Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Module of Epidemiology
Học phần: Dịch tễ học
No. Content
1 Introduction of Epidemiology
2 Measuring Health and Disease
3 Observational Epidemiologic Studies
4 Experimental Epidemiologic Studies
5 Bias - Confounding in Epidemiologic Studies
6 Association and Causation in Epidemiology
7 Epidemiology of Communicable Diseases
8 Epidemiology of Non-Communicable Diseases
9 Epidemiologic Surveillance in Public Health
10 Outbreak Investigation
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Introduction to Epidemiology
Đại cương Dịch tễ học
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Dịch tễ học
Khi câu trả lời "Chúng tôi không biết", dịch tễ học bắt
đầu làm việc.
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Lesson Overview
Topic 1
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Prevention
Effectiveness
Surveillance Epidemiology
Public
Health
Informatics Laboratory
Hiệu quả
dự phòng
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What is
What is What How do
the
the cause works? you do it?
problem?
Problem Response
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Vấn đề Biện
Nguyên Cách
sức pháp
nhân? thực hiện
khỏe? nào?
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Step 1 Step 1
Data Surveillance; determine
collection time, place, and person
Step 2
Solving Step 2
Assessment Inference
health
problems Step 3 Step 3
Hypothesis
testing
Determine how and why
Step 4 Step 4
Action Intervention
Action
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Bước 4
Can thiệp
Hành động
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• Phát hiện tác nhân, vật chủ và yếu tố môi trường ảnh hưởng
đến sức khỏe
• Xác định tầm quan trọng của nguyên nhân bệnh, tàn tật và
tử vong
• Xác định các nhóm quần thể có nguy cơ cao hơn từ nguyên
nhân nào đó của bệnh tật
• Đánh giá hiệu quả chương trình và dịch vụ y tế trong việc
nâng cao sức khỏe của quần thể
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Purpose of Epidemiology
• To measure frequency of disease
‒ Quantify disease
• To assess distribution of disease
‒ Who is getting disease?
‒ Where is disease occurring?
‒ When is disease occurring?
• To form hypotheses about causes and preventive factors
• To identify determinants of disease
‒ Hypotheses are tested using epidemiologic studies
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Epidemiologic Assumptions
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• Bệnh tật và sự kiện liên quan đến sức khỏe không ngẫu nhiên
• Bệnh tật và sự kiện liên quan đến sức khỏe thường có nguyên
nhân / yếu tố dự phòng có thể xác định được
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Mouse
5 4 3 2 1
Cow
donkey Pig Sheep
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1 3
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Topic 2
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A Dictionary of Epidemiology, 6th Edition Miquel Porta . Oxford University Press 2014 (Last, 2001) 26
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Topic 3
Definitions of epidemiology
Định nghĩa Dịch tễ học
I hate definitions.
— Benjamin Disraeli (1804–1881, British Prime Minister 1868
and 1874–1880)
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Epi
Epidemiology
demi ology
“People”
Quần thể người
haupv@hiu.vn
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Definition of Epidemiology
A Dictionary of Epidemiology, 6th Edition Miquel Porta . Oxford University Press 2014 (Last, 2001) 30
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Definition of Epidemiology
The study of the occurrence and distribution of health-related
events, states, and processes in specified populations, including
the study of the determinants influencing such processes, and the
application of this knowledge to control relevant health problems
1. Study
2. Distribution
3. Health-related States
4. Specified Population
5. Determinants
6. Application
A Dictionary of Epidemiology, 6th Edition Miquel Porta . Oxford University Press 2014 (Last, 2001) 31
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A Dictionary of Epidemiology, 6th Edition Miquel Porta . Oxford University Press 2014 (Last, 2001)
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1. Epidemiology - Study
Study includes:
1. Surveillance Giám sát
2. Observation Quan sát
3. Screening Sàng lọc
4. Hypothesis testing Kiểm định giả thuyết
5. Analytic research Nghiên cứu phân tích
6. Experiments Thực nghiệm
7. Prediction Dự báo
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2. Epidemiology - Distribution
• Distribution: refers to analysis by time, place, and person (TPP)
• Example:
The Hand, Foot and Mouth Disease (HFMD) outbreaks occurred
throughout Daklak province, Vietnam in 2011.
This study reviewed all 744 medical records of HFMD patients
admitted to Daklak Hospital in 2011 to describe the clinical
characteristics of HFMD patients and determined factors
associated with severe illness
Van Pham, H., Hoang, T.N.A., Duong, H.T. et al. Clinical characteristics of hand, foot and mouth disease in
Daklak Province, Vietnam and associated factors of severe cases. VirusDis. 28, 430–433 (2017).
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2. Epidemiology - Phân bố
• Là phân tích theo thời gian, địa điểm và con người (TPP)
• Ví dụ:
The Hand, Foot and Mouth Disease (HFMD) outbreaks
occurred throughout Daklak province, Vietnam in 2011.
