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jrefrmusL;ypfzdk&rf 1


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2009 azaz:0g&D

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jrefrmusL;ypfzdk&rf 2
AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef; (1915-1947)
1915 ck? azazmf0g&Dv 13 &ufaeYwGif rauG;wkdif;? ewfarmufNrdKUü
trdefYawmf& a&SUaeOD;zm? a':pkwkdYrS aemifwacwfwGif AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef;
[lí ArmhEkdifiHorkdif;ü wGifaprnfh om;&wemukd zGm;jrifcJhonf/ Zmwm
trnfrSm armifxdefvif; jzpfaomfvnf; i,fpOfuyif armifatmifqef;[k
wGifonf/ i,fpOfu ewfarmufNrdKU q&mawmf OD;aombdw ausmif;ü
aecJhonf/ 1928 ckESpfwGif a&eHacsmif; trsdK;om; txufwef;ausmif;okdY
ajymif;a&TU ynmoif,lcJhNyD; ,if;ausmif;rS jrefrm? ygVd (2) bmom
*kPfxl;jzifh (10) wef;atmifjrifcJhonf/ ynmxl;cRefoljzpfí txufwef;
paumvm;&Spf ESifh OD;a½Tckdqk &½SdcJhzl;onf/
xkdYaemuf &efukefwuúokdvfokdY wufa&mufNyD; qufvuf ynm
qnf;yl;cJhonf/ 1935-1936 ynmoifESpfrSpí &efukefwuúokdvf
ausmif;om;or*¾ trlaqmiftzGJU0if jzpfvmcJhNyD; or*¾\ tmabmf tkd;a0
r*¾Zif; t,f'Dwmvnf; jzpfvmcJhonf/ ukdatmifqef; t,f'Dwmtjzpf
aqmif½Gufaom tkd;a0r*¾Zif;wGif ,rrif; trnfjzifh tkd;a0ndKjr a&;om;
aom ]i&JacG;BuD; vGwfNyD; o&rf;aeonf} (The Hell Hound At Large)
acgif;pOfjzifh ay;pmwpfapmif azmfjycJhrIonfvnf; 1936 'kwd,
ausmif;om; oydwf jzpfyGm;apcJhaom t"du taMumif;&if; wcsuf
jzpfonf/ 1936 'kwd, ausmif;om;oydwf\ oydwfarSmuf aumifpD

jrefrmusL;ypfzdk&rf 3
tzGJU0if wpfOD;vnf; jzpfcJhonf/ ukvm;-Arm t"du½kPf; ay:ayguf
cJYpOfu or*¾onf t"du½kPf;aMumifh 'ku©a&mufol rsm;tm; u,fq,f
a&; vkyfief;rsm;ukd aqmif&GufcJhonf/ 1936 ck oydwf ta&;awmfykH wGif
zGJYpnf; ay;cJhaom qmjrbl; aumfrwD tpD&ifcHpm xGufvmonf/
tpD&ifcHpmukd wuorS uefYuGufcJhonf/ a'gufwmbarmf tpkd;&
wuúokdvf tufOya'Murf; jyKvkyf&ef pDpOfonfukdvnf; vufrcHcJhay/
1936-1937 ynmoifESpfwGif &efukefwuúokdvf ausmif;om;rsm;
or*¾\ 'kwd,Ouú| jzpfvmNyD; 1938-1939 wGif Ouú|tjzpf wm0ef
,lcJhonf/ 1936 wuúokdvf oydwftNyD;wGif ay:aygufvmaom Arm
EkdifiHvkH;qkdif&m ausmif;om;rsm; or*¾BuD;ukd OD;pD;wnfaxmifol wpfOD;
vnf; jzpfNyD; ArmEkdifiHvkH;qkdif&m ausmif;om;rsm; or*¾wGif yxrqkH;
twGif;a&;rSL; jzpfavonf/
1937-1938 wGif ArmEkdifiHvkH;qkdif&m ausmif;om;rsm; or*¾ Ouú|
tjzpf wm0ef,lcJhonf/ 1937 ckESpfwGif 0dZÆmwef;ukd atmifNyD;? Oya'
0dZÆmwef;okdY qufwufcJhonf/ 1938-1939 wGif wuo Ouú|tjzpf
wm0ef,lcJhonf/ wuúokdvf tufOya' jyifqifa&; aumfrwDwGif tzGJU0if
tjzpfvnf; wm0ef,lcJhonf/ 1938 ckESpfwGif wuúokdvf tkyfcsKyfa&;
tzGJUjzpfonfh wuúokdvfaumifpDwGif yxrqkH; ausmif;om; ukd,fpm;vS,f
tjzpf wm0efay;tyfjcif; cHcJh&onf/
AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef;onf wuo Ouú|tjzpf oufwrf; ukefonf
txd raecJhay/ 1938 ckESpfwGif wuúokdvfrS xGufNyD; ocifukd,fawmfrIdif;
BuD;rSL;aom wkdYArmtpnf;t½kH;okdY 0ifa&mufí ocifatmifqef;tjzpf
EkdifiHa&; e,fy,fokdY ajcpkHypf 0ifcJhonf/ 1939 wGif wkdYArmtpnf;t½kH;\
twGif;a&;rSL; tjzpf wifajr§mufjcif; cH&onf/ ocifatmifqef; onf
'kwd,urÇmppf jzpfvmí ArmhvGwfvyfa&; twGuf pnf;pnf;vkH;vkH;
aqmif½GufEkdif&ef zGJYpnf;cJhaom ArmhxGuf&yf*kdPf;wGif twGif;a&;rSL; tjzpf
vnf; wm0ef,lcJhonf/ ArmhvGwfvyfa&; twGuf vufeufukdif
awmfvSefa&; qifETJ&ef ay:aygufcJhaom jynfolY ta&;awmfykHygwD (aemif
qkd&S,fvpfygwD) \ jynfy qufoG,fa&; acgif;aqmif wm0efukd

