‫ﻋﺜﻤﺎﻧﻲ اﻣﭙﺮاﺗﻮري‬

‫ﻋﺜﻤﺎﻧﻲ اﻣﭙﺮاﺗﻮري ﯾﺎ ﺳﺘﺮواﮐﻲ )‪/ɒtəmənˈ/‬؛ ﭘﻪ‬

‫ﻋﺜﻤﺎﻧﻲ ﺗﺮﮐﻲ ژﺑﻪ‪ :‬دوﻟﺖ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻋﺜﻤﺎﻧﻴﻪ ‪Devlet-i‬‬
‫‪ ʿAlīye-i ʿOsmānīye, lit‬ﯾﻌﻨﻲ 'ﻟﻮړ او ﭘﺮﺗﻤﯿﻦ ﻋﺜﻤﺎﻧﻲ‬
‫دوﻟﺖ'؛ ﭘﻪ ﺗﺮﮐﻲ ژﺑﻪ‪Osmanlı İmparatorluğu or :‬‬
‫‪Osmanlı Devleti‬؛ ﭘﻪ ﻓﺮاﻧﺴﻮي ژﺑﻪ‪Empire :‬‬
‫‪ (ottoman‬ﯾﻮه اﻣﭙﺮاﺗﻮري وه ﭼﯥ ﻟﻪ ‪۱۴‬ﻣﯥ ﭘﯧ ۍ‬
‫ﺨﻪ د ‪۲۰‬ﻣﯥ ﭘﯧ ۍ ﺗﺮ ﻟﻮﻣ ﯾﻮ ﭘﻮرې ﯾﯥ د ﺳﻮﯦﻞ‬
‫ﺧﺘﯿ ﯥ اروﭘﺎ‪ ،‬ﻟﻮﯦﺪﯾ ﯥ اﺳﯿﺎ او ﺷﻤﺎﻟﻲ اﻓﺮﯾﻘﺎ ډﯦﺮې‬
‫ﻻﻧﺪې وې‪ .‬دا اﻣﭙﺮاﺗﻮري د ‪۱۳‬ﻣﯥ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺧﯥ ﺗﺮ واﮐﻤﻨ‬
‫ﭘﯧ ۍ ﭘﻪ ﭘﺎی ﮐﯥ د ﺗﺮﮐﻤﻦ ﻗﺒﯿﻠﻮي ﻣﺸﺮ ﻟﻮﻣ ي ﻋﺜﻤﺎن ﯾﺎ‬
 ‫ﻋﺜﻤﺎن ﻏﺎزي ﻟﻪ ﺧﻮا د اﻧﺘﺎﻟﯿﺎ ﭘﻪ ﺷﻤﺎل ﻟﻮﯦﺪﯾ ﺳﻮ ﻮت‬
‫ﺎر ﻮ ﻲ )اوﺳﻨﻲ ﺑﯿﻠﻪﺟﮏ‪ Bilecik -‬ﺎر( ﮐﯥ ﺟﻮړه‬
‫ﺷﻮه‪ .‬ﻟﻪ ‪ ۱۳۵۴‬ﮐﺎل وروﺳﺘﻪ‪ ،‬ﻋﺜﻤﺎﻧﯿﺎن اروﭘﺎ ﺗﻪ ﻻړل او د‬
‫ﺷﺎﻫﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﮑﺎن ﻟﻪ ﻓﺘﺢ ﮐﻮﻟﻮ ﺳﺮه‪ ،‬ﻋﺜﻤﺎﻧﻲ ﺑﯿﻠﯿﮏ ﮐﻮﭼﻨ‬
‫)‪ (beylik‬ﺗﺮ ﻟﻮﯾﻮ وﭼﻮ ﻏ ﯧﺪﻟﯥ ﯾﻮې اﻣﭙﺮاﺗﻮرۍ ﺑﺎﻧﺪې‬
‫ﺑﺪﻟﻪ ﺷﻮه‪ .‬ﭘﻪ ‪ ۱۴۵۳‬ﮐﺎل ﮐﯥ د ﺳﻠﻄﺎن ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﻓﺎﺗﺢ ﻟﻪ‬
‫ﺧﻮا د ﻗﺴﻄﻨﻄﻨﯿﯥ ﻟﻪ ﻓﺘﺢ ﮐﻮﻟﻮ ﺳﺮه ﻋﺜﻤﺎﻧﯿﺎﻧﻮ د‬
‫ورﺳﻮﻟﻪ‪[۵][۴][۳][۲][۱].‬‬ ‫ﺑﯿﺰاﻧﺲ اﻣﭙﺮاﺗﻮري ﭘﺎی ﺗﻪ‬

‫ﻋﺜﻤﺎﻧﻲ اﻣﭙﺮاﺗﻮرۍ د ﻟﻮﻣ ي ﺳﻠﯿﻤﺎن ﯾﺎ ﺳﻠﯿﻤﺎن اﻋﻈﻢ‬

‫ﮐﯥ د‬ ‫)‪ (Suleiman the Magnificent‬ﭘﻪ واﮐﻤﻨ‬
‫او دﻏﻪ راز د ﺧﭙﻞ ﺣﮑﻮﻣﺖ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺧﭙﻞ ﻮاک او ﺳﻮﮐﺎﻟ‬
‫ﻮﻟﻨﯿﺰ او اﻗﺘﺼﺎدي ﺳﯿﺴ ﻤﻮﻧﻮ ﺗﺮ ﻮﻟﻮ ﻟﻮړ ﭘﺮﻣﺨﺘ‬
‫ﺗﺠﺮﺑﻪ ﮐ ‪ .‬د ‪۱۷‬ﻣﯥ ﭘﯧ ۍ ﭘﻪ ﭘﯿﻞ ﮐﯥ‪ ،‬دﻏﯥ اﻣﭙﺮاﺗﻮرۍ‬
‫ﺷﻤﯧﺮ ﺗﺮ ﻻس ﻻﻧﺪې ﯾﺎ ﺑﺎج‬ ‫‪ ۳۲‬وﻻﯾﺘﻮﻧﻪ او‬
‫ورﮐﻮوﻧﮑﻲ دوﻟﺘﻮﻧﻪ ﻟﺮل‪ .‬ﯿﻨﯥ ﯾﯥ وروﺳﺘﻪ ﭘﻪ ﻋﺜﻤﺎﻧﻲ‬
 ‫اﻣﭙﺮاﺗﻮرۍ ﮐﯥ ﺟﺬب ﺷﻮل‪ ،‬ﺧﻮ ﻧﻮرو ﺗﻪ ﺑﯿﺎ د ﭘﯿ ﯾﻮ ﭘﻪ‬
‫اوږدو ﮐﯥ ﺑﯧﻼﺑﯧﻞ ډوﻟﻪ ﺧﻮدﻣﺨﺘﺎري ﯾﺎ ﮐﻮرواﮐﻲ ورﮐ ل‬
‫ﺷﻮه‪[۶].‬‬

