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ﻏﻼﻣﺮﺿﺎ ﺷﺮﻳﻔﻲراد ،1ﭘﺮﺳﺘﻮ ﻳﺎرﻣﺤﻤﺪي ،2ﻣﺤﻤﺪﻋﻠﻲ ﻣﺮوﺗﻲ ﺷﺮﻳﻒآﺑﺎد ،3زﻫﺮه رﻫﺎﻳﻲ
ﭼﻜﻴﺪه
ﻣﻘﺪﻣﻪ :اﻣﺮوزه ﮔﺴﺘﺮش آﻧﻔﻠﻮاﻧﺰاي ﻧﻮع ) (Aﺑﻪ ﻃﻮر ﭘﺎﻧﺪﻣﻴﻚ ﺑﻴﺶ از ﮔﺬﺷﺘﻪ ،ﺳﻼﻣﺖ ﻣﺮدم ﺟﻬﺎن را ﺗﺤﺖ ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﻗﺮار داده اﺳﺖ .ﮔﻔﺘﻪ
ﻣﻲﺷﻮد ﻛﻪ اﻗﺪاﻣﺎت و ﭘﻴﺶﮔﻴﺮيﻫﺎي ﻏﻴﺮ داروﻳﻲ در ﻛﻨﺘﺮل و ﮔﺴﺘﺮش اﻳﻦ ﺑﻴﻤﺎري ﺑﺴﻴﺎر ﻣﺆﺛﺮ اﺳﺖ .از اﻳﻦ رو ﺑﻪ ﻣﻨﻈﻮر داﺷﺘﻦ ﻳﻚ
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ﻣﺪﻳﺮﻳﺖ اﺛﺮﺑﺨﺶ در ﭘﺎﻧﺪﻣﻴﻚ آﻧﻔﻠﻮاﻧﺰاي ﻧﻮع ) ،(Aﺷﻨﺎﺧﺖ ﻋﻮاﻣﻞ ﻣﺆﺛﺮ در ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮات رﻓﺘﺎرﻫﺎي ﭘﻴﺶﮔﻴﺮي ﻛﻨﻨﺪه ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ اﺳﺖ .اﻳﻦ
ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﺑﺎ ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ وﺿﻌﻴﺖ رﻓﺘﺎرﻫﺎي ﭘﻴﺶﮔﻴﺮي ﻛﻨﻨﺪه داﻧﺶآﻣﻮزان دﺧﺘﺮ در اﺑﺘﻼ و ﮔﺴﺘﺮش آﻧﻔﻠﻮاﻧﺰاي ﻧﻮع ) ،(Aﺑﺮ اﺳﺎس ﺗﺌﻮري اﻧﮕﻴﺰش
f S
روشﻫﺎ :ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺷﻴﻮه ﻣﻘﻄﻌﻲ ﺑﺎ روش ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪﮔﻴﺮي ﭼﻨﺪ ﻣﺮﺣﻠﻪاي ﺗﺼﺎدﻓﻲ ﺻﻮرت ﮔﺮﻓﺖ .دادهﻫﺎ ﺑﻪ وﺳﻴﻠﻪ ﭘﺮﺳﺶﻧﺎﻣﻪ ﻣﺤﻘﻖ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻪ
ﺟﻤﻊآوري ﺷﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ 300داﻧﺶآﻣﻮز دﺧﺘﺮ دﺑﻴﺮﺳﺘﺎﻧﻲ ﺷﻬﺮ اﺻﻔﻬﺎن در ديﻣﺎه ﺳﺎل 88ﺗﻜﻤﻴﻞ ﮔﺮدﻳﺪ .ﺳﺆاﻻت ﭘﺮﺳﺶﻧﺎﻣﻪ ﻣﺒﺘﻨﻲ ﺑﺮ
ﻣﺤﺎﻓﻈﺖ اﻧﺠﺎم ﮔﺮﻓﺖ.
e o
ﺗﺌﻮري اﻧﮕﻴﺰش ﻣﺤﺎﻓﻈﺖ ﺑﻮد .آﻧﺎﻟﻴﺰ دادهﻫﺎ ﺑﺎ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از ﻧﺮماﻓﺰار SPSS14و آﻣﺎر ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻔﻲ و اﺳﺘﻨﺒﺎﻃﻲ اﻧﺠﺎم ﮔﺮﻓﺖ.
ﻳﺎﻓﺘﻪﻫﺎ :ﻣﻴﺎﻧﮕﻴﻦ ﺳﻨﻲ اﻓﺮاد ﻣﻮرد ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ (SE = 1/1) 15/62ﺳﺎل ﺑﻮد .اﻛﺜﺮ ﺷﺮﻛﺖﻛﻨﻨﺪﮔﺎن در ﺧﺼﻮص آﻧﻔﻠﻮاﻧﺰاي ﻧﻮع ) (Aاﻃﻼﻋﺎت
i v
ﻛﺴﺐ ﻛﺮده ﺑﻮدﻧﺪ ) 87/3درﺻﺪ .(262/300 ،ﻳﺎﻓﺘﻪﻫﺎ ﻫﻤﺒﺴﺘﮕﻲ ﻣﺜﺒﺖ و ﻣﻌﻨﻲداري را ﻣﻴﺎن ﺣﺴﺎﺳﻴﺖ درك ﺷﺪه ،ﺷﺪت درك ﺷﺪه و
ﺧﻮدﻛﺎراﻣﺪي ﺑﺎ رﻓﺘﺎرﻫﺎي ﭘﻴﺶﮔﻴﺮي ﻛﻨﻨﺪه ﻧﺸﺎن دادﻧﺪ ) .(P < 0/01ارزﻳﺎﺑﻲ ﻛﻨﺎر آﻣﺪن )ﺧﻮد ﻛﺎراﻣﺪي و ﻛﺎراﻣﺪي ﭘﺎﺳﺦ( و ارزﻳﺎﺑﻲ
h
ﺗﻬﺪﻳﺪ )ﺣﺴﺎﺳﻴﺖ درك ﺷﺪه و ﺷﺪت درك ﺷﺪه( ارﺗﺒﺎط ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ و ﻣﻌﻨﻲداري ﺑﺎ رﻓﺘﺎر داﺷﺘﻨﺪ و اﻳﻦ دو ﺑﺎ ﻫﻢ 11درﺻﺪ رﻓﺘﺎر را
c
ﭘﻴﺶﮔﻮﻳﻲ ﻣﻲﻛﺮدﻧﺪ.
r
ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪﮔﻴﺮي :ﻧﺘﺎﻳﺞ اﻳﻦ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ،ﺗﻬﺪﻳﺪ درك ﺷﺪه ﺑﺎﻻﻳﻲ ﺑﺮاي آﻧﻔﻠﻮاﻧﺰاي ﻧﻮع ) (Aﻧﺸﺎن داد .از اﻳﻦرو ،وﺟﻮد آﻣﻮزشدﻫﻨﺪﮔﺎن ﺳﻼﻣﺖ
ﻋﻤﻮﻣﻲ و ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪرﻳﺰان ﺟﻬﺖ ﻣﺪاﺧﻼت ﻣﺒﺘﻨﻲ ﺑﺮ ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻠﻪ ﺑﺎ ﭘﺎﻧﺪﻣﻴﻚ آﻧﻔﻠﻮاﻧﺰاي ﻧﻮع ) (Aﺿﺮوري ﺗﻠﻘﻲ ﻣﻲﺷﻮد .ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ اﻳﻦ ﻛﻪ
A
ﻣﻬﻢﺗﺮﻳﻦ ﻣﻨﺒﻊ اﻃﻼعرﺳﺎﻧﻲ ،رﺳﺎﻧﻪﻫﺎي ﺟﻤﻌﻲ ﮔﺰارش ﺷﺪ .ﺑﻪ ﻧﻈﺮ ﻣﻲرﺳﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﺖﮔﺬاريﻫﺎي ﺟﺪﻳﺪ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ آﮔﺎﻫﻲ داﻧﺶآﻣﻮزان را ﺑﺎ
اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﮔﻮﻧﺎﮔﻮن ﻋﻠﻤﻲ ارﺗﻘﺎء دﻫﻨﺪ.
واژهﻫﺎي ﻛﻠﻴﺪي :رﻓﺘﺎرﻫﺎي ﭘﻴﺶﮔﻴﺮي ﻛﻨﻨﺪه ،آﻧﻔﻠﻮاﻧﺰاي ﻧﻮع ) ،(Aﺗﺌﻮري اﻧﮕﻴﺰش ﻣﺤﺎﻓﻈﺖ ،داﻧﺶآﻣﻮزان.
ﻧﻮع ﻣﻘﺎﻟﻪ :ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻘﻲ
ﭘﺬﻳﺮش ﻣﻘﺎﻟﻪ89/4/20 : درﻳﺎﻓﺖ ﻣﻘﺎﻟﻪ89/3/15 :
.1اﺳﺘﺎد ،ﮔﺮوه آﻣﻮزش ﺑﻬﺪاﺷﺖ و ارﺗﻘﺎي ﺳﻼﻣﺖ ،داﻧﺸﻜﺪه ﺑﻬﺪاﺷﺖ ،داﻧﺸﮕﺎه ﻋﻠﻮم ﭘﺰﺷﻜﻲ اﺻﻔﻬﺎن ،اﺻﻔﻬﺎن ،اﻳﺮان.
.2داﻧﺸﺠﻮي ﻛﺎرﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ارﺷﺪ ،ﮔﺮوه آﻣﻮزش ﺑﻬﺪاﺷﺖ ،داﻧﺸﻜﺪه ﺑﻬﺪاﺷﺖ ،داﻧﺸﮕﺎه ﻋﻠﻮم ﭘﺰﺷﻜﻲ اﺻﻔﻬﺎن ،اﺻﻔﻬﺎن ،اﻳﺮان) .ﻧﻮﻳﺴﻨﺪه ﻣﺴﺆول(
Email: p_yarmohamadi@yahoo.com
.3داﻧﺸﻴﺎر ،ﮔﺮوه آﻣﻮزش ﺑﻬﺪاﺷﺖ ،داﻧﺸﻜﺪه ﺑﻬﺪاﺷﺖ داﻧﺸﮕﺎه ﻋﻠﻮم ﭘﺰﺷﻜﻲ ﻳﺰد ،ﻳﺰد ،اﻳﺮان.
