‫خلص الحكاية‬

‫)‪(secondary‬‬

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 Unit 9: Starting again
Vocabulary
ability ‫ قدرة‬factors ‫ عوامل‬pointless ‫بعيد عن الصميم‬
adult ‫ راشد‬fashionable ‫ عيل املوضة‬positive impact ‫اثر اجيايب‬
adventures ‫ مغامرات‬fountain ‫ نافورة‬potential ‫حمتمل‬
alive ‫ حي‬generation ‫ جيل‬practical ‫عميل‬
amazing ‫ مذهل‬get married ‫ يتزوج‬procedures ‫اجراءات‬
arguments ‫ نقاشات‬grandchildren ‫ احفاد‬recycle ‫يعيد تصنيع‬
attention ‫ انتباه‬grasp ‫ خيطف‬/ ‫ يفهم‬refresh ‫ينعش‬
author ‫ مؤلف‬hold ‫حيوي‬/ ‫ يمسك‬reinvent ‫يعيد اخرتاع‬
balance ‫ توازن‬ingredients ‫ مكونات‬replace ‫حيل حمل‬
banking ‫ رصافة‬instructions ‫ تعليامت‬retire ‫يتقاعد‬
bubble ‫ فقاعه‬inventor ‫ خمرتع‬runner ‫عداء‬
common sense ‫ فطرة سليمة‬lead a life ‫ حيي حياه‬seaweed ‫عشب البحر‬
contribution ‫ اسهام‬life-changing ‫ مغري للحياة‬tough ‫ قايس‬/ ‫خشن‬
direction ‫ اجتاه‬migrate ‫ هياجر ايل‬wheels ‫عجالت‬
elderly people ‫ كبار السن‬motivation ‫ دافعية‬whole ‫كل‬
employment ‫ توظيف‬optimistic ‫ متفائل‬wisdom ‫حكمة‬
entrepreneurs ‫ رواد اعامل‬passionate ‫ شغوف‬life experience ‫خربة احلياة‬
exist ‫ يوجد‬perfect jobs ‫ وظائف تامة‬working life ‫حياة عمليه‬
computing ‫ انظمة حاسب‬solar-powered ‫ تعمل بالطاقه‬working ‫املعرفة بالعمل‬
systems ‫ الشمسيه‬knowledge

Prepositions, Expressions & Idioms

a further reason
a solar-powered car
be married with / to
care for/about
comment on
take it easy
do the right job
do volunteer work
do whatever they want
from my point of view
‫ سبب اخر‬gain knowledge ‫حيصل عيل معرفة‬
‫ سيارة بطاقه شمسية‬gain wisdom ‫حيصل عيل احلكمة‬
‫ من‬/ ‫ متزوج ويعول‬convince………. of ‫يقنع ب‬
‫ هيتم ب‬passionate about ‫شغوف ب‬
‫ يعلق عيل‬keep …………. healthy ‫حيافظ عيل صحة‬
‫ يأخذ االمور ببساطة‬make contribution to ‫يقوم بمسامهه يف‬
‫ يقوم بالوظيفه الصح‬physical contact with ‫اتصال بدين مع‬
‫ يقوم بعمل تطوعي‬physically active ‫نشيط بدنيا‬
‫ يفعل اي يشء يريدوه‬show their respect for ‫يظهر االحرتام ايل‬
‫ من وجهة نظري‬to some extent ‫حلد ما‬

Synonyms & Antonyms

Word Meaning Synonym Word Meaning Antonym
active ‫ نشيط‬lively / energetic active ‫ نشيط‬passive /inactive
creative ‫ مبدع‬imaginative advantage ‫ ميزة‬disadvantage /con

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grasp ‫ يفهم‬understand / balance ‫ توازن‬imbalance

take in
pointless ‫ الهدف له‬purposeless / optimistic ‫ متفائل‬pessimistic /
aimless gloomy
second-hand ‫ مستعمل‬used / old perfect ‫ كامل‬/ ‫ تام‬imperfect / faulty
practical ‫ عميل‬impractical pointless ‫ غري مفيد‬useful /
meaningful
second- ‫ مستعمل‬new / up-to-date /
hand modern
balance ‫ توازن‬stability /steadiness
tough ‫ صعب‬/ ‫ قايس‬easy/ tender