‫د ﻗﺴﻄﻨﻄﻨﯿﯥ )ﻧﻨﻨﻲ اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺒﻮل( د ﭘﻼزﻣﯿﻨﯥ ﭘﻪ ﺗﻮ ﻪ او‬

‫ﺳﺮه‪،‬‬ ‫د ﻣﺪﯾﺘﺮاﻧﯥ ﺣﻮزې ﭘﺮ ﺷﺎوﺧﻮا ﺳﯿﻤﻮ ﻟﻪ واﮐﻤﻨ‬
‫ﻋﺜﻤﺎﻧﻲ اﻣﭙﺮاﺗﻮري د ﺷﭙ و ﭘﯧ ﯾﻮ ﻟﭙﺎره د ﺧﺘﯿ ﯥ او‬
‫ﻟﻮﯦﺪﯾ ﯥ ﻧ ۍ ﺗﺮﻣﻨ د اړﯾﮑﻮ او ﺗﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﭘﻪ ﻣﺮﮐﺰ ﮐﯥ وه‪.‬‬
‫ﮐﻪ ﻪ ﻫﻢ ﯾﻮ وﺧﺖ ﻧﻈﺮ دا و‪ ،‬ﭼﯥ دﻏﻪ اﻣﭙﺮاﺗﻮري د‬
‫ﻟﻮﻣ ي ﺳﻠﯿﻤﺎن ﯾﺎ ﺳﻠﯿﻤﺎن اﻋﻈﻢ ﻟﻪ ﻣ ﯾﻨﯥ وروﺳﺘﻪ د‬
‫زوال دورې ﺗﻪ داﺧﻠﻪ ﺷﻮې وه‪ ،‬ﺧﻮ دا ﻧﻈﺮ ﻧﻮر د ډﯦﺮی‬
‫ﻋﻠﻤﻲ ﺗﺎرﯾﺨﭙﻮﻫﺎﻧﻮ ﻟﻪ ﺧﻮا ﻧﻪ ﺗﺎﯾﯿﺪﯦ ي‪ .‬دﻏﯥ‬
‫اﻣﭙﺮاﺗﻮرۍ د ‪۱۷‬ﻣﯥ ﭘﯧ ۍ ﭘﻪ اوږدو ﮐﯥ او د ‪۱۸‬ﻣﯥ ﭘﯧ ۍ‬
‫ﭘﻪ ډﯦﺮه ﺑﺮﺧﻪ ﮐﯥ ﭘﯿﺎوړی اﻗﺘﺼﺎد‪ ،‬ﻮﻟﻨﯥ او اردو ﻟﺮﻟﻲ‬
‫دي‪ .‬ﻟﻪ دې ﺳﺮه ﺳﺮه‪ ،‬ﻟﻪ ‪ ۱۷۴۰‬ﮐﺎل ﺗﺮ ‪ ۱۷۶۸‬ﮐﺎل ﭘﻮرې د‬
‫ﯾﻮې اوږدې ﺳﻮﻟﻪﯾﯿﺰې ﻣﻮدې ﭘﺮﻣﻬﺎل ﻋﺜﻤﺎﻧﻲ ﻧﻈﺎﻣﻲ‬
 ‫ﺳﯿﺴ ﻢ د دوی ﻟﻪ اروﭘﺎﯾﻲ ﺳﯿﺎﻻﻧﻮ‪ ،‬ﻫﺎﺑﺴﺒﻮرګ‬
‫اﻣﭙﺮاﺗﻮرۍ )‪ (Habsburg‬او روﺳﻲ اﻣﭙﺮاﺗﻮرﯾﻮ ﺨﻪ‬
‫وروﺳﺘﻪ ﭘﺎﺗﯥ ﺷﻮ‪ .‬ﻋﺜﻤﺎﻧﯿﺎن ﺑﺎﻻﺧﺮه د ‪۱۸‬ﻣﯥ ﭘﯧ ۍ ﭘﻪ‬
‫وروﺳﺘﯿﻮ او د ‪۱۹‬ﻣﯥ ﭘﯧ ۍ ﭘﻪ ﻟﻮﻣ ﯾﻮ ﮐﯥ ﻟﻪ ﺳﺨﺘﻮ‬
‫ﺑﺮﯾﺎﻟ‬ ‫ﭘﻮ ﻲ ﻣﺎﺗﻮ ﺳﺮه ﻣﺦ ﺷﻮل‪ .‬د ﯾﻮﻧﺎن د ﺧﭙﻠﻮاﮐ‬
‫ﺟ ه ﻫﻢ د ﻟﻨﺪن ﻟﻪ ﺗ ون )‪ (۱۸۳۰‬او د ﻗﺴﻄﻨﻄﻨﯿﯥ ﻟﻪ‬
‫ﻟﻪ اﺧﯿﺴﺘﻠﻮ ﺳﺮه ﭘﺎی‬ ‫ﺗ ون )‪ (۱۸۳۲‬وروﺳﺘﻪ د ﺧﭙﻠﻮاﮐ‬
‫ﺗﻪ ورﺳﯧﺪه‪ .‬ﻫﻤﺪﻏﯥ او ﻧﻮرو ﻣﺎﺗﻮ ﻋﺜﻤﺎﻧﻲ دوﻟﺖ دې ﺗﻪ‬