jrefrmusL;ypfzdk&rf 4
vnf; ,lcJhonf/ 1940 rwfv twGif; tdE´d,EkdifiH &rf;*g;NrdKUü
usif;yaom tdE´d,trsdK;om; uGef*&uf nDvmcHokdY wufa&mufcJhonf/
ocifatmifqef;tm; t*Fvdyf e,fcsJUtpkd;&ukd qefYusif a[majymrIjzifh
zrf;qD;&ef [oFmwc½kdif &mZ0wf0efu qkaiG 5 usyf jzifh zrf;0&rf;
xkwfcJhonf/
1940 Mo*kwfvtwGif; ArmhvGwfvyfa&; twGuf t*Fvdyf
e,fcsJUtpkd;&tm; Armhajray:rS vufeuftm;jzifh armif;xkwf Ekdif&ef
twGuf EkdifiHjcm;rS tultnD &,l&ef w½kwfEkdifiHokdY pGefYpm;xGufcGm
cJhonf/ w½kwfjynf trGdKifü aomifwifaepOf ArmEkdifiHrS &Jabmfrsm;\
pDpOfaqmif½Guf ay;rIaMumifh *syeft&m&Sd plzludautdcsdESifh tquftoG,f
&um *syefEkdifiHokdY a&mufoGm;onf/ *syefjynfwGif ArmhvGwfvyfa&;
pDrHudef; pmwrf;w&yfukd a&;qGJum *syef ppftmPmykdifrsm;ESifh n§dEIdif;
cJhonf/ ,if;pDrHudef;t& ArmjynftwGif;rS rsdK;cspfvli,frsm;ukd pkpnf;um
tvDvDcGJvsuf *syefjynfokdY ykdYay;cJhonf/ þrsdK;cspf vli,fwpk onf
yifvSsif aemifaomtcgwGif AkdvfawZ (c) Akdvfatmifqef; acgif;aqmif
onfh &JabmfokH;usdyf jzpfvmcJhonf/ þrsdK;cspf vli,frsm;onf Armh
vGwfvyfa&; wyfrawmf (bDtkdifat) ukd ,kd;',m; (,ck xkdif; ) EkdifiH
befaumufwGif zGJUpnf;wnfaxmifum ArmEkdifiH twGif;okdY *syefrsm;ESifh
twl 0ifa&muf wkdufckdufcJhonf/
*syef wyfrawmfu ArmEkdifiHukd odrf;NyD;aomtcg tiftm; BuD;xGm;
vmNyD; y&rf;ywm jzpfvmaom ArmhvGwfvyfa&; wyfrawmfukd tiftm;
avsmhcsNyD; ArmhumuG,fa&; wyfrawmf (bD'Dat) tjzpf jyefvnfzGJUpnf;
onfhtcg AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef;onf ppfaoemywd jzpfvmonf/ 1942 ck
pufwifbmvwGif olemjyKq&mr a':cifMunfESifh vufxyfonf/
ArmEkdifiHukd *syefu a&T&nfpdrf vGwfvyfa&; ay;aomtcg
AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;onf ppf0efBuD;ESifh ppfaoemywd jzpfvmonf/
zufqpf*syef ppftkyfcsKyfa&; orm;rsm;onf ArmEkdifiHESifh jynfolwkdYtm;
zufqpfEkdifiH\ vufatmufcH EkdifiH wpfEkdifiHozG,f oabmxm;vm
Muonf/ xkdYaMumifh 1944 ckESpf? Mo*kwfv twGif;wGif AkdvfcsKyf

