Final - General EHS Guidelines

Hng Dn C Bn V Sc Khe &
An Ton
NI DUNG
PHN GII THIU4
Cc hng dn v An Ton v Sc Khe Nhng iu c bn v An Ton v Sc Khe...5
Phn 1 H thng qun l...6
1.1
Hng dn thc hin cc ti liu trong h thng qun l ca Nh My...6
1.2
B h s lu gi cc bin bn tai nn lao ng, s c.7
1.3
K hoch ng ph khn cp v chy n...7
Phn 2 Nhng iu cn lu v cu trc nh xng.9
2.1
Hng dn cc thnh phn xy dng, cu trc ca nh xng....9
2.2
Mi tng quan gia cc vn v an ton chy n vi kt cu ta nh9
2.3
Hng dn chung v an ton PCCC...10
2.4
Li i v cc li thot him trong trng hp khn cp.11
2.5
Cu thang12
2.6
Li thot him.13
2.7
Khong cch di chuyn...13
Phn 3 Tiu chun v an ton chy n...15
3.1
Hng dn v an ton chy n15
3.2
Din tp s tn khi chy n.16
3.3
Thng tin cn thit trong vic trin khai v tuyn truyn v chy n 17
3.4
Phng n phng chng chy n18
3.5
Phng n dp tt la.18
3.6
Phng n cha chy.. 19
3.7
Hng dn phn b v s dng bnh cha chy xch tay.. 23
3.8
M mu sc bnh cha chy23
3.9
Hun luyn cng nhn i vi cc lnh vc v an ton chy n.24
3.10
Bng cnh bo thot him/n chiu sng khn cp..25
Phn 4 Tiu chun v dch v Y T v s cp cu ...27
4.1
Cc hng dn s cp cu..27
Phn 5 Tiu chun qun l an ton ha cht.29
5.1
Thng tin v nhng mi nguy c lin quan n cc nguyn liu ca ha cht .............................................29
5.1.1
Nhng mi nguy v sc khe29
5.1.2
Nhng mi nguy thuc tnh cht vt l.30
5.2
Bng hng dn s liu an ton vt liu (MSDS)..31
5.3
Bng s liu an ton ha cht (CSDS)31
5.4
Tiu chun v kho lu tr cc ha cht nguy him32
5.5
Cc hng dn cho khu vc lu tr ha cht.33
5.6
Cc hng dn i vi thng cha ha cht...35
5.7
S tch ring cc kho lu tr ha cht36
5.8
Ti liu k khai t kho ha cht..37
Phn 6 Tiu chun s dng ha cht nguy him ti khu vc sn xut...38
6.1
Hng dn s dng ha cht ti khu vc sn xut.38
6.2
Trang thit b bo h lao ng c nhn (PPE)39
Phn 7 - Tiu chun dnh cho cng nhn tip xc cc ha cht nguy him40
7.1
Thng tin c bn.40
7.2
Cc l trnh ca s phi nhim ha cht.40
7.3
Cc gii hn phi nhim do ngh nghip vi cc cht ha hc trong khng kh...41
7.4
Cng nhn tip xc vi nhiu cht ha hc43
7.5
Cc loi ha cht cm s dng43
7.5.1
Cch 1: o c khu vc lm vic...44
7.5.2
Cch 2: kim sot tng c nhn.44
7.5.3
Cch 3: theo di sc khe.44
Phn 8 - Tiu chun v mu sc/tem, nhn.45
Phn 9 Tiu chun v bnh hi/bnh kh nn49
9.1
Hng dn s dng cc bnh kh nn.49
9.2
Hng dn lu tr cc bnh kh nn...50
9.3
Trm hn di ng (xe y bnh hi)...51

An Ton
Phn 10 Tiu chun v an ton in/nh sng/v sinh nh xng v cc thit b tng hp 52
10.1
An ton in52
10.2
Cc hng dn v an ton in...52
10.3
Qun l mi trng lm vic v cc thit b tng hp52
10.4
Hng dn qun l mi trng lm vic v cc thit b tng hp..53
10.5
nh sng.53
Phn 11 An ton my mc v ting n...57
11.1
Hng dn tng qut v an ton my mc.57
11.2
Hng dn chuyn mn v an ton my mc.58
11.3
Chia s mt s vic thc hin tt63
11.4
Mt s v d c thc hin km an ton c quan st v cn c gim bt...68
Phn 12 - Cc phng tin cho k tc x70
12.1
Hng dn cho cc nh xng c k tc x...70
12.2
Hng dn cho cc phng tin khc i vi nh xng c k tc x..72
12.3
Thc hin tt...73
Phn 13 - Cc iu Kin V V Sinh Nh Bp, Phng n, Nh V Sinh...74
13.1
Cc hng dn cho vic xy dng ta nh.74
13.2
Hng dn hy cht thi.74
13.3
Nhng ch dn khc i vi cc phng tin nh v sinh..77
13.4
Nhng ch dn cho cc phng tin nh bp v nh n..78
Cc Tiu Chun Hng Dn V Sc Khe & An Ton ng Dng K Thut. 80
Phn 14 - Tiu Chun An Ton i Vi Thang & Cc Khu Vc Lu Tr Vt Liu..81
14.1
Hng dn i vi kho cha nguyn liu...81
14.2
Nng Nhc v Vn Chuyn Vt T Bng Tay...82
14.3
Phng Php Khoa Hc Lao ng i Vi Vic Nng Nhc...82
14.4
S Dng Xe Nng Trong Cc Nh Kho.82
14.5
Hng Dn iu Khin Xe Nng Sao Cho An Ton.83
14.6
Thang an ton......83
14.7
Hng Dn S Dng Thang Sao Cho An Ton.84
Phn 15 - Hng Dn An Ton i Vi Cc Nh Thu.86
15.1
Cng vic o h, rnh...87
15.2
H thng in..87
15.3
Hng dn an ton i vi gin gio..87
15.4
Cng vic c lin quan n sc nng.88
15.5
X l ha cht.88
Phn 16 - Cc Yu Cu V Trang Thit B Bo H Lao ng C Nhn (PPE)...89
16.1
Gng tay..89
16.2
Cc hng dn cho vic la chn gng tay bo h89
16.3
Bo v thnh lc..90
16.4
Bo v ng h hp..90
Phn 17 - Cc Yu Cu V Vic o To An Ton & Sc Khe Cho Cng Nhn95
Phn 18 - Hng Dn nh Gi Ri Ro T Cc Mi Nguy Ngh Nghip...97
18.1
nh gi ri ro l g?......................................................................................................................................97
18.2
Lm th no nh gi ri ro?.....................................................................................................................97
18.3
Cc bc nh gi ri ro.97
18.4
Cc cp nguy hi98
18.5
Tm cc mi nguy hi.99
18.6
Quyt nh Ai C Th B Tn Thng v B Nh Th No?........................................................................99
18.7
nh Gi Ri Ro.99
18.8
nh mc ri ro.100
18.9
Ghi Nhn Cc Vn Bn Tm Thy102
18.10 Cc bin php mi thm nh an ton.103
18.11 Cn Nhc Li Vic nh Gi...103
18.12 Bng nh Gi Ri Ro V An Ton & Sc Khe...103
Phn 19 - Tiu Chun Lm Vic Trong Mi Trng C Sc Nng Cng Thng Do Sc Nng...108
19.1
Khi qut s b.108
19.2
Nhng hng dn gim bt cng thng do nng n vi cng nhn..109
19.3
Nhn Din S Cng Thng Ca Cng Nhn Do Sc Nng: Theo Di Sc Khe S B110

An Ton
Phn 20 Quy trnh treo th/kha thit b 111
20.1
Mc ch...111
20.2
Cc nh ngha..111
20.3
Quy trnh xin php111
20.4
Mt s lut l v cc quy tc.113
Phn 21 Khoa hc lao ng ..117
21.1
Cc yu t nguy c sinh ha.117
21.2
Cc v tr bt tin ca c th.118
21.2.1 Vn kh khn118
21.2.2 Gii php tim nng119
21.3
S gng sc qu mc119
21.3.1 Vn kh khn119
21.3.2 Gii php tim nng....120
21.4
Thao tc lp i lp li121
21.4.1 Vn kh khn121
21.4.2 Gii php tim nng121
21.5
Cc yu t nguy c sinh ha khc122
21.5.1 S km nn v nh hng ca trm cm..122
21.5.2 S rung bn tay v cnh tay.122
Phn 22 Hng dn thit k h thng thng gi.123
22.1
Hng dn cho s thng gi.124
PH LC: Ch thch cc thut ng...126

An Ton
Phn Gii Thiu
xc tin ng b cc tiu chun lin quan n sc khe, an ton v mi trng, Tp on adidas trin
khai hai tiu chun thit yu. l Hng Dn V Sc Khe, An Ton v Hng Dn V Mi Trng, c
dng thit lp, nh gi v gim st ti cc doanh nghip ang kinh doanh vi Tp on adidas. Cc hng
dn ny c da vo nhng tiu chun hin hnh c s dng trn ton cu v yu cu hiu, v p dng
cng chung vi nhau.
Nhng yu cu chi tit ca hng dn ny s cho php cc i tc tun th vi B Tiu Chun Lm Vic ca
Tp on adidas. Hng dn ny khng mu thun vi cc yu cu ca php lut nc s ti m l trch
nhim ca ca cc i tc phi p ng tt c yu cu hp php lin quan n cc vn v sc khe, an ton
v mi trng. Cc i tc phi lun tun theo nhng tiu chun nghim chnh nht m c son tho sn
trong quy nh ca php lut hay trong hng dn ny
Mc ch chnh ca ti liu hng dn ny a ra cc khi nim thit thc gip doanh nghip kim sot
qu trnh ci tin lin tc trong s cng tc gia cc nhn vin trong cng ty ca chng ta.
Trong hng dn ny bao hm cc Hng Dn C Bn V Sc Khe & An Ton v l nhng yu cu ti
thiu i vi cc nh sn xut ni chung. Mt vi trng hp cc i tc c th c yu cu thc hin theo
cc tiu chun cao hn ty thuc vo loi hnh cng nghip ca h hoc nh c trnh by chi tit trong cc
hng dn k thut hay cc ghi ch thc hnh c pht hnh bi Tp on adidas (v d : Hng Dn
Thc Hin V An Ton Chy N v Vn Chuyn Vt Liu). V vy, cc i tc hy tham kho kin ca
nhn vin i din SEA nc s ti trc khi thc hin mt d n hay lp t nhng h thng no .
Hng Dn ng Dng K Thut b sung cho cc Hng Dn V Sc Khe & An Ton, bng cch cung cp
thng tin theo ng li y mnh vic phn phi v Sc Khe v An Ton ni lm vic mt cch hiu qu.
Mt hng dn thit thc c ni r trong cc vn thng thng c tm thy ni lm vic, nh l kho
vt t, cch thc s dng trang thit b bo h lao ng c nhn (PPE), khoa hc lao ng, mi trng lm
vic c sc nng, an ton in, v cch lp t h thng thng gi cng nh cc cch nh gi nhng ri ro,
mi nguy ngh nghip v phn phi vic hun luyn v Sc Khe & An Ton cho cng nhn sao cho hiu
qu.
Phng Lao ng ti a phng, Thanh Tra Sc Khe & An Ton ca nh nc v cc C Quan Phc V
Phng Chng Chy N tham vn cho doanh nghip vi cc hng dn c ngn ng a phng. Hng dn
no thit lp vi tiu chun cao nht, hng dn s c p dng.

An Ton
Cc Tiu Chun Hng Dn V Sc Khe & An Ton

Nhng iu C Bn V An Ton & Sc Khe

An Ton
Phn 1 Tiu Chun V H Thng Qun L Sc Khe , An Ton & Mi Trng
l trch nhim qun l c bn mang li mi trng lm vic an ton, c sc khe cho ngi lao ng
sn xut ra nhng sn phm c tnh an ton cho ngi tiu dng v khng nh hng xu n mi trng. V
vy, iu cn thit trong vic qun l ca nh my l hon thnh trch nhim ca h i vi vic thit lp cc
chnh sch thch hp bng vn bn cng vi cc lu trnh, k hoch v nhng hng dn c lin quan n
cng vic
Chy n tng ng vi s thit hi v cng to ln v ti sn v tnh mng con ngi. Nh my phi c cc k
hoch sn sng ng ph khn cp v chy n, tt c cc cng nhn phi c nhn thc v nhng vai tr ca
chnh bn thn h trong cc k hoch thng qua hun luyn v din tp.
Vic lu gi cc bin bn minh chng cho tai nn v chn thng ca cng nhn l iu rt cn thit trong
vic phng chng pht sinh ln sau v c quan php l kim sot c. Cng vic iu tra tai nn v lu
gi cc bin bn (xem hnh 1.1) ca cc s c l nhng yu t rt quan trng trong h thng qun l Sc
Khe, An Ton v Mi Trng c hiu qu.
1.1
Hng Dn Thc Hin Cc Ti Liu Trong H Thng Qun L Ca Nh My
Nhng vn bn ti liu, chng nhn ph hp

vi cc yu cu v mt php lut hin hnh
ti a phng lin quan n sc khe, an
ton v mi trng (v d: giy php xy
dng nh xng, giy ch quyn, bng nh
gi tc ng mi trng i vi nh xng
mi hoc v tr ni t xng, giy chng
nhn v h thng an ton PCCC). Tham
kho thm cc hng dn v Mi Trng
ca tp on adidas
Ton b cc h s cn lu li nh sau:
o Chng nhn t c quan nh nc (v
d: thang nng, l hi, ti trng ca
kt cu nh xng)
o Kim sot v cc kt qu kim
nghim )v d: x l nc thi v x
thi, cht lng khng kh v s phi
nhim ca cng nhn vi cc ha
cht, h thng bo ng v n chiu
sng khn cp) .
o Hun luyn thc tp v din tp ni
b (c bit, din tp s tn trong
nh xng v k tc x).
o
o
Danh mc cc cng vic c yu t

ri ro v c cc mi nguy .
Giy chng nhn t VSATTP i
vi bp n v cc kt qu khm sc
khe ca nhn vin phc v ba n.
Cc chnh sch An Ton, Sc Khe v

s t chc c lp thnh vn bn
da trn ch Sc Khe (H), An Ton
(S) & Mi Trng (E) (bao gm nhn
vin iu phi H & S v E, chuyn vin
an ton v ban An Ton lao ng Mi
Trng)
B h s lu tai nn lao ng v thng
tt (Hnh 1.1).
K hoch ng ph khn cp v chy n
(Hnh 1.2).
Thit lp cc quy trnh hun luyn v ti
liu hun luyn cho cng nhn v cc
vn H , S v E ( cc vn chung v
an ton, mi nguy him t ha cht, s
dng vn chuyn cc nguyn vt liu,
phng chng nhim, an ton my mc,
& s cp cu)

An Ton
Cc chng trnh chng nhn cho vic qun l v sc khe, an ton v mi trng l mt cch gip cho nh
my c th ci thin vic qun l cc vn v H, S & E trong ni b ca nh my . B Tiu Chun nh
Gi An Ton & Sc Khe Ngh Nghip
(OHSAS 18001) ca Vin Tiu Chun Anh v Cc Tiu Chun V H Thng Qun L Mi Trng t T
Chc Tiu Chun Quc T (ISO 14001) yu cu tt c cc vn bn phi c son tho nhm h tr cho
vic phn tch v qun l cc vn v H, S v E. Thng tin b sung thm trong cc yu cu ca h thng
Qun L Mi Trng (EMS) c th c tm thy trong cc Hng Dn V Qun L MiTrng ca tp
on adidas.
Vic qun l ca nh my cng phi ch trng n cc vn v cht lng v cc vn trn cng v qun
l. Ti liu A01 ca adidas ni v Chnh Sch Kim Sot & Gim St Cc Ha Cht Nguy Him cung cp
danh mc cc ha cht hin ti ang cm s dng hoc gii hn s dng trong cc sn phm thuc ngnh may
mc v giy dp ca hiu adidas. Nh my tun th vi chnh sch ny s m bo hn v s an ton cho
ngi tiu dng v mi trng qua dng i ca cc sn phm.
1.2
Bo Ho S Lu Gi Cac Bien Ban Tai Nan Lao ong, S Co
Hnh 1.1 Bo ho s lu tai nan lao ong
1.3
K Hoch ng Ph Khn Cp & Chy N
Nha may phai ket hp chat che nhng chi tiet di ay trong viec trien khai ke hoach ng pho khan cap
va chay no:
Cung cp cc s thot him / cc k hoch
thot him cho mi tng lu ca cc ta nh
trong phn xng, vn phng, hay k tc x
v tt c u phi c dn nhng v tr d
nhn thy:
o V tr hin ti (Bn ang y)
o V tr cc bnh cha chy
o V tr bo ng chy ( bao gm nghe
v nhn thy c)
o V tr thit b s cp cu
o V tr h thng bo ng l nhng
hp ko ra, c nt nhn phi lun
kch hot bo ng.
o ng thot him, ca thot him v
khu vc tp trung
Nhn dng nhng mi nguy chnh v

chy n v m bo cc ng s tn
khng bng ngang qua nhng v tr trn.
Cung cp cc s in thoi v cc thng
tin khc v :
o C quan PCCC a phng
o Trung tm cp cu v bnh vin gn
nht
o Ni t s thot him phi ngay
ti ca ra vo, hoc li ln xung c
thang, vi tiu chun cao khi t
s thot him l 1.6m v vi kh
giy A3.

An Ton
Hnh 1.2 S li thot him khn cp

An Ton
Phn 2 - Nhng iu Cn Lu V Cu Trc Nh Xng
Cht lng kt cu ca nh xng c tc ng rt ln i vi s an ton v nng sut lm vic ca cng nhn.
Nu nh cc nh xng c k hoch, xy dng hay nng cp u da trn nhng nguyn tc c bn v cu
trc vt l vng chc, n nh c kh nng chu ti cao, phng chng chy n v cc vn v an ton chung.
Tt c u phi c a vo vic cn nhc k lng v tun th cc yu cu v an ton & sc khe.
Vn quan tm nht trong vic quyt nh kin trc ca nh my l phi nh gi nguy c chu ti v kh
nng sp . Tuy nhin, cn nhiu nguy c thng thng v an ton khc na chng hn nh: cc ca thot
him, hnh lang, hoc li i khng y hay b cn tr, v li ra vo khn cp b cn tr cng s gia tng s
pht sinh v thit hi tnh mng trong trng hp khn cp.
2.1
2.2
Hng Dn Cc Thnh Phn Xy Dng, Kt Cu Ca Nh Xng

Mt ta nh hon ho phi c bo
dng tt.
Mi nh, trn nh v gc lng :
o
Kh nng chu lc ti ca tng trn
phi m bo sc cha cc loi my
mc hoc nhng thit b s c lp
t.
o
Kim nh thng xuyn cc bng
hiu nh trn tng, tr ct hay trn
nh.
Phi m bo ti trng ca cc k cht
hng ha v d tr trc c ti trng
ca hng ha cn c cht ln.
Cu thang:
o
Yu cu c tay vn nu cu thang c
hn 4 bc (> 1 mt).
o
Khong cch mt phng gia cc
bc phi nh hn hoc bng 0.19
mt.
B mt ca cc bc thang phi bng
phng v khng c trn trt.
Mt phng l thin pha bn trn u
phi c bo h bng cc tay vn v c
che chn.
Cc khe h v l h ca sn nh phi
c bo h bng cch che lp hay c
cc vt chn thch hp.
Thang nng, ti nng

o
Ti trng cho php phi c dn ti
thang nng.
o
Thang nng phi c ca v cc ca
phi c lp t cc kha lin ng
ngn chn ca m t bn ngoi
khi thang ang hot ng.
o
Thang nng phi c lp t in
sao cho khng th s dng c nu
nh ca thang ang m.
o
Thang nng c ch nh r chc
nng chuyn dng dng ti hng
ha hay chuyn ch ngi.
o
Cc bng ch lin quan n vic s
dng thang nng trong trng hp
khn cp phi c dn bn ngoi
ca thang v cng mt v tr
Mi Tng Quan Gia Cc Vn V An Ton Chy N Vi Kt Cu Ta Nh
iu ny rt cn thit cho tt c cng nhn ang lm vic c th d dng s tn n li thot him nhanh
chng trong khi c s c khn cp.
Kt cu ta nh, v vic b tr cc thit b, vt dng, ni thttrong phm vi khng gian ca ta nh phi
c chp hnh nghim khc, ph hp vi cc quy nh v PCCC v p ng vi cc hng dn, quy nh v
9

An Ton
an ton v sc khe. S lng, kch c ca cu thang v cc li thot him phi y sc cha cho cc khu
vc khc trong ta nh
2.3
Hng Dn Chung V An Ton PCCC

So lng va o rong cua cau thang phai
ay u e c s dung trong trng hp
khan cap (xem bang 2.1)
Yeu cau toi thieu 2 cau thang cho moi
tang lau neu tang lau co hn 30 ngi s
dung hoac yeu cau cua phap luat cao
hn
Loi i va hanh lang eu phuc vu mang y
ngha cho viec i lai trong trng hp
khan cap
- o rong phai ln hn 1.1met.
- Khoang trong pha tren au xuong mat
at phai hn 2 met
- Be mat cua loi i khong c trn trt
- Loi i khong c can tr (v du:
khong c dung e cha hang hoa)
- Khoang cach t ni lam viec cua cong
nhan en hanh lang phai trong va ln
hn 0.4 met.
- Khoang cach t iem cuoi cua hanh
lang tr ve pha trc phai nho hn
15met, va can phai dan bang chu y
Khong Phai Loi Thoat
- Loi qua lai khong c bang ngang cac
khu vc co tnh nguy hiem cao nh
phong lu gi hoa chat, phong lo hi..
Cac loi thoat hiem

Khong c khoa cac loi thoat trong suot
thi gian lam viec bnh thng cua nha may.
Cac ca thoat hiem phai c m

hng ra ben ngoai.
Neu bat ky cac ca nao khong s dung

cho viec thoat hiem th phai co bang
chu y
Khong Phai Loi Thoat
Be mat tren ng i cua loi thoat phai

cung mot o cao oi vi ca hai pha
cua ca thoat hiem va loi i.
So lng cua loi thoat phai ay u va

o rong phai thch hp. ( Xem bang
2.2)
V tr gan nhat t cong nhan en loi

thoat phai nho hn 60 met.
Khoang cach di chuyen
Khoang cach di chuyen toi a phai

c xac nh e am bao cho viec
s tan c nhanh chong va an toan
trong moi trng hp khan cap
(xem bang 2.3 & 2.4).
10

An Ton
2.4
Loi i va Cac Loi Thoat Hiem Trong Trng Hp Khan Cap
Khong c tat nghen va khong trn trt
o cao
ni lam
viec>2m
o rong >1.1m
Hnh 2.1 Cc Li i v Li Ra Vo Khn Cp
11
anh dau
hien th ro

An Ton
2.5
Cau Thang
o rong cua cau thang la mot yeu to then chot trong viec am bao cho tat ca cong nhan co the s tan t
tang lau cua nha xng trong trng hp chay no hay cac s co khan cap khac. o rong cua cau thang
c yeu cau tuy thuoc vao :
Tong so cong nhan ang c ngu trong toa nha (so ngi nhieu hn, o rong cau thang phai rong hn)
So tang lau trong toa nha (so tang lau nhieu hn, cach de dang hn cho so ngi thoat hiem thong qua
xac nh o rong cua cau thang)
Bang hng dan cho thay so ngi co the thoat hiem thong qua o rong cua cau thang va so lng cua
cau thang. No c chap nhan cho so lng ngi xap x cho moi tang cua toa nha. Hn na, no cung
tha nhan cho o rong cua cau thang la mot con so khong oi cho tat ca cac loai toa nha.
o rong cau thang
So ngi
1.00 m
1.50 m
2.00 m
2.50 m
3.00 m
3.50 m
4.00 m
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
240
360
480
600
720
840
960
280
420
560
700
840
980
1120
320
480
640
800
960
1120
1280
360
540
720
900
1080
1260
1440
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
Them vao
cho moi
tang
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
Bang 2.1 - Cac yeu cau ve o rong cua cau thang
12

An Ton
2.6
Loi Thoat Him
o rong va so lng cua cac ca thoat hiem cho moi phong hoac khu vc khac cua nha may phu thuoc
vao so cong nhan trong phong, khong phu thuoc vao dien tch khu vc. Do o, cac phong nho co the yeu
cau ca thoat hiem rong neu co qua nhieu ngi lam viec trong o. Trai lai, cac phong hoackhu vc rong
nhng t ngi lam viec (v du nh kho), th ca thoat hiem nho hn co the chap nhan c.
Bang 2.2 cho thay tieu chuan so lng loi thoat hiem, o rong cung nh tng ng vi so lng ngi lam
viec.
V du: khong gian noi bo co 450 cong nhan th phai co t nhat 2 ca thoat hiem, va o rong tong cong toi
thieu la 3 met
Cac Yeu Cau Ve Tong o Rong Cua Loi Thoat va So Lng Loi Thoat
So ngi
trong phong
So loi thoat
Tong o
rong loi
thoat
< 30
< 200
< 300
< 500
< 750
< 1000
< 1250
< 1500
>0.75m
1.75m
>2.50m
>3.00m
>4.50m
>6.00m
>7.50m
>9.00m
> 1500
6
hoachn
C
250ngi
tang
them
1.5met
Bang 2.2 - Yeu cau ve tong o rong cua loi thoat va so lng loi thoat
2.7
Khoang Cach Di Chuyn
Khoang cach di chuyn a c tnh la e cung cap cho viec s tan an toan va nhanh chong trong trng hp khan
cap. Bang 2.3 mo ta khoang cach di chuyn c yeu cau cho cac viec s dung khac nhau, co hoac khong co s
phong ho chay no. Bang 2.4 mo ta khoang cach di chuyn, sc cha ca li thot v khong cch ti a n mt ng
ct (im kt thc).
Loai hnh c ngu
Cac hoat ong nguy hai

Cac toa nha thuoc tnh chat
cong nghiep
( cac nha may, phan xng,
nha kho)
Ky tuc xa, nha ngh
Cac ca hang
Cac van phong
Tram y te/ Benh vien
Khoang cach di chuyn toi a (m)

(Loi thoat 1 chieu)
Khoang cach di chuyn toi a (m)

(Loi thoat 2 chieu)
Khong co he thong
phun nc
Co he thong phun
nc
Khong co he thong
phun nc
Co he thong phun nc
10
20
20
35
15
25
30
60
15
15
15
15
30
25
25
25
30
45
45
30
60
60
75
45
Bang 2.3 - Cac yeu cau ve nhng khoang cach di chuyen an toan va sc cha cua loi thoat khi s dung
toa nha
13

An Ton
Loai hnh c
ngu
Cac hoat ong nguy

hai
Cac toa nha thuoc tnh
chat cong nghiep
(cac nha may, phan
xng, nha kho)
Ky tuc xa, nha ngh
Cac ca hang
Cac van phong
Tram y te/ Benh vien
ng Thoat
So ngi cho moi loi thoat co o rong (X) c cho vao trong
bang 2.2
Ca m
Cau thang
oan ng doc,
Hanh lang, Loi
thoat, Loi i
Ngo Cut Toi a

(m)
Khoang cach c
di chuyen en cac
hanh lang
Hng ra ben
ngoai vi o cao
t mat at
Loi thoat khac &

cac ca hanh
lang
50
40
30
50
<15
100
80
60
100
<15
50
100
100
30
40
80
80
30
30
60
60
15
50
100
100
30
<15
<15
<15
<15
Bang 2.4 - Cac yeu cau ve ng thoat an ton v khong cch di chuyn an toan tai cac ngo cut
14

An Ton
Phan 3. Tieu Chuan Ve An Toan Chay No
Hang nam cac tran hoa hoan thuoc tnh chat cong nghiep a gay thiet hai ve tnh mang va tai san cho cac
doanh nghiep. Nhng thiet hai nay co the phong tranh bang viec tien hanh cac giai phap phong chong
chay no thch hp va cac ke hoach ng pho khan cap. Cac loai bnh cha chay la mot trong nhng kha
canh ve an toan chay no t ton kem nhat, nhng viec s dung chung trong nha may thng b ton that do
bi bao dng khong tot, sap at v tr khong thch hp va thng b che khuat, ong thi khong huan
luyen ao tao ay u cho cong nhan ve cach thc s dung. Cac he thong phun nc t ong, khi c
thiet ke, lap at va bao dng ay u, th hieu qua at c tren 95% va c cho la co hieu qua tot nhat
trong viec bao ve tnh mang va tai san trong toa nha.
He thong quan ly cua nha may phai chu y en luat phap ma moi quoc gia a thiet lap ve an toan chay no,
cac oi tac phai hieu va tuan thu ung vi cac ieu khoan va cac quy nh. Hng dan chung ve an toan
chay no a c cung cap di ay, bat ke khi nao co s mau thuan gia luat cua nc s tai va cac
hng dan cua tap oan adidas, th cac oi tac phai ap dung cac tieu chuan hoac quy nh nao co yeu
cau nghiem ngat cao hn.

