99 100 96 100
Mt chng hng kiu MUM mu trn tm palet:
Cc hnh minh ha sau y m t cc kiu sp xp thng hng MUM ph bin nht trn tm palet tiu chun (1000 x 1200 mm hay 40 x 48 inch). S dng cc thng hng MUM c th tit kim c khng gian trong sut qu trnh vn chuyn v tn tr, v din tch s dng palet l gn nh 100%.
Bao gi trong kh quyn ci bin Bn trong cc gi hng tiu dng: Nu hng ha c bao gi bng mng bao gi c tnh thm ph hp, th mt lng kh quyn tng ng s sinh ra th ng do s hp th O2 v thi CO2 ra ngoi trong qu trnh h hp (Kader, 2002). Ngi ta thit k mt vi kiu bao gi bng nha cng c mt ca s thng kh.
Rau dip ti c th c bao gi trong ti nha do 5-mm. Sau khi to c mt phn chn khng, hn hp kh gm 30 50% CO2, 4 6% O2 c a vo trong ti, sau c bt kn. Ti nilon dn kn
Bn trong cc cngten vn chuyn: Cc mng polyethylene c lt trong thng vn chuyn anh o, v cc ti polyethylene c s dng ng chui, dnh ring cho cc th trng xa. Cc mng polyethylene dng lm m lt:
Bn trong palet: Mt chng hng n gin nh du ty c th c lm kn bn trong mt tm mn che bng polyethylene dy 5mm v mt tm nha t trn nn ca tm k hng. To chn khng, sau a khng kh cha khong 15% CO2 vo qua mt ng nh.
Rt nhiu mng do c dng cho vic bao gi, nhng ch mt t trong s c tnh thm kh, ph hp vi kiu bao gi MAP. Polyethylene mng, v polyvinyclorua l nhng mng chnh c s dng bao gi hoa qu v rau ti. Nha saran v polyester c kh nng thm kh thp nn ch ph hp cho s dng cho cc hng ha c cng h hp thp. Bng di y trnh by kh nng thm kh ca cc mng hin ang c s dng bao gi nng sn ti (Kader, 2002). Kiu mng Polyethylene mng Polyvinyl chloride Polypropylene Polystyrene Saran Polyester Tnh thm (cc/m2/mm/ngy, 1 atm) CO2 7700-77000 4263-8138 7700-21000 10000-26000 52-150 180-390 O2 3900-13000 620-2248 1300-6400 2600-7700 8-26 52-130 2,0-5,9 3,6-6,9 3,3-5,9 3,4-3,8 5,8-6,5 3,0-3,5 H s CO2/O2
Xp bao b thnh khi Nhng nh chuyn ch, hoc xut nhp khu lun thch lu gi mt khi hng ha hn l tng thng hng ring l. Mt khi hng ng gn s gim c s
mang vc, t gy tn thng cho thng hng v sn phm bn trong, v cho php xp hng hoc d hng nhanh hn t cc phng tin vn chuyn. Nu lu gi hoc vn chuyn khi hng trong phm vi nh, th c th s dng cc tm palet bng g hoc cc tm giy k hng. Sp xp cc thng hng cho thng, ngay ngn theo mt kiu mu (v d t tm k hng p st vo gc phng) s lm cho khi hng chc chn hn. Tm g dng k nn thit k hnh vung lm cho khi hng cng chc chn cng tt. S dng cc thng cha bng x p, nha hoc g m cc tai ca n c th lng ghp vo nhau s tng chc chn cho khi hng. Cc thng hng cn c l thng gi pha trn. C th s dng keo dn gia cc lp ca khi hng, hoc dng cc tm li bng nha, hoc cc dy ai gi an ton cho khi hng, trnh trn trt. Cc tm k gc lm t x p, nha hoc kim loi s gip cho khi hng ng vng chc hn.
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KIM SOT THI HNG V CN TRNG GY HI 1 Nguyn tc u tin gip nng sn phng nga c cn trng v bnh hi l qun l tt trong sut qu trnh sn xut. Trng cc loi ging cy c sc khng tt, thc hnh k thut ti nc khng lm t l v hoa ca cy, trnh bn qu nhiu m, v ct ta trong qu trnh sn xut trnh vm cy xa xung mt t, s gip gim c thi hng trc v sau khi thu hoch. Yu t quan trng th hai l cn trng trong qu trnh thu hi v chun b cho th trng trn ng rung. Th ba, loi b cc sn phm b tn thng hoc thi hng hn ch s ly nhim sang cc sn phm nguyn vn khc. Ngoi ra i lc sn phm cn i hi phi c x l kim sot cn trng hi v vi sinh vt gy thi hng, ngay c khi mi qu trnh c tin hnh cn thn. Trong khi m tng i ca mi trng bo qun cao l mt yu t gi cht lng nng sn, th nc d ng trn b mt sn phm li gy ra hin tng ny mm, v lm tng kh nng nhim bnh. Khi sn phm bo qun lnh c a ra khi kho bo qun, v c t vo mi trng c nhit cao hn, th hi m ca khng kh m xung quanh s ngng t li trn b mt sn phm lnh. Tng cng tc thng gi tm thi (s dng qut), hoc phi sn phm di khng kh kh hn s gip lm bay hi nc ngng t v gim nguy c nhim bnh. Kim sot cn trng hi i vi qu hch v rau qu kh c th thc hin bng cch bo qun lnh hoc bng gi (thp hn 50C hay 410F), bng cch x l nhit, hoc hn ch oxy (bng hoc thp hn 0,5%), thay bng Nit. Nu ng gi nng sn trong thng cha c kh nng ngn nga cn trng xm hi, th cn ch s ph hi ca cn trng giai on sau. Mt vi nguyn liu thc vt c c tnh nh l mt th thuc tr vt hi t nhin. L cy sn c bit n l c kh nng bo v c sn sau thu hoch khi vt gy hi, khi c s dng nh mt vt liu bao gi trong sut qu trnh vn chuyn v tn tr ngn ngy. Ngi ta tm ra rng, loi l ny gii phng ra cyanogen, l mt c t i vi cn trng (Aiyer, 1978). Tro t ca l cy Lantana spp v Ochroma logopur c pht hin ra l c hiu qu chng li s tn cng ca cn trng hi khoai ty (CIP, 1982). c tnh dit tr vt gy hi ca ht cy neem (phn du hoc dch chit) ang c bit n rng ri v c s dng trn khp th gii. C ngun gc n , neem hot ng nh thuc tr vt hi hiu qu trn cc sn phm nng sn, nhng hon ton khng c hi i vi c th ngi, ng vt c v v cn trng c ch (NRC, 1992). Bt k th thuc tr vt hi t nhin no cng phi c m bo an ton cho sc khe con ngi trc khi c nh chc trch chp nhn cho s dng. Kim sot bng ha cht Ra sn phm trong nc c Clo s ngn nga c thi hng gy ra bi vi khun, nm men v nm mc trn b mt sn phm. Mui Canxi hypoclorit (dng bt) v Natri hypoclorit (dng lng) khng t , v c s dng rng ri. Hiu qu ca vic x l s gim i nu c nhiu cht hu c trong nc ra. Hiu qu ca Clo s tng ln khi pH gim t pH 11 xung pH 8, nhng nu pH thp hn th Clo s tr nn khng n nh.
Rau qu c th c ra trong dung dch hypoclorit (dung dch Clo 25 ppm trong 2 pht), sau sc ra, s kim sot c thi hng do vi khun gy ra. Hoc, sn phm c th c nhng trong dung dch hypoclorit (dung dch Clo 50-70ppm) sau ra di vi nc sch kim sot vi khun, nm men v nm mc. Ngun: Ogawa, J.M. v Manji, B.T, 1984. Moline, H.E. Postharvest Pathology of Fruits and Vegetables. Trng i hc California, 1914. Hm lngNatri hypoclorit (NaOCl) thm vo nc ra ty trng Natri hypoclorit (5,25%) Nng cn t (ppm) 50 75 100 125 150 50 75 100 125 150 Ounces/5 gallons 0.55 0.80 1.10 1.40 1.70 0.12 0.17 0.23 0.29 0.35 Cup/50 gallons 0.50 0.75 1.00 1.25 1.50 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30
Natri hypoclorit (12,7%)
1ounce = 28,35 gam 1 gallon = 4,546 lit Danh sch cc loi thuc tr hi c ng k USA, xem bng tm tt EPA c xut bn bi c quan bo v mi trng Hoa K (http://epa.gov). Sulfur (Lu hunh): Lu hunh c s dng trn chui di dng bt nho (0,1% trong thnh phn) kim sot nm gy thi u. Sulfur dioxit: SO2 c s dng nh cht ty u, kh trng (vi kh nng chu ng thuc tn d l 10 ppm) trn nho kim sot nm Botrytis, Rhizopus v Aspergillus. Tnh ton cn thn hm lng SO2 cn thit x l nho c th gim cng on thng hi hoc lm sch khng kh bo qun loi b SO2 cn d, sau khi xng. Thng tin k hn v k thut xng hi kh trng cho nho bng SO2 c Luvisi cung cp (1992). Natri bisulfit hoc Kali bisulfit: Bisulfit thng c cha bn trong cc tm m bng giy hoc nha do, c th c t vo trong thng carton gii phng SO2, gip kim sot nm mc trn nho trong sut qu trnh vn chuyn v tn tr. Ngun: Luvisi, D.A v cng s, 1992. Sulfur Dioxide Fumigation of Table Grapes. Trng i hc California, 1932. Ogawa, J.M, Manji, B.T, 1984. Postharvest Pathology of Fruits and Vegetables. Trng i hc California, 1914.
Mui bicacbonat S dng mui bicacbonat phng nga thi hng sau thu hoch c p dng trn t ti, da, c chua, carot v cc qu c mi. Cc mui ny khng h t, an ton khi s dng, sn c v c cng nhn l cht hu c m bo gi tr v khng ha cht. Cc mui bicacbonat bao gm: Natricacbonat hay cn gi l bt Soda hay bt n (NaHCO3), Kalicacbonat (KHCO3). Phng php s dng (c hoc khng c Clo ) Phng php Phun hoc nhng Nng Dung dch 2% (s dng 2g trong 100ml nc, hoc 20g/lit) Dung dch 3% (s dng Ra trong nc 3g trong 100 ml nc, hoc 30g/lit) Bc tip sau
Phun hoc nhng
Ngun: Smilanick, J. 2002 (personal communication) Research Plant Pathologist, USDA ARS San Joaquin Valley Agricultural Science Center. Vi khun gy thi (Erwinia) bp ci c th c kim sot bng cch s dng vi bt hoc dung dch phn 15% (15g Nhm kalisulphat trong 100ml nc). Sau khi x l ln gc cung ca bp ci, nn kh khong 20 30 pht trc khi bao gi. ng dng dung dch Alum (phun hoc chi)
S dng bt lime (chm cung vo bt lime)
Trong trng hp cn phun thuc dit nm cho sn phm, th c th s dng khay lm c l di y ng sn phm trong khi phun thuc. Trong hnh minh ha di y, bnh phun bng tay c s dng phun thuc dit nm dng lng ln chui. Sau chui c th c lm kh trong khay c c l trc khi tin hnh cc cng on khc.
Bnh phun c quai eo l cng c hu ch dng trong phun thuc dit nm, v cc qu trnh x l ha hc khc sau thu hoch. Cc bnh phun kiu dng v kch thc khc nhau c th mua ti cc trung tm cung cp dng c nng nghip hoc mua qua internet. Khi qu c bao gi xut khu, thuc dit nm thng xuyn c s dng p ng yu cu tiu chun cht lng quc t v gim s h hng trong qu
trnh vn chuyn. Di y minh ha mt my phun dng tng phun thuc dit nm cho u v hiu qu, bng cch s dng mt mn lng ti ln qu. Qu ng trong khay nha c khoan l c a vo bng ti quay (khng th hin trong hnh minh ha) v i vo my. Bn trong mt thit b nghing hnh cnh qut to ra mt mn lng thuc dit nm. Qu s i qua di tm mn ny, v n b lm t, sau ra khi my n ng dn theo khay chuyn ng ra vo. B cha ng n 50 lit dung dch thuc dit nm, v my bm c t li ra ca b. Thit b lc c lp pha trn b cha loi b nhng vt cht l ca dng dung dch thuc hi lu t thng my v t khay chuyn ng. Thit b x l cht chng nm
Tui th cm l ca hoa ct Mt vi phng php x l ha hc n gin v k nng qun l c th c th c s dng trnh cho hoa ct khi b kh ho v h hng khi tn tr v bn trn th trng, v gip cho hoa gi c ti lu hn khi cm l. Nu bn bn hoa ct, bn c th a ra cho khch hng ca bn mt s li khuyn di y: - Bt u cm hoa vi mt ci bnh sch s (c ra bng x phng v x sch vi nc). - Nh nhng tch b nhng ci l phn thp, khng c ci l no ngp trong nc ( trong bnh). - Ct li cung, ct xin v b i khong 1 2 inch, ct di vi nc.
- S dng thit b kh khong nu nc cng (c cc cht lng cn vi nc), hoc c lm mm ha (nhiu mui). - S dng nc m n nng (400C). - S dng mt trong cc dung dch di y. Cc dung dch ny cha axt ci thin nc, cha ng gip n hoa n v cha mt cht bo qun gim tc sinh trng ca nm v vi khun. 1. S dng 1 phn soda chanh vi 3 phn nc m. Khng s dng soda n thun. Thm vo cht st trng cho Galon nc m (1,135 lt). 2. S dng 2 tha c ph nc chanh hoc nc chanh c c, 1 tha c ph ng, v tha thuc st trng cho 1,135 lt nc m. C 4 ngy li thm vo tha c ph thuc st trng vo l. 3. S dng thuc bo v thc vt thng mi. Loi ny khng t v tin s dng, nhng khng hiu qu bng hai cng thc ni trn. - Nu bn ang s dng xp cm hoa, nn chng c nhng ngp trong dung dch cho n khi t n chm c. t chng vo trong l s lm cho bt kh b gi li trong tm xp v lm cho hoa sm hng. Ngun: Hesketh, K.A v cng s. Extending the life of cut flowers in your home. Trng i hc California.
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KIM SOT THI HNG V CN TRNG HI 2 X l lnh Nm v vi khun trong giai on ny mm rt nhy cm vi iu kin lnh, v s ly nhim c th hn ch c bng cch bo qun sn phm vi ngy nhit lnh nht m sn phm c th chu c, m khng xut hin tn thng (00C i vi to, l, nho, kiwi, hng, v qu hch). Nm mc Rhizopus stolonifer v Aspergillus niger (mc en) c th b dit khi ang ny mm nu b x l 2 ngy tr ln 00C. (Adaskaveg v cng s, Kader, 2002), v s pht trin ca bnh c th gn nh ngng hn nu bo qun di 50C. X l lnh cng c th kim sot c mt vi loi cn trng hi, v hin nay kim sot c rui qu, mt hi h o v su bo hi vi. X l kim sot rui qu cn 10 ngy 00C hoc thp hn, hoc 14 ngy 1,70C hoc thp hn. Kiu x l ny ch ph hp vi cc sn phm c kh nng chu lnh trong thi gian di nh to, l, nho, kiwi, v hng. V cc yu cu ny l mt vn khc, nn c cp n phin bn cui cng ca cun sch v x l APHIS. i vi nhng sn phm c bao gi trc khi x l bo qun lnh, th cc l thng gi cn c che chn li trnh s ly nhim li ca cn trng hi trong qu trnh lu tr. X l bng kh quyn ci bin hoc kh quyn kim sot i vi nhng hng nng sn chu c lng CO2 cao, c th s dng kh quyn cha 15 20% CO2 dit nm gy bnh, nh nm Botrytiscenerea trn du ty, vit qut, mm xi, qu v ti, v nho trong sut qu trnh vn chuyn. Kh quyn tr su (hm lng O2 bng 0,5% hoc thp hn, hm lng CO2 bng 40% hoc cao hn) c kim nghim thay th hiu qu cho vic xng hi methyl bromide kh trng cho cc sn phm c mi, qu hch v rau sy kh. Hm lng O2 thp hay hm lng CO2 cao c s dng dit tr cc loi su hi hin nay trong hng nng sn c th chu c iu kin ny. Hiu qu ca kh quyn tr su ph thuc vo nhit , m tng i, thi gian hot ng v hnh thi ca su hi. Di y l 8 v d, 5 v d u tin l ca Mitcham v cng s (1997): 1. Su cun l u xanh (Planotortrix excessana) v su cun l u nu (Ctenopseustis obliquana) v bm nu hi to (Epiphyas postvittana) b tiu dit hon ton trong hai thng nu tn tr to iu kin kh quyn cha 3% CO2 v 3% O2, 0,50C. 2. Trng ca su gy bnh g st trn to (Aculus schlechtendall) v su chu u (Panonychus ulmi) b tiu dit trong 5 thng 5,3 thng khi tn tr to trong iu kin 2,80C, kh quyn cha 1% O2 v 1% CO2. 3. u trng ca su bm (Cydia pomonella) b dit trong 3 thng nu tn tr to trong kh quyn cha 1,5 2% O2 v t hn 1% CO2. 4. qu kiwi, nhn hai chm trng thnh (Tetranychus urticae) b tiu dit 400C, 0,4% O2 v 20% CO2 ch trong 7 gi
5. Qu hng c tn tr 200C, 0,5% O2 v 5% CO2, su cun l (Planototrix excessana) b tiu dit trong 4 ngy, u trng v rp m trng thnh (Pseudoccus longispinus) b tiu dit trong 7 ngy. Ngun: Mitcham, E.J., S.Zhou v A.A. Kader, 1997. Potential for CA for postharvest insect control in fresh horticultural pershables: an update of summary tables compiled by Ke and Kader, 1992, trang 78-90 Mt khoai lang (Cylas formicarius elegantulus) c kim sot nhit thng, nu khoai ty nhit i c tn tr trong kh quyn c t O2 v nhiu CO2. Tn tr 250C, 2 4% O2 v 40 60% CO2 s dit c mt trng thnh trong 2 7 ngy. Ngun: Detale, K v cng s, 1990. Controlled atmosphere treatments for control of sweetpotato weevil in stored tropical sweetpotatoes, Jounal Economic Entomology 83: 461 465. Su bm (Cydia pomonella) trong cc loi qu hch c th b kim sot 25 C nu s dng kh quyn c 0,5% O2 v 10% CO2 trong 2 3 ngy (trng hoc su trng thnh), 6 12 ngy (nhng). S thay i mu sc v cng ca qu trong qu trnh chn khng b nh hng bi qu trnh x l.
0
Ngun: Soderstrom, E.L v cng s, 1990. Responses of codling moth life stages to high carbon dioxide or low oxygen atmospheres. Journal of Economic Entomology 83: 472 - 475 X l vi 45% CO2 00C ang c p dng i vi mt vi loi su hi b mt, bao gm su cun l n tp (Plantynota sultana), su hoa min ty (Frankliniella occidentalis), v nhn thuc khu vc Thi Bnh Dng (Tetranychus pacificus) trn nho. Cch x l ny i hi 13 ngy 00C v c th thit k cho cc thng cha vn chuyn ng bin. Tuy nhin, cc cch x l ny u cha c chp nhn khi kim dch. Ngun: Mitcham, E.J, F.G. Mitchell, M.A.Arpaia, v A.A.Kader, 2002. Postharvest Treatments for insect control, p 251 257. Postharvest Technology of Horticultural Crops, phin bn th 3, Trng i hc California, nh xut bn ANR 3311. X l nhit Nc nng hoc khng kh nng c th c s dng kim sot trc tip cn trng hi sau thu hoch. i vi xoi, x l 46,40C trong 65 90 pht s cho hiu qu, ty vo kch thc qu, ging, v ngun gc (Mitcham v cng s, 2002). Qu khng nn c lu tr ngay sau khi x l nhit. Bt k khi no x l nhit i vi nng sn ti, u phi phun nc lm mt, hoc lm mt bng khng kh lnh cng bc gip qu quay tr v nhit ti u cng nhanh cng tt sau khi hon thnh x l. Mt s loi bnh rt nhy cm vi x l nhit. Nhng nhanh trong nc nng hoc khng kh nng cng bc c th kim sot bnh hi mt cch hiu qu, c bit l gim c bnh hi do vi khun cho mn, o, u , da , v q hch (Shewfelt, 1986), khoai lang v c chua.
X l bng nc nng Hng nng sn To Bi u xanh Chanh Xoi Loi bnh Gloeosporium sp. Penicillium expansum Phytophthora citrophthora Pythium butleri Sclerotinia sclerotiorum Penicillium digitatum Phytophthora sp. Anthracnose Collectotrichum gloeosporioides Fungi Diplodia sp Phomopsis sp Phytophthora sp Fungi Anthracnose Colletoytrichum gleosporioides Monolinia fruticola Rhizopus stolonifer Erwinia sp. Nhit (0C) 45 48 52 52 52 Thi gian (pht) 10 3 0,5 5-10 5 Khng kim sot c bnh thi cung Mu sc khng tt Tn thng c th xy ra Gim tui th sau thu hoch
Da Cam u u * o t (chung)
57-63 53 48 42 49 52 53
0,5 5 20 30 20 2,5 1,5
B m nh
Bnh kim sot bnh athracnose u i hi c hai kiu x l: u tin l 30 pht 420C, sau l 20 pht 490C.
X l bng khng kh nng cng bc Hng nng sn To Da o Du ty Bnh Nhit (0C) Thi gian 15 35 15 30 100 Thp 80 98 RH (%) Tn thng c th xy ra Gim cht lng Gim cht lng r rt
45 Gloeosporium sp. Penicillium expansum 30-60 Fungi Monolinia fruticola Rhizopus stolonifer Alternaria sp. Botrytis sp. Rhizopus sp. Cladosporium sp. 54 43
Ngun: Barkai-Golan, R v Phillips, D.J.1991. Postharvest treatments of fresh fruits and vegetables for decay control. Plant Disease 75: 1085-1089. Kim sot bng phng php sinh hc v cc cht iu tit sinh trng Hai sn phm kim sot sinh hc (sinh vt i khng) hin nay c s dng nh mt cng c b sung (b sung cho x l ha hc v/hoc x l nhit) qun l s thi hng sau thu hoch, nh l mt phn trong chng trnh qun l tng th dch hi cho rau qu (xem bng bn di). Hai cht iu tit sinh trng c th c s dng lm chm s gi ha ca qu c mi v v vy hn ch c s thi hng (xem bng bn di). Cht kim sot sinh hc thng mi hin nay v cht iu tit sinh trng thc vt (PGR) ng k nh mt phng php x l sau thu hoch. Loi Sinh vt/sn phm Nm gii thiu Nng sn Sinh vt gy thi hng hoc chc nng Phng D php lng x l c th chu ng c Nhng Khng hoc phun
Kim sot sinh hc
Preudomonas 1995 syringae Biosave
Qu c mi
Penicillium digitatus, P.italicum, Geotrichum citriaurantii
Anh o Penicillium expansum, Botrytis cinerea To, l Penicillium
Ngm
Khng
Nhng
Khng
Khoai ty Kim sot sinh hc Candida oleophila (Aspire) 1995 Lu
expansum, Botrytis cinerea, Mucor piniformis Fusarium sambucinum, Helminthosporium solanin Sinh vt gy thi hng Sinh vt gy thi hng Lm chm s gi ha (ngn nga thi hng) Lm chm s gi ha ca cc bp mm (ngn nga thi hng)
hoc ngm Nhng hoc phun Bt k cch no Bt k cch no Storage wax Storage wax Khng
Khng
Qu c mi PGR PGR 1955 Axit Gibberelic (Pro Gibb) 2,4-D (Citrus 1942 Fix) Qu c mi Qu c mi
KHng Khng 5
Ngun: Adaskaveg, J.E., H.Foster, and N.F Sommer, 2002. Principles of postharvest pathology and management of decays of edible horticultural crops, p 195-196, trong: A.A. Kader. Postharvest technology of horticultural crops, phin bn th 3. Trng i hc California, nh xut bn ANR 3311.
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KIM SOT NHIT V M TNG I 1 Trong sut thi gian t khi thu hoch n tiu dng, kim sot nhit l yu t quan trng nht gi cht lng nng sn. Qu, rau, v hoa ct u l nhng c th sng, ngay c khi tch khi cy, t bo ca chng vn h hp. Gi nng sn nhit an ton thp nht ca n (00C cho cc sn phm thc vt n i, v 10 120C cho cc sn phm nhy cm vi iu kin lnh) s tng tui th sau thu hoch qua vic gim cng h hp, gim tnh nhy cm vi kh ethylen, v gim s mt nc. Gim s mt nc s gip lm chm tc kh ho - l nguyn nhn gy tn tht sau thu hoch nghim trng. Gi nng sn trong iu kin qu lnh cng l mt vn nghim trng. Cn ht sc trnh tn thng lnh, v cc triu chng bao gm mt kh nng chn (chui, c chua), to ra cc vng b hp, b lm (cam, da hu, da leo), cc vt thm nu (l tu, c tm), tng kh nng thi hng (da leo, u), v km mi v (c chua) (Shewfelt, 1990). Qu trnh lm mt i hi s truyn nhit t sn phm n mi cht lm mt. Cc qu trnh truyn nhit bao gm dn nhit, i lu, bc x nhit, v bay hi. Nu in lun sn sng cung cp, th s dng h thng lm lnh c kh s cung cp ngun lnh tt nht. Cc phng php bao gm lm mt phng, lm mt khng khng kh cng bc, v lm mt bng cht bay hi. My lm mt khng kh cng bc di ng c thit k phong ph dnh cho ngi nng dn v ngi lu tr s dng quy m nh (Talbot v Fletcher, 1993; Rij v cng s, 1979, Parsons v Kasmire, 1974). Tuy nhin cng c nhiu phng php n gin lm mt sn phm dnh cho nhng ni khng c in, hoc dng in qu t. Mt vi v d v h thng la chn (theo Thompson trong Kader, 1992) bao gm thng gi vo ban m, lm mt s dng bc x, lm mt bng cht bay hi, s dng , hoc lm hm (hm di gc cy, hoc cc hang ngoi cnh ng), hoc tn tr ni cao. c to ra bng cch s dng h thng lm mt bng nng lng mt tri, tc l tp trung nng lng mt tri pht in, lm , ri dng ny lm mt sn phm (Umar, 1998). c th dng trc tip nh p lnh bng , hoc dng lm mt nc s dng trong phng php lm mt bng cht lng, hoc dng lm mt khng kh cng bc hoc lm mt phng. Mt vi k nng n gin s rt c ch trong qu trnh lm mt v nng cao hiu qu ca h thng bo qun khi chng c s dng, c bit l cc nc ang pht trin, ni m vic cung cp nng lng l c gii hn, v ch trng n vic tit kim. Bng rm cn phi c m bo cho sn phm sau khi thu hoch, cho khu bao gi, cho khu lm mt v tn tr, v cho phng tin vn chuyn. To bng rm bt k ni no c th, s gip gim nhit ca sn phm, v v th gim chi ph lm mt. Cy to l noi tt nht ly bng rm, v c th gim nhit xung quanh khu nh bao gi v khu tn tr. Cc gam mu nh ca tng nh s phn chiu nh sng (v nhit), v gim nhit ca l sn phm. Nhiu khi tiu tin li l tit kim tin, nh khi mua mt thit b chiu sng. S dng n sinh t nhit v s dng nng lng t s tt hn l s sng n nng sng.
Mt kha cnh na cng cn quan tm khi tn tr rau qu l m tng i ca mi trng bo qun. Bay hi nc sn phm thng dn ti tn tht cht lng, v y xy ra nhng thay i nhn thy nh kh ho, v c nhng thay i v cu trc. Nu s dng thit b lm lnh c kh, dn xon ca thit b cng ln, th m tng i trong phng lnh cng cao. Tuy nhin nn nh rng, s bay hi nc khng phi lun l iu khng mong mun, v d khi sn phm c d nh sy kh. i vi sn phm dng ti, cn dng cc bin php lm tng m tng i ca mi trng bo qun (hoc lm gim chnh lch p sut hi nc gia sn phm v mi trng) s lm chm tc mt nc. Phng php tt nht tng m tng i l gim nhit . Mt phng php khc l thm m vo khng kh xung quanh sn phm bng cch phun sng, hoc phng php cui cng l lm t nn phng lu tr. Mt cch khc l s dng cc vt chn hi nc, nh sp, hoc cc tm lt bng polyethylene, cc hp hoc cc vt liu bao gi khc nhau khng t m c th ti s dng. Bt k mt vt liu bao gi no c s dng u lm gim hiu qu lm mt, v th nn s dng cc tm lt c c l (l chim hong 5% din tch ca tm lt). Cc l ca tm lt cn phi thng hng vi l ca vt liu bao gi, d dng lm mt sn phm bn trong. Cc tm lt c c l s gip gim chnh lch p sut hi nc m khng gy tr ngi n s chuyn ng ca kh oxy, cacbonic v ethylene. Lm lnh kiu trong phng Lm mt phng l phng php lm mt tng i r, nhng rt chm. Khi s dng phng php ny, sn phm s c a vo trong phng lnh, v khng kh lnh c lu thng gia cc thng, cc ti, cc khi hng. Phng php ny ph hp nht i vi cc loi hng t thi hng, nh khoai ty, hnh ty, to, khoai lang, v qu c mi, v cc hng nng sn d h hng hn s gim gi tr nhanh chng trc khi c lm mt thch hp. Lm mt phng c th l tt c nhng g bn cn, nu bn tn tr nhng nng sn nhy cm vi nhit lnh, m cn lm mt t nhit khi thu hoch vo bui sng xung nhit tn tr l 10 - 130C. Vic thit k v sp xp phng lnh kh n gin v khng i hi nhiu thit b c bit. Cn phi to mt khong khng gian ph hp gia cc khi sn phm bn trong phng c lm lnh sn phm lnh nhanh hn. Khong khng rng 2,5 cm l khng kh lnh lu chuyn xung quanh cc thng hng. Sn phm trong cc thng hng c c l s mt nhanh hn so vi sn phm trong thng hng khng c l. Trong nhiu phng lnh quy m nh, sn phm c xp qu cht vo trong phng, n ni m vic lm mt khng th din ra c, v mc d phi tr ph cao cho hot ng ca h thng lm lnh, th nhit sn phm cng vn khng th gim xung mc mong mun. Cc khi hng trong phng lnh ch nn xp hp, chiu cao khong 1 palet (2 3 thng carton). Nn lp h thng qut di chuyn khng kh lnh i khp phng. S lu thng khng kh t u n cui phng qua cc b mt, v qua cc khng gian m, v th hi lnh t bn ngoi vo trung tm ca khi sn phm ch yu l bng dn nhit. Bn cn phi kim tra nhit ca sn phm bn trong vt liu bao gi cc v tr khc nhau trong phng xc nh rng sn phm c lm mt t yu cu. Sp xp li khi hng trong phng v nh gi tc lm mt, cho ti khi bn tm c m hnh ng nht cho phng lnh.
Lm mt khng kh cng bc (Xem thm phn thit b lm mt di ng USDA trang 189) Lm mt khng kh cng bc l a khng kh i qua cc thng cha sn phm, tc lm mt sn phm rt ln. C rt nhiu my lm mt khng kh cng bc c thit k vn chuyn khng kh m qua hng ha. V d di y l mt thit b c nh, phi lp qut trn tng bn trong phng lm mt. Lm lnh bng khng kh cng bc
Di y l mt minh ha khc v thit b lm mt khng kh cng bc gn tng. Tm vi bt dng bt khe h ca palet thit b lm mt kiu ng thc hin chc nng ca n.
My lm mt khng kh cng bc di ng c th thit k mt tm vi bt hoc polyethylene. Chng s c cun li pha trn, sau chm ln pha sau ca hp sn phm lm tm chn, v y khng kh qua cc l thng (din tch cc l nn chim 5% din tch b mt ca thng carton) ca thng carton c xp ngc li vi my lm mt. Thit b ny c thit k s dng bn trong phng tn tr c lm lnh. Trong hnh di y, qut c tch ri ra minh ha cch chuyn ng ca khng kh bn trong thit b lm lnh. cho kt qu tt nht v chi ph thp nht, khng kh m i ra t qut nn c chuyn v pha khng kh hi lu bn trong bung lnh. Thit b lnh di ng
Hnh minh ha di y a ra hai kiu my lm mt khng kh cng bc lm mt hoa ct. Mi thit b c lp mt chic qut ko khng kh t bung lnh qua cc thng sn phm.
Hnh minh ha di y ch ra cc kiu l thng hi ph hp cho cc thng carton cha ng sn phm lm mt bng khng kh cng bc. L thng nn chim 5% tng din tch b mt, v nn t cch xa gc hp 5 7,5 cm. Mt vi l to (rng khong 1,3 cm, hoc hn) s tt hn l nhiu l nh.
Lm mt bng nc Lm mt bng cht lng s cp lnh rt nhanh v ng u cho sn phm. Cc loi hng cng nh vt liu bao gi chng cn phi chu c m t, Clo (s dng lm v sinh nc lm mt) v cc tn thng do va p ca nc (Mitchell, 1992). Kiu thit b lm mt bng cht lng n gin nht l mt b cha nc lnh ngm sn phm. Trong minh ha di y th cc m sn phm c ti nc lnh vo khi chuyn ng dc theo bng truyn. My lm mt bng cht lng theo tng m ny c th c kt cu gi c ton b mt khi sn phm ca mt palet (Thompson, 2002). Bng truyn c th c gn vo kim sot thi gian sn phm tip xc vi nc lnh.
Lm lnh bng nc phun
Lm lnh bng nc nhng
Lm mt bng phng php bay hi Nhng nh bao gi c lm t nhng vt liu t nhin nh rm c th c lm t bng nc, u tin l lm t tng v mi nh, s to iu kin lm mt bng cht bay hi.
Nh ng gi mi tranh
Tng nh ca cc nh bao gi minh ha di y c dng ln vi nhng li thp gi than ci. Lm m than bng nc vo bui sng, th ton b cu trc c lm mt sut c ngy nh hi nc. Nh ng gi mi tranh
My lm mt bng cht bay hi c th c ch to lm mt khng kh cho ton b khu lu tr, hoc ch lm mt mt vi thng cha sn phm. Thit b lm mt ny ph hp nht i vi nhng vng c m tng i thp, v mc lm mt c gii hn ch cao hn 1 20C so vi nhit ca bu t. Cc tm thm nc bng x g hoc rm c lm t, v khng kh c ko qua cc tm ny bng mt ci qut nh. Trong v d di y, 0,5 galon nc c ngm vo tm thm nc 8 foot vung, cung cp m cho khng kh lm mt 18 thng sn phm trong 1 2 gi. Nc c tp trung li trong khay y thit b v lu thng tun hon. Thit b lm mt bng cht bay hi c th kt hp vi my lm mt khng kh cng bc dng cho cc l hng nh. Khng kh c lm mt bng cch i qua tm thm nc trc khi i qua sn phm hoc vt liu bao gi.
Nh ng gi s dng phng php lm lnh bay hi
Thit b lm mt bng cht bay hi di y c trang b mt my cun gi. Dy thp cong c s dng to ra hai hp mng trn hai mt i nhau ca bung lnh-ni gi cc tm thm nc bng than ci hoc bng rm. Nc c thm vo than hoc rm, v gi s bt tuabin, ht m, lm mt khng kh i qua l sn phm bn trong bung mt. Khi s dng thit b lm mt ny, nhit s gim xung thp hn 3 50C so vi nhit ca khng kh xung quanh, trong khi m tng i khong 85%.
Thit b lm mt bng cht bay hi c th c lm t nhng vt liu rt n gin, nh vi bao b, tre. My lm mt kiu nh git c minh ha y hot ng ch qua mt qu trnh duy nht ca cht bay hi, khng cn s dng qut. Qu trnh lm mt s c tng cng nu my c gi ni rm mt, v c s dng khu vc thng gi tt.
Lm lnh bng nhng t
Hai thit b lm mt bng cht bay hi c ch to v s dng Phillipin lm mt v tn tr cc loi rau (nh c chua, t ngt, v cc loi cy m tc). Kiu a c minh ha di y, c t trn mt khay nc bng st m in, v c mt khay nc khc t trn nc. Cc mt bn v nc c ph mt ti ay, c gi m bng cch nhng phn u v cc cnh y vo trong khay nc. kiu b, cc mt thnh bn trong thit b c lm t cc tm st m in bng phng vi cc khe nh ( khong 5 x 5cm), trong khi cc thnh ngoi c lm t cc li thp nh (0,32 cm). Khong khng gian gia thnh trong v thnh ngoi thit b l 1,5 cm, c lm kn bng v tru, c gi m bng cch tip xc vi mt tm vi nhng trong khay nc t trn nc thit b. Sn phm c ng trong cc thit b ny s c tui th di hn so vi sn phm gi iu kin bn ngoi. C chua v t b gim khi lng t hn v s chn chm hn, v c th nh th cho n khi no chng c tn tr trong iu kin lnh ring (khong 3 tun). Thi hng c th l mt vn , nhng c th kim sot
bng cch ra trong nc cha Clo trc khi lm mt. Cc cy m tc th mt nc nhiu hn v s c biu hin kh ho sau 5 ngy.
Thit b lm mt bng cht bay hi nu c t trn nh ca kho tn tr c th lm mt ton b phng cha sn phm, dng cho khoai lang hoc cc nng sn nhy cm vi nhit lnh. Cc l thng hi vi khng gian bn ngoi nn c t phn y ca kho khng kh mt c lu chuyn khp phng trc khi chng i ra.
Bung lm mt chi ph thp minh ha di y c lm bng gch. Khoang rng gia cc thnh thit b c lm y bng ct. Gch v ct c thm m
nc. Rau qu c cht bn trong, v ton b bung c ph bi chiu bc cng c lm t. Nh vy, lm bung bo qun lnh ny cn kh nhiu vt liu, nn ch hu ch khi tn tr cc sn phm c gi tr cao. Bung lnh khng cn nng lng
Thng gi vo ban m Kho bo qun c th c lm mt bng cch s dng khng kh ban m nu chnh lch nhit gia ngy v m tng i ln (Thompson, 2002). Kho bo qun nn c cch nhit, v cc l thng gi nn c b tr gn mt t. Chng c th m vo ban m, v c th s dng qut ko khng kh qua phng tn tr. Cu trc s gi c nhit lnh mt cch tt nht tri qua c thi gian nng ban ngy nu chng c cch nhit tt v cc l thng gi c ng li vo bui sng sm.
Chng 6
KIM SOT NHIT V M TNG I 2 Tn thng lnh Cc sn phm rau qu thng nhy cm vi tn thng lnh khi c lm lnh xung thp hn 13 160C. Tn thng lnh s lm gim cht lng sn phm, v rt ngn tui th. Bng di y cung cp mt vi v d v triu chng tn thng lnh ca cc loi nng sn khc nhau. Cc triu chng ny thng xut hin khi hng ha c quay tr li nhit m hn, nh l khi chng c em ra bn. Cc loi rau v qu nhy cm vi tn thng lnh khi c tn tr nhit thp, nhng cha phi l nhit bng gi Hng nng sn c im tn thng khi tn tr Nhit an ton nhit gia 00C v nhit an ton* thp nht
0
F Thm rut, li, chy nc
To (Jonathan, McIntosh, Yellow Newton) Mng ty L tu u (trng) u (xanh) Nam vit qut Da leo C tm i Bi Jicama Chanh Qut Xoi Da Da mt
2-3
36-38
0-2 4,5-13 1-4,5 7 2 7 7 4,5 10 13-18 11-13 7-9 10-13 2-5 7-10
32-36 40-55 53-56 34-40 45 36 45 45 40 50 55-65 52-55 45-48 50-55 36-41 45-50
Thm, u mm nhn Ci qu bin mu, thnh nu xm Khi chn s b thm Xut hin cc vt m nu Xut hin cc vt lm, nu ha Xut hin nhng cu trc nh cao su, ci Xut hin cc vt lm, sng nc, thi hng Gy ra cc vt so (bng) b mt, vt mc, thm ht Tn thng ci, thi hng Cc vt so (bng), lm, sng nc Thi phn mt, bin mu Xut hin cc vt lm, cc vt mng thm, Xut hin cc vt lm, dn bin mu v Cc vt so mu xm, chn khng u Cc vt lm, thi b mt V bin mu thnh hi , cc vt lm,
Chui xanh hoc chn 11,5-13
thi b mt, khng chn c Da gang Da Ba T Da hu Mp ty Oliu ti Cam, California v Arizona u t ngt Da Lu Khoai ty B Khoai lang Qu me C chua chn C chua chn-xanh 7-10 7-10 4,5 7 7 3 7 7 7-10 4,5 3 10 13 3-4 7-10 13 45-50 45-50 40 45 45 38 45 45 45-50 40 38 50 55 37-40 45-50 55 Tng t da mt, nhng khng bin mu Tng t da mt, nhng khng bin mu Cc vt lm, hng v thay i Bin mu, xut hin cc vng sng nc, lm, thi hng Thm rut Cc vt nu, lm Cc vt lm, khng chn c, km thm, thi hng Cc vt lm, mc phn v v i, thm ht Khi chn s b xm Cc vt lm, thm c v v rut Thm mu g (Chippewa v Sebago), ngt hn** Thi hng, c bit l c cc vt mc Thi hng, lm, bin mu rut, khi luc s thy li cng Lm b mt, bin mu Sng nc v mm nhn, thi hng Khi chn mu sc km, xut hin cc vt thi
*) Cc triu chng ch r rng khi c a v nhit m, thng l trong qu trnh bn trn th trng **) Khoai ty dnh chin, rn kiu Php hoc cc sn phm chin rn khc, thng c tn tr nhit t 8 120C (46 540F). Ngun: Harderburg, R.E., A.E.Watada, v C-Y.Wang, 1986. The Commercial Storage of Fruits Vegetables, and Florist and Nursery Stocks. USDA, Agricultura Handbook, No.66. S dng nc c th c s dng nh mt kho (hm) cp lnh (oc s dng bng cch a khng kh i qua khi v sau i qua khi sn phm), hoc s dng p (cho tip xc trc tip vi sn phm). c th lm mt hng ha khi n tan ra, v th thng gi tt l iu cn thit lm mt c hiu qu. Mt kiu hm n gin c minh ha di y:
nghin hoc mnh p khi bao gi c th c dng trc tip, hoc dng b sung vo nc. Vic s dng lm mt sn phm s to ra mi trng c m tng i cao xung quanh sn phm. p bao gi ch c th s dng vi nhng sn phm chu c nc, khng nhy cm vi tn thng lnh (nh c rt, ng rau, da , rau dip, rau bina, c ci, bng ci xanh, hnh), v vt liu bao gi cng phi chu c nc (tm x p c bi sp, nha, g).
iu quan trng phi nh khi p l khng gy cn tr s lu thng khng kh bn trong phng tin vn chuyn. Nn p C ci (c ngn) Bng ci xanh (hoa l xanh) C rt Ng rau Rau dip qun C ci ng (c ngn) Cy c ci ng Hnh Rau mi ty Rau bina Rau ci Ci xoong Cy atis u xanh C ci ( bm ngn) Ci brusel Da C rt bm ngn Cn ty Su ho Ti ty Cy m tc Cy c cn Bp ci C th p
Ngun: Thompson, J.F, 2002. Cooling horticultural commodities, pp 97-112. Ti Kader, A.A. Postharvest Technology of Horticultural Crops, Trng i hc California. McGregor, B.M, 1989. Tropical Products Transport Handbook, USDA, C quan vn ti, sch nng nghip, s 668.
Cc phng php lm lnh khc