‫اړ اﯾﺴﺖ ﭼﯥ د ﺳﻤﻮﻧﻮﻧﻮ او ﻋﺼﺮي ﮐﻮﻟﻮ ﯾﻮ ﻫﺮاړﺧﯿﺰ‬
‫ﺑﻬﯿﺮ ﭘﯿﻞ ﮐ ي‪ ،‬ﭼﯥ د ﺗﻨﻈﯿﻤﺎت )‪ (Tanzimat‬ﭘﻪ ﻧﻮم‬
‫ﯾﺎدﯦﺪه‪ .‬ﭘﻪ دې ﺗﻮ ﻪ‪ ،‬د ‪۱۹‬ﻣﯥ ﭘﯧ ۍ ﭘﻪ اوږدو ﮐﯥ‪،‬‬
‫ﻋﺜﻤﺎﻧﻲ دوﻟﺖ د ﻧﻮرو ﻤﮑﻮ ﻟﻪ ﻻﺳﻪ ورﮐ ې او ﭘﻪ‬
‫ﺎﻧ ې ﺗﻮ ﻪ ﭘﻪ ﺑﺎﻟﮑﺎن ﮐﯥ ﭼﯥ د ﯾﻮ ﺷﻤﯧﺮ ﻧﻮو دوﻟﺘﻮﻧﻮ‬
‫ﻟﻪ را ﺮ ﻨﺪﯦﺪو ﺳﺮه ﺳﺮه‪ ،‬ﭘﻪ داﺧﻠﻲ ﺗﻮ ﻪ ﺑﯧﺮﺗﻪ ﺧﻮرا‬
‫ﺷﻮ‪[۱۰][۹][۸][۷].‬‬ ‫ﭘﯿﺎوړی او ﻣﻨﻈﻢ‬
 ‫دوﻟﺖ‬
‫د ‪۱۹‬ﻣﯥ او ‪۲۰‬ﻣﯥ ﭘﯧ ۍ ﻟﻪ اﺻﻼﺣﺎﺗﻮ ﯾﺎ ﺳﻤﻮﻧﻮﻧﻮ ﻣﺨﮑﯥ‪،‬‬
‫د ﻋﺜﻤﺎﻧﻲ اﻣﭙﺮاﺗﻮرۍ دوﻟﺘﻲ اداره ﯾﻮ داﺳﯥ ﻧﻈﺎم و‪ ،‬ﭼﯥ‬
‫دوه اﺻﻠﻲ اړﺧﻮﻧﻪ ﯾﯥ ﻟﺮل‪ ،‬ﻧﻈﺎﻣﻲ اداره او ﻣﻠﮑﻲ اداره‪.‬‬
‫ﺳﻠﻄﺎن ﯾﺎ ﭘﺎﭼﺎ ﭘﻪ ﻧﻈﺎم ﮐﯥ ﺗﺮ ﻮﻟﻮ ﻟﻮړ ﻣﻘﺎم درﻟﻮد‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﺪﻧﻲ ﻧﻈﺎم ﭘﺮ ﺳﯿﻤﻪﯾﯿﺰو اداري واﺣﺪوﻧﻮ وﻻړ و‪ ،‬ﭼﯥ‬
‫ﺎﮐﻞ‬ ‫ﻫﻐﻪ ﺑﯿﺎ د ﻫﺮې ﺳﯿﻤﯥ د ﺎﻧ ﺗﯿﺎوو ﭘﺮ ﺑﻨﺴ‬
‫ﮐﯧﺪل‪ .‬دوﻟﺖ ﭘﺮ روﺣﺎﻧﯿﻮﻧﻮ ﮐﻨ ﺮول درﻟﻮد‪ .‬ﯿﻨﯥ ﻟﻪ‬
‫اﺳﻼم وړاﻧﺪې دورې ﺗﺮﮐﻲ دودوﻧﻪ ﭼﯥ ﻟﻪ اﺳﻼﻣﻲ اﻳﺮان‬
‫ﺨﻪ د اداري او ﺣﻘﻮﻗﻲ دودوﻧﻮ ﻏﻮره ﮐﻮﻟﻮ ﺨﻪ‬
‫راﭘﺎﺗﯥ وو‪ ،‬د ﻋﺜﻤﺎﻧﻲ دوﻟﺖ ﭘﻪ اداري ﮐ ﯾﻮ ﮐﯥ ﻫﻢ ﻣﻬﻢ‬
‫ﻞ ﮐﯧﺪل‪ .‬ﻟﻪ ﻋﺜﻤﺎﻧﻲ ﺗﻌﺒﯿﺮ ﺳﺮه ﺳﻢ‪ ،‬د دوﻟﺖ اﺻﻠﻲ‬
‫دﻧﺪه د ﻣﺴﻠﻤﺎﻧﺎﻧﻮ د ﺧﺎورې دﻓﺎع او ﭘﺮاﺧﻮل او د‬
‫ﭘﻪ ﻮﻟﯿﺰ‬ ‫ارﺗﻮدوﮐﺲ اﺳﻼﻣﻲ دودوﻧﻮ او ﺷﺎﻫﻲ واﮐﻤﻨ‬
 ‫ﭼﻮﮐﺎټ ﮐﯥ د ﺧﭙﻠﻮ ﭘﻮﻟﻮ ﭘﻪ اوږدو ﮐﯥ د اﻣﻨﯿﺖ او‬
‫وو‪[۱۲][۱۱].‬‬ ‫ﺗﺎﻣﯿﻨﻮل‬ ‫ﺳﻮﮐﺎﻟ‬