Hng Dan Ve An Toan Chay No.
3.1
Cac he thong bao ong chay (bang am

thanh va en) phai c lap at rieng biet
t he thong bao ong va he thong thong
bao.
o He thong bao chay phai c kiem tra
toan bo moi ba thang 1 lan.
o Tat ca cac ghi chep kiem tra, bao
dng hay sa cha eu phai c lu
gi lai .
en khan cap phai c lap at tren tat ca
cac loi i qua lai, loi thoat, va nhng v
tr thch hp khac. (xem hnh 3.1)
o Anh sang chuan cua en khan cap
phai ln hn 1 lux.
o Phai co cac giay t kiem tra hay giay
kiem nh en hang thang.
o Yeu cau en chieu sang THOAT
HIEM phai co bo lu ien ben trong
va en luon luon chieu sang cac loi
thoat va chieu soi doc ng i
am bao cac bang hng dan thoat hiem
cac khu vc eu ch nh dau hieu loi thoat
ro rang va ay u.
Bang thoat hiem phai co hnh ve, ch viet
bang tieng anh, tieng a phng va de oc
(xem hnh 3.2)
Phai ch nh cac khu vc tap trung ben
ngoai nha xng va cac khu vc nay khong
c gay tr ngai cho cac cong viec khan
cap khac.
15
Bang Cam Hut Thuoc phai c hien

th khap ni va phai de nhn.
Voi va ong nc cha chay phai c kiem
nh va kiem tra t nhat 6 thang 1 lan, va
chng minh bang cac the kiem soat
Qua trnh hoat ong cua he thong phun t
ong :
o Yeu cau cung cap nc rieng biet cho
he thong phun.
o Viec kiem tra ap lc cua ni cha
nc se c hng dan 5 nam 1 lan,
va co giay t chng minh.
o Mc nc, ap lc nc, may bm nc
va cac thiet b co lien quan khac phai
c giam nh moi thang.
o Phai ve sinh cac au phu nc
o Nc phun ra t he thong phun phai
c kch hoat vi he thong bao chay
cua toa nha.
o He thong ong phun nc khong c
dung e ho tr cho cac thiet b khac
khong lien quan en viec phong chay
cha chay.
o Khoang trong gia au phun en ni
cua cac vat lieu t nhat la 0.45 met.

An Ton
3.2
Dien Tap S Tan Khi Chay No
Cac oi tac phai hng dan dien tap s tan khan cap trong moi nha xng va ky tuc xa t nhat 3 lan trong
1 nam. Trong moi lan dien tap, t nhat la moi v tr (v du: mot xng va ky tuc xa), dien tap s tan khan
cap nen kem theo viec ngat nguon ien e tien cho viec kiem tra cac he thong en khan cap va he thong
bao ong chay no.
Moi lan dien tap s tan phai co ghi chu lu lai va ghi chu lai cac van e kho khan a tm thay trong khi
dien tap, cung nh cac hanh ong khac phuc tiep theo.
Cac ho s dien tap bao gom ke hoach sap xep & dien tap phong chay cha chay, lu trnh cha chay, ke
hoach khan cap trong hoa hoan, qua trnh dien tap, van e con ton ong va bien phap khac phuc.
Hnh 3.1- Cc Hot ng Din tp PCCC
16

An Ton
3.3
Thong Tin Can Thiet Trong Viec Trien Khai va Tuyen Truyen Ve Chay No.
Kha nang tao thanh chay no la do viec ket hp t chat ot (nhien lieu), sc nong va kh oxy. Khi vat lieu
b nong len en mot nhiet o co the bat chay, no se boc la va tiep tuc chay that lau neu co them nhien
lieu, cung cap ay u kh oxy va mot nhiet o thch hp.
Tng t nh vay, khi mot chat long de chay, de ben la b nong len en mot nhiet o vt qua mc iem
phat chay cua chnh no, cong them s boc hi trong khong kh ho tr cho s chay neu nguon bat la cua
no va kh oxy ang hien dien.
Kha nang cac nguon de ben la c liet ke di bang sau ay :
Ngon la
Be mat nong
Cac tia la ien va

ho quang ien
Tia la ien c
tao
thanh
do
phong lc tnh ien
Cac chuoi phan
ng hoa hoc
Nhiet do nen
Do nhieu nguon t viec sa cha cac noi hi, han va cat gio a , cac
kh ot c thai ra, cac dung cu co sc nong, hut thuoc .
Trong khi han gom co cac x han, cac vet nong trc mat, khoi nong
va kh thai, trang thiet b va he thong ong dan, Cac thiet b ien chieu
sang khac, s ma sat tao sc nong t cac day co-roa , cac bac an
khong boi dau m, thiet b nau nng va lo si.
Co t trong cac dung cu s dung bang tay , cac mo-t ien hoac may
phat ien, cong tac ien va nhng r-le tiep am, day ien, ho quang t
han ien, en pin, he thong chieu sang, ni tch tr pin, cac bo phan
lam nong.
Tia la c phat ra do nguon bao gom: van toc thay oi cao (nhien
lieu, ve sinh bang hi, phun sn, pha no a, cac ong (mach) b nghen).
S chuyen ong cua c the vi s ma sat khi mac quan ao bang vai si
va cac tan so truyen thanh, anh sang.
Gom nhng chat nong dan len va t phat chay khi no c e phi tran
ngoai khong kh nh thuoc diem hoac cac chat hoa hoc phan ng lai
vi nc.
Khi cac loai kh ot Hydrocacbon c tron lan vi khong kh . (Vd :
dung nap cac chat hu c de bay hi vao trong cac may nen kh , hoac
khi cha hoan thanh viec loc ap lc trong cac ong dan.
Bang 3.1 Cac Nguon Bat Chay Tiem An
17

An Ton
3.4
Phng An Phong Chong Chay No
Thong thng kh oxy hien dien khap trong khong kh xung quanh chung ta va u e ho tr mot so lng
khong kh cho viec tao thanh chay( khoang 21%)
Moi nha may eu s dung vat lieu de chay/de ben la. V vay, viec phong chong chay no tap
trung vao cac nguon de bat la nhng khu vc de nhay cam vi la
3.5
Phng An Dap Tat La
e dap tat mot am chay khi no va xay ra, mot trong ba yeu to quan trong phai c loai bo o la: vat
lieu de chay, de ben la (o la chat ot), kh oxy, nhiet. Hau het cac bien phap cha chay eu tap trung
vao viec loai bo kh oxy (v du bnh cha chay kh carbonic) hoac loai bo nhiet (bnh cha chay bang nc
hoac voi phun nc t ong)
18

An Ton
3.6
Phng An Cha Chay
e cha chay chung ta co the loai bo mot trong cac yeu to nh cac vat lieu de chay, kh oxy hoac
nhiet. Neu khong co c hoi e loai bo cac vat lieu de chay, viec cha chay phai tap trung vao loai
bo kh oxy (bnh cha chay kh carbonic ). Them vao o, mot vai loai cha chay cung hoat ong
theo nguyen tac lam mat vat lieu xuong thap hn nhiet o ti han cua no.
19

An Ton
e loai bo c kh oxy t am chay, ieu nay rat quan trong cho bnh cha chay phu hp vi
chung loai cua am chay, neu khong th trng hp chay tr nen toi te hn. Viec dung nc dap tat
am chay do dau diesel la mot v du ien hnh cua viec dung vat lieu cha chay khong phu hp. V
dau diesel va nc khong the hoa tan vi nhau c. V vay hau qua la nc ch lam dau va ngon
la lan rong ra them thay v cha no.
Bang 3.2 va 3.3 cung cap mot so loai bnh cha chay phu hp cho cac chung loai chay khac nhau
Bang 3.2 Cac Bnh Cha Chay Thch Hp
20

An Ton
Chung loai chay

Loai A
Loai vat lieu lien quan en

Cac loai vat lieu ben la thong thng
nh go, giay, quan ao, cao su, va nhieu
loai nha khac.
Loai bnh cha chay thch hp

Nhng bnh cha chay loai A
Bnh cha chay dang nuc
Bnh cha chay dang bot
Bnh cha chay dang bot kho
(ABC )
Loai B
Vat lieu dang the long nhng khong co

nc, nh cac chat dung moi, dau nht
de chay , dau hac, va cac chat ot.
Nhng bnh cha chay loai B

Bnh cha chay bot kho (BC
hoac ABC)
Bnh cha chay kh CO2
Bnh cha chay dang bot
Bnh cha chay dang nc
cong vi mot so chat phu
khac.
Loai B
Vat lieu bang kh va chat long nh

acetylen, butan propan, metan, hydro..
Loai C
Cac vat lieu loai A va B co lien quan

vi thiet b ien rat manh.
Nhng bnh cha chay loai C

hoac ABC) Bnh cha chay co
tac nhan halon.
21

hoac ABC)

An Ton
Chung loai chay
Loai vat lieu lien quan en

Vat lieu bang kim loai ( nh nhom,
Magie, titan, natri, kali, ziriconi)
Loai bnh cha chay thch hp

Nhng bnh cha chay loai D
Bnh cha chay dang bot kho
(D)
Cac phng tien de ben la dung cho nau

nng (dau, m thc vat, dau ong vat)
Nhng bnh cha chay loai K

Bnh cha chay bot kho (K)
Bot t (F/K)
Loai D
Loai F/K

Bnh cha chay Halon 1211 c thay mot vai ni. V Halon 1211 la mot hon hp hoa hoc co tiem nang lam
thung tang ozone, v vay bnh cha chay Halon 1211 phai c thay the cang sm cang thiet thc hn.
22

An Ton
Hng Dan Phan Bo va S Dung Bnh Cha Chay Xach Tay.
3.7
Viec phan bo bnh cha chay tren khap cac v

tr cua nha xng phai c xac nh tng
chung loai chay khac nhau tng khu khu
vc. (Xem bang 3.1)
Co t nhat 1 bnh cha chay 6kg cho moi
100met vuong trong 1 khu vc
Khoang cach t bat ky mot cong nhan nao
en bnh cha chay eu phai nho hn 22.5
met ( ~75feet)
Bnh cha chay phai e ni de nhn va de lay,
ong thi v tr c ghi chu ro rang.
oi vi kho cha cac vat lieu de chay, bnh
cha chay nen at ben ngoai kho.
Bnh cha chay nen at gan cac khu vc kho
cha nhng thung hoa chat long rong.
oi vi kho hoa chat long de chay, bnh cha
chay loai B c at trong pham vi t ca
en ben trong la 3met, va pham vi ben ngoai
trong vong 25met.
Cac bnh cha chay xach tay nen c nhan

dang bang so th t (muc ch e de dang
kiem tra va bao dng)
Bnh cha chay luon luon c nap ay va
phai nap lai sau khi s dung.
Viec kiem tra quan sat phai c hng dan
moi thang va phai ghi nhan vao bieu kiem tra
Tat ca cac bnh cha chay xach tay phai
c bao dng t nhat moi nam 1 lan bi
nhan vien chuyen mon cua cong ty PCCC co
tham quyen
Cac hng dan s dung bnh cha chay phai
c viet bang tieng Anh va tieng a phng
cua cong nhan
3.8 M Mau Sac Cua Bnh Cha Chay

Trc nam 1997, ma mau thc te s dung cho bnh cha chay Anh Quoc la BS 5423, va c ky
hieu ma mau sac cua bnh cha chay nh sau:
Nc
- Mau o
Bot
- Mau kem
Bot kho
- Mau xanh dng
Kh (CO2)
- Mau en
Hoa chat t
- Mau vang
Halon Mau xanh (hien tai khong hp phap khi s dung loai nay. Ngoai tr c s dung trong viec Phuc
Vu Quan oi, Canh Sat hay Hang Khong )
23

An Ton
KNOW YOUR FIRE EXTINGUISHER COLOUR CODE

Water
For Use On:

Wood, paper
and textiles
Do Not Use On:

Live electrical
equipment
Flammable
liquids
Flammable
metal fires
Dry Powder
For Use On:

Wood, paper
and textiles
Flammable
liquids
Gaseous fires
Live electrical
equipment
Foam
CO2
Carbon Dioxide
For Use On:

Wood, paper
and textiles
Flammable
liquids
For Use On:

Flammable
liquids
Live electrical
equipment
Do Not Use On:

Live electrical
equipment
Flammable
metal fires
Do Not Use:
In a confined
space
Vapourising
Liquid
For Use On:

Flammable
liquids
Live electrical
equipment
Wet
Chemical
For Use On:

Wood, paper
and textiles
Cooking oil fires
Bang 3.4 Ma Mau Sac Cac Bnh Cha Chay
Nhng loai bnh cha chay mi phai phu hp vi tieu chuan BS EN 3, yeu cau toan bo than bnh
cha chay eu mau o. Tuy nhien, khoang 5% phan mau pha tren cua khu vc ben ngoai vo
bnh co the c s dung e nhan dang cac noi dung viec s dung ma mau sac theo nh ch dan
neu tren .
3.9
Huan Luyen Cong Nhan oi Vi Cac Lnh Vc Ve An Toan Chay No
Tat ca cac cong nhan nen c huan luyen ve an toan chay no bi v tieu chuan nay c ap dung en tat
ca khu vc lam viec cua cong nhan va ky tuc xa cua ho (neu co s dung).
Huan luyen, hng dan, nh hng ngay t au cho cong nhan ve lu trnh s tan khan cap c, hng
dan cac v tr nhan chuong bao ong hay cac phng phap khac va cach thc thc hien nh the nao.
Bat ky ngi cong nhan nao c yeu cau s dung bnh cha chay xach tay trong trng hp x ly am
chay nho, am chay mi bat au., th ho eu phai c huan luyen qua. Huan luyen nay phai bao gom
viec s dung thc te cac trang thiet b. Nha may cung nen trao oi vi cong nhan a c ao tao ve an
toan chay no; trong tnh huong chay that, ho nen ng pho ra sao khi am chay mi phat chay en chay
nho va neu nh co s nghi ng, khong an toan, ho phai s tan nh the nao?
24

An Ton
3.10
Bang Canh Bao Thoat Hiem / en Chieu Sang Khan Cap

en chieu sang
khan cap phai co co
bo pin lu ien va
luon luon co ien
(phai kiem soat va
anh sang phai u 1
lux)
V tr nut m
Hopen Thoat
Hiem c treo cao
hn qua ca thoat
hiem. Noi dung bang
Tieng Anh va ngon
ng a phng
Hnh 3.5 Cac Yeu Cau Ve Chieu Sang Khan Cap
25

An Ton
Cac Yeu Cau Cho V Tr Cua Bnh Cha Chay Xach Tay
Yeu cau nhng lu y cua bnh cha chay
chay
Hng dan s
dung bang tieng
a phng
The ghi chu tren bnh cha
Vong sn o
chu y xung
quanh tru cot
Hnh 3.6 Cac Yeu Cau Cho V Tr Cua Bnh Cha Chay
Khoang cach t cong

nhan en bnh cha chay
t nhat la 22.5met
26
anh dau
e phong
nga b can
tr

An Ton
Phan 4. Tieu Chuan Ve Dch Vu Y Te va S Cap Cu
Nhim v quan trng trong he thong quan ly cua nha may la cung cp dch v, phng tin s cp
cu thch hp va nhanh chong cho nhng trng hp chn thng, tai nn trong phm vi cong ty.
Mt h thng s cp cu c t chc hiu qu s thu ht s ch ca ngi lao ng v gip gim
bt s ngy ngh do tai nn lao ng.
4.1
Cac hng dan s cap cu

Doanh nghip t 1000 ngi lao ng tr
ln cn phai c phng S Cp Cu
Cac bang canh bao phai c de dang
nhn thay. (xem phn 8 ca Hng dn
nay).
Sch s v v tr cho ngi lao ng d
dng i ti.
Phng S Cp Cu khng c s dng
cho cac cong viec khc.
Phng s cp cu c trang b y
dng c ty thuc vo nhng chn
thng c th xy ra cng ty.
Nhng vt dng s cu lun c sn v
cn hn dng.
Mi 1000 ngi lao ng trong doanh
nghip th tng ng phng s cp cu
c t nht 1 ging bnh.
C mn che/bnh phong thch hp gi
kn o cho ngi bnh.
C bng hng dn S Cp Cu c
thit k song ng bng ting Anh v
tieng a phng.
C bng thng tin lin lc v phng tin
lin lc n nhn vin y t, bnh vin.
(v du: ien thoai)
Nhn vin s cp cu phi c chn v
hun luyn
Trong 100 ngi lao ng cn c 1
s cu vin.
Cc s cu vin cn c hun
luyn y nh k hng nm do
cc t chc, c quan y t chuyn
ngnh.
Cc kho hun luyn phi bao gm
cc bui tho lun v cc mm bnh
c ngun gc t mu.
Phi lun c sn bo Dung Cu S Cp Cu

(xem hnh 4.1)
C y s lng b Dung Cu S Cp
Cu (mi b tng ng vi s lng
100 ngi lao ng, cn ch n bn
cht cng vic v phn phi lc lng
lao ng).
B Dung Cu S Cp Cu c bo qun
trong ti/hp trnh bi, nc.
B Dung Cu S Cp Cu khng c
kha, hoc nu c th cha kha phi
lun c sn kp thi.
B Dung Cu S Cp Cu phai c y
cac vt dng s cu v cn hn
dng.
B Dung Cu S Cp Cu ny c kim
tra hng thng v c b sung y u
ngay sau mi ln s dng hoc sau mt
thi gian hn nh.
B Dung Cu S Cp Cu c hin th
hng dn bng c ting Anh v tieng
a phng
B s cp cu cn c giy hin th cc
nhn vin s cp cu (gm danh sch
tn v /hoc hnh nh).
27

An Ton
Hnh 4.1 Cac Tieu Chuan Cho Bo Dung Cu S Cap Cu
Noi dung cua Bo Dung Cu S Cap Cu :
D nhn ra
Ngi lao ng d dng tip cn
c bo v ngn nga bi v nc
C phiu gim st kim tra nh k hng thng
Hin th hng dn s dng bng c ting Anh v tieng a phng.
Danh sch cc vt dng cn thit trong b Dung Cu S Cp Cu gm c:
o Ko, nhp, kim ghim
o Bng keo
o Gng tay dng 1 ln
o Chai xt/kem x tr bng.
o L dung dch st trng
o Gc che mt v trng (c th 1 cp hay tng ming ri cho 2 mt)
o Bng tam gic v trng c ln
o Bng tam giac v trng kch c (>20#)
o Bng gc v trng (gc c kh nng thm nc) c nh (>6#, ~12cm x 12 cm)
o Bng gc v trng (gc c kh nng thm nc c trung bnh (>2#, ~18cm x 18 cm)
Ngoai cac dung cu tren, nhng dung cu sau ay nen c bao quan trong tui cap cu tai Phong S
Cu hay tai kho dung cu cua phong y te:
o Gc cho ngi nhn vin s cp cu dng h hi thi ng
o L dung dch ra mt (15ml)
o Ti chm lnh khan cap
Lu y: Tham van cung vi ai dien SEA a phng e hieu them ve cac ch dan.
28

An Ton
Phan 5. Tieu Chuan Quan Ly An Toan Hoa Chat
5.1
Thong tin ve nhng moi nguy co lien quan en cac nguyen lieu cua hoa chat:
Hau het tat ca chat hoa hoc c s dung trong nha may san xuat eu lien quan en mot hoac
nhieu van e ve sc khoe hay cac moi nguy cho c the con ngi. Nhng moi nguy nay la tac hai
tiem tang anh hng en cong nhan, moi trng lam viec, cong ong va moi trng xung quanh
ben ngoai nha may.
5.1.1
Nhng Moi Nguy Ve Sc Khoe
Nhieu moi nguy khac nhau lien quan en cac chat hoa hoc trong nha may. Nguy c c sp t
bi bt k vt liu c bit no l mt chc nng ca :
Tnh nghiem trong cua moi nguy la tnh oc hai von co cua hoa chat, ieu o co ngha la
sc mnh cua no la nguyen nhan gay hai cho sc khoe.
S phi nhiem co kha nang xay ra, vi thi gian va mc o phi nhiem (ht phai, ngam
qua da, nuot phai) vi nhieu trang thai khac nhau cua hoa chat (the kh, hi, long bui l
lng hay dang bot cng.)
S man cam hay tnh nhay cam cua tng ca nhan Noi chung, co the co mot mc o nhay
cam cua tng ca nhan phi nhiem vi cac tac nhan hoa hoc khac nhau. Ngoai ra, mot so ca
nhan co the tr nen c cam thu vi hoa chat nao o sau khi a tiep xuc qua, va sau o
se bieu hien nhng phan ng cua sc khoe e khang lai tai nhng mc o phi nhiem ma
khong anh hng nhieu en cac ca nhan o.
Nhieu hoa chat khac nhau cung lien quan en nhng moi nguy ve sc khoe khac nhau. Nhn
chung, co 2 dang anh hng co hai en sc khoe: Cap tnh (nguy hiem xay ra trong qua trnh tiep
xuc hoac sau khi tiep xuc ) va Man tnh ( nguy hiem xay ra sau mot thi gian dai a tiep xuc
thng xuyen, v du nhieu thang hay nhieu nam)
Vi hai dang anh hng nay, hoa chat anh hng en nhan loai theo nhieu mc o:
Gay ung th do phi nhiem mot so hoa chat co the lam phat trien cac te bao ung th
mot hay nhieu te bao hoac c the con ngi.
Gay an mon do phi nhiem vi hoa chat gay ra bong cap tnh, gay loet va lam ton
thng mo mat, da va ng ho hap.
Gay viem do phi nhiem hoa chat co the gay rat va kho chu cho da, mat, ng ho hap
va b viem da (thong thng co the hoi phuc c)
Gay oc hai oi vi cac bo phan ac biet trong c the co vai hoa chat bieu hien oc tnh
cua no vi mot so c quan ac biet nh la gan, than, phoi, mau, mat, tai, he than kinh, va
bao gom he sinh san va cac bao thai ang phat trien;
Gay man cam do phi nhiem vi hoa chat co the gay nen cac d ng da va he ho hap (
thong thng c hoi phuc bang he mien dch
Khong the loai tr tat ca cac rui ro t nhng hoat ong co lien quan en en hoa chat, nhng co
the han che en mc thap nhat co the chap nhan c.Vi viec ht phai do tiep xuc hoa chat, mc
o rui ro toi thieu co the chap nhan c xac nh bang cach gii han lng phi nhiem cung nh
ngng gia tr cho phep (xem them phan 7)
29

An Ton
5.1.2
Nhng Moi Nguy Thuoc Tnh Chat Vat Ly
Cac nguyen lieu cua chat hoa hoc co the hien dien nhng moi nguy hai vat ly cho ngi lao ong.
Pho bien nhat la: chat de chay, oxi hoa, kha nang phan ng vi nc, kh ep hoac kh nen, va cac
chat long, va co hoac khong co phan ng vi cac chat khac. Khi cac chat oc hai nay c s dung
th can anh gia e co cho lu tr thch hp va hng dan cach s dung hoa chat ung cach.
Tnh de chay (hay de ben la) la nhng moi nguy hai vat ly pho bien nhat co lien i en cac
nguyen lieu trong hoa chat cua nha may. Ly giai ve iem Phat Chay, mot ac tnh duy nhat cua
chat long de chay, va ve iem khac biet cua no t S anh La, mot ac tnh oc ao khac. ieu
nay rat quan trong trong viec anh gia nguy c phat hoa t cac nguen lieu cua hoa chat de chay.
(xem hnh 5.1)
Ca hai iem Phat Chay va S anh La eu co cung iem xuat phat la nhiet o va ca hai eu
lien quan en kha nang xay ra s bat chay.
-
Tai nhiet o cua iem Phat Chay, co ay u nong o bay hi trong khong kh pha tren
nap thung hoa chat khi m ra va s ben la se xay ra vi s hien dien cua nguon bat la.
Tai nhiet o cua iem anh La (ln hn nhiet o iem Phat Chay), o nong cua moi
trng xung quanh u e lam bat chay cac nguyen lieu. V cac nguyen vat lieu, dung dch
hoa chat co iem Phat Chay thap hn nhiet o nha xng (ngha la<35oC) nen can xem
xet can than trong viec lu gi va s dung chung.
Hnh 5.1 iem anh la
30

An Ton
5.2
Bang Hng Dan S Liu An Toan Vat lieu (MSDS)
Do yeu cau cua luat phap, cac nha may hay cac oi tac phai cung cap cho khach hang Bang
Hng Dan An Toan Vat Lieu cho tng san pham. Trong trng hp nha cung cap khong cung
cap, ngi mua phai yeu cau gi bang MSDS cho tng loai hoa chat ma ho mua.
Nhng hang muc di ay la nhng thong tin can co trong bang MSDS :
5.3
Nhan dang cac chat

o Ten thng mai
o CAS # cho moi thanh phan hoa
hoc
o % cua moi thanh phan hoa hoc
So lieu thuoc tnh chat hoa hoc
o Trong lng va cong thc phan
t
So lieu thuoc tnh chat vat ly
o iem soi
o iem nong chay
o Tnh hoa tan
o
Tnh oc hai
Gii han s phi nhiem
Tnh phan ng hoa hoc va tnh khong
tng thch vi phan ng hoa hoc
D lieu thuoc chay, no
o Moi nguy ve chay, no
o iem phat chay
o Gii han gay no
o Nhiet o iem t bat chay
o Phng tien cha chay
Cac anh hng en sc khoe & bien

phap s cu
o Cac bang chu y va cac dau hieu
phi nhiem
o Cac anh hng ve ng ho hap,
mat, nuot phai,va da.
o Cach x tr va cac bien phap giai
cu
Cac yeu cau s dung, bao quan va huy
bo sao cho an toan
Kien ngh cac quy trnh ng pho tran o
va ro r hoa chat
Thiet b phong ho
o Thiet b bao ho ca nhan e tranh
phi nhiem
o Cac bien phap phong ho cho nhng
thiet b trong san xuat hay trong cac
he thong khac cua nha may.
Thong tin lien quan
o Thong tin lien lac vi nha san xuat
/ nha cung cap
o Ngay sa oi , cap nhat bang
MSDS
Bang S Liu An Ton Hoa Chat (CSDS)
Bang MSDS cung cap ay u cac thong tin chi tiet ve ac tnh hoa chat, nhng co the no khong co
hieu qua cho cong nhan trong viec s dung va quan ly hoa chat.
V vay, cac lu trnh hng dan va Bang An Toan S Dung Hoa Chat (CSDS) phai c lap ra e
cung cap cac thong tin thiet yeu va de hieu en cong nhan trong viec s dung va bao quan hoa
chat (xem bang 5.2). Bang hng dan nay phai c viet bang ngon ng de hieu oi vi cong
nhan va c dan v tr de quan sat nhat trong khu vc lu gi hoa chat va ni s dung.
31

An Ton
Hnh 5.2 Bang v du ve CSDS
No co the thch hp cho cac chat khac nhau vi nhng ac tnh giong nhau va cac moi nguy c
mo ta trong Lu Trnh Hng Dan S Dung , v vay cung giam bt i mot phan cong viec in an
cua nha may. Lu trnh hng dan s dung hoa chat la mot phan tai lieu lam viec cua nha may va
cung la mot phan cua he thong quan ly ve Sc Khoe, An Toan va Moi Trng, CSDS can lu cung
vi MSDS. CSDS phai c dan nhng khu vc lam viec co hoa chat
5.4
Tieu Chuan Ve Kho Lu Gi Cac Hoa Chat Nguy Hiem
Nh a mo ta, cac hoa chat the hien nhng moi nguy khac nhau va phai lu gi ni thch hp e
han che toi a cac nguy c chay no, anh hng nghiem trong en sc khoe con ngi va tac hai
cho moi trng (xem hnh 5.3)
Hnh 5.3 - Nhng tac ong va rui ro co the xay ra t kho hoa chat
32

An Ton
Bang MSDS cua moi mot hoa chat trong nha may eu co cac thong tin c ban va hng dan s
dung lien quan en kho lu gi cac chat mot cach phu hp. Neu MSDS khong ay u, can phai tm
them thong tin e tham khao.
Quy nh chung, ch cung cap u lng hoa chat s dung trong mot ngay tai moi phan xng. Neu
khong, khu vc lu gi hoa chat phai tach biet khoi khu san xuat, van phong, ky tuc xa hay nha
an..Bang hng dan di ay cung cap cac tieu chuan an toan oi vi kho lu gi hoa chat.
5.5
Cac Hng Dan Khu Vc Lu Gi Hoa Chat:
Cac phong lu gi cac chat hoa hoc (xem hnh

5.4):
Tat ca cac thiet b (en, cong tac he thong
thong gio, day ien, cac hop cha moi noi
va nhng thiet b khac) nen phai c bao
ve lp vat lieu chong no.
Phai s dung en chong no
Cac vat dung luon c gi sach se.
Phai lap at thiet b ra mat, c the trong
pham vi 30 met.
Nguon nc nay phai c kiem tra
thng xuyen.
Cac thong tin tren thung cha hoa chat
phai c kiem tra va ung vi nhng
thong tin cua bo phan mua hang.
Tat ca cac thung cha hoa chat phai co
tem nhan c dan ro va s dung lau ben.
Cac thung cha hoa chat phai luon luon
ay nap kn khi khong s dung.
Phai co vat lot phu cho kho hoa chat long
e ngan chan s o nhiem mat at va
nguon nc.
Cac bon cha ln :

Phai co vat lot phu
Bang canh bao ve cac moi nguy hai va chay
no
Cac chat de chay va chat de ben la phai
c tach khoi cac tac nhan oxi hoa hay cac
chat phan ng
Nen co san cac vat dung hut am va dung cu
ve sinh e s dung trong trng hp hoa
chat ro r hoac ri vai.
Bang canh bao phai ro rang va de thay.
Phai co he thong thong gio.
Khong c co he thong cong ranh
Cac ca ra vao phai co chc nang chong
chay trong khoang 30 phut.
oi vi bnh cha chay, xem phan 3.Kho
hoa chat co dien tch ln hn 2000 met
vuong, phai co bnh cha chay 50 kg co xe
ay. (cung xem lu y di ay)
Cac thung cha bang kim loai phai c
van chuyen bang cach tranh ma sat tao ra
tia la.
Phai kiem tra kho hoa chat theo nh ky
xem co ro r, tnh trang cac thung cha nh
the nao,va han dung cua cac san pham.
Danh muc hoa chat ton phai luon co san va
c cap nhat (xem bang 5.1)
Phai co san bang MSDS va CSDS
Cac bon cha phai tranh anh nang mat tri.
Phai duy tr nhiet o thch hp ( khong c
qua nong hay qua lanh)
Chu y: tat ca cac khu vc lu tr hoa chat cac nha may san xuat giay phai c trang b he
thong cha chay t ong. Tham van them chi tiet ve Quan Ly An Toan Chay No cua a phng
va nhan vien ai dien SEA.
33