.4داﻧﺸﺠﻮي دﻛﺘﺮي ،ﮔﺮوه آﻣﻮزش ﺑﻬﺪاﺷﺖ ،داﻧﺸﻜﺪه ﺑﻬﺪاﺷﺖ ،داﻧﺸﮕﺎه ﺗﺮﺑﻴﺖ ﻣﺪرس ،ﺗﻬﺮان ،اﻳﺮان.
www.SID.ir
ﻣﺠﻠﻪ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻘﺎت ﻧﻈﺎم ﺳﻼﻣﺖ/ﺳﺎل ﻫﻔﺘﻢ /ﺷﻤﺎره اول /ﺑﻬﺎر 1390 108
www.mui.ac.ir
ﻏﻼﻣﺮﺿﺎ ﺷﺮﻳﻔﻲراد و ﻫﻤﻜﺎران
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آﻧﻔﻠﻮاﻧﺰا ،ﻳﻚ RNAوﻳﺮوس اﺳﺖ و ﻣﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﻪ ﺧﺎﻧﻮاده
Orthomyxoviridaeﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ .اﻳﻦ وﻳﺮوس ﺑﺮ اﺳﺎس
S
ﻋﻼﻳﻢ ﻣﺴﺮي ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ ).(14-16 ﭘﺮوﺗﺌﻴﻦ ﻣﺮﻛﺰي وﻳﺮوس ،ﺑﻪ ﺳﻪ زﻳﺮ ﮔﺮوه B ،Aو Cﺗﻘﺴﻴﻢ
ﻣﻄﺎﺑﻖ ﺑﺎ اﻋﻼم ،(Center of disease control) CDC ﻣﻲﺷﻮد .وﻳﺮوس آﻧﻔﻠﻮاﻧﺰاي ﻧﻮع ) (Aﺑﺴﻴﺎر ﺷﺎﻳﻊ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ .اﻳﻦ
ﻋﻼﻳﻢ و ﻧﺸﺎﻧﻪﻫﺎي آﻧﻔﻠﻮاﻧﺰاي ﻧﻮع ) (Aدر اﻧﺴﺎن ﻣﺸﺎﺑﻪ
آﻧﻔﻠﻮاﻧﺰاي ﻓﺼﻠﻲ اﺳﺖ ،ﻛﻪ ﻧﺸﺎﻧﻪﻫﺎي آن ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﺗﺐ ،ﺳﺮﻓﻪ ،ﮔﻠﻮ
درد ،ﺑﺪن درد ،ﺳﺮ درد ،ﺑﻲﺣﺎﻟﻲ و ﺧﺴﺘﮕﻲ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ .در ﺑﺮﺧﻲ f
وﻳﺮوس ﻣﻲﺗﻮاﻧﺪ ﺑﺎﻋﺚ اﺑﺘﻼي ﮔﻮﻧﻪﻫﺎي ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﭘﺴﺘﺎﻧﺪاران و
o
ﭘﺮﻧﺪﮔﺎن ﺷﻮد .ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ وﻳﺮوﻻﻧﺲ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮي ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ
آﻧﻔﻠﻮاﻧﺰاي Bو Cدارد و ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮر ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒﻲ ﻫﻤﻪ ﺳﺎﻟﻪ ﺑﺎﻋﺚ
e
اﻓﺮاد ﻋﻼﻳﻢ ﮔﻮارﺷﻲ ﻧﻈﻴﺮ اﺳﻬﺎل و ﺗﻬﻮع ﻧﻴﺰ ﮔﺰارش ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ اﭘﻴﺪﻣﻲ ﺑﺎ ﺷﺪتﻫﺎي ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﻣﻲﺷﻮد ).(3 ،4
) .(17 ،18ﻳﻜﻲ از ﻧﮕﺮاﻧﻲﻫﺎي ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻬﺪاﺷﺖ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﻲ، آﻧﻔﻠﻮاﻧﺰاي ﻧﻮع ) 91 ،(Aﺳﺎل ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮرت ﭘﺎﻧﺪﻣﻲ ﺟﻬﺎﻧﻲ
i v
ﻣﺴﺮي ﺑﻮدن ﺧﻴﻠﻲ ﺷﺪﻳﺪ ﺑﻴﻤﺎري آﻧﻔﻠﻮاﻧﺰا و ﺑﻪ ﻃﺒﻊ آن ﺑﺮوز،
اﭘﻴﺪﻣﻲ و ﻣﺮگ و ﻣﻴﺮ اﻳﻦ ﺑﻴﻤﺎري ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ .ﺣﺎل ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ
ﻣﻄﺮح اﺳﺖ و از آن ﭘﺲ ،ﺑﺮوز اﻳﻦ ﺑﻴﻤﺎري ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮرت
اﺳﭙﻮرادﻳﻚ در آﻣﺪه اﺳﺖ ) .(5ﺳﺎزﻣﺎن ﺟﻬﺎﻧﻲ ﺑﻬﺪاﺷﺖ
c h
ﺷﻴﻮع اﻳﻦ ﺑﻴﻤﺎري در ﺑﻴﻦ ﻧﻮﺟﻮاﻧﺎن و داﻧﺶآﻣﻮزان ﺳﻨﻴﻦ
ﻣﺪرﺳﻪ ،آﮔﺎه ﺳﺎزي اﻳﻦ ﻗﺸﺮ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪﻫﺎي آﻣﻮزش ﺑﻬﺪاﺷﺖ
) World health organizationﻳﺎ (WHOﭘﺎﻧﺪﻣﻲ آﻧﻔﻠﻮاﻧﺰاي
ﻧﻮع ) (Aرا در ﻓﺎز ﺷﺸﻢ ﻗﺮار داده اﺳﺖ ) .(6ﻃﺒﻖ ﺑﻴﺎﻧﻴﻪ اﻳﻦ
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ﻣﻲﺗﻮاﻧﺪ ﺧﻴﻠﻲ ﻣﺆﺛﺮ و ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮﮔﺬار ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ) .(19در ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪﻫﺎي
آﻣﻮزش ﺑﻬﺪاﺷﺖ ﺗﺌﻮري و ﻣﺪلﻫﺎي ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﻲ ﻣﻮرد اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﻗﺮار
ﻣﻲﮔﻴﺮد ،ﻳﻜﻲ از اﻳﻦ ﻣﺪلﻫﺎ و ﺗﺌﻮريﻫﺎ ،ﺗﺌﻮري اﻧﮕﻴﺰش
ﻣﺤﺎﻓﻈﺖ اﺳﺖ .اﻳﻦ ﺗﺌﻮري در ﺳﺎل 1975ﺑﻪ وﺳﻴﻠﻪ Rogers
ﺳﺎزﻣﺎن ) (WHOﺣﺪود 170000ﻣﻮرد ﻣﺒﺘﻼ ﺑﻪ آﻧﻔﻠﻮاﻧﺰا ﻧﻮع
) (Aو 1428ﻣﺮگ ﻧﺎﺷﻲ از آن ﮔﺰارش ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ ).(7
آﻧﻔﻠﻮاﻧﺰاي ﻧﻮع ) ،(Aﺑﻪ وﺳﻴﻠﻪ ﻳﻜﻲ از زﻳﺮ ردهﻫﺎي ،H2N3
H1N2 ،H3N1 ،H3N2و H1N1اﻳﺠﺎد ﻣﻲﺷﻮد ) .(8-10ﭘﺎﻧﺪﻣﻲ
)ﺑﻪ ﻧﻘﻞ از Milneو ﻫﻤﻜﺎران( ﺑﺮاي ﺗﻮﺿﻴﺢ اﺛﺮات ﺗﺮس ﺑﺮ ﺳﺎل 1918در اﻧﺴﺎنﻫﺎ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ وﻳﺮوس H1N1ﺑﻪ وﺟﻮد آﻣﺪه
ﻧﮕﺮشﻫﺎ و رﻓﺘﺎرﻫﺎي ﺑﻬﺪاﺷﺘﻲ ﺑﻴﺎن ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ .اﻳﻦ ﺗﺌﻮري ﺑﺮ اﺳﺖ .اﻳﻦ وﻳﺮوس ﻣﻲﺗﻮاﻧﺪ از ﺧﻮك ﺑﻪ اﻧﺴﺎن و ﻳﺎ از اﻧﺴﺎن ﺑﻪ
ﭘﺎﻳﻪ ﺗﺌﻮري اﻧﺘﻈﺎر ارزش ﭘﺎﻳﻪﮔﺬاري ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ .ﺗﺌﻮري اﻧﮕﻴﺰش ﺧﻮك ﻣﻨﺘﻘﻞ ﺷﻮد ) .(11در ﺳﺎل 2009ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﺟﺪﻳﺪي از وﻳﺮوس