Lm mt s dng bc x Lm mt bng bc x c th c s dng h thp nhit ca kho tn tr nu b thu nng lng mt tri c ni vi h thng thng gi ca kho. S dng h thng ny vo ban m s ui bt nhit ra mi trng bn ngoi. Nhit bn trong kho tn tr c th xung thp hn 40C (khong 8 0F) so vi nhit ban m. S dng nc ging hu ht cc khu vc trn th gii, nc ging thng mt hn nhiu s vi nhit ca khng kh. Nhit nc ca cc ging su tng i ging nhau cc khu vc c nhit trung bnh ca khng kh bng nhau. Nc ging c th s dng cho phng php lm mt bng cht lng, v dng nh cc bi nc hoc sng m gi m tng i cao cho mi trng tn tr. Tn tr vng cao Nhit khng kh s gim i 100C khi cao tng ln 1 km so vi mt nc bin. Nu ngi lu tr c th bao gi hoc tn tr hng ha ni cao hn so vi mt nc bin th s gim c chi ph. Cc phng tin lm mt hoc tn tr nu c t cao nh th s i hi nng lng t hn so vi t v tr bng mt nc bin, v hiu qu vn khng thay i. Theo thng l, thng gi vo ban m trong 5-7 gi s duy tr c mt cch hiu qu nhit ca sn phm, khi nhit khng kh bn ngoi thp hn nhit mong mun ca sn phm. Ngun: Thompson, J.F, 2002. Cooling horticultural commodities, pp.97-112, Ti: Kader, A.A. Postharvest Technology of Horticultural Crops. Trng i hc California. Tng m tng i ca khng kh Khng kh c lm lnh s b gim m tng i xung mc thp hn m c ch cho hu ht cc sn phm cy trng. Phng php n gin nht tng m tng i ca khng kh bo qun l s dng nc lnh lm t nn phng tn tr hoc phun sng ln thit b cha ng, sau nc bay hi. c mt h thng mi trng bo qun m m tng i cao v n nh, c th a hi m vo khng kh c lm lnh. Qut s a khng kh i qua dn bay hi ca thit b lm lnh (R), sau s i qua cc tm ru hoc rm t (M), ri c a vo bn trong phng tn tr qua tng khoan l (P).
S dng mt tm lt m bng polyethylene bn trong thng carton c th gip bo v v gim s mt nc cho sn phm nh anh o, kiwi, chui, xun o, cy thn tho. Hi nc thot ra t nng sn s c gi li bn trong thng cha, lm tng m tng i xung quanh sn phm. Tm m lt cn gim c cc tn thng do qu c xt vo thnh hp.
Duy tr chui lnh cho cc loi sn phm d thi hng Thu hoch Bo v sn phm trnh nh nng mt tri Vn chuyn nhanh n nh bao gi Lm mt Hn ch vic chm tr trc khi lm mt Lm mt hon ton sn phm cng nhanh cng tt Tn tr tm thi Tn tr sn phm nhit ti thch Vn chuyn n th trng cng sm cng tt Vn chuyn n th trng tiu th S dng cc khu vc cht hng c lm lnh Lm mt xe ti trc khi cht hng Xp cc tm palet hng v pha trung tm ca xe ti Chn cc tm nha vo pha trong ca nu xe thng xuyn phi dng Trnh chm tr trong qu trnh vn chuyn Kim sot nhit ca sn phm trong qu trnh vn chuyn Tn tr im n S dng cc khu vc d hng c lm lnh o nhit ca sn phm Chuyn sn phm nhanh n khu tn tr thch hp Vn chuyn n cc im bn l hoc im dch v thc phm trong cc xe ti c lm lnh t trong iu kin nhit thch hp Lu tr ti nh hoc cc ca hng dch Gi sn phm nhit thch hp v thc phm S dng sn phm cng sm cng tt
Chng 7
BO QUN CC SN PHM NGH VN 1 Nu nng sn c a vo tn tr, th iu quan trng l sn phm a vo phi c cht lng tt. L hng khng c cha cc sn phm b tn thng hoc b bnh, thng cha phi c thng gi tt v c kh nng chu c xp, chng. Ni chung, cc hot ng trong qu trnh tn tr bao gm kim sot nhit , m tng i, s chuyn ng ca khng kh, m bo khong cch gia cc thng cha thng gi tt, trnh ln cc sn phm khng tng ng vi nhau. Cc sn phm tn tr chung vi nhau cn c kh nng chng chu nh nhau i vi nhit , m v hm lng ethylen trong mi trng tn tr. Sn phm sinh nhiu ehtylen ( nh chui chn, to, da ) c th kch thch nhng bin i sinh l trong cc sn phm nhy cm vi ethylen (nh rau dip, da leo, c rt, khoai ty, khoai lang), dn n nhng bin i khng mong mun v mu sc, mi v v cu trc. Qun l nhit trong qu trnh tn tr c th c h tr bng cch xy dng kho tn tr theo hnh vung, s tt hn l hnh ch nht. Nh hnh ch nht c din tch tng/feet vung ca khng gian tn tr ln hn, nn nhit c dn vo qua tng, lm cho qu trnh lm mt s tn km hn. Qun l nhit cn c h tr bng cch lm mt nh tn tr, sn nh mu trng gip phn x li cc tia mt tri, hoc s dng h thng bnh ti nc ln mi nh lm mt bng hi nc. T chc thc phm v nng nghip ca Lin hp quc (FAO) khuyn co s dng xi mng ct st xy nh tn tr cho cc khu vc nhit i, vi tng dy cch nhit tt. Phng lnh chi ph thp c th c xy dng bng cch s dng b tng nn, v s dng polyuretan nh mt vt liu cch nhit. Xy dng phng tn tr theo hnh lp phng s gim c din tch b mt trn mt n v th tch ca khng gian lu tr, nn gim c chi ph xy dng v chi ph lm lnh. Tt c cc mi ni u phi c bt kn cn thn, cc bn l ca ca cn c gn m cao su. Khi lm mt cho sn phm, h thng thng gi nn c t tng tc chuyn ng ca khng kh ln khong 100 cfm/ton (5 l/sec/ton). Khi qu trnh lm mt hon thnh, nn gim tc chuyn ng ca khng kh xung mc thp nht gi mt cho sn phm (20-40 cfm/ton l , theo Thompson v cng s, 1998). Din tch dn bay hi ca my lm lnh cng ln, th chnh lch nhit gia dn bay hi v phng chnh cng thp, v s mt nc ca sn phm khi chng c lm mt cng t (xem cc bi ca Thompson v cng s, Kader, 2002 bit thm thng tin). Kho tn tr t v tr cao hn so vi mt nc bin c th em li hiu qu, v nhit khng kh gim khi tng cao. V vy m khi tng cao s gip qu trnh lm mt bng cht bay hi, lm mt ban m, v lm mt s dng bc x d hn. Tn tr di mt t cho nhng sn loi qu c mi ang ph bin Nam Trung Quc, trong khi Bc Trung Quc, to c tn tr trong hm (Liu, 1988). H thng ny c s dng rng ri M trong sut thi gian u nhng nm 1900.
Mt vi loi hng nng sn, nh hnh, ti, tn tr tt hn trong mi trng c m tng i thp. X l cc loi sn phm ny lp t bo bn ngoi kh i trc khi a vo tn tr s gip bo v sn phm khi b thi hng v mt nc thm na (Xem chng 2). Phng lnh c thit k mang tnh thng mi c th kh t, nhng ngui s dng quy m nh th c rt nhiu la chn. Phng lnh c th xy dng c lp, hoc hoc c s dng li t cc thit b vn ti c lm lnh nh toa xe la, xe ti ng cao tc, hoc cngten ng bin. c thm thng tin chi tit v vic xc nh kch thc phng lnh ph hp nht cho hot ng ca bn, cn nhc xem nn mua sn, hay xy dng mi mt phng lnh, bn c th xem t ngun thng tin di y Ngun: Thompson, J.E, Spinoglio, M.1994. Small-scale cold rooms for perishable commodies. Family and Farm Series, Small Farm Center, trng i hc California, Davis. Thnh phn khng kh ca mi trng tn tr c th iu chnh bng cch tng hoc gim tc thng gi (a khng kh sch vo) hoc bng cch s dng cc cht ht kh nh Kalipemanganat, hoc than hot tnh. quy m rng th vic kim sot hoc iu chnh kh quyn tn tr i hi cng ngh v k nng qun l phc tp, tuy nhin cng c mt vi phng php n gin tn tr mt khi lng nh sn phm. Sn phm Rau dn Hi To M Cy atis L chu Mng ty Atemoya Qu b, Fuerte, Hass Qa b, Lua, Booth-1 Qu, Luchs, Pollock Babaco Chui, xanh Anh o Barbados Gi u, kh u xanh u cve C ci nguyn C 0-2 0-2 -1-4 -0,5-0 0 1 0-2 13 7 4 13 7 13-14 0 0 4-10 4-7 5-6 0
0
Nhit
F 32-36 32-36 30-40 31-32 32 34 32-35 55 45 40 55 45 56-58 32 32 40-50 40-45 41-43 32
m tng i (%) 95-100 90-95 90-95 90-95 95-100 90-95 95-100 85-90 85-90 90-95 85-90 85-90 90-95 85-90 95-100 40-50 95 95 98-100
Thi hn bo qun 10-14 ngy 2-3 tun 1-12 thng 1-3 tun 2-3 tun 5-6 thng 2-3 tun 4-6 tun 2 tun 4-8 tun 2 tun 1-3 tun 14 tun 7-8 tun 7-9 ngy 6-10 thng 7-10 ngy 5 ngy 10-14 ngy
l C ci b ngn Rau dip qun, B Da ng Hng xim Qu mm xi Cam Rau ci Qu mm xi lc Boniato Mt Bng ci xanh Ci brusel Bp ci, sm Bp ci, mun Cactus leaves Cactus pear To Caimito B c Calamondin Canistel Da (3/4slip) Da (fullslip) Kh C rt, chm C rt, chn C rt, non o ln ht Hoa l C cn ty Cn ty C Chard B Chayote Cherimoya Anh o, chua Anh o, ngt Bng ci xanh Trung Quc Ci bao u a TQ Qut Da Ci xon
0 2-3 12-13 13-15 -0,5-0 4-7 -0,5-0 0 13-15 13-15 0 0 0 0 2-4 2-4 3 10-13 9-10 13-15 2-5 0-2 9-10 0 0 0 0-2 0 0 0 0 7 13 0 -1n 0,5 0 0 4-7 4 0-1,5 0
32 36-38 53-55 55-60 31-32 40-44 31-32 32 55-60 55-60 32 32 32 32 36-40 36-40 38 50-55 48-50 55-60 36-41 32-36 48-50 32 32 32 32-36 32 32 32 32 45 55 32 30-31 32 32 40-45 40 32-35 32
98-100 95-98 85-90 85-90 90-95 90-95 90-95 95-100 85-90 85-90 95-100 95-100 98-100 98-100 90-95 90-95 90 50-70 90 85-90 95 95 85-90 95-100 98-100 98-100 85-90 95-98 97-99 98-100 95-100 85-90 90-95 90-95 90-95 95-100 95-100 90-95 90-95 80-85 95-100
4-6 thng 24 tun 2-3 tun 2-3 tun 2-3 ngy 3-8 tun 2 tun 3 tun 4-5 thng 2-6 tun 10-14 ngy 3-5 tun 3-6 tun 5-6 thng 3 tun 3 tun 3 tun 2-3 thng 2 tun 3 tun 15 ngy 5-14 ngy 3-4 tun 2 tun 7-9 thng 4-6 tun 5 tun 34 tun 6-8 thng 2-3 tun 10-14 ngy 4-6 tun 2-4 tun 3-7 ngy 2-3 tun 10-14 ngy 2-3 thng 7-10 ngy 24 tun 1-2 thng 10-14 ngy
Ng rau Nam vit qut Da leo Nho Hy lp Qu na C ci Nht Ch l Qu mm xi Su ring C tm Qu cm chy Rau dip qun Qu v Qu v ti Ti C gng Qu l gai Da gang ty Bi, Calif& Ariz Bi, Fla. & Texas Nho, Vinifera Nho, M Rau n l i u Php Ci nga Jaboticaba Qu mt Cam Jaffa C tm, Nht Cy atis Jerusalem Jicama Ci xon Kiwano Qu kiwi Su ho Qu kim qut Qu Bn bon Ti ty Chanh Rau dip Cam l chanh Lo bok Qu mm xi
0 2-4 10-13 -0,5-0 5-7 0-1 -18 hoc 0 -0,5-0 4-6 12 -0,5-0 0 5-10 -0,5-0 0 13 -0,5-0 10 14-15 10-15 -1 n 0,5 -0,5-0 0 5-10 4-7 -1-0 13-15 13 8-10 8-12 -0,5-0 13-18 0 10-15 0 0 4 11-14 0 10-13 0 9-10 0-1,5 -0,5-0
32 36-40 50-55 31-32 41-45 32-34 0 hoc 32 31-32 39-42 54 31-32 32 41-50 31-32 32 55 31-32 50 58-60 50-60 30-31 31-32 32 41-50 40-45 30-32 55-60 55 46-50 46-54 31-32 55-65 32 50-60 32 32 40 52-58 32 50-55 32 48-50 32-35 31-32
95-98 90-95 95 90-95 85-90 95-100 75 90-95 85-90 90-95 90-95 95-100 90 85-90 65-70 65 90-95 85-90 85-90 85-90 90-95 85 95-100 90 95 98-100 90-95 85-90 85-90 90-95 90-95 65-70 95-100 90 90-95 98-100 90-95 85-90 95-100 85-90 98-100 85-90 95-100 90-95
5-8 ngy 24 thng 10-14 ngy 1-4 tun 4-6 tun 4 thng 6-12 thng 2-3 ngy 6-8 tun 1 tun 1-2 tun 2-3 tun 2-3 tun 7-10 ngy 6-7 thng 6 thng 34 tun 3-4 tun 6-8 tun 6-8 tun 1-6 thng 2-8 tun 10-14 ngy 2-3 tun 7-10 ngy 10-12 thng 2-3 ngy 2-6 tun 8-12 tun 1 tun 5 thng 1-2 thng 2-3 tun 6 thng 3-5 thng 2-3 thng 2-4 tun 2 tun 2-3 thng 1-6 thng 2-3 tun 6-8 tun 24 thng 2-3 ngy
Nhn Sn tr Vi C ry Mamey Xoi Mng ct Cc loi da Da gang Da x Da mt Da Ba T Nm Xun o Mp ty Oliu ti Hnh ti Hnh kh Onion sets Cam, Calif. & Ariz Cam, Fla.&Texas u Lc tin Rau mi ty C cn o L L xanh L, min Nam Pepino t cay t rau (ngt) Hng, Nht Bn Da M Mn Lu Khoai ty, thu hoch sm Khoai ty, thu hoch mun Bi B ng Qu mc qua
1,5 0 1,5 7 13-15 13 13 10 7 7 7 0 -0,5-0 7-10 5-10 0 0 0 3-9 0-1 7-13 7-10 0 0 -0,5-0 -1,5 n 0,5 0 4-5 4 0-10 7-13 -1 7-13 13-14 -0,5-0 5 10-16 4,5-13 7-9 10-13 -0,5-0
35 32 35 45 55-60 55 55 50 45 45 45 32 31-32 45-50 41-50 32 32 32 38-48 32-34 45-55 45-50 32 32 31-32 29-31 32 40-41 40 32-50 45-55 30 45-55 55-58 31-32 41 50-60 40-55 45-48 50-55 31-32
90-95 90 90-95 70-80 90-95 85-90 85-90 90-95 90-95 90-95 90-95 95 90-95 90-95 85-90 95-100 65-70 65-70 85-90 85-90 85-90 85-90 95-100 95-100 90-95 90-95 95-98 95 85-90 60-70 90-95 90 85-90 90-95 90-95 90-95 90-95 90-95 85-90 50-70 90
3-5 tun 3 tun 3-5 tun 3 thng 2-6 tun 2-3 tun 2-4 tun 3 tun 2 tun 3 tun 2 tun 34 ngy 2-4 tun 7-10 ngy 6 tun 34 tun 1-8 thng 6-8 thng 3-8 tun 8-12 tun 1-3 tun 3-5 tun 2-2,5 thng 6 thng 2-4 tun 2-7 thng 1-2 tun 6-8 ngy 1 thng 6 thng 2-3 tun 34 thng 24 tun 1-5 tun 2-5 tun 2-3 thng 10-14 ngy 5-10 thng 12 tun 2-3 thng 2-3 thng
Raddichio C ci, xun C ci, ng Chm chm Qu mm xi Cy i hong Ci Thy in Cy dip c Santol Hng xim Cy b la mn Da leo khng ht u H Lan V sa gai Rau bina B, ma h B, ma ng Du ty V sa Khoai lang Qa me Qu me Qu qut C khoai mn Tomatillos C chua, xanh C chua chn C ci Cy ci non Ugli fruit Ht d Ci xoong Da hu White sapote Mng ty trng Winged bean C t Yucca root
0-1 0 0 12 -0,5-0 0 0 0 7-9 16-20 0-1 10-13 0-1 13 0 5-10 10 0 7 13-15 3-4 7 4 7-10 13-15 18-22 13-15 0 0 4 0-2 0 10-15 19-21 0-2 10 16 0-5
32-34 32 32 54 31-32 32 32 32 45-48 60-68 32-34 50-55 32-34 55 32 41-50 50 32 45 55-60 37-40 45 40 45-50 55-60 65-76 55-60 32 32 40 32-36 32 50-60 67-70 32-36 50 61 32-41
95-100 95-100 95-100 90-95 90-95 95-100 98-100 95-98 85-90 85-90 95-98 85-90 90-95 85-90 95-100 95 50-70 90-95 85-90 85-95 90-95 90-95 85-90 85-90 85-95 90-95 90-95 95 95-100 90-95 98-100 95-100 90 85-90 95-100 90 70-80 85-90
2-3 tun 34 tun 24 thng 1-3 tun 2-3 ngy 24 tun 6 thng 2-4 thng 3 tun 2-3 tun 6 thng 10-14 ngy 1-2 tun 1-2 tun 10-14 ngy 1-2 tun 2-3 thng 5-7 ngy 4 tun 4-7 thng 10 tun 3-4 tun 24 tun 4-5 thng 3 tun 1-3 tun 4-7 ngy 4-5 thng 10-14 ngy 2-3 tun 1-2 thng 2-3 tun 2-3 tun 2-3 tun 2-3 tun 4 tun 6-7 thng 1-2 thng
Ngun: McGregor, B.M.1989. Tropical Products Transport Handbook, c quan vn chuyn USDA, s tay nng nghip 668.
Chng 7
TN TR CC SN PHM NGH VN 2 Phn loi cc nhm rau qu theo mc tn thng lnh Nhng sn phm sau c th b tn thng bi nhit bng gi nh: M Mng ty L tu Chui u Qu mng Da leo C tm Chanh Rau dip Qut Mp ty o t ngt Mn Khoai ty B (ma h) Khoai lang C chua Ngun: McGregor, B.M.1989. Tropical Products Transport Handbook. USDA Office of Transportation, Agricultural Handbook 668. K thut tn tr Kim tra cc sn phm c tn tr v lm sch kho lu tr theo nh k s gip gim tn tht, v ti thiu ha c s pht trin ca sinh vt hi, v s ly lan ca bnh tt.
Kim tra sn phm v lau chi kho bo qun
V sinh v bo dng kho bo qun
Hnh v trang 145, 146 Kho lu tr nn c bo v trnh cc loi gm nhm, bng cch gi cho cc khu ln cn c sch s, khng c cc bi rc, hoc c di. Thit b chn chut c
th c ch to t nhng vt liu n gin nh cc hp thic c, hoc cc ming kinh loi c lp sao cho va cc chn ct ca kho tn tr. Nu c nhu cu, th cng c th s dng nhiu cng ngh phc tp hn. Nn nh bng b tng s gip trnh c s xm nhp ca chut, cng nh cc mn che chn ti cc ca s, ng thng gi. Dn dp cnh cy v c
Chng chut
Ca s thng thong
Khi kim tra cc sn phm c tn tr, bt k sn phm no b h hi, hoc b nhim bnh th u phi loi ra, v tiu hy. Trong mt vi trng hp, nhng sn phm ny vn c th tiu th nu chng c s dng ngay, v d lm thc n cho ng vt. Cc dng c cha ng c th s dng li cn c kh trng bng nc Clo hoc nc si trc khi s dng li.
t mt s vt liu ln trn nn, di cc bao ti hoc thng sn phm s trnh cho sn phm khi b m t, to iu kin kh ro trong tn tr. iu ny gip gim c hi nhim bnh do nm, ng thi gip tng cng thng gi v/hoc ci thin iu kin v sinh trong phng tn tr. Di y l mt vi v d v vt liu h tr ny:
Git sch cc bao ti qua s dng
Lt bng vi ma chng thm
Tm k bng g
Chng 7
TN TR CC SN PHM NGH VN 3 Cc loi kho bo qun Kho cha lm bng thc vt l kiu cu trc truyn thng s dng Ty M tn tr cc loi khoai sau khi x l. S dng cc loi thc vt trng thnh nhanh thit k mt cu trc hnh ch nht, va to thnh khung nng cho kho cha, va to bng rm mt. Kho bo qun dng bng mt ca cy xanh
Cc kho tn tr cn c thng gi tt ko di tui th v m bo cht lng nng sn. Di y l 3 kiu qut c s dng ph bin.
S thng gi trong kho bo qun s c tng cng nu li vo ca khng kh c t pha di y kho, v li ra c t pha trn nc. Mt kiu l thot kh n gin, trnh nh sng l mt ci np lm gim p sut.
Bt k mt kiu nh kho no c s dng tn tr sn phm cy trng u nn c cch ly tng cng hiu qu. Mt kho lnh c cch ly tt s i hi t in nng hn gi mt cho sn phm. Nu kho c lm lnh bng cht d bay hi hoc thng gi vo ban m, th kho c cch ly s gi c khng kh lnh lu hn. Di y lit k gi tr R nh gi cch ly ca mt s loi vt liu thng dng. R l ni n kh nng chng c (resistance), v gi tr R cng ln, th kh nng chng li s dn nhit ca vt liu cng tt, v tnh cch ly ca vt liu cng cao.
cch nhit ca mt s vt liu (Gi tr R) Vt liu Cc loi mn, chn Len thy tinh, len v c, si thy tinh Vt liu dy Cellulose Len thy tinh hoc len v c Vermiculite V bo, mn ca Vt liu cng Polystyren gin trn Cao su gin Polystyren gin gn ni Polyurethane gin Si thy tinh Polyisocyranuate Thng g hoc ba cng Sn Urethan Vt liu xy dng B tng cng B tng dy 8 inch, li rng B tng nh, dy 8 inch, li rng B tng nh, dy 8 inch, li cha vermiculite G linh sam, thng Mnh kim loi G dn 3/8 inch G dn inch Cc tm si thy tinh Va inch G inch Cht chiu x (1/4 inch bt x phng/tm thic nhm) 6,25 Chiu dy ti a ca vt liu 0,88 0,11 2,00 5,03 1,25 <0,01 1,25-0,47 1,25-0,62 1,06 0,45 0,81 18,00 5,00 4,55 3,57 6,25 4,00 8,00 2,50 3,50 2,50-3,00 2,20 2,22 3,50 dy (1 inch)
Phng lnh chi ph thp c th c xy dng bng cch s dng b tng lm nn nh, v s dng nha polyuretan nh mt lp cch ly. Xy dng phng tn tr hnh lp phng s gip gim c din tch b mt trn mt n v th tch phng cha, v th m gim c chi ph xy dng v chi ph lm lnh. Tt c cc khp ni u nn c can kn, v cc ca phi c m cao su.
Hnh minh ha di y l mt ct ngang ca phng tn tr qu. H thng ny chnh thc c B xy dng Hn Quc duyt l mt m hnh tiu chun cho kho tn tr cp trang tri, vo nm 1983. Lu rng li vo ca khng kh t pha di gn nn ca kho, v nn nh c khoan l, khng kh chuyn ng mt cch t do. Kho c xy dng su xung pha di lng t tn dng c tnh lm mt ca t.
i vi kho tn tr c lm lnh, th vic s dng khng kh bn ngoi thng gi l lng ph nng lng. i vi h thng ny, c th thit k mt h thng tun hon khng kh n gin bng cch a vo mt ci qut pha di nn, v to ra mt khng gian trng mt u ca phng tn tr khng kh quay tr li li vo.
Sp xp hp l cc l thng gi s gip tng hiu qu ca vic thng gi cho kho tn tr. ng dn pha bn nn rng khong 2 mt v mi bn khi c o t trung tm sang. Tc ca dng khng kh t ng dn chnh nn t khong 1013mt/giy.
ng dn bn c th c lm bng nhiu loi vt liu khc nhau. Cc ng thng hi di ng c th c lm t g, thit k theo hnh tam gic, hnh vung hoc hnh ch nht. Mt ng trn bng nha hoc t st c th c s dng nu cc l thng c th c khoan m khng lm hng cu trc nh kho, hoc ng dn c nh c th c xy dng di lng t, s dng b tng.
nhng vng mt hn th nhit tn tr thch hp c th c to ra bng cch a khng kh bn ngoi vo kho tn tr. Vic lp t qut thng dng cho h thng thng gi iu p c minh ha di y. S phn b khng kh pha trn s gip n gin ha thit k ca kho tn tr. C th to mt li vo cho khng kh tun hon bn trong kho nu thc hin qu trnh lm lnh. ng dn c th c lm bng g, nha hoc cc vt liu ph hp khc.
Kho tn tr c th c lm mt bng cch thng gi vo ban m khi khng kh bn ngoi mt. c kt qu tt nht, l thng kh nn c t di nn kho. Qut thi kh t trn nc kho ko khng kh mt ra khi phng tn tr. L thng kh nn ng li vo lc mt tri mc, v trong sut thi gian nng ca ngy.
Vic ko di mi kho tn tr cho nh ra rt c ch trong vic che bng mt cho tng nh v cc l thng gi m, trnh cc tia mt tri, ng thi bo v kho khi tri ma. Phn nh ra ca mi nh nn di t nht l 1 mt (3 feet).
nhng ni khng c in, tuabin to gi c th gi mt cho phng tn tr, bng cch ko khng kh i qua kho. Cc l thng gi pha di nn kho c bit c ch cho lm mt bng lu thng khng kh ban m. Tuabin c minh ha di y c th c ch to t cc mnh kim loi xon li ht gi, v gn vi mt cc trung tm hot ng nh mt trc quay. Khng kh m trong phng tn tr s bc ln, v lm cho tuabin quay, ui khng kh ra, v bt u mt dng chuyn ng hng ln ca khng kh m. Tuabin nn c t nh cao nht ca mi kho tn tr.
Bo v b mt kho l phng php n gin tn tr s lng nh sn phm. V d minh ha di y l c bit tt tn tr khi nhit ban m thp hn so vi nhit i hi tn tr. Cc vt liu cch nhit nh rm c th c s dng v lp bo v c th c lm t cc tm g, nha hoc cc lp t.
Mt trong nhng phng php n gin nht tn tr mt khi lng nh sn phm l s dng mt thng cha bt k v to ra mt mi trng mt tn tr bng cch chn hoc che ph tng cha s dng cc vt liu cch nhit v t. V d di y s dng thng g trn v rm cch nhit.
Hm cha cc loi c c th c xy dng bng cch o h su khong 2 mt (7-8 feet) v dng cc mt bng cc tm g hoc than x. V d c minh ha di y c kch thc khong 3x4 mt (12x15 feet), vi 35 cm2 g lm l thng trn mi. Bao ph vt liu lm mi bng nha ng trc khi bao ph hm bng mt lp t dy (khong 2 feet).
Hm cha c nn c nh v nghing. Trnh cc khu thp hm khng b t. Trnh cy ci, v r cy c th m qua tng hm. Chi ph cho mt ci hm c xy dng bng cc vt liu mi l khong 1200$ hoc hn, v n c th s dng t nht 20 nm. gim chi ph, c th xy hm bng cc khi than x, g ti ch hoc s dng ct thay v dng cc vt liu cch nhit. Ngun: Bubel, M. and Bubel, N. 1979. Root Cellaring: The Simple, NoProcessing Way to Store Fruits and Vegetables. Emmaus, PA: Rodale Press. trang 297. Hobson, Phyllis. 1981. Build your own underground root cellar. Storey Communication, Inc. Trang 32. Mt thng cha ngoi tri c th dng gi mt lng nh khoai ty cc vng c kh hu mt nhng khng lnh. Cc mng g s to ra khng gian thong cho vic thng gi, v rm s dng cch nhit. im tt nht dnh t cu trc ny l ni c bng rm.
Mt hp cha c, c lt vi v rm, c chn mt u xung t s gi mt c cho khoai ty, nhng trnh c nhit qu lnh. S dng np bng g c th nng ln a sn phm vo d dng, v cc kin rm c t ln nc cch nhit tt hn.
Chng 7
TN TR CC SN PHM NGH VN 4 Tn tr cc loi nng sn kh v cc sn phm dng bu Hnh, ti, v cc sn phm kh tt nht l c tn tr iu kin m thp. Hnh v ti s ny mm nu c tn tr khong nhit trung gian. Cc loi hnh hng cay c hm lng cht ha tan cao v s tn tr c lu hn so vi hnh du hoc khng cay (him khi tn tr c hn mt thng). tn tr trong thi gian di, hnh v cn c phun malic hydrazit (MH) mt vi tun trc khi thu hoch c ch ny mm trong qu trnh tn tr. Bng di y lit k iu kin tn tr ph hp cho cc loi sn phm ny: Nhit