An Ton
Hnh 5.4 Hng Dan Kho Lu Tr Hoa Chat
A. Nha kho phai chong chay

B. H thng bo khi/hi ha cht
C. n chng n.
D. Thng cha ha cht:
t trn nn c nh.
C np y.
C tn nhn r rng.
E. Cac vat lot phu
F. He thong thong gio phai t ben nay sang ben kia cua cac phong trong kho.
G. Khong c co cong ranh
H. Bng CSDS.
I. Ca t ng chng la.
J. Bnh cha chay c lap ni thch hp
K. Cong tac en chong no
L. Bang canh bao
M. Vi ra hay bn ra mt khn cp.
c yeu cau oi vi kho hoa chat de chay
c yeu cau oi vi kho hoa chat oc hai
34

An Ton
5.7
Cac Hng Dan oi Vi Thung Cha Hoa Chat
Hnh 5.5 Cac Hng Dan oi Vi Vat Cha Hoa Chat
Hoa chat nen c lu gi theo cach giam toi thieu mc o anh hng co the xay ra en cong
nhan va moi trng. e am bao ieu nay, mot so giai phap c yeu cau sau ay:
Khi khong s dung, thung, phuy cha hoa chat, hay cac dung cu pha che, phai ay nap kn
e chong thoat hi.
Thung, phuy cha hoa chat hay cac dung cu pha che eu phai dan tem nhan de nhn va
phai co o ben, tem nhan gom co ngon ng bang tieng Anh va tieng a phng.
Phai cung cap vat lot phu e chong hoa chat tran hay b ro r ra mat at. Cac ch nh cho
vat lot phu nh sau:
o c che tao bang vat lieu co o ben (v du bang kim loai) va lu tr c
hoa chat ro r hay tran o (chong an mon do hoa chat neu can thiet)
o Sc cha cua vat lot phu phai bang t nhat 10% cua tong sc cha cua cac
hoa chat a cha tren o, nhng vat lot phu cung khong c nho hn 10%
mac du tong dung tch o t hn (xem hnh 5.5)
Sap xep kho hoa chat co mot t khac biet, mot kho hoa chat hoan hao co the c xay dng bao
gom co san he thong lot phu. Trong trng hp nay, san nha phai c phu mot lp sn chong
tham (v du loai sn ac biet), bi v do san nha be tong bnh thng se b tham bi cac chat dung
moi hu c. Ngay ngng ca ra vao cung phai c xay dng bang vat lieu chong tham.
Cac dung cu va thiet b lam viec phai thch hp e m cac thung phuy hoa chat. Cac thung hoa
chat de chay c kien ngh nen tiep at va co vat lot chong ro r ra mat at trong khi van chuyen
chung.
35

An Ton
5.8
S Tach Rieng Cac Kho Lu Gi Hoa Chat
e giam thieu tac hai tiem nang do ro r va tran o hoa chat, va hau qua co the xay ra do chay no
nhng ni lu gi hoa chat. ieu quan trong la cac chat hoa hoc khong hp nhau phai c lu
gi rieng.
Do o, can lu y cac bien phap phong tranh nh sau :
Hoa chat de b oxy hoa nen e xa kho cha hoa chat long de chay.
Hoa chat oc hai nhng khong de chay co the tao ra tnh oc hai cao hn trong khi chay.
V the hoa chat oc hai va hoa chat de chay phai lu gi rieng.
Hoa chat co the phan ng vi nhau nen c lu gi cach xa nhau.
Hoa chat co tnh phan ng vi nc phai tach rieng vi cac hoa chat co goc nc.
Hnh 5.6 Kho Lu Tr Cac Hoa Chat Tng Thch Vi Nhau
36

An Ton
5.9
Tai Lieu Ke Khai T Kho Hoa Chat
e cung cap kha nang anh gia nhanh cac moi nguy cua chat hoa hoc ton kho trong nha may, phai
lap Ban ke khai va c cap nhat thng xuyen. Danh sach nay toi thieu phai co cac thong tin e
nhan biet c chat hoa hoc, so lng ton kho, lu y chat de chay hay la chat oc hai, va cac moi
nguy tiem nang en nguon nc (hay bat ky loai nao). Xem mot so v du sau day:
Danh Muc Kiem Ke Hoa Chat

Ten va cac
thanh phan
So lng d
tr trong kho
Tnh de chay
X ly bang
axeton
2750 lt
Cao
MEK (metyl
etyl xeton)
1800 lt
Cao
Dau thuy lc
830 liters
Thap
Tiem nang
nguy hai cho
nguon nc
V tr lu tr
Thap
Toa nha so 4
Gay kch ng
he than kinh
Trung bnh
Toa nha so 4
D ng
Cao
Kho
Tnh oc hai
Gay kch ng
he than kinh
Bang 5.1 Danh Muc Kiem Ke Hoa Chat
37

An Ton
Phan 6. Tieu Chuan S Dung Hoa Chat Nguy Hiem Tai Khu Vc San
Xuat
Cong nhan cac khu vc san xuat phai nhan biet c cac chat hoa hoc va cac vat lieu khac ma
ho s dung co the gay nguy hai cho sc khoe va nhieu rui ro khac cho s an toan cua ho, nha
xng va moi trng. Neu cong nhan co kien thc c ban ve nhng moi nguy tiem tang cua cac
chat hoa hoc, nhng bien phap phong nga thch hp va mot so giai phap khac co the tranh c
cac rui ro o, th ho se s dung chung ung cach hn. Trong khi, hng dan nay tap trung vao cac
tac ong en cong nhan v ket qua t viec s dung cac chat hoa hoc nguy hiem. Trong Hng Dan
Quan Ly Moi Trng cung cap them thong tin ve nhng anh hng tiem nang en moi trng t
nhien.
e nang cao s nhan thc cua cong nhan ve tac hai tiem nang co lien quan en cac vat lieu nguy
hiem ma ho ang s dung, e han che toi a ve mc o rui ro va e am bao cho cong nhan tiep
xuc vi chat hoa hoc mot mc o co the chap nhan c. Mot so yeu cau ve bien phap phong
nga nh sau :
6.1
Hng Dan S Dung Hoa Chat Khu Vc San Xuat:
Nen tranh tiep xuc vi hoa chat neu

c
Ch c e so lng hoa chat can thiet
s dung trong ngay khu vc san xuat
Khu vc san xuat nen tranh hoa chat b
tran ra ngoai.
Hoa chat nguy hiem khong c ng
trong cac thung, hoac hop thng ng
thc an va thc uong.
Khong c an uong tai ni co hoa
chat ang c s dung.
Cac thung hoa chat cha s dung phai
c ay kn.
Tat ca cac thung hoa chat phai c
dan tem nhan ro rang. (xem them phan
8)
CSDS va cac lu trnh hng dan s
dung phai c dan moi khu vc lam
viec
Can bo quan ly va nhan vien an toan
phai luon luon co san cac bang MSDS.
38
Cong nhan phai c ao tao ve viec

s dung an toan hoa chat nguy hiem
trong 2 lan / 1 nam
Hoa chat de chay phai tranh xa cac
nguon gay co la nh tan la, ngon
la..
Bang Cam Hut Thuoc phai dan tai
khu vc co s dung hoa chat de chay.
Thiet b ra mat khan cap nen c lap
trong pham vi lam viec co hoa chat la
30 met, thiet b phai c kiem tra
hang tuan, ap lc cua nc phai thong
va s dung c.
Khu vc pha che hoa chat khong c
at chuyen san xuat.
Cong nhan phai c trang b thiet b
bao ho lao ong ca nhan (PPE) phu hp
vi nguy hiem tiem tang ma ho tiep
xuc.

An Ton
6.2
Trang Thiet B Bao Ho Lao ong ca Nhan (PPE)
Nha may phai hieu rang viec dung PPE ch la giai phap cuoi cung, khong phai la mot quy tac. Ch
khi nao khong the tranh c nhng moi nguy bang nhng phng tien khac nh la thay oi
nguyen lieu, thiet ke lai quy trnh, hoac he thong thong hi, th mi cung cap PPE cho cong nhan
va hng dan, yeu cau s dung. Tuy thuoc vao ieu kien thc tien cua nha may, cac loai PPE can
thiet e ngan chan s tiep xuc vi hoa chat nguy hiem nh sau:
Bao ho mat (knh an toan, Bao ve mat khoi b ton thng do hoa chat vang ra nh : dung
knh bao ho)
moi, keo ket dnh va nhuom; t cac phan t l lng, t tia t
ngoai. ..
Gang tay chong tham
(vd : cao su)
Bao ve da khoi b nhiem hoa chat trong khi lam viec co kha
nang se b tiep xuc phai hoa chat.
Khau trang
(Khong phai loai mat na )
Giay bao ho (giay chong

t)
Bao ve tranh nhng hat bui l lng hoac cac phan t hoa hoc
(cac khu vc pha tron bot hoa chat, khu vc mai e cao su..) va
e bao ve chong lai mui kho chu cua cac chat dung moi bay
hi (ch vi ieu kien loai khau trang co lp than hoat tnh ben
trong)
Bao ve da khong b phi nhiem vi nhng v tr lam viec luon
luon b hoa chat long tiep xuc vi ban chan.
Bang 6.1 Hng Dan Cac Loai PPE Can Thiet

Lu y: e biet them chi tiet ve viec s dung PPE, xin tham khao Phan 16 .
39

An Ton
Phan 7 : Tieu Chuan Danh Cho Cong Nhan Tiep Xuc Cac Hoa Chat
Nguy Hiem
7.1
Thong Tin C Ban
Hoa chat c phan chia thanh 2 loai nh sau:

Hoa hu c la nhng phan t da vao cac chuoi cua nguyen t cacbon
Hoa vo c la nhng hp chat hoa hoc khong co cha chuoi cacbon trong cau truc phan t
cua no (kim loai va cac hp chat co lien quan , vd: muoi)
Mot nhom ac biet cua nhng hp chat hu c c biet en nh la VOC (goi la nhng hp chat
hu c bay hi). VOC la nhng hp chat co xu hng chuyen t the long sang the kh vi mot
nhiet o trong phong. Neu m mot thung co cha VOC va lng VOC bay ra mot luc trong phong
kn. Trang thai hi cua VOC se tch tu lai trong khong gian.
S bieu hien cua VOC la co lien quan en mot hay nhieu nhom hoa chat cua no, va v the tong so
o ac VOC cho thay tong so lng cac hoa chat hu c trong khong kh ma cong nhan co the b
tiep xuc, nhng no khong co nhieu thong tin ve oc tnh tng quan cua hon hp o.
7.2
Cac Lo Trnh Cua S Phi Nhiem Hoa Chat:
Cong nhan b phi nhiem vi hoa chat bang con ng au tien la ho hap. ng quan trong khac
na la s hap thu hoa chat qua da do da khong c bao ho ung cach (xem hnh 7.1)
S phi nhiem do nuot vao (an hoac uong) t khi xay ra do co the tranh c de dang. V vay cam
an, uong tai nhng khu vc co s dung hoa chat va nhng ni co tiem nang nhiem nhieu chat hoa
hoc, ong thi cac thung cha hoa chat phai co tem nhan ung cach e co the ngan chan do ngau
nhien nuot phai chung.
Hnh 7.1 Cac Lo Trnh Phi Nhiem Vi Hoa Chat :
40

An Ton
7.3
Cac Gii Han Phi Nhiem Do Nghe Nghiep Vi Cac Chat Hoa Hoc Trong
Khong Kh
Tiep xuc qua mc va dai lau hoac tiep xuc vi hau het cac loai hoa chat oc hai eu co the dan
en cac trieu chng co hai cho sc khoe, gay nen benh tat va cac trng hp nghiem trong dan
en t vong. Cac loai hoa chat khac cung co the anh hng en sc khoe du ch tiep xuc vi
chung trong mot thi gian ngan. Cac c quan chnh phu va cac to chc chuyen nghiep a thiet lap
ra cac gii han ng tiep xuc vi cac loai hoa chat. Nhng gii han nay co muc ch e xac nh
nhng ieu kien lam viec, da vao o ngi ta cho rang hau nh tat ca cong nhan co the b tiep
xuc da tren c s tiep xuc eu an ma khong co s tien trien cua cua cac anh hng gay hai cho
sc khoe.
Ngng gia tr gii han(TLVs) c cong bo hang nam bi ACGIH (American Conference of
Governmental Industrial Hygienists), cac gii han nay rat hu ch c chon e cho nha may s
dung. Cac gii han c ch nh eu la cac tieu chuan toi thieu, chung khong co y nh the cho
cho cac tieu chuan nghiem ngat hn cua a phng, hay cua nc s tai.
TLVs c thiet lap da tren c s cua mot ngay lam viec bang vi 8 gi ong ho va mot tuan lam
viec bang vi 40 gi ong ho. Tuy nhien, cac cong nhan cua nha may thng co lch lam viec t
10 en 12 gi ong ho mot ngay va 60 gi lam viec trong mot tuan,. e tnh c kha nang nhng
ca lam viec dai, TLVs phai c giam tng xng vi gi lam viec cua cong nhan co tiep xuc vi
hoa chat.
Nhng hng dan di ay liet ke cac loai hoa chat c s dung pho bien trong nganh san xuat
da giay va may mac cua nam 2006. Ni lam viec tap trung nhieu cac chat hoa hoc va bui, nen can
c duy tr cac mc gii han tiep xuc. Nhng gii han tiep xuc nay c the hien bang viec tap
trung cua cac n v la ppm (parts per million in air) va mg/m3 (milligrams per cubic meter of
air)
41

An Ton
Ngng gi tr gii
hn (TLV)
(8 gi mt ngy,40
gi mt tun)
1000 ppm
1880 mg/m3
500 ppm
1188 mg/m3
400 ppm
1440 mg/m3
400 ppm
1640 mg/m3
400 ppm
1610 mg/m3
200 ppm
492 mg/m3
200 ppm
590 mg/m3
150 ppm
713 mg/m3
100 ppm
344 mg/m3
100 ppm
434 mg/m3
100 ppm
434 mg/m3
50 ppm
205 mg/m3
50 ppm
176 mg/m3
50 ppm
205 mg/m3
50 ppm
147 mg/m3
25 ppm
17 mg/m3
20 ppm
61 mg/m3
20 ppm
80 mg/m3
2 ppm
11 mg/m3
Ngng gi tr gii
hn (TLV)
(12 gi mt ngy, 60
gi mt tun)
667 ppm
1253 mg/m3
333 ppm
792 mg/m3
267 ppm
960 mg/m3
267 ppm
1093 mg/m3
267 ppm
1073 mg/m3
133 ppm
328 mg/m3
133 ppm
393 mg/m3
100 ppm
475 mg/m3
67 ppm
229 mg/m3
67 ppm
289 mg/m3
67 ppm
289 mg/m3
33 ppm
137 mg/m3
33 ppm
117 mg/m3
33 ppm
137 mg/m3
33 ppm
98 mg/m3
17 ppm
11 mg/m3
13 ppm
41 mg/m3
13 ppm
53 mg/m3
1.3 ppm
7.3 mg/m3
---
10 mg/m3
6.7 mg/m3
---
3 mg/m3
2 mg/m3
---
0.2 mg/m3
0.14 mg/m3
Cht ha hc
S ng k CAS
Ethanol
64-17-5
Acetone
67-64-1
Ethyl Acetate
141-78-6
n-Heptane
142-82-5
Methyl Cyclohexane
108-87-2
Isopropyl alcohol (IPA)
67-63-0
Methyl Ethyl Ketone

(MEK)
n-Butyl Acetate
78-93-3
123-86-4
Cyclohexane
110-82-7
Ethyl Benzene
100-41-4
Xylenes
1330-20-7
Methyl Isobutyl Ketone

(MIBK)
n-Hexane
108-10-1
Methyl Methacrylate
80-62-6
Tetrahydrofuran (THF)
109-99-9
Ammonia
7664-41-7
n-Butyl Alcohol
71-36-3
Cyclohexanone
108-94-1
Isophorone
78-59-1
Dust / Particulate
(total inhalable)
Dust / Particulate
(respirable)
Particulate (polycyclic
aromatics: cyclohexanesoluble)
110-54-3
Bang 7.1 Cac Hng Dan Ve TLV

Lu y: Cac nha may nen chu y rang TLVs c xem xet da tren nen tang c ban, va co the c ieu
chnh da vao cac phat minh mi cua khoa hoc ve cac anh hng gay hai t cac hoa chat ac biet en sc
khoe cua cong nhan.
42

An Ton
7.4
Cong Nhan Tiep Xuc Vi Nhieu Chat Hoa Hoc
Cn c vo tnh cht ca cc loi vat lieu c s dng trong ngnh sn xut da giy, cng nhn c
th tip xc hn mt cht ha hc trong sut mt ngy lm vic. Ngc li, do thiu chng c, ngi
ta gi s rng vic tip xc vi nhiu loi ha cht ny s sn sinh ra thm cc nh hng. Tng TLVs
khng tnh cho s tip xc ca cng nhn vi nhiu cht ha hc c.
nh gi s tip xc ca cng nhn vi nhiu loi ha cht, c mt thut ng gi l Phn on
Tip Xc hoc c nh ngha l tr s EF. Tr s EF l mt ch s tip xc c tnh t gii hn
tip xc ca cng nhn vi nhiu loi loi ha cht khc nhau v tng TLVs i vi cc cht ha hc
m cng nhn b tip xc.
Tr s EF bng hoc ln hn 1.0 cho thy mc cng nhn tip xc vi cc loi ha cht rt cao
khng th chp nhn c. i vi cc nh my sn xut, mc tiu x l hi nn c duy tr thng
qua mc tip xc vi cc loi ha cht ca cng nhn c tch ly dn vi tr gi EF thp hn 0.5.
7.5
Cc Loi Ha Cht Cm S Dng
gim thiu cc ri ro v bnh ngh nghip xy ra vi cng nhn, Tp on adidas cm s dng

mt s cht ha hc nh sau. Do cc cht ha hc ny c xc nh c tnh c hi cao, thm thu rt
nhanh qua da v/hoc rt kh kim sot khi tip xc. (CAS# trong ngoc n).
Benzene (71-43-2)
Methylene Chloride (75-09-2)
Perchloroethylene (127-18-4)
N,N-Dimethylformamide (68-12-2)
Cellosolve (110-80-5)
Methyl Cellosolve (109-86-4)
Toluene (108-88-3)
Trichloroethylene (79-01-6)
Carbon Tetrachloride (56-23-5)
Phenol (108-95-2)
Cellosolve Acetate (111-15-9)
Methyl Cellosolve Acetate (110-49-6)
Mt vi loi hnh sn xut nh: in t, c th s dng mt lot ha cht khc nhng c yu cu

kim sot cht ch. Cc i tc nn tham vn vi i din SEA ca adidas xc nhn nhng tiu
chun v s hng dn thch hp vi ngnh cng nghip c th.
S o Lng Phi Nhim Ca Cng Nhn :
Hnh 7.2 o Lng S Phi Nhim Ca Cng Nhn

C 3 cch khc nhau nh gi mc tip xc cc cht ha hc ca cng nhn. Mi tiu chun c
li th v cc s gii hn khc nhau:
43

An Ton
7.5.1 Cch 1: o c Khu Vc Lm Vic
Cch o c ny c ghi li ti cc v tr c nh trong nh my, v vy c kh nng khng th hin
c mc tip xc thc t ca tng cng nhn. Tuy nhin, vic o c khu vc lm vic cung cp
s xc nh r c iu kin lm vic tng th trong nh my v c th xc nh c cc v tr chnh
xc nh c th quan st qu trnh cc cng nhn tip xc vi cc cht ha hc trong sut thi gian
lm vic.
7.5.2 Cch 2: Kim Sot Tng C Nhn

Cch o c ny c thc hin vi mt b dng c, chng hn cho cng nhn eo mt ng hi gn
nhng vng th (v d: gn mi hoc ming). Nu vic kim sot ny c th hn mt ngy lm
vic, sau kt qu tip xc s c so snh vi TLVs. Phong php kim sot ny cng p dng cho
cc cng nhn lun di chuyn trong sut mt ngy lm vic, v cng p dng i vi cc s khc bit
trong vic thc hin cc cng vic c tc ng ti s tip xc ca cng nhn.
Nn hng dn cc cng nhn khi p dng cch o c s tip xc ny h tin rng s c ri ro/nguy
c nhim bnh cao, l do tip xc cc cht ha hc m h s dng, iu kin ni lm vic, hoc cc
yu t khc to c hi tip xc. thm thng tin khi kim sot cng nhn v tip xc VOC, cc nh
my nn tham kho vi i din SEA v S Tay Hng Dn Thc Hin Kim Sot Cc S Phi
Nhim ca Tp on adidas.
7.5.3 Cch 3: Theo Di Sc Khe

Cch tt nht nh gi s tip xc vi ho cht l nh gi/kim tra c th cng nhn: phn tch
mu hoc nc tiu, chn on bng phng php y hc, hoc dng cc phng php xt nghim y
khoa thch hp. Kim sot sinh hc c th pht hin c s tc ng ca vic tip xc vi tt c
cc loi cht ho hc do cc cng nhn tng phi nhim, v khng ch c tip xc t pha nh my.
Vic nh gi trit v hp l v kh nng tip xc ca cng nhn vi cht ha hc s lin quan n
s kt hp ca Cch o c 1 v 2. V cch theo di ca Bc S c th c yu cu mt s nc c
nhng ngnh cng nghip c th hoc phi nhim vi cht ha hc mt cch r rt.
44

An Ton
Phan 8. Tieu Chuan Ve Mau Sac / Tem, Nhan
Trong phan nay se giai thch va minh hoa nhng bang chu y ve an toan khac nhau c yeu cau
thc hien trong nha may. No cung cung cap cac nguyen tac ve s hng dan hp ly cua bang canh
bao va cac bc bao quan cung nh s truyen at en cong nhan. Bat ky bang canh bao nao cung
eu phai bao gom cac ch viet phai s dung loai ngon ng cung vi cong nhan.
Tieu chuan va s phong nga c ap dung nh sau :

Phai co so lng ay u oi vi cac dau hieu va bang chu y;
Dau hieu va bang chu y phai c hien th ro rang;
Phai thay oi cac dau hieu va bang chu y neu no b qua han hay khong nhn thay;
Dau hieu phai to va de nhn thay;
Dau hieu phai lam bang vat lieu ben, khong r va chu c trong bat ky thi tiet nao, va c
lap at de dang tai v tr c chu y nhat ;
Nhng dau hieu can thiet phai c da quang e de nhn trong khi khong co anh sang, co sng
mu, hay hoi.
Dau hieu va bang chu y phai c bao quan thch hp, thay the va ve sinh neu can thiet;
Theo tieu chuan, cac bang canh bao co mau sac khac nhau tuy thuoc vao muc ch s dung cua
no:
Thiet b PCCC
Dau hieu bao

thoat hiem khi
hoa hoan
Dau hieu chu y

an toan
Dau hieu bat

buoc an toan
Hnh 8.1 - Quy nh ma mau sc va tem nhan (phn 1)
45
Nhieu dau hieu

chu y ve an toan
Dau hieu cam
Dau hieu ve Y t
(Phong Y te, tu
thuoc)

An Ton
Hnh 8.2 - Quy nh ma mau sc va tem nhan (phn 2)
46

An Ton
Mu sc
Mu sc trong vn bn
Vt liu
Xanh l m
Nc
Xanh dng nht
H thng nn kh
Xm hoc bc
ng hi
Mu en
Cc cht lng khc
Mu nu
Khong sn, rau, du

ng vt
Mu tm
Axit hoc kim
Vng t st
Kh lng nh hn
khng kh
Mu
ng ng cha chy
Mu cam
ng dy in, cc
dch v v in
Mu kem
ng bt cha chy
Xanh dng m
Nc sch
Hnh 8.3 - Mau Sac Cho He Thong Ong
47

An Ton
Chu giai :
- Mau sac phan tach ri oan : 2 met
Cho lap rap ( van, khoang cach cac ng ray)
Cac v tr noi
-
Mau sac cua khuc, oan :

+ Mau n : 45 50 cm
+ Nhieu mau : 12 15 cm
Schematic colour code for piping

2m
12-15 cm
12-15 cm
Legend :
Colour section apart
:2m
: fittings (gauge, valves)
: junctions
: take off points
: connections
Colour section
Single colour : 45 - 50 cm
Multicolour : 12 - 15 cm
Hnh 8.4 - Cch sn trn ng ng
48

An Ton
Phan 9. Tieu Chuan Ve Bnh Hi / Bnh Kh Nen
Viec s dung kh nen ngay cang gia tang trong nhng nam gan ay, kh nen c s dung trong
viec han, cat, ot. ieu nay, dan en nguy c chay no de xay ra trong nha may.
S dung bnh kh ot mang lai nhieu rui ro va moi nguy khi chung c s dung trong mot khong
gian b km ham. V vay, e giam thieu nhng nguy c ve chay no, nhan vien thao tac can biet
c nhng moi nguy chnh va co s e phong, nhat la trong trong khi van chuyen, lu kho, ong
thi phai hieu ro cach s dung.
Cac moi nguy hai ket hp vi viec s dung kh nen trong o co s thai ra kh oxy (co kha nang gay
ngat), chay, no, phi nhiem kh oc, va nhng moi nguy hai cho c the do co lien quan en he
thong ap suat cua no rat cao.
9.1
Hng Dn S Dng Cc Bnh Kh Nn
oi vi viec lu tr va cach s dung Mot so yeu cau cho nhng ni ket noi
bnh kh nen (xem hnh 9.1)
vi cac bnh ga nh nha bep, cac thiet
Kho phai ben ngoai nha xng va co
b nau nng.
mai che.
Ch co nhan vien c ch nh (thay oi,
bao tr va giam nh bnh kh nen).
Cac bnh hi de chay co khoang cach
trong vong 7,5m t ni moi la, be mat
nong, ho quang ien, va cac nguon bat
la khac.
Tach ri bnh kh de chay va kh oxy vi
khoang cach ln hn 6met (20feet).
Bnh hi phai c at tren xe ay hoac
da tng va co day xch buoc (hnh 9.2),
e trong t the dng ng, ay van an
toan khi khong s dung.
Tach rieng kho cha bnh hi a s dung
xong va bnh hi ang s dung hoac cha
s dung.
Cac bnh hi c trang b van giam ap
lc va bo phan chan la neu la thoi
ngc vao.
Khong c cha cac vat lieu de ben la
gan bnh ga.
Buong cha bnh hi phai bang kim loai
va c ket noi vi cot thu loi hay cac
vat bao ho chong sam set khac.
Thng xuyen kiem tra quan sat cac khu
vc cha bnh hi.
49
Tat ca cac bnh ga phai c at pha ben

ngoai toa nha.
Bnh ga va cac moi noi cua ng ong
phan phoi ga phai c ong trong cac
khu vc co long khoa thch hp.
ng ong dan ga phai c lap bang
kim loai cng tng xng vi loai kh ot
ang s dung.
Phai cung cap en toa nha cac ieu kien
cach ly hieu qua.

An Ton
9.2
Hng Dn Lu Tr Cc Bnh Kh Nn:
Bnh ga nen thng c anh gia rat thap ve cac rui ro tiem tang gay nen chay no. Nhng hau
qua cua tai nan ve ga thng rat nghiem trong, anh hng en tnh mang ngi lao ong va gay
ton that cho nha xng. Bnh hi kh nen di mc ap lc cc ai (len en 200bar), neu khong s
dung van an toan, van co the bien dang hay v i neu bnh hi b nga. ieu nay co the dan en
nhng vu no nghiem trong va cac ton that khac vi ly do la kh nen b ro r ot ngot, tham ch
trong mot so trng hp co the gay sup o tng bang be tong.
Rui ro tiem khac co the la do van b h. Lu tr cac bnh ga nen de chay trong toa nha thieu thong
gio hay nhng khoang trong trong kho la hau qua cua viec tao nen no hoac bau kh quyen b thieu
oxy. Do o, bnh hi kh nen phai c lu tr ben ngoai cua nha xng nh hnh minh hoa di
ay:
Hnh 9.1 Lu Tr Bnh Ga / Kh Nen Ben Ngoai
50

An Ton
9.3
Tram Han Di ong (Xe ay bnh hi)
Bnh hi acetylen va oxy thng c s dung cung vi nhau e e han, cat, va ot nhng khu
vc khac nhau cua nha may. Khi bnh ni c s dung cho muc ch nay, chung phai c lap at
va chac chan tren xe ay bnh hi.
Hnh 9.2 Xe ay bnh kh nen
51

An Ton
Phan 10. Tieu Chuan Ve An Toan ien / Anh Sang / V Sinh Nh Xng
& Cac Thiet B Tong Hp
Cac tai nan nghe nghiep co the c tranh khoi vi viec lap ke hoach va bao tr ien, he thong chieu sang
va cac vat dung khac. Nhng phan sau ay phat thao ra nhng suy xet c ban e c tnh vao viec quan ly
va bao tr cho nhng viec lap at va cac vat tien ch khac.
10.1
An Toan ien
Vic bao tr u n, sa cha va lap at cac thiet b ien va nhng vat dung khac la yeu to c ban
e tranh cac tai nan lao ong. An toan ien co lien quan chat che vi an toan chay no. Day ien
bao dng khong ung cach hay b qua tai eu co the dan en chay no.
10.2
Cac Hng Dan Ve An Toan ien:
Khu vc ien cao the va nha e may phat ien va day dan ien
Cac vat dung lien quan en ien, hop au
ien
Danh cho nhan vien c ch nh vao.

