ADJECTIVES-СИФАТЛАР (1)

A. Сифатлар-отларни тасвирловчи сузлар гурухи булиб, отни изохлайди, от тугрисида

ахборот беради ва одатда отлардан олдин ишлатилади:

a pretty girl an interesting game an intelligent student

a big house a boring film an obvious reason
Сифатларга мисоллар: young, old, rich, brown, beautiful, modern, purple,
clear, expensive, cheap ва хок.

Инглиз тилида сифатларнинг бирлик ва куплик, родлар учун бир хил шакли ишлатилади:

a good boy - good boys a good girl - good girls

an interesting story – interesting stories

Истисно: this, that, купликда these, those шаклларини олади:

this cat – these cats that man – those men

this box – these boxes that computer – those computers

Отлар олдидан ишлатилган артикл, от сифат билан ишлатилганда сифат олдига утади ва
сифатнинг биринчи товуши билан мослашади:

a person – an ugly person

an umbrella – a white umbrella

*Many ва Much
many – саналадиган отлар олдидан, much – саналмайдиган отлар олдидан ишлатилади:

He made many mistakes.

We haven’t got much coffee. (2)
He doesn’t earn very much money.
Many people are afraid to go out in the dark.
C. Хозирги ва утган замон сифатдошлари (Present and past participle) хам сифат булиб
келиши мумкин. Хозирги ва утган замон сифатдошлари уртасидаги фаркни билиб олиш
мухим.
Хозирги замон сифатдоши феълга “-ing” кушиш билан (verb + ing) ясалади. Утган замон
сифатдоши тугри феълларга “-ed” кушилиши билан ёки нотугри феълларнинг махсус шакли
билан ясалади (see List of Irregular verbs).

Present participle га мисоллар: amusing, boring, tiring, shocking ва хоказо.

Юкоридаги сифатлар феъллардан ясалган ва уларнинг мазмуни “шундай эффектга, таъсирга
эга”дир.

Past participle га мисоллар: amused, bored, tired, shocked ва хоказо. Бу сифатларнинг

мазмуни “шу йусинда таъсир этилган” булади.

Масалан:
The play was boring.
The work is tiring.
The scene was horrifying.
(зериктирмок эффектига эга, яъни
зерикарли )
(кийин, чарчатадиган таъсирга эга)
(куркинч хосил килувчи, яъни
куркинчли)

Аммо The audience was bored. (нимадир уларни зериктирган, яъни

зериккан)
The workers are tired (чарчаган, нимадир уларни чарчатган)
The spectators were horrified. (вахимага тушган, нимадир уларни
вахимага солган)

Фаркланг:
Jane is interested, because this job is interesting.
Sarah was disappointed, because her exam results were disappointing.
Куйида юкорида кайд этилган тарзда сифат ясовчи энг куп кулланиладиган феъллар
берилган:
amuse exhaust fascinate terrify
amaze confuse frustrate embarrass
bore depress annoy astonish
excite tire shock disgust
surprise interest thrill worry
frighten disappoint satisfy horrify
D. Сифат даражалари (3)

Инглиз тилида узбек тилидаги каби учта сифат даражаси мавжуд:

Оддий (Positive) Киёсий(Comparative) Ортирма (Superlative)

dark darker darkest
tall taller tallest
useful more useful most useful

Сифатларнинг оддий даражаси – бу сифатларнинг бош холати, яъни муаян бир нарсанинг
сифати бошка бир нарсаники билан таккосланмайди. Киёсий даража иккита киши ёки нарса,
орттирма даража 2 тадан ортик киши ёки нарсалар сифати таккосланади. Сифатларнинг
киёсий ва орттирма даражалари оддий даражадан сифатнинг бугинига кура хосил килинади:

 Бир бугинли сифатларнинг киёсий ва ортирма даражалари мос равишда оддий

даражага “-er”, “-est” кушимчалари кушилиши билан ясалади. (Оддий даража
сифатнинг бош шаклини ифодалайди).

hard harder hardest

bright brighter brightest
small smaller smallest
long longer longest
thick thicker thickest

 Икки бугинли булиб “-er”, “-y”, “-ly”, “-e” га туговчи сифатларнинг киёсий ва ортирма
даражалари хам куйидаги усулда ясалади.