0
RH
0
Khong thi gian tn tr 6-8 thng 1 thng 6-7 thng 1 thng 6-12 thng
% 65-70 65-70 70 70 55-60
Hnh Ti Rau qu kh
0-5 28-30 0 28-30 <10
32-41 82-86 32 82-86 <50
Ngun: Cantwell, M.I. v R.F. Kasmire. 2002. Postharvest Handling Systems: Underground Vegetables (Roots Tuber, and Bulbs) trang 435-443. In: A.A. Kader. Postharvest technology of horticultural crops, trng i hc California, nh xut bn ANR 3311. tn tr khi lng ln hnh hoc ti, h thng thng gi nn c thit k cung cp kh vo trong kho t bn di phng vi tc 2 feet khi trong 1 pht cho 1 feet khi sn phm. Nu sn phm c ng trong thng carton hoc cc ti vi bt, hoc bao ti, th cn khng kh lu thng t do. Cc thng sn phm nn c chng xp song song theo phng chuyn ng ca dng khng kh, v phi t cch nhau 6-7 inch. Mt ngun cung cp kh y cn c a vo t pha di mi hng sn phm, v cc thng cha cn c c l thng gi ph hp.
Tn tr cc loi cy n r v n c iu kin tn tr thch hp cho cc loi c v cy thn c c a ra trong bng di y. Khoai ty dnh cho ch bin tt nht l c gi iu kin nhit trung gian, hn ch hnh thnh ng gy sm mu khi gia nhit trong qu trnh ch bin. Khoai ty dnh cho tiu th cng cn c tn tr trong bng ti, v c s sinh ra Clophyl (chuyn mu xanh) v sinh ra c t alkaloid solanine nu gi ngoi nh sng. Khoai ty dng lm ging th tn tr tt nht iu kin nh sng khuych tn (CIP, 1981). Clophyl v solanine tch t s gip bo v khoai ty ging khi b sinh vt xm hi v khi b thi hng bi vi sinh vt. Cc loi c v cy thn ca nhit i cn c tn tr nhit sao cho sn phm khng b tn thng nhit, v tn thng nhit c th gy ra cc vt thm nu bn ngoi, lm b mt v tng kh nng thi hng.
Nhit
0
RH (%)
0
F 95-98 95-98 95-98 80-90 85-95 85-90 Gn 100 60-70 65-75 65-75 85-90
Thi gian tn tr
Khoai ty Dng ti Ch bin Lm ging Sn Khoai lang C t C gng Jicama Khoai mn 4-7 8-12 0-2 5-8 0-5 12-14 13-15 27-30 12-14 12-15 13-15 39-45 47-54 32-36 41-46 32-41 54-57 55-59 80-86 54-57 54-59 55-59 10 thng 10 thng 10 thng 2-4 tun 6 thng 6 thng 6 thng 3-5 tun 6 thng 3 thng 4 thng
Ngun: Cantwell, M.I v R.F.Kasmire. 2002. Postharvest Handling Systems: Underground Vegetables (Roots, Tubers, and Bulbs), trang 435-443. In: A.A.Kader. Postharvest technology of horticultural crops, trng i hc California, nh xut bn ANR, 3311. Tn tr khoai ty Khi tn tr khoai ty, kho tn tr trn ng rung l mt cng ngh chi ph thp v c th c thit s dng cc vt liu sn c ti a phng thng gi v cch nhit. V d c minh ha di y s dng ng thng gi bng g v dng rm cch nhit. Ton b ng khoai ty v rm c che ph bi mt lp t, nhng khng p qu cao. gim s tch t nhit, t ng sn phm ni rm mt (di bng cy, pha mt ca ta nh, hoc di tm vi nha). nhng khu vc qu lnh, c th thm vo mt lp rm v t th hai. nhng vng nng th cn t t hn, nhng cn thng gi nhiu hn bng cch dng cc ng khi lm li ra cho khng kh pha trn nh ca ng sn phm.
Nh tn tr n gin c th c xy dng tn tr mt khi lng nh sn phm. Cc v d y l cc loi kho c th tn tr 1-2 tn, v c s dng cc trang tri hoc cc lng x rng. Kiu 1 c lm t cc tm g sn mu trng gim nhit tch t do nh mt tri, v c che ph bng mi l rng bo v sn phm khi nng ma. Kiu ny c mt ca ln mt mt xp v d sn phm.
Kiu 2 l kho c xy dng t cc tm g mng v va, v gch bn thnh khi tr trn. N c hai ca, mt pha trn gn nc xp khoai ty, v ca kia pha di y d sn phm ra d dng. Mt lp vi mu trng s gip gim s tch t nhit, v mt mi l s bo v khoai ty khi ma nng.
Vi khi lng ln khoai ty, c th xy dng mt kho lu tr khung hnh ch A. Hm c o su khong 10 feet, v ng thng kh bng g c t dc theo sn t. Mi kho c lm bng g, sau c che ph bi rm v mt lp t dy.
Cc ng thng kh cho phng tn tr c th c t thng ng hCc ng thng kh cho phng tn tr c th c t thng ng hoc nm ngang. Phng tn tr khoai ty trong minh ha di y cung cp s thng gi rt tt bng cch s dng cc vt liu n gin. Phng c th xy dng theo bt k kch thc hay hnh dng no v ng thng kh vn c th c t chy di, thm ch xuyn sut phng.
Khi xp khoai ty vo kho tn tr, th vic phn b sn phm cng nh hng quan trng n s thng gi thch hp. Khi sn phm xp g gh s cn tr s chuyn ng ca khng kh v dn n tn tht trong qu trnh tn tr do thng gi khng y .
Chng 7
TN TR CC SN PHM NGH VN 5 Tn tr bng kh quyn kim sot (CA) Tn tr bng kh quyn kim sot hoc ci bin c s dng nh mt yu t b sung, m khng th thay th c vic qun l nhit v m tng i. Mt vi phng php n gin ci bin thnh phm kh quyn trong mi trng bo qun c a ra di y (Kader, 2002). Khng kh i vo trong phng tn tr hoc tun hon bn trong phng u phi i qua h thng kim tra v iu chnh. Kim sot kh oxy: Mc ch: gim Lc bng kh Nit T Nit lng i qua my bay hi T h thng mng sinh kh Nit T h thng sinh Nit phn t
Kim sot Cacbon dioxit Mc ch: Tng S dng kh Xilanh iu p Thit b lc phn t Thit b lc bng than hot tnh Thit b lc bng Natrihydroxit S dng vi c hydrat ha (dng 0,6 kg vi hydrat ha x l khng kh dng thng gi cho 100 kg qu. Khng kh c th trc tip i qua mt ci hp, t bn trong hoc bn ngoi phng tn tr bng CA).
Mc ch: gim
iu chnh lng CO2 trong phng kh quyn kim sot, mt trong nhng bin php n gin nht l lc bng Canxi cacbonat Ca(OH)2. Thit b hp ph c th c thit k s dng mt hp bng g dn cch kh, t bn ngoi phng CA.
Hp cn cha vi s dng cho ton b qu trnh tn tr, nhng c th thm vi mi vo khi thy s hp th kh CO2 b dng li. CO2 v Ca(OH)2 phn ng theo t l 1:1 to thnh vi v nc. Vi c kch thc nh mn s phn ng vi CO2 tt hn so vi than th. Cc cch di y c th ti a ha hiu qu ca vic hp th: ng vi vo cc ti 25 kg v khng s dng mng polyethylene. Mi ti ch nn ng mt phn (khong 50%) trnh lp ngoi b cng v gim hiu qu s dng. Cc ti vi c xp trn mt tm palet c trang b gi xp cc lp cch nhau mt khong khng l 10 cm, ti a ha s lu thng khng kh. 50% lng vi s dng cho thi gian u tn tr c th t trn tm palet trn sn nh ca phng tn tr (n s hp th lng CO2 ln do qu sinh ra trong thi gian u).
gi lng CO2 thp hn 2%, nn dng khong 12 kg vi dng cho 1 tn to tn tr trong 3-4 thng.
trnh s tch t kh ethylene, c th s dng thit b lc n gin Kim sot kh ethylene: Mc ch: gim Dng kalipecmanganat Dng than hot tnh Phng php oxy ha c xc tc
Tn tr bng kh quyn kim sot cho cc khi sn phm ng trn palet c th s dng mt cu trc bn c nh to ra lp chn kh. Bt k s lng palet l
bao nhiu u c th a vo lu nha c lm bng cc tm polyethylene dy 7-8 mm. Mt lp cn kh tt hn di nn nh c th c thit k bng cch t mt tm polyethylene 4-5 mm ln nn, sau ph ln bng cc tm g. Sau dng keo hn ni lu nha vi lp nha trn sn.
Mt phng php n gin khc c th s dng tn tr sn phm di iu kin kh quyn kim sot l dng lu nha bng tm polyvinylclorit (PVC) 20 mm, treo l lng pha trn cc gi palet bn trong kho lnh. Minh ha di y c 2 lu CA. Lu pha trn c lm kn hai mt ca, phn chn ca v sn k vi n c ngm trong mt mng nc. Mng ny c lm bng ng PVC ng knh 6 inch (1/3 ng b ct b), cho php a kh vo hoc ra, v lp t thit b thm d nhit trong phng. Tt c cc ng phn gii v cc mi ghp ni u c hn nhit. Lu di c minh ha vi mt ca cun m v mt palet sn phm c a vo trong lu.
Lu nha chi ph thp c dng ln t cc tm polyethylene nha sch, c th c s dng tn tr chui ni bng kh quyn kim sot. S dng qut nh lu thng khng kh tn tr (2% O2, 5% CO2) i qua bung cha kalipecmanganat trn oxit nhm (Puafil). Qu trnh chn s c lm chm li v ethylene trong khng kh tn tr b hp ph. Tui th ca chui di iu kin ny s ko di c khong 4-6 tun nhit thng.
Cc bng di y l tng hp cc yu cu v khuyn co v kh quyn kim sot v kh quyn ci bin. Cc yu cu v khuyn co v kh quyn kim sot v kh quyn ci bin tn tr to Ging Braeburn Fuji Gala Golden delicious Granny smith Idared Jonagold Mcintosh Red delicious Royal gala Trung bnh O2 % 1,8 1,4 1,7 1,6 1,4 2,1 1,4 2,1 1,6 1,7 1,7 CO2% 1,0 1,0 1,6 2,3 2,0 2,5 2,7 2,9 1,8 1,8 2,0 Nhit (0C) 0,7 0,3 1,3 0,5 0,6 1,9 0,9 2,5 0,0 -0,2 0,9 Thi gian tn tr (thng) 6-9 7-11 2-9 7-11 7-11 7-10 5-10 5-10 6-11 5-8
Ngun: Kuprferman, E.1997. Controlled atmosphere storage of apples. CA 97 proceedings, quyn 2, trang 1-30. Postharvest Horticulture, s 16, trng i hc California, Davis. Cc yu cu v khuyn co v kh quyn kim sot v kh quyn ci bin tn tr l Nhit tn tr ti thch l 1-00C, nhng trng hp ngoi l c ch ra. (Mt s ri lon CA gm: IB = xp bn trong hoc thm; BH = brown heart; PBC = pithy brown core; CF = core flush; Cav = l hng; CI = tn thng lnh). Ging/loi Abate Fetel Alejandrina Anjou, dAnjou Bartlett (= Williams Bon Chretien) Blanquilla, (= Blanca de Aranjuez) O2 % 1 3 1-2,5 1-2 CO2% 1 2 0-0,5 0-0,5 Thng tn tr 5-6 4-5 7-8 3-5 Ri loi CA IB IB IB, PBC, Cav CF, PBC
6-7
Bosc, Kaiser Buena Luisa (= Buona Luisa) Clapps Favorite Comice (= Doyenne du Comice, Comizio) Conference Coscia Flor dHivem (= inverno) Forelle General Leclerc Grand Champion Hardy Josephine Krystalli Limonera, Llimonera Packhams Triumph Passe Crassane (= Passa Crassana) Rocha Spadona Chojuro Kosui Nijiseiki TsuLi YaLi
1-2,5 3 2 1,5-4
0,5-1,5 2 <0,7 0,5-4
4-8 6 3-4 5-6
PBC, Cav IB, CF IB, PBC IB (nu qu chn)
1-2,5 1,5 3 1,5 2-3 3 2-3 1-2 2 3 1,5-1,8 3
0,6-1,5 2-3 3 0-1,5 2-3 2-2,5 3-5 1-2 1-2 3 1,5-2,5 4-5
6-8 6-7 4-5 6-7 3-5 4 4-6 8 3-5 3-4 7-9 5-8
HB, IB, Cav CF IB
CB IB
2 1,5-2,5 2 1-2 0,5-3 1-2 4-6
2 1,5-3,5 1-2 0-2 0-1 0-3 0-4
8 8-9 3-4 3-4 5 3-5 3-4 IB IB, CI, Cav IB
YaLi c th b tn thng lnh ngay nhit <50C.
Ngun: Richardson, D.G. & Kupferman. 1997. Controlled atmosphere of pears. CA97 Proceedings, quyn 2, trang 31-35. Postharvest Horticulture s 16, trng i hc California, Davis. Cc yu cu v khuyn co v kh quyn kim sot v kh quyn ci bin tn tr mt s loi qu khc Loi sn phm M L Mng ty Chui Qu mm xi Khong nhit * 0-5 0-5 5-13 12-16 0-5 CA** %O2 2-3 2-4 2-5 2-5 5-10 %CO2 2-3 0-1 3-10 2-5 15-20 p dng i vi mt s ging p dng trong sut qu trnh vn chuyn ng bin p dng trong sut qu trnh vn chuyn ng bin Dng cho cc palet c bao ph trong qu trnh vn chuyn S dng c gii hn trong qu trnh vn chuyn p dng thng 6, nm 2001
Vit qut Cactus pear Cherimoya & Atemoya Anh o, ngt
0-5 5-10 8-15 0-5
2-5 2-3 3-5 3-10
12-20 2-5 5-10 10-15
Dng trong cc palet c che ph hoc trong cc cngten vn chuyn ng bin
Nam vit qut Su ring Qu v Nho
2-5 12-20 0-5 0-5
1-2 3-5 5-10 2-5 5-10
0-5 5-15 15-20 1-3 15-20 S dng c gii hn trong qu trnh vn chuyn Khng thch hp vi nho x l SO2 Dng thay cho vic s l SO2 kim sot thi hng trong 4 tun vn chuyn
Bi i Kiwi
10-15 5-15 0-5
3-10 2-5 1-2
5-10 0-1 3-5 S dng rng ri trong qu trnh vn chuyn v tn tr. Ethylene s c gi li thp
hn 20 ppb Chanh Chanh l cam Sn tr Vi Xoi Xun o 10-15 10-15 0-5 5-12 10-15 0-5 5-10 5-10 2-4 3-5 3-7 1-2 0-10 0-10 0-1 3-5 5-8 3-5 S dng trong qu trnh vn chuyn ng bin S dng c gii hn trong qu trnh vn chuyn ng bin S dng hn ch tn thng lnh cho mt vi ging S dng hn ch ko di ma ch bin
4-6
15-17
Oliu Cam u o, clingstone o, freestone
5-10 5-10 10-15 0-5 0-5
2-3 5-10 2-5 1-2 1-2 4-6
0-1 0-5 5-8 3-5 3-5 4-6 3-5 2-5 1-2 3-5 3-5 5-10 5-10 3-5
S dng hn ch ko di ma ch bin S dng hn ch khi vn chuyn ng bin S dng hn ch tn thng lnh S dng hn ch theo phng php bao gi MA S dng hn ch tn tr thi gian di mt s ging
Qu hng Da Mn Lu Chm chm Qu mm xi Du ty V sa
0-5 8-13 0-5 5-10 8-15 0-5 0-5 12-20
3-5 2-5 1-2 3-5 3-5 5-10 5-10 3-5
S dng bn trong cc palet trong qu trnh vn chuyn S dng bn trong cc palet trong qu trnh vn chuyn
*) Khong nhit thng dng/hoc nn dng; m tng i 90-95% **) Kt hp CA ty vo tng ging cy trng, nhit v thi gian tn tr. Nhng iu kin ny c khuyn co s dng nu vn chuyn hoc tn tr qu 2
tun. Tn tr di iu kin hm lng O2 thp hn hoc CO2 cao hn trong thi gian ngn hn c th kim sot c mt vi ri lon sinh l, bnh v cn trng hi. Ngun: Kader, A.A.2001. A summary of CA requirements and recommendation for fruits other than apples and pears, trang 29-70. Postharvest Horticulture s 22A, trng i hc California, Davis. Cc yu cu v khuyn co v kh quyn kim sot v kh quyn ci bin tn tr 34 loi rau sau thu hoch Nhit 1 Rau3 Cy atis Mng ty u, xanh Ch bin Bng ci xanh Ci brusel Bp ci Bp ci Trung Quc Da Hoa l C cn Cn ty Da leo, ti Da leo, gim dm Cy tho4 Ti ty Rau dip (qun) Rau dip (l) ct, thi Nm Ti thch 0 2 8 8 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 12 4 1 0 0 0 0 0 Khong 0-5 1-5 5-10 5-10 0-5 0-5 0-5 0-5 2-7 0-5 0-5 0-5 8-12 1-4 0-5 0-5 0-5 0-5 0-5 0-5 Kh quyn2 %O2 2-3 Khng kh 1-3 8-10 1-2 1-2 2-3 1-2 3-5 2-3 2-4 1-4 1-4 3-5 5-10 1-2 1-3 1-5 1-3 3-21 %CO2 2-3 10-14 3-7 20-30 5-10 5-7 3-6 0-5 10-20 3-4 2-3 3-5 0 3-5 4-6 2-5 0 5-20 0 5-15 Mc ph hp3 ++ +++ + ++ +++ + +++ + ++ + + + + + ++ + ++ +++ ++ ++
Mp ty Hnh (c) Hnh (l) Rau mi ty t (chung) t (cay) Ch bin C ci (ct ngn) Rau bina y H Lan Ng rau C chua (xanh) Chn Witloof chicory
1
10 0 0 0 8 8 5 0 0 0 0 12 10 0
7-12 0-5 0-5 0-5 5-12 5-12 5-10 0-5 0-5 0-10 0-5 12-20 10-15 0-5
Khng kh 1-2 2-3 8-10 2-5 3-5 3-5 1-2 7-10 2-3 2-4 3-5 3-5 3-4
4-10 0-10 0-5 8-10 2-5 0-5 10-20 2-3 5-10 2-3 5-10 2-3 3-5 4-5
+ + + + + + ++ + + + + + ++ +
Nhit ti thch v khong nhit thng dng/nn dng. m tng i nn s dng l 90-95% (ngoi tr cy thn hnh).
2 3 4
iu kin CA phi ty thuc vo loi cy trng, nhit v thi gian tn tr. Mc ph hp (hiu qu) c th cao (+++), va phi (++) hoc thp (+). Cy tho: rau mi, tha l, ci xoong.
Ngun: Saltveit, M.A. 2001. A summary of CA requirements and recommendations for vegetables. Trang 71-94. Postharvest Horticulture, s 22A, trng i hc California, Davis.
Cc yu cu v khuyn co v kh quyn kim sot v kh quyn ci bin tn tr mt s rau qu ct ti James R.Gorny International Fresh-cut Produce Association Davis, CA 95616 USA Bng 1: Rau ct Loi sn phm C ci , thi ht lu, hoc bc v Bng ci xanh Bp ci, ct nh Bp ci Trung Quc, ct nh C rt, ct thi nh Jicama, stick Ti ty, bm nh Rau dip (Butterhead),bm, thi Rau dip (xanh), bm thi Rau dip (qun), bm, thi Rau dip (), bm, thi Rau dip (Romaine) Nm, thi nh Hnh, thi nh t, thi ht lu Khoai ty, gt v, thi lt B ng, thi ht lu C Ci Thy in, thi lt Rau bina, ra sch C chua, thi lt B Zucchini, thi lt Nhit (0C) 0-5 0-5 0-5 0-5 0-5 0-5 0-5 0-5 0-5 0-5 0-5 0-5 0-5 0-5 0-5 0-5 0-5 0-5 0-5 0-5 5 Kh quyn %O2 5 2-3 5-7,5 5 2-5 5 5 1-3 0,5-3 0,5-3 0,5-3 0,5-3 3 2-5 3 1-3 2 5 0,8-3 3 0,25-1 %CO2 5 6-7 15 5 15-20 5-10 5 5-10 5-10 10-15 5-10 5-10 10 10-15 5-10 6-9 15 5 8-10 3 Kh Tt Tt Kh Tt Tt Kh Kh Tt Tt Tt Tt Khng c khuyn khch Tt Kh Tt Kh Kh Kh Kh Kh Hiu qu
Bng 2: Tri cy ct Sn phm To, thi ming Da , thi khi Bi, bc gt Da mt, thi khi Kiwi, thi ming Xoi, thi khi Cam, thi ming o, thi ming L, thi ming Hng, thi ming Lu, b v Du ty, thi Da hu, thi khi Nhit %O2 0-5 0-5 0-5 0-5 0-5 0-5 0-5 0 0-5 0-5 0-5 0-5 0-5 <1 3-5 14-21 2 2-4 2-4 14-21 1-2 0,5 2 1-2 3-5 Kh quyn %CO2 4-12 6-15 7-10 10 5-10 10 7-10 5-12 <10 12 15-20 5-10 10 Kh Tt Kh Tt Tt Tt Kh Km Km Km Tt Tt Tt Hiu qu
Ngun: Gorry, J.R. 2001. A summary of CA and MA requirements and recommendations for fresh-cut (minimally processed) fruits and vegetables, trang 95-145. Postharvest Horticulture, s 22A, trng i hc California, Davis.
Chng 8
VN CHUYN CC SN PHM NGH VN Trong sut hnh trnh vn chuyn nhng sn phm thc vt, nhit cn phi c gim st, v th hng ha phi c xp sao cho m bo thng kh thch hp gii phng hi nng t sn phm v t mi trng khng kh trong xe ra ngoi. Phng tin vn chuyn phi c cch ly tt m bo mi trng mt trong xe cho nhng sn phm c lm mt s b v thng kh tt sn phm c thong kh. Trong sut qu trnh vn chuyn, sn phm phi c buc cht, kin c gim thiu h hng do va p. Mt phng tin vn chuyn khng ng kn c th c dng khi mun khng kh thng sut vo khi hng ha v em n hi mt cho sn phm khi xe di chuyn. Vn chuyn trong m v lc sng sm c th gim bt nhit trn xe hng. Li xe ca cc xe vn chuyn loi hng ha ny phi c o to v cch thc xp hng v x l hng ha ca h. Quan tm n mt i ng li xe thay th ln ( M thi gian trung bnh i vi cng vic ny ch 3,5 nm) v th o to l iu bt buc. (Hagen, v cc cng s., 1999). Theo cc ti liu bo co gn y, vic vn chuyn ln ln cc loi hng ha Bc M vn rt ph bin, c bit vi mt hng rau. (Hagen et al, 1999). Cha ln ln cc loi rau c th l mt mi nguy hi khi nhit ti thch ca cc loi hng ha khng tng ng (v d, khi vn chuyn cc loi qu nhy cm nh t vi cc hng ha i hi nhit rt thp) hoc khi nhng mt hng sn sinh ethylen v nhng mt hng nhy cm vi ethylen c vn chuyn vi nhau. Nhng sn phm sinh ethylen cao (nh chui chn, to, da ) c th dn n s ri lon vt l hoc/v nhng thay i khng mong mun v mu sc, hng v v trng thi nhng sn phm nhy cm vi ethylen (nh rau dip, da chut, c rt, cc loi khoai ty, khoai lang). Mt tm ph palet din rng l rt c gi tr che ph nhng sn phm lm mt trong sut qu trinh bc xp, x l v vn chuyn. Tm ph bng nilon l khng t v nh, v bo v palet hng ha t bi, m v mt s hao tn do lnh. Nhng tm ph trng lng thp c th gi cho sn phm khng tng nhit trong mt vi gi ng h (v d, trong sut thi gian tr hon bc xp hng). Tm ph trng lng nng thnh thong cng c dng khi vn chuyn nhng sn phm rau qu nhit i trong thi gian ma ng. bit thm thng tin v lnh vc ny c th vo internet (t kha: produce pallet covers) hoc xem catalog ca Cng ty International Ripening (trang web: http:// www. Qasupplies.com hoc s in thoi 800-472-7205) Phng tin vn chuyn thng thng Nhng khi hng ri ca sn phm phi c xp ln xe mt cch cn thn khng dn n nhng h hng do c hc. Cc phng tin vn chuyn c th c lt hoc m bng lp rm dy. Nhng tm thm dt hoc bao ti c th c s dng lt mt sn nhng phng tin vn chuyn b. Nhng hng ha ri khc phi c t trn cc kin hng.
Ngun: Wilson, J.No date. Bo qun cn thn ca Yams: Mt vi yu t c bn lm gim tn tht. London: Commonwealth Secretariat/ International Insitute of Tropical Agriculture. Hng ha lm mt t do (khng gian m) l c mong mun bt c khi no c th. Mt khe thng gi c th c thit k cho nhng phng tin vn chuyn m khng lm lnh bng cch ph h vi bt ln hng ha v to khe ht gi bng cch buc tm bt vo thnh st. Khe ht gi nn thit k pha trc khoang hng v gn vo mt vt g cao hn chiu cao ca cabin. Tc vn chuyn ln v/ hoc qung ng vn chuyn di s l nguy c dn n kh ho sn phm thc vt.
Ngun: Pantastico, Er. B1980. FAO/UNEP Expert Consultation on Reduction of Food Losses in Perishable Products of Plant Origin, Working Document 2: Fruits and Vegetables. (ngy 6-9 thng 5, Rome: FAO)
H thng thng gi ny c thit k cho s vn chuyn cc khi hng u fava ti Iran. Khe ht gi v nhng ng dn c lm bng cc thng g tha. Sau khi loi b nhng tm ngn cui cng ca chng cc thng g tha c ghp li vi nhau nh m hnh pha di. Lung khng kh hng ln qua khi hng trong sut qu trnh vn chuyn, gip gi cho sn phm khng b qu nng. H thng ny cng c p dng cho cc xe cu rau v cho s vn chuyn cc khi u xanh, greens. V t c kt qu tt nht nu qu trnh vn chuyn c thc hin vo thi gian bui sng sm, trc khi nng ln.
Ngun: Kashmire, R.F. 1994. Ngun thng tin c nhn Thit b lnh di ng ca B Nng nghip Hoa K (USDA Portacooler) Chng trnh lm lnh sau thu hoch ca B Nng nghip Hoa K (USDA) khuyn co cc nng h nh cn phi thc hin cc diu sau y: a. Khng la chn v phn loi sn phm ti rung; b. ng gi sn phm t yu cu th trng c. Lm mt sn phm ngay lp tc h nhit. Thit b lm mt c nh tiu tn ht 12.000 BTU/h (1 tn) 110 V phng iu ha lm mt khng kh bn trong hp cch ly. Khng kh mt bn trong phng pha trc ci hp c thi qua sn phm bi mt ci qut p lc bc tng th hai bn trong. Kh hi lu i qua di sn n pha trc hp.
Thit b lm lnh Portacooler c xy dng bi i iu hnh USDA, Beltsville, bang Maryland lm lnh cc loi qu mng v cc sn phm d h hng khc. Gi thit b khong 1,200 US$, nhng gi c th thp hn nu s dng thit b iu ha khng kh qua s dng. bit thm chi tit xem trang web ATTRA, http://www.attra.org Ngun: Ross, D.S. 2002 E-mail: dr27@umail.umd.edu
Xe lnh
kim sot nhit ti u khi vn chuyn, xe lnh cn c cch nhit, mt thit b lm lnh cng sut ln v qut v ng dn kh. Danh sch kim tra di y bao gm nhng thit b ny v mt s c tnh khc trn xe lnh c ng cp kh trn u. Thit b vn chuyn lm lnhDanh sch kim tra trc khi s dng ---------- My lnh c lm vic ng ch ? ---------- Cc u o nhit c c chun khng? ---------- ng ng v mng dn kh c c lp ng ---------- Ca c cn tt khng? ---------- Ca ng c cht c khng? ---------- Cc mt tng b nt, thng khng? ---------- Ca ngn chng thot nhit c lp cha? ---------- Cc ca thot nc c m khng? ---------- Bn trong xe c sch s v khng c mi l?
---------- Khng gian bn trong c cn tr vic xp sn phm khng? ---------- Khng gian bn trong ( cao, rng v di) c hay khng? ---------- Cc thit b h tr cho vic xp hng c sn khng? ---------- Xe c lm mt trc (hay lm m) trc cha? Ngun: Ashby, 1995. iu kin bn trong ca xe lnh nh hng n kh nng duy tr nhit mong mun trong qu trnh vn chuyn. Ngi vn chuyn nn kim tra thit b trc khi xp hng ln v kim tra cc c tnh sau:
Ngun: Kasmire, R.F. v Hinsch, R.T. 1987. Duy tr nhit vn chuyn ti thch phng tin vn chuyn lnh. i hc California
M hnh xp hng/xp hng th cng