Language Notes
Word Meaning Example
invent ‫ خيرتع‬Ex: He invented a device to analyze water with
air.
discover ‫يكتشف‬ Ex: Columbus discovered America.
reinvent ‫يعيد تقديم‬ Ex: The famous author reinvented himself as an
actor.
find out ‫ يكتشف‬/ ‫يكشف‬ Ex: The investigator found out the criminal.
life )‫احلياة (عامة‬ Ex: There is no life on Mars.
the life )‫حياة (انسان‬ Ex: The life of the Egyptians is full of lessons.
a life )‫نوع (حياة‬ Ex: People lead a hard life now.
alive ‫حي‬ Ex: He is alive. Try to save him.(‫)ال تأيت قبل املوصوف‬
live (adj.) ‫مبارش‬ Ex: The match is live . It is not recorded.
live (v.) ‫يعيش‬ Ex: I live in Asyut.
whatever + (n.) ‫بالرغم من‬/ ‫مهام‬ Ex: Whatever money he earned, he needed
more.
however + adj. ‫ رغم ان‬/ ‫مهام‬ Ex: However clever he was , he failed.
anymore )‫مل يعد (اخر مجلة منفية‬ Ex: He isn’t a teacher any longer.
any longer Ex: She wasn’t my friend anymore.
no longer )‫مل يعد (مجلة اثبات‬ Ex: He no longer works here.
whether or not ‫ او ال‬... ‫ سواء‬Ex: Whether you agree or not , I will go out.
in the age of ‫ يف عرص‬Ex: We live in the age of technology.
at the age of ‫ يف سن‬Ex: At the age of twenty five , he got married.
Let’s + inf. )‫ هيا بنا (اسلوب اقرتاح‬Ex: Let’s revise English regularly, shall we?
Let us (‫ اسمح لنا(طلب اذن‬Ex: Let us use your car, will you?

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Exercises on Vocabulary
- Choose the correct answer from a, b, c or d:
1) There were no instructions, so we had to use our…………… to work it out.
a common sense b career c sight d a& b
2) Tarek decided to change………………… and became a teacher instead.
a life b careers c knowledge d experience
3) Sometimes, the administrative……………..hinder the launch of projects .
a procedures b instruction c direction d jobs
4) He got promoted for the ……………jobs he had done..
a wright b perfect c faulty d mistaken
5) Luckily , all passengers on board could …………..the accident.
a exist b exit c survive d die
6) The president honours some …………………..in the field of industry every year.
a interns b internships c entrepreneurs d ownership
7) …………….experience as well as study is necessary to be employable.
a Theoretical b Impractical c Practical d Llife
8) The sales person asked us to read the ………..before using the dishwasher.
a instructions b instruction c itinerary da&b
9) We should …………………those who render their life and time to serve the homeland.
a value b estimate c count d account
10) The numbers of………………cars increase as they are environmentally friendly.
a solar-powering b solar-power c solar-powered d powered-solar
11) I was born and grew ………………..in Cairo .
a on b up c down d by
12) He got PhD ……………the age of 28.
a at b in c into d of
13) We live …………the age of Information technology.
a at b in c into d of
14) He is reliable and trusted; you can depend …………..him.
a on b up c down d by
15) More and more people buy second-hand clothes. The underlined word means……
a old b used c usage da&b
16) Unfortunately , no one survived the train accident. This means that no one was ……
a dead b alive c lifeless d life
17) The government tries to find …………….to the economic problems.
a tricks b debates c points d solutions
18) All his speech is ……………., he doesn’t present any fruitful solutions.
a pointed b useful c pointless d fruitful
19) The …………………….. look at the light side of life .
a optimistic b pessimistic c pessimist d losers
20) W
 hen I was young, my grandfather used to tell me stories about his ………..when he
worked in the navy.
a inventions b adventures c migration d life
21) He is a/an…………….. . He is over twenty-five.
a child b teenager c adolescent d adult
22) Many people ……………….to the Arabian Gulf for better life conditions.
a migrate b celebrate c remain d stay
23) Diabetic people are in danger of losing ……………if sugar levels get higher.
a way b balance c mind d plan
24) The teacher could ……..the students’ attention by asking confusing questions.
a gap b grasp c distract d push
25) One …………..of doing sport is that it keeps you fit and active.
a disadvantage b con c demerit d advantage