jrefrmusL;ypfzdk&rf 5
atmifqef;ESifh ocifpkd;wkdY OD;aqmifNyD; zufqufwkdufzsufa&; jynfolY
vGwfvyfa&;tzGJUcsKyf (zwyv)? aemifwGif zufqpfqefYusifa&; jynfolY
vGwfvyfa&;tzGJUcsKyf (zqyv) ukd zGJYpnf; wnfaxmifum 1945 ckESpf
rwfv 27 &ufaeYwGif ArmhumuG,fa&; wyfrawmfonf AkdvfcsKyf
atmifqef;\ wkduf½kdufuGyfuJ ñTefMum;rIjzifh zufqpf*syefwkdYukd twd
tvif; ppfaMunmu zufqpf awmfvSefa&;ukd qifETJcJhonf/
'kwd,urÇmppfBuD; NyD;aemufwGif Armhwyfrawmfukd *ED́pmcsKyf t&
qufvufzGJUpnf; wnfaxmif NyD;aemuf AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef; onf
wyfrawmfrS EIwfxGufum EkdifiHa&; acgif;aqmif zqyv Ouú|tjzpf
wkdif;jynf wm0efukd qufvuf xrf;aqmifcJhonf/ 'kwd,urÇmppf
tNyD;wGif ArmEkdifiH bk&ifcH qma':refprpfu AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef;
tygt0if zqyv acgif;aqmifrsm;tm; bk&ifcH\ trIaqmifaumifpDwGif
&mxl;vufcH&ef pum; urf;vSrf;aomfvnf; zqyvrS csrSwfxm;aom
pnf;urf;csufrsm; twkdif; r&í AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef;wkdYu vufrcHcJhbJ?
bk&ifcH\ puúLjzLpDrHudef; wkdufzsufa&;ukdom jynfolvlxktm;
pnf;½kH;um tifwkduftm;wkduf aqmif½Guf cJhojzifh ykvdyfoydwf tygt0if
taxGaxG trIxrf;aygif;pkH oydwfBuD; ay:aygufvmNyD;? e,fcsJU t*Fvdyf
wkdY\ tkyfcsKyfa&; &yfwefY oGm;cJh&onf/ NAdwdef tpkd;&vnf; bk&ifcH
qma':refprpfukd t*FvefodkY jyefac:NyD; bk&ifcHtopf tjzpf
qm[l;bwf&efYpfukd cefYtyfvkdufonf/ bk&ifcHopf qm[l;bwf&efYpfu
AkdvfcsKyfwkdY tvkdus tpkd;&zGJUpnf;&ef pum;urf;vSrf; vmawmhonf/ xkd
urf;vSrf;csufrsm;ukd zqyvESifh aqG;aEG;n§dEIdif; MuNyD;aemuf AkdvfcsKyf
atmifqef;ESifh zqyv acgif;aqmifrsm;onf bk&ifcH\ trIaqmif
aumifpD0if &mxl;rsm;ukd vufcH ,lvkdufMuonf/ xkdYaMumifh 1946 ckESpf?
pufwifbmv 28 &ufaeYrS pí AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef;onf bk&ifcH\
trIaqmifaumifpD 'kwd,Ouú| jzpfvmonf/
xkdYaemuf wpfESpftwGif; vkH;0 vGwfvyfa&; &&Sda&; aqmifyk'ft&
ArmhvGwfvyfa&; udpö aqG;aEG;&ef NAdwdoQ avbmtpkd;&\ zdwfMum;csuf
t& Armh ukd,fpm;vS,ftzGJUukd AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef; OD;aqmifNyD; 1947 ck?

jrefrmusL;ypfzdk&rf 6
Zefe0g&DvwGif vef'efokdY oGm;a&mufcJhonf/ xkdaqG;aEG;yGJrS ArmEkdifiHtm;
wpfESpftwGif; vGwfvyfa&;ay;rnfh atmifqef;-tufwvD pmcsKyf csKyfqkd
EkdifcJhonf/ okdYaomf ArmEkdifiHukd vGwfvyfa&; ay;&mwGif NAdwdoSswkdYu
awmifwef; a'o rsm;ukd csefxm; vkdaomaMumifh AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef;u
awmifwef; a'o ukdyg wygwnf; vGwfvyfa&; ay;&ef awmif;qkdcJhNyD;
awmifwef; a'o ESifh Armjynfr aygif;pnf;a&;twGuf tm;oGef BudK;yrf;
cJhjyefonf/ AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef;\ BudK;pm;½kd;om;rIaMumifh awmifwef;
a'o wkdif;&if;om; acgif;aqmifrsm;\ ,kHMunfukd;pm;rI ukdyg &½SdcJYNyD;?
ArmEkdifiHorkdif;wGif ta&;ygaom wkdif;&if;om; aygif;pkH aoG;pnf;
nDñGwfa&; oauFwjzpfonfh yifvkHpmcsKyfukd csKyfqkdEkdifcJhonf/ xkdvkyfief;
rsm; NyD;pD;í vGwfvyfa&;&&ef aocsmaom tajctaeokdY a&mufaomtcg
vGwfvyfaom ArmEkdifiH\ zGJUpnf;ykHtajccH Oya' a&;qGJMurnfh wkdif;jyK
jynfjyK vTwfawmftwGuf a&G;aumufyGJBuD;ukd 1947 ck? {NyDvwGif
atmifjrifpGm usif;yEkdifcJhonf/
,if;okdY ArmhvGwfvyfa&; Adr®mefBuD; NyD;cgeD;tcsdef vGwfvyfaom
ArmEkdifiH wnfaxmifa&; tm;oGefBudK;yrf; aeqJwGif e,fcsJUvufyg;ap
OD;apmESifh taygif;tygwkdY\ &ufpuf,kwfrmpGm vkyfBuH owfjzwfrI
aMumifh 1947 ckESpf? Zlvkdifv (19) &ufaeYwGif tjcm;aom vkyfazmf
udkifzuf wkdif;jynfacgif;aqmif tmZmenfBuD;rsm; ESifhtwl usqkH;
cJh&ayonf/