Nhng hng ha theo quy chun (chc chn, ng nht, c th xp ln nhau ) c th xp vo xe vn chuyn lnh bng cch xp thnh nhng lp ln u u nhau to nn nhiu khng gian gia cc hng cho s lun chuyn ca khng kh trong xe.
Vi nhng hng ha ng trong thng Cartons cng nn c xp nh vy c s thng kh ph hp trong ton b khi hang. M hnh di y c xp theo kiu chi cy dng cho nhng thng cha c th lng mt phn vo nhau. Trn sn xe, nn c cc palet hoc cc tm lt gi cho cc thng cctng khng c xt ln mt sn.
Khi cc thng cctng vi cc kch c khc nhau c xp vi nhau, nhng thng nng hn, ln hn phi c t di cng. Phi to ra cc ng song song khng kh c chuyn ng dc khi hng.
Thng thng nhng bao b rng ng gi hoa ct phi c xp bng tay khi a ln xe vn chuyn. M hnh xp xe tt nht dnh cho hoa ct l mt khi tha c cc l hng, ni cc thng hng c xp thnh mt khi lin kt to nn cc khong khng gia cc lp, cc tng v t cch cc cnh ca thng xe. M hnh xp xe ny to nn s thng kh tt trong ton b khi hng, cho php tt c cc thng u tip xc c vi khng kh lnh.
M hnh xp hng palet