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26) I n the past, the three …………: grandfathers , parents and grandchildren live in the same
house.
a generations b levels c standards d methods
27) He couldn’t explain ………………he was absent yesterday.
a what b who c why d when
28) Physical ……………….can pass diseases from people to others
a connection b tie c contact d attach
29) It is our duty to show respect ……………….our teachers and parents.
a to b for c onto d with
30) Doctors advise people with high blood pressure to relax and ….…it easy.
a do b take c make d see
31) The coach refused to comment ………………the defeat of team .
a in b about c on d up
32) It is hard to convince people ……………….new ideas and trends.
a by b from c of d in
33) There is no …………….on the moon as there is no water there.
a the life b a life c life d live
34) Many people can find their first ………..as shop assistants or waiters.
a knowledge b life experience c wisdom d employment
35) Ali worked abroad for years, which was an amazing …….... that he will never forget.
a knowledge b life experience c wisdom d employment
36) Judy found that working as a volunteer was a …………….experience.
a career b life-changing c procedural d employed
37) Please, how can I cash this cheque according to the ……………..?
a banking procedures b banking processes
c banking security d bank position
38) To improve my writing skills, I enrolled in a ………. writing class.
a creatively b creative c creation d creator
39) My sister has decided to change ………. and go to university to get a higher degree.
a reaction b infection c collection d direction
40) M r. Rami, our science teacher, has made significant ………. to his students’ lives in order to
motivate them to achieve their goals.
a ammunitions b situations c contributions d constitutions
41) My grandfather has a lot of ……….; we frequently seek his guidance.
a wisdom b hatred c jealousy d health
42) The Ministry of Education has made plans to ………. the Egyptian educational system.
a reuse b reinvent c recycle d refuse
43) S he was offered employment in the sales department. “Employment” here is similar in
meaning to “………. ”.
a career b job c profession d idleness
44) You must continue to improve your skills in order to remain ………. .
a employable b unemployed c employer d employment
45) A fter retirement, a lot of old people like to spend their time on hobbies that they are ……….
about in order to enjoy their lives.
a worried b passionate c angry d keen