Cac bien ch dan canh bao nguy hai (tham
khao phan 8)
Khong cha Cylinder
cac o va
t trong khu vc ien
Trolley
cao the.
Tram may nen kh
10.3
Nen c tach biet vi cac khu vc san

xuat, tot hn la cac v tr ben ngoai toa nha.
nhng khu vc c vay kn lai, tham ch
ben ngoai, cung phai giam thieu viec phat
thai ra tieng on.
Trang b mot long chao e hng cac dau
nht se b r ra t may, ngan chan dau tham
vao mat at.
He thong day cua roa phai c bao ho va
ong kn.
Bo loc khong kh phai c lap canh ngo
vao.
Mo t phai c gi sach khong co bui , dau
m, si th dau bam vao.
noi va tram phat ien phai c ong kn

tranh nguy hiem, va khong c s dung sai
trong khi au noi trc tiep vi may moc.
Tat ca cac day ien nen c ket noi theo
ung nguyen tac cua ien cong nghiep.
Day ien nen cach nhiet, phai thay the neu
b h, c bao ve e chong lai thiet hai
cua may moc va cach xa nguon nhiet.
Tat ca cac thiet b ien nen c bao dng
va giam nh theo nh ky.
Quan Ly Moi Trng Lam Viec va Cac Thiet B Tong Hp
Viec thc hien quan ly moi trng lam viec cua nha xng hp ly co the giam bt nhng moi
nguy ve an toan va chay no trong nha xng. Mot so viec thc hien tieu bieu se phan anh c
moi quan tam t he thong quan ly cua nha xng oi vi tnh an toan cho cong nhan.
52

An Ton
10.4
Hng Dan Quan Ly Moi Trng Lam Viec va Cac Thiet B Tong Hp
Khu vc sn xut phi c gi sch s

v nn nh phi kh thong.
Cht thi cng nghip v cht thi sinh
hot phi c lu gi trong thng ,
y kn v thng xuyn dn dp.
Kho cha nguyn vt liu v sn phm
nn t trong nhng khu vc c thit
k ring bit, sp xp gn gng v ngn
np.
C y khong trng t trn nh n
kho hay t trn nh n my mc.
Khng c ri khi my mc trong

lc my ang hat ng nu khng c
ai trng coi.
Gin gio dng trong cc cng vic
tm thi cn c im ta thch hp
phng trnh b ng. Trang b cho cng
nhn cc bin php phng h t ng
(vd: dy an ton).
Dng c xch tay v nhng nguyn vt
liu di lng thng khng c t
nhng v tr trn cao.
Lu : Phn 11 cung cp chi tit hn v vic qun l v bo dng cc thit b .
10.5
nh Sng
nh sng ca nh my c th gy tc ng n s an ton ca cng nhn, sn lng v cht lng sn phm.

Nhu cu v nh sng c th khc nhau ty thuc vo my mc ring bit ang c s dng hay nhng cng
vic lin quan n cng nhn.
Nhng cng vic di hi t m chnh chnh xc (nh my may) i hi sng ln hn nhng cng vic khc.
Ni chung, sng phi cung cp y phng nga tai nn v ph hp vi cc cng vic sn xut hng cht
lng cao.
Gi tr sng c bit cho nhng khu vc khc nhau ca nh my c ch ra trong bng 10.1.
am bao n chiu sng khn cp c cung cp khp ni trong cc khu vc ca nh my cu thang, v dc
theo tt c li ra. n chiu sng khn cp phi c ngun in c lp vi ngun in cung cp cho nh my ( v
d nh b lu in lun lun c np in)
Khu vc nh my
Tr s nh sng (lux)
Cc khu vc vn phng
Cc khu vc cha hang v kho
Li i
Cu thang
Khu vc sn xut Thnh hnh, May, khu vc
lm vic thng xuyn.
My mc - Ct , Mi, c, Ct laser, My tin,
My khoan, Ca in..
Khu vc kim tra cht lng
Nh v sinh
Phng cp cu
n khn cp
300 500
> 50
> 50
> 100
> 300
> 500
750 1000
> 100
> 500
> 1, ma con >1 % anh sang cac
loi i chung trong cac khu vc
c lien ket cua nha may
Bang 10.1 - Khuyn co v chiu sng khc nhau trong nhng khu vc ca nh my
53

An Ton
Cch o nh sng ti cc khu vc m vic:

thang
- Ti b mt ang lm vic
- Theo hng tm nhn ca ngi ang lm vic
54
Cch o nh sng ca li i, cu
- Chiu cao 0,85m
- o theo hng thng ng

An Ton
Cc mi nguy him in tiu biu
THC HNH KHNG NG

Hnh 10.2 Nhng iu Thc Hin Khng Tt Lin Quan n Thit B in & Dy in
55

An Ton
My nn kh bn ngoi ta nh
Bo v cc ng kt ni in
My nn kh sch s v thng thong y trnh sc nng b
bt kn
Cc b lc khng kh ngay cnh u vo
Cc h thng truyn ng bng du cua-roa u phi c ro li
Hnh 10.3 An Ton in Trong Vic Qun L My Nn Kh cThc Hin Tt
56

An Ton
Phn 11. Tiu Chun V An Ton My Mc v Ting n
My mc c s dng trong cc nh my c kh nng th hin mt chui di v tn ca nhng
mi nguy hi v an ton v sc khe i vi cng nhn. Nhng mi nguy him ny c th v th
cht, in, nhit, thnh lc hay loi khc.
Hai nguyn tc c bn kim sot mi nguy c xem xt gim thiu cc mi nguy hi t
my mc l:
(1) Loi tr hay gim thiu ri ro bng cch lp t nhng thit b bo h an ton ph hp vi
my mc
(2) Vic bo h cc cng nhn vi thit b bo h c nhn (PPE) m c ch nh c th cho
tng ri ro ring bit .
11.1
Hng Dn Tng Qut V An Ton My Mc

Cc dng c lm vic nn c cung
Tt c may mc v thit b chiu sng
cp nhng thit b bo h tng ng
phi c kt ni vi ngun in v
ngn chn cc chn hng cho cng
dng cc dng c ni in ph hp
nhn do b kp, p hoc bng.
trong cng nghip.
S
thong hi ti ch tc l nhng h
My mc phi c tiep t (v d: nh
thng
ht c cung cp ring bit
o cam 3 chau)
dng ht bi hay ht hi dung mi,
Dy in c nh phi c bc trong
v cc ng dn c xc nh bng
ng kim loi.
nhng mu sc khc nhau.
My mc ring l phi c cng tc ngt
Bo
h mt cng nhn nn c
ngun in khn cp v d dng cho
mang
knh bo h khi c ri ro thng
ngi thao tc s dng trong tm v tr
tch
t
mnh nh hay bi, ha cht phun
ca ngi thao tc bnh thng.
ln
mt,
hay nh sng chi lin tc hay
Tt c cc hp cha dng c c bnh
nhng tia hng ngoi.
rng phi c ng cht, v ch c
Cng
nhn thao tc thit b di ng nh
m vi dng c t bit.
l
xe
nng, hay nhc nhng vt nng
Tt c cng nhn phi c o to an
u
phi
mang giy c kim nh
ton my mc trc khi c cho php
an
ton
c
bo h c mi chn.
thao tc my. o to ny bao gm
Gng tay thch hp c cung cp
danh mc thit b bo h c nhn (PPE)
bo h i bn tay cng nhn t nhng
c yu cu chp hnh v quy trnh
mi nguy hi v nhit, ha cht, my
ngt in khn cp.
mc.
Tt c my mc sn xut phi c
gim nh v bo tr thng xuyn, bo
m tt c nhng dng c c kh an
tan u pht huy hiu qu, cc h s
bo tr v gim nh phi c nh my
lu gi.
Trnh t dn nhn/nim phong thch
hp c thc hin trong sut qu trnh
bo tr v sa cha thit b (tham kho
phan 20)
An ton in c theo di lin tc khi cac thiet b ang van hanh. Dng in truyn qua c th con
ngi c th gy sc, bng v kh th. Dng in xoay chiu vi hiu in th (240vol ) gy ra n
cht ngi nu b tip xc. S xt in gy ra do m cng tc, di chuyn cu ch hay ct dy cp.
Nhng mi nguy to nn la l kt qu t s c v in, chp mch, cc cng tc qu km, cp qu ti
hay do kt ni, v nhng thit b khc b li.
57

An Ton
Cac mi nguy thuoc tnh vat ly tac ong en cong nhn pht sinh t vic tip xc vi im thao tc
trn my mc ring bit, hay t nhng phn ang chuyn ng khc trn cng my mc.
B p, ct hay b xn bn tay, bn chn, tc hay nhng phn c th khc u c th xy ra.
Nhng ri ro nh hng n mt, mt hay nhng phn c th khc c th b gy ra do nhng vt th
bay vo t cc cng vic mi, mnh nh t vic nh chi bnh rng st hay t cc dng c khc (nh
kim trong khu vc may, hoc t my may).
gim n mc ti a v nhng loi b thng trn n cng nhn, sau y l mt s khuyn co
c cung cp cho mt s my no c th.
11.2
Hng Dn Chuyn Mn i Vi An Ton My Mc

Phi lp t thit b bo h my mc
Cc loi my cn v my c nn c
cho tt c cc loi my mi, cn, my
cung cp nhiu thit b an ton (xem
truyn ti c dy curoa,rng rc.
cc hnh nh v d m thc hin rt
tt)
Phi lp t thit b bo h kim v dy
curoa ca my may.
Bo h ca thit b kho an ton v
nt dng khn cp phi c cung
Li dao cht hay li ca (bn ca)
cp trn tt c my c trc cn xoay
u phi c lp t li bo h.
vng.
Thit b bo h phi c kt cu bng
B cm ng in t dng ngn chn

cht liu cng hoc bng li st; nu
my mc hot ng hay tt ngun in
dng li st, khong h phi nh
khi nhng phn ca c th c d tm
hn 12 mm nga u ngn tay c th
trong phm vi tip xc vi my v n
a vo.
c khuyn co nh dng c an ton
Nhn nt bng hai tay c s dng
hu ch trn nhng my mc thch hp.
cho tt c my ct, p, v p chuyn
nhit tr khi vic bo h t ra c hiu
qu ( cng tc 2 tay i hi c hai tay
trn 2 nt thao tc my cng mt lc,
theo cch ny s lai b i tay ra khi
vng b tip xc vi mi nguy)
iu quan trng l nh my phi bo
m rng cng nhn khng c b hay
khng n c trng an tan cng
tc hai tay.
Mi nguy hi v nhit c to ra t cc hot ng khc nhau ca nh my, nh l cc h thng

hi nc hay cc hot ng ca my mc m to ra b mt nng.
B mt nng, nhng ng dn hay thit b khc nn c lu bng nhng bng cnh bo nguy hi
thch hp. Mc ca nhng mi nguy hi v nhit ty thuc vo thi gian tip xc v tnh dn
nhit ca b mt. B phn kim loi c tnh truyn dn nng lng nhit rt mnh, cho nn c th
gy ra mi nguy hi ln hn b phn bng g cng nhit . Vi mc ch hng dn an tan,
sc khe, mi trng, b mt nng c xc nh nh sau:
B mt hay nhng b khc ca g > 110 C
B mt hay nhng b phn khc nha >85 C
B mt hay nhng b phn khc ca kim loi >60 C
Nhng mi nguy tim nng t bc x tia t ngoi (UV) c th sn sinh ra t vic s dng ca
n UV hay n mu en trong cc khu vc sn xut.
n UV nn c che chn ngn nga tm nhn pht sng tip xc vo mt cng nhn. Cng
nh, cng nhn lm nhng v tr c tia UV phi c cung cp knh bo h chng tia UV hay
knh an ton a chiu m c t l gim tia UV >98%. (tham kho hnh thc hin sai cui ca
phn ny).
58

An Ton
Tip xc vi ting n l mi nguy hi chung cc ni trong nh my. Phi nhim hay tip xc
vi ting n hng ngy vi ting n qu mc c th dn n gim thnh lc i vi cng nhn.
gim ri ro nh hng c hi cho sc khe, cc nh my c yu cu cung cp bo h thnh gic
(nh m chp che tai hay nt nt tai) khi cc cng nhn tip xc vi nhng mc n trong khang
thi gian sau y:
n xiben (dBA) cn mang
thit b bo h tai
Khong thi gian tip xc trong gi lm vic
> 2 gi
91 dBA
> 4 gi
88 dBA
> 8 gi
85 dBA
> 12 gi
82 dBA
Bang 11.1 Tiep Xuc Vi Tieng On & S Dung Thiet B Bao Ho Thnh Giac
Nhng thit b bo h tai c cung cp cho cng nhn trong nh my phi c y T L Gim
Ting n (NRR) gim thiu s tip xc ting n ca h t hn theo danh mc trong bng 11.1.
(tham kho tho lun chi tit v gi tr NRR(t l gim n) trong Phan 16). Nu bt k cng nhn
no tip xc vi ting n lin lc vt qu 100 dBA, h phi c cung cp 2 loi bo h tai, v
phi mang nt chng n bn trong v m chp tai ngoi. Tt c nhng cng nhn s dng bo
h thnh tai u phi c o to v vic s dng ng cch v bo dng thit b bo h ny.
Kien ngh: Nh my c cc cng nhn tip xc vi ting n vt mc cho php theo danh mc
trong bng 11.1 nn c nh gi bng chng trnh kim tra o thnh lc cho nhng nhm cng
nhn b phi nhim.
o thnh lc v d nh kim tra kh nng nghe c ca cng nhn - c xem nh mt s
kim tra tnh hiu qu ca vic thc hin bo h tai v nhng bin php kim sot ting n trong
nh my, v s sm d tm c cng nhn b gim thnh lc c s can thip kp thi.
Vic o thnh lc s b trc khi h bt u cng vic trong khu vc c s phi nhim ting n
cao c th xc minh c thnh lc v d tm ra vic gim thnh lc t trc ca cng nhn.
Vic kim tra cng nhn b phi nhim ting n nn c ch o thc hin u n (v du: vao
mi nm), v phi c tin hnh bi mt cng ty, trung tm kim tra thnh lc, c giy php
hnh ngh, vi nhng quy trnh thc hien ng cch.
59

An Ton
Ht bi my mc
Bo h ca chn p thao tc my
My mc vi nhn nt bng hai tay (

khng c thao tac mt tay)
Bao tay bo h trong quy trnh ct
Figure 11.1 Photos of Good Practices
Hnh 11.1 Nhng Hnh nh Thao Tc, Thc Hin ng Cch
60

An Ton
Li chn an ton
dng my nu
my m
Nt khn cp
thit b an ton ca my cn trng
Bng cnh bo
phng chng b kp
tay v t tay vo
my
Cc thit b an ton ca my trn
Hnh 11.2 Thit Lp Nhng Dng C An Ton Cho My Mc
61

An Ton
Hp bnh rng b m
S cch in a b h hi
Khng knh chng tia UV
Khng thit b bo h my
Hnh 11.3 Nhng Hnh nh Thao Tc, Thc Hin Khng ng
62

An Ton
11.3 Chia s mt s vic thc hin tt
Di y l mt s v d c thc hnh tt m c th c thng qua ci thin an ton cho my
mc, thit b xung quanh ni lm vic.
Trc va Sau khi cai thien c

thc hien may an cao tan.
Mc o on t loi thoat hut kh
ra ngoai thong thng se dao
ong mc 101dBA.
Bang viec s dung loai vat lieu

xop, mem khong at tien e
bao lai nguon phat ra tieng on.
o on con lai 76 dBA . Kiem
soat bang c hoc c ban ch ton
chi ph 4 RMB e cai thien cho
moi may.
Sau khi ci thin
Hnh 11.4 Ci ti n thi t b

gim n
63

An Ton
Trc va Sau khi cai thien e

giam tieng on cua may .
Bang cach them tam phu tren

may anh bui, co the giam c
tieng on phat ra t 98dBA en to
92dBA
Sau khi ci thin

Hnh 11.5 Dng C Bo H An Ton Ca My
64

An Ton
Hnh anh cho thy

bao ho kim c c
bit c lap at
tren moi may may
phu hp vi tng
loai cong oan e
c may vao nhau
Lap them thanh chan

ngon tay e ngan chan
tai nan xay ra
Hnh 11.6 - Lp t Bo H Kim Ca My My
Nhng phan chuyen ong

c bao ho b dung cu bao
ho an toan e ngan chan s
co vao cac cap ien gay ra
cac moi nguy hiem ien .
Hnh 11.7 - S Dung Thiet B Bao Ho Day curoa e Giam Bt Cac Moi Nguy Ve C Hoc
65

An Ton
Thit b bo h cn
bn bit lp s
pht tn ca bi .
Dng c gim thanh
c thit k bng
mt ng ng v
qun mt xung
quanh gim ting
n ti ng thot hi.
Mc n c th
gim c 10dBA
Hnh 11.8 Lp t Dng C Gim Thanh v Gim Bi
Thao tc my
cht bng hai
tay khi nhn nt
H thng cm
ng bng tia
hng ngoi tng
tnh an ton cho
ngi lm vic
vi my.
Hnh 11.9 Thao Tc My Bng 2 Tay v Dng C Cm ng Bng Tia Hng Ngoi Ci Thin S Thao My
An Ton
66

An Ton
S dng cc thit b
cn tr hay bo h
gim bi t my mi.
Dng c gim thanh
c thit k mt
ng ng v qun
mt xung quanh
gim ting n ti
ngun pht ra.
Hnh 11.10 Lp t Dng C Gim Thanh v Gim Bi
67

An Ton
11.4
Mt s v d c thc hin km an ton c quan st v cn c gim bt.
Bin php kim sot

bng c kh khng y
gim s phi
nhim vi ha cht .
Khng c PPE v t
th lm vic khng tt
v khng c dng c
h tr cho lng ( gh
khng c da lng)
Hnh 11.11 Khng C Bin Php Phng H Khi Ti p Xc Ha Cht
Lp t khng an ton.
Cc cng c bng tay
t ba bi trn nn
nh vi nhiu dy
in.
Hnh 11.12 Ni Ct Gi Cc Cng C Thao Tc Cm Tay
68

An Ton
Bi tr khu vc lm
vic km , khng kim
sot ha cht (sng
phun vo vi ty cc
vt bin mu) .
Dy cp in th hin
cc mi nguy v in .
Hnh 11.3 B Tr Khu Vc Lm Vic Km An Ton, Gia Tng Cc Mi Nguy Tim Nng V in
Bo dng km cc
cng tc ca my mc
v nt iu khin.
Dn n cc ri ro v
in git v chy.
Hnh 11.4 Bo Dng Cc Cng Tc My Mc Km An Ton
69

An Ton
Trnh
Phn 12. Cc Phng Tin Cho K Tc X

Cc phng tin ca k tc x do nh my s dng phi p ng cc nguyn tc hng dn v
HSE v tt c cc lut l ng dng lin quan n sc khe, an ton v mi trng, nhng bao gm
khng c hn ch v an ton chy n, v sinh, an tan v xy dng, in,v phng h ri ro.
Hn na, cc iu kin v k tc x phn nh s quan tm ca h thng qun l nh my trong
vic cung cp s sp xp ni nhm y mnh gi tr ca ngi cng nhn v tng cng danh
ting, hnh tng ca nh my. Cc to nh ca k tc x phi an ton, sch s v c bo tr
ng cch .
12.1
Hng dn cho cc nh xng c k tc x
Tiu chun chung:
Ni ngh ngi :
Mi k tc x s c xy dng trong mt
tng m s cung cp cho ngi s dng
c bo h chng li nhng iu kin thi
tit khc nghit
Bt k cng trnh xy dng no u phi c
gip php xy dng bi c quan a phng
v c cp nht mi nht
Sn nh c xy dng bng cy g, nha
ng hay b tng. Sn g phi phng v xy
dng kht cht. Sn nh phi c gi trong
tnh trng tt.
Ging ng nn c phn chia theo gii
Mi phng c s dng cho mc ch ng

phi cha ti thiu t nht 2mt vung khng
gian cho mi ngi s dng, hoc p
ng theo yu cu hp php a phng nu
c cung cp khng gian ln hn.
Chiu cao trn nh ti thiu 2.1 mt tnh
t mt t hng ln
Khng c hn 8 ngi mi phng (khng
c m gia cc phng)
Ging ng, ging tr em hay ging tng,
v nhng phng tin lu tr thch hp nh
t m tng c kha phi c cung cp cho
mi phng s dng
Mi ngi trong k tc x phi c ring mt
ci ging.
Ging ng c cch nhau khng hn
1mt, ( cho ging tng l 1.2m)
Tt c ging c nng ln ti thiu 0.3mt
tnh t sn nh.
Nhng ging tng c hai hc t phi c
khang khng ti thiu 0.7mt gia ging
trn v ging di v trn nh. cm s dng
ging ba tng.
Nhng vt dng ca kho cha phi c kho
li
Phi c cung cp mng hoc mn ca s
Khuyn co: mn ca phi c cung cp
xung quanh mi ging cho c nhn
Nn nh v nhng khu vc khng

hn ch xung quanh k tc x phi c gi
gn trong iu kin v sinh sch s , trnh rc

ri.
Khu vc cha rc thi c gom t k tc x
phi c tch bit vi nhng khu sinh hot.
Phng k tc x khng c kha bn
ngoi vo ban m, nhng ngi c cho
php kha an ton t bn trong phng.
Cm lu tr cc nguyn liu nguy hi hay d
chy trong k tc x.
Dng c s cp cu phi d ly ti tt c
cc khu vc trong k tc x, v phi c
cung cp y nhng vt dng c ch r
trong phn 4 ca hng dn ny.
t nht 1% ca s ngi trong k tc x
c o to v s cp cu.
Cc vt liu v tin nghi ca k tc x khng
c c cha aming .
tnh.
Mi phng c s dng cho mc ch ngh ngi nn cn phi c cung cp n chiu sng,

si v h thng thng gi y m bo cho s thoi mi v an ton cho nhng ngi .
70

An Ton
n chiu sng :
Si :
Thng gi :
Mi phng ng trong k tc x phi c ti

thiu mt loi n in gn c nh trn trn
nh.
Mi nh v sinh ,nh bp, git i hay phng
khc ni ngi s dng t hp li phi c
gn c nh t nht mt qut trn v n treo
tng.
sng trong nh v sinh v phng cha
t nht l 20lux, trong nh bp, phng ng v
nhng phng khc ti thiu 30lux (khong
cch o 0.75m t nn nh ln)
Tt c nhng ch ngh ngi phi lp t ca

s, tng din tch c cng li t hn mt
phn mi, chim 10% khng gian ca ca
khu vc sn nh.
t nht mt na ca khu vc ca s c xy
dng m c th m c dng cho mc ch
thng thong.
Ca s phi m ra bn ngoi hay hng ra
sn, nhng khng th c m vo khng
gian bn trong.
kh hu nng (>25 C), cn phi cung cp
nhng qut in thch hp hay my iu ha
khng kh.
Kin ngh: Mi k tc x kh hu lnh

phi c cung cp thit b c kh nng duy
tr nhit mc ti thiu 20 C cho
khng gian trong nh
S ph hp ca nhng tin nghi khc trong phm vi ta nh ca k tc x th cng quan trng cho
sc khe, an ton v thai mi ca ngi s dng. Cung cp nc y v tin li s dng phi
c s ph duyt t c quan sc khe a phng, v c cung cp ti mi phng ca k tc x
s dng cho mc ch ung, nu, tm v git.
Cung Cp Nc:
Vic cung cp nc y nu c kh
nng phn phi 130 lt nc tnh cho mi u
ngi mi ngy k tc x. Cng sut ti a
trong khong thi gian ng ngi s dng
nht cho mi gi trung bnh l 2.5 ln.
ng phn phi nc phi c kh nng cung
cp nc nhng p lc vn hnh bnh
thng ti tt c cc vt c nh vn hnh
cng mt lc.
Nc nng v nc lnh phi c cung cp
y cho mc ch git v tm. Cc thit b
dng un nng nc cng phi c cung
cp. Vic cung cp nc m c chp nhn
cho thit b git.
C 6 ngi c t nht mt chu/bn ra tay

C 10 ngi c t nht mt vi hoa sen
Ca phi c lp t trong mi vi tm c
nhn
Cung cp y x phng c yu cu
ra tay v tm.
Khuyn co: nhng a im m rng
vi khong nhit <20 C, phi c vi
nc n c sn nc lnh v nc nng
Nc ung phi c kim nghim thng
xuyn nu c cung cp t h thng x l
nc ni b, hay c hon thnh vic
giy chng nhn t nh cung cp.
Khu vc nh v sinh, git i v thng cht rc/ b cng cn phi c nhng c tnh ph hp vi
nhu cu s dng thc t cng nh ph hp vi sc khe v s an ton cn c ca cc h trong k
tc x.
71

An Ton
12.2
Hng Dn Cho Cc Phng Tin Khc i Vi Nh Xng C K Tc X
Git i :
Thng cha rc :
C 30 ngi s dng, ti thiu cn phi c

mt khay hay bn git . Nhng ci ny c
sn trong khu vc git i hay nhng ni d
ly trong k tc x.
Nhng phng tin sy kh qun o phi
c cung cp. V mt khng gian thch hp
treo qun o kh cn c p ng theo
yu cu.
Sn nh :
Trong k tc x, mi thng rc phi c np

y.
Nhng thng cha phi chng rui, cc loi
gm nhm, chng thm v phi c gi sch
s.
Thng cha rc phi lun lun c
trng.Khi rc y phi i, v phi c
t nht 2 ln mi tun nu cha y.
Nh v sinh:
Tt c sn nh khu vc git, nh tm, nh

v sinh, ra tay phi c xy dng bng
phng, khng trn trt, nhng nguyn liu
khng thm nc m c tnh chng m v d
dng v sinh.
Cng rnh di sn nh phi c cung cp
cng a im (nh tm, phng tm nh,
phng git v khu vc nh v sinh) di
chuyn nc thi ra v d dng dn dp.
Tt c nhng mi ni ca cc ch nh ln ca
sn nh phi c un cong li.
Tham kho phn 13 : Cc iu kin v V

Sinh, Nh v sinh, Phng n, Nh Bp .
Sau cng l c mt s kha cnh v An Ton Tnh Mng v PCCC thch hp cho cc k tc
x.
Li i v li thot cn phi r rng & trnh s tc nghn, li thot cn c hin th r

rng.
Mi tng ca k tc x phi c t nht hai li ra.
Tt c cc ca ra khng c kha v phi m ra hng ngoi
S s tn khn cp v cc s in thoi trong trng hp khn cp phi t nhng v
tr d thy .
Yu cu c h thng d khi v bo chy thch hp,v khng b che chn. Cc phn ngn
ca to nh n nt hoc hp bo ng chy phi ln hn 60mt.
n khn cp phi c lp t v lun hot ng.
Lun c sn v y cc thit b cha chy , thit b phi c gim nh u n.
Cn phi nh hng v o to cho nhng ngi sng k tc x v cc vn an ton
chy n, lu tr s tn khn cp, v o to s dng bnh cha chy.
72

An Ton
12.3
Thc hin tt
Anh sang , ve sinh va bao quan tot
`
Hnh 12.1 Cc Vt Dng c V Sinh Sch S
73

An Ton
Phn 13. Cc iu Kin V V Sinh Nh Bp, Phng n, Nh V Sinh
Cc iu kin v sinh cho nh v sinh, phng tm, khu s ch thc n, khu vc n ung, v cc
khu vc lin thng nh my v k tc x l phn quan trng cho vic bo h sc khe ca ngi
lu tr. Nhng ch dn sau y p dng cho tt c cc khu vc sn xut, vn phng, phng nghin
cu pht trin, nh kho v k tc x/cc khu vc lu tr ti cng mt iu kin.
Thut ng phng sinh hot c nhn c s dng thng xuyn theo ch dn trong phn ny.
Thut ng ny c bao gm bt c phng no c s dng cho cc hot ng m khng lin
quan trc tip n sn xut. Nhng khng gii hn cho cc hot ng bao gm, phng s cp cu,
phng khm v dch v y t, khu vc thay , phng tm v khu vc git i, nh v sinh, khu vc
n ung v d tr thc phm.
13.1
13.2
Cc Hng Dn Cho Vic Xy Dng Ta Nh

Tt c nhng bc tng ca nhng phng
dch v ring phi c lt gch v sn nc
sch s.
Nhng phng dch v ring phi c y h
thng thng gi bo m rng phng
khng c mi hi.
Sn nh phi c bo dng theo nh k
thc t, trong iu kin kh ro.
Khu vc c nhng quy trnh m t c s
dng, h thng cng rnh phi c cung cp
v bo tr. Cung cp cc bc ng, tm lt
sn, thm lau chn hay l nhng ni kh ro
khc. V giy ng chng thm nc cng cn
cung cp cho cng nhn.
to iu kin thun li cho cc qu trnh

lm sch, mi sn nh phi c gi khng
c nhng ci inh nh ra, mnh vn, cc tn
vn khng cht, hay nhng l khng cn thit
hoc b h.
Sn nh ca phng dch v ring phi c
lt bng ( gch hay xi mng) chng trn trt
v m t. Dn dp v sinh dit khun t nht
hai ln mi ngy.
Hng Dn Hy Cht Thi

Bt k vt cha no m c s dng cho
cht thi rn hoc lng phi c xy dng
n khng b r r v c th c hon ton
sch s, c bo qun trong iu kin hp v
sinh
Tt c nhng cht thi rn, lng, bi bn,
ph thi v rc phi c loi b theo cch
trnh to ra s ri ro cho sc khe v thng
c bo dng trong nhng iu kin v
sinh cn thit.
Khng ch k sinh trng - Mi khu vc

xung quanh ca cc vt dng ca nh my
phi c xy dng, trang b v bo tr, cho
n lc s dng c ngn nga li vo
hoc ni tr n ca loi gm nhm, nhng cn
trng v vt c hi khc. Chng trnh tiu
dit cn trng hiu qu v lin tc phi c
tin hnh bt c ni no v bt c khi no
c s xut hin ca chng.
74

An Ton
C hai chng loi ring trong vn hng dn lin quan n vic cung cp nc l : nc ung
c v khng ung c.
Nc ung c :

Nc ung c cn phi cung cp cho tt c

cc nh my v k tc x ung, v sinh c
nhn, nu n, ra thc phm, nu nng v n
ung, khu vc s ch & ch bin, d tr thc
phm v nhng phng dch v ring.
Nhng my lc nc ung phi c thit k,
xy dng v cc dch v bo dng cc iu
kin v sinh, N kh nng c ng ngun,
v c trang b vi nc y .
Ni cung cp nc ung khng c t
trong nh v sinh.
Cm cc bnh ung nc hay bnh cha
nc ung b m np ra, hoc khng y kn.
Khng c s dng chung tch, ly ung
nc hay cc vt dng ung nc khc.
Nc khng ung c :