Cc thng cha phi c xp sao cho chng c khong cch vi cc bc tng v sn xe gim ti thiu s tc ng ca nhit t mi trng bn ngoi. Di y l mt s m hnh, cho thy s tng ng gia s lng thng cactng c xp vo y xe v lng thng s tip xc vi tng v thnh thng xe l bao nhiu. Ch m hnh cui cng bn tay phi l hon ton trnh c nhit t bn ngoi. Khi hng c cch ly vi sn xe nh cc palet v khng chm vo thng xe.
Cch thc xp hng

Khi xp cc thng hng, cn chc chn rng chng thng hng vi nhau. Bt c lc no, cn xp sao cho chng thng gc vi nhau v vi palet. Hu nh s kin c ca thng cha nm cc gc ca n, v th nu chgn lch ra d ch 1 inch cng s lm gim s kin c n 15-34 %.
Ging cht hng ha

Cn lun lun trnh s va chm gia chng hng cui cng v lng thng xe. Khi hng phi c lm kin c trnh s x dch v vng ra khi xe t pha sau trong qu trnh vn chuyn. Nu cc thng hng ri ra khi khi, n c th ngn cn s lun chuyn khng kh, v nhng thng b ri c th gy nguy him cho cng nhn khi m thng xe lc n ni. Mt tm chn bng g n gin s bo v cho ton b khi hng trong sut qu trnh vn chuyn.
Vic lm kin c khi hng c th c hon thin bng cch s dng tr chng bng g, ng st, tm m hoc bt bin. Mc ch l c nh sn phm gim h hng trong sut qu trnh vn chuyn.
Vn chuyn bng my bay

c nh hng ha trong khoang hng ca my bay, bt bin hoc cc tm lt phi c t nhng ch cong hoc vt gia sn v thng cha hng. Cc thng cactng c xp trn nh s chng tt hn v ng thng hn.
Chng 9
X L TI NI TIP NHN Khi x l sn phm nhng ni n cng cn trnh nhng tc ng mnh m, hn ch ti thiu s cc bc trong qu trnh x l, v gi nhit thp nht c th c. Nu bo qun sn phm trc khi bn, th nhng nh bn bun v bn l cn lau chi, v sinh sch s phng bo qun m bo cch ly. Nu c nhiu mt hng thng c x l cng lc th cn phi nh rng khng c trn ln cc sn phm c yu cu nhit khc nhau hoc bo qun nhng mt hng nhy cm vi ethylen cng nhng mt hng sn sinh ra ethylen. ng li nhng thng cha khng ng quy cch nn c lm cn thn trnh lm v cc thng cha yu hn. Trc khi sn phm c bn cho ngi tiu dng, ngi x l c th mun phn loi cht lng, hoc t nht l loi b cc sn phm thi hng a ra nhng mt hng c tnh thng phm cao hn. Nu khi hng c chn v kch c khng ng u th vic la chn ni tp kt hng n s mang li cho ngi bn hng mt mc gi cao hn cho nhng sn phm cht lng tt hn. Nhit ni by bn (siu th, gian hng) phi ph hp vi sn phm c bn. Chng hn, t v c chua c th chung vi rau dip, t v c chua l loi nhy cm lnh, cn rau dip th khng. Lm m sn phm cho nhng loi gi nc b mt (rau dip, bp ci, hnh hoa) bng nc mt gip gi m cao quanh sn phm. Nu by bn ngoi tri, ni by bn thng khng kim sot c nhit v tc khng kh, d lm kh ho rau qu. Vi nhng quy hng nh vy c th dng cc bin php che chn bo v hng ha lc tri gi. Cui cng, ngi x l ni nhn hng c th gp phn lm gim tn tht trong tng lai bng cch duy tr vic ghi chp cc nhn t lm hao ht cp nh bn bun v bn l (Kasmire v Ahrens Kader, 1992). Vic xc nh c nhng hao ht do tn thng c hc, bnh hoc thi hng, qu xanh hoc qu chn cho php ngi x l cung cp li cht lng tt nht cho nh cung cp.
D hng:
Mt bi bc hng c th thc hin nhng cng vic x l hng ha thc vt im tp kt. Cc cngtenn c th c vn chuyn nhanh chng v t quanh co, gh gh. Vi cc xe ti ln, bi bc hng t tiu chun phi c chiu cao 117-122cm (46-48 inch), cn vi cc xe ti nh, hoc cc xe nng hng th ch cn chiu cao 66-81 cm (26-32 inch).
Mt thit b gip lm d dng hn cng vic bc d hng ln phng tin vn chuyn c th c thit k bng cch s dng mt h thng 2 rng rc v mt dy cho chc. Mt rng rc c gn vo cnh thng xe v pha trc, ci th 2 v tr di ng hoc trn mt im ta ging nh bc tng ta nh. Thng hng c th treo trc tip bng quai thng hoc t trong mt ci gi c dy eo.
S dng thang hoc bc gip hot ng bc v d hng c d dng hn. Nhng cu thang c m t y c th gp li v t di gm xe khi xe chy. Cu thang c th c lm bng g hoc tm st v cc thanh st c dng lm chn cu thang. S dng mt bc dc l phng php n gin v an ton cho vic bc d hng. B rng ca dc nn rng trnh cc tai nn v chc chu c sc nng ca c hng v ngi vn chuyn hng. S dng cc xe y tay hoc xe 2 bnh nh cng thun tin cho qu trnh bc d hng.
Nhit bo qun tm thi