clever cleverer cleverest

pretty prettier prettiest (y becomes i)
silly sillier silliest
large larger largest (e га туговчи сифатларда “e” тушириб simple
simpler simplest колдирилади)
easy easier easiest
funny funnier funniest
lucky luckier luckiest
nice nicer nicest
 late later latest

Хамда ёдда тутинг: (4)

quiet - quieter -quietest

narrow – narrower – narrowest
cheap –cheaper – cheapest
healthy – more healthy (healthier) – most healthy (healthiest)
heavy – heavier – heaviest
young – younger – youngest
 Колган икки бугинли сифатлар ва уч бугинли сифатларнинг киёсий ва ортирма
даражалари сифатлар олдига мос равишда more ва most сузларини кушиш билан
ясалади:

modern more modern most modern

tired more tired most tired
often more often most often
doubtful more doubtful most doubtful
comfortable more comfortable most comfortable

Шу каби expensive, interesting, serious, obscure, important, careful ва хок. сифатлар

даражалари хам шу йусинда ясялади.

НОТУГРИ СИФАТЛАР

Нотугри сифатлар – киёсий ва ортирма даражаларини ясалиши юкоридагиларга амал

килмайди. Уларнинг даражаларини ёдда тутинг.

Bad – worse – worst

farther - farthest
Far
further – furthest

good – better – best

little – less – least
Many/much – more –most

older - oldest
old
elder – eldest
(5)
farther/ farthest ва further/furthest масофага нисбатан иккала шакллар хам ишлатилиши
мумкин:

York is farther/further than Lincoln or Selby

York is the farthest/furthest town

further – куп холларда мавхум отлар билан кулланиб, “additional/extra – чукуррок,

кушимча” маъноларида келади:

Further supplies will soon be available.

Further discussion/debate would be pointless
For further information write to the above address
I have a further question for you.
If you have any further problems, let me know.
It costs e £50 a day and a further £60 for insurance
Шунингдек : further inquires/delays/ demand/ information/ instruction ва хоказо.

furthest – хам асосан мавхум отлар билан ишлатилади:

This was the furthest point they reached in their discussion.

This was the furthest concession he would make.

elder/eldest - ёшга эмас, катталикка кура асосан оила ичида ишлатилади:

My elder brother, her eldest boy/girl,
elder brother/sister/son/daughter
Elder than билан ишлатилмайади. Бу холда older ишлатилади.
He is older than I am.

E. Cифат даражаларига оид курилмалар:

 Оддий даражадаги сифат …..as + сифат + as…… ва …..not as/so + сифат + as….
курилмаларида паралел таккослашни ифодалаш мумкин. Паралел таккослаш деганда 2 та
нарсани бир хил булган сифати таккосланади ва бунда бир нарсанинг сифати
иккинчисиникидан ортикрок ёки камроклиги курсатилмайди:
A boy of 16 is often as tall as his father. (16 ёшлик бола куп холларда отасичалик баланд
буйли булади)
He was as white as a sheet. (У когоздек ок эди).
Your coffee isn’t as/so good as the coffee my mother makes. (Сизнинг кофеингиз
менинг онам килиб берган кофечалик яхши эмас)
Unfortunately, my legs aren't as long as yours. (Менинг оёкларим
сизникичалик узун эмас.)
(6)
 Thrice as + сифат + as, twice as + сифат + as – бирор сифатнинг уч, икки марта
ортиклигини билдиради:
John earns three times as much as I do.
He spends twice as much (time) as most other students do.
America is twice as far as Europe from here. (Бу урдан Америка Европага
нисбатан икки марта узок.)
This car is four times as expensive as that one. (Бу машина наригисидан турт
марта киммат.)
His friend is twice as old as he is. (Унинг дусти ундан икки марта катта.)
The number of one-parent U.S. households reached 10.1 million in 1991, nearly three times
as large as that of 1971.
The area of the quadrilateral is five times as that of the triangle. (Туртбурчакнинг юзи
учбурчакнинг юзидан беш марта ортик ёки беш баробарича.)
 Киёсий даражадаги сифатлар гапда купинча than билан кулланилади.
(than - …дан, … га нисбатан).

New tower blocks are higher than the old buildings.