‫ﻗﻮاﻧﯿﻦ‬

‫ﻋﺜﻤﺎﻧﻲ ﺣﻘﻮﻗﻲ ﻧﻈﺎم ﭘﺮ ﺧﭙﻠﻮ و و ﻣﺬﻫﺒﻲ ﻗﻮاﻧﯿﻦ‬

‫ﻣﻨﻠﻲ وو‪ .‬ﭘﻪ ورﺗﻪ وﺧﺖ ﮐﯥ ﻗﺎﻧﻮن )‪ (Qanun‬او ﻫﻤﺪا‬
‫راز ﺧﺎﻧﺪاﻧﻲ ﻗﺎﻧﻮن ﻫﻢ د دﯾﻨﻲ ﻗﻮاﻧﯿﻨﻮ ﯾﺎ ﺷﺮﯾﻌﺖ‬
‫ﻣﻮﺟﻮد وو‪ .‬ﻋﺜﻤﺎﻧﻲ اﻣﭙﺮاﺗﻮري ﺗﻞ د ﯾﻮه‬ ‫ﺗﺮ ﻨ‬
‫ﺳﯿﻤﻪﯾﯿﺰ ﻓﻘﻬﻲ ﻧﻈﺎم ﻟﻪ ﻣﺨﯥ ﺗﻨﻈﯿﻢ ﺷﻮې وه‪ .‬ﭘﻪ‬
‫ﻋﺜﻤﺎﻧﻲ اﻣﭙﺮاﺗﻮرۍ ﮐﯥ ﺣﻘﻮﻗﻲ اداره د ﻣﺮﮐﺰي او ﻣﺤﻠﻲ‬
‫ﺗﺮﻣﻨ د ﺗﻮازن راﻣﻨ ﺘﻪ ﮐﻮﻟﻮ ﻟﭙﺎره د ﯾﻮې ﻟﻮﯾﯥ‬ ‫واﮐﻤﻨ‬
‫ﻃﺮﺣﯥ ﺑﺮﺧﻪ وه‪ .‬ﻋﺜﻤﺎﻧﻲ ﻮاک ﭘﻪ ﺑﻨﺴ ﯿﺰه ﺗﻮ ﻪ د‬
‫ﻤﮑﯥ د ﺣﻘﻮﻧﻮ ﭘﺮ اداره ﮐﻮﻟﻮ را ﺮﺧﯧﺪه‪ ،‬ﭼﯥ‬
‫ﺳﯿﻤﻪﯾﯿﺰو ﭼﺎرواﮐﻮ ﺗﻪ ﯾﯥ داﺳﯥ ﻓﻀﺎ راﻣﻨ ﺘﻪ ﮐﻮﻟﻪ‬
‫ﭼﯥ د ﻣﻠﺖ )‪ (millet‬ﺗﺮ ﻧﻮم ﻻﻧﺪې ﻣﺤﻠﻲ ﻣﺤﺎﮐﻤﻮ‬
 ‫اړﺗﯿﺎوې ﭘﻮره ﮐ ي‪ .‬د ﻋﺜﻤﺎﻧﻲ اﻣﭙﺮاﺗﻮرۍ د ﻗﻀﺎﯾﻲ‬
‫ﭘﯿﭽﻠﺘﯿﺎ ﻣﻮﺧﻪ دا وه ﭼﯥ ﻟﻪ ﮐﻠﺘﻮري او ﻣﺬﻫﺒﻲ ﭘﻠﻮه د‬
‫ﺑﯧﻼﺑﯧﻠﻮ ډﻟﻮ ادﻏﺎم ﺗﻪ زﻣﯿﻨﻪ ﺑﺮاﺑﺮه ﺷﻲ‪ .‬ﻋﺜﻤﺎﻧﻲ ﻧﻈﺎم د‬
‫ﻣﺤﮑﻤﻮ درې ﺳﯿﺴﺘﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﻟﺮل‪ :‬ﯾﻮ د ﻣﺴﻠﻤﺎﻧﺎﻧﻮ ﻟﭙﺎره‪ ،‬ﯾﻮ د‬
‫ﻏﯿﺮ ﻣﺴﻠﻤﺎﻧﺎﻧﻮ ﻟﭙﺎره‪ ،‬ﭼﯥ ﻫﻐﻪ ﺎﮐﻞ ﺷﻮي ﯾﺎ اﻧﺘﺼﺎﺑﻲ‬
‫ﯾﻬﻮد او ﻋﯿﺴﻮﯾﺎن ﭘﮑﯥ راﺗﻠﻞ ﭼﯥ ﭘﺮ ﺧﭙﻠﻮ اړوﻧﺪو‬
‫ﻣﺬﻫﺒﻲ ﻮﻟﻨﻮ ﯾﯥ واﮐﻤﻨﻲ ﮐﻮﻟﻪ‪ ،‬او درﯦﯿﻢ ﻫﻢ "ﺗﺠﺎرﺗﻲ‬
‫ﻣﺤﮑﻤﻪ" وه‪ .‬ﻮل ﻧﻈﺎم ﻟﻪ ﭘﺎﺳﻪ د اداري ﻗﺎﻧﻮن ﭘﻪ‬
‫واﺳﻄﻪ ﺗﻨﻈﯿﻢ ﺷﻮی و‪ ،‬ﻫﻐﻪ ﺳﯿﺴﺘﻢ ﭼﯥ ﭘﺮ ﺗﺮﮐﻲ ﯾﺎﺳﺎ‬
‫)‪ (Yassa‬او ﺗﻮرې )‪ (Töre‬وﻻړ و او ﺗﺮ اﺳﻼم ﻣﺨﮑﯥ‬
‫و‪[۱۵][۱۴][۱۳].‬‬ ‫دوره ﮐﯥ راﻣﻨ ﺘﻪ ﺷﻮی‬