Nghiên cứu 744 bệnh án Tay Chân Miệng điều trị tại bệnh
viện Dak Lak trong năm 2011 về đặc điểm lâm sàng của
bệnh nhi và xác định các yếu tố liên quan đến thể lâm sàng
nặng
Van Pham, H., Hoang, T.N.A., Duong, H.T. et al. Clinical characteristics of hand, foot and mouth disease in
Daklak Province, Vietnam and associated factors of severe cases. VirusDis. 28, 430–433 (2017).
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Ngoc TB Nguyen, Hau V Pham et al. Epidemiological and Clinical Characteristics of Children Who Died from Hand, Foot
and Mouth Disease in Vietnam, 2011. BMC Infectious Diseases 2014, 14:341.
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Ngoc TB Nguyen, Hau V Pham et al. Epidemiological and Clinical Characteristics of Children Who Died from Hand, Foot
and Mouth Disease in Vietnam, 2011. BMC Infectious Diseases 2014, 14:341.
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Ngoc TB Nguyen, Hau V Pham et al. Epidemiological and Clinical Characteristics of Children Who Died from Hand, Foot
and Mouth Disease in Vietnam, 2011. BMC Infectious Diseases 2014, 14:341.
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5. Epidemiology - Determinants
• Determinants: All the causesand risk factors for the
occurrence of a disease, including physical, economic,
biological, social, cultural, and behavioral factors
• Ex. Multivariable analysis found that oral ulcers (OR = 3.74;
2.13 - 6.58), myoclonus (OR = 44.75; 6.04–331.66) and high
white blood cell count (OR=1.08; 1.01–1.16 per 1000/mm3
increase) were significantly associated with severe illness.
Pham HV, Dang DT, Tran Minh NN, Nguyen ND, Nguyen TV. Correlates of environmental factors and human plague:
an ecological study in Vietnam. Int J Epidemiol. 2009 Dec;38(6):1634-41
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Pham HV, Dang DT, Tran Minh NN, Nguyen ND, Nguyen TV. Correlates of environmental factors and human plague:
an ecological study in Vietnam. Int J Epidemiol. 2009 Dec;38(6):1634-41
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6. Epidemiology - Application
• makes explicit the aim of epidemiology ‒ to promote, protect,
and restore health, and to advance scientific knowledge
• Analysis, conclusion, distribution, and timely use of
epidemiologic information to protect the health of the population
• Ex. These data suggest that the flea index, rodent density and
rainfall could be used as ecological indicators of plague risk in
Vietnam
Pham HV, Dang DT, Tran Minh NN, Nguyen ND, Nguyen TV. Correlates of environmental factors and human plague: an
ecological study in Vietnam. Int J Epidemiol. 2009 Dec;38(6):1634-41
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Pham HV, Dang DT, Tran Minh NN, Nguyen ND, Nguyen TV. Correlates of environmental factors and human plague: an
ecological study in Vietnam. Int J Epidemiol. 2009 Dec;38(6):1634-41
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Topic 4
Epidemiology Study Types
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Experimental
Epidemiology
study types Descriptive
Observational
Analytic
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Approaches to Epidemiology
Dịch tễ học mô tả
Descriptive Epidemiology
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Descriptive Epidemiology
• Studies the pattern of health events and their frequency in
populations in terms of:
‒ Person
‒ Place
‒ Time
• Purpose:
‒ To identify problems for further study
‒ To plan, provide, and evaluate health services
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Dịch tễ học mô tả
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Analytic Epidemiology
• Studies the association between risk factors and disease
• To determine why disease rates are high (or low) in a particular
group
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Descriptive Analytic
epidemiology epidemiology
Khi nào quần thể bị ảnh Quần thể bị ảnh hưởng như
hưởng ? thế nào ?
Ở đâu quần thể bị ảnh hưởng Tại sau quần thể đó bị ảnh
? hưởng?
Quần thể nào bị ảnh hưởng ?
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Topic 4
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Functions of Epidemiology
1. Giám sát YTCC Public Health Surveillance
2. Điều tra Investigation
3. Data Analysis Phân tích số liệu
4. Can thiệp Intervention
5. Đánh giá Evaluation
6. Truyền thông Communication
7. Quản lý và làm việc nhóm Management and Teamwork
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A Dictionary of Epidemiology, 6th Edition Miquel Porta . Oxford University Press 2014 (Last, 2001)
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A Dictionary of Epidemiology, 6th Edition Miquel Porta . Oxford University Press 2014 (Last, 2001)
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• Field Investigation
• Điều tra thực địa
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Process
Outcome
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Vệ sinh
học
Cộng Xét
đồng nghiệm
Dịch
tễ
Lâm
YTCC
sàng
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Topic 6
Investigating an Outbreak
Điều tra vụ dịch
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Outbreak Investigation
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Outbreak Investigation
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