Ch thot hay ti cc vi dng cho nc

khng ung c, nh l nc dng trong
cng nghip cho mc ch cha chy, nn
c dn hay hin th theo cch ch nh r
rng nc khng an ton s dng cho
mc ch khc, nh ung, ra hay git i.
Xy dng nhng h thng nc khng ung
c phi ngn nga lung chy ngc vo
bt k h thng nc ung c no.
Nc khng ung c khng bao gi
c s dng cho v sinh c nhn, ra dng
c n ung, v git gi.
Nc khng ung c c th s dng cho v
sinh cc khu vc lm vic, hay cc khu vc
khc na l khu s ch, ch bin thc n
nhng phng dch v ring, min l nc
c cung cp khng cha ng nhng hp
cht, (vi khun t phn), hay nhng cht khc
m c th to ra nhng iu kin khng an
ton hay khng hp v sinh nguy hi n
cng nhn.
75

An Ton
Phng tin ca nh v sinh c nh ngha v ch trong hng dn ny, n l mt vt c nh c
duy tr bn trong nh v sinh s dng cho mc ch thi b v gn lc v nhu cu t nhin ca con ngi. Tng
s nhng phng tin ca nh v sinh, trong nhng nh v sinh ring l theo gii tnh, phi tun theo bng 16.1
bn di. S lng ca cc phng tin v sinh cho mi gii phi da vo tng s cng nhn hay s ngi s
dng thc t ca gii trang b cc phng tin v sinh hp l.
Tng s cng nhn hay

ngi c ng theo mi gii
S lng ti thiu ca bn
cu
S lng ti thiu ca bn
ra (*)
1 - 15
16 35
36 55
56 80
81 110
111 150
> 150
1
2
3
4
5
6
**
1
2
3
4
5
6
**
* Trong k tc x, t l bn ra chn hay bn ra tay (lavabo) cho mi ngi c tr chc chn

phi t mt n su cai.
** C mi ln tng 40 ngi th phi b sung thm mt thit b v sinh (hay bn cu).
Bng 13.1 Cc phng tin ca nh v sinh cho cng nhn
Bat ky phng v sinh u ch s c chim duy nht c mt ngi vao bt k lc no, c th c

kha ca t ngi s dng bn trong, v phi c t nht mt bn cu, trong trng hp ny phng v
sinh cng c th phc v cho nhng ngi cng gii tnh v khng phi tch ring. Tuy nhin, ni nh
v sinh ch dng cho 1 ngi nh vy phi c hn mt thiet b v sinh, ch co mot trong cac phng
tin nh vy trong phng v sinh mi c th c tnh theo s yu cu ca bng hng dn 13.1.
au c cc phng tin v sinh nhng ph n khng c s dng, th bn tiu c th c

cung cp thay v bn cu, nhng khng trng hp no s bn cu c gim xung t hn hai
phn ba trong bng chi tit 13.1.
Bn tiu phi c cung cp trn da theo s tnh l ci v ch trng ca bn tiu l 0.6mt, v c
25 ngi nam s c 01 ci. Khong cch sn t trong tng ra n vng ngoi ch trng ca bn
tiu ti thiu 0.4 mt, v bn tiu phi lm bng vt liu chng thm.
76

An Ton
13.3
Nhng Ch Dn Khc i Vi Cc Phng Tin Nh V Sinh:

Phng v sinh phi c hin th dnh cho
nam, dnh cho n v c in bng ngn
ng a phng ca ngi c tr, hay hin th
bng nhng biu tng hay hnh nh d dng
nhn thy.
Nu nhng phng v sinh cho mi gii c
t k bn, nn chng phi c phn ra bng
tng gch hay cc vch ngn c xy t
trn trn nh xung nn nh v sinh.
Cc phng v sinh phi c ca s m c
m hng ra ngoi c th m c
thng gi, hay phi c mt h thng thng gi
hon chnh.
Mi bn cu phi c gi ring mt gian vi
ca v cc bc tng kn, hay nhng vch
ngn c nh gia hai bn vi cao y
bo m tnh ring t. Khng c c
nhng nh v sinh h.
Ch i tiu phi c x nc hon chnh. l
trng bn tiu c rnh thot, v kt cu rnh
phi sao cho loi tr rui dn v loi gm
nhm.
Phi cung cp cho cc phng v sinh n

nhng phng tin dng v sinh cc
dng khi hnh kinh ca ph n.
Giy v sinh phi c cung cp cho cc
cng nhn/ngi c tr
Cc phng tin dng lm kh tay ( khn
giy, khn vi sch, my in sy kh,.)
phi c cung cp trong mi phng v sinh.
Phi cung cp thng rc vi np ng kn cho
mi bung v sinh, v phi lun lun dn
sch rc.
Trong k tc x, ging ng nn t cch xa
phng v sinh hn 60mt.
nh sng phi c cung cp cho cc phng
v sinh c ngy ln m. sng ti thiu l
20lux (0.75m t nn nh hng ln)
Mi phng toilets phi c cung cp bn
ra(lavab) vi vi nc nng v lnh (hay
nc m), cng c th trong hay ngai nh v
sinh. Tng s bn ra nn ph hp bng
hng dn 13.1.
Phi cung cp x phng ra tay hoc nhng
cht lm sch tng t khc.
Khu vc nh v sinh v nh tm phi c
ngi dn v sinh sch s mi ngy bng cc
dung dch ty u kh trng.
Nhng ch dn sau ay lin quan n vic thc hin thch hp v nhng ieu thn trng trong nh
n, nh bp v nhng khu vc dch v n ung khc trong nh my v k tc x. Nh my phi
tun th tt c nhng quy nh v sinh ca a phng v nhng ch dn ca adidas,at6aun th
nhng quy nh no nghim nght hn. iu mong i y l cc hot ng & dch v n ung
cho cng nhn s cho thy vic thc hin nhng nguyn tc hon ton hp v sinh . Thc n m
c phc v phi dinh dng, khng b i thiu, cn phi c ct gi, s dng, x l v s
ch thao cch phi c bo v chng li s nhim bn.
77

An Ton
13.4
Nhng Ch Dn Cho Cc Phng Tin Nh Bp V Nh n

Nh my phi cung cp cc dch v thc n
nu sn cho cng nhn nu cng nhn khng
c cc c hi hp l no khc c c
thc n chn.
Nh n v nh bp phi c xy dng hp
l, quy m y v phi cch bit vi
ging ng ca cng nhn. Tr khi cc
phng tin thc n nu chn bn ngai sn
c cho cng nhn.
Cm m trc tip cc li gia ging ng ca
cng nhn, phng khch vi nh n.
Cc to nh ca bp n, nh n phi c
cung cp y cc thit b chng vi
thi tit.
Sc cha c ch ngi phi y cho tt
c cng nhn m h c phn thi gian
n cm trong bt k ca lm vic no.
Nhng ngi b bnh truyn nhim khng
c tuyn hoc cm lm vic trong ni d
tr, nu nng, phc v hay ch bin thc n,
hay bt c nguyn liu no c s dng,
trong nh bp hay nh n m cc hot ng
c lin quan n k tc x, hoc nhng cng
vic thng xuyn c s dng cho nhng
ngi lu tr trong k tc x.
Tt c cng nhn nu bp phi c chng
nhn sc khe xc thc t c quan y t a
phng.
V sinh kho d tr thc n: tt c thng
cha thc n phi c ct gi cch xa nn
nh, v khng c tr trong phng v sinh
hay trong bt c khu vc no ca nh my m
c th tip xc vi cc cht ha hc c hi
Phng lnh v t lnh phi c hot ng

nhit khuyn co chnh xc.
Cc cng nhn v ngi c tr khng c
php tiu th thc n v thc ung trong nh
v sinh hay trong bt k khu vc nh my ni
m c th tip xc nhng cht ha hc c
hi.
Cng nhn nu bp hay phc v n ung
c yu cu ct tc gn gng.
Sn nh phi c gi cng kh cng tin li
v phi c h thng thot nc, hay nhng
ch dnh i b v lm vic nh sn gi, bc,
thm phava2cu4ng phi c cung cp cho
nhng ni tin s dng, hoc cng nhn phi
mang giy chng trn trt.
Khng ch k sinh trng : mi nh bp v
nh n cn xy dng v bo dng nhm ngn
nga s xm nhp v n nu ca loi gm
nhm, cn trng, su b khc. Chng trnh
dit cn trng hiu qu v lin tc cn c
thc hin bt c khi no v u khi pht
hin c s hin din ca n.
H thng thng gi ca nh bp phi c y
di chuyn s bc hi, sc nng, hi
nc, mi hi qu mc, v cc ng thng gi
phi c bo dng thch hp, thng
xuyn.
Bnh cha chy bt ABC cho loi K hay A
phi trang b sn trong nh bp s dng
cho nhng s c v n ga hay chp in.
(Loi K chuyn dng cho cha chy do du)
Mt vi cng nhn nh bp phi c o to
cch s dng cc thit b ny.
78

An Ton
Cc nh my v nhng nhn vin nu bp phi nhn ra rng c mt s phn bit gia dn v sinh
v hp ve sinh i vi cc thit b s ch thc n, nhng dng c nh bp v b dng n ung,
v c hai vic dn v sinh v lam cho hp v sinh u cn thit cho s duy tr iu kin v sinh
trong trong nh bp v cc vt dng trong nh n.
Dn v sinh bao gm dn dp cc thc n v cc phn d tha khc t thit b, nhng dng c v
b dng an ung, nhng ngc li lam cho hp v sinh l hon thnh vic loi b nhng vi
sinh vt gy hi tim tng trong cc nguyn liu . Lam cho hp v sinh khng phi thay th cho
dn dp: nu thc n hay d tha cn li khng c loi b khi b mt, b mt s khng
c hp v sinh.
Nu cng vic dn v sinh cho cc thit b bng tay, nhng dng bp hoc b dng n ung
c ch o, th bin php ty ra phi c s dng v nhit ca nc ti thiu l 43 C
(tng ng 110 F).
C mt s phng php lm cho hp v sinh c th c thc hin:
- V sinh bng nhit c th thc hin bng tay, my ra chn hay thit b khc. c hiu
qu, nhit ti thiu ca v sinh bng nhit c yu cu l 74 C (165 F).
-
Cc phng php lam cho hp v sinh bng cht ha hc tng ng vi nhng phng
php thng thng khc. Cc hng dn ca nh sn xut phi c lu n s tp
trung cn thit ca thnh phn ha hc tch cc, nhit ca nc, v cc thng s khc.
Cc hp cht Clo, I-t, v amoni bc bn l ba cht ha hc thng thng c dng lm
cht v sinh.
79

An Ton
Cc Tiu Chun Hng Dn V Sc Khe & An Ton

ng Dng K Thut
80

An Ton
Phn 14. Tiu Chun An Ton i Vi Thang & Cc Khu Vc Lu Tr
Vt Liu
Phn hng dn ny tp trung vo cc tiu chun p dng cho nh kho v nhng v tr lu tr nguyn
liu nhng khc vi khu vc lu tr ha cht. Cc hot ng trong nhng khu vc lu tr ny c th
to ra mt s ri ro cho cng nhn, nh l:
Trt v ng, bao gm t cao ri xung
Vt rch v vt thng b ct ct
Vt thng dp do x l nguyn liu, vt b ri, hay cc thao tc my mc
Vn v cht lng khng kh lin quan n thao tc my mc
Mi nguy hi in
Bng v nhit
Tn thng v xng v c bp do cng vic c lp li, hay cc vn ng c th mnh v
khng ng.
Nhng mi nguy hi v xc pin - in v ha cht b n mn.
i khi nhng kho cha ny thng khng c nhiu nhn vin trng coi thng xuyn, h phi i
mt vi vn an ton & chy n cng nh nhng v tr khc trong nh my. Cc li i v li ra phi
c hin th r rng v khng c tt nghn, c cc bng hng dn thot him thch hp.
Rc v cc vt ph liu khc phi c mang i b u n v khng c php tch tr trn nhng li
i. Tng t nh th, nhng thng cha hay nguyn liu khng c php li trn nhng li i.
Lp t bnh cha chy thch hp gn ca thot him ca khu vc kho cha.
S phng ny tha nhn l quan trng hn bi v mt s nhn vin trng coi kho thng khng
c tuyn vo lm vic thng xuyn kho, v c th h khng bit r v k hach s tn.
14.1
Hng Dn i Vi Kho Cha Nguyn Liu :

Cc nguyn liu khc nhau nn c lu tr
theo tng loi khc nhau
rng ca li i chnh trong kho khng
c di 2 mt
Khong cch gia mi hai chng vt liu

khng c di 1 mt
Khong cch t trong tng n mi chng
vt liu ti thiu l 0.5 mt.
Cc cng vic thc hnh lu tr trong cc khu vc kho phn nh s quan tm ca nh my v vn an ton ca
cng nhn. Tt c cc k v gi phi c gi an ton ng mc bng nhng kt cu lu di trong khu vc
kho lu tr. Yu t ny cho l quan trng hn nu cc xe nng ang hot ng trong khu vc ny, bi v nhng
k v gi c th b h hi hoc mt vi ch cn c thay th, chnh sa v t to nn kt qu c s va
chm vi nhau.
Hng ha v nguyn liu nn c cht trn nhng ch cha hng ha nng hn v nn y k, khng c
cht qu ti trng ca k v gi m c xc nh. Cc nguyn liu u lun c cht trn pa-lt khi c xe
nng ly i hay bt k s di di no khc. Cng nhn khng c leo tro ln k hay gi ly hay di di
nguyn vt liu.
Ngoi ra, thc hnh vic lu tr an ton, nh my phi xc nh rng vic s dng mt hay nhiu loi bo h
lao ng c nhn (PPE) c bo m trong khu vc kho lu tr y. Nhiu loi PPE nhng y bao gm l
giy an ton chng tc ng khc, nhng loi m cng v nhng gng tay bo v chng b ct v b try xc.
Nu cng nhn phi lm vic hay i b trn mt phng m cc cnh hay cc gc khng c bo h v lm vic
cao hn sn nh hay mt phng lm vic l 6 feet (1.8 mt) th cc cng nhn ny phi c bo v trnh b ri
xung. Cc h thng bo h khi b ri t trn cao c th bao gm thnh lan can bo h, li an ton, h thng
ng ranh cnh bo, hay nhng h thng theo di an ton. S dng b dy ai gn vo c th phng nga t
ng khi lm vic t trn cao.
81

An Ton
Kin ngh : Nn s dng bc di ng c th ng c bt k ni u, iu ny thch hp hn khi s dng
thang ng trong nh kho v cc khu vc lu tr nguyn liu, nu rng li i iu tit thit b ny.
14.2
Nng Nhc v Vn Chuyn Vt T Bng Tay
V s cn thit, nhng khu vc kho lu tr c lin quan n cng nhn trong mt lot thao tc vt liu bng tay
khc nhau. Cng nhn cn c hng dn phng php nng nhc, vn chuyn, x l nguyn vt liu mt cch
thch hp gim thiu cc chn thng, cng c hay bt k s cng thng no. .
T l chn thng cao nht lin quan n cng vic l cc chn thng cp lng. iu ny nh hng n sc
khe ca cng nhn v tn hi n ti sn ca nh my. Cng nhn b cp lng thng thng l do nng, nhc,
vi tay, vo v ci ngi qu mc trong qu trnh lm vic.
gim thiu cc chn thng thng gp, mi c gng nn hng vo c cc cng nhn v cc phn vic c
b nhim. Nh my nn o to cng nhn v cc dng c h tr c lin quan i vi cng nhn thng thc
hin nhng cng vic nng nhc. Nh my nn phn b ngi c trnh chuyn mn hng dn cng nhn
khi phn cng cng vic nng hay vn chuyn vt liu hoc tm cc phng php tng t nh vy. Trc v
trong sut thi gian nng hay vn chuyn nguyn liu bng tay, cng nhn nn theo cc gi thuc v khoa hc
lao ng c lin quan nh sau:.
14.3
Phng Php Khoa Hc Lao ng i Vi Vic Nng Nhc

Cn nhc xem c phng php no kh thi hn c th thay th
nh gi trng lng ca vt cn di chuyn trc khi c gng nng hoc vn chuyn
Yu cu gip nu thy cn thit
Xc nh cch no tt nht gi hoc luyn tp th trc khi thc hin nng vt dng Trong sut
thi gian cc hot ng nng nhc lp i lp li,, c gng gim bt khong cch thng ng cho vic
nng t khi bt u nng n khi h xung , v gim thiu ti a s ln quay ngi v gp ngi khi
cn thit.
S dng chn lm t th di chuyn thay v dng lng, chn rng hn lng
S dng bn chn xoay thay v vo ngi di chuyn
Lu : Xem thm thng tin v lu tr v vn chuyn vt t trong Ghi Ch Ch o V Lu Tr v Vn

Chuyn Vt T ca Tp on adidas. .
14.4
S Dng Xe Nng Trong Cc Nh Kho
Xe nng l thit b thng thng c dng trong khu vc nh kho rng ln v l ni c cc gian
ch cho vic iu khin xe. Khi xe nng lm gim bt s kh khn khi iu chuyn nguyn liu
bng tay, nhng y li l nguyn nhn chnh gy ra nhng tai nn v cc chn thng nghim trng
trong nh kho. Vic o to thch hp cho tt c nhn vin iu khin xe nng l iu thit yu cho s
an ton trong khi thc hin cng vic ca h.
Cc loi xe ti nng s dng du diesel hoc du ha u c th pht ra nhng cht gy nhim khng
kh nh carbon monoxyt v pht tn khng kh nhim n cng nhn v c th h s b phi nhim.
Ni chung, thit b chy bng in hay np nhin liu propan l s thay th thch hp hn.
82

An Ton
14.5
Hng Dn iu Khin Xe Nng Sao Cho An Ton.

Tt c nhng tuyn ng lu thng
phi c nh du r rng ( v ch nn
mt chiu nu c th) v cc li i lun
gi sao cho khng b cn tr
B mt ca tuyn ng lu thng phi
thng v bng phng
Tuyn ng phi trnh khc quanh
vung gc v gc khng nhn thy c
- nu cn, s dng knh nh v k hay
chung bo ng.
Nhng xe nng phi c n cnh bo v
tn hiu bo ng khi li li.
Xe nng khng c ch vt liu qu ti

tng cho php.
Xe nng khng c s dng nng
cng nhn ln trn cc ni c cao
h c th lm vic cao.
Khu vc xc pin cho xe nng hot ng
bng in phi c nh v khong
cch an ton tnh t kho cha ca nhng
nguyn liu d chy.
Kin ngh: Xe nng nn c trang b thit b bo h trnh ng ln ra, dy ai an ton, bo h chng

cc vt ri xung u, hay cc s thn trng khc cho vin khi iu khin xe nng.
14.6
Thang An Ton
Thang l mt phn thit b c s dng thng thng trong nhng hot ng khc nhau ca cng
nhn cho c hai khu vc kho cha nguyn liu v nhng v tr khc trong nh my. Tt c thang st v
thang g di chuyn c phi c thm nh u n v nhng nguy hi v kim khuyt nu n, v
nn c mang n dch v thm nh cho n khi hon chnh bt k s sa cha cn thit no. Vic
thm nh bao gm:
Thang bng kim loi c ng ray 2 bn phi c lm bng vt liu khng dn in ni m

cng nhn hay thang c th tip xc vi nhng phn c cung cp in nng.
Thang khng c c cc mp v gc cnh sc bn.
Khng nn c cc bc thang, thanh ngang, hay ng bn hng no b gy.
Nhng bc thang hay thanh ngang phi trong iu kin tt - mi ni gia bc v ng ray
bn hng phi tht chc i vi thang g, v nhng thanh ngang ca thang kim loi phi c
kt cu bng vt liu gim thiu ri ro do trn trt.
Thit b kha thang phi c sn ti bc thang chng c an ton khi m.
Bt k ci no b mn hay h hng phi c thay th trn nhng ci thang c th ko di ra.
Tt c nhng phn chuyn ng nn c thao tc d dng.
Bc chn an ton phi trong iu kin tt.
83

An Ton
Hnh 14.1 iu khin gin do
14.7
Hng Dn S Dng Thang Sao Cho An Ton

Theo nguyn tc chung, ton b thang
phi c nh v mt dc bng
chiu di ca thang theo khong cch
nm ngang t tng n chn cu thang.
Khi leo ln hoc leo xung, ngi leo
thang phi gip mt vi thang
Mt ci thang khng c s dng cho
hn mt cng nhn trong cng mt thi
im
Mt ci thang phi c nh v an ton
ng ch trn mt phng ti im c
nh.
Thang khng c t ln ci hp, thng
hay thng phuy tng thm chiu cao.
Thang khng c ct hay buc vi

nhau tng thm cao
Thang khng c nh v pha trc
ca tr khi ca c kha v c gi
chc chn.
Thang khng c s dng trong v tr
nm ngang nh thang xp hay thang
khung/gin gio.
84

An Ton
Hnh 14.2 Bc Ln Xung Di ng
Hnh 14.3 4:1 nh V Thang
85

An Ton
Phn 15. Hng Dn An Ton i Vi Cc Nh Thu
Cc hat ng ca cc nh thu bn ngai c th gy ra nhiu mi nguy hi cho nh my, mt trong s
hot ng c th han tan khc nhau vi nhng mi nguy xut pht t nhng cng vic tiu biu
trong sn xut. Nh my v nh thu phi truyn t thng tin vi nhau mt cch hiu qu trc khi
nh thu bt u cng vic bo m an tan cho c cng nhn nh my v cng nhn ca nh thu.
Yu cu s b ca nh my l phi kim tra nhn s ca nh thu c kh nng thc hin cng
vic d nh theo cch chuyn nghip v an ton, mc d tun th tt c cc quy nh ca a
phng v quc gia.
Vn lin quan n cc mi nguy v an tan
Hat ng kh thi ca nh thu
Vn khng gian cht hp c th xy ra.

Cc mi nguy thuc vt l & vc su - cc vn
v ct chng v dc
Thit hi cho cc vt dng ngm nh l cc b
cha, ..
Kha thit b v treo th bn ngoi
Khng kim sot c s phng thch in, c
nng v cc ri ro thuc c hc gy thng tch n
cng nhn
S gin on ca sn xut
Lm vic cao
Cc vn an ton ca gin gio

An ton cho thang
vt ri, ng
Cng vic sinh nhit ( nh hn, ct)
Vn an ton cho c nhn v an ton chy n

S nhim khng kh v s phi nhim vi n
Mi nguy ca tia bc x
S dng cc cht ha hc
C th trn hay thi ra mi trng

S nhim khng kh v phi nhim vi n
Pht sinh ra cht thi nguy hi
S dng cu trc v rng rc
Thit hi ti sn
Tn thng cho cng nhn
Cng vic o rnh v b k
Lm vic vi h thng in, hi hay

thit b hot ng bng nng lng khc
Bng 15.1 Mi Lin Quan Gia Cng Vic Ca Nh Thu Vi Nhng Mi Nguy
S truyn t thng tin vi bt k nh thu bn ngai no m h s ch o lm vic trn mt bng ca

nh my u phi bao gm nhng ch dn v vic bo co nhng s c khn cp & cc quy trnh s
tn ng cch trong trng hp xy ra ha han. Hach nh cng vic ca nh thu nn c tham
gia vo vic xem xt nhng tnh trng gy tim tng nh hng n sn xut v nhng ri ro v an
tan v sc khe tim tng n cc cng nhn ca nh my vng ln cn.
Mt tho lun ngn gn t nhng hat ng chnh yu ca nh thu v nhng s phng nga nn c
d bo t nh my v c trnh by nh sau:
86

An Ton
15.1
Cng Vic o H, Rnh
Bt k mt nh thu lm vic c lin quan n cng vic o h v lm vic trong cc rnh u i hi
phi lp k hoch trc n phm vi cn thc hin. Nh my cn phi xc nh rng cng vic ny
khng gy thit hi hay lm h cc vt dng ngm di t, hay cc thng cha hoc nhng phng
tin khc. Cc rnh, mng c su > 5 feet (1.52m) trong , cng vic s c ch o cn phi c
s ngn chn trn hay dc sao cho ph hp. Hoc c th c nhng cht gy nhim khng kh
hoc to nn nhng vn thiu ht oxy, v th vic th nghim phi c ch o trc khi cng
nhn bt tay vo vic o mng, rnh.
15.2
H Thng in
Bt k nh thu no lm vic trn nhng h thng in hay thit b in, hoc cc h thng khc m
phi lu gi nng lng theo mt vi kiu no , cn bo m c s truyn t thng tin cht ch c
bit gia nh my v nh thu. Nh my phi yu cu nh thu thc hin cc quy trnh Kha Thit
B/Treo Th Bn Ngoi. Trong tnh trng thiu nhiu quy trnh, nhng nh my vn phi nhn mnh
vi nh thu nn tun th theo cc hng dn Kha Thit B /Treo Th Bn Ngoi (LO/TO) trong
bng hng dn v H&S. Phi thng bo cho cng nhn ca nh my ang vng ln cn vi nhng
hot ng ca nh thu v cc cng vic ang tin hnh v s phng v LO/TO phi c thc thi.
Hnh 15.1 Thc Hin Kha & Treo Th Bn Ngoi
Nhiu hat ng ca nh thu c th lm vic cao, vi nhng ri ro, kt qu l cng nhn ca h

b t ng v cc vt ri trng cng nhn v trng cc trang thit b ca nh my. Nhng ch dn v
An Tan S Dng Thang trong Phn 2 ca Hng Dn v HSE nn p dng cho nh thu v cc
thit b ca h. Nu nh thu c s dng gin gio, mt s nguyn tc hng dn c khuyn co sau
y:
15.3
Hng Dn An Ton i Vi Gin Gio :

Kt cu ca gin gio phi c m bo
lu di.
S thng bng ca gin gio phi vng
chc,cng cp v chu ng c ti
trng nng nht m khng c s sp xp
li hoc thay th li.
Tt c phm vi cng vic hn 10 feet
(3m) t sn nh hng ln u phi c
thnh lan can bo h.
Nu gin gio v tr ni c ngi lm

vic hay i ngang qua pha di gin
gio, xung quanh gin gio u phi c
tm che bt t mi chn v thnh lan can
bo h
Gin gio khng c i hay di di
theo chiu ngang ca n khi ang s
dng.
Cn phi c y cc thanh kt ni
cho theo c hai hng trn di ca
gin gio.
87

An Ton
15.4
Cng vic c lin quan n sc nng
Nh thu thc hin cc cng vic gy nn sc nng c th to ra mi nguy him nghim trng v chy
n. Nh my phi c thc kim tra xem thit b cha chy c sn cho cc nhn vin ca nh thu
khng? Khi thc hin cc cng vic sinh nhit cn phi trnh xa khi cc kho nguyn liu d chy hay
ho cht d bn la. Nu cng vic hn in c thc hin trong khu vc sn xut v ang trong gi
lm vic ca nh my, cng vic ny phi uc che chn bng tm mn chng c cc tia la hn.
ng h o la cn phi c ci t trong mt on thi gian khong t 30 n 60 pht kt lun
cng vic c sc nng, bo m phng trnh chy lan n nhng cng vic lin quan n .
15.5
X l ha cht
Cc cht ha hc c nh thu s dng c kh nng hin din cng phm vi v cc mi nguy ca cc

cht ang c s dng trong khu vc sn xut ca nh my. Nh my nn yu cu cc nh thu khi
mang ho cht vo cng trng, phi c bng d liu an ton vy liu (MSDSs), c th xc nh
c bt k nhng mi nguy him no khc thng hay nhng nguyn liu c c tnh cao.
Nh thu phi c cc vt liu thch hp dng cha ha cht v lm sch khi b trn hay thi b
bt k ha cht no m h ang s dng. Nh thu phi m bo c y s thng thong trong khu
vc lm vic gim thiu ri ro v s phi nhim ha cht n nhn vin ca nh thu v cng nhn
ca nh my. Nu bt k cht thi ha hc no c to ra trong qu trnh lm vic ca nh thu u
phi c nh thu loi b khi mt t .
Vic nh thu s dng cc cu trc v n by cho vic di di cc thit b hay nguyn liu c th gy
ri ro, thit hi cho thit b ca nh my hoc gy thng tch n c th ca cng nhn nh my. V
vy, yu cu tt c cc nhn vin ca nh thu u phi c kh nng thao tc mt s thit b. Nh
my phi yu cu cc h s thm nh cho thit b chuyn mn c s dng trong cng vic gim
thiu tai nn c th xy ra.
88

An Ton
Phn 16. Cc Yu Cu V Trang Thit B Bo H Lao ng C Nhn

(PPE)
Thng qua Cc Hng Dn Ca H&S xut hin nhng yu cu hay nhng khuyn co cho
cng nhn v s d phng v s dng trang thit b bo h lao ng c nhn (PPE). Bng nhng
bin php phn cp khng ch phi nhim, PPE nn c nh my nhn nhn l phng php
sau cng. V th, bt c ni no c kh nng thc hin c, chn la bin php khc trong cc
phng php kim sot l iu trc tin cn phi lm. Tuy nhin, trong nhng tnh hung nht
nh vic s dng PPE l cch tip cn hp l ngn nga hay gm ti a s phi nhim ca
cng nhn vi mi nguy ring bit.
C t nht ba nhn t cn cc nh my c xem xt v bng nhng quyt nh ca h cung cp
PPE cho nhm cng nhn c th t c s bo h c hiu qu:
1. Loi PPE phi thch hp vi mi nguy hi m cc cng nhn gp phi.
2. PPE phi va vn vi cng nhn.
3. PPE phi c thay i khi cn thit.
C l, nhn t u tin quan trng nht, l chn la PPE cho thch hp. Vic hin nhin l mang
bo h mt trnh mi nguy hi n i mt, gng tay cng c mang bo h chng li cc
tn thng n bn tay, tuy nhin c mt chi tit vi mc cao hn lin quan n vic chn la
PPE cn phi c xem xt.
16.1
Gng Tay
Gng tay l loi PPE thng thng nht c s dng trong cc nh my, v chng c mang
bo v chng li nhng phm vi lan rng ca cc mi nguy v ho cht, mi nguy vt l v nhit.
Tuy nhin khng phi loi gng tay c bit no u c ngh s dng chng li cc mi nguy.
Nhng hng dn sau y ngh cho vic la chn gng tay c bo h ng cch:
16.2
Cc Hng Dn Cho Vic La Chn Gng Tay Bo H