jrefrmusL;ypfzdk&rf 7
ocifjr (1897-1947)
ocifjronf AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef; acgif;aqmifaom 0efBuD;tzGJUwGif
jynfxJa&;0efBuD;tjzpf wm0efxrf;aqmifcJhonf/
trsdK;om; tmZmenf acgif;aqmifBuD; ocifjronf jynfNrdKUe,f
xkH;bkd½Gm Zmwdjzpfonf/ tz OD;bkd;cRef ESifh trd a':oufv,fwkdYrS 1897
ckESpf? atmufwkdbmv (7) &ufaeYwGif zGm;jrifonf/ i,femrnf
armifba½T jzpfonf/ ESr rjraiG wpfOD;om &Sdí aemiftcg oDv&Sif
0wfoGm;NyD; a':acrm0wD jzpfvmcJhonf/ om,m0wD atbDtrfausmif;rS
owårwef; atmifNyD; q,fwef;ukd &efukefbufywpf txufwef;ausmif;
rS atmifjrifcJhonf/
1918 ckESpfwGif &efukefaumvdyfESifh ukd;vfuwåm; wuúokdvfwkdYrS
tkdiftufpDwef;ukd "mwkaA' *kPfxl;jzifh atmifjrifcJhonf/ 1920 jynhfESpf
wuúokdvf oydwfarSmuf aumifpDwGif 'kwd,Ouú| jzpfcJhonf/ ,if;
oydwfaemuf ay:vmaom trsdK;om;ynma&; aumifpDwGifvnf; tzGJU0if
wpfOD; jzpf½kHru Munfhjrifwkdif trsdK;om; txufwef; ausmif;tkyfvnf;
vkyfcJhzl;onf/ 1924 ckESpfwGif bDtufpfpDwef;ukd "mwkaA' *kPfxl;jzifh
trsdK;om; aumvdyfrSyif atmifjrifcJhonf/ 1926 ckESpfwGif a':cifñGefYESifh
vufxyfonf/ 1927 ckESpfwGif Oya' 0dZÆmbGJY atmifNyD;aom tcg
om,m0wDokdY jyefí a½SUae tvkyfjzifh toufarG;onf/

jrefrmusL;ypfzdk&rf 8
 1930 jynfhESpf awmifolv,form; ta&;awmfykHwGif ta&;awmfykH
om;rsm; bufrS a½SUae vkduf&mrS xif½Sm;vmonf/ 1936 ckESpf
a&mufaomf wkdYArm tpnf;t½kH; 0if&mrS ocifjzpfvmNyD; ocifjr[k
xif&Sm; vmcJhonf/ xkdYaemuf wkdYArm tpnf;t½kH;\ ukd,fyGm;
jzpfaom ]ukd,frif;ukd,fcsif;tzGJY} \ Ouú| jzpfvmonf/ ukd,frif;
ukd,fcsif;tzGJU\ wm0efay;csuft& om,m0wD awmifykdif;rS trwftjzpf
0ifa&muf,SOfNydKif&m ta&G;cH&í 91 Xme acwf Oya'jyKvTwfawmf trwf
jzpfvmonf/ xkdYaMumifh Oya'jyK vTwfawmf twGuf yxrqkH; ta½G;cH
&aom ociftrwf okH;OD; teuf wpfOD; tygt0if jzpfcJhonf/
xkdokdY trwf tjzpf ta½G; cH&aomfvnf; t*Fvdyf e,fcsJUtkyfpkd;rIukd
qefYusifonfh taejzifh trwfvpm r,lonfh ociftrwf wpfOD;vnf;
jzpfonf/ jynfolYta&;awmfykHygwD zGJUaomtcgwGif AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef;u
jynfy qufoG,fa&; wm0ef ,lNyD; ocifjru jynfwGif; acgif;aqmif
wm0ef,lcJhonf/ 1941 ckESpf wGifrl wkdYArm tpnf;t½kH; Ouú| tjzpf
wiajr§muf cH&onf/ &JabmfokH;usdyf *syefEkdifiHokdY ppfynmoif oGm;Ekdifa&;
twGuf pDpOfaqmif½Guf ay;cJh&ol wpfOD;vnf; jzpfonf/ a'gufwm
barmf OD;aqmifaom *syefacwf vGwfvyfa&; tpkd;&tzGJUwGif 'kwd,
0efBuD;csKyf jzpfcJhonf/
zufqpf awmfvSefa&;twGuf zwyvukd zGJUaomtcg jynfolY
ta&;awmfykH ygwDukd ukd,fpm;jyKí ocifjrvnf; yg0ifcJhonf/ 1945
ckESpfwGif jynfolY ta&;awmfykHygwDukd jrefrmjynf qkd&S,fvpfygwD [k
jyifqifzGJUpnf; aomtcg ocifjryif Ouú| jzpfvmonf/
ppfNyD;p zqyv tzGJU\ A[kdtvkyf trIaqmif wpfOD;vnf; jzpf
onf/ ppfNyD;acwf AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef; OD;pD;aom Mum;jzwf tpkd;&tzGJUwGif
b@ma&;ESifh tcGefawmfXme 0efBuD; wm0efrsm; ,lcJh&olvnf; jzpfonf/
xkdYaemuf zGJUpnf;ykH tajccHOya' a&;qGJa&;aumfrwD Ouú|ESifh wkdif;jyK
jynfjyKvTwfawmf ,m,D obmywd wm0efrsm; tay;cH&onf/ atmifqef;
-tufwvD pmcsKyf csKyfqkd&ef AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef; acgif;aqmifonfh