‫ﭘﻮځ‬

‫د ﻋﺜﻤﺎﻧﻲ دوﻟﺖ ﻟﻮﻣ ی ﻧﻈﺎﻣﻲ واﺣﺪ ﻫﻐﻪ ﭘﻮځ و‪ ،‬ﭼﯥ د‬

‫‪۱۳‬ﻣﯥ ﭘﯧ ۍ ﭘﻪ وروﺳﺘﯿﻮ ﮐﯥ د اﻧﺘﺎﻟﯿﺎ ﭘﻪ ﻟﻮﯦﺪﯾ ﻮ‬
 ‫ﻏﻮﻧ ﯾﻮ ﮐﯥ ﻟﻪ ﻣﯧﺸﺘﻮ ﻗﺒﯿﻠﻮ ﺨﻪ ﻟﻮﻣ ي ﻋﺜﻤﺎن راﺟﻮړ‬
‫ﺳﺮه ﭘﻮ ﻲ ﻧﻈﺎم ﻫﻢ‬ ‫ﮐ ی و‪ .‬د اﻣﭙﺮاﺗﻮرۍ ﻟﻪ ﭘﺮﻣﺨﺘ‬
‫ﯾﻮه ﭘﯧﭽﻠﻲ ﺳﺎزﻣﺎن ﺑﺪل ﺷﻮ‪ .‬ﻋﺜﻤﺎﻧﻲ ﭘﻮځ د ﻮﻣﺎرﻟﻮ او‬
‫واک ﺳﺎﺗﻠﻮ ﯾﻮ ﭘﯧﭽﻠﯽ ﻧﻈﺎم و‪ .‬د ﻋﺜﻤﺎﻧﻲ ﭘﻮځ ﻣﻬﻤﯥ‬
‫ﻗﻮل اردو ﺎﻧﯥ ﻫﻢ ﺟﻨﯿﭽﺮ‪ ،‬ﺳﭙﺎﻫﻲ‪ ،‬اﮐﻨﺠﻲ او ﻣﻬﺘﺮان‬
‫وې‪ .‬ﻋﺜﻤﺎﻧﻲ ﭘﻮځ ﯾﻮ وﺧﺖ د ﻧ ۍ ﺗﺮ ﻮﻟﻮ ﭘﺮﻣﺨﺘﻠﻠﯽ‬
‫ﺟﻨ ﻲ ﻮاک و او ﻫﻐﻪ ﻣﻬﺎل ﻟﻮﻣ ﻧﯽ ﭘﻮځ و ﭼﯥ د‬
‫ﭘﻠﺘﻪﯾﯿﺰو ﻮﭘﮑﻮ او ﺗﻮﭘﻮﻧﻮ د ﮐﺎروﻟﻮ وړﺗﯿﺎ ﯾﯥ ﻟﺮﻟﻪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻋﺜﻤﺎﻧﻲ ﺗﺮﮐﺎﻧﻮ د ﻗﺴﻄﻨﻄﻨﯿﯥ د ﮐﻼﺑﻨﺪۍ ﭘﺮ ﻣﻬﺎل د‬
‫)‪ (falconets‬ﮐﺎرول ﭘﯿﻞ ﮐ ل‪ ،‬ﭼﯥ ﻟﻨ ﺧﻮ‬ ‫ﻓﺎﻟﮑﻮﻧﯿ‬
‫ﭘﺮاخ ﺗﻮﭘﻮﻧﻪ وو‪ .‬د ﻋﺜﻤﺎﻧﻲ ﺳﭙﺮو ﻟ ﮑﺮ د درﻧﻮ زﻏﺮه‬
‫ﺖ ﺗﮑﯿﻪ ﮐﻮﻟﻪ او ﭘﺮ‬ ‫واﻟﻮ ﭘﺮ ﺎی ﭘﺮ ﻟﻮړ ﺳﺮﻋﺖ او ﺧﻮ‬
‫ﺗﯧﺰو ﺗﺮﮐﻤﻨﻲ او ﻋﺮﺑﻲ اﺳﻮﻧﻮ )د ﻐﺎﺳﺘﯥ د ﻣﺴﺎﺑﻘﻮ‬
‫اﺻﯿﻠﻮ اﺳﻮﻧﻮ( ﻟﻪ ﺳﭙﺮﯦﺪو ﺳﺮه ﯾﯥ ﮐﻤﺎﻧﻮﻧﻪ او ﻟﻨ ې‬
‫ﺗﻮرې ﮐﺎروﻟﯥ‪ .‬دوی ﺗﺮ ډﯦﺮه د ﻣﻐﻮﻟﻮ د اﻣﭙﺮاﺗﻮرۍ ﭘﻪ‬
‫ﮐﻮﻟﻮ ﻮدﻧﻪ‬ ‫ﺷﺎن ﺗﺎﮐﺘﯿﮑﻮﻧﻪ ﮐﺎرول‪ ،‬ﻟﮑﻪ دا ﭼﯥ د ﺷﺎﺗ‬
‫ﺑﻪ ﯾﯥ ﮐﻮﻟﻪ ﭘﻪ داﺳﯥ ﺣﺎل ﮐﯥ ﭼﯥ د د ﻤﻦ ﻮاﮐﻮﻧﻪ ﺑﻪ‬
‫ﯾﯥ ﭘﻪ ﯾﻮه ﻫﻼﻟﻲ ﺷﮑﻠﻪ ﺑ ﻪ ﮐﯥ را ﻣﺤﺎﺻﺮه ﮐﻮل او ﺑﯿﺎ‬
‫ﺑﻪ ﯾﯥ ﺑﺮﯾﺪ ﭘﺮې ﮐﺎوه‪ .‬ﻋﺜﻤﺎﻧﻲ ﭘﻮځ ﭘﻪ ‪۱۷‬ﻣﻪ ﭘﯧ ۍ ﮐﯥ‬
‫او د ‪۱۸‬ﻣﯥ ﭘﯿ ۍ ﭘﻪ ﻟﻮﻣ ﯾﻮ ﮐﯥ د ﯾﻮه اﻏﯧﺰﻧﺎک‬
‫ﺟﻨ ﯧﺪوﻧﮑﻲ ﻮاک ﭘﻪ ﺗﻮ ﻪ ﻣﻄﺮح و‪ ،‬ﺧﻮ ﻟﻪ ‪ ۱۷۴۰‬ﺨﻪ‬
‫ﺗﺮ ‪ ۱۷۶۸‬ﭘﻮرې د ﺳﻮﻟﯥ ﭘﻪ اوږده ﻣﻮده ﮐﯥ د دﻏﯥ‬
‫اﻣﭙﺮاﺗﻮرۍ ﻟﻪ اروﭘﺎﯾﻲ ﺳﯿﺎﻻﻧﻮ ﺨﻪ وروﺳﺘﻪ ﭘﺎﺗﯥ‬
‫ﺷﻮ‪[۱۹][۱۸][۱۷][۱۶].‬‬

‫اﻗﺘﺼﺎد‬
‫ﻋﺜﻤﺎﻧﻲ اﻗﺘﺼﺎدي ذﻫﻨﯿﺖ ﭘﻪ ﻣﻨ ﻨﻲ ﺧﺘﯿ ﮐﯥ د دوﻟﺖ‬
‫او ﻮﻟﻨﯥ ﻟﻪ ﺑﻨﺴ ﯿﺰو ﻣﻔﺎﻫﯿﻤﻮ ﺳﺮه ﻧ دې ﺗ او درﻟﻮد ﭼﯥ‬
‫ﻣﻮﺧﻪ د واﮐﻤﻦ واک ﯿﻨ ﻮل‬ ‫ﭘﮑﯥ د ﯾﻮه دوﻟﺖ وروﺳﺘ‬
‫او ﭘﺮاﺧﻮل وو‪ ،‬او دې ﭼﺎرې ﺗﻪ د رﺳﯧﺪو ﻻره ﻫﻢ د‬
‫ﻟﻪ ﻻرې د ﻋﻮاﯾﺪو د ﺑ اﯾﻪ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﻟﯿﺪي ﭘﺎړﮐﯿﻮ د ﺳﻮﮐﺎﻟ‬
 ‫ﻣﻮﺧﻪ دا وه ﭼﯥ‬ ‫ﺳﺮﭼﯿﻨﻮ ﺗﺮﻻﺳﻪ ﮐﻮل وو‪ .‬وروﺳﺘ‬
‫دوﻟﺘﻲ ﻋﻮاﯾﺪ زﯾﺎت ﺷﻲ ﺧﻮ د و و ﻫﻮﺳﺎﯾﻨﯥ ﺗﻪ زﯾﺎن‬
‫وډۍ راﻣﻨ ﺘﻪ ﮐﯧﺪو‬ ‫وﻧﻪ رﺳﻮي ﺗﺮ ﻮ د ﻮﻟﻨﯿﺰې‬
‫ﻣﺨﻨﯿﻮی وﺷﻲ او د ﻮﻟﻨﯥ دودﯾﺰ ﻧﻈﻢ وﺳﺎﺗﻞ ﺷﻲ‪.‬‬
‫ﻋﺜﻤﺎﻧﻲ اﻗﺘﺼﺎد د ﻋﺼﺮي دورې ﭘﻪ ﻟﻮﻣ ﯾﻮ ﮐﯥ ﺧﻮرا‬
‫ﭘﺮاخ ﺷﻮ‪ ،‬ﭘﻪ ﺎﻧ ې ﺗﻮ ﻪ د ‪۱۸‬ﻣﯥ ﭘﯿ ۍ ﭘﻪ ﻟﻮﻣ ۍ‬
‫ﻧﯿﻤﺎﯾﻲ ﮐﯥ د ودې ﻟﻮړې ﮐﭽﯥ ﺗﻪ ورﺳﯧﺪ‪ .‬د اﻣﭙﺮاﺗﻮرۍ‬
‫ﻠﻮر ﭼﻨﺪه‬ ‫ﮐﻠﻨﯽ ﻋﺎﯾﺪ د ‪ ۱۵۲۳‬او ‪ ۱۷۴۸‬ﮐﻠﻮﻧﻮ ﺗﺮﻣﻨ‬
‫ﺷﻮ‪[۲۲][۲۱][۲۰].‬‬ ‫زﯾﺎت‬