Khi sn phm c gi ni tp kt mt thi gian ngn trc khi tiu th, ngi x l c th gi cht lng qu v hn ch tn tht bng cch la chn, phn loi nhit thch hp nht. Tuy nhin nu thi gian bo qun l mt tun hoc t hn, m tng i cn c duy tr mc 85-95%, v nng ethylen c gi trong khong 1ppm, bng cch thng gi hoc s dng my lc kh, c th chia cc mt hng rau qu thnh 3 nhm theo nhit nh sau: 32-36oF, 0-2oC Cc loi rau v da Cy anit Cy atis* Arugula Mng ty Gi C Collard* Daikon* Rau dipqun* Rau dip m* ci Ti C vng ci Rau hng qu u Da vng Sn Da x Hnh kh C gng Da b rut xanh 45-50oF, 7-10oC 55-65oF, 13-18oC
C ci L xng rng ng Da leo* C ci * Thy in C tm Juan Canary H ty
ng
u h Da Rau dip, Cy tho lan* Kiwano * B (ngoi tr Ng rau Mp ty* Bok choy hng qu) Cy u t chung, t cay Bng ci Ci nga hoa* B ma h, v mm* xanh* Hng dng Ht d Tomatillo Ci brusel* Ci xoong Ci xon Da hu* Bp ci* C ci* Su ho * C rt Ti ty* Hoa l* C ci* Rau xon* Cn ty* Rau dip* Cy bc h Nm dip M tt* Mi ty*
Hnh c ti*
Jicama Khoai ty Da Ba T B ng B, ma ng, v cng Khoai lang* Khoai mn C chua, chn , xanh C t*
32-36oF, 0-2oC Cc loi qu To Qu qua M Qu xi Du ty Qu xi mm Qu v mc Qu l gai Nho Kiwi mm xun o* L chu L chu u o Qu hng Mn
45-50oF, 7-10oC L tu, Qut xanh Oliu Cactus Cam pear, tuna Qu lc Carambola tin Su su Pepino Nam vit Da qut Lu Jeijoa Tamarillo i Tangelo qut vng Qut nhn vi
55-65oF, 13-18oC Atemoya Chui Breadfruit Xoi Mng ct
L tu, chn
Cherimoya u Da Qu Bi* chui * l Chanh Chanh cam* l Bi Chm chm Hng xim Mng cu xim
Vit qut Anh o Nho Hy lp Qu ct Ch l
* Sn phm nhy cm vi ethylen
Ngun: Thompson,J.F., Kader, A.A. and Sylva, K. 1995. Compatibility Chart for Fruits and Vegetables in Short-term transport of Storage. University of California DANR Publication 21560 (poster).
La chn/ti ng gi
Mt s sn phm c th cn ra, sp xp, buc chm hoc phn loi ch bn bun hoc bn l. B tr khu vc lm vic cho vic x l sn phm im tp kt phi c t chc khu vc khng c mt hot ng sn xut no. Trong m hnh di y, bn sn phm ra c t cnh bn ra sn phm, ng ng nc c t trc tip vo trong bn. Khi sn phm kh, ng vo thng carton v cho ln xe y hng t cnh bn ng thng. Vi s ny, mt ngi cng c th d dng thc hin tt c cc bc x l hoc vi ngi x l cng c th lm tng khu ni tip.
Mt s sn phm c th phi ti ng gi bi nh bn bun hoc bn l do s thay i cht lng hoc b chn tht thng. Bn phn loi c m t di y dnh cho 5 ngi thc hin cng vic la chn c nhng qu chn, hng v c nhng qu ng, cn nhng qu c chua xanh th chy n cui ng bng. Nhng qu c chn c cho vo nhng ci thng t di bn.
Lm chn
Lm chn l qu trnh lm cho qu t cc c tnh mong mun v hng v, mu sc v trng thi. Nhng qu c h hp t bin c th tip tc qu trnh chn sau thu hoch khi chng t c chn sinh l. Cc loi qu c h hp t bin gm c to, avocado, chui, blueberries, breadfruit, cherimoya, durian, feijoa, fig, i, kiwi, xoi, muskmelon, u , passion fruit, cc loi o, hng, plantain, quince, hng xim, soursop, qu hch (m, o trn, o lng, mn) v c chua. Mt s qu trong loi nay nu thu hoch khi cn xanh mature-green, c th c dm chn sau thu hi v bo qun thi gian ngn. Cc loi o v chui thng t hng v v trng thi tt nht khi thu hi xanh v dm chn sau thu hi. Vi cc loi qu avocado th khng chn trn cy. Mt s qu h hp t bin thi ra lng ethylen ln trong sut qu trnh chn, nh to, m, avocado, cantaloupe, kiwi, o trn, o lng, mn v qu passion. S t qu h hp t bin, nh da b, s khng tng hm lng ng trong sut qu trnh chn, nhng s mm hn. Nhng qu khng c h hp t bin bt buc phi chn trn cy nu mun chng t chn bnh thng, khi chng c thu hi, th chng s khng chn thm na. Hng v v trng thi s rt km nu qu c hi trc khi chn hon ton. Mt vi qu khng h hp t bin bao gm berries, s ri, nhng qu c mi (chanh, cam, bi, qut), da chut, dates, c, nho, vi, okra, o, tiu, t, da, du, summer squash, tarmarillo v da hu. Nhng loi qu khng h hp t bin s khng phn ng vi tc nhn lm chn nh kh ethylen. Chng hn, qu du ty , s khng tng thm mu hoc ngt sau khi c thu hi, v s nhanh b thi hng nu c tc ng ethylen. Da hu t ngt nht ca qu trong sut mt tun trc khi chng t trng thi full maturity, nu thu hi sm th da s khng t cht lng mong mun.(Khgn nn thu hoch khi qu cn non). i khi vic lm chn cc mt hng trc khi bn cc i l bn bun hoc nh bn l s lm tng gi tr ca hng ha. Cc phng lm chn thng c s dng cho c chua, cc loi qu c mi v chui. S dng hn hp kh c hm lng ethylen thp an ton hn vic s dng ethylen tinh khit v n c th gy n nng 3% hoc cao hn. Vi c chua, mc k thut cho php ca kh ethylen trong phng lm chn l nng 100ppm trong khong 48 gi. C vi 1000 ft3 khng gian phng lm chn th cn xp x 0.25 ft3/h kh ethylen. C th s dng mt ci qut nh m bo cho ethylen phn tn u trong phng. Vic lm chn bng khng kh cng bc ang c s dng ngy cng nhiu t c nhit v nng ethylen ph hp trong sut qu trnh lm chn.
bit thm thng tin v nhng cht sn sinh ra ethylen, xem trang web ca American Ripener Co., Inc. www.ripening.com hoc ca Catalytic Generators, Inc. (International Ripening Company) www.Qasupplies.com. Vic lm chn cng c th c thc hin bng ethylen sinh ra t ethanol t trn mt tm alumi c hot ha. Phng php ny cng an ton hn vic s dng kh ethylen tinh khit. Nhng hp cht gii phng ra kh ethylen nh ethephon {(2chloroethyl)phosphoric acid} i khi c dng lm chn c chua s dng cho ch bin. Khi s dng ethephon dng sng m; lng ethylen c gii phng ra s tng khi pH v/hoc m tng i tng. Ngun: Kays, S.J. v Beaudry, R.M. 1987. Nhng k thut lin quan n tc dng ca ethylen. Acta Horticulturae 201:77-115. Ethephon cng c s dng lm chn v lm mt mu xanh cho mt s loi rau qu trong bng di y: Cc sn phm c php s dng ethephon trong ngnh nng nghip Hoa K S dng Cc loi cy trng, v cc bang cho php s dng (nu khng c bang no trong du ngoc n, th ngha l c php s dng tt c cc bang) Chui, c chua (FL) t, c chua To, ht carob, crabapples, oliu Taos, buckhorn, bng, hoa hng To, qu mm xi (WA, OR), da , anh o (CA, AZ, TX), tangarine
Lm chn qu sau thu hoch Lm chn qu trc thu hoch Kch thch ri Lm rng l Kch thch ri
Tng tc chn v hnh thnh mu sc To, qu vit qut (MA, NJ, WI), qu v (CA), cy ph (OR), nho, t, da, c chua.
Lm mt mu xanh (trc thu hoch) Lm mt mu xanh (sau thu hoch) Lm nt qu X l l Kch thch hoa Phn ging Kch thch n hoa iu khin chiu cao cy Kch thch mc nhnh
Tangerines Chanh Cy c ch Thuc l Da v cc qu khc thuc h da Da leo, b To La mch, hoa thy tin vng, cy d lan hng, la m quyn, cy phong l
Ngun: Reid, M.S. 2002. Ethylen trong cng ngh sau thu hoch, trang 149-162. Trch trong Kader, A.A. (ed). Cng ngh sau thu hoch ca cc sn phm thc vt. i hc Califorrnia, khoa Cc ngun lc thin nhin v nng nghip, xut bn 3311. Bng di y trnh by iu kin bo qun c trng v nhit lm chn cho mt s mt hng c th lm chn. Loi rau qu Cng h hp (mg CO2/kghr) 62-157 25-110 20-27 16-22 40-200 22-34 12-81 24-44 Nng Ethylen (ppm) Thi gian rm (hr) Nhit rm (oC) Nhit bo qun (oC) Nhit lng ring (BTU/lbF) 0.81 0.81 0.94 0.86 0.85 0.90 0.90 0.95
Qu b Chui Da mt Kiwi Xoi Cam (lm vng) Qu hch C chua
10-100 100-150 100-150 10-100 100-150 1-10 10-100 100-150
12-48 24 18-24 12-24 12-24 24-72 12-72 24-48
15-18 15-18 20-25 0-20 20-22 20-22 13-25 20-25
4.4-13 13-14 7-10 0-0.5 13-14 5-9 -0.5-0.0 10-13
Ngun: Thompson, J.F.1994. Ripening facilities. Perishables Handling Newsletter, Nov. 1994. Special Issue No. 80: 5-8. S di y l mt phng lm mt mu xanh qu dng cho cc thng cha loi qu c mi. Trn ca phng tng i cao, c th t c t nht l 4 thng chng ln nhau. Mt trn gi c lm thm to ra mi trng khng kh thch ng khp trong phng. c thm thng tin chi tit v cu trc phng, s iu khin nhit v m tng i v s lun chuyn khng kh, xem phn Cc c s lm chn (Thompson, 1994) trong mc tham kho ca sch.
Ngun: USDA. No date. Modernizing Handling Systems for Florida Citrus from Picking to Packing Line. Agricultural Research Service, Marketing Research Report No. 914. Mt vi phng lm chn nh c th hu ch hn mt phng ln n l i vi nhng ngi x l quy m nh, v lng sn phm c x l c th thay i ty tng lc. Trong trng hp , mt h thng nhiu phng cho php s dng mt phng hoc nhiu phng cng mt lc.
Bnh cp kh c th t mt ni cho d iu khin, hoc c th c xu thnh mt chui trn cng mt ng dn. t ton b ngun cp kh trong cng mt phng th cn nhiu ng ng hn l t ngun cp kh vo tng phng lm chn. c thm thng tin chi tit v vic b tr h thng cp kh trong qu trnh lm chn qu, xem Sherman v Gull (1981).
Ngun cp kh t tng phng lm chn
Hin nay, nhng ngi x l quy m nh c th thu cc c s lm chn di ng t cc cng ty khc nhau ca M. M hnh h thng di ng c miu t di y c sc cha n 20 pallet hng, d lu thng khng kh. Tt c nhng g cn thit ch l mt bi bc d hng v mt ngun in 220V.
Nhng nh bn bun v bn l quy m nh c th lm chn qu trong cc thng hoc hp carton ln bng cch t sn phm c th sn sinh mt lng nh ethylen nh chui chn trong thng cng vi nhng sn phm cn lm chn. Ph ln trn thng hoc hp cactong mt tm nilon trong 24 gi, sau b tm nilon ra. Mt cch n gin lm chn qu gia nh l dng mt ci chu lm chn. Qu cn lm chn c t trong chu cng vi to chn hoc chui chn (hoc bt k sn phm sn sinh ethylen cao khc). Bt lm chn miu t di y c lm bng nha v c cc l thng kh trn nh. Phng php ny s lm qu chn t 1 n 4 ngy. Vic lm chn nh cng c th c thc hin bng nhng thao tc n gin, th s nh t nhng qu cn lm chn trong mt ti giy cng vi cc ming qu chn, y h v kim tra sau mt vi ngy.
Trng by sn phm
Bn by sn phm bng g c thit k s dng cho nhng mt hng nh cc ging h ci hoc cc loi rau n l c th chu c s lm mt bng . Bn ny c th t cc v tr nm ngang hoc v tr mt. Mun xem ton b thit k loi bn ny lin h vi Cornell University Extension Service, 304 Riley-Robb Hall, Ithaca, NewYork, 14853. Cn 4-5lbs vn cho mi dm vung (0.09m2) din tch by sn phm trong mt ngy. Phi c mt ci x hng nc tan ra. tit kim , cc khay by sn phm nn t nhng ni khut nng. Khi by bn cc sn phm thc vt, by lp n hoc lp i l thch hp nht bo v hng ha trnh cc tn thng do c xt hoc do s la chn ca khch hng.
m tng i cao c th c duy tr trong sut thi gian by bn bng cch phun nc i vi cc loi rau n l v nhng loi chu c nc lnh. C th to nn mt bnh phun n gin bng cch c cc l li ti trn ng dn nc v ni ng vi vi nc. Nu by bn ngoi tri th cn phi che nng.
Ni by bn v khu vc bo qun phi c v sinh sch s nh thng thng. Nhng mu rau qu, phn loi b, v nhng sn phm bm dp cn li trn bn trng rt mt m quan v c th l nguyn nhn thi hng, gy mi l v tng kh ethylen. Nhng sn phm c th phun nc lm m trong thi gian by bn: Atis u C ci ng Sp l Ci Brussel Ci bp C rt Cy bng ci Cn ty Ng C pho Rau dip qun Ci xon Rau dip Rau m tt Hnh hoa Mi ty Du h lan t c ci cy i hong cy h qu b non c ci ci xoong
Mt ci bn bn xoay trng by sn phm n gin c thit k t mt bn ngn bng tm tm g. Hnh minh ha di y c th p dng cho nhiu loi ch, chi tit ti Cornell University Extesion, 304 Riley-Robb Hall, Ithaca, Newyork 14853.
Chng 10
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CH BIN RAU QU
Khi iu kin khng ph hp cho bo qun hoc tiu th ti rau qu, nhiu loi rau qu c th c ch bin bng cc cng ngh n gin. C nhiu phng php ch bin p dng cho quy m nh, bao gm sy kh, ln men, ng hp, lnh ng, nc p. Tt c cc loi rau, qu v hoa u c th c sy kh v bo qun s dng hoc bn trong thi gian ti. Ln men l phng php ph bin trn th gii di loi hnh sn phm ung, v hn 3.500 loi thc phm ln men c m t bi Campbell-Platt (1987). Rau qu c th c ng hp hoc lnh ng, v qu thng c ch bin thnh sn phm qu nc ng hoc nc qu. Sn phm ch bin phi c ng gi v bo qun thch hp t c thi gian bo qun n 1 nm. Sn phm sy kh phi c ng gi trong nhng bao b khng thm kh (chai l thy tinh hoc nha, hoc ti nilon). Sn phm ng hp v ng chai phi c thanh trng ch thch hp nn cn nhng bao b cht lng cao v kn tt. Sn phm sy kh v ng hp hoc chai bo qun tt nht ni mt v ti. Vic x l, vn chuyn v mua bn sau thu hoch cc sn phm rau qu dnh cho ch bin c th n gin v r hn nhiu cc sn phm tiu th ti, v khi s lm lnh l khng cn thit. Cc sn phm sy kh chim t khng gian hn cc mt hng ti lm gim chi ph vn chuyn v bo qun sau ny. 25 lb (khong 12kg) of: Qu C rt v c ci ng Cn ty, bp ci hoc c chua Hnh Khi lng thu c sau khi sy kh 4 lb 3 lb 1.5 lb 2.5 lb
Ngun: Bills, J. and Bills, S. 1974. Home Food Dehydrating. Bountiful, Utah: Horizon Publishers
Thit b ch bin
Mt danh mc cc thit b dng trong ch bin c trnh by trong n bn k thut cp trung. Bao gm thit b sy, bao b bo qun, thit b v sinh, my xay tay, my xay bt, thit b bc v, my ch, thit b tch du, p qu, ct c qu. Mt vi minh ha c nu di y. Thit b ct:
Thit b ct bn li:
Thit b p qu th cng:
Thit b ng l chery
Chun b ch bin Mt s sn phm yu cu chn trc khi ng lnh hoc sy kh. Chn bng cch nhng trong nc si hoc chn qua hi nc dng cc hot ng ca enzym trong sn phm v gip gi mu v hng v sau khi ch bin. Ra qua sn phm chn bng nc rt lnh hoc nhng chng trong nc dng qu trnh lm nng v nhanh chng lm ngui sn phm. Thi gian chn cho nhng mt hng nht nh (c 8l nc cho 1 kg sn phm). Mi pht tng ng vi 2000ft nu lng x l ln hn 4000ft. Loi rau qu Cy bng ci u xanh Bp ci C rt Sp l Ng ngt C Rau xanh Nm u h lan Khoai ty B Khoai lang B non Thi gian chn trong nc si (pht) 3 3 5 5 3 (thm 4 tha caf mui) 7 4 (thm tch nc ct chanh) 2 3-5 2 4-10 2-3 hoc n khi mm 15-20 hoc n khi mm 3
Ngun: Chioffi, N. and Mead, S. 1991. Keeping the Harvest. Powal, Vermont: Storey Publishing. McClure, S. 1992. The Harvest Gargener. Powal, Vermont: Storey Publishing. Cc loi qu nh to, l, o v m i khi c x l vi lu hunh trc khi sy. Xng lu hunh(t mt tha caf bt lu hunh ng vi 1 pound hoc 12g lu hunh ng vi 1kg qu) hoc sunfit ha (nhng qu trong dung dch kali metabisulfit 1% trong 1 pht) gi qu khng b sm mu, km hng v mt vitamin C. Lu hunh gy d ng vi mt s ngi, v th trn bao b ca nhng sn phm c lu hunh cn phi c lu r rng. Vitamin C c th c s dng nh mt cht chng nu ha trong sut qu trnh sy kh. S dng 30mg bt acid ascorbic(hoc 2 tha caf trong mt quart-1quart=1,14l) trong mt lt nc m. Thi trc tip qu thnh nhng lt mng cho vo dung dch, vt ra, ro v vy kh. t kt qu tt nht khi sy kh rau qu ti, qu nn c thi lt mng hoc ct thnh ming u nhau, v rau c ct nh hoc thi ht lu. Sy kh qu
bng nng lng mt tri ko di t 2-3 ngy, trong khi vi rau thi nh ch mt 12 ngy. Thi gian sunphua ha i vi mt s qu Qu To M S ri Nectarin (o trn) o L Thi gian sunphua ha cho qu ct ming 45 pht 2 gi 20 pht 2 gi 2 gi 2 gi 3 gi 30 pht 3 gi 2-3 gi 4-5 gi Thi gian sunphua ha cho qu b i
Ngun: Miller, M. etal. 1981. Drying Foods at Home. University of California, Division of Agricultural Science, Leaflet 2785. Hobson, P. 1994. Making and using dried foods. Pownal, Vermont: Storey Publishing. Hp sunphua ha gi r c th c lm t mt hp carton ln c ct mt vi ch cho php s thng kh ph hp. Cc khay sy c chng ln nhau, s dng cc vin gch v cc khc g lm ming m. Cc khay ny phi c lm hon ton bng g, v gi lu hunh s n mn kim loi. Ton b h thng ny phi c t ngoi tri, tt nht t trn bi t trng. Dng mt tha caf bt lu hunh cho mt pound (35 mls/kg) qu. t lu hunh xa cnh hp v n s kh nng. p hp trn mt t lm kn.
Ngun: Miller, M.etal. 1981. Dying Foods at Home. University of California, Division of Agricultural Science, Leaflet 2785.
Hp g:
Ngun: Intermediate Technology Publications, 1987. Post-harvest Crop Processing: Some tools for agriculture. Intermediate Technology Publications. London, England. Sy bng nng lng mt tri Sn phm thc vt c th sy kh bng cch s dng trc tip hoc gin tip bc x mt tri. Phng php n gin nht ca sy bng nng lng mt tri l phi trc tip sn phm di nh nng mt tri v cho nng v gi l kh sn phm. Qu hch c th c lm kh hiu qu bng phng php ny.
Thit b sy kh n gin c th c to thnh t nhng tm li mt co lm bng vt liu g hoc cc khi ximng cho php khng kh lun chuyn quanh sn phm. y h ln sn phm mt lp vi tha trnh cn trng v chim
chc trong qu trnh phi kh. Kim tra sn phm mi ngy, v di chuyn n vo ni an ton nu tri sp ma.
Mt phng php sy bng nng lng mt tri n gin l lm mt ci gin c cc ct chng bng g v ph ln trn bng cc tm chiu dt tha. M hnh trnh by di y c dng phi kh trc tip cc lt c chua ti t trn nhng tm chiu dt bng rm. Khng kh c th lun chuyn ln xung quanh sn phm, lm kh nhanh chng v gim hao tn do qu nhit.
Ngun: Kitinoja, L. 1992. Consultancy for Africare/ USAID on food processing in the Ouadhai, Chad, Central Africa. Extension Systems International, 73 Antelope Street, Woodland, California 95695. Tm nhm c th c tn dng phn chiu nh nng mt tri ln khay sy. V d di y c s dng mt tm nilon gi nhit v rt ngn thi gian sy.
Ngun: Intermediate Technology Publications, 1987. Post-harvest Crop Processing: Some tools for agriculture. Intermediate Technology Publications. London, England. 29pp. Tt c cc khay ng, gin phi hoc cc tm chiu dng phi sn phm phi c gi sch s. Khay c lm t nhng tm kim loi, nha hoc nilon d lm v sinh hn nhng khay bng g. i khi nc qu dnh cht ln b mt khay sau mi ln sy. Cht bn s tch t v pht sinh nm mc gy h hng v nh hng n cht lng cm quan ca sn phm. Dng cht ty mnh v mt bn chi c ra khay sy, gin phi hoc cc tm chiu cho sch. Sau phi kh di nng trc khi tip tc s dng khay sy rau qu. Mt cht liu tt trnh bi bn t ng x, sn t l Canxi clorid. Khi xt chng ln mt t, canxi clorid s hp ph hi m t khng kh v gi cho t lun m. Vy canxi clorid ln mt t vi lng pound cho mi din tch m2. hn ch s pht trin ca nm mc trn cc khay sy, gin phi v cc tm chiu trong sut thi gian ngh phi, phi ra v phi kh mt cch k lng, sau ct chng ni thong gi. Ngun: Mrak, E.M. and Phaff, H.J. 1949, Sun-drying fruits. California Agricultural Experiment Station Circular 392. lm tng hiu qu ca qu trnh sy, mt s loi cu trc phi c s dng gi bc x nhit mt tri. Di y l mt s mu thit b sy s dng nng lng mt tri. Dng bung sy Bung sy trc tip M t Lm bng knh trong sut v khng c b phn thu nhit ring S bung sy
Bung sy gin tip
C b phn thu nhit ring ni vi bung sy khong trong sut Bung sy bng knh trong sut v c b phn thu nhit ring Hnh khung vm vi mt hoc 2 lp knh trong sut. Thng thng l bung sy trc tip, tuy nhin cng c th l sy gin tip trong mt s trng hp
Bung sy hn hp
Bung sy ng (Tunnel)
Dng ng tunnel)
thp
(low Gn ging nh bung sy trc tip, nhng thp hn v thng thng ch c th t c 1 lp sn phm. Bung sy trc tip, thng thng c cc chi tit khung thng L bt k kiu bung sy no cp trn. Tuy nhin thng l sy gin tip vi h thng o kh cng bc c kh nng sy cc lp sn phm dy (hn 30mm)
Bung sy dng lu bt
Sy bung
Ngun: Fuller, R.J. 1993. Solar Drying of Horticutural Produce: Present Practice and Future Prospects. Postharvest News and Information 4(5): 131N-136N. Mt s m hnh sy nng lng mt tri phc tp hn c thm ca s bng knh hoc nha trong y bn trn sn phm, va chng cn trng tt hn va gi c nhiu nhit t mt tri hn. Thit b sy trc tip bng nng lng mt tri
Cc thit b sy gin tip c thit k theo kiu tp hp nng lng mt tri(mt hp cn, bn trong sn mu en, c y pha trn bng mt tm knh) hi nng s chuyn ln mt ci gi c t 4-6 khay cha sn phm.
Ngun: Yaciuk, G. 1982. Food Drying: Proceedings of a Workshop held at Edmonton, Alberta, 6-9 July 1981. Ottawa, Ontario: IDRC 104pp. Thit b sy bng kh cng bc Cc loi qu hch c th c sy kh vi khi lng ln bng cch s dng mt thit b sy kt hp gia lung khng kh u n vi ngun nhit t bn ngoi. Bung thng gi pha di sn phm c y bng mt tm kim loi c c l hoc cc thanh g. Mt ci qut c t gia l nhit v bung thng gi thi kh nng i qua sn phm sy kh.
Ngun: FAO. 1985. Preventation of Post-Harvest Food Losses: A Training Manual. Rome: UNFAO. 120pp. Thit b sy bng du M hnh thit b sy di y c lm t g, c mt ci qut trc gia v t du ha hoc du diasel. Nhng loi thit b ln hn kiu ny c cc nh sn xut trn th gii s dng nhiu.
Ngun: Clarke, B. 1987. Post-Harvest Crop Processing: Some Tools for Agriculture. London, UK: Intermediate Technology Publications. C hai loi thit b sy ph bin dng cho sy kh cc loi qu hch quy m nh. Mt loi lu ng vi sn c c l c th di chuyn v lin kt vi mt thit b cp nhit di ng khi ang sy. Mt thit b sy nhiu hc c nh c thit k a kh nng chy dc hm thng gi pha di mt ci sn chung, cc hc
sy qu ring bit c t trn sn chung v qu trong c sy khi hi nng i ln qua nhng l trn mt sn. Thit b sy lu ng:
Thit b sy hc:
Thit b sy bng in Mt thit b sy bng in n gin c th to ra bng cch s dng tm g dn, kim loi, mt ci qut nh, mt h thng 5 bng n c gn ln mt khung s v vi vt liu kt ni. Thit k trong m hnh di y c chiu di 32inch, rng 21 inch, cao 30inch v c khoang cha cho 5 khay. Qut v tm kim loi c t di y thit b thi nhit ln ton b hp sy.
Sy bng t nng Rau qu c th c sy kh bng cc t nng gia nh nu c th hot ng nhit thp. t sn phm trn khay nng hoc cc khay kim loi, t nhit l nng 140oF v h ca l ( khong 2-4 inch). Thi gian sy c th nhanh hn nu s thng kh c tng ln nh s dng mt ci qut pha bn ngai ca l.
P P
Sy hoa kh Hoa ct c th c sy kh bng cch treo ngc hoa hoc gi trn li thp mng. Mt s loi hoa trng s t nhin hn nu c cm trong l trong qu trnh sy. Anthurium c cht lng tt nht khi c lm kh chm. Ct cnh hoa gc sc nht ca dao, v t hoa vo trong mt ci l c cha 2 inch nc. Vi tt c cc trng hp hoa nn t ni kh v ti, l v tr rt tt cho vic lm kh hoa. Cc loi hoa lm kh tt nht bng cch cm thng: strawflower, hoa phi yn, okra pods Cc loi hoa lm kh tt nht bng cch treo ngc u: chysanthemum, amaranthus, Africa daisy, statice, marigold.
Hoa ct c lm kh nhanh chng v d dng trong ct hoc silica gel. Ct dng lm kh hoa phi sch, mn v tt nht c th. Bt u bng cch cho 1inch ct vo trong hp, t hoa cn lm kh trn ct v ph nh ln ton b hoa mt lp ct khc. Hp cha khng c y v hoa s kh trong khong 3 tun. Nhng loi hoa c th kh tt theo cch ny l shasta daisy, lily of the valley, cosmos, dahlia, sweet william carnation, stock, freesia v narcissus. Sy hoa trong ct:
Silica gel tng i t nhng c th ti s dng nu c sy kh sau mi ln s dng. tin hnh lm kh, cng ph mt lp mng silica gel ln hoa nh
vi ct, sau y kn hp ng. Kim tra hoa kh sau 2-3 tun. Silica gel c bit c ch cho vic lm kh nhng loi cy v hoa mnh d v mu sc thanh nh. Cc loi hoa lm kh tt nht bng silicagel l: allium, anemone, cornflower, roses, tulip v zinnia. ng hp C hai cch thanh trng c s dng ph bin trong ch bin cc sn phm thc vt. u tin l thanh trng ngp nc, l mt ci ni ln c np y h v mt ci gi cch ly hp vi y i. Ni phi su, lm hp ngp trong nc t 1-2 inch v vn khng gian cho qu trnh si. ng knh ca ni khng c php rng hn ng knh ca l un qu 4 inch m bo lng nhit. Vi nhng sn phm c acid cao nh qu , c chua, dng dm dm v dng nc st v nhng thc phm c hm lng ng cao nh mt, sir, v mt cam c th an ton vi cch thanh trng ny.
Thanh trng p lc c ng dng cho vic ch bin cc thc phm c axit thp nh rau. Thanh trng p lc l mt ci ni c bit nng c np kha, mt ci gi bn trong v mt nt x kh trn np. Nt x kh c th c iu chnh ty theo tng loi ni. C mt ng h o p sut ch gi tr p sut kh bn trong ni. Ch s p sut trn mt ng h l p sut thc, trong khi ch s khi lng s hi thay i khi ni t p sut yu cu. p sut 10pound 115oC (240oF) l thch hp cho thanh trng cc sn phm rau.
P P P P
Ni thanh trng p lc:
C 3 loi bnh thy tinh thng c s dng trong ch bin cc sn phm thc vt. Bnh hnh cu v np km c zong cao su lm kn. Loi bnh ny i khi kh ng sn phm nhng nu c ng dng th n c tc dng bo qun rt tt. Hin nay loi bnh c np hai lp c s dng ph bin nht. Khng c vn g trong vic s dng cc bnh ny cha sn phm, ngoi vic cn lu li mt khng gian nh trn ming l cho s bnh trng ca thc phm trong qu trnh ch bin. Nu l c ng qu y, n c th gy n. Nu li qu nhiu khng gian trn ming l, th thc phm c th b hng, khi ton b lng kh tha khng c gii phng ra ngoi trong qu trnh ch bin. L v np
Ch bin nc qu Qu ch bin nc c chua hoc nc qu, qu c un si trong nc, s dng nhng dao bng thp khng g, ni thy tinh hoc trng men. Khi xay, qu c ct thnh nhng ming nh v cho vo my xay, sau lc bng ry hoc vi lp vi tha. ng hoc nc ct chanh c th cho thm vo to hng v. Sau , nc qu phi c ng lnh hoc thanh trng bo qun. Nc qu c th c ng lnh trong bnh hoc cc thng cha lnh ng ( li inch ming l). Hu ht cc loi nc qu c th c thanh trng trong nc si vi thi gian 20 pht, ring vi nc to v nc nho c th thanh trng trong nc nng (82oC hoc 180oF) trong 30 pht.
P P P P
Rau Rau c th c thi nh, sau khi un si 45-50 pht n nh. Nc rau sau khi c p t rau xay nh, c ng lnh hoc thanh trng. Thanh trng nc rau yu cu ni thanh trng p lc loi 10pound p sut. Mt panh (0,58 lit) cn thi gian 55 pht, v nhng l mt quart (1,14 lit)cn 85 pht.
Cc phng php ch bin khc Lnh ng Hu ht cc loi rau c chn trc khi lnh ng gi mu v hng trong sut qu trnh bo qun. Nhit lnh ng tt nht l trong khong -21 n 18oC (0-5oF.
P P P P
Bao b dng cho qu trnh lnh ng phi l loi khng thm nc, thm mi v t b thm kh chng oxiha trong qu trnh bo qun. Nhng bao b c th s dng tt trong lnh ng l cc ti HDPE, cc ti nhm, bnh thy tinh chu lnh v cc hp cctng c trng cc vt liu chu lnh. Jelly, Jam v tri cy bo qun Lm mt, v cc loi tri cy bo qun c lng ng cao khc cn s cn i gia lng qu, axit, pectin v ng mang li kt qu tt nht. Nhng qu cha chn hn cha nhiu pectin hn nhng qu chn, v nc to l mt ngun pectin t nhin rt tt. Nu qu c lng axit thp, c th trn thm nc ct chanh v ng. S dng ng ma hoc ng c ci trong vic ch bin cc sn phm tri cy bo qun tt hn l mt ong hoc siro ng. lm sn phm tri cy bo qun, un va la n khi hn hp qun vo tha. Trnh un qu v n s lm gim ng ca hn hp. Cho hn hp vo l v dn kn bng mng parafin (ch vi Jelly). Nhng dng sn phm tri cy bo qun khc nn c thanh trng trong nc si trong 5 pht. Sn phm ln men Khi vi khun lactic trong thc phm chuyn ha carbonhydrat thnh axit lactic, th thc phm s c bo qun nh pH thp. Da ci v ru vang nho l hai v d in hnh ca hng nghn loi thc phm ln men khc c ch bin trn th gii. bit thm thng tin v lnh vc ny xem Chioffi v Mead (1991). Sn phm mui chua Mui chua l phng php ch bin n gin c th p dng cho nhiu loi rau qu. Dung dch nc mui (9 phn ru to hoc dm trng, 1 phn mui khng c iot, 9 phn nc, thm ph gia, gia v) ton b dung dch vo sn phm trong l thy tinh ( li inch trn ming l). Sn phm dm trong nc mui c y kn v nhit phng trong 3 tun tr ln, cn vi sn phm dm ti th c thanh trng 10 pht trong nc si.
Chng 11
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THC HNH AN TON THC PHM