jrefrmusL;ypfzdk&rf 9
vef'efoGm; Arm ukd,fpm;vS,f tzGJU wGifvnf; yg0ifcJhonf/ v,foD;pm;
Oya'#Dum ukdvnf; a&;om;cJhao;onf/
AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef; ESifh tjcm; acgif;aqmifBuD;rsm; ESifh twl rorm
olwkdY vufcsufjzifh 1947 ckESpf? Zlvkdifv (19) &uf? paeaeY? eHeuf 10
em&D? 37 rdepfwGif usqkH;cJh&½Smonf/

jrefrmusL;ypfzdk&rf 10
'D;'kwf OD;bcsdK (1893-1947)
'D;'kwfOD;bcsdKonf AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef; acgif;aqmifaom 0efBuD;
tzGJUwGif jyefMum;a&;Xme 0efBuD;tjzpf wm0efxrf;aqmif cJhonf/
'D;'kwf OD;bcsdKrSm ajrmif;jrZmwd jzpfonf/ tz Arm aq;q&mBuD;
OD;bkd;pm ESifh trd a':jrpfwkdYrS 1893 ck? {NyDv 24 &ufaeYwGif zGm;jrif
onf/ touf 14 ESpfwGif ajrmif;jrNrdKU q&m OD;armifarmif ausmif; rS
owårwef;ukd txl;atmifí paumvm;½Spf ynmoifqk &&SdcJhonf/
xkdaemuf &efukefNrdKU½Sd pdefaygausmif;wGif qufvuf ynmoif,l&m 10
wef; ukd txl;atmif aomaMumifh ynmoifqk xyf&onf/
&efukefwuúokdvfwGif bDat txufwef;ausmif; wufaeqJ rsufpd
a&m*gaMumifh wuúokdvfrS xGufcJh&onf/ aygif;wnfESifh [oFmwNrdKU
rsm;wGif tpdk;& ausmif;q&m tjzpf trIxrf;cJhonf/ ynmtkyfvnf;
vkyfcJhzl;onf/ 1920 wGif a':vSarESifh vufxyfonf/ trsdK;om;
ausmif;rsm; zGifhvmaomtcg tpkd;&0efxrf;rS xGufNyD; trsdK;om; aumvdyf
wGif jrefrmpmq&m 0ifvkyfonf/ tpkd;&taxmuftyHh r,laom trsdK;om;
ausmif;q&mvnf; vkyfcJhzl;onf/ wpfywf wpfBudrfxkwf ]jrefrmh &DAsL;
*sme,f} ukd t,f'DwmcsKyf tjzpf OD;pD; xkwfa0cJhonf/
xkdYaemuf ]'D;'kwf*sme,f} ukd 1925 ckESpfwGif OD;pD; xkwfa0&mwGif
'D;'kwfOD;bcsdK[k xif½Sm;vmonf/ q&mBuD;onf t*Fvdyf? jrefrmESifh

jrefrmusL;ypfzdk&rf 11
ygVdpmay rsm;wGif ESHYpyfNyD; aq;usrf;? aA'if? eu©wfESifh t*¾d&wf ynm
rsm;ukdvnf; vkdufpm;cJhonf/
Arm oDcsif;BuD;ukdvnf; pnf;pepfuspGm wwfajrmufol wpfOD;
jzpfonf/ wl&d,m? uAsm? *Dwukd jrwfEkd;NyD; apmif;aumuf ukdvnf;
ykdifEkdifpGm wD;wwfonf/ Arm oDcsif;BuD;? oDcsif;cefY rsm;ukd rlrSeftwkdif;
jzpfap&ef ]*Dw0daom"edusrf;} ukdvnf; wnf;jzwfcJhonf/ 1938 ckESpf
twGif; 'D;'kwf aeYpOf owif;pmukd xkwfa0cJhonf/ q&mBuD;onf
owif;pmq&m? t,f'Dwm? pma&;q&m ponfh pmayorm;wpfOD;
taejzifh jynfolvlxk EkdifiHa&; todw&m; Ekd;Mum;aponfh pmayrsm;
ukdvnf; a&;om;cJhonf/
t*FvdyfwkdY ay;aom 'kdiftmcDtkyfcsKyfa&; ESifh 91 Xme tkyfcsKyfa&;
wkdYukd qefYusifcJhonf/ azbD,ef (Fabian) ygwD ukdvnf; wnfaxmif
cJhNyD; Ouú|tjzpf wm0ef,lcJhonf/ ArmEkdifiH pma&;q&m toif; Ouú|
vnf; jzpfcJhao;onf/ 1936 ckESpf? wuúokdvf oydwfarSmuf ausmif;om;
rsm; apmifha½Smufa&; tzGJU0if wpfOD; tjzpfvnf; wm0ef,lcJhonf/
*syefacwf t"dywd a'gufwmbarmf tpkd;&vufxufwGif twkdifyifcH
vTwfawmftrwf tjzpf xrf;aqmifcJhonf/ pma&;q&mtoif; em,u
vnf; jzpfonf/
ArmEkdifiH vkH;0 vGwfvyfa&; &½Sd BudK;yrf;&eftwGuf zqyv
tzGJUcsKyf zGJUpnf;aomtcg 0ifa&muf aqmif½Gufonf/ AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef;
acgif;aqmifaom zqyv Mum;jzwf tpkd;&tzGJUwGif jyefMum;a&;
0efBuD;tjzpf wm0ef,lcJhonf/ wkdif;jyKjynfjyK vTwfawmfwGif ArmEkdifiH
zGJUpnf;ykH tajccHOya' a&;qGJa&; aumfrwD tzGJU0iftjzpf AkdvfcsKyf
atmifqef;? ocifjr wkdYESifhtwl txl; tyifyef;cHí aqmif½GufcJhonf/
csif;jynfe,f xD;vif;NrdKUwGif usif;yaom csif;-Arm cspfMunfa&;
ausmufwkdif zGifhyGJ tcrf;tem;okdY AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef; ukd,fpm; tjzpf
vnf;aumif;? jyefMum;a&; 0efBuD; taejzifh vnf;aumif; wufa&muf
cJhonf/