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Grammar: Quantifiers
‫المحددات الكمية‬
many + (‫)اسم معدود‬ ‫كثير للعدد‬
so / as / too ‫ قد تسبق بـ‬- ‫ السؤال‬/ ‫ غالبا يف النفى‬-
‫ قد تأتى صفه للفاعل ىف بدايه الكالم‬- ‫ عندما تأتى كضمري يأتى بعدها فعل مجع‬-
Ex: How many girls are there?
Ex: Many African countries suffer from starvation.
Ex: I have invited my friends but many are busy.
much + (‫كثير للكمية )اسم غير معدود‬
so / as / too / very ‫ قد تسبق بـ‬- ‫ غالبا ىف النفى السؤال‬-
‫ قد تأتى صفه للفاعل ىف بدايه الكالم‬- ‫ عندما تأتى كضمري يأتى بعدها فعل مفرد‬-
Ex: Do you have much money? Ex: There is too much water in the glass.
Ex: He has a lot of information but much is false.
a lot of / lots of + (‫)اسم معدود أو غير معدود‬ ‫كثير من‬
How ‫ غالب ًًا ىف اإلثبات والسؤال ما عدا‬-
Ex: Do you have a lot of friends? Ex: She has a lot of books.
a few + C ‫قليل و يكفى‬ a little + U ‫قليل و يكفى‬
few + C ‫قليل وال يكفى‬ little + U ‫قليل وال يكفى‬
)a few / a little( ‫) يليهم‬quite / only( ‫ تذكر أن‬-
)little / few( ‫) يليهم‬so / as / too /very( ‫ تذكر أن‬-
a little + C ‫ الحجم‬/ ‫صغير السن‬
a little / a few + ‫سؤال مذيل منفى‬
little / few + ‫سؤال مذيل مثبت‬
Ex: He has only a few books, doesn’t he? Ex: She has too few friends, does she?
some + C/U ‫بعض‬ any + C/U ‫أى‬
‫ العرض الطلب واإلقرتاح‬- ‫ غالب ًًا يف اإلثبات‬some ‫ تأتى‬-
‫ السؤال‬/ ‫ غالبا ىف النفى‬any ‫ تأتى‬-
Ex: She has some information / pens.
Ex: Do you have any books / information?
no + C/U ‫ ال شئ‬/ ‫ال أحد‬
Ex: He has no friends / no money. Ex: He is not a doctor. = He is no doctor.
with no = without any
Ex: He drinks tea with no sugar. Ex: He drinks tea without any sugar.
none ‫ ال شئ‬/ ‫ال أحد‬
‫ إسم جمع‬+ none + ‫فعل جمع‬
‫ إسم ال يعد‬+ none + ‫فعل مفرد‬
Ex: He has invited his friends but none have come.
Ex: He has information but none is true.
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‫ اسم اليعد‬+ ‫فعل مفرد‬
None of + ‫ إسم جمع‬+ ‫فعل مفرد‬
‫ ضمير‬/ ‫فعل مفرد‬
Ex: None of the news was true. Ex: None of them can help you.
Ex: None of the boys has come.
several + ‫إسم معدود جمع‬ ‫عديد‬
Ex: Several people Sympathize with the victims of Gaza.
‫إسم يعد جمع‬
All ‫ كل‬/ half ‫نصف‬ ‫إسم اليعد‬ (‫)الفعل حسب اإلسم‬
‫قد يأتى إسم مفرد‬

‫إسم يعد جمع‬

‫إسم اليعد‬
All of ‫ كل‬/ half of ‫نصف‬
(‫)الفعل حسب اإلسم‬
‫قد يأتى إسم مفرد‬
‫ضميرمفعول‬
Ex: All boys are absent minded. Ex: All of them can help you.
of ‫ عندما نجد ضمري ال بد من وجود‬- ‫ ال بد أن يكون االسم حمدد‬of ‫ عندما نجد‬-
Ex: All of the country supports him. Ex: Half of the country support him.
Either + ‫ اسم مفرد‬+ ‫فعل مفرد‬ ‫أى واحد من إثنين‬
Neither + ‫ اسم مفرد‬+ ‫وال واحد من إثنين فعل مفرد‬
Either / Neither of + )‫ ضمير‬/ ‫ (إسم جمع‬+ ‫فعل مفرد‬
Ex: Do you like tea or coffee? I like neither. I don’t like hot drinks.
Either + 1 ‫ فاعل‬+ or + 2 ‫فاعل‬ (‫) الفعل يصرف مع األقرب‬
Neither + 1 ‫ فاعل‬+ nor + 2 ‫فاعل‬ (‫) الفعل يصرف مع األقرب‬
Ex: Either Mona or her parents have come.
Ex: Has neither Mona nor her parents Come?
every ‫ كل واحد من ثالثة أو أكثر‬ each ‫كل واحد من اثنين أو أكثر‬

each / every + ‫ إسم مفرد‬+ ‫فعل مفرد‬

each + ‫ إسم‬+ of + ‫ إسم جمع‬/ ‫ ضمير مفعول‬+ ‫فعل مفرد‬
every + ‫ إسم‬+ of + ‫ إسم جمع‬/ ‫ ضمير مفعول‬+ ‫فعل مفرد‬
Ex: Each one of the girls is ready. Ex: Every one of them has helped us.
‫ركز فى المثالين‬
Ex: Each of them has helped. Ex: They each have helped.