He makes fewer mistakes than you do.
He is stronger than I expected
It was more expensive than I thought

NOTE: киёсий даража факат 2 та нарсанинг сифат (лар) ини таккослаш учун хизмат килади.

 Паралел узгаришни ифодалаш учун the + киёсий даража…..the + киёсий даража

курилмаси ишлатилади:

The more difficult the problem is, the more time it takes.
The more you have, the more you want.
The more you study the more you are likely to pass the exam.
The higher the demand is the more expensive the goods are.
HOUSE AGENT: Do you want a big house?
ANN: Yes, the bigger the better.
TOM: But the smaller it is, the less it will cost us to heat.

 Аста секин ва тухтовсиз буладиган узгаришни ифодалаш учун 2 та киёсий даражали

сифатлар (ва равиш) уртасига and куйилади .

The weather is getting colder and colder.

He became less and less interested.
It is getting darker and darker.
More and more students are trying to learn English.
ADVERBS – РАВИШЛАР

A. Равишлар – сифатлардан фаркли тарзда феълларнинг белгисини билдиради.

Бундан ташкари равишлар сифатларни хамда бошка равишларни изохлаб келиши мумкин.
He walks quickly.
She opened the door quietly.
The boys were extremely happy.
adverb adjective

Равишлар гапда вакт, жой ва частотани хам билдириб келиши мумкин.

Bob often comes late.
частота вакт

I have been there many times.

B. Равишларнинг шаклланиши

Равишларнинг катта кисмини хосил килиш учун мос келган сифатга “-ly” кушилиши керак:

сифат: grave immediate slow ready simple

равиш: gravely immediately slowly readily simply

 ” – y” га тугаган сифатларга “ – ly” кушилса, сунгги “-y” харфи ”-i” га айланади:

happy - happily, heavy – heavily, easy – easily

 сунгги “-e” тушириб колдирилмайди:

extreme – extremely,
absolute – absolutely,
completely – completely

Лекин, true – truly, due – duly, whole – wholly

 ”ундош + le” да сунгги “-e” тушириб, “-y” ёзилади:

capable – capably, sensible – sensibly, reasonable-reasonably,

incredible- incredibly, terrible – terribly, gentle – gently

 ”унли + l” га хеч кандай узгаришсиз “-ly”кушилади:

beautiful – beautifully final – finally careful – carefully

 good нинг равиш шакли well.

 kindly – хам сифат, хам равиш булиб келиши мумкин:

He gave me a kindly smile. (сифат)

She is the kindliest among them. (сифат)
 Would you kindly let me in? (равиш)
She treated the children kindly. (равиш)

 friendly, likely, lonely lovely, lively, timely сузлари гарчи “-ly” га тугасада, равиш эмас ва
уларнинг равиш шакли йук. Уларнинг равиш шакли урнига ухшаш равиш ва иборалар
ишлатамиз.

Tom is likely to fail. (сифат)

Tom will probably fail. (равиш)

She is a friendly person. (сифат)

She asked in a friendly way. (phrase)

Your letter came as a timely reminder that we need to arrange a meeting.(сифат)

Your letter came on time. (phrase)
 Бир гурух равишлар узига мос сифатлар билан бир хил шаклга эга булади. Улар
куйидагилар:
back hard* little short
deep* high* long still
direct* ill low straight
early just* much/more/most* well
eanough kindly near* wrong*
far late* pretty*
fast left right*

Мисоллар:
Равишлар Сифатлар
Come back soon. the back door
Dig deep. the deep water
You can dial Rome direct. the most direct route
The train went fast. a fast train
They worked hard. The work is hard.
an ill-made road He is ill/well.
The plane flew high above. a high mountain
We have just moved in. This is a just punishment.
We arrived a few minutes late. a late breakfast
Turn left/right here. the right answer /the left hand
She goes out very little. a little wooden box
I can’t wait long. long hair
He was bent low over a book. a low voice
Her birthday is getting nearer. She walked to the nearest tree.
I am pretty busy today. a pretty color
He stopped short. a short break/ article
Do you still live in Birmingham? The house was still.
Go straight. a straight hair
well dressed All is well.
You went wrong. the wrong answer

C. Равиш даражалари

Равишлар хам худди сифатлардагидек 3 даражаси мавжуд. Равишлар даражаларининг

ясалиши сифатларникига караганда бир мунча осонрок:

 Бир бугинли равишлар хамда early, late, near нинг киёсий ва ортирма
даражаларига мос равишда -er, -est кушилади:

hard - harder - hardest

early - earlier - earliest
near - nearer - nearest
late - later - latest

 Икки ва ундан ортик бугинга эга булган равишлар киёсий ва ортирма

даражалари равишлар олдига мос равишда more, most кушиши билан
ясалади:

quickly - more quickly - most quickly

fortunately - more fortunately - most fortunately

 Нотугри равишлар:

well - better - best

badly - worse - worst
little - less - lest
much - more - most
far - farther - farthest ( факат масофага)
- further - furthest ( хам масофа, хам мавхум маънода)

It is not safe to go any further/ farther. (for distance)

Mr. A said that these toy pistols should not be on sale.

Mr. B went further and said that no toy pistols should be sold. (abstract)
Mr. C went furthest of all and said that no guns of any kind should be sold.
(abstract)

NOTE : Орттирма даражадаги равишлар олдидан the келмайди.

Jill was the first man to finish. (сифат)

I am always nervous for the first few minutes of an exam. (сифат)
 Jill finished first. (равиш)
Turn off the computer first and then lock the door. (равиш)

Равишларга мисоллар:

He traveled further than we expected.

How far can you see? – I can’t see far.
You should ride more.
He likes swimming best of all.
I use this room most.
He rides a lot / great deal.
She objects very much to the noise they make.
She was much impressed by their good manners.

Таккосланг:

Adjective
Our holiday was spoiled by bad
Bad
weather.
Thanks for ringing - it's been nice
Nice
talking to you.
Our bedroom was very dark until we
Dark
put a larger window in.
A good knife is probably one of the
Useful most useful things you can have in a
kitchen.
There was more rainfall than usual this
Usual
summer in the mountain areas.
Business is always slow during those
Slow
months because everyone's on holiday.
I only had time for a quick glance at
Quick
the paper this morning.
Soft I like chocolates with soft centers.
The easiest thing to do would be for us
Easy
to take the train home.
Managers had complained that the
Lazy
workers were lazy and unreliable.
The kids are busy with their homework.
Busy She's busy writing out the wedding
invitations.
There was a heavy frost last night and
Hard the ground is still hard.
Heating the clay makes it hard.
The fast train to London takes less than
Fast
an hour
Adverb
Fortunately, none of the
passengers were badly injured in
the crash.
Bake the mixture for 35 to 40
minutes until the cake is nicely
browned.
His figure could be seen darkly on
the foggy moor.
We could usefully spend the free
time sightseeing.
He usually gets home about 6
o'clock.
Could you please speak more
slowly?
We'll have to walk quickly to get
there on time.
She speaks softly but usually gets
her own way.
I can easily be home early tonight,
if you want.
Palm trees swayed lazily in the soft
breeze.
I was busily preparing for their
arrival.
I'm not surprised he failed his
exam - he didn't exactly try very
hard!
The accident was caused by people
driving too fast in bad conditions.
You'll have to act fast.
 You'll be late for your flight if you
don't hurry up.
Late The late train will depart soon.
She said she'd prefer us to arrive
no later than nine o'clock.
She's quite an interesting woman.
Interestingly, he never actually
Interesting She's got some very interesting things
said that he was innocent.
to say on the subject.
Food is usually cheaper in
supermarkets.
Children and the elderly are entitled to The shop round the corner does
Cheap
cheap train tickets. shoe repairs very cheaply.
The scheme is simple and cheap to
operate.
His plays are still widely
performed in the USA.
Wide His eyes were wide with surprise.
French used to be widely spoken in
Kampuchea.
She's dreaming she'll be whisked off
He said if his results were good, he
Handsome her feet by a tall, dark handsome
would reward him handsomely.
stranger.
After careful consideration of your
proposal, I regret to say that we are She carefully folded the letter and
Careful unable to accept it. put it in her pocket.
He's in a really foul temper so be Drive carefully on those icy roads.
careful about/of what you say to him
I've never played ice hockey - it's far
too dangerous. She drives dangerously.
Dangerous
It's dangerous to take more than the He likes to live dangerously.
recommended dose of tablets.