jrefrmusL;ypfzdk&rf 12
 1947 ck Zlvkdifv 19 &uf? eHeuf 10 em&D? 37 rdepfwGif tjcm;
acgif;aqmifBuD;rsm; ESifh twl vkyfBuHcH&NyD; rGef;vGJ 1 em&D 45 rdepf tcsdef
wGif usqkH;onf/

jrefrmusL;ypfzdk&rf 13
OD;&mZwf (1898-1947)
OD;&mZwfonf AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef; acgif;aqmifaom 0efBuD;tzGJUwGif
ynma&; ESifh trsdK;om; pDrHudef;Xme0efBuD; tjzpf wm0ef xrf;aqmif
cJhonf/
trsdK;om; tmZmenf acgif;aqmifBuD; OD;&mZwfonf tNidrf;pm;
wkdufykdif tifpyufawmf rpöwm at&mref ESifh a':ndrf;vS wkdY\ om;
jzpfonf/ q&mBuD;ukd rdw¬Dvmü 1898 ckESpf Zefe0g&D 19 &ufaeYwGif
zGm;jrifonf/ rEÅav; pufpvD a,mufsm;av;ausmif;rS q,fwef;ukd ygVd?
t*Fvdyfpm *kPfxl;wkdYjzifh atmifjrifcJhonf/
wuúokdvfwGif ynmoifaepOf 1920 jynfhESpf wuúokdvf oydwfwGif
yg0ifcJhonf/ 1921 ckwGif rEÅav; A[kd trsdK;om; txufwef;
ausmif;BuD;udk OD;pD; zGifhvSpfcJhNyD; xkdausmif;ü txufwef;jy q&m
vkyfonf/ 1922 ckwGif trsdK;om; ynma&;tzGJUBuD;\ bDat pmar;
yGJBuD;ukd atmifjrifcJhí at&mZwf bDat (ae&Sife,f) trnfcHcJhonf/
1922 ckESpfrS 1941 ckESpf wkdif A[kd trsdK;om; txufwef;ausmif;wGif
ausmif;tkyf q&mBuD;tjzpf xrf;½GufcJhonf/ A[kd trsdK;om; txufwef;
ausmif;tkyftjzpf aqmif½GufpOf &JñGefYwyf zGJUpnf;NyD; ausmif;om;
vli,frsm;ukd ppfynm oifay;½kHru rsdK;cspfpdwfvnf; oGif;ay;onf/
1938 ckwGif a&Tbkdol a':cifcif ESifh vufxyfonf/

jrefrmusL;ypfzdk&rf 14
 1945 wGif ppftwGif;u ydwfxm;cJh&aom trsdK;om;ausmif;BuD;ukd
jyefvnf zGifhvSpfaomtcg trsdK;om;ausmif;wGif q&m jyefvkyfonf/
txuf ArmEkdifiHvkH;qkdif&m zqyv tzGJU Ouú|vnf; jzpfvmonf/ Arm-
rGwfpvif toif; Ouú|vnf; jzpfcJhonf/ ArmEkdifiH zGJUpnf;ykH tajccH
Oya' a&;qGJa&; aumfrwD0if wpfOD;vnf; jzpfonf/
AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef; OD;aqmifaom Mum;jzwf tpkd;&tzGJUwGif ynma&;
ESifh trsdK;om; pDrHudef;Xme 0efBuD;tjzpf wm0ef,laepOf tjcm;
acgif;aqmifBuD;rsm; ESifh twl rormolwkdY\ vufcsufjzifh 1947 ck?
Zlvkdifv 19 &uf? paeaeY? eHeuf 10 em&D? 37 rdepfwGif vkyfBuHcH&NyD;
usqkH;cJhonf/