ﻣﺤﺎﻓﻈﺖ ،ﻳﻚ ﺷﺮح ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺘﻲ اﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ ﻣﻬﻢ از رﻓﺘﺎرﻫﺎي آﻧﻔﻠﻮاﻧﺰا ﺷﻴﻮع ﭘﻴﺪا ﻛﺮد ﻛﻪ در واﻗﻊ ﺑﺎزآراﻳﻲ ﭼﻨﺪﻳﻦ ﻧﻮع وﻳﺮوس
ﺣﻔﺎﻇﺘﻲ را ﺑﻪ دﺳﺖ ﻣﻲدﻫﺪ .اﻳﻦ ﺗﺌﻮري ﺷﺎﻣﻞ دو ﻣﺮﺣﻠﻪ آﻧﻔﻠﻮاﻧﺰاي ﻧﻮع ) (Aاز زﻳﺮ ﻧﻮع H1N1ﺑﻮد ).(12
ارزﻳﺎﺑﻲ ﺗﻬﺪﻳﺪ )ﺣﺴﺎﺳﻴﺖ درك ﺷﺪه ،ﺷﺪت درك ﺷﺪه و اﻓﺮاد در ﻣﻌﺮض ﺧﻄﺮ اﻳﻦ ﺑﻴﻤﺎري ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﺳﻦ ﺑﺎﻻي 65
ﭘﺎداشﻫﺎي درك ﺷﺪه( و ارزﻳﺎﺑﻲ ﻛﻨﺎر آﻣﺪن )ﺧﻮدﻛﺎراﻣﺪي درك ﺳﺎل ،ﺑﭽﻪﻫﺎي ﻛﻤﺘﺮ از 5ﺳﺎل ،زﻧﺎن ﺣﺎﻣﻠﻪ ،اﻓﺮاد داراي
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ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ وﺿﻌﻴﺖ رﻓﺘﺎرﻫﺎي ﭘﻴﺶﮔﻴﺮيﻛﻨﻨﺪه از اﺑﺘﻼ و ﮔﺴﺘﺮش آﻧﻔﻠﻮاﻧﺰاي ﻧﻮع )… (A
ﻣﺤﺎﻓﻈﺖ ﺑﻮد .ﻗﺴﻤﺖ اول ﭘﺮﺳﺶﻧﺎﻣﻪ ،ﻣﺸﺨﺼﺎت دﻣﻮﮔﺮاﻓﻴﻚ ﺷﺪه ،ﻛﺎراﻣﺪي ﭘﺎﺳﺦ درك ﺷﺪه و ﻫﺰﻳﻨﻪﻫﺎي درك ﺷﺪه( و ﺳﺎزه
داﻧﺶآﻣﻮزان ) 7ﺳﺆال( ﺑﻮد .ﻗﺴﻤﺖ دوم ﭘﺮﺳﺶﻧﺎﻣﻪ ﺑﺮ اﺳﺎس ﺗﺮس ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ .ﺑﺎزده اﻳﻦ 2ﻣﺮﺣﻠﻪ ،اﻧﮕﻴﺰش ﻣﺤﺎﻓﻈﺖ و رﻓﺘﺎر
ﺗﺌﻮري اﻧﮕﻴﺰش ﻣﺤﺎﻓﻈﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺐ ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﺣﺴﺎﺳﻴﺖ درك ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ ).(20
ﺷﺪه ) 4ﺳﺆال( ،ﺷﺪت درك ﺷﺪه ) 3ﺳﺆال( ،ﻛﺎراﻣﺪي ﭘﺎﺳﺦ )6 ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻖ Jiangو ﻫﻤﻜﺎران در راﺑﻄﻪ ﺑﺎ ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ رﻓﺘﺎرﻫﺎي
ﺳﺆال( ،ﺧﻮدﻛﺎراﻣﺪي ) 5ﺳﺆال( ،ﻫﺰﻳﻨﻪ ﭘﺎﺳﺦ ) 4ﺳﺆال(، ﭘﻴﺶﮔﻴﺮي ﻛﻨﻨﺪه ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻠﻪ ﺑﺎ ﺳﺎرس ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﺗﺌﻮري اﻧﮕﻴﺰش
ﭘﺎداشﻫﺎ ) 3ﺳﺆال( ،ﺗﺮس ) 3ﺳﺆال( ،اﻧﮕﻴﺰش ﻣﺤﺎﻓﻈﺖ )6 ﻣﺤﺎﻓﻈﺖ ،ﻧﺸﺎن داد ﻛﻪ ﺗﻬﺪﻳﺪ درك ﺷﺪه و ﻛﺎراﻣﺪي ﭘﺎﺳﺦ
ﺳﺆال( ،رﻓﺘﺎر ) 6ﺳﺆال( ﺑﻮد .ﺟﻬﺖ رواﻳﻲ و ﭘﺎﻳﺎﻳﻲ اﻳﻦ درك ﺷﺪه در ﺧﺼﻮص رﻓﺘﺎر ﭘﻴﺶﮔﻴﺮي ﻛﻨﻨﺪه از ﺳﺎرس،
ﭘﺮﺳﺶﻧﺎﻣﻪ ،ﭘﺲ از ﻃﺮاﺣﻲ در اﺧﺘﻴﺎر ﭼﻨﺪ ﺗﻦ از اﺳﺘﺎدان ﻗﺮار ﻣﻬﻢﺗﺮﻳﻦ ﭘﻴﺶﮔﻮﻳﻲﻛﻨﻨﺪه رﻓﺘﺎر ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ ) Valigosky .(21در
ﮔﺮﻓﺖ .ﭘﺲ از درﻳﺎﻓﺖ ﻧﻈﺮات آنﻫﺎ اﺻﻼﺣﺎت ﻻزم ﺻﻮرت ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﺧﻮد ﻧﺸﺎن داد ﻛﻪ اﺟﺰاي ﺗﺌﻮري اﻧﮕﻴﺰش ﻣﺤﺎﻓﻈﺖ،
ﮔﺮﻓﺖ .ﺳﭙﺲ در ﻳﻚ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ 30ﻧﻔﺮي Cronbach's alpha
ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ ﮔﺮدﻳﺪ Cronbach's alpha .ﺗﻤﺎﻣﻲ ﺳﺆاﻻت ﺑﺎﻻي
I D
ﭘﻴﺶﮔﻮﻳﻲ ﻛﻨﻨﺪه ﺿﻌﻴﻔﻲ ﺑﺮاي رﻓﺘﺎرﻫﺎي ﭘﻴﺶﮔﻴﺮي ﻛﻨﻨﺪه از
ﺑﻴﻤﺎريﻫﺎي ﻋﻔﻮﻧﻲ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ ) .(22ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ اﻳﻦ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻬﻢﺗﺮﻳﻦ
S
0/65ﺑﻮد .ﭘﺲ از آن آزﻣﻮن -ري ،آزﻣﻮن ﺑﻌﺪ از دو ﻫﻔﺘﻪ ﻣﻮﺿﻮع در ﺑﻴﻤﺎري آﻧﻔﻠﻮاﻧﺰاي ﻧﻮع ) (Aرﻓﺘﺎرﻫﺎي ﭘﻴﺶﮔﻴﺮي
اﻧﺠﺎم ﺷﺪ .ﻳﺎﻓﺘﻪﻫﺎ ﻧﺸﺎن دادﻧﺪ ﻛﻪ ﻫﻤﺒﺴﺘﮕﻲ ﻫﻤﻪ ﺳﺆاﻻت ﻛﻨﻨﺪه ﺑﻮده ،ﻣﺪل اﻧﮕﻴﺰش ﻣﺤﺎﻓﻈﺖ ﻳﻚ ﻣﺪل ﺟﺎﻣﻊ ﺑﺮاي
ﺑﺎﻻي 0/9ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ .ﺳﺎزهﻫﺎي ﺗﺌﻮري اﻧﮕﻴﺰش ﻣﺤﺎﻓﻈﺖ ﺑﺮ
اﺳﺎس ﻣﻘﻴﺎس ﻟﻴﻜﺮت 5رﺗﺒﻪاي ﺗﺪوﻳﻦ ﮔﺮدﻳﺪ .ﻧﻤﺮه ﻫﺮ ﻋﺒﺎرت
)از ﻛﺎﻣﻼً ﻣﺨﺎﻟﻒ ﺗﺎ ﻛﺎﻣﻼً ﻣﻮاﻓﻖ( از ﻳﻚ ﺗﺎ ﭘﻨﺞ و ﺑﺮاي رﻓﺘﺎر
o f
ﭘﻴﺶﮔﻮﻳﻲ اﻳﻦ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ رﻓﺘﺎرﻫﺎي ﺑﻬﺪاﺷﺘﻲ اﺳﺖ .از اﻳﻦ رو ﺑﺮ آن
ﺷﺪﻳﻢ ﺗﺎ ﺑﺎ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از ﻣﺪل اﻧﮕﻴﺰش ﻣﺤﺎﻓﻈﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺮ اﺻﻞ و ﭘﺎﻳﻪ
رﻓﺘﺎرﻫﺎي ﻣﺤﺎﻓﻈﺘﻲ و ﭘﻴﺶﮔﻴﺮي ﻛﻨﻨﺪه ﺑﻮده ،ﺳﺎزهﻫﺎي آن در
e
)از ﻫﺮﮔﺰ ﺗﺎ ﻫﻤﻴﺸﻪ( از ﻳﻚ ﺗﺎ ﭼﻬﺎر در ﻧﻈﺮ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺷﺪ. ﺟﻬﺖ اﻓﺰاﻳﺶ ﻗﺼﺪ رﻓﺘﺎرﻫﺎي ﭘﻴﺶﮔﻴﺮي ﻛﻨﻨﺪه ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ،
ﻣﺤﺪوده ﻧﻤﺮه ﺳﺎزهﻫﺎي ﺗﺌﻮري اﻧﮕﻴﺰش ﻣﺤﺎﻓﻈﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮرت وﺿﻌﻴﺖ رﻓﺘﺎرﻫﺎي ﭘﻴﺶﮔﻴﺮي ﻛﻨﻨﺪه از اﺑﺘﻼ و ﮔﺴﺘﺮش
ﺣﺴﺎﺳﻴﺖ درك ﺷﺪه 4ﺗﺎ ،20ﺷﺪت درك ﺷﺪه 3ﺗﺎ ،15
i v
ﻛﺎراﻣﺪي ﭘﺎﺳﺦ 6ﺗﺎ ،30ﺧﻮدﻛﺎراﻣﺪي 5ﺗﺎ ،25ﻫﺰﻳﻨﻪ -ﭘﺎﺳﺦ
آﻧﻔﻠﻮاﻧﺰاي ﻧﻮع ) (Aرا در داﻧﺶآﻣﻮزان دﺧﺘﺮ دﺑﻴﺮﺳﺘﺎﻧﻲ ﺷﻬﺮ
اﺻﻔﻬﺎن ﺑﺴﻨﺠﻴﻢ.