Cc loi gng tay dng bo v chng
li ha cht u phi chng thm bng
mt ho cht c th hoc loi ho cht
tng hp no , v ni chung c lm
bng cao su.
Gng tay bng si bng th khng hu
dng chng li ha cht lng, bi v
chng s ht ha cht v sau gi li
gy kch ng da ca cng nhn.
Gng tay si bng c ph lp cao su
(nh cao su trn nhng u ngn tay v
lng bn tay) c chp nhn cho cng
vic vi ha cht m khng lin quan
n c bn tay dnh vo cht lng)
Nhng thng tin chi tit v cht liu ca

gng tay v t l ca chng bo v
chng li nhng loi ha cht khc nhau
th lun sn c t nh sn xut gng tay
v hay trn mng internet.
Gng tay c s dng chng li mi
nguy hi v nhit chc chn phi m
bo chng li cng tip xc mnh.
Bo h tay trong chuyn ct, cht v
trong kho nguyn liu phi ph hp vi
cc ri ro c bit n c th (ct, xn,
c l)

An Ton
16.3
Bo V Thnh Lc
i vi s chn la bo h thnh lc thch hp, c mt vi gii thch v T L Gim Ting n

(NRR) l cn thit v s mu thun v s nhm ln c th xy ra v vic s dng thang o -xiben.
T l gim ting n (NRR) l mt t l h s -xi-ben ca vic bo h, hoc lm long m thanh,
m c cung cp bi nhng kiu dng c bo v thnh lc khc nhau (HP) di cc trng hp,
tnh trng l tng s dng. N thng xuyn xut hin trn cc bao b ca thit b bo h thnh
lc. S xc nh t l gam ting n NRR da vo nhng phng php c pht trin bi US
EPA, v tr s ca NRR l decibels trn thang o C (dBC). Hu ht vic o lng mc m thanh
v d liu cng nhn b phi nhim t nh my l dexiben trn thang o A (dBA).
d tnh s phi nhim ca cng nhn m s l kt qu t vic s dng ng chun ca mt thit
b bo h tai c th, v xc nh s phi nhim ny s t hn gii hn m c quy nh trong
bng 11.1 ca Hng Dn v HSE , cch tnh ton c biu hin nh sau:
NRR: T L Gim Ting n; HP: thit b bo h thnh lc;
Tip xc ting n c HP (dBA) = Tip xc ting n khng c HP (dBA) [NRR(dBC) 7 dB]
Trong phng trnh trn, gi tr suy gim n c cung cp t thit b l [NRR 7 dB], th r
rng t hn gi tr NRR m c in trn bao b.
Vn th hai xut hin trong vic nh gi bo h thnh lc c lin quan ti nhn t th hai c
lit k trn: PPE phi va vn vi cng nhn.
S lm long ting n c tnh t gi tr NRR l bo h mc ti a m cng nhn c th cm
nhn c, nu thit b bo h va vi l tai v c eo ng cch. Tuy nhin, nghin cu cho
thy ra rng vic gim thc t s phi nhim ting n trong cng nhn thng t hn nhng g c
tnh tan t NRR: nt nht tai c th gim mt na, hay (0.5 x [NRR 7 dB]), trong khi vi nt
chp vnh tai trung bnh l 75%, hay (0.75 x [NRR 7 dB]). Thng tin nghin cu ny gi tm
quan trng cho vic hun luyn y thch hp n nhng cng nhn m c yu cu phi mang
bo h thnh lc.
16.4
Bo V ng H Hp
Tng t vi vic s dng bo h thnh lc, th vic s dng thit b bo h ng h hp cng fi

c hiu qu, nh mt n lc bi hay mt n cao su vi nhng phim lc lm sch khng kh, cng
ph thuc vo phm vi ln trong vic cng nhn phi va vn vi cc thit b. Nhng mt n khng
va vn, hay nhng mt n cha c cng nhn eo ng cch th s c tc dng t hoc khng c
tc dng bo h trnh khi cc mi nguy t kh quyn.
S iu chnh mt s loi PPE khc khng thch hp c th l hu qu i xa vi mc bo h m
PPE cung cp n cng nhn. PPE khng va vn dng nh t c chp nhn v khng c
khuyn khch cho cng nhn eo, v c th nh hng n nng sut ca cng nhn v cht lng
cng vic ca h, v trong mt s trng hp, c kh nng to ra nhng mi nguy hi mi m
khng tn ti trc (nh giy an tan thiu thch hp c th dn n mi nguy hi trn trt/t
ng )
Tm li, tt c nhng loi PPE phi hn ch s ln, thi gian s dng, cng nh nhng thit b khc
hay qun o bo h, v PPE phi c thay i theo nguyn tc u n.
Th d nh, gng tay bo h c th b thng l v thm nc vo vt liu, nn phi c thay th
cng sm cng tt. Nt bo h tai c th tch t m hi, cn tha ca ha cht, cht bn v du m,
v vy cng cn c thay th u n ngn nga s truyn nhim hay rt da tai.
Mt th d cui cng l nhng phim lc c s dng cho nhng mt n bng cao su bao va kn
mt: thit b ny c mt kh nng gii hn ht ha cht, nn cn c thay th trc b ho cht
thm vo.
i vi vic phi nhim ha cht nguy hi (th d khi s phi nhim ha cht vt qu TLV ca
n hay s phi nhim c tch t cc ho cht (gi tr EF ) vt qu 1.0, nhng phim lc ny phi
c thay th hng ngy cung cp vic loi b hiu qu cc ho cht di chuyn trong khng kh.
90

An Ton
Mt s tham kho c th v PPE trong cc Ch Dn v HSE khng i din cho tng yu cu

cng nhn c th hiu c ht vic s dng PPE, nhng chng xc nh cc trng hp hoc cc
mi nguy hi tim tng m PPE l mt bin php kim sot ph bin. Bao gm nh sau:
Trong Phn Hng Dn v H&E
Phn 4 : S Cp Cu
Phn 5/6 : Qun L An Ton Ha Cht
Phn 11 : An Ton My Mc v Ting n
Phn 13 : Cc iu Kin V V Sinh - Bp n,

Nh n, Nh V Sinh
Phn 14: Hng Dn An Ton i Vi Thang
& Cc Khu Vc Lu Tr Nguyn Liu
Phn 22: Cc Nghin Cu Khoa Hc Lao ng

i Vi Vic Mua Cc Thit B & Thit K V
Tr Lm Vic
Tham Kho S Dng PPE

S dng PPE bo h ngi s cu
chng li s tip xc vi nhng mm
bnh ly truyn qua ng mu (v d
nh gng tay, gc cho nhn vin s cu
h hi thi ngt, bo h mt nu cn
thit)
Trong bng MSDSs phi c sn thng
tin v PPE, v cng nn bao gm bng
CSDSs v cc Quy Trnh Thao Tc do
nh my lp ra
PPE phi ph hp vi mi nguy hi
thc t ca cng nhn, v c th bao
gm cc thit b bo h mt, bao tay,
mt n v giy.
PPE nn c s dng chuyn bit vi
cc ri ro v c th bao gm sau y:
Bo v mt chng li nhng mi nguy
hi t ha cht cho thn th v bc x
tia cc tm UV.
Gng tay c s dng chng li nhng
mi nguy hi t ha cht. my mc v
nhit.
Bo h chn chng li nhng mi nguy
hi do bi cc tc ng v c hc.
Bo h tai chng li s tip xc ting n
cao.
Giy chng thm nc v chng trt
phi c cung cp cho cng nhn bt
c u khi cn thit
Cc dng c phng chng t ng nh b
dy ai an ton phi c cung cp
ni lm vic c cao ri ro t ng
>1.8 mt (6 feet) v khng c sn nhng
bin php bo h no khc.
Thit b bo h c nhn phi va vn

vi ngi s dng.
Bng 16.1 Bng Tham Chiu Cho V Cc Yu Cu Ti Nhng Mc Khc Trong Hng Dn
91

An Ton
Chc Nng Ca PPE

c im v Tnh Cht Bo H
Knh bo h
Thch hp cho vic bo h t bi, ht nh, phn t bay, s lan truyn ca ha cht v khi.
Knh c nhng l thng hi trc tip th khng
ph hp vi vic bo h khi ha cht vng vo
mt hoc khi
c gn vi cc l thng hi gin tip
Knh an ton:
Thch hp bo h t cc mnh nh, ht bay v tc ng ca nhng mnh v.
Bo h pha trc mt
c gn bo h hai cnh bn
Mt n hn v m hn chng cc tia la
in:
Ph hp cho vic bo h t cc tia la hn
in, tia bc x UV mnh (c th s dng cng
vi knh bo h an ton)
Bo h thnh lc
Nt nht tai bng bng:
Nt bt tai dng 1 ln, s dng ngn hn
khng ph hp vi mc n cao.
Nt bt tai n hi:
c v sinh sch v s dng li.
Nt nht tai bng mt
Khi c chn, nn vo trong l tai, chng m
rng bt kn l tai.
Nt chp bao vnh tay :
Dng gim thiu m thanh mc cao v ph
hp cho n cao. C th s dng kt hp vi
m an ton
Bo V ng H Hp
Mt n chng bi
(khng ph hp trong mi trng thiu oxy)
Phim lc hoc b lc
(khng ph hp cho mi trng thiu ht oxy)
92

An Ton
Dng c h tr h hp
(a) B dng c h tr h hp c lp ( khng
ph thuc cc h thng khc)
(b) B dng c kt ni vi mt h thng khc
cung cp kh oxy
Bo h u
Bo h bn tay v cnh tay
Gng tay cho cc cng vic thng thng (cht
liu gng tay bng da/vi)
Gng tay dng cho x l ha cht
Gng tay chng nhit
Gng tay chng lnh
Gng tay chng ct
Gng tay chng sc
Gng tay dng mt ln
Bao tay cch in
Bo h chn
Bo h chn
Bo h thn th
Bo h chung chung : qun o bo h v bao
gm o ma.
93

An Ton
o ym/qun o chng sc nng:

S dng trong cng vic hn ngn nga tia
la, chy n, mnh hn v kim lai nng chy
ri vi.
Qun o lm vic nhit cao:
Dng cho nhn vin lm vic xung quanh l
luyn kim, nhn vin cu ha .
Qun o lm vic nhit thp:
Dng cho nhn vin lm vic vi thi gian di
trong mi trng lnh.
Qun o chng sc in:
Ph hp ni lm vic c s dng cc nguyn
liu d chy hoc ni c cc lc tnh in v
chng c th nh hng cht lng ca sn
phm thuc in t.
Qun o chng thm:
bo h chng li ha cht: x l trn ha
cht v bi aming
o phao:
Gim thiu nguy c b chm khi nhn vin ri
t ng xung nuc. V d: lm vic h thng
x l nc thi hoc cc h cha nc
Qun o phn quang:
Nh cng vic giao thng tt bt, b phn
quang mu sng c th tng thm tm quan st
ca nhn vin v gim thiu tai nn xy ra do
phng tin giao thng hay my mc.
Bo H T Ng
B trang b dng c lao ng tan thn c s
dng nga t ng.
Dy ai an tan cho tt c cng vic:
c s dng hn ch dch chuyn trong
khi ang lm vic.
Bng 16.2 Cc Loi & Chc Nng Ca PPE
94

An Ton
Phn 17: Cc Yu Cu V Vic o To An Ton & Sc Khe Cho

Cng Nhn
Hun luyn cng nhn lin quan n cc vn trong Hng Dn V H&E cng quan trng
nh cc hun luyn khc c lin quan n tnh biu hin cng vic ca h.
Tt c cng nhn nh my v ngi c tr ca k tc x i mt vi nhng ri ro lin quan n an
tan chy n v s an ton.
Mt vi cng nhn phi thc hin phn cng vic m i hi vic s dng v x l cc cht ha
hc nguy hi hay cc cng vic thao tc my mc, thit b khc. Cn nhng cng nhn khc chu
trch nhim cho vic d phng v phc v s cp cu hay s dng bnh cha chy. Bt c vn
H&S ring bit no, nh my phi cung cp phm vi thng tin v o to c bn n nhng cng
nhn c kh nng b nh hng cng nhn thc hin cng vic theo mt ng li an tan v
t nng sut. xc nh loi hnh o to no cn c cung cp n nhng nhm cng nhn,
cn phi ch o vic nh gi cc nhu cu hun luyn.
Mt s khuyn co c trng cho vic hun luyn v ni dung hun luyn c thc hin thng
qua Nguyn Tc Hng Dn v H&S. Nhng iu khng bao hm ht cho tng yu cu c th
nhn thc c t vic o to, nhng chng xc nh c nhng bi cnh, tnh hung m trong
vic hun luyn c hiu qu ny s tng cng tnh an ton & sc khe cho cng nhn gim bt
nhng ri ro mt cch ng k c th hin t cc mi nguy thuc tnh cht vt l v tnh cht
ha hc trong nh my. Nhng iu bao gm:
Trong Phn Hng Dn v H&S
Yu Cu o To Cng Nhn
Vai tr cng nhn trong k hach ng ph khn
Phn 1: Tiu Chun V H Thng Qun
cp v cha chy.
L Sc Khe, An Ton v Mi Trng
Tp luyn s tn
Cc quy trnh v ti liu o to c vit cho tt
c nhng hun luyn c lin quan v HSE .
o to v quy trnh s tn v a im s tn, s
dng hp chung bo ng hay nhng thit b
khc
Phn 3: Tiu Chun V An Ton Chy
Tp luyn s tn
N
o to hng dn v s dng bnh cha chy cho
nhng cng nhn c yu cu ng ph khn
cp.
o to cho Cp Cu Vin
Phn 4 : Tiu Chun V Dch V Y T & o to v mi nguy hi c mm bnh ly truyn
S Cp Cu
qua ng mu
Am hiu c bn v mi nguy hi tim tng ca ha
cht v nhng bin php phng trnh phi
nhim i vi nhng ri ro .
o to hai ln trong mt nm cho nhng cng
nhn sn xut.
Phn 5/6 : Tiu Chun Qun L An Ton
i vi nhng cng nhn c s dng PPE o

Ho Cht
to v cc yu cu v cch s dng thit b sao cho
thch hp.
Nh my lun lun c sn ngun thng tin cho
cng nhn sn xut v bng d liu v an tan ha
cht (CSDS) v quy trnh thc hin.
o to nhng cng nhn lin quan mi nguy hi
95

An Ton
Phn 9 : Tiu Chun V Cc Cng C

Bnh Hi , Kh Nn
Phn 11 : Tiu Chun V An Ton my
Mc v Ting n
t kh nn v nhng phng thch hp khc khi

s dng
o to y cho tt c nhng nhn vin iu
hnh my mc v cc thao tc ca thit b, quy
trnh tt my khn cp, v yu cu v mang PPE
o to cho tt c nhng cng nhn trong khu vc
c n cao v cc l do v cch s dng bo h
thnh lc c hiu qu
Phn Hng Dn v Sc Khe & An

Ton
Phn 12 : Cc iu Kin V K Tc X
Phn 14: Hng Dn An Ton i Vi
Thang & Cc Khu Vc Lu Tr
Nguyn Liu
Phn 18: Hng Dn nh Gi Ri Ro
T Nhng Mi Nguy Ngh Nghip
Phn 19: Tiu Chun Lm Vic Trong
Mi Trng Sinh Nhit & Cng Thng
Do Sc Nng
Phn 20: Quy Trnh Kha Thit
B/Treo Th Bn Ngoi
Phn 21: Khoa Hc Lao ng Cc

Nhn T Ri Ro n C Sinh Hc
Yu Cu o To Cng Nhn
o to cho Cp Cu Vin ( xem phn 4 )
o to v an tan phng chy cho ngi lu tr
K Tc X ( xem phn 3)
o to cho tt c nhn vin iu khin xe nng
Cch s dng thang v lm vic cao
o to nng, nhc vt dng sao cho thch hp
o to cho cn b gim st, nhn vin qun l v
nhn vin iu phi an tan sc khe thi hnh
nh gi ri ro c bn cho nhng mi nguy hi v
sc khe an tan ngh nghip tai ni lm vic.
o to cho nhng cng nhn v cn b gim st
lm vic ni c nhit cao v tm quan trng ca
vic mt nc trong c th v cn phi thay th cho
n v sm nhn bit nhng du hiu, triu chng ca
s say nng (chong hay chng mt)
o to chuyn bit cho nhng cng nhn m phi
s dng quy trnh LO/TO vo trong kha hc vic
ca h
o to nhn thc cho nhng cng nhn khc
c nhn ra v c ch cc thit b c LO/TO
Hun luyn cho cng nhn nhn thc c cc

nhn t g nh hng n cc b phn ca c th m
c th b tn thng nu lm vic khng ng cc t
th v gim cc chn thng ngh nghip nu thc
hin theo ng cc t th khi lm vic.
Bng 17.1 Tham Chiu Cho V Cc Yu Cu o To Ti Cc Mc Khc Trong Hng Dn
Li khuyn : S hun luyn cn phi hin thi v thch hp. Vic hun luyn o to cung cp n cho
cng nhn t nht mt ln trong mt nm, nhng cng nhn mi phi qua lp o to quy np, nhng
cng nhn c cn tham gia vo o to n tp.
96

An Ton
Phn 18: Hng Dn nh Gi Ri Ro T Cc Mi Nguy Ngh Nghip

18.1
nh gi ri ro l g?
nh gi ri ro l mt cuc st hch tht t m v nhng g c th gy thit hi n con ngi ti

ni lm vic. nh gi ri ro cho php bn gii quyt vn nu bn thc hin y cc
bin php phng nga hay hn th na.
Quan nim ca vic nh gi r ro l m bo khng c ai b thng hoc mc bnh. Sc khe,
bnh tt v tai nn c th lm ph v cuc sng v nh hng n nhng vic kinh doanh ca
bn nu sn xut b mt i, hoc ti sn, my mc b tn tht v chng.
Mi Nguy
Mi nguy l bt c s vic g c tim nng gy ra thit hi ( th d nh ha cht, in, lm vic
cao ,)
Ri Ro
Ri ro l kh nng xy ra ca s vic gy thit hi ang din bin ( mc nng hay nh)
iu bn cn qut nh l mi nguy hi c quan trng hay khng, v bn c cc s
phng tha ng khng gim thiu nhng ri ro c lin quan cha?
iu quan trng chnh l bn kim tra kha cnh ny khi bn nh gi nhng ri ro Th d nh,
in c th gy cht ngi nhng ri ro ca n khng thng xuyn xy ra, v c cung cp
nhng ph kin cch in cho nhng thnh phn c dng in, nhng v bc kim lai v c tip
t ng cch (tip t).
18.2
Lm th no nh gi ri ro?
Trc ht, iu quan trng l bn khng lm qu phc tp phn cng vic. Trong a s ngnh
cng nghip, mi nguy hi thng t v n gin. Phn ln, vic kim tra chng ch l mt vn
thng, nhng tht ra n rt cn thit. C th bn nh gi c mt vi mi nguy ri
trong s , th d nh vic s dng nhng ha cht v dung mi c hi.
Cn i vi nhng mi nguy hi khc m c l bn bit ri nu bn c my mc m c th
gy ra thit hi, hay nu c mt li i vo, ng cu thang no rt bt tin c kh nng gy
ra tai nn. V th, hy kim tra nhng g cn s phng hp l bn c th trnh c cc
tn thng do chng gy ra.
18.3
Cc bc nh gi ri ro
Bc
Tm nhng mi nguy
Bc
no
Quyt nh xem ngi no c kh nng b tn hi v b nh th
Bc
nh gi ri ro
Bc
Ghi chp cc vn bn tm thy
Bc
a ra cc gii php an ton mi

97

An Ton
18.4
Cc Cp Nguy Hi
Cp nguy hi
Mi nguy hi cao
Mi nguy hi
Mi nguy
trung bnh
hi
Mi
thp
hi
nguy
nh ngha cp nguy hi
Thit lp nhng phng tin v cng vic c tnh nguy hi
1. Lp t cc bn cha du la, hay xng (Cng sut > 1 tn)
2. Nguyn liu nguy him cao c s dng nhiu trong chuyn sn xut
(Kim lai c hi, ha cht, cc hp cht hu c, nguyn liu to nng lng v
c si)
nhng lp o
kt ta mu
qut ha cht
ng ch bin
3.Cc nh my thng s dng cng ngh ngi my (nu hn 3 ngi my trong mi khu vc
lm vic)
4.Ko di v phi nhim ting n qu mc n mi trng > 85 dBA
5.Ko di hoc tip xc qu mc vi hu ht cc ha cht > ngng gi tr gii hn (TLVs)
6. Ko di v phi nhim vi iu kin lm vic qu mc v cng thng do bi sc nng.
1. S dng s lng ln cc my mc thuc c kh nng to ra nhng mi nguy hi sau y:
C kh
in
Ha cht
Bc x
Nhit
La
n qu mc
Khng gian lm vic qu cht hp
S pht thi ( cht gy nhim, bi, hp cht hu c bay hi, hi ha cht)
2. Kho cha ha cht c hi v d chy c s dng trong chuyn sn xut
Qut ha cht
Qut x l
Qut dn
Pha ch ha cht
Nh kho
Sn xut tng hp
May mc
Kinh doanh nu n
Khu vc thnh hnh
Cng vic v sinh sn phm
ng gi
Vn phng
Hnh chnh t chc
Phn tch cht lng
Pht trin
Lp k hach
Chi ph gi thnh
IT
Cng vic dn v sinh chung
Bng 18.1 nh Ngha Cc Cp Ca Mi Nguy
98

An Ton
18.5
Tm Cc Mi Nguy Hi
i b xung quanh ni lm vic ca bn v tm kim mt cch cn thn nhng g c th l gii

c c kh nng gy ra tn hi. giai an ny, ng n nhng iu t quan trng; iu
c th gii quyt sau, nhng hy tp trung vo nhng mi nguy him quan trong c th l hu
qu gy thit hi nghim trng hoc nh hng n mt s ngi.
Tr chuyn vi nhng ngi lao ng ca bn v hi h c suy ngh g. C l h ch nhng
vn tim tng trong thi gian di ch khng phi l ngu nhin lp tc.
Nhng ch dn thao tc my ca nh sn xut, bng d liu an tan nguyn vt liu, cng c
th gip bn giai an ny xc nh mi nguy hi v t nhng ri ro vo trong bi cnh,
tnh hung tht ca chng, nh h s ghi chp tai nn v bnh ngh nghip
Lit k mt danh sch ca mt vi cng vic, nhim v v cc thao tc m bn hoc ngi khc
thc hin v mi s nhn dng cng ging nh nhng mi nguy m bn c th tm thy
Cng vic, nhim v, thao
tc
Lit k cc cng vic
Cc mi nguy
Cc loi mi nguy
Bng 18.2 Biu Mu n Gin Dng Lp Bng K NHng Thng Tin Thu Thp
S dng biu mu trn tp hp cc thng tin, la chn nhng mi nguy hi quan trng nht.
Kim tra theo lt v xem xt theo nhng cu hi di y :
1. Mi nguy hi c th c loi b hoc ngn nga ht ton b hay khng?
2. Cn nhng iu g khc gim thiu v khng ch nhng ri ro c lin quan n cc
mi nguy hi ny
18.6
Quyt nh Ai C Th B Tn Thng v B Nh Th No?
Bn c trch nhim bo v an ton cho bt c ai c th b nh hng bi nhng g bn lm.
Bn cng nn xem xt nhng ngi c th khng c mt ni lm vic trong sut thi gian v d
nh nh thu, nhn vin v sinh, khch, nhn vin bo tr.Phi c s ch , quan tm c bit i
vi nhng lao ng v thnh nin, ngi lao ng mi, cng nhn mang thai.
Bao gm nhng thnh vin ca ni cng cng hoc nhng ngi c phn tham gia vo ni lm
vic ca bn (nh my ca bn nm trong khu dn c hoc khu cng nghip cng vi nhng nh
my khc dc theo hng cng ty ca bn). C kh nng no m h c th b tn hi do cc hot
ng ca bn khng?
18.7
nh Gi Ri Ro
By gi bn cn nh gi ri ro pht sinh t nhng mi nguy hi m bn ghi ch v quyt nh
nu bn c y cc s phng nga hay c cn ci thin chng khng.
Ngay sau khi tt c cc s phng nga c thc hin, mc ri ro s thng li. Nhng g
cn c quyt nh cho mi mi nguy hi quan trng l ri ro cn li mc cao, trung bnh
hay thp.
Trc ht bn phi t hi bn thn mnh tun th y cc yu cu ca php lut cha, Lut
ca An Ton & Sc Khe Ngh Nghip hoc ni chung bn p ng c cc tiu chun ca
khu cng nghip cha?
99

An Ton
Nhng khng dng li , bn phi m bo rng bn lm mi th v l chnh l cng vic

thc hnh hp l gi an ton ti ni lm vic ca bn v iu ny c ngha l s phng b
sung khng c xc nh trong bt k nhng tiu chun cng nghip hay cc yu cu ca lut
php no khc. Mc ch tht s ca bn l gim thiu tt c nhng ri ro bng vic thm vo hay
ci thin nhng s phng nga m bn cm thy cn thit.
18.8
nh Mc Ri Ro
Bt u lit k tt c cc mi nguy m bn ghi ch trc v theo t l ca mi mt thang chia

mc nguy hi m chng c th gy ra l t 1 n 5 i vi mc gy hi m chng c th gy
ra ( xem bng 18.3), v tng ng vi kh nng ca s nguy hi ny c th xy ra (xem bng 18.4)
- chnh l ri ro
Mc Mi Nguy : Mc Nghim Trng Ca Chn Thng
im 5 tng ng vi mi nguy cao nht v 1 l mi nguy thp nht. Chng hn nh mi nguy c
t l l 5 th n c kh nng gy ra tn hi nghim trng. V d, mt quy trnh sn xut sinh ra khi
c.
Mc nghim trng ca mi nguy

0
1
2
3
4
5
Khng nguy hi
Nguy hi rt thp
Nguy hi thp
Nguy hi trung bnh
Nguy hi cao
Nguy hi rt cao
Bng 18.3 Thang Chia Mc Mi Nguy
H S Ri Ro: Kh Nng Gy Ra Thit Hi

S dng thang ghi im t 1 n 5 :
- im 1 rt t c kh nng xy ra, cho n 5 rt d xy ra.
- Mc im 5 th ri ro s l rt cao, s may ri s xy ra (80% v hn ) , mc im 1 th
ri ro s rt thp, s may ri s xy ra rt t (t hn 10%)
H s ri ro
1
2
3
4
5
Kh nng xy ra
kh nng <10%
kh nng t 11 25%
kh nng t 25 50%
kh nng t 51 79%
kh nng > 80%
Bng 18.4 T L H S Ri Ro
Xc nh T L Ri Ro
Ngay khi nh gi mi nguy v kh nng xy ra c xc nh, ri ro c th c xc nh bi :
Mc Ri Ro = Kh nng xy ra * Mc Nghim Trng
100

An Ton
iH S
Mc ri ro
Thang im & Hnh ng Thc Hin nh Gi Ri Ro
thit lp mc ri ro theo ton hc, bng cch tnh kh nng xy ra v mc nghim trng
Kh nng
xy ra
Mc Chn
Thng
Thang im
1
<10% C th
1
Rt t nguy c
1-5
Mc 1
Ri ro khng
Khng c hnh ng no c yu cu. Gim st tnh hnh
ng k
2
Nguy c thp
Mc 2
Khng c s kim sot no c yu cu thc hin

6-10
C th c xem xt trao cho mt gii php chi ph hiu qu hn
Ri ro c th
chu c
hoc ci tin m khng p t gnh nng thm chi ph.
Yu cu gim st m bo vic kim sot c duy tr.
2
11-25% C
th
Mc u tin
Mc 3
Cc n lc cn c thc hin gim bt ri ro, nhng cc chi

ph ca cng tc phng chng phi c o lng d tr v gii
hn cn thn. Cc gii php gim ri ro cn c trin khai thc
3
11- 15
hin trong mt khong thi gian xc nh.
3
26-50% C
Ri ro va
Nguy c trung bnh
ni u c ri ro mc va phi c hp sc vi nhng
phi
th
hu qu nguy hi cc cao.Th vic tng thm nh gi c th cn
thit thit lp kh nng nguy hi chnh xc hn nh l mt c
s cho vic xc nh s cn thit ca cc bin php kim sot
c ci thin.
Mc 4
Phi ngng vic! Cng vic khng c bt u cho n khi ri ro
4
16 -20
c gim.
4
51-79% C
Ri ro quan
Nguy c cao
Cc ngun quan trng phi c ch nh gim bt ri ro. u c
th
trng
ri ro lin quan n tin trnh ca cng vic,th hnh ng khn cp
cn phi c thc hin.
>20
Mc 5
Ri ro khng Cng vic khng c bt u hay c tip tc cho n khi ri ro
5
5
>80% C th
Nguy c rt cao
th chp c gim. Nu ri ro khng c th gim c hay thm ch cc
nhn c ngun khng c hn ch, th cng vic vn phi b cm thc hin.
Ch : C th chp nhn c ngha l ri ro c gim n mc thp nht m c th thc hin mt cch hp
l
Bng 18.5 BngThit Lp Mc Ri Ro Theo Ton Hc
Cng vic
Mi Nguy
Kh nng xy ra
Qut keo
Hi dung mi
Mi da
Mc Nghim
Trng
3
Tn S nh Gi
Ri Ro
4x3=12
Tip xc da tay
4x2=8
Tip xc mt
4x2=8
Ht phi bi
3x2=6
Bng 18.6 Bng V D V Cch Tnh Mc Ri Ro ( = kh nng xy ra * mc nghim trng )
101

An Ton
18.9
Ghi Nhn Cc Vn Bn Tm Thy
Vic hon thnh nh gi ng n l mt phn trong hot ng ny; bn nn ghi chp nhng g
bn tm thy, nhng kt lun v khuyn co ca bn. Mt bn ngh c bao gm nh sau:
S dng phng php ny:
1. Vit ra nhng nguy hi ng k nht.
2. Ghi li nhng kt lun quan trng nht. V d: Hi dung mi t chuyn thnh hnh: h
thng ht hi ti ch cung cp v kim tra u n khng. Hoc lp t thit b
in: dy in, cch in v ni t c tm thy trong iu kin tt khng.
Bn cng phi ni cho nhn vin ca bn bit nhng vn m bn tm thy. Khng
cn
din t bn nh gi nh th no, ch cn cung cp nhng iu bn c th cho bit
:
Thc hnh vic kim tra ng cch thc
Bn hi ai c th b nh hng
Bn i ph vi nhng mi nguy hin nhin quan trng, xem xt n s

ngi c th b lin quan n.
Cc nh gi cn phi thch hp v y , khng cn hon ho. Nhng cu hi then cht l
:
Nhng s ngn nga c hp l khng ?
C bt c ci g cho thy vic kim tra ng cch c thc hin.