jrefrmusL;ypfzdk&rf 15
ref;bckdif (1903-1947)
ref;bckdifonf AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef; acgif;aqmifaom 0efBuD;tzGJUwGif
pufrIvufrI ESifh tvkyform;0efBuD;Xme 0efBuD;tjzpf wm0ef xrf;aqmif
cJhonf/
u&iftrsdK;om; tmZmenf acgif;aqmifBuD; ref;bckdifonf [oFmw
NrdKUe,f ,kefwvif;&Gm Zmwdjzpfonf/ tz ,kefwvif; ½GmolBuD;
ref;ayukef; ESifh trda':yk jzpfonf/ arG;ouú&mZfrSm 1903 ckESpf?
atmufwkdbmv 26 &uf jzpfonf/ [oFmwNrdKU? atbDtrfausmif;wGif
ynm oif,lcJh&m 1920 jynfhESpfwGif owårwef; atmifonf/
u&ifbmomoif ausmif;wpfausmif;ukd OD;pD;zGifhvSpfcJhol wpfOD;jzpfonf/
1937 ckwGif ykodrfajrmufykdif;rS trwftjzpf ta½G;cH&onf/ 1938
ck wGif yJcl;ol a':cifeD ESifh vufxyfonf/ 1941 ck wGif w&m;a&;Xme
twGif;0ef jzpfcJhonf/ zufqpf awmfvSefa&;wGifvnf; yg0ifcJh½kHru
u&if-Arm cspfMunfa&;ukd txl; aqmif½GufcJhol wpfOD;vnf; jzpfonf/
ppfNyD;acwfwGif zqyv A[kd tvkyftrIaqmif vlBuD;wpfOD; jzpf
vmonf/ u&ifvli,frsm; tpnf;t½kH; Ouú| tjzpf wifajr§mufjcif;
cH&onf/

jrefrmusL;ypfzdk&rf 16
 AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef; OD;aqmifaom Mum;jzwf tpkd;& tzGJUwGif
pufrIvufrI ESifh tvkyform; 0efBuD;Xme 0efBuD;vnf; jzpfonf/
AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef; ESifhtwl vkyfBuHcH&í 1947 ck? Zlvkdifv 19 &ufwGif
usqkH; cJhonf/

jrefrmusL;ypfzdk&rf 17
rkdif;yGefapmfbGm;BuD; p0fpHxGef; (1907-1947)
rkdif;yGefapmfbGm;BuD; p0fpHxGef;onf AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef; acgif;aqmif
aom 0efBuD;tzGJUwGif twkdifyifcH awmifwef;a'oa&;&m 0efBuD; tjzpf
wm0ef xrf;aqmifcJhonf/
rkdif;yGefapmfbGm;BuD; p0fcGefxD; ESifh ajrmufeef;aqmif r[ma'0D
eef;pdefOwkdY\ om; p0fpHxGef;onf 1907 arv 31 &ufaeYzGm; jzpfonf/
awmifBuD;NrdKU &Srf;apmfbGm;om;rsm; txufwef;ausmif;rS q,fwef;
atmifonf/ rEÅav; ykvdyf twwfoifausmif;vnf; wufcJhzl;onf/
xkdYaemuf ykvdyft&m&Sd tjzpf acwå trIxrf;cJhonf/
1928 ck wGif apmfbGm;tjzpf cH,lvkdufí rkdif;yGef apmfbGm;BuD; jzpf
vmonf/ 1932 ckwGif rkd;rdwf apmfbGm;BuD;\ orD; p0fcifaomif; ESifh
vufxyfonf/ &Srf;jynfe,fwGif odyÜHenf;us pdkufysdK;a&; vkyfief;rsm;
xGef;um; vmap&ef BudK;yrf;cJhol wpfOD;vnf; jzpfonf/ t*FvefEkdifiHrS
pkdufysdK;a&; qkdif&m acwfrSD pmtkyfrsm;? ud&d,m wefqmyvmrsm; ESifh
oD;ESHrsdK;aphrsm; ukdyif rSm,lcJhzl;onf/
'kwd,urÇmppfBuD; NyD;í t*Fvdyfrsm; ArmEkdifiHokdY jyef0if
vmaomf? ,if;ESifhtwl ygvmaom puúLjzL tkyfcsKyfa&;ukd qefYusifcJhol
jzpfonf/ awmifwef; ESifh ajrjyefY aoG;cGJí tkyfcsKyfonfukd rvkdvm;í
ajrjyefYESifh awmifwef; pnf;vkH; nDñGwfa&; twGuf vkH;yrf;cJhol jzpfonf/

jrefrmusL;ypfzdk&rf 18
xkdYaMumifhvnf; yifvkHpmcsKyfukd vufrSwf a&;xkd;cJhonfh apmfbGm;vnf;
jzpfonf/
AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef; OD;aqmifaom Mum;jzwf tpkd;& tzGJUwGif
twkdifyifcH awmifwef;a'oa&;&m 0efBuD;jzpfvmonf/ xkdYjyif wkdif;jyK
jynfjyK vTwfawmf\ jynfaxmifpkESifh jynfe,fqkdif&m qyfaumfrwD?
vlenf;pkqkdif&m qyfaumfrwD\ zGJYpnf;yHk tajccH Oya' a&;qGJa&;
aumfrwDrsm;wGif tzGJU0ifvnf; jzpfcJhonf/
1947 ckESpf? Zlvkdifv (19) &ufaeYwGif AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef;
wkdYESifhtwl vkyfBuHcH&NyD; Zlvkdifv (20) &uf? rGef;wnfh 12 em&DwGif
usqkH; cJhonf/