c h
4ﺗﺎ ،20ﭘﺎداش 3ﺗﺎ ،15ﺗﺮس 3ﺗﺎ ،15اﻧﮕﻴﺰش ﻣﺤﺎﻓﻈﺖ 6
ﺗﺎ 30و رﻓﺘﺎر 6ﺗﺎ 24ﻣﺸﺨﺺ ﺷﺪ. روشﻫﺎ
A r
دادهﻫﺎي ﺟﻤﻊآوري ﺷﺪه ﺑﺎ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از ﻧﺮماﻓﺰار آﻣﺎري
SPSS14و آزﻣﻮنﻫﺎي ،Kruskal-Wallis ،Mann Withney
ﻫﻤﺒﺴﺘﮕﻲ Chi-Square ،Spearmanو رﮔﺮﺳﻴﻮن ﺧﻄﻲ ﺟﻬﺖ
ﭘﻴﺶﺑﻴﻨﻲ رﻓﺘﺎر ﻣﻮرد ﺗﺠﺰﻳﻪ و ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﻗﺮار ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻨﺪ .ﺷﺎﻳﺎن ذﻛﺮ
اﻳﻦ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻔﻲ -ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻠﻲ ﺑﻪ روش ﻣﻘﻄﻌﻲ روي 300ﻧﻔﺮ
از داﻧﺶآﻣﻮزان دﺑﻴﺮﺳﺘﺎﻧﻲ ﻧﺎﺣﻴﻪ 4ﺷﻬﺮ اﺻﻔﻬﺎن در ﺳﺎل 88
اﻧﺠﺎم ﺷﺪ .روش ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪﮔﻴﺮي ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮرت ﭼﻨﺪ ﻣﺮﺣﻠﻪاي-
ﺗﺼﺎدﻓﻲ ﺑﻮد .ﺑﺪﻳﻦ ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺐ ﻛﻪ از ﻣﻴﺎن ﻧﻮاﺣﻲ 5ﮔﺎﻧﻪ آﻣﻮزش و
اﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻗﺒﻞ از اﻧﺠﺎم آزﻣﺎﻳﺶﻫﺎي آﻣﺎري ،ﻧﺮﻣﺎل ﺑﻮدن ﺗﻮزﻳﻊ ﭘﺮورش اﺻﻔﻬﺎن ،ﻳﻚ ﻧﺎﺣﻴﻪ )ﻧﺎﺣﻴﻪ (4اﻧﺘﺨﺎب ﮔﺮدﻳﺪ .ﺳﭙﺲ از
ﻣﺘﻐﻴﺮﻫﺎي ﻛﻤﻲ ﻣﻮرد آزﻣﻮن ﻗﺮار ﮔﺮﻓﺖ و ﺗﺄﻳﻴﺪ ﺷﺪ. ﻣﻴﺎن ﻣﺪارس دﺧﺘﺮاﻧﻪ در اﻳﻦ ﻧﺎﺣﻴﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮرت ﺗﺼﺎدﻓﻲ ﺳﺎده 3
ﻣﺪرﺳﻪ ) 2دﺑﻴﺮﺳﺘﺎن و 1ﻫﻨﺮﺳﺘﺎن( در ﻧﻈﺮ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺷﺪ .ﺑﺴﺘﻪ ﺑﻪ
ﻳﺎﻓﺘﻪﻫﺎ ﺗﻌﺪاد ﻛﻼسﻫﺎ و ﺣﺠﻢ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ،ﭘﺮﺳﺶﻧﺎﻣﻪﻫﺎ ﭘﺲ از ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻦ
داﻧﺶآﻣﻮزان داراي ﻣﻴﺎﻧﮕﻴﻦ ﺳﻨﻲ و اﻧﺤﺮاف ﻣﻌﻴﺎر ﻣﺠﻮز ﻻزم از اداره آﻣﻮزش و ﭘﺮورش و رﺿﺎﻳﺖ واﻟﺪﻳﻦ ،در
15/62 ± 1/1ﺳﺎل ﺑﻮدﻧﺪ .ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮﻳﻦ ﻓﺮاواﻧﻲ در ﮔﺮوه ﺳﻨﻲ ﻛﻼسﻫﺎي اول ،دوم و ﺳﻮم ﺗﻮزﻳﻊ ﺷﺪ .ﭘﺮﺳﺶﻧﺎﻣﻪ ﻣﻮرد
ﻣﺮﺑﻮط ﺑﻪ 15ﺳﺎل ) 32/7درﺻﺪ( و 16ﺳﺎل ) 30/3درﺻﺪ( ﺑﻮد. اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﻣﺸﺘﻤﻞ ﺑﺮ 49ﺳﺆال و ﺑﺮ اﺳﺎس ﺗﺌﻮري اﻧﮕﻴﺰش
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ﻣﺠﻠﻪ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻘﺎت ﻧﻈﺎم ﺳﻼﻣﺖ/ﺳﺎل ﻫﻔﺘﻢ /ﺷﻤﺎره اول /ﺑﻬﺎر 1390 110
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ﻏﻼﻣﺮﺿﺎ ﺷﺮﻳﻔﻲراد و ﻫﻤﻜﺎران
ﻣﺤﺎﻓﻈﺖ ،ﻣﺤﺪوده ﻧﻤﺮه ﻗﺎﺑﻞ اﻛﺘﺴﺎب و درﺻﺪ ﻣﻴﺎﻧﮕﻴﻦ ﻧﻤﺮه داﻧﺶآﻣﻮزان ﻛﻼس اول ﺑﺎ 46/7درﺻﺪ ﺑﺎﻻﺗﺮﻳﻦ ﻓﺮاواﻧﻲ را
ﻛﺴﺐ ﺷﺪه از ﺣﺪاﻛﺜﺮ ﻧﻤﺮه ﻗﺎﺑﻞ اﻛﺘﺴﺎب ،در ﺟﺪول 1و ﺑﻪ ﺧﻮد اﺧﺘﺼﺎص دادﻧﺪ؛ ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮري ﻛﻪ 140ﻧﻔﺮ از
ﻣﻴﺎﻧﮕﻴﻦ و اﻧﺤﺮاف ﻣﻌﻴﺎر ﺳﺆاﻻت ﻣﺮﺑﻮط ﺑﻪ رﻓﺘﺎر در ﺟﺪول 2 داﻧﺶآﻣﻮزان در ﻣﻘﻄﻊ اول 83 ،ﻧﻔﺮ در ﻣﻘﻄﻊ دوم و 73ﻧﻔﺮ
آﻣﺪه اﺳﺖ. در ﻣﻘﻄﻊ ﺳﻮم ﺑﻮدﻧﺪ .اﻛﺜﺮﻳﺖ واﻟﺪﻳﻦ ،ﭘﺪران ) 53/7درﺻﺪ( و
ﻧﺘﺎﻳﺞ ﺟﺪول 1ﻧﺸﺎن ﻣﻲدﻫﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮﻳﻦ ﻣﻴﺎﻧﮕﻴﻦ ﻧﻤﺮه، ﻣﺎدران ) 62/7درﺻﺪ( زﻳﺮ دﻳﭙﻠﻢ و ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﭘﺪران ) 44/3درﺻﺪ(
ﻣﺮﺑﻮط ﺑﻪ ﻛﺎراﻣﺪي ﭘﺎﺳﺦ ) 78/23درﺻﺪ( و ﻛﻤﺘﺮﻳﻦ ﻣﺮﺑﻮط ﺑﻪ ﺷﻐﻞ آزاد و ﻣﺎدران ) 89/3درﺻﺪ( ﺧﺎﻧﻪدار ﺑﻮدﻧﺪ .وﺿﻌﻴﺖ
ﻫﺰﻳﻨﻪ -ﭘﺎﺳﺦ ) 58/4درﺻﺪ( ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ. ﻣﻴﺎﻧﮕﻴﻦ و اﻧﺤﺮاف ﻣﻌﻴﺎر ﻧﻤﺮه ﺳﺎزهﻫﺎي ﺗﺌﻮري اﻧﮕﻴﺰش
ﺟﺪول :1ﻣﻴﺎﻧﮕﻴﻦ ،اﻧﺤﺮاف ﻣﻌﻴﺎر ،ﻣﺤﺪوده ﻧﻤﺮه ﻗﺎﺑﻞ اﻛﺘﺴﺎب درﺻﺪ ﻣﻴﺎﻧﮕﻴﻦ ﻧﻤﺮه ﻛﺴﺐ ﺷﺪه از ﺣﺪاﻛﺜﺮ ﻧﻤﺮه ﻗﺎﺑﻞ اﻛﺘﺴﺎب ﺳﺎزهﻫﺎي
o
77/1 5-25 4/39 19/27 ﺧﻮدﻛﺎراﻣﺪي
58/4 4-20 3/12 11/68 ﻫﺰﻳﻨﻪ -ﭘﺎﺳﺦ
59 3-15 3/36 8/84 ﭘﺎداش
70
70/23
3-15
v
60-30
e 3/33
5/76
10/50
23/17
ﺗﺮس
اﻧﮕﻴﺰش ﻣﺤﺎﻓﻈﺖ
77
h i
6-24 4/96 18/38
ﺟﺪول :2ﺗﻮزﻳﻊ ﻓﺮاواﻧﻲ ﻣﻄﻠﻖ و ﻧﺴﺒﻲ وﺿﻌﻴﺖ رﻓﺘﺎرﻫﺎي ﭘﻴﺶﮔﻴﺮي ﻛﻨﻨﺪه از آﻧﻔﻠﻮاﻧﺰاي ﻧﻮع ) (Aدر داﻧﺶآﻣﻮزان ﻣﻮرد ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ
رﻓﺘﺎر
ﻫﻤﻴﺸﻪ
ﺗﻌﺪاد
رﻓﺘﺎر
A
0/90 3/53 74 222 10.3 31 11.3 34 3 9 ﺷﺘﺸﻮي ﻣﻜﺮر دﺳﺖ ﺑﺎ آب وﺻﺎﺑﻮن 1
1/19 2/96 50 150 14 42 20 60 14.3 43 اﺟﺘﻨﺎب از ﺗﻤﺎس ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ ﺑﺎ اﻓﺮاد 2
ﺑﻴﻤﺎر و ﺑﺪﺣﺎل ﻛﻪ ﺳﺮﻓﻪ و ﺗﺐ دارﻧﺪ
1/18 2/56 31.7 95 16.3 49 30.7 92 19 ﺧﻮدداري از روﺑﻮﺳﻲ ودﺳﺖ دادن
57 3
ﺑﺎ دﻳﮕﺮان
1/23 2/92 49.3 148 13.3 40 20 60 14.7 ﺧﻮدداري از ﺗﻤﺎس ﺑﺎ اﻓﺮاد ﻣﺸﻜﻮك 44 4
ﺑﻪ ﺑﻴﻤﺎري
1/1 3/37 69.7 209 9.7 29 11.7 35 6 18 و ﻋﻄﺴﻪ ﻣﻮﻗﻊ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از دﺳﺘﻤﺎل در 5
ﺳﺮﻓﻪ ﻛﺮدن
1/2 3/04 53.7 161 15 45 14.3 43 15.3 46 ﻓﺎﺻﻠﻪ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻦ از اﻓﺮاد ﻣﺸﻜﻮك ﺑﻪ 6
ﺑﻴﻤﺎري ﺣﺪاﻗﻞ ﻳﻚ ﻣﺘﺮ
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ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ وﺿﻌﻴﺖ رﻓﺘﺎرﻫﺎي ﭘﻴﺶﮔﻴﺮيﻛﻨﻨﺪه از اﺑﺘﻼ و ﮔﺴﺘﺮش آﻧﻔﻠﻮاﻧﺰاي ﻧﻮع )… (A
ﻧﻤﺮه ﻛﺎراﻣﺪي ﭘﺎﺳﺦ و ﭘﺎداش در ﻛﻼس دوﻣﻲﻫﺎ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ 74درﺻﺪ از داﻧﺶ آﻣﻮزان ﻫﻤﻴﺸﻪ ﺷﺴﺘﺸﻮي ﻣﻜﺮر
اﺳﺖ .ﺷﻐﻞ ﭘﺪر ﺑﺎ ﺣﺴﺎﺳﻴﺖ درك ﺷﺪه راﺑﻄﻪ ﻣﻌﻨﻲ دار دﺳﺖ ﺑﺎ آب و ﺻﺎﺑﻮن را دارﻧﺪ و 69/7درﺻﺪ ﻫﻨﮕﺎم ﻋﻄﺴﻪ
ﻧﺸﺎن ﻣﻲ دﻫﺪ )(P = 0/016؛ ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮري ﻛﻪ ﺣﺴﺎﺳﻴﺖ درك و ﺳﺮﻓﻪ ﻫﻤﻴﺸﻪ از دﺳﺘﻤﺎل اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﻣﻲﻛﻨﻨﺪ 53/7 .درﺻﺪ از
ﺷﺪه در داﻧﺶآﻣﻮزاﻧﻲ ﻛﻪ ﭘﺪران ﺑﻴﻜﺎر دارﻧﺪ ،ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ اﺳﺖ. اﻓﺮاد ﻣﺸﻜﻮك ﺑﻪ ﺑﻴﻤﺎري ﻫﻤﻴﺸﻪ ﻓﺎﺻﻠﻪ )ﺣﺪاﻗﻞ ﻳﻚ ﻣﺘﺮ(
ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﺷﻐﻞ ﻣﺎدر ﺑﺎ رﻓﺘﺎرﻫﺎي ﭘﻴﺶﮔﻴﺮي ﻛﻨﻨﺪه داراي ﻣﻲﮔﻴﺮﻧﺪ 49/3 .درﺻﺪ از ﺗﻤﺎس ﺑﺎ ﺑﻴﻤﺎر ﺧﻮدداري ﻣﻲﻛﻨﻨﺪ.