Mi quan tm v an ton thc phm khi x l rau qu ti tng ln sut mt thp k qua . S bng pht gn y ca bnh tt trong thc phm c pht hin cc loi qu mng, c chua, cc loi rau xanh v qu. Nhng nh bn bun v ngi mua hng ngy cng quan tm n vic thc hnh x l rau qu m bo an ton thc phm. Trch nhim ca nhng ngi sn xut v x l sau thu hoch.l chng minh bng hnh ng trong vic bo v sn phm ti khng b nhim bnh. Nhng ngi bn l, nhng knh tiu th ln, ang yu cu nhng nh cung cp thc hin ng an tan thc phm.V sm c th xut khu sn phm ca h n th trng chu u hoc Hoa K m khng cn phi chng minh vic x l an ton t ni sn xut n ni tiu th. Cc hot ng an ton thc phm ni chung c xc tin bi cc trng i hc, cc y ban chnh ph v cc t chc c nhn trn ton th gii. i vi ngi sn xut, mun xut sn phm ca mnh sang th trng chu u, cn phi bit rng nhng tiu chun mi ang c pht trin bi cng ngh bn l gii thiu cc thao tc x l cho ngi sn xut v vn chuyn (c gi l EUREP-GAP). T tng ch o l thc hin GAP (Good Agricultural Practices) trn ng rung, trong nh x l v sut qu trnh vn chuyn cc sn phm ti, v HACCP chng minh s tc ng an ton ca phn bn, thuc bo v thc vt, vt liu bao gi, c bit cho sn phm tiu th ti v dng cho ch bin. C mt ng gii hn EUREP-GAP cho an ton thc phm i vi qu ti cung cp cho th trng chu u. Nhng nh sn xut hng ha xut khu n nm 2003 phi c mt bn gii thiu chi tit v v sinh v cht lng. Hu ht cc c s ng gi quy m nh s yu cu h thng nc mi v ci tin cc thc hnh v sinh. Thng tin mi v lnh vc ny c trn trang web www.eurep.org hoc trng i hc Cornell-Hoa K, a ch email: eab38@cornell.edu
TU UT TU UT
Cc nguyn nhn v ngun gc dn n cc vn v an ton thc phm trong qu trnh sn xut v x l sau thu hoch gm 3 loi ch yu sau: Cc mi nguy him vt l:
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Cc vt l (ghim st, mng tay, inh vt, bu lng) Cc mnh thy tinh Cc mnh g vn Cc mi nguy him ha hc:
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Thuc bo v thc vt, dit nm, thuc dit c, thuc dit cn trng Du my dng cho cc thit b vn chuyn v ng gi Kim loi nng (ch, thy ngn, asen) Cc cht c do cng ngh Hp cht s dng trong v sinh thit b
Mm bnh do con ngi: C 4 loi mm bnh chnh lin quan n sn phm ti: t c mm monocytogenes) mng vi khun (clostridium botulinum, Listeria
Phn c cha mm bnh (Salmonella spp., Shigella spp., E. coli O157:H7 v cc loi khc)j Mm mng sinh vt k sinh (Cryptosporidium, Cyclospora) Mm mng virus (Vim gan, virus ng rut) Nhng mm bnh ny ly t con ngi sang thc phm. Vic x l rau qu do cc cng nhn hoc ngi tiu dng b nhim bnh cng lm ly nhim cho sn phm hoc do vic s dng ngun nc b nhim khun, phn bn hoc t b nhim cng l mt trong s cc con ng ly nhim mm bnh cho thc phm. Trong khi cht lng thc phm c th nhn bit qua cm quan bn ngoi nh mu sc, hng v v trng thi; an ton thc phm li khng nh th. Kim tra sn phm khng k lng th s khng th no xc nh c liu chng c thc s an ton v v hi i vi ngi tiu dng hay khng. Qun l cc iu kin chm sc v x l sau thu hoch l c ngha nht trong vic ngn chn s ly nhim cc nguy c vt l, cc cht c ha hc v mm bnh cho ngi rau qu ti. Ngun: V sinh ng rung Nhng thc hnh lin quan n vn ny gm c bn yu t c bn trn ng rung lm gim cc nguy c bin thc phm tr thnh ngun ly nhim. t sch
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Trnh s dng cc loi phn bn khng ph hp S dng hon ton bng phn tng hp loi tr cc mm bnh, v bn t nht trc 2 tun trc khi trng Gi cnh ng khng cho c ng vt hoang d vo gim nguy c ly nhim t phn thi ca chng. Xy dng cc khu v sinh gn cnh ng Khng thu hi sn phm trong vng 120 ngy t ngy bn phn. Nc sch
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Kim tra b mt ca nc s dng ti tiu c b nhim phn hay khng, c bit vi ngun nc chy qua khu x l nc thi hoc khu vc nui th. Nht th nui cch xa khu vc c ngun nc. cc loi ha cht cch xa khu vc c ngun nc. Lc nc hoc s dng cc b lng tng cht lng nc. Nu c iu kin, s dng phng php ti nh git lm hn ch s m t v gim ti thiu cc ri ro.
S dng ngun nc ung v sinh bnh phun thuc. B mt sch

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Cc cng c v vt ng trn cnh ng phi c gi sch s. Ra v v sinh k trc khi s dng. Tay sch
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Ngi thu hi sn phm phi ra tay sau khi i v sinh Chun b sn x phng, nc sch v phng v sinh n cnh ng v bt buc ton b cng nhn ra tay trc khi x l sn phm. Ra tay sch s l mt gii php hu hiu lm gim nguy c ly nhim, nhng cc chuyn gia an ton thc phm thy rng mt vi ngi ra tay theo mt cch ng n. Chng trnh thc hnh nng nghip tt ca Cornell khuyn co cc bc sau: Lm t tay bng nc m v sch, thoa x phng v xoa khp tay. Ch xt tay trong 20 giy Ra di mng tay v gia cc ngn tay. Ch xt cc u ngn tay bng lng bn tay kia. Ra li di vi nc chy Lau kh tay bng khn ring.
Hn ch ti thiu s ly nhim mm bnh trong qu trnh thu hi Trong sut thi gian thu hi trn cnh ng, cc c nhn c th gy nhim cho rau qu ti ch n gin v h chm vo sn phm trong khi tay khng sch hoc dao b bn. Nh v sinh v khu vc ra tay phi c trang b y v s dng cho tt c cc thnh vin tham gia thu hi. Nhng ngi qun l hot ng ca cng nhn trn cnh ng phi yu cu cng nhn ra tay sau khi i v sinh, lm gim nguy c ly nhim t con ngi. Nhng ngi b nhim vim gan A hoc nhng ngi c triu chng tiu chy, nn ma khng c php tham gia thu hi rau qu. Khi thu hi rau qu khng c php t trn cc bi t trng trc khi cho vo cc vt ng sch s v v sinh. Cng c thu hi v gng tay phi sch, v sinh v khng t trc tip ln t. Vt ng cng phi sch, v sinh v khng h b nhim khun nh nm mc, du m, vt kim loi hoc cc mnh g vn. Khng cho php cc cng nhn ng vo cc vt ng trong sut qu trnh thu hi trnh nhng nguy c nhim bnh t giy dp. Cc ti v vt ng bng nilon dng trn ng rung c a thch hn nhng vt ng bng g v b mt nilon d c lm sch v v sinh sau khi s dng, v nu cn dnh bn trn cc vt ng th chng s d ly nhim cho cc sn phm tip theo c ng. Cc vt ng bng g hu nh khng th v sinh v c c l nh trn b mt v g hoc nhng mnh kim loi nh inh vt t vt ng bng g c th lm tn thng sn phm. Cc loi ti giy nu ti s dng phi
c xem k v v sinh v kt hp vi ti nilon trc khi ti s dng trnh nguy c ly nhim. Ty theo mt hng, sn phm c th c ng gi trong cc bao b v theo cc ng khc nhau n ni tiu th hoc c tm thi trong cc ti, r, hoc ln vn chuyn n ni ng gi. Ngi cng nhn, thit b, cc c s bo qun lnh, vt liu bao gi v bt k nc trong cng on no dnh ti sn phm u cn phi c gi v sinh sch s trnh s ly nhim. Hn ch ti a s ly nhim mm bnh trong sut qu trnh x l sau thu hoch V sinh ngi
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Gng tay, mng tc (li bao tc) v o khoc ngoi phi c s dng thng xuyn trong nh ng gi sn phm xut khu. Tnh trng sch s v v sinh c nhn ca cng nhn x l sn phm cc cng on phi c gim st hn ch ti thiu nguy c ly nhim. Phi c phng tm v ni ra tay chn trnh ngun ly nhim t chnh cng nhn. Giy dp cng phi sch s khng mang bn v ngun ly nhim vo phng bao gi. Phi t chc tp hun v thc hnh v sinh an ton thc phm cho cng nhn c thu vo lm vic trc mi ma v. Thit b
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Thit b tip xc vi thc phm nh bng ti, thng cha phi v sinh sch s v c bn, ring b mt tip xc trc tip phi c v sinh k hn bng cc cht ty ra. Dng 200ppm dung dch Natri hypochlorite (cht ty) v sinh nhng b mt tip xc trc tip vi thc phm. Vt liu bao gi
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Tt c bao gi phi c lm t nhng cht liu c th tip xc vi thc phm m bo khng c thnh phn cht c trn bao gi m c th nhim vo sn phm. Nhng cn cht c ha hc c th cn trn mt s vt liu bao gi do s ti ch. Cc ti khng nh hp v ti nha nn c tng tr cc khu bo qun trnh cn trng, bi bn v cc ngun ly nhim khc. Nhng hnh ng ny khng ch tit kim m cn bo v s nguyn vn v an ton ca nhng vt liu bao gi. Nc ra v lm mt
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Tt c nhng yu t lin quan n sn phm u phi c ra sch s bng nc dng ung. Nc nn cha t 100-150 ppm Clo tng s v c pH t 6-7.5. Clo c dng bo v sn phm khng b gy nhim trong qu trnh ra hay trong h thng lm mt, n khng kh trng sn phm. Thay i lng nc trong thng cha v tc nhn lm mt mt cch ph hp. Xem thng tin chi tit ti trang web http://postharvest.ucdavis.edu
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Lm mt bng
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Dng to nn ngun nc mt theo yu cu. Vn chuyn lnh

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Sn phm c vn chuyn trong cc xe ti lnh c nhit iu khin. Lm mt xe trc khi xp hng ln. Duy tr nhit di 5oC trong sut qu trnh vn
P P
chuyn n ni tiu th ko di thi gian bo qun v lm gim s pht trin ca cc mm bnh. Nhit dng trong vn chuyn nhng sn phm nhy cm lnh s khng c tc dng ngn cn s pht trin ca mm bnh. Xe ti dng vn chuyn phi sch s v v sinh. Nhng xe tng dng ch ng vt, sn phm c ngun gc ng vt hoc nguyn liu c hi khng bao gi c dng vn chuyn sn phm thc phm. V sinh dng c, bao b s dng thu hi v v sinh nh ng gi Ra bng cc vi phun p sut cao cc dng c, thit b thu hi v nh ng gi
trc khi thu hoch. Cc cht ty ra ch c s dng sau khi ra sch cc cht hu c nh bi v cc phn ca cy. a s cc cht ty ra c cha Chlorine v cc hp cht Ammonium.
Vic la chn cc cht ty ra s dng ph thuc vo b mt vt liu cn ty ra, cng ca nc, vic ng dng cc thit b phc v ty ra, hiu qu ty ra iu kin thng v gi thnh. S dng bng sau y la chn cht ty ph hp vi cng vic: Kh Chlo Hypochlorites Chlamines (Na, K hoc (di-or triCa isocyanuarate) hypochlorite) Cc hp cht Ammonium
S dng :
Tt c cc b Tt c cc b Tt c cc b Cc bmt tip mt tip xc mt tip xc mt tip xc xc khng vi thc phm vi thc phm vi thc phm phi l thc phm, cc cht xp, cng thot, tng
c tnh kh trng: Nng Hot lc c tnh Mc Dng Tnh n nh c hi pH ti u 20-200 ppm Cao Chung Nhanh nht Kh nn Tt Thp 6-7.5
P P
25-200 ppm Cao Chung Nhanh nht
25-200 ppm Cao Chung Nhanh
200 ppm Khc nhau Chng nm Trung bnh Dung dch m c Rt tt Khng Rng ri Di 120oF
P P
Bt th tt hn Bt lng Tt Thp 6-7.5 Di 115oF