Bn nn gi nhng h s thnh lp s dng hay tham kho trong nhng thi gian sau ny.
V
sau ny n c th gip cho bn t vn v nhng s phng m bn c thc hin.
Nhng h s nh vy cng c th nhc nh bn gi ng vic kim tra cc vn c th v gip
th
hin bn tun th nhng g php lut yu cu.
cc vn c n gin hn, bn c th tham kho thm mt s h s khc nh l :
S tay
Bin son li chnh sch an ton v sc khe
Ni quy cng ty
Cc hng dn ca nh sn xut
..
Nhng iu ny c th lit k nhng mi nguy v s phng nga ri. Khng yu cu lp li

chng v n ty thuc vo bn c kt hp tt c cc ti liu li hoc lu gi ring bit.
duy tr nhng ti liu v nh gi ri ro bn c th :
Biu t c bn ang nm r nhng hnh ng c th thc hin gim thiu cc

ri ro cho cng nhn.
Duy tr cc chi tit ca nhng hnh ng khuyn co c p dng gim thiu cc

ri ro.
S dng nhng kt qu nh gi ri ro trc khi thc hin cc cng vic nh gi li
Trin khai cc nh gi tng qut cho nhng cng vic tng t
Xem li nhng hiu qu ang tn ti v cc khng ch c khuyn co
Minh ha cho cc nhn vin, khch hng, b qun lv nhng ri ro pht sinh t
cc hot ng ca bn c nh gi v c cc hnh ng thc hin thch hp.
102

An Ton
18.10
Cc bin php mi thm nh an ton
ci thin iu kin An Ton v Sc Khe trong nh my ca bn m khng nht thit phi chi
tiu mt s tin ln. Ph ln cc bc thm b trn trt bng loi vt liu khng trn trt, hoc t
gng soi ti cc gc ng ct nguy him h tr ngn nga cc tai nn xe c. l nhng s
phng khng t tin khi bn xem xt cc ri ro m nguyn nhn t nhng mi nguy hi .
Bn cng nn xem xt vic hun luyn, thng bo nhiu hn na v nhng vn an ton , cn
nhc v thay i cc thng l ca cng vic. Nu bn tm thy iu bn cn hnh ng ci thin
iu kin An Ton v Sc Khe ti ni lm vic th bn cn phi t cu hi cho chnh mnh l:
Ti c th loi b ht tt c cc mi nguy khng?
Nu khng, lm sao ti c th khng ch cc ri ro cc thit hi khng xy ra?
Bn cn phi dng n phng sch s dng thit b bo h lao ng c nhn (PPE) khi khng c
cch no hp l gim bt ri ro..
Nu cng vic c tin hnh ni lm vic c nhiu s bin i, vic la chn cc mi nguy
m bn c th thy trc c mt cch hp l v nh gi ri ro ca chng. Sau , nu bn lu
bt k mi nguy hi d thng no,hy gom li nhng thng tin v n v thc hin bt k nhng
hnh ng g l cn thit.
18.11
Cn Nhc Li Vic nh Gi
Mt khi hon thnh nh gi ri ro, bn phi cn nhc li thng xuyn v chnh sa nu cn

thit.
C th c mt s thay i v lut An Ton v Sc Khe, nhng vic thc hin tt nht trong ngnh
cng nghip s yu cu bn thay i vic nh gi ban u. Ni cch khc, c th do lp t my
mc mi hoc c cc lu trnh mi c th dn n mi nguy mi. Nu c bt k cc s thay i
ng k
18.12 Bng nh Gi Ri Ro V An Ton & Sc Khe
Bn nn to cho mnh bng nh gi ri ro hoc nhng hng mc nh gi ri ro. Bn c th tm
n s gip thu gom cc cu hi hoc nhng im ca bn theo dn sau y, m tt c phi
c bao hm theo cch c tng trong mt vi chi tit sau.
Tn cng ty v a ch
n v / khu vc c nh gi
nh gi vin, tn nh gi vin
Ngy xem xt tip theo
Nhng mi nguy g ang tn ti?
Ai c th gp ri ro?
Gii php an ton g hin c?
Nhng yu cu hnh ng g c thc hin thm na?
103

An Ton
nh gi ri ro cng c th c thc hin trong bi cnh mi trng. Thng tin lin quan v vic tin hnh
nh Gi Ri Ro Mi Trng c th c tm thy trong cc Hng Dn V Mi Trng.
104

An Ton
Bng nh Gi Ri Ro V An Ton & Sc Khe

a im: Xng 1
M s nh gi:
B phn: Dy Chuyn Thnh Hnh
nh gi vin : Tom Lee
Ngy nh gi : 30/1/2009
S ngi mc phi ri ro
Ch k ca nh gi vin :
Hot ng/M t quy trnh: Chuyn thnh hnh, cng on qut keo
Bt u bng s da vo chng loi
Ngi lao ng
Nh thu Khc
15
STT
Cc Mi Nguy C Lin Quan
Cc Bin Php Kim Sot Tn Ti
1 Ht phi hi dung mi ti chuyn 1
Khng c lp t h thng ht hi cc b gim VOC. 5 cng nhn

khng c cung cp khu trang than hot tnh
2 Da tip xc vi ha cht ti chuyn 2
2 cng nhn khng c o to hay nhn bt k thng tin g v vic s

dung PPE hp l.
Kh nng xy ra * Mc Nghim
Trng = T L Mi Nguy
4
4
16
4
3
4
5
C bt k nhng quy trnh, k hoch lin quan n cng vic cn c b sung hay cp nht cho ph hp vi phn nh gi ri ro ca bn
khng?
C
Khng
Nu C hy nu r chi tit: C, cn thit cp nht chnh sch PPE, chnh sch kim tra sc khe cng nhn v quy trnh thu mua
C Theo Di Sc Khe hoc Khm Sc Khe?
Khng.
Nu C cho nhng chi tit : Khng c khm kim tra sc khe cng nhn v mc tip xc vi ha cht
Bin php kim sot hin ti c y khng? C
Khng
12
0
0
0

An Ton
Nu C phn nh gi ri ro hon tt v phi c s xc nhn ca ban gim c. Khng, khng c bin php kim sot hnh chnh v k thut trong vic s
dng nhng ha cht nguy hi ti ni lm vic. Kim sot PPE khng hiu qu.
C cn b sung thm nhiu bin php kim sot gim bt ri ro xung thp hn 16 im?
Khng
Nu C lit k chi tit nhng bin php kim sot cn thc hin bn di . C, p dng bin php kim sot k thut v d nh cung cp h thng thng gi c nh
ph hp gim bt VOCs. Cung cp chng trnh hun luyn an ton ha cht cho nhng cng nhn b nh hng v trang thit b bo h c nhn ph hp cho cng
nhn.
STT Mc u tin Nhn bit nhng vn cha ph hp
1
STT Ngi thc hin

1
1
1&2
Steven Lam
Mary Lou
Louisa Lim
Frank Tan
Paul Chan
Khng c bin php kim sot k thut, hnh chnh v kim sot
PPC gim bt mc tip xc vi ha cht nguy hi.
Cung cp thit b bo h c nhn khng ph hp v s dng sai
thit b bo h trong khi x l ha cht
Nhng bin php kim sot b sung cn phi c

Cn phi lp t h thng thng gi gim thiu s tch t khng kh
nhim n 1 mc cho php.
Thit lp chnh sch thit b bo h lao ng v tng cng hun luyn an
ton ha cht cho nhng cng nhn b nh hng.
Ni dung
Bng phn tch an ton cng vic c thc hin
nh gi s thit k lp t h thng thng gi.
Thit lp chnh sch kim tra sc khe cho nhng cng
nhn lm vic trong mi trng c yu t gy nguy hi
n sc khe.
Thit lp chng trnh hun luyn s dng PPE v nng
cao kin thc v an ton ha cht cho cng nhn.
Sa i quy trnh thu mua v tuyn dng 1 chuyn vin
An Ton c tham vn cc tiu chun v thit b bo
h c nhn cho nh my.
Cung cp PPE ph hp cho cng nhn.
Ngy d kin
hon thnh
Ngy hon
thnh
28 thng 2
15 thng 2
15 thng 2
15 thng 2
28 thng 2
20 thng 2
28 thng 2
25 thng 2
Ngay lp tc
K tn (khi hon thnh)
Hon thnh
106

An Ton
Nhng bin php kim sot b sung c xc nhn cha?

Nu Khng vui lng nu r nguyn nhn:
Khng
( Vui lng kim tra s ph hp)
Ngy d kin hon thnh c xc nhn cha?

Nu Khng vui lng nu r nguyn nhn:
Khng
(Vui lng kim tra s ph hp)
C
Xc nhn ca Ban gim c
Ti xc nhn bng nh gi trn s" t#ng b$c %c thc hin m bo tt nhng phng php ki n ngh
s" hon thnh m t cch
th-a ng.
H tn (vit hoa):
(Gim c chu trch nhim hot ng ny)
BRUCE CHEN
K tn
Ngy: 01 thng 2
Xem Xt Li nh Gi Ri Ro
Ti xc nhn bng nh gi v.n cn hiu lc, bin php kim sot vn cn gi tr v khng c bt k ri ro no pht sinh thm.
Ngy kim tra ln 1 :
01 thng 3
H tn:
Ngy kim tra ln 2:
H tn:
K tn:
Ngy kim tra ln 3:
Name:
K tn:
Peter Tong
K tn:
Ch : Nu s xc nhn trn khng c xc minh, th vic nh gi li s c yu cu xc nhn rng tng c s thay i cc hot
ng, nhng quy trnh khng quan trng
Bng 18.7 Biu nh Gi Ri Ro Hon Chnh V An Ton V& Sc Khe
107

An Ton
Phn 19: Tiu Chun Lm Vic Trong Mi Trng C Sc Nng Cng

Thng Do Sc Nng
19.1
Khi Qut S B
Mt s quy trnh v mt s a im no nh my c th hin din ri ro ca s cng thng do
sc nng v sc nng lin quan n cc ri lon cc chc nng ca cng nhn. Cng thng do sc
nng m ch n sc nng thc ti n cc cng nhn ang chu ng t cc ngun khc nhau:
Khi lng cng vic hoc hot ng th cht,

Nhit trong khng kh v m, phm vi di chuyn ca khng kh trong cc vng ln cn
Cc ngun bc x nhit nh l mt tri, cc thit b c to nhit , v cc loi ng phc do tnh
cht cng vic yu cu.
C th c mt chui phn ng ty thuc vo tng cng nhn mt cng cc iu kin cng thng do
sc nng. Cn cc nhn t c nhn khc c th nh hng n s phn ng ca cng nhn nh:
Tui tc, gii tnh, th trng, th cht, cc iu kin sc khe c trc y,

S dng thuc hoc ru,
V tnh trng mt nc ca cng nhn.
Thm vo , qu trnh c gi l qu trnh thch nghi c trng xy ra cc cng nhn tng tri
qua 3 tun lm vic di cc iu kin lm vic tng t. Qu trnh ny cho thy s thch nghi dn dn
ca cc chc nng c th chu ng c s cng thng do sc nng vi nhng iu kin ci thin.
chng li cc nhn t gp phn to nn cng thng do sc nng, c 2 c ch ch yu v c lin
quan n sc nng tot ra t c th ngi:
(1) s bi tit m hi, v
(2) s trao i nhit
y l mt chc nng ca nhit khng kh v tc ca n. S trao i khng kh lnh (v d: thi
khng kh i qua cng nhn) ch xy ra khi nhit ca khng kh thp hn nhit ca c th (c th
l 35 C hoc 95 F). Khi nhit ca khng kh vt qu nhit ca c th, lung khng kh t
cng nhn s lm tng thm cng thng do sc nng hn l lm mt cho h.
Nu cc iu kin v mi trng lm vic ca nh my nh l nhng phn gp thm vo, to cng

thng do sc nng th n nh hng n kh nng loi b sc nng ca cng nhn, cng nhn c th
bt u tp thch nghi trong mt hoc vi ln theo cc du hiu v nhng triu chng nh sau:
Ra nhiu m hi,
Nhp tim p nhanh, bun nn, chng mt chong vng, nhc u nh, ri lon, hoc
Mt mi t ngt v nghim trng
Nu s tip xc nhit vn tip tc v khng c gim bt, cc triu chng c th tr nn nghim trng
hn: cng nhn c th tr nn bt thng, khng nh hng c, m sn hoc bt tnh. Hoc nu
cng nhn khng cn ra m hi, v da tr nn nng hoc kh, ngay lp tc phi a i cp cu.
108

An Ton
19.2
Nhng hng dn gim bt cng thng do nng n vi cng nhn:

Thay th dung dch lng cung cp mt t khi lng nc hoc thay th bng dung dch lng khc da
trn nguyn l c bn (v d: 1 cc = 250ml dung dch lng trong mi 20 pht)
S dng cc tm che chn cc ngun bc x nhit (v d: thit b cch nhit)
Lm tng cc lung khng kh thi qua cng nhn nu nhit khng kh < 35 C
Cho cng nhn mc qun o ph hp vi nhit
Cho cng nhn ngh gii lao mi trng mt hoc hon i v tr lm vic ca cng nhn
ng phc ca cng nhn nn s dng cc loi vi mt hoc c th chng nhit
Bng 19.1 S Che Chn T Bc X Nhit
Cch tip cn ca nh my vi nhng vn cng nhn tip xc vi nhit v cc tim nng cng thng do sc
nng nn bao gm:
(1) Nhn din a im ca nh my l ni tip xc nhit c th l ng k;

(2) Cc hnh ng gim bt s tip xc vi nhit v cng thng do nng ti n v lm nh
hng cng nhn;
(3) Thc hin cc bin php theo di sc khe s b.
Cc bin php kim sot c bit v tip xc vi nhit nn c thi hnh ty thuc vo v tr ring bit,
cng vic, cc cng nhn b tip xc vi nhit. Tuy nhin, vic thay th cht dch lng m b mt
i thng qua vic ra m hi th lun lun l mt gii php then cht.
S kht nc l mt iu khng tt trng cy vo vic dn truyn cht dch lng cho c th: ni
chung, cng nhn s khng kht nc cho n khi s mt nc xy ra . y l l do ti sao mt qui
trnh thng thng ca vic thay th cht lng cho cng nhn tip xc vi nhit hay trong mi trng
nng bc l rt cn thit trnh cc nh hng nghim trng c th nhim n cng nhn
S tip cn ca nh my nn bao gm vic o to cho cc cng nhn b nh hng trc tip v cn b
gim st ca h. Trong khi o to nn nhn mnh tm quan trng ca s thay th cht lng t cng
nhn, vai tr ca cng nhn trong vic nhn thc cc du hiu v triu chng ban u ca s cng
thng do nng bc nh l mt phng tin trnh cc hu qu nghim trng, v l iu cn thit, hp
l nht l ci thin mi trng lm vic gim bt s nng bc.
109

An Ton
19.3
B
Nhn Din S Cng Thng Ca Cng Nhn Do Sc Nng: Theo Di Sc Khe S

Thn nhit > 38 C (nhit ming > 37.5 C)
Nhp tim th hin sau mt vi pht, trong mi pht l 180 nhp
Phc hi nhp p 1 pht sau khi nhp p ti a > 110 ln/pht
Trng lng mt i trong mt ca lm vic > 1.5% ca trng lng c th
Cc triu chng nh bun nn, hoa mt, khng tp trung v/hoc mt mi nghim trng
Ch ring phn nhit ca khng kh l mt ch s khng tt, n c khuynh hng lm cng nhn
b cng thng do nng bc, mc d n c th nhn bit s trao i khng kh lnh c th c s dng
nh mt gii php gim bt nhit hp l hay khng. Thay v, l chnh bn thn nhng cng nhn
cc phn ng tm l ca h v sm bc l cc du hiu, cc triu chng ca s phi nhim - - cung
cp cc ch s xc thc hn, v cc s chm sc nn c chi tr cho cng nhn.
Thn nhit l mt s o lng tt ca s cng thng do sc nng gy cho cng nhn, nhng nhit
ming s d thu c hn v thng thng t hn 0.5 C so vi thn nhit. T l mch p cng l s
o lng thun tin hn, nhng cc hng dn trn y coi nh l tnh trng sc khe tim mch ca
cng nhn l bnh thng. V lng nghe chnh cng nhn nhn dng cc vn giai on sm v
gip trnh cc nh hng nghim trng hn.
110

An Ton
Phn 20: Quy Trnh Treo Th / Kha Thit B

20.1
Mc ch
Mc ch ca vic tin hnh H Thng Cho Php Lm Vic l kim sot v qun l tt c cc
hot ng & iu hnh cng vic mt cch an ton v cn phi thc hin nh sau:
i)
Lm vic trong iu kin nng
ii)
Khu vc lm vic b hn ch
iii)
H thng in
iv)
X l ho cht nguy him
v)
Tt ht h thng cha chy
20.2
nh Ngha
a. Nh thu: Mt t chc c trch nhim i vi nh my v vic thit k v/ hoc
cung cp hng ha v cc dch v, cho mt d n hoc lp t mt h thng my
mc mt cch hon chnh.
b.Gim st vin: nhng ngi thu thu cc gim st vin chu trch nhim trc
tip i vi vic gim st v qun l mt nhm nhn vin khc.
20.3
Quy Trnh Xin Php
Phn 1: Xin php Phn in vo dnh cho nh thu

Khi mt nh thu cn thc hin cng vic nh din t on 1, h phi t c Cc Biu H
Thng Cho Php Lm Vic cn thit (xem cc ph lc) ti Vn Phng Bo V . Mt th d mu
c cho cui phn ny trong Hng Dn v HSE
Ch c gim st vin trc tip ca nh thu chu trch nhim i vi cng vic c th xin php v ch
c ngi phi tip tc gim st cng vic cho n khi hon tt cng vic.
Ngi gim st phi cng b rng nhng s hn ch sau y c c, hiu v tn thnh bng cch
nh du vo c cung cp phn mt ca mu xin php. (tham kho mu nh km)
Nh thu nn cung cp cc chi tit lin quan n cng vic c m trch, v m t sau:
a. Tnh cht ca cng vic l g? (M t cng vic)
b. Thi gian d tr cho cng vic l g? (Ngy v thi gian c th)
c. a im thc hin cng vic s din ra u? (a im c th)
Nh thu phi c nh mt cch chnh xc v m t v v nh s vo cc thit b cn cch c cch
ly.
Nh thu cng phi qui nh r rng s ngi v s th (nh km theo giy php) ca cng nhn di
s gim st trc tip ca ch thu.
Nh thu khng c php cho thm cng nhn vo danh sch c xt duyt.
111

An Ton
Sau khi hon tt phn 1, gim st vin (ph thu) phi trnh giy xin php n B Phn Chu Trch Nhim Cc
Tin Nghi cho vic nh gi v ph chun c php lm vic.
Phn 2: S Xc Nhn Phn in vo dnh cho Ngi iu Hnh Cc Phng Tin

Nu c yu cu vic cch in (nh nu phn 1), ngi iu hnh cc tin nghi phi kim tra v
chng thc cng vic ny c hon tt. Nh thu cng s phi kim tra v xc nhn a im ca
cng vic c d kin, m t cc thit b v cc th ca thit b.
Nu s cch in l khng cn thit, phn 2 ca biu s nh du vo N/A (khng p dng)
S cch in phi c thi hnh bi B Phn iu Hnh Cc Phng Tin v s dng cc kha
kha dng c cch in mt cch chc chn . Cc cha kha ra vo s c b phn ny gi. Cc thit
b c lin quan phi c xc nhn l tt, s dng dng c thch hp kim tra thit b in.
S lng cc mc kha s dng cho vic cch ly phi c ghi chp trong giy php. Phn 2 ch c
hon tt khi c chng thc bng ch k
Phn 3: Cp Giy Php Phn dnh cho Ngi iu Hnh Cc Phng Tin
Ngi iu hnh s kim tra cc khu vc; thit b v khu vc cch ly c d tnh u tin cho vic
k giy php. Nh thu cng s a ra cc yu cu v iu kin an ton khc cho ph lc hp ng
tn th.
Ch thu khi cng phi k tn chng t rng anh ta kim tra v c tha mn vi cc iu
khon v iu kin ca cng vic
i vi h thng in
Nu thch hp, ngi iu hnh s bn giao mt cha kha cho ch nh thu v cho php ra vo khu
vc di quyn kim sot ca b phn iu hnh cc phng tin. Nh thu s t chu trch nhim khi
gi cha kha ny trong sut thi gian thc hin cng trnh v s tr li cho B Phn iu Hnh Cc
Phng Tin khi hon tt phn 4.
Gim st u t phi m bo rng giy php thc hin cng vic th hin y cc thng tin sau:
(a) Giy php vo xng
(b) Thit b s dng ti ni thc hin cng vic
Phn 4: Thng bo hon thnh Phn in vo dnh cho nh thu
Khi hon thnh cng vic, cc gim st vin ca nh thu phi m bo cc iu kin sau y:
a. Tt c cc cng nhn phi c thng bo rng cng trnh hon thnh v khng cn lm
vic na, cc thit b lm vic phi c li ng ch nh trc khi thc hin cng trnh.
b. Tt c cc cng nhn phi c thng bo rng nu tip tc lm vic s khng c m bo
an ton.
c. Tt c cc nguyn vt liu v dng c lm vic phi c di di khi cng trng v dn sch
khu vc mi va thc hin.
d. Tt c cc thit b dng cch ly nh nu trong phn ca giy php c kim tra k
lng xc nhn rng n l an ton khi m.
112

An Ton
Khi cc iu kin trn c p ng, nh thu phi tr li tt c cc cha kha cho Phng Bo v, k
xc nhn Phn 4 v tr li bn gc ca Giy php cho Phng Bo V.
Phn 5: S y nhim li cc thit b - Phn in vo dnh cho nh thu
.
Ngi iu Hnh Cc Phng Tin phi kim tra cc khu vc, cc thit b v bt k s cch ly no
trc khi tin hnh cng vic c d kin.
Khi hi lng,nh thu phi in nhng iu hon thnh vo bng Thng Bo Hon Thnh, B
Phn iu Hnh Cc Phng Tin phi y nhim li h thng in v k trong phn 5.
Bn gc ca cho php thc hin cng vic Giy php xy dng c Bo V in vo v gi li tham
kho
20.4
Mt s lut l v cc quy tc
Giy php ch hp l cho thi gian thc hin d n, t 8 gi sng n 6 gi chiu, tr khi c l do r
rng khi c yu cu lm thm gi. B Phn iu Hnh Cc Phng Tin phi cn nhc quyn hn
cho php ph duyt khi c ngi ng k lm thm gi.
1. Nhng ngi lm thu (ca) ca nhng nh thu , h khng c xc nh trn giy php gc
vo nhng khu vc hay lm vic vi cc thit b di s kim sot ca giy php.
2. Nh thu khng c php b sung tn cc cng nhn mi vo giy php c hiu lc.
3. Nh thu khng c php thay i hay xa i giy php c hiu lc.
4. Nh thu ngi c cp mt cha kha n khu vc qun l v phi chu trch nhim
kha ca qun l cc khu vc mi khi h ri khi. khi cha kha qun l c pht ra
cho nh thu, B Phn iu Hnh Cc Phng Tin ny khng nn c gi trng trch lin
quan n php l i vi bt k s mt mt , thit hi hay b trm thit b.
5. Nhng nh thu b bt gp khng tun theo cc quy trnh trn y hoc c tnh lm vic khng
tun theo qui tc v qui nh c thng bo, th cn phi hy b giy php c yu cu
lm vic ca h. Cnh bo: nhng ngi ti vi phm c th b cm lm vic ngay trn hin
trng .
113

An Ton
BIU YU CU CHO PHP THC HIN CNG VIC

S:
PHN YU CU DO NH THU IN VO
H tn:
Tn cng ty:
Ngy yu cu:
S in thoi lin lc:
M T CNG VIC
V tr lm vic (Tham kho danh sch cc khu vc cn cho php thc hin cng vic):
Tnh cht ca cng vic:
Ngy bt u
Ngy kt thc
Gim c NH MY/ Xng
Tng s cng nhn c mt

Ngi i din ti cng trnh
Ho tn
Ch k
S DT ti cng trnh
Cng vic c ta mi khng?
C
Khng
Nguyn nhn c mi:
Ngun pht sinh:
Tn ha cht s dng:
C lin quan n cng vic nng khng?
C
Khng
Ngy:
Nu c, ghi r:
Thi gian bt
u:
Gim c NH MY/ Xng
Ho tn
Ch k
S DT ti cng trnh
Nu c, ghi r:
Thi gian kt
thc:
Ngi i din ti cng trnh
GHI CH: NGI YU CU PHI TUN TH TT C CC BIN PHP PHNG NGA V

HNG DN C GHI R TRONG BIU NY
PH DUYT (do gim c Nh my / Xng) k
Nh thu ph phi tun th tt c cc bin php cnh bo v lu trnh v an
Nhng kin ngh khc:
ton. Nhn vin bo v c trch nhim gim st tin trnh thi cng v m bo
thc hin tt c cc bin php phng nga.
c xc nhn bi:
Ngy
c ph duyt bi:
Ngy
Hnh 20.1 Mu Yu Cu Cho Php Thc Hin Cng Vic
114

An Ton
BIU YU CU CHO PHP THC HIN CNG VIC V INu
mu
Biu yu cu do b phn Bo v ca cng ty cung cp
Biu s:
PHN 1: NGH BN NH THU / NGI PH TRCH CNG VIC IN VO
H tn (nh thu / cng nhn):
H tn ngi gim st :
(Ngi gim st s
hon ton chu trch nhim
i vi tt c nhn vin ca mnh)
(nh km bn phc tho)
V tr / khu vc thc hin:
Ngy & thi gian thc hin:
T
n:
Tng s cng nhn
(Trong khong thi gian)
Cc iu kin/ gii hn cn tun th thc hin theo quy nh ti khu vc thao tc
Lp ro chn xung quanh khu vc ang lm vic
Khng c s dng cc cht lng gn khu vc c

in
Khng c s dng thit b in nh phng tin
h tr trong trng hp khng cn thit
Lp tc bo co nu c bt k tai nn hoc h
hng no xy ra
Cung cp cc bin cnh bo

Khng c ng trn cc thit b dng c in
Khng c s hoc chm vo cc dng c in
M t chi tit cng vic:
Kin ngh ca ngi ph trch gim st:

H tn:
Ngy/ gi:
C yu cu ngt in khng?
C
KHNG
M T THIT B:
K tn:
S THTHIT B:
Lit k loi thit b bo h c nhn (PPE) c cung cp:
PHN 2: NGT IN BN GIM C XNG IN VO
Thit b yu cu phi trong tnh trng tt v c kha v an ton trong khi thao tc cng vic.
Tng i:
KHU VC, B PHN:
C THC HIN BI:
(ghi r h tn)
S MC KHA:
K tn
Ngy thc hin
Thi gian thc hin
PHN 3: XC NHN DO GIM C XNG IN VO

Cc iu kin / gii hn quy nh khc cn phi tun theo:
H
K tn:
Ngy / gi:
tn:
PHN 4: THNG BO HON THNH CNG VIC DO NGI THU / CNG NHN PH TRCH
(phi do ngi lp biu in vo)
Ti xin cam oan rng cc cng vic trn c hon tt v tt c nhn vin ca ti r v nhng iu nu trong biu ny. Tt c
cc nguyn vt liu v dng c c hy v di chuyn ra ngoi khu vc lm vic. Vic ngt in theo yu cu trc y kt
thc v h thng in hot ng bnh thng.
H
K tn:
Ngy / gi:
tn:
PHN 5: KHI NG LI MY MC GIM C XNG
H
K tn:
Ngy / gi:
tn:
Ghi
Bn gc c dn ti khu vc thc hin v do b phn Xng lu li sau khi cng vic hon tt.
ch
CH BT U CNG VIC KHI C Y CC CH K CA NHNG NGI LIN QUAN
Hnh 20.2 Mu Yu Cu Cho Php Thc Hin Cng Vic Lin Quan n in
115

An Ton
BIU YU CU TM NGNG HOT NG

H THNG PHNG CHY CHA
1.
Yu cu c ngt h thng: (nh du vo trng)

H thng cha chy t ng
My bm cha chy
H thng chung bo chy
ng cha chy
Bn nc cha chy
Nhng loi khc (nh kh CO2, kh Halon)
B sung chi tit:

L do ngt:
Ti khu vc:
Ngy / gi bt u:
Thi gian c tnh:
2.
Cc cnh bo an ton cn thc hin: (nh du vo trng)