راﺑﻄﻪ ﻣﻌﻨﻲ دار اﺳﺖ ) (P = 0/027؛ ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮري ﻛﻪ رﻓﺘﺎر اﻛﺜﺮﻳﺖ داﻧﺶآﻣﻮزان ) 30/7درﺻﺪ( ﮔﺎﻫﻲ اوﻗﺎت از روﺑﻮﺳﻲ
ﭘﻴﺶﮔﻴﺮي ﻛﻨﻨﺪه از آﻧﻔﻠﻮاﻧﺰاي ﻧﻮع ) (Aدر داﻧﺶآﻣﻮزاﻧﻲ و دﺳﺖ دادن ﺑﺎ دﻳﮕﺮان ﺧﻮدداري ﻣﻲﻛﻨﻨﺪ )ﺟﺪول .(2آﻧﺎﻟﻴﺰ
ﻛﻪ ﻣﺎدران ﺧﺎﻧﻪ دار دارﻧﺪ ،ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ اﺳﺖ. داده ﻫﺎي ﻣﺮﺑﻮط ﺑﻪ ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﻛﺴﺐ اﻃﻼع در ﺧﺼﻮص
در اﻳﻦ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ آزﻣﻮن Chi-Squareارﺗﺒﺎط ﻣﻌﻨﻲداري ﺑﻴﻦ آﻧﻔﻠﻮاﻧﺰاي ﻧﻮع ) (Aﻧﺸﺎن داد ﻛﻪ 87/3درﺻﺪ از
ﺗﺤﺼﻴﻼت ﺑﺎﻻي ﻣﺎدر و ﻛﺴﺐ اﻃﻼﻋﺎت در ﺧﺼﻮص آﻧﻔﻠﻮاﻧﺰاي
ﻧﻮع ) (Aرا ﻧﺸﺎن ﻣﻲدﻫﺪ ) .(P = 0/033ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻛﺴﺐ
I D
داﻧﺶ آﻣﻮزان در ﺧﺼﻮص آﻧﻔﻠﻮاﻧﺰاي ﻧﻮع ) (Aاﻃﻼﻋﺎت
ﻛﺴﺐ ﻛﺮده ﺑﻮدﻧﺪ و 24درﺻﺪ ﻫﻴﭻ اﻃﻼﻋﺎﺗﻲ ﻛﺴﺐ ﻧﻜﺮده
اﻃﻼﻋﺎت از ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ و ﺧﻮدﻛﺎراﻣﺪي ) ،(P < 0/001اﻧﮕﻴﺰش
ﻣﺤﺎﻓﻈﺖ ) (P = 0/006و رﻓﺘﺎر ) (P = 0/47ارﺗﺒﺎط ﻣﻌﻨﻲدار
ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪه ﺷﺪ .آزﻣﻮن رﮔﺮﺳﻴﻮن ﺧﻄﻲ ﻧﺸﺎن داد ﻛﻪ ﺳﺎزهﻫﺎ ﺑﺎ S
ﺑﻮدﻧﺪ .درﺻﺪ ﻓﺮاواﻧﻲ ﻛﺴﺐ اﻃﻼﻋﺎت داﻧﺶ آﻣﻮزان از
ﺧﺎﻧﻮاده 37/3درﺻﺪ ،دوﺳﺘﺎن 25/3درﺻﺪ ،ﭘﻮﺳﺘﺮ 34/75
f
درﺻﺪ ،ﭘﻤﻔﻠﺖ 16درﺻﺪ ،اﻳﻨﺘﺮﻧﺖ 19/3درﺻﺪ ،ﻛﺎرﻛﻨﺎن
ﻳﻜﺪﻳﮕﺮ 36درﺻﺪ از ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮات رﻓﺘﺎرﻫﺎي ﭘﻴﺶﮔﻴﺮي ﻛﻨﻨﺪه را
ﭘﻴﺶﮔﻮﻳﻲ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﺪ .در اﻳﻦ ﻣﻴﺎن ﻧﻘﺶ اﻧﮕﻴﺰش ﻣﺤﺎﻓﻈﺖ
) (β = 0/569و ﺗﺮس ) (β = 0/102ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ از ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﺳﺎزهﻫﺎ ﺑﻮد.
i
وﺳﻴﻠﻪ ارزﻳﺎﺑﻲ ﺗﻬﺪﻳﺪ و ارزﻳﺎﺑﻲ ﻛﻨﺎر آﻣﺪن ،اﻳﻦ دو ﺑﺎ
v آﻣﺎري ﺿﺮﻳﺐ ﻫﻤﺒﺴﺘﮕﻲ Spearmanاﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﺷﺪ ﻛﻪ
ﺿﺮاﻳﺐ ﻫﻤﺒﺴﺘﮕﻲ در ﺟﺪول 3آﻣﺪه اﺳﺖ .ﻳﺎﻓﺘﻪﻫﺎ ﻧﺸﺎن
h
ﻳﻜﺪﻳﮕﺮ 14درﺻﺪ از ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮات اﻧﮕﻴﺰش ﻣﺤﺎﻓﻈﺖ را دادﻧﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺳﻦ اﻓﺮاد ﻣﻮرد ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﺑﺎ ﺳﺎزه ﻫﺎي ﻛﺎراﻣﺪي ﭘﺎﺳﺦ
ﭘﻴﺶﮔﻮﻳﻲ ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﻨﺪ .در اﻳﻦ ﻣﻴﺎن ﻧﻘﺶ ارزﻳﺎﺑﻲ ﻛﻨﺎر آﻣﺪن و ﭘﺎداش در ﺳﻄﺢ 0/01داراي ﻫﻤﺒﺴﺘﮕﻲ ﻣﺜﺒﺖ و ﻣﻌﻨﻲدار
r c
) (β = 0/262ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ از ارزﻳﺎﺑﻲ ﺗﻬﺪﻳﺪ ) (β = -0/179ﺑﻮد.
ارزﻳﺎﺑﻲ ﺗﻬﺪﻳﺪ و ارزﻳﺎﺑﻲ ﻛﻨﺎر آﻣﺪن ،ﺑﺎ ﻳﻜﺪﻳﮕﺮ 11درﺻﺪ از
ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ .ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ رﻓﺘﺎرﻫﺎي ﭘﻴﺶﮔﻴﺮي ﻛﻨﻨﺪه از آﻧﻔﻠﻮآﻧﺰاي
ﻧﻮع ) (Aﺑﺎ ﺣﺴﺎﺳﻴﺖ درك ﺷﺪه ،ﺷﺪت درك ﺷﺪه،
A
ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮات رﻓﺘﺎرﻫﺎي ﭘﻴﺶ ﮔﻴﺮي ﻛﻨﻨﺪه را ﭘﻴﺶﮔﻮﻳﻲ ﻛﺎراﻣﺪي ﭘﺎﺳﺦ ،ﺧﻮدﻛﺎراﻣﺪي ،ارزﻳﺎﺑﻲ ﻛﻨﺎر آﻣﺪن و اﻧﮕﻴﺰش
ﻣﻲﻛﺮدﻧﺪ ،ﻛﻪ ﻧﻘﺶ ارزﻳﺎﺑﻲ ﻛﻨﺎر آﻣﺪن ) (β = 0/229ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﻣﺤﺎﻓﻈﺖ ﻫﻤﺒﺴﺘﮕﻲ ﻣﺜﺒﺖ و ﻣﻌﻨﻲداري ﻧﺸﺎن ﻣﻲدﻫﻨﺪ.