P P
Tt Thp 6-7.5 Di 115oF

P P
Nhit ti Di 115oF u
Hiu qu khi Gim khi mc Gim khi mc Gim khi mc s dng nc cng cao cng cao cng cao cng (trn 500 ppm) (trn 500 ppm) (trn 500 ppm)
Khng c tc dng trong nc cng
Mc mn
n Yu n trung bnh. Rt mnh pH<6 v nhit trn 115oF

P P
Yu n trung bnh. Rt mnh pH<6 v nhit trn 115oF

P P
Yu. Rt mnh pH<6 v nhit trn 115oF

P P
Khng
Kh nng truy tm ngun gc Kh nng xc nh xut x ca sn phm l mt phn quan trng ca GAP. iu ny cn quan trng hn khi c nhiu nh cung cp cho cng mt u mi, hoc khi sn phm c xut khu bi mt nh sn xut nhng c thu hoch t nhiu a im khc nhau. Nhng k thut sau y c USDA khuyn co s dng: Thit lp qui trnh truy ngun gc sn phm t ngi sn xut n ngi ng gi, phn phi, ngi bn l v.v Cc thng tin v sn phm (Tn nng tri, tn vn, ngy thu hi, ngi thu hi v.v) cn phi c ch r. Ngi sn xut, ng gi, xut khu cn hp tc vi ngi vn chuyn, phn phi v ngi bn l thit lp cc cng c qun l h tr qu trnh truy tm ngun gc sn phm.
V d v nhn bao gi c tc dng tt cho vic truy tm ngun gc Sn phm Ging Tn trang tri V tr S hiu ca vn Ngy thu hoch M s ngi thu hoch M s ngi ng gi Xoi Alphonso Pathak Brothers Kanpur, U.P. India 12 20 June #4 #2
Ngun: US FDA, 1998. Guide to minimize microbial food safety harzards for fresh fruits and vegetables. Food Safety Intiatives Staff (HFS-32). http://www.fda.gov
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Cc thng tin khc c cc thng tin b sung v v sinh an ton thc phm, hy lin h vi cc cc c quan sau y:
California Department of Food and Agriculture, Food Safety Issues (http://www.cdfa.ca.gov/ahfss/ah/food_safety.htm).Cornell University Department of Horticulture 134A Plant Science Building Ithaca , New York
14853-5904 GAPs Program: (607) 255 1428; http://www.cce.cornell.edu/store/ customer/home.php?cat=252 Gateway to U.S. Government Food Safety Information: http://www.foodsafety.gov
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International Fresh-Cut Produce Association "Food Safety Guidelines for the Fresh-cut Produce Industry 3rd Edition"1600 Duke Street Suite 440 Alexandria, VA 22314 Phone (703) 299-6282; http://www.fresh-cuts.org
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Produce Marketing Association P O Box 6036 Newark , Delaware 19714Phone (302) 738 7100; FAX (302) 731 2409; http://www.pma.com
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United Fresh Fruit and Vegetable Association "Industrywide Guidance to Minimize Microbiological Food Safety Risks for Produce"727 N. Washington St . Alexandria , VA 22314 Phone (703) 836-3410; http://www.uffva.org
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University of California FoodSafe Program One Shields Avenue , Davis , CA 95616 Phone (530) 752-2647; http://foodsafe.ucdavis.edu
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U.S. Department of Agriculture, Food Safety and Inspection Service, Q & A about HACCP. (www.fsis.usda.gov/QA/haccpq&a.htm)
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U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Food and Drug Administration ( http://www.fda.org ). A guide to minimize microbial food safety hazards for fresh fruit and vegetables. (http://www.foodsafety.gov/~dms/prodguid.html)
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Western Growers Association "Voluntary Food Safety Guidelines for Fresh Produce"P.O. Box 2130 , Newport Beach , CA 92658 Phone (714) 863-1000; http://www.wga.org Small-scale Postharvest Handling Practices: A Manual for
TI LIU THAM KHO
Aiyer, RS. et al. 1978. No-cost method for preserving fresh cassava roots. Cassava Newsletter 4: 8-9. Cali, Colombia: CIAT.
ASEAN-PHTRC. 1984. Village Level Handling of Fruits and Vegetables: Traditional Practices and Technological Innovations. Postharvest Horticulture and Training Center, College of Agriculture, University of the Philippines at Los Baos. Extension Bulletin No. 1 Bachmann, J. and R. Earles. 2000. Postharvest Handling of Fruits and Vegetables. ATTRA Horticulture Technical Note. 19 pp. (http://www.attra.ncat.org) Brackett, R.E. 1999. Incidence, contributing factors, and control of bacterial pathogens in produce. Postharv. Biol. Technol. 15:305-311. Broustead, P.J. and New, J.H 1986. Packaging of fruit and vegetables: a study of models for the manufacture of corrugated fibreboard boxes in developing countries. London: TDRI. (for information contact NRI, Central Avenue, Chatham Maritime, Kent, ME4 4TB, United Kingdom). Campbell-Platt, G. 1987. Fermented Foods of the World: Dictionary and Guide. Stonam, Massachussetts: Butterworth Heineman. CIP. 1982. Annual Report. Lima, Peru: International Potato Center. FAO. 1986. Improvement of Post-Harvest Fresh Fruits and Vegetables Handling. Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific. Maliwan Mansion, Phra Atit Road, Bangkok, 10200, Thailand. FAO. 1989. Prevention of Post-Harvest Food Losses: Fruit. Vegetables and Root Crops. A Training Manual. Rome: UNFAO. 157 pp. Fellows, P. and Hampton, A 1992. Small-Scale Food Processing A Guide to Appropriate Equipment. London: Intermediate Technology Publications. 158 pp. Grierson, W. 1987. Postharvest Handling Manual, Commercialization of Alternative Crops Project. Belize Agribusiness Company/USAID/Chemonics International Consulting Division, 2000 M Street, N.W., Suite 200, Washington, D.C. 20036. Hagen, J.W. et al. 1999. California's Produce Trucking Industry:Characteristics and Important Issues. California Agricultural Technology Institute's Center for Agricultural Business, California State University, Fresno, California
Hardenburg, R.E.. et al. 1986. The Commercial Storage of Fruits. Vegetables. and Florist and Nursery Stocks. USDA Agriculture Handbook 66. 130 pp. Harvey, E. et al. 1990. Harvesting and postharvest handling of papayas in the Caribbean. Bridgetown, Barbados: Inter-American Institute for Cooperation on Agriculture (IICA). Hunsigi, G. 1989. Agricultural Fibres for Paper Pulp. Outlook on Agriculture 18 (3): 96-103. Kader, AA (ed). 2002. Postharvest Technology of Horticultural Crops (3rd Edition). UC Publication 3311. University of California, Division of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Oakland, California 94608. 535 pp. Kitinoja, L. (1999). Costs and Benefits of Fresh Handling Practices Perishables Handling Quarterly, Special Issue: Costs and Benefits of Postharvest Technologies, No. 97: 7-13 Kitinoja, L. and Gorny, J.R Postharvest Technology for Small-Scale Produce Marketers: Economic Opportunities, Quality and Food Safety. 1999. UC PTRIC Horticultural Series No. 21 Kupferman, E.M. 1990. Life after benlate: an update on the alternatives. Washington State University Tree Fruit Postharvest Journal 1(1): 13-15. Liu, F.W.. 1988. Developing practical methods and facilities for handling fruits in order to maintain quality and reduce losses. Postharvest Handling of Tropical and Subtropical Fruit Crops, Food and Fertilizer Technical Center for the Asian and Pacific Region, Taipei 10616, Taiwan. Lurie, S. 1998. Postharvest heat treatments of horticultural crops. Hort. Rev. 22:91-121. Mitchell, F.G., Guillon, R., R.A.. Parsons. 1972. Commercial Cooling of Fruits and Vegetables. U.C. Extension Manual 43, University of California, Division of Agricultural Sciences, Oakland, California 94608.
Moline, HE. 1984. Postharvest Pathology of Fruits and Vegetables: Postharvest Losses in Perishable Crops. U.C. Bulletin 1914, University of California, Division of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Oakland, California 94608.
NRC. 1992. Neem: A Tree for Solving Global Problems. Washington, D.C.: Bostid Publishing Co. 141 pp. Natural Resources Institute. 1994. Manual for Horticultural Export Quality Assurance. Chatham, UK: Natural Resources Institute. (http://www.nri.org)
Pantastico, Er. B. 1980. FAO/UNEP Expert Consultation on Reduction of Food Losses in Perishable Products of Plant Origin. (6 May 1980, FAO,, Rome). 54 pp. Paull, R.E. and J.W. Armstrong (eds). 1994. Insect pests and fresh horticultural products: treatments and responses. CAB International, Wallingford, UK, 360 pp. Proctor, F.J. 1985. Post-harvest handling of tropical fruit for export. The Courier 92: 83-86. Reyes, M. U. 1988. Design Concept and Operation of ASEAN Packinghouse Equipment for Fruits and Vegetables. Postharvest Training and Research Center, University of the Philippines at Los Baos, College of Agriculture, Laguna. Rangarajan, A, et al. (no date). Food Safety Begins on the Farm. A Grower's Guide: Good Agricultural Practices for Fresh Fruits and Vegetables. Ithaca: Cornell University. 28 pp. Shewfelt, R.L. 1990. Quality of Fruits and Vegetables. A Scientific Status Summary by the Institute of Food Technologists' Expert Panel on Food Safety and Nutrition. Institute of Food Technologists, 221 North LaSalle Street, Chicago, Illinois 60601. Shewfelt, R.L. 1986. Postharvest treatment for extending shelf life of fruits and vegetables. Food Technology 40(5):7078, 89. Shewfelt R.L. and Prussia, S.E. (eds). 1993. Postharvest Handling A Systems Approach. San Diego: Academic Press, 358 pp. Smilanick, J.L 1995. Status of postharvest fungicides and growth regulators. Perishables Handling Special Issue No. 82: 30-32. Smilanick, J.L and J. Usall i Rodie. 1995. Biological control of postharvest disseases of fresh fruit. Perishables Handling Special Issue No. 82: 19-20.
Sommer, N.F., R.L. Fortlage and D.C. Edwards. 2002. Postharvest Diseases of Selected Commodities. In: Kader, AA (ed). Postharvest Technology of Horticultural Crops (3rd Edition). UC Publication 3311. University of California, Division of Agriculture and Natural Resources pp.197-249.
Talbot, M. T. and Fletcher, J.H 1993. Design and Development of a Portable Forced-Air Cooler. Proceedings of the Florida State Horticultural Society 106:249-255. Thompson, A.K. 1996. Postharvest Technology of Fruits and Vegetables. Blackwell Science, Ltd., Oxford, UK, 410 pp. Thompson, J.F. 1994. Ripening facilities. Perishables Handling Newsletter. University of California, Davis, Special Issue No. 80: 5-8.
Thompson, J.F. et al. 1998. Commercial cooling of fruits, vegetables, and flowers. Publ. 21567, ANR, University of California, Oakland, CA, 61 pp. Thompson, J.F. et al. 2000. Marine container transport of chilled perishable produce. Publ. 21595, ANR, University of California, Oakland, CA 32 pp. Thompson, J.F. et al. 2001. Effect of cooling delays on fruit and vegetable quality. Perishables Handling Quarterly Issue No. 105 : 2-5. Umar, B. 1998. The use of solar cooling to minimize postharvest losses in the tropics. Tropical Science 38: 74-77.
Walker, D. J. 1992. World Food Programme Food Storage Manual Chatham, UK: Natural Resources Institute.
Wills, R., B. McGlasson, D. Graham, and D. Joyce. 1998. Postharvest: An Introduction to the Physiology and Handling of Fruit, Vegetables, and Ornamentals. CAB International, Wallingford, UK, 262 pp. Zagory, D. 1999. Effects of post-processing handling and packaging on microbial populations. Postharv. Biol. Technol. 15:313-321.
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CC NGUN TI LIU THAM KHO B SUNG TRN INTERNET (cp nht 2003)
Postharvest Equipment and Supplies
http://postharvest.ucdavis.eduThe on-line Postharvest Resource Directory can be searched by keyword for hundreds of supplies and a wide variety of postharvest equipment and tools. http://qasupplies.comThe International Ripening Company offers a wealth of products for handling produce from the identifying maturity in the field to managing the ripening room at the retail level.
Grades and Standards, Phyto-Sanitary Regulations

http://www.ams.usda.gov
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http://www.ams.usda.gov/nop/ (National Organic Program standards) http://www.ams.usda.gov/fv/ (Fruit & Vegetable Programs) http://www.ams.usda.gov/tmd/ (Transportation & Marketing Programs) Agricultural Marketing Service at the U.S. Department of Agriculture The Agricultural Marketing Service includes six commodity programs--Cotton, Dairy, Fruit and Vegetable, Livestock and Seed, Poultry, and Tobacco. The programs employ specialists who provide standardization, grading and market news services for those commodities. They enforce such Federal Laws as the Perishable Agricultural Commodities Act and the Federal Seed Act. AMS commodity programs also oversee marketing agreements and orders, administer research and promotion programs, and purchase commodities for Federal food programs. http://www.aphis.usda.gov/
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The mission of the Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS) is to protect America 's animal and plant resources by: l Safeguarding resources from exotic invasive pests and diseases, l Monitoring and managing agricultural pests and diseases existing in the United States Resolving and managing trade issues related to animal or plant health, and l Ensuring the humane care and treatment of animals. http://www.aphis.usda.gov/ppq/manuals/online_ma nuals.html A list of the APHIS/Plant Protection and Quarantine Manuals that are available electronically.
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http://www.aphis.usda.gov/ppq/manuals/pdf_files/FV%20Chapt ers.htm
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Regulating the Importation of Fresh Fruits and Vegetables (This complete handbook is available online.)
Marketing of Agricultural Products

http://www.bluebookprco.com/The Produce Reporter Company Blue Book Services allow members to check out vital business information such as credit ratings of potential buyers. http://www.ams.usda.gov/tmd2/ ccardA case study of postharvest handling, marketing and transportation training for Ghana . Website contains many postharvest training materials and marketing links. http://www.agoa.gov/ President Clinton signed the African Growth and Opportunity Act (AGOA) into law on May 18, 2000 as Title 1 of The Trade and Development Act of 2000. The Act offers tangible incentives for African countries to continue their efforts to open their economies and build free markets. Included in this website are a few the resources African businesses can use to either search or post information on the products or services they wish to sell. Unless otherwise noted, the services provided by these websites are free.
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www.pma.comThe Produce Marketing Association, founded in 1949, is a not-for-profit global trade association serving over 2,400 members who market fresh fruits, vegetables, and related products worldwide. Its members are involved in the production, distribution, retail, and foodservice sectors of the industry.
Food Safety Information

http://foodsafe.ucdavis.edu University of California's Food Safe program offers information for growers that assists in their efforts to protect food safety.
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http://ucgaps.ucdavis.edu University of California's Good Agricultural Practices

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http://www.foodsafety.gov Gateway to U.S. government information on food safety.

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http://www.jifsan.umd.edu/gaps.html US FDA manual on "Improving the Safety and Quality of Fresh Fruits and Vegetables".
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http://www.cfsan.fda.gov/~dms/secguid6.htmlFood security guidance documents.
http://www.cfsan.fda.gov/~lrd/pes tadd.html Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition - Any pesticide used in growing and post-harvest treatment of each produce item must be registered for use in the United States for the particular produce item. Pesticide residues must not exceed established limits.
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Eab38@cornell.edu Cornell University s Good Agricultural Practices Program offers a free copy of a growers guide entitled Food Safety Begins on the Farm: Good Agricultural Practices for Fresh Fruits and Vegetables.
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Postharvest Handing Practices

http://postharvest.ucdavis.edu At this University of California (UC) website you will find a wide range of fact sheets on individual fruits and vegetables, temperature recommendations for storage, links to suppliers of postharvest equipment and many reference articles on the postharvest handling of perishables.
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http://www.postharvest.org Website hosted by Extension Systems International offering mentoring at no charge to extension workers and postharvest professionals interested in developing further skills in postharvest technology, training and demonstrations of practices. CDRom of a wide range of postharvest training materials available free of charge by mail order (please include $4.95 for copying services, packaging, shipping and handling).
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http://www.ba.ars.usda.gov/hb66/ A draft version of the forthcoming revision to USDA Agricultural Handbook 66: Commercial Storage of Fruits, Vegetables and Florist and Nursery Stocks.
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http://www.fao.org/inpho/ This United Nations website includes a variety of FAO and other publications that users can browse on-line or download for their personal use. The UCDavis training publication. Small-Scale Postharvest Handling Practices: A Manual for Horticultural Crops (3 rd edition) provides costeffective recommendations on improved handling of fruits and vegetables from the farm to the market. Other publications focus on packaging, storage, marketing or training and extension.
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http://www.bae.ncsu.edu/programs/extension/publicat/postharv / This website sponsored by North Carolina State University offers information on postharvest cooling and storage options for many commodities.
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http://www.uckac.edu/postharv/ University of California Kearney Agricultural Center.

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http://postharvest.ifas.ufl.edu
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University of Florida Postharvest Group http://www.fdocitrus.com Florida Department of Citrus postharvest information.
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http://www.postharvest.tfrec.wsu.edu Washington State University postharvest information.

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http://www.postharvest.com.au/ Sydney Postharvest Laboratory information ( Australia ).

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http://www.sardi.sa.gov.au/horticulture/ South Australian Research and Development Institute.

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http://www.chainoflifenetwork.org A comprehensive assembly of information about postharvest handling of floral crops.

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http://anrcatalog.ucdavis.edu This website describes the many publications, slide sets and videos on agriculture and horticulture developed and offered for sale by the University of California . There is also a long list of free publications available to read online or to download.
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K THUT X L V BO QUN SAU THU HOCH M NH: TI LIU K THUT CHO RAU QU V HOA CY CNH

GII THIU Gii thiu chung

C rt C ci ng Hnh c Ti Khoai ty Khoai lang

Rau dip Rau bina Bp ci Hnh hoa

Rau n qu v tri cy chn

C chua Da Qu c mi Chui Xoi To Nho Qu hch

Trung bnh Thp Rt thp

Ko thu hoch nho v qu

Ko thu hoch cam

Dng c thu hi qu trn cao

Thu hoch v ng gi c rt ti rung

% 90-95 85-90 90-100 90-95 5-10 4-7 1-4 2-5

Khoai ty Khoai lang C t sn

15-20 30-32 32-40 30-40

59-68 86-90 90-104 86-104

Vng phn loi n

Vng phn loi kp

(b) Ni ln c chiu di trung bnh pha trn, cung ni khng tip xc vi cc qu bn di

(c) Ni ln c chiu di di trung bnh, cung ni khng tip xc vi cc qu bn di)

(d) Mt ni ln hoc 2 chm qu di

Chng nhim bn Km, gy nhim bn do si bao ti Kh Kh

Vi bng Nha do an Giy

Tt WFP bao ti nhiu vch, c lt tm nha

Thng g Bnh hoc thng ng nha Chai nha Tn thng do nn p v xp ng cao Hp x p

Chai nha S chn ng Thng x p xp np

Tn thng do gy, rch, m, mc

Bao ti-nha an hoc giy Thic

Tnh bn, dai dy ca kim loi

Cc kiu thn thng

Mt chng hng kiu MUM mu trn tm palet:

Natri hypoclorit (12,7%)

Phun hoc nhng

S dng bt lime (chm cung vo bt lime)

0,5 5 20 30 20 2,5 1,5

Kim sot sinh hc

Preudomonas 1995 syringae Biosave

Penicillium digitatus, P.italicum, Geotrichum citriaurantii

Anh o Penicillium expansum, Botrytis cinerea To, l Penicillium

Khoai ty Kim sot sinh hc Candida oleophila (Aspire) 1995 Lu

Lm lnh bng nc phun

Lm lnh bng nc nhng

Nh ng gi s dng phng php lm lnh bay hi

Lm lnh bng nhng t

F Thm rut, li, chy nc

Chui xanh hoc chn 11,5-13

Cc phng php lm lnh khc

F 32-36 32-36 30-40 31-32 32 34 32-35 55 45 40 55 45 56-58 32 32 40-50 40-45 41-43 32

Kim tra sn phm v lau chi kho bo qun

V sinh v bo dng kho bo qun

Git sch cc bao ti qua s dng

Lt bng vi ma chng thm

% 65-70 65-70 70 70 55-60

0-5 28-30 0 28-30 <10

32-41 82-86 32 82-86 <50

0,5-1,5 2 <0,7 0,5-4

4-8 6 3-4 5-6

PBC, Cav IB, CF IB, PBC IB (nu qu chn)

1-2,5 1,5 3 1,5 2-3 3 2-3 1-2 2 3 1,5-1,8 3

HB, IB, Cav CF IB

2 1,5-2,5 2 1-2 0,5-3 1-2 4-6

2 1,5-3,5 1-2 0-2 0-1 0-3 0-4

8 8-9 3-4 3-4 5 3-5 3-4 IB IB, CI, Cav IB

YaLi c th b tn thng lnh ngay nhit <50C.

Vit qut Cactus pear Cherimoya & Atemoya Anh o, ngt