‫ﮐﻠﺘﻮر‬
‫ﻋﺜﻤﺎﻧﯿﺎﻧﻮ ﭘﻪ ﻫﻐﻮ ﺳﯿﻤﻮ ﮐﯥ ﭼﯥ دوی ﻓﺘﺢ ﮐ ې وې‪،‬‬
‫ﯿﻨﯥ دودوﻧﻪ‪ ،‬ﻫﻨﺮوﻧﻪ او ﮐﻠﺘﻮري ﺑﻨﺴ ﻮﻧﻪ ﯾﯥ ﺟﺬب‬
‫ﮐ ل او ﻧﻮي اړﺧﻮﻧﻪ ﯾﯥ ورﮐ ل‪ .‬د ﭘﺨﻮاﻧﯿﻮ اﻣﭙﺮاﺗﻮرﯾﻮ‬
‫ډﯦﺮی دودوﻧﻪ او ﮐﻠﺘﻮري ﺎﻧ ﺗﯿﺎوې )د ﻣﻌﻤﺎرۍ‪،‬‬
‫اﺷﭙﺰۍ‪ ،‬ﻣﻮﺳﯿﻘ ‪ ،‬ﺗﻔﺮﯾﺢ او ﺣﮑﻮﻣﺖ ﭘﻪ ﯧﺮ ﺑﺮﺧﻮ ﮐﯥ(‬
‫د ﻋﺜﻤﺎﻧﻲ ﺗﺮﮐﺎﻧﻮ ﻟﻪ ﺧﻮا ﻣﻨﻞ ﺷﻮي او ﭘﻪ ﻧﻮﯾﻮ ﺑ ﻮ ﮐﯥ‬
‫ﯾﯥ وده ورﮐ ې‪ ،‬ﭼﯥ ﭘﻪ ﭘﺎﯾﻠﻪ ﮐﯥ ﯾﯥ د ﻋﺜﻤﺎﻧﻲ ﮐﻠﺘﻮر ﯾﻮ‬
‫ﻧﻮی او ﺎﻧ ی ﻫﻮﯾﺖ وړاﻧﺪې ﮐ ی‪ .‬ﮐﻪ ﻪ ﻫﻢ د‬
‫ﻋﺜﻤﺎﻧﻲ اﻣﭙﺮاﺗﻮرۍ اﺻﻠﻲ ادﺑﻲ ژﺑﻪ ﺗﺮﮐﻲ وه‪ ،‬ﺧﻮ‬
‫ﻓﺎرﺳﻲ ﺑﯿﺎ د اﻣﭙﺮاﺗﻮرۍ د اﻧ ﻮر وړاﻧﺪې ﮐﻮﻟﻮ ﻟﭙﺎره ﯾﻮه‬
‫وه‪[۲۴][۲۳].‬‬ ‫ﻏﻮره وﺳﯿﻠﻪ‬