از ارزﻳﺎﺑﻲ ﺗﻬﺪﻳﺪ ) (β = -0/112ﺑﻮد .در ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ ﭘﻴﺶﮔﻮﻳﻲ اﻧﮕﻴﺰش ﻣﺤﺎﻓﻈﺖ ﺑﺎ ﺣﺴﺎﺳﻴﺖ درك ﺷﺪه ،ﺷﺪت درك ﺷﺪه،
رﻓﺘﺎرﻫﺎي ﭘﻴﺶ ﮔﻴﺮي ﻛﻨﻨﺪه از آﻧﻔﻠﻮاﻧﺰاي ﻧﻮع ) ،(Aاﻧﮕﻴﺰش ﻛﺎراﻣﺪي ﭘﺎﺳﺦ ،ﺧﻮدﻛﺎراﻣﺪي ،ﺗﺮس و ارزﻳﺎﺑﻲ ﻛﻨﺎر آﻣﺪن
ﻣﺤﺎﻓﻈﺖ 34درﺻﺪ از ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮات رﻓﺘﺎرﻫﺎي ﭘﻴﺶ ﮔﻴﺮي ﻛﻨﻨﺪه ﻫﻤﺒﺴﺘﮕﻲ ﻣﺜﺒﺖ و ﻣﻌﻨﻲدار و ﺑﺎ ﭘﺎداش و ارزﻳﺎﺑﻲ ﺗﻬﺪﻳﺪ،
را ﭘﻴﺶﮔﻮﻳﻲ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﺪ. ﻫﻤﺒﺴﺘﮕﻲ ﻣﻨﻔﻲ و ﻣﻌﻨﻲدار در ﺳﻄﺢ 0/01ﻧﺸﺎن داد )ﺟﺪول
.(3در ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ ﻣﻴﺎﻧﮕﻴﻦ ﻧﻤﺮه ﺳﺎزهﻫﺎي ﺗﺌﻮري اﻧﮕﻴﺰش ﻣﺤﺎﻓﻈﺖ
ﺑﺤﺚ و ﭘﺎﻳﻪ ﺗﺤﺼﻴﻠﻲ آزﻣﻮن ،Kruskal-Wallisارﺗﺒﺎط ﻣﻌﻨﻲداري
ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ اﻳﻦ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﺣﺎﺿﺮ ﻫﻤﭽﻮن ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﺎت دﻳﮕﺮ ،در ﺑﻴﻦ ﭘﺎﻳﻪ ﺗﺤﺼﻴﻠﻲ داﻧﺶآﻣﻮزان ﺑﺎ ﻛﺎراﻣﺪي ﭘﺎﺳﺦ )(P < 0/001
زﻣﺎن ﭘﺎﻧﺪﻣﻴﻚ H1N1ﺻﻮرت ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ اﺳﺖ ،ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮﻳﻦ ﻣﻄﻠﺒﻲ ﻛﻪ و ﭘﺎداش ) (P = 0/05ﻧﺸﺎن ﻣﻲ دﻫﺪ؛ ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮري ﻛﻪ ﻣﻴﺎﻧﮕﻴﻦ
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ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ وﺿﻌﻴﺖ رﻓﺘﺎرﻫﺎي ﭘﻴﺶﮔﻴﺮيﻛﻨﻨﺪه از اﺑﺘﻼ و ﮔﺴﺘﺮش آﻧﻔﻠﻮاﻧﺰاي ﻧﻮع )… (A
D
-6ﻫﺰﻳﻨﻪ-
1 -0/095 0/068 0/027 000 0/102
ﭘﺎﺳﺦ
1
1
*-0/123
1
0/014
**0/725
**0/185
**0/207
0/097
**0/335
**0/280
0/002
0/029
S
-0/039
**0/220
I **-0/171 **0/209
*0/116
0/086
-7ﭘﺎداش
-8ﺗﺮس
-9ارزﻳﺎﺑﻲ
ﺗﻬﺪﻳﺪ
1
1 **-0/409 0/112 **-0/232 **-0/407 **0/801
**0/349
**0/322
**0/213
**0/356
**0/241
-0/020
0/006
-10ارزﻳﺎﺑﻲ
ﻛﻨﺎر آﻣﺪن
-11اﻧﮕﻴﺰش
ﻣﺤﺎﻓﻈﺖ
e
1 **0/472 **0/337 **-0/286 0/095 **-0/263 -0/027 **0/327 **0/244 **0/149 **0/163 -0/024 -12رﻓﺘﺎر
ﻣﻲﺷﻮد" ﺗﻌﻠﻖ ﮔﺮﻓﺖ .ﻣﻤﻜﻦ اﺳﺖ ﺑﺎﻻ ﺑﻮدن اﻳﻦ ﻣﻘﻴﺎس ﺑﻪ
i v ﻣﻮرد ﺑﺤﺚ ﻗﺮار ﮔﺮﻓﺖ ،اﻓﺰاﻳﺶ اﻧﺠﺎم رﻓﺘﺎرﻫﺎي ﭘﻴﺶﮔﻴﺮي
h
ﻋﻠﺖ ﺷﻮاﻫﺪ و اﻃﻼﻋﺎﺗﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺧﻮﺑﻲ راﺑﻄﻪ ﺷﺴﺘﻦ دﺳﺖ ﻛﻨﻨﺪه ﺑﻪ ﺧﺼﻮص ﺷﺴﺘﺸﻮي ﻣﻜﺮر دﺳﺖ و اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از دﺳﺘﻤﺎل
و ﭘﻴﺶﮔﻴﺮي از ﺑﻴﻤﺎريﻫﺎي ﻋﻔﻮﻧﻲ را ﻧﺸﺎن ﻣﻲدﻫﺪ Park .و در ﻣﻮﻗﻊ ﻋﻄﺴﻪ و ﺳﺮﻓﻪ ﻛﺮدن ﺑﻮد ) .(23 ،24در اﻳﻦ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ
c
ﻫﻤﻜﺎران در ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻖ ﺧﻮد ﮔﺰارش ﻛﺮدﻧﺪ ﻛﻪ 95/7درﺻﺪ از
r
ﻣﺮدان و 96/1درﺻﺪ از ﺧﺎﻧﻢﻫﺎ ﻣﻌﺘﻘﺪﻧﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺷﺴﺘﺸﻮي دﺳﺖ در
ﭘﻴﺶﮔﻴﺮي از آﻧﻔﻠﻮاﻧﺰاي ﻧﻮع ) (Aﻣﺆﺛﺮ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ ) .(23در ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻖ
رﻓﺘﺎرﻫﺎي ﭘﻴﺶﮔﻴﺮي ﻛﻨﻨﺪه در ﭼﻬﺎرﭼﻮب ﺗﺌﻮري اﻧﮕﻴﺰش
ﻣﺤﺎﻓﻈﺖ ﻣﻄﺮح ﺷﺪ .ﻧﺘﺎﻳﺞ ﭘﮋوﻫﺶ ﻧﺸﺎن داد ﻛﻪ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮﻳﻦ
ﻣﻴﺎﻧﮕﻴﻦ رﻓﺘﺎرﻫﺎي ﭘﻴﺶﮔﻴﺮي ﻛﻨﻨﺪه از آﻧﻔﻠﻮاﻧﺰاي ﻧﻮع ) (Aﺑﻪ
A
ﻣﺸﺎﺑﻪ دﻳﮕﺮ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ Akanو ﻫﻤﻜﺎران 75/9 ،درﺻﺪ ﺷﺴﺘﺸﻮي
دﺳﺖ و 65/3درﺻﺪ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از ﻣﺎﺳﻚ را ﺳﻮدﻣﻨﺪ در ﭘﻴﺶﮔﻴﺮي
از آﻧﻔﻠﻮاﻧﺰا داﻧﺴﺘﻨﺪ ) .(25ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ Eastwoodو ﻫﻤﻜﺎران
ﻧﺸﺎن دادﻧﺪ ﻛﻪ 46/6درﺻﺪ از اﻓﺮاد ،ﺷﺴﺘﺸﻮي ﻣﻜﺮر دﺳﺖ و
رﻓﺘﺎرﻫﺎي "ﺷﺘﺸﻮي ﻣﻜﺮر دﺳﺖ ﺑﺎ آب و ﺻﺎﺑﻮن" ﺑﺎ ﻣﻴﺎﻧﮕﻴﻦ
3/53و "اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از دﺳﺘﻤﺎل در ﻣﻮﻗﻊ ﻋﻄﺴﻪ و ﺳﺮﻓﻪ ﻛﺮدن" ﺑﺎ
ﻣﻴﺎﻧﮕﻴﻦ ) (3/37ﻣﺮﺑﻮط ﻣﻲﺷﻮد .ﺑﻪ ﻧﻈﺮ ﻣﻲرﺳﺪ ﺷﺴﺘﻦ دﺳﺖ و
ﺻﻮرت ﺑﻪ ﺷﻜﻞ ﻳﻚ ﻋﺎدت و اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از دﺳﺘﻤﺎل در زﻣﺎن ﺳﺮﻓﻪ
27/8درﺻﺪ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از دﺳﺘﻤﺎل ﻫﻨﮕﺎم ﺳﺮﻓﻪ و ﻋﻄﺴﻪ را در و ﻋﻄﺴﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮان ﻋﺮف در ﻣﻴﺎن داﻧﺶآﻣﻮزان رواج دارد .ﺣﺎل
ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﺳﺮاﻳﺖ ﺑﻴﻤﺎري ﻣﺆﺛﺮ ﻣﻲداﻧﻨﺪ ) .(26ﻳﺎﻓﺘﻪﻫﺎ ﻧﺸﺎن دادﻧﺪ آﮔﺎﻫﻲ از ﻧﺤﻮه اﻧﺠﺎم اﻳﻦ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻋﺎدات در ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ رﻓﺘﺎرﻫﺎي
ﻛﻪ ﺣﺴﺎﺳﻴﺖ درك ﺷﺪه و ﺷﺪت درك ﺷﺪه ﺑﺎ ﻳﻜﺪﻳﮕﺮ ﺑﻬﺪاﺷﺘﻲ ﺣﺎﻳﺰ اﻫﻤﻴﺖ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ .در اﻳﻦ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻖ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮﻳﻦ ﻣﻴﺎﻧﮕﻴﻦ