jrefrmusL;ypfzdk&rf 19
OD;b0if; (1901-1947)
OD;b0if;onf AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef; acgif;aqmifaom 0efBuD;tzGJUwGif
axmufyHha&;ESifh ul;oef;a&mif;0,fa&; 0efBuD;tjzpf wm0ef xrf;aqmif
cJhonf/
ewfarmufNrdKU a½SUae OD;zm? a':pkwkdY\ om;orD; 9 a,mufteuf
OD;b0if;onf tBuD;qkH;om; jzpfonf/ AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef;\ tukd
tBuD;qkH;jzpfNyD; 1901 ck? ZGefv 11 &ufaeYwGif zGm;jrifonf/ 1914 ck
wGif ewfarmuf tv,fwef;ausmif;rS owårwef; atmifonf/ Arm
ukd;wef; atmifNyD;aemuf tv,fwef;q&mjzpf pmar;yGJ atmifaomtcg
ewfarmufüyif ausmif;tkyf acwåvkyfonf/ xkdYaemuf a&eHacsmif;ü
ausmif;q&m? bDtkdpD pma&;b0jzifh usifvnf&if; t*Fvdyfpm tvGwf
ynmoifausmif; wufonf/ 1924 ck wGif a&eHacsmif; trsdK;om;
txufwef;ausmif;rS q,fwef;ukd okH;bmom *kPfxl;jzifh atmif½kHru
yxrvnf; &onf/
1929 ck wGif &efukefwuúokdvfrS ocsFm *kPfxl;wef; atmifí
bDtufpfpD bGJU&onf/ yxrqkH; wuúokdvfbGJU& ewfarmufom;vnf;
jzpfonf/ bJGU&NyD;aemuf a&eHacsmif; trsdK;om; txufwef;ausmif;wGif
txufwef;jy q&mtjzpf vnf;aumif;? jzL;NrdKU trsdK;om; txufwef;
ausmif;wGif txufwef; ausmif;tkyftjzpf vnf;aumif; aqmif&Guf

jrefrmusL;ypfzdk&rf 20
cJhonf/ 1935 ckwGif awmifwGif;BuD;NrdKUrS OD;pH? a':a&Tar wkdY\ orD;
a':cifapm ESifh vufxyfonf/
ppfNyD;acwfwGif a&eHacsmif;NrdKUe,f zqyv Ouú| jzpfvmonf/
1947 ckESpf wGif axmufyHha&; ESifh ul;oef;a&mif;0,fa&; 0efBuD;tjzpf
wm0efxrf;aqmifonf/ wkdif;jyKjynfjyK vTwfawmf? zGJUpnf;ykH tajccHOya'
a&;qGJa&; aumfrwDwGifvnf; yg0ifcJhonf/
1947 ck? Zlvkdifv 19 &uf? paeaeY? eHeuf 10 em&D? 37 rdepf
tcsdefwGif vkyfBuHcH&NyD; usqkH;onf/

jrefrmusL;ypfzdk&rf 21
OD;tkef;armif (1913-1947)
OD;tkef;armifonf rif;bl;NrdKU? rpöwm tdyfcsf'AvsL w&yf(wf)0ef;?
a':a&Tjrifh wkdY\ 'kwd,om; jzpfonf/ arG;ouú&mZfrSm 1913 ck?
azazmf0g&Dv 2 &uf jzpfonf/
wuúokdvf ausmif;om;b0u &efukefwuúokdvf wyf&if;wGif wyfcGJ
wyfaxmuf tjzpf aqmif½GufcJhonf/ 1934 ckESpf wGif 0dZæmwef; atmif
onf/ 1937 ckwGif tkdifpDtuf(pf) pmar;yGJajzol 3 OD;teuf yxr&onf/
1939 ckwGif rEÅav;NrdKU? ta&SUe,fykdif 0efaxmuftjzpf aqmif&GufcJhonf/
1947 ckESpfwGif jrpfBuD;em; ta&;ykdiftjzpf cefYtyfjcif; cH&onf/
xkdYaemuf vrf;yef; qufoG,fa&; twGif;0eftjzpf cefYtyfjcif; cH&onf/
1947 ck? Zlvkdifv 19 &ufaeY? paeaeY? eHeuf 10 em&D? 37 rdepfwGif
usqkH;onf/

jrefrmusL;ypfzdk&rf 22
&Jabmf ukdaxG; (1929-1947)
rEÅav;NrdKU awmifjyif odyÜH&yf yifpifpm; v,f,m pkduyf sdK;a&;
0efaxmuf OD;ukdudkav;? a':rif;&D wkdY\ q|rajrmuf om;jzpfonf/
e0rwef; txd ynmoifMum;cJhonf/ touf 18 ESpf t&G,fwGif
ynma&;0efBuD; OD;&mZwf \ oufawmfapmifhtjzpf cefYtyfjcif; cH&onf/
1947 ck? Zlvkdifv 19 &uf? paeaeY? eHeuf 10 em&D 45 rdepfwGif
tmZmenf acgif;aqmifBuD;rsm;ukd vkyfBuHaom rormolwkdY\ vufcsuf
jzifh usqkH;cJh&onf/

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jrefrmusL;ypfzdk&rf 23