‫ﺳﺮﭼﻴﻨﯥ او ﻳﺎدا ﺘﻮﻧﻪ‬

‫‪Strauss, Johann (2010). "A .1‬‬
‫‪Constitution for a Multilingual‬‬
‫‪Empire: Translations of the Kanun-ı‬‬
‫‪Esasi and Other Official Texts into‬‬
‫‪Minority Languages" (https://menado‬‬
‫‪c.bibliothek.uni-halle.de/menalib/dow‬‬
nload/pdf/2734659?originalFilename
=true). In Herzog, Christoph; Malek
The First Ottoman .(‫ )اﻟﻤﺤﺮرون‬Sharif
Experiment in Democracy. Würzburg:
–21 ‫ د ﮐﺘﺎب ﭘﺎ ﻲ‬.Orient-Institut Istanbul
info page on book (http://menad) .51
oc.bibliothek.uni-halle.de/urn/urn:nb
n:de:gbv:3:5-91645) at Martin Luther
University) // CITED: p. 36 (PDF p.
.(38/338
A ́goston, Ga ́bor; Masters, Bruce Alan .2
(2008). Encyclopedia of the Ottoman
‫ د‬.Empire. Infobase Publishing, NY
‫ د ﮐﺘﺎب ﻧ ﻳﻮاﻟﻪ ﮐﺮه‬.444 ‫ﮐﺘﺎب ﭘﺎ ﯥ‬
Osman" .978-0-8160-6259-1 ‫ﺷﻤﯧﺮه‬
was simply one among a number
 Turkoman tribal leaders operating in
".the Sakarya region
Osman I" (https://www.britannica.co" .3
m/biography/Osman-I).
Encyclopedia Britannica. Osman I,
also called Osman Gazi, (born c. 1258
—died 1324 or 1326), ruler of a
Turkmen principality in northwestern
Anatolia who is regarded as the
.founder of the Ottoman Turkish state
Finkel, Caroline (2006-02-13). .4
Osman's Dream: The Story of the
Ottoman Empire, 1300–1923. Basic
‫ د ﮐﺘﺎب ﻧ ﻳﻮاﻟﻪ ﮐﺮه‬.7 ,2 ‫ د ﮐﺘﺎب ﭘﺎ ﻲ‬.Books
.978-0-465-02396-7 ‫ﺷﻤﯧﺮه‬
 Quataert, Donald (2005). The .5
Ottoman Empire, 1700–1922 (https://
books.google.com/books?id=OX3lsO
Cambridge .(2 ‫( )اﻟﻄﺒﻌﺔ‬rXJGcC
‫ د ﮐﺘﺎب‬.4 ‫ د ﮐﺘﺎب ﭘﺎ ﯥ‬.University Press
.978-0-521-83910-5 ‫ﻧ ﻳﻮاﻟﻪ ﮐﺮه ﺷﻤﯧﺮه‬
Ottoman Empire" (http://www.oxford" .6
islamicstudies.com/article/opr/t125/
e1801?_hi=41&_pos=3). Oxford
‫ د‬.Islamic Studies Online. 6 May 2008
.۲۰۱۰ ‫ اﮔﺴ‬۲۶ ‫ﻻﺳﺮﺳﻲﻧﯧ ﻪ‬
Hathaway, Jane (2008). The Arab .7
Lands under Ottoman Rule, 1516–
‫ د ﮐﺘﺎب‬.1800. Pearson Education Ltd
978-0- ‫ د ﮐﺘﺎب ﻧ ﻳﻮاﻟﻪ ﮐﺮه ﺷﻤﯧﺮه‬.8 ‫ﭘﺎ ﯥ‬
 historians of the" .582-41899-8
Ottoman Empire have rejected the
narrative of decline in favor of one of
"crisis and adaptation
Tezcan, Baki (2010). The Second
Ottoman Empire: Political and
Social Transformation in the
Early Modern Period. Cambridge
‫ د‬.9 ‫ د ﮐﺘﺎب ﭘﺎ ﯥ‬.University Press
978-1-107- ‫ﮐﺘﺎب ﻧ ﻳﻮاﻟﻪ ﮐﺮه ﺷﻤﯧﺮه‬
Ottomanist historians" .41144-9
have produced several works in
the last decades, revising the
traditional understanding of this
period from various angles,
some of which were not even
considered as topics of historical
inquiry in the mid-twentieth
century. Thanks to these works,
the conventional narrative of
Ottoman history – that in the late
sixteenth century the Ottoman
Empire entered a prolonged
period of decline marked by
steadily increasing military decay
and institutional corruption – has
".been discarded
Woodhead, Christine (2011).
"Introduction". In Christine
The Ottoman .(‫ )اﻟﻤﺤﺮر‬Woodhead
‫ د ﮐﺘﺎب ﻧ ﻳﻮاﻟﻪ‬.5 ‫ د ﮐﺘﺎب ﭘﺎ ﯥ‬.World
.978-0-415-44492-7 ‫ﮐﺮه ﺷﻤﯧﺮه‬
 Ottomanist historians have"
largely jettisoned the notion of a
"'post-1600 'decline
Ágoston, Gábor (2009). .8
"Introduction". In Ágoston, Gábor;
.(‫ )اﻟﻤﺤﺮرون‬Bruce Masters
.Encyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire
.xxxii ‫د ﮐﺘﺎب ﭘﺎ ﯥ‬
Faroqhi, Suraiya (1994). "Crisis
and Change, 1590–1699". In
İnalcık, Halil; Donald Quataert
An Economic and .(‫)اﻟﻤﺤﺮرون‬
Social History of the Ottoman
Empire, 1300–1914. 2.
‫ د‬.Cambridge University Press
‫ د ﮐﺘﺎب ﻧ ﻳﻮاﻟﻪ ﮐﺮه‬.553 ‫ﮐﺘﺎب ﭘﺎ ﯥ‬
 ‫ﯥ‬
In the" .978-0-521-57456-3 ‫ﺷﻤﯧﺮه‬
past fifty years, scholars have
frequently tended to view this
decreasing participation of the
sultan in political life as evidence
for "Ottoman decadence", which
supposedly began at some time
during the second half of the
sixteenth century. But recently,
more note has been taken of the
fact that the Ottoman Empire
was still a formidable military
and political power throughout
the seventeenth century, and that
noticeable though limited
economic recovery followed the
 crisis of the years around 1600;
after the crisis of the 1683–1699