ﻫﻤﺒﺴﺘﮕﻲ ﻣﺜﺒﺖ و ﻣﻌﻨﻲدار دارﻧﺪ ﻛﻪ اﻳﻦ ﻣﻌﻜﻮس ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ Kok ﻛﺎراﻣﺪي ﭘﺎﺳﺦ ) (4/33ﻣﺮﺑﻮط ﺑﻪ ﻣﻮرد "ﺷﺴﺘﺸﻮي ﻣﻜﺮر دﺳﺖ
و ﻫﻤﻜﺎران ) (27و ﺑﺎ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ Parkو ﻫﻤﻜﺎران ) (23و ﺑﺎ آب و ﺻﺎﺑﻮن ﻣﻨﺠﺮ ﺑﻪ ﭘﻴﺶﮔﻴﺮي از آﻧﻔﻠﻮاﻧﺰاي ﻧﻮع )(A
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113 ﻣﺠﻠﻪ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻘﺎت ﻧﻈﺎم ﺳﻼﻣﺖ/ﺳﺎل ﻫﻔﺘﻢ /ﺷﻤﺎره اول /ﺑﻬﺎر 1390
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ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ وﺿﻌﻴﺖ رﻓﺘﺎرﻫﺎي ﭘﻴﺶﮔﻴﺮيﻛﻨﻨﺪه از اﺑﺘﻼ و ﮔﺴﺘﺮش آﻧﻔﻠﻮاﻧﺰاي ﻧﻮع )… (A
ﻣﻲﺗﻮان در ﺣﺪ ﻣﻄﻠﻮب ﮔﺰارش ﻛﺮد .ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﻣﺸﺎﺑﻪ دﻳﮕﺮ ﻧﻴﺰ (22) Valigoskyﻫﻤﺨﻮاﻧﻲ دارد .ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﺣﺎﺿﺮ راﺑﻄﻪ ﻣﻌﻨﻲدار
ﺑﺎ ﻧﺘﺎﻳﺞ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻖ ﻣﺎ ﻫﻤﺨﻮاﻧﻲ داﺷﺖ ) Rubin .(33و ﻫﻤﻜﺎران و ﻗﻮي ﻣﻴﺎن ﺷﺪت درك ﺷﺪه ،ﻛﺎراﻣﺪي ﭘﺎﺳﺦ ﻧﺸﺎن داد؛ ﺑﻪ
در زﻣﺎن ﭘﺎﻧﺪﻣﻴﻚ آﻧﻔﻠﻮاﻧﺰاي ﻧﻮع ) (Aﮔﺰارش ﻛﺮدﻧﺪ ﻛﻪ 40 ﻃﻮري ﻛﻪ اﻓﺮادي ﻛﻪ ﺷﺪت درك ﺷﺪه ﺑﺎﻻﺗﺮي در ﺧﺼﻮص
درﺻﺪ از ﺷﺮﻛﺖﻛﻨﻨﺪﮔﺎن ﺗﻌﺪادي از رﻓﺘﺎرﻫﺎي ﭘﻴﺶﮔﻴﺮي ﺧﻄﺮات ﺑﻴﻤﺎري آﻧﻔﻠﻮاﻧﺰاي ﻧﻮع ) (Aداﺷﺘﻨﺪ ،ﻛﺎراﻣﺪي ﭘﺎﺳﺦ
ﻛﻨﻨﺪه را اﻧﺠﺎم ﻣﻲدﻫﻨﺪ ) Akan .(29و ﻫﻤﻜﺎران اﻧﺠﺎم ﺑﺮﺧﻲ ﺑﺎﻻﺗﺮي را ﮔﺰارش ﻛﺮدﻧﺪ .ﻣﺆﻳﺪ اﻳﻦ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ ،ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻖ McCoolو
رﻓﺘﺎرﻫﺎي ﭘﻴﺶﮔﻴﺮي ﻛﻨﻨﺪه )ﺷﺴﺘﺸﻮي دﺳﺖ و ﻧﻈﺎﻓﺖ ﻫﻤﻜﺎران ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻛﻪ اﻳﺸﺎن در ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﺧﻮد ﺑﻪ راﺑﻄﻪ ﻣﻌﻨﻲدار
ﻋﻤﻮﻣﻲ( را در داﻧﺸﺠﻮﻳﺎن 53/5درﺻﺪ ﮔﺰارش ﻛﺮدﻧﺪ ) .(25در ﻣﻴﺎن ﺷﺪت درك ﺷﺪه ﺑﺎ رﻓﺘﺎر اﺷﺎره ﻣﻲﻛﻨﻨﺪ ).(28
ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ Vanو ﻫﻤﻜﺎران 61/8درﺻﺪ از اﻓﺮاد ﻫﻴﭻ ﻛﺪام از ﻧﺘﺎﻳﺞ اﻳﻦ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻖ ﻧﺸﺎن داد ﻛﻪ ﺷﺴﺘﺸﻮي ﻣﻜﺮر دﺳﺖ ﺑﺎ
رﻓﺘﺎرﻫﺎي ﭘﻴﺶﮔﻴﺮي ﻛﻨﻨﺪه را اﻧﺠﺎم ﻧﻤﻲدﻫﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ اﻳﻦ درﺻﺪ آب و ﺻﺎﺑﻮن ﻫﻤﺒﺴﺘﮕﻲ ﻣﺜﺒﺖ و ﻣﻌﻨﻲدار ﺑﺎ ﺣﺴﺎﺳﻴﺖ درك
در ﻣﻘﺎﻳﺴﻪ ﺑﺎ ﻧﺘﺎﻳﺞ ﻣﺎ ﺑﺴﻴﺎر ﺑﺎﻻ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ ).(34
در اﻳﻦ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﺳﺎزه ﺗﺮس در ﻣﻴﺎن ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﺳﺎزهﻫﺎ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮﻳﻦ
I D
ﺷﺪه ،ﻛﺎراﻣﺪي ﭘﺎﺳﺦ و ﺧﻮدﻛﺎراﻣﺪي دارد .اﻳﻦ ﻫﻤﺒﺴﺘﮕﻲ
ﻧﺸﺎن داد ﻛﻪ اﻓﺮادي ﻛﻪ ﺧﻮد را ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ آﺳﻴﺐﭘﺬﻳﺮ در ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ
S
ﻗﺪرت ﭘﻴﺶﺑﻴﻨﻲ رﻓﺘﺎر را ﻧﺸﺎن ﻣﻲدﻫﺪ .اﻳﻦ ﻣﻮﺿﻮع ﺑﻴﺎنﻛﻨﻨﺪه آﻧﻔﻠﻮاﻧﺰاي ﻧﻮع ) (Aﻣﻲداﻧﺴﺘﻨﺪ و اﻋﺘﻘﺎد داﺷﺘﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ رﻓﺘﺎرﻫﺎي
آن اﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ اﮔﺮ ﻓﺮد درك ﻛﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺧﻮد در ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ ﺧﻄﺮ اﺑﺘﻼي ﺣﻔﺎﻇﺘﻲ ﻣﻲﺗﻮاﻧﺪ در ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﺧﻄﺮ اﺑﺘﻼ ﺑﻪ ﺑﻴﻤﺎري ﻣﺆﺛﺮ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ و
آﻧﻔﻠﻮاﻧﺰاي ﻧﻮع ) ،(Aآﺳﻴﺐﭘﺬﻳﺮ اﺳﺖ ،اﻧﮕﻴﺰهاش ﺑﺮاي اﻧﺠﺎم
رﻓﺘﺎر ﻣﺤﺎﻓﻈﺖﻛﻨﻨﺪه اﻓﺰاﻳﺶ ﻣﻲﻳﺎﺑﺪ .ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻧﺘﺎﻳﺞ ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ
ﺣﺎﺿﺮ ﺑﻴﻦ اﻧﮕﻴﺰش ﻣﺤﺎﻓﻈﺖ و رﻓﺘﺎر ﭘﻴﺶﮔﻴﺮي ﻛﻨﻨﺪه در
o f
ﺧﻮد را ﺗﻮاﻧﺎ در اﻧﺠﺎم رﻓﺘﺎرﻫﺎي ﻣﺤﺎﻓﻈﺖﻛﻨﻨﺪه در ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ
آﻧﻔﻠﻮاﻧﺰاي ﻧﻮع ) (Aﻣﻲداﻧﺴﺘﻨﺪ ،رﻓﺘﺎر ﺷﺴﺘﺸﻮي ﻣﻜﺮر دﺳﺖ
ﺑﺎ آب و ﺻﺎﺑﻮن را ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ اﻧﺠﺎم ﻣﻲدادﻧﺪ .در ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ Parkو
e
ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ آﻧﻔﻠﻮاﻧﺰاي ﻧﻮع ) (Aﻫﻤﺒﺴﺘﮕﻲ ﻣﻌﻨﻲداري وﺟﻮد دارد ﻛﻪ ﻫﻤﻜﺎران ﺷﺴﺘﺸﻮي دﺳﺖ ﺗﻨﻬﺎ ﺑﺎ ﻛﺎراﻣﺪي ﭘﺎﺳﺦ و ﺷﺪت
اﻳﻦ ﻣﻮﺿﻮع ﻧﺸﺎن ﻣﻲدﻫﺪ ﻛﻪ ﻫﺮ ﭼﻪ ﻗﺼﺪ ﻓﺮد ﺑﺮاي اﻧﺠﺎم درك ﺷﺪه ،ﻫﻤﺒﺴﺘﮕﻲ ﻣﺜﺒﺖ و ﻣﻌﻨﻲدار داﺷﺖ ) .(23ﺗﺮس از
c
ﺗﻬﺪﻳﺪ )ﺣﺴﺎﺳﻴﺖ درك ﺷﺪه ،ﺷﺪت درك ﺷﺪه و ﭘﺎداشﻫﺎي
h
ﭘﺎﺳﺦ درك ﺷﺪه و ﻫﺰﻳﻨﻪﻫﺎي درك ﺷﺪه( ﺑﻴﺶ از ارزﻳﺎﺑﻲ ﻫﻤﻜﺎران ) (30ﺑﻪ ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺐ 21درﺻﺪ و 45/5درﺻﺪ ﺑﻮد.