S dng th tm ngng
Thng bo cho Gim c b phn
Ngng ngay cc hot ng nguy him
Cc ng dy/ bnh cha chy c sn
Cm hn/ct /lm cng vic nng
Cm ht thuc
Thng bo cho B phn PCCC
Thng bo cho i bo ng ca cng ty
Cng vic c tip tc
B sung thm nhn vin gim st
C k hoch trong trng hp khn cp

3.
Chng nhn h thng ngng hot ng ca b phn sn xut:

H tn:
Ngy:
Nhng kin ngh khc: C / khng
4.
H thng tr li trng thi c: - Thi gian:

K tn:
5.
Chng nhn h thng tr li tnh trng nh lc u ca Gim c xng

H tn:
Ngy:
Ngy:
Chc v:
Hnh 20.3 M.u T6m Ng#ng Ho6t ng ca H Thng PCCC
in vo mc 1 trc khi tt my (48 gi nu c th) v chuyn n B Phn C S Vt Cht. K vo mc 3

trong khi phc hi v gi li.
B Phn C S Vt Cht k vo mc 3 khi c bo v k vo mc 5 khi c phc hi
116

An Ton
Phn 21: Khoa Hc Lao ng

C mt lc c gi l k thut ca con ngi, khoa hc lao ng l nghin cu v thit k cc
cng vic, nhim v, cc sn phm, mi trng lm vic v cc h thng c th lm cho chng
tng thch vi cc nhu cu, kh nng, nhng hn ch ca con ngi v c th ca h.
21.1
Cc Yu T Nguy C Sinh Ha
Cc ri lon sang chn tch ly (CTDs), Cc chn thng v c , xng, hay cn gi l MSIs c
nhc n bng nhiu tn gi khc nhau. Chng gm c cc chn thng do cng thng c lp i lp li
nhiu ln trong cng vic (RSIs), cc chn thng do chuyn ng trong thao tc lp i lp li nhiu
ln, cc ri lon sang chn tch ly (CTDs), cc cng vic lin quan n ri lon chi trn (WRULDs),
v cc chn thng khc. Trong mi trng hp, tn gi thng c m t cho cc chn thng v
xng, khp, dy chng, gn, c bp v cc m mm khc.
Mc d cc nguyn do ca MSIs rt kh hay ch thnh thong mi c th xc nh c, con s v cc
nhn t ri ro c cho thy gp phn vo vic xc nh chng. Phn ghi ch trong hng dn
ny tho lun cc nhn t lin quan n cc chc nng trong c th ca cng nhn nh th no trong
sut thi gian lm vic, cc yu t nguy c v sinh ha. Nhng nhn t cn li lin quan n ni lm
vic v bn cht ca cng vic hin ti ang c thc hin.
Cc yu t nguy c sinh ha
C 3 nhn t chnh lin quan n cc chc nng
ca c th cng nhn trong sut thi gian lm
vic, gy nn cc chn thng. l:
(1) Nhng t th lm vic khng ph hp vi c
th, c gng sc, v t th lp i lp li nhiu ln.
(2) S gng sc , v
(3) Hot ng lp i lp li .
Cc t th lao ng ny c lp li thng
xuyn nh hng n cng nhn, lm cho
cng nhn d mc phi bnh ngh nghip.
Hnh 21.1 T Th Lm Vic Khng ng
117

An Ton
21.2
Cc V Tr Bt Tin Ca C Th
21.2.1 Vn Kh Khn
Gii php ra l lm sao gim thiu cc t th lao ng gy nn s bt tin cho c th. Cc t th
khng thun tin thng l kt qu ca v tr v hng ca cc vt dng ang thc hin, thit k ni
lm vic, sn phm, cng c lm vic v thi quen lm vic khng ng. Mt trong s nhng nguyn
nhn ny c th c thit k loi b ht cc kh khn.
V d, mt cng nhn cui xung nng cc vt dng ra khi thng to hoc thng cac-ton th u phi
s dng cc v tr kh xoay chuyn trn c th. Vic nng ln hay nghin cc thng phuy u c th d
dng loi ra v tr kh khn di chuyn ca c th.
Nhng v tr trung gian l nhng v tr m cc b phn trn c th xem nh l thoi mi nht, ni

cc m v c t c mt mi. Bi v cc c bp, gn, v dy chng di chuyn ra khi t phn trung tm
trong phm vi vn ng ca chng, chng gin ra v c th gy tn thng. V chng tip cn n
im cui ca s vn ng nn ton b b gin ra ht v vic tip tc vn ng do s chuyn ng t
ngt v cc ti trng khng mong i u c th gy nn chn thng cc m.
Khi v tr trung gian ca 1 khp thay i gc so vi v tr trc kia ca n, lc vn ng c tc ng
ln khp s gim nhiu bi v khp ny khng cn v tr thun li nht na. b tr cho s gim
trng lc mt cch t ng, cc c bp c gng pht huy lc nhiu hn v gn ca chng c t
trong tnh trng cng nhiu hn na. iu ny s gy thm mt mi v c th dn n b thng.
Nhng t th t hn so vi t th ti u nh l t th hng v pha trc t tht lng trong nhng lc
thi gian lm vic b ko di hoc l ci c xung mt gc qu mc, c th chu ti cc c bp
bng Hot ng Tnh Hot ng tnh lin quan n cc c bp c ko cng vo nhng v tr c
nh v qu thi gian, gy nn mt mi v khng thoi mi, thm ch rt au. Cc cng nhn trn
chuyn sn xut phi ci c xung v gi yn t th th thng thng tri qua s cng mi c v mi
nhng bp vai. Nhng cng vic nh ng hoc mt ch trong khong thi gian di khng c s di
chuyn, c th dn n au tht lng v kh chu.
Khng c ta lng h Cung cp gh c ta lng

tr cc t th kh khn
nhng khng hiu qu
ci thin
Hnh 21.2 Sa Cha T Th Ngi
118

An Ton
21.2.2 Nhng gii php tim nng

Nhng t th lm vic khng thun li v nhng tc ng ca chng c th c gim i do:
Thng xuyn khuyn khch thay i v tr. iu ny trnh c tnh trng b kha chn mt ch
mi khi thi gian lm vic b ko di.
Trnh ci u thp qu v hng ngi v pha trc. Tnh trng ny thng xy ra khi lm vic, b mt
cng vic, hoc s iu chnh cng vic cho cc cng vic c lin quan qu thp khi cng nhn ng
hoc ngi khi lm vic qu lu.
Phng trnh cnh tay gi qu cao v gi lu , cng nh cc khyu tay di chuyn v pha trc c th hoc
qua hng tri, phi. Nhng v tr lm vic nh vy thng l kt qu ca b mt cng vic, hoc s iu
chnh cho cc cng vic c lin quan qu cao v cng nhn ng hoc ngi khi lm vic qu lu.
Trnh xoay ngi theo nhiu v tr. Sp xp li cng vic v ni lm vic trnh phi thng xuyn xoay
ngi.
Trnh lm vic vi nhng v tr c yu cu s dng cc khp trong thi gian ko di ti mt phm vi c s

gii hn vn ng. v d nh lin tc xoay ngi v pha sau vi lc cng ng k c vai.
Cung cp nhng thit b h tr pha sau lng gh (ta lng) hoc ch ngi. H tr lng bng
nhng cch tt nht l ci thin t th, gim bt cng vic nng, thit k ch ngi tin li hn cho
nhng cng nhn phi lm vic lu trong mt t th.
nh gi lc quan v tr ca cnh tay v chn. m bo rng tay v chn c b tr trong phm

vi lm vic thun li nht khi lc ca c bp cn c vn ng.
21.3
S gng sc qu mc
21.3.1 Vn kh khn
Hnh 21.3 T Th Bt Tin Ti KhuVc ng Gi
Nhng s gng sc qu mc c th lm qu ti cc c
bp, gn v dy chng.Nhng gng sc ny thng
thng c dng n khi nng, nhc, y, ko v vi
tay. V d, mt ngi ng gi trn chuyn lp rp, c
th thng s dng lc np cht lp t mt vt c
trng lng tht nh hoc di chuyn mt ci hp hoc
thng giy, c bit vt trn hoc kh cm. Cc
cng nhn s dng cc dng c lm vic nh cc my
mi trong thi gian b ko di th rt d xy ra ri ro
pht sinh MSIs cho tay bi v phi dng mt lc ng
k s dng, gi, khi ng cc dng c. V tr cnh
tay, c tay khng thun tin cng gp phn gy nn s
kh khn ny
119

An Ton
Nhng nghin cu cho thy rng mt s cng vic khng nn yu cu cng nhn gng sc qu 30%
lc ti a t c bp ca h trong t th lm vic ko di hoc lp i lp li nhiu ln. Bt c cng vic
no i hi cng nhn phi c sc vt qu 50% sc ring bit ca c bp, gm c nhng cng vic
thnh thong mi thc hin, cng nn hn ch. Cng c sc thc hin nhng cng vic vt qu sc
hoc hng lot c ch gii hn, th nguy c cc m thn kinh b tn thng hoc b thng cng nhiu.
i vi mt cng vic c th, ch cn gim 10% ti trng l c th tng thi gian lm vic ln n
5, 6 ln. iu ny c ngha l nh hng ca ti trng n s mt mi v khng thoi mi ca cng
nhn nhiu hn so vi thi gian thc hin cng vic nhiu.
Hnh 21.4 T Th ng Khi ng Gi

Sc lc ca c bp cao c th c gim do bi:
Gim lc c yu cu thc hin cng vic, v d: s dng nhng tr gip ca c hc khi di

chuyn v x l nguyn vt liu, nh l khun dn, m cp, v bn kp tt hn l dng tay
kp/gi cc b phn, gi cc li ca cc dng c v cc thit b sc nhn, gim s tip xc vi
cc lc cc cng tc in hoc cn iu khin, du m bi trn v bo tr cc dng c v cc thit
b.
Phn b lc, v d, s dng mt phn ln b phn ca c th, nh l s dng bn tay hn l cc

ngn tay phn b lc.
Thit lp s thun li thuc c hc tt hn, v d, vi cc dng c c nh v v tr tt hn v

ln hn, vi cc n by, hoc bao gm cc nhm c ln hn.
120

An Ton
21.4
Thao Tc Lp i Lp Li
21.4.1 Vn kh khn
S vn ng lp i lp li cui cng cng gy cho c th b suy
yu. Khng c thi gian hi phc gia s lp li, cc c
bp tr nn mt mi v d b chut rt. Cc c khc c gng h
tr nhng chng cng tr nn mt mi v b chut rt, v c th
gy tn thng.
Vn ny xy ra nhanh bao nhiu cn ty thuc vo thi gian
ca s vn ng lp xy ra li thng hay khng? v s lp li
ko di trong bao lu? Cng vic lp li thng c vn hn
khi n c kt hp vi cc v tr bt tin ca c th v s gng
sc qu mc.
Hnh 21.5 Thao Tc Lp i Lp li

S tip xc vi cng vic cng vi s vic lp li v tc ng ca n c th c gim thng qua:
T ng ha cho cc cng vic hay cc phn ca cng vic: Cc my mc c bit c hiu qu

trong vic thc hin cc nhim v cng vic lp i lp li
S lun phin trong cng vic: Vic ny ph v s phi nhim hay tip xc ca cng nhn vi s
di chuyn lp i lp li c bit no . iu ny cc k quan trng i vi cc cng vic mi lin
quan n cc s di chuyn khc nhau v cc nhm c bp.
a dng ha cng vic: o to cng nhn thc hin mt lot la chn ng trong cng vic
ch khng phi l nh nhau, mt iu n gin l gim s nhm chn, kh chu, v nguy c b
thng. Cc cng vic vi tnh a dng cao hn thng cung cp cho cng nhn thc hon thnh
cng vic nhiu hn.
S phong ph ca cng vic: Cc cng nhn c giao nhim v i vi mt phm vi cng vic
rng hn i hi cc k nng v nng lc. V d nh, nhng nhim v ny bao gm vic hoch
nh cng vic, cc hot ng gim st, hoc son tho hp ng cho khch hang mi.
Ngh ngi thng xuyn: thng xuyn ngh gia gi t cc hot ng cng vic cung cp cho
cng nhn mt c hi phc hi c th t cc hot ng do cng thng, thay i t th ng lm
vic, hoc to c hi cho cc c c ngh ngi sau mt thi gian di lm vic nng nhc.
121

An Ton
21.5
Cc yu t nguy c sinh ha khc
21.5.1 S km nn v nh hng ca trm cm
Cc m c th b c ng li khi chng
hnh thnh vic tip xc vi cc cnh
bn, dng c cm tay, cc gc cnh ca
my mc v ch ngi c thit k
khng thun tin. Lc c tp trung
vo nhng khu vc nh ca cc m,
dn n sc p cc b cao. p lc ny
c th chn p dy thn kinh, cc mch
mu v nhng m mm khc v gy
nn s tn hi v thng tch.
Hnh 21.6 Ch ngi cht hp dn n s km nn v tc ng ca lc p
V d, vic s dng bn tay, mt ci ba l mt hnh thc nn cc m bn ngoi bn ngoi c gi

l s tc ng ca lc p. p mnh bn tay c th gy thit hi cho mt trong nhng ng mch i
qua c tay v lng bn tay, thm ch nh hng n chc nng ca ngn tay ci.
21.5.2 S rung bn tay cnh tay

Rung bn tay - cnh tay l s chn ng rung c truyn ti n cc cnh tay thng qua cc bn tay.
N c th gy hi cho c nhng mch mu nh v cc dy thn kinh nh ca cc ngn tay, kt qu gy
ra 2 loi chn thng c bit nh sau: vic rung gy ra ngn tay b trng v thn kinh b rung chn.
ng thi, cc chn thng ny c bit n nh mt Hi Chng Ca Vic Rung Bn tay-Cnh Tay
(HAVS) v kt qu ca s t, mt i s phi hp cc ngn tay, khng kho lo v khng c kh nng
thc hin cng vic iu khin xe m t tt c.
Mu da ti nht hoc mt mu da thng bt u t nhng chp ngn tay nhng s tin trin ty thuc
vo s gia tng thi gian phi nhim. iu quan trng nht ca ngun rung l do cc dng c bao gm
my mi, my khoan. cc nh my sn xut giy, v d, s quan tm c bit nn c nh r l
mi nhm cho gia v mt giy.
122

An Ton
Phn 22: Hng Dn Thit K H Thng Thng Gi

S thng gi y trong mi trng nh my rt cn thit i vi 2 mc ch chnh:
(1) Kim sot cht lng khng kh v loi b khng kh nhim c thi ra t cc quy trnh sn
xut, v
(2) S duy tr nhit nng ni lm vic c th chp nhn c cho cc cng nhn ang lm vic v
nhng thit b .
Vic thng gi ng mt vai tr quan trng i vi an ton v sc khe ca cng nhn, v cng c th
s tc ng n cht lng sn phm v hiu qu hot ng ca cc thit b trong nh my.
Hnh 22.1 S Dng Thng Gi T Nhin
t c 2 mc tiu ny, hu ht cc nh my u da vo 2 iu kin thng gi t nhin (V d:

cc ca s v ca ra vo) v h thng thng gi bng my (mt lot cc h thng qut in). Mi loi
thng gi cng c nhng thun li v bt li. V d, ch da vo h thng thng gi t nhin khi
lung gi phn b khng ng u, nhng khu vc mt ngoi nh xng gn cc ca s v ca ra
vo s c nhiu khng kh hn. Tuy nhin, nhit cc khu vc nh xng khc nhau l iu tt
yu, nht l cc v tr gia nh xng xa cc ca s v ca ra vo.
123

An Ton
Hnh 22.2 S Dng Loi Thng Gi C Hc
C 2 kiu h thng thng gi c hc: cung cp khng kh v thot kh. V cc h thng cung cp kh,
nh l my iu ha khng kh c gp v c s dng thng trong cc khu vc sn xut hu ht
cc nh my.
Phn Hng Dn v H&S ny tp trung vo cc h thng thot kh; l cc h thng c hc, l
lm sch khng kh trong mi trng lm vic trong cng ty. Thm vo , i vi cc h thng thot
kh, hu ht cc nh my lp t h thng qut trn. H thng qut ny to iu kin thun li cho
vic tr trn v lm long cc cht nhim trong khng kh v c th nh hng n ngun khng kh
an ton ca cc cng nhn ang lm vic ti hin trng.
22.1
Hng Dn Cho S Thng Gi

Thng gi thch hp cn c cung cp ti
ni c cc ho cht c lu tr, pha trn v
s dng; trang thit b cn c chng n
nu cn thit.
Cnh qut cn c bo v bng li (li
c kch thc ti a vi ng knh 12 mm).
H thng ht bi phi c lp t ti ni
hot ng lin kt vi ni pht ra lng bi
ng k.
Cc h thng ht hi dung mi hay ht bi

cc b nn c tch bit nhau v c trang
b cc qut ht v m-t chng n
There should be regular cleaning of fans and
ductwork of ventilation systems. Phi thng
xuyn v sinh sch qut ht v cc ng
ng ca h thng thng gi.
Hai nguyn tc c bn ca h thng thot kh c bit n nhiu nht l: h thng thng gi thng
thng (GEV) v h thng thot kh cc b (LEV). H thng LEV l h thng c thit k ht
lung kh nhim ti hoc gn ni ngun kh thot ra.
V d in hnh cc nh my l kin trc Chp Vm, dng lu xui xung lm thng gi ti cc dy
gh di hoc chp cc my mi da. L thng kh ti ch ca cc l sy to thnh h thng thot kh
cng c th c gi l h thng LEV. Hiu qu ca h thng LEV ty thuc vo phm vi rng da
vo thit k v hot ng chnh xc, cc nh my nn da vo cc k s c kh thit k v lp t
cc h thng hn l nh my c gng t lp t.
124

An Ton
Ngay khi vi s thit k v hot ng thch hp ca h thng LEV, cng c t nht 3 nhn t c bn
c tc ng n tnh hiu qu ca cc h thng ny:
1. Nn thit lp cc th tc bo dng ng cch, bao gm vic kim tra, qut dn, sa cha u
n nu c bo hnh. Th tc ny nn bao gm ton b h thng LEV, t mi chp tp trung,
qua ng dn kh, i vi cc my qut v ng c, v my x. Khng bo dng ng cch c
th gim hiu qu ca h thng LEV, c bit l do bi ng t vo ng dn kh.
2. S xung t ca cc lung khng kh gy ra do cc h thng ht kh c th lm gim tc dng
ca h thng LEV. Th d c bn ca trng hp ny l lung khng kh thi mnh qua mi
chp do cc qut thng gi ti cc li i cc khu vc sn xut. Trong khi khng kh pht ra t
cc my qut c th cung cp lng khng kh an ton vi sc nng va cho cng nhn,
loi kh ny cng lm gim i nh hng ca my chp khi ht cc lung kh d ha tan t cc
my hin trng sn xut.
3. Cng nhn lm vic ti h thng LEV nu thiu s hng dn cng lm gim hiu qu. Cng
nhn nn bit cch s dng cc h thng ny khi chng h tr cho vic ht i cc cht thi, c
th vn dng a vo thc t mt cch nht qun bo v sc khe ca h. V d, cc cng
nhn nn bit phi p dng cc cht ha hc pha di, ch khng phi bn ngoi hay b ra
ca vm chp.
Mt lot cc h thng GEV c mt cc cng ty. V d: cc my qut ht kh t ca s, cc qut ht
kh t trn nh v h thng dn vi nhng l thng kh ko khng kh t mi trng cng ty. Nhng h
thng ny cng loi bt i ngun kh nhim khi cng ty, nhng chng da nhiu hn vo lng
khng kh mt i, t c mc cht lng khng kh c th chp nhn c. Chnh v iu ny,
nn h thng GEV phi gim lng khng kh nhiu hn h thng LEV gi cc s tip xc ca
cng nhn di mc c th chp nhn c.
Vi c 2 h thng LEV v GEV, vic bo dng phi rt cn thn ngn khng cho kh thi quay
ngc li khi s dng cc h thng ny. i vi h thng LEV, im thi ca khng kh nn t mt
khong rng t cc ca s v ca ra vo. Nhn chung, cc h thng lp t dng my che th c a
chung nht. Cc h thng GEV khng nn t gn cc h thng my c hc ni cc ca s hoc trn
trn nh ni cung cp khng kh bn trong nh my.
125

An Ton
PH LC : Ch Thch Cc Thut Ng
AOX
(Cc Hp Cht Hu C
Hp Th Halogen)
CAS Number
(Ch s CAS)
COD
CPR
(H Hp Nhn To)
CSDS
dB(A)
dB(C)
EF
EMS
EPA
Ergonomics
(Khoa Hc Lao ng)
GEV
Hazardous Chemicals
HP
LEV
LO/TO
Lux
Ch Thch Thut Ng
Cc Hp Cht Hu C Hp Th Halogen. Chng c xem l mt tham s
quan trng c chp nhn cho vic x l nc thi. Nng AOX l mt
tham s thng xuyn c theo di. Php o lng thng c s dng trong
th nghim nc thi ch ra mc tng th ca flo halogen, clo, brm v
it.
Ch s Chemical Abstracts Service (CAS) l mt s nhn dng c s dng
xc nh chc chn mt hp cht ha hc.
COD (Chemical Oxygen Demand ) l lng oxy cn oxy ho ton b cc
cht ho hc trong nc, khng ph thuc vo bn cht ha hc ca n. COD
cung cp thng tin khng lin quan n c tnh ca nc thi.
H Hp Nhn To (Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation) l mt qu trnh cp cu y
t cho mt nn nhn b ngng tim hay trong mt s trng hp ngng th.
Bng Hng Dn S Liu An Ton Ha Cht (Chemical Safety Data Sheet).
Cung cp thng tin v vic s dng v x l cc loi ha cht . CSDS nn c
vit bng ngn ng n gin cho ngi lao ng d hiu v cn c dn r
rng ti cc v tr ni c cc ha cht lin quan c lu tr hoc s dng
T l decibel trn thang o n A (Decibel Rating on A-Scale) Khi Tn Hiu o
Lng A c dng o m thanh, mc p lc m thanh c a ra bng
cc n v o dB (A) hoc dBA. Tn s cp c tnh n . Thang o dB(A)
khng phi o theo mt tuyn tnh nhng n l mt hm logarit. Tng ch 3 dB
(A) tc l tng gp i nguy c tn thng thnh lc.
T l decibel trn thang o n C (Decibel Rating on C-Scale) Khi Tn Hiu o
Lng C c dng o m thanh, mc p lc m thanh c a ra bng
cc n v o dB (C) hoc dBC. N thng c dng o lng T L Gim
n (NRR)
Phn S Tip Xc Vi Ha Cht (Exposure Fraction). Phn s ny c s
dng nh gi ngi lao ng tip xc vi nhiu ha cht. Gi tr ca EF l
mt ch s ca cc tip xc c tnh t tip xc o ca mt cng nhn n
mt lot cc ho cht v cc TLVs c nhn dnh cho nhng ha cht m h b
tip xc.
H Thng Qun L Mi Trng
C Quan Bo V Mi Trng
Khoa Hc Lao ng (Ergonomics) l nghin cu v thit k cc cng vic,
nhim v cng vic, sn phm, mi trng v cc h thng ph hp vi cc
nhu cu, kh nng v nhng hn ch ca con ngi v c th ca h.
H Thng Ht Tng Th (General Exhaust Ventilation)
Nhng ho cht c c hi, d chy, n, kh chu hoc gy tn hi n mi
trng. Ha cht c hi c ch nh bng mt biu tng nguy him.
Bo H Thnh Lc (Hearing Protection)
H Thng Ht Cc B (Local Exhaust Ventilation)
Kha Thit B / Treo Th Bn Ngoi (Lockout/Tagout). y l mt quy trnh an
ton c s dng trong cng nghip v cc thit lp nghin cu m bo
rng my mc nguy him c ng mt cch thch hp v bt u s dng li
khi hon thnh vic bo dng hay sa cha. Yu cu cc ngun nng lng
nguy him c "c lp v khng kch hot trc bt k quy trnh sa cha
c bt u.
(Lux) o lng cng nh sng. Cng 1 lux c cho nu nh sng
hin ti ca 1 lumen (lm) chiu sng trn mt b mt ca 1m2 (1 lux = 1
lm/m2). S ta ra nh sng ca ngn n cy c xc nh bi 1 lm trn mi
foot vung
126

An Ton
MSDS
NRR
Occupational
Exposure (L S Phi
Nhim Vi Ngh
Nghip)
Ozone
Ozone Depletion
(S Suy Kit Tng
Ozon)
PPE
(Bo H Lao ng C
Nhn)
RMB
SEA
TLV
VOC
(Hp Cht Hu C Bay
Hi)
Waste
(Cht thi)
Ch Thch Thut Ng
Bng D Liu An Ton Ca Vt Liu (Material Safety Data Sheet). Cung cp
y v tnh cht vt l, ha hc, y t v d liu v sinh thi t nhng ha
cht . MSDSs c cung cp bi nh cung cp ca cc ha cht.
T L Gim n (Noise Reduction Rating). l gim ting n (NRR) l mt
t l h s -xi-ben ca vic bo h, hoc lm long m thanh, m c

cung cp bi nhng kiu dng c bo h thnh lc khc nhau di cc
trng hp, tnh trng l tng s dng.
Tc l o lng cng v mc m c th con ngi tri qua mi nguy
him c th nh cc ha cht c hi, bi, ting n, vv
Ozone l mt phn t c lm bng 3 nguyn t oxy. Trong khng kh xung
quanh chng ta l c hi, nhng trong cc lp cao hn trong bu khng kh n
hot ng nh mt l chn bo v chng li cc tia bc x UV mnh. Nu
khng c tng ozone, bc x UV mnh ca mt tri s hng n b mt tri
t bng cc kt qu l s e da tnh mng con ngi
y l mt hiu ng c khi to bi nhim kh quyn. c bit l cc hp
cht hu c halogen nh Halon 1211 c tim nng rt cao lm suy gim tng
zn. Vi s tng t bin vic suy gim ca tng ozone v chng ung th cng
c quan st thy.
Thit b bo h mt, mt, tai, h hp
Renminbi. n v tin t ca Trung Quc
B Phn Trch Nhim X Hi ca tp on adidas
Ngng gi tr gii hn. Mt gi tr phi nhim ngh nghip m gn nh tt c
cng nhn c th c tip xc ngy qua ngy trong khong thi gian lm vic
nhng khng b nh hng cc bnh tt.
Hp Cht Hu C Bay Hi (Volatile Organic Compounds) Dung mi c th
gy kh th v cc vn sc khe. VOC l cc sn phm ph ca qu trnh
sn xut giy dp.
nh ngha chnh ca cht thi: Cht thi l kt qu ca cc vt liu khng th
trch khi t cc hot ng trong ngnh cng nghip, m khng c yu cu v
kinh t v phi sn sng tiu hy chng.
Tuy nhin, nh ngha ny, khng xem xt y nhng tc ng kinh t nh l
ng lc trong qun l cht thi. V vy chng ti khuyn bn nn s dng cc
nh ngha sau y:
Cht thi c thu mua t nguyn vt liu v c x l bng nng lng v
nc, c ch bin bi ngi lao ng v sau khng c bn nh sn
phm.
127

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Final - General EHS Guidelines

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Hng Dn C Bn V Sc Khe &

Hng Dn C Bn V Sc Khe &

Hng Dn C Bn V Sc Khe &

Hng Dn C Bn V Sc Khe &

Hng Dn C Bn V Sc Khe &

Cc Tiu Chun Hng Dn V Sc Khe & An Ton

Hng Dn C Bn V Sc Khe &

Hng Dn Thc Hin Cc Ti Liu Trong H Thng Qun L Ca Nh My

Nhng vn bn ti liu, chng nhn ph hp

Danh mc cc cng vic c yu t

Cc chnh sch An Ton, Sc Khe v

Hng Dn C Bn V Sc Khe &

Bo Ho S Lu Gi Cac Bien Ban Tai Nan Lao ong, S Co

Hnh 1.1 Bo ho s lu tai nan lao ong

K Hoch ng Ph Khn Cp & Chy N

Nhn dng nhng mi nguy chnh v

Hng Dn C Bn V Sc Khe &

Hnh 1.2 S li thot him khn cp

Hng Dn C Bn V Sc Khe &

Hng Dn Cc Thnh Phn Xy Dng, Kt Cu Ca Nh Xng

Thang nng, ti nng

Mi Tng Quan Gia Cc Vn V An Ton Chy N Vi Kt Cu Ta Nh

Hng Dn C Bn V Sc Khe &

Hng Dn Chung V An Ton PCCC

Cac loi thoat hiem

Cac ca thoat hiem phai c m

Neu bat ky cac ca nao khong s dung

Be mat tren ng i cua loi thoat phai

So lng cua loi thoat phai ay u va

V tr gan nhat t cong nhan en loi

Khoang cach di chuyen

Khoang cach di chuyen toi a phai

Hng Dn C Bn V Sc Khe &

Loi i va Cac Loi Thoat Hiem Trong Trng Hp Khan Cap

Khong c tat nghen va khong trn trt

Hnh 2.1 Cc Li i v Li Ra Vo Khn Cp

Hng Dn C Bn V Sc Khe &

o rong cau thang

Bang 2.1 - Cac yeu cau ve o rong cua cau thang

Hng Dn C Bn V Sc Khe &

Loi Thoat Him

Khoang Cach Di Chuyn

Loai hnh c ngu

Cac hoat ong nguy hai

Khoang cach di chuyn toi a (m)

Khoang cach di chuyn toi a (m)

Hng Dn C Bn V Sc Khe &

Cac hoat ong nguy

Ngo Cut Toi a

Loi thoat khac &

Hng Dn C Bn V Sc Khe &

cau nghiem ngat cao hn.

Cac he thong bao ong chay (bang am

Bang Cam Hut Thuoc phai c hien

Hng Dn C Bn V Sc Khe &

Dien Tap S Tan Khi Chay No

Hnh 3.1- Cc Hot ng Din tp PCCC

Hng Dn C Bn V Sc Khe &

Cac tia la ien va

Hng Dn C Bn V Sc Khe &

Phng An Phong Chong Chay No

Phng An Dap Tat La

Hng Dn C Bn V Sc Khe &