war, there followed a longer and
more decisive economic
upswing. Major evidence of
decline was not visible before
the second half of the eighteenth
".century
Aksan, Virginia (2007). Ottoman .9
Wars, 1700–1860: An Empire
‫ د‬.Besieged. Pearson Education Ltd
‫ د ﮐﺘﺎب ﻧ ﻳﻮاﻟﻪ ﮐﺮه‬.135–130 ‫ﮐﺘﺎب ﭘﺎ ﻲ‬
.978-0-582-30807-7 ‫ﺷﻤﯧﺮه‬
Quataert, Donald (1994). "The Age of .10
Reforms, 1812–1914". In İnalcık,
 An .(‫ )اﻟﻤﺤﺮرون‬Halil; Donald Quataert
Economic and Social History of the
Ottoman Empire, 1300–1914. 2.
‫ د ﮐﺘﺎب‬.Cambridge University Press
978-0- ‫ د ﮐﺘﺎب ﻧ ﻳﻮاﻟﻪ ﮐﺮه ﺷﻤﯧﺮه‬.762 ‫ﭘﺎ ﯥ‬
.521-57456-3
Naim Kapucu; Hamit Palabiyik .11
(2008). Turkish Public Administration:
From Tradition to the Modern Age (htt
ps://archive.org/details/bub_gb_DWc
‫ د ﮐﺘﺎب‬. eNjwTggUC). USAK Books
https://archive.org/details/bu) 77 ‫ﭘﺎ ﯥ‬
‫ د‬. (b_gb_DWceNjwTggUC/page/n71
978-605-4030-01- ‫ﮐﺘﺎب ﻧ ﻳﻮاﻟﻪ ﮐﺮه ﺷﻤﯧﺮه‬
.۲۰۱۳ ‫ ﻓﺒﺮوري‬۱۱ ‫ د ﻻﺳﺮﺳﻲﻧﯧ ﻪ‬.9
 .38 .‫ ص‬،Itzkowitz 1980 .12
Balancing Sharia: The Ottoman" .13
Kanun" (https://web.archive.org/web/
20131009012204/http://www.bbc.co.
‫ د‬. uk/religion/0/24365067). BBC
https://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/) ‫اﺻﻠﻲ‬
‫ اﮐﺘﻮﺑﺮ‬۰۹ ‫( آرﺷﻴﻒ ﺨﻪ ﭘﺮ‬0/24365067
.۲۰۱۳ ‫ اﮐﺘﻮﺑﺮ‬۰۵ ‫ د ﻻﺳﺮﺳﻲﻧﯧ ﻪ‬.‫ ﺑﺎﻧﺪې‬۲۰۱۳
Washbrook, D. and Cohn, H., Law in .14
the Ottoman Empire: Shari'a Law,
.Dynastic Law, Legal Institutions
Benton, Lauren (3 December 2001). .15
Law and Colonial Cultures: Legal
Regimes in World History, 1400–1900
(https://books.google.com/books?id
 =rZtjR9JnwYwC&pg=109).
‫ د ﮐﺘﺎب‬.Cambridge University Press
‫ د ﮐﺘﺎب ﻧ ﻳﻮاﻟﻪ ﮐﺮه‬.110–109 ‫ﭘﺎ ﻲ‬
‫ د ﻻﺳﺮﺳﻲﻧﯧ ﻪ‬.978-0-521-00926-3 ‫ﺷﻤﯧﺮه‬
.۲۰۱۳ ‫ ﻓﺒﺮوري‬۱۱
Milner, Mordaunt (1990). The .16
Godolphin Arabian: The Story of the
‫ د‬.Matchem Line. Robert Hale Limited
‫ د ﮐﺘﺎب ﻧ ﻳﻮاﻟﻪ ﮐﺮه‬.6–3 ‫ﮐﺘﺎب ﭘﺎ ﻲ‬
.978-0-85131-476-1 ‫ﺷﻤﯧﺮه‬
Wall, John F. Famous Running .17
Horses: Their Forebears and
‫ د ﮐﺘﺎب‬.8 ‫ د ﮐﺘﺎب ﭘﺎ ﯥ‬.Descendants
.978-1-163-19167-5 ‫ﻧ ﻳﻮاﻟﻪ ﮐﺮه ﺷﻤﯧﺮه‬
 Murphey, Rhoads (1999). Ottoman .18
‫ د‬.Warfare, 1500–1700. UCL Press
.10 ‫ﮐﺘﺎب ﭘﺎ ﯥ‬
Ágoston, Gábor (2005). Guns for
the Sultan: Military Power and
the Weapons Industry in the
Ottoman Empire. Cambridge
–200 ‫ د ﮐﺘﺎب ﭘﺎ ﻲ‬.University Press
.02
Aksan, Virginia (2007). Ottoman .19
Wars, 1700–1860: An Empire
‫ د‬.Besieged. Pearson Education Ltd
‫ د ﮐﺘﺎب ﻧ ﻳﻮاﻟﻪ ﮐﺮه‬.135–130 ‫ﮐﺘﺎب ﭘﺎ ﻲ‬
.978-0-582-30807-7 ‫ﺷﻤﯧﺮه‬
 İnalcık, Halil (1970). "The Ottoman .20
Economic Mind and Aspects of the
.Ottoman Economy". In Cook, M. A
Studies in the Economic .(‫)اﻟﻤﺤﺮر‬
History of the Middle East: from the
Rise of Islam to the Present Day.
‫ د ﮐﺘﺎب‬.Oxford University Press
978-0- ‫ د ﮐﺘﺎب ﻧ ﻳﻮاﻟﻪ ﮐﺮه ﺷﻤﯧﺮه‬.209 ‫ﭘﺎ ﯥ‬
.19-713561-7
İnalcık, Halil (1970). "The Ottoman .21
Economic Mind and Aspects of the
.Ottoman Economy". In Cook, M. A
Studies in the Economic .(‫)اﻟﻤﺤﺮر‬
History of the Middle East: from the
Rise of Islam to the Present Day.
‫ د ﮐﺘﺎب‬.Oxford University Press
 978-0- ‫ د ﮐﺘﺎب ﻧ ﻳﻮاﻟﻪ ﮐﺮه ﺷﻤﯧﺮه‬.217 ‫ﭘﺎ ﯥ‬
.19-713561-7
Darling, Linda (1996). Revenue- .22
Raising and Legitimacy: Tax
Collection and Finance
Administration in the Ottoman
‫ د ﮐﺘﺎب‬.Empire, 1560–1660. E.J. Brill
‫ د ﮐﺘﺎب ﻧ ﻳﻮاﻟﻪ ﮐﺮه‬.239–238 ‫ﭘﺎ ﻲ‬
.978-90-04-10289-7 ‫ﺷﻤﯧﺮه‬
HISTORIOGRAPHY xiv. THE" .23
OTTOMAN EMPIRE (https://iranicaonl
ine.org/articles/historiography-xiv)".
.Iranica
Halil Inalcik. "Servile Labor in the .24
Ottoman Empire" (https://web.archiv
e.org/web/20090911101051/http://c
oursesa.matrix.msu.edu/~fisher/hst3
73/readings/inalcik6.html).
htt) ‫ د اﺻﻠﻲ‬.Michigan State University
p://coursesa.matrix.msu.edu/~fishe
(r/hst373/readings/inalcik6.html
‫ د‬.‫ ﺑﺎﻧﺪې‬۲۰۰۹ ‫ ﺳﭙ ﻤﺒﺮ‬۱۱ ‫آرﺷﻴﻒ ﺨﻪ ﭘﺮ‬
.۲۰۱۰ ‫ اﮔﺴ‬۲۶ ‫ﻻﺳﺮﺳﻲﻧﯧ ﻪ‬

https://ps.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?"
‫" ﻧﻪ اﺧﻴﺴﺘﻞ ﺷﻮی‬title=‫&ﻋﺜﻤﺎﻧﻲ_اﻣﭙﺮاﺗﻮري‬oldid=274100

• .‫ ﺑﺪﻟﻮن ﻣﻮﻧﺪﻟﯽ‬۲۰۲۱ ‫ ﻧﻮﻣﺒﺮ‬۳۰ ،۰۸:۱۲ ‫دا ﻣﺦ وروﺳﺘﯽ ﻞ ﭘﻪ‬

.‫ ﺳﺮه ﺳﻢ ﺳﺘﺎﺳﻮ ﭘﻪ ﻻﺳﺮﺳﻲ ﮐﯥ ده‬CC BY-SA 4.0 ‫دا ﭘﺎ ﻪ د‬