ﻛﺎراﻣﺪي ﭘﺎﺳﺦ در اﻳﻦ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ در ﺧﺼﻮص ﻣﺆﺛﺮ ﺑﻮدن
A r
درك ﺷﺪه( ،رﻓﺘﺎر را ﭘﻴﺶﮔﻮﻳﻲ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﻨﺪ .ﺑﺮ ﻋﻜﺲ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ
ﺣﺎﺿﺮ) Grunfeld ،ﺑﻪ ﻧﻘﻞ از Plotnikoffو ﻫﻤﻜﺎران(
ﻋﻨﻮان ﻣﻲﻛﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ اﺟﺰاي ارزﻳﺎﺑﻲ ﺗﻬﺪﻳﺪ و ﺑﻌﺪ از آن اﺟﺰاي
ارزﻳﺎﺑﻲ ﻛﻨﺎر آﻣﺪن ،ﭘﻴﺶﮔﻮﻳﻲ ﻗﻮي ﺑﺮاي ﻗﺼﺪ اﻧﺠﺎم
رﻓﺘﺎرﻫﺎي ﭘﻴﺶﮔﻴﺮي ﻛﻨﻨﺪه از اﺑﺘﻼ ﺑﻪ آﻧﻔﻠﻮاﻧﺰاي ﻧﻮع )(A
ارﺗﺒﺎط ﻣﻌﻨﻲدار ﺑﺎ اﻧﺠﺎم رﻓﺘﺎر دارد ﻛﻪ اﻳﻦ ﻣﻮﺿﻮع ﺑﺎ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ
اﻧﺠﺎم ﺷﺪه ﺗﻮﺳﻂ Valigoskyﻫﻤﺨﻮاﻧﻲ دارد ) .(22ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﺎت
دﻳﮕﺮ ﻧﺸﺎن دادﻧﺪ ﻛﻪ ﻛﺎراﻣﺪي درك ﺷﺪه از رﻓﺘﺎرﻫﺎي
رﻓﺘﺎرﻫﺎي ﻣﺤﺎﻓﻈﺖﻛﻨﻨﺪه در ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ آﻓﺘﺎب ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ ) .(35اﻳﻦ ﭘﻴﺶﮔﻴﺮي ﻛﻨﻨﺪه ﺑﺎ اﻧﺠﺎم رﻓﺘﺎرﻫﺎي ﭘﻴﺶﮔﻴﺮي ﻛﻨﻨﺪه در ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ
ﻧﺘﺎﻳﺞ ﮔﻮﻳﺎي آن اﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻫﺮ ﭼﻪ ﺗﻮاﻧﺎﻳﻲ و ﭘﺎﺳﺦﻫﺎي ﻓﺮد در ﺳﺎرس ،آﻧﻔﻠﻮاﻧﺰاي ﭘﺮﻧﺪﮔﺎن و آﻧﻔﻠﻮاﻧﺰاي ﺧﻮﻛﻲ ارﺗﺒﺎط دارد
ﻛﻨﺎر آﻣﺪن ﺑﺎ ﺗﻬﺪﻳﺪ درك ﺷﺪه ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ،اﺣﺘﻤﺎل اﻧﺠﺎم رﻓﺘﺎر ) .(31 ،32در ﺧﺼﻮص ﻣﻮاﻧﻊ ﻣﻄﺮح ﺷﺪه در ﻧﺘﺎﻳﺞ ،ﻣﻬﻢﺗﺮﻳﻦ
ﭘﻴﺶﮔﻴﺮي ﻛﻨﻨﺪه از آﻧﻔﻠﻮاﻧﺰاي ﻧﻮع Aﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﺧﻮاﻫﺪ ﺷﺪ. ﻣﺎﻧﻊ در ﺧﺼﻮص اﻧﺠﺎم رﻓﺘﺎرﻫﺎي ﭘﻴﺶﮔﻴﺮي ﻛﻨﻨﺪه ،ﺗﻼش
ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﺣﺎﺿﺮ ﻧﺸﺎن داد ﻛﻪ اﻛﺜﺮ داﻧﺶآﻣﻮزان اﻃﻼﻋﺎت ﺧﻮد زﻳﺎد ﺟﻬﺖ اﻧﺠﺎم رﻓﺘﺎرﻫﺎي ﭘﻴﺶﮔﻴﺮي ﻛﻨﻨﺪه ﺑﻮد ﻛﻪ ﻣﻲﺗﻮان
را از ﺗﻠﻮﻳﺰﻳﻮن و رادﻳﻮ ،ﺧﺎﻧﻮاده و دوﺳﺘﺎن ﻛﺴﺐ ﻛﺮدهاﻧﺪ .در ﺑﺎ آﻣﻮزش و ﺗﺄﻛﻴﺪ ﺑﺮ اﻫﻤﻴﺖ ﻣﻮﺿﻮع ﺗﺎ ﺣﺪي اﻳﻦ ﻣﺎﻧﻊ را
ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻖ Vanو ﻫﻤﻜﺎران رﺳﺎﻧﻪ 72/1درﺻﺪ ،اﻳﻨﺘﺮﻧﺖ 19/9 ﻛﺎﻫﺶ داد .در اﻳﻦ ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ ﻧﻤﺮه ﻛﻞ رﻓﺘﺎر 77درﺻﺪ ﺑﻮد ﻛﻪ
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ﻣﺠﻠﻪ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻘﺎت ﻧﻈﺎم ﺳﻼﻣﺖ/ﺳﺎل ﻫﻔﺘﻢ /ﺷﻤﺎره اول /ﺑﻬﺎر 1390 114
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ﻏﻼﻣﺮﺿﺎ ﺷﺮﻳﻔﻲراد و ﻫﻤﻜﺎران
ﻣﻲﺷﻮد ﻛﻪ ﺗﻼشﻫﺎ در ﺟﻬﺖ دادن آﮔﺎﻫﻲ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﺑﻪ اﻓﺮاد و درﺻﺪ ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﻛﺴﺐ اﻃﻼﻋﺎت ﺑﻮدﻧﺪ8 درﺻﺪ و ﻛﺎرﻛﻨﺎن ﺑﻬﺪاﺷﺘﻲ
آﻣﻮزش ﻫﻤﮕﺎﻧﻲ ﺑﺮاي ﺑﻬﺒﻮد ﻋﻤﻠﻜﺮد آﻧﺎن در اﭘﻴﺪﻣﻲﻫﺎ ﺻﻮرت و ﻫﻤﻜﺎران ﻣﻬﻢﺗﺮﻳﻦ ﻣﻨﺒﻊ ﻛﺴﺐKristiansen .(34)
ﻳﺎﻓﺘﻪﻫﺎي اﻳﻦ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﻛﺎرﺑﺮد ﺗﺌﻮري اﻧﮕﻴﺰش ﻣﺤﺎﻓﻈﺖ را.ﮔﻴﺮد درﺻﺪ( ﮔﺰارش85) درﺻﺪ( و روزﻧﺎﻣﻪ95) اﻃﻼﻋﺎت را ﺗﻠﻮﻳﺰﻳﻮن
ﻧﺸﺎن داده اﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻲﺗﻮان از اﻳﻦ اﻟﮕﻮ در،در ﭘﻴﺶﮔﻮﻳﻲ رﻓﺘﺎر در ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻖ ﺧﻮد ﺗﻠﻮﻳﺰﻳﻮنKamat ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ.(36) ﻛﺮده اﺳﺖ
ﺗﺪوﻳﻦ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪﻫﺎي آﻣﻮزﺷﻲ و ﺗﻜﻨﻴﻚﻫﺎي ﻣﺪاﺧﻠﻪاي ﺟﻬﺖ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ درﺻﺪ( را ﻣﻬﻢﺗﺮﻳﻦ ﻣﻨﺒﻊ درﻳﺎﻓﺖ اﻃﻼﻋﺎت در راﺑﻄﻪ ﺑﺎ38/6)
.ﻧﮕﺮش و رﻓﺘﺎر داﻧﺶآﻣﻮزان اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﻛﺮد از ﻣﺤﺪودﻳﺖﻫﺎي اﻳﻦ ﭘﮋوﻫﺶ.(37) آﻧﻔﻠﻮاﻧﺰا ﻋﻨﻮان ﻛﺮده اﺳﺖ
ﻣﻲﺗﻮان ﺑﻪ دﺷﻮاري اﻧﺪازهﮔﻴﺮي ﻋﻤﻠﻜﺮد ﺑﻪ دﻟﻴﻞ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از
ﺗﺸﻜﺮ و ﻗﺪرداﻧﻲ ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ اﻧﺠﺎم اﻳﻦ.روش ﺧﻮداﺑﺮازي )ﭘﺮﺳﺶﻧﺎﻣﻪ( اﺷﺎره ﻛﺮد
ﺑﺪﻳﻦ وﺳﻴﻠﻪ از ﻣﻌﺎوﻧﺖ ﭘﮋوﻫﺸﻲ داﻧﺸﮕﺎه ﻋﻠﻮم ﭘﺰﺷﻜﻲ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻖ ﺗﻨﻬﺎ ﺑﺮ روي داﻧﺶآﻣﻮزان دﺧﺘﺮ و در ﻳﻚ ﻧﺎﺣﻴﻪ اﺻﻔﻬﺎن
رﻳﺎﺳﺖ ﻣﺤﺘﺮم آﻣﻮزش و،اﺻﻔﻬﺎن ﺑﻪ ﺧﺎﻃﺮ ﺗﺄﻣﻴﻦ ﺑﻮدﺟﻪ ﻃﺮح
داﻧﺶآﻣﻮزان و ﻫﻤﻜﺎراﻧﻲ ﻛﻪ در اﺟﺮاي اﻳﻦ ﻃﺮح ﻣﺎ را،ﭘﺮورش
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ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ.را ﻣﻲﺗﻮان از ﻣﺤﺪودﻳﺖ دﻳﮕﺮ اﻳﻦ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﺑﺮﺷﻤﺮد
اﻳﻦ ﻛﻪ ﻧﮕﺮش اﻓﺮاد در ﺧﺼﻮص ﻣﺤﺎﻓﻈﺖ ﺧﻮد در ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ
S
. ﺗﺸﻜﺮ و ﻗﺪرداﻧﻲ ﻣﻲﺷﻮد،ﻳﺎري ﻧﻤﻮدﻧﺪ ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻪ،( ﺑﺎ رﻓﺘﺎر و ﻋﻤﻠﻜﺮد آﻧﺎن در ارﺗﺒﺎط ﺑﻮدA) آﻧﻔﻠﻮاﻧﺰاي ﻧﻮع
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… (A) ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ وﺿﻌﻴﺖ رﻓﺘﺎرﻫﺎي ﭘﻴﺶﮔﻴﺮيﻛﻨﻨﺪه از اﺑﺘﻼ و ﮔﺴﺘﺮش آﻧﻔﻠﻮاﻧﺰاي ﻧﻮع
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ﻏﻼﻣﺮﺿﺎ ﺷﺮﻳﻔﻲراد و ﻫﻤﻜﺎران
Abstract
Background: Influenza A (H1N1) pandemic is recently threatening the health of world's population. Non-
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pharmaceutical measures are important to prevent the spread of influenza A (H1N1) and to prevent a
pandemic. Effective influenza pandemic management requires understanding of the factors influencing
preventive behavioral changes. This study determined the status of preventive behaviors regarding H1N1
(swine) influenza pandemic based on protection motivation theory (PMT) among female high school
students in Isfahan, Iran.
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Methods: In a cross-sectional survey, multiple-stage randomized sampling was used to select 300 female
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deductive statistics in SPSS 14.
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students in Isfahan who completed a questionnaire during December 2009. The questionnaire was
developed by the researchers based on PMT. The obtained data was analyzed using descriptive and
Findings: The mean age of participants was 15.62 (SE = 1.1) years. A majority of participants were
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informed regarding H1N1 (swine) influenza pandemic (87.3%, 262 out of 300). There were significant
positive correlations between preventive behaviors and perceived susceptibility, perceived severity, and
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self-efficacy (P < 0.01). PMT's coping appraisal component of self-efficacy and response efficacy, and
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PMT's threat appraisal variables of perceived sensitivity and perceived severity had a significant positive
relation with preventive behavior and predicted 11% of the behavior.
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Conclusion: A high perceived threat of influenza A was found in this research. Therefore, public health
educators and planners are required to implement pandemic prevention interventions. In addition, since
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mass media was reported as the major information source, new policies must be developed to improve the
knowledge of students by different and more scientific information sources.
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Key words: Preventive Behaviors, Influenza A (H1N1), Protection Motivation Theory, Students.
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1- Professor, Department of Health Education and Health Services, School of Health, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.
2- MSc Student, Department of Health Education, School of Health, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran. (Corresponding Author),
Email: p_yarmohamadi@yahoo.com
3- Assistant Professor, Department of Health Education, School of Health, Yazd Shaheed Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran.
4-PhD Student, Department of Health Education, School of Health, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran. www.SID.ir
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