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both ‫كال و تشير إلى إثنين‬ both of + ‫ إسم جمع‬+ ‫فعل جمع‬
both (of) + ‫اسم‬ + and + ‫اسم‬ + (‫)فعل جمع‬
Ex: Both books are useful. Ex: Both of us are ready for the exam
Ex: Both of Sara and Mohamed’s friends have succeeded.
Exercises on Grammar 1
- Choose the correct answer from a, b, c or d:
1) She has two brothers, but they are not good at basketball because .................... tall.
a either is b each are c neither is d neither are
2) There was a fire in the toyshop and .................... toy was damaged.
a both b all c every d half
3) He wants to buy .................... a shirt or a pair of pants. He’s uncertain.
a either b both c neither d half
4) The teacher gave .................... pupil a task to do.
a all b each c either d both
5) Fifty years ago, ………………………….people in the UK drank bottled water
a few b little c a little d none
6) ………………………….restaurants sold bottled water, but it was expensive.
a Much b Each c Any d Some
7) …………………. public places had water fountains where people could get a free drink if they
were thirsty.
a Much b Each c Any d Many
8) Every shop and café� sold bottled water for only …………………money.
a few b many c a little d none
9) There are two restaurants by the park and they are..................... very good.
a all b either c each d both
10) You can stay in ………….. the three-star Hotel or the two-star Hotel.
a either b both c neither d both
11) ………………two hotels have a cafe for breakfast
a Both b Either c every d each
12) …….....hotel has a restaurant, but there is a lovely restaurant on the corner.
a Neither b All c both d either
13) …………plastic water bottles could be recycled.
a Each b Some c a little d Much
14) Sadly, …………………….of the lazy students passed the last exam.
a none b little c much d no
15) There are always …………people who have destructive ideas.
a a little b much c a few d little
16) …………. of these ideas have the potential to become a successful business.
a each b every c some d neither
17) I think having very……………..business experience is the reason for failure.
a A few b Few c little d a little
18) ……………………………..people wanted to start their own company
a A few b little c a little d much
19) ……… players train hard for the next match.
a All b Each c neither d Every
20) Do you prefer meat or fish? - I like …………….. of them. I am a vegetarian.
a all b neither c either d both
21) Each citizen ………… responsible for the safety of our homeland, Egypt.
a are b have been c were d is
22) There isn’t ……………… work in factories for people to do at the moment
a a few b many c few d much
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23) We want to open a new shop, but we don’t have ………….money at the moment.
a much b any c many da&b
24) ……………………she has a problem, her brother helps her to find solutions.
a Sometimes b Every time c Whatever d However
25) He is very sad as ……………. his money has been lost.
a neither b all c each d every
26) In exams, ……………. student is given a question paper.
a every b all c a few d each of
27) Take care! The little child carried a glass bottle in ………… hand.
a neither b all c every d each
28) I have hardly…………….. money left; I spent all of it on clothes.
a no b some c any d many
29) I have read …………….. of your ideas and I like them all.
a none b some c any d much
30) …………….. young people prefer to work in nearby places to their homes.
a A lot of b Lots c A lot d Every
31) Ahmad: Have you bought much bread? Yasser: No, I bought only …………….. .
a few b a few c a little d any
32) We need to book a bigger hall; this one can hold …………….. guests only.
a a few b a lot of c many d no
33) There is …………….. equipment in the new office, so we need to buy nothing more.
a many b few c little d much
34) There isn’t ……………..work to do today, so I can go out with you.
a much b a little c many d some
35) We have…………….. of petrol, so it is only enough to reach our destination.
a a little b lot c plenty d many
36) I have no money left. …………….. the money I had was lent to my friend Kamal.
a All b A few of c None of d A little
37) Which of the following is structurally correct?
a I need little sugar so as not to put on many weight.
b I need few sugar so as not to put on more weight.
c I don’t want a lot sugar so as not to put on more weight.
d I don’t want a lot of sugar so as not to put on weight.
38) I have three friends, they are .................... good at speaking English.
a all b both c none d little
39) I love holidays as................ day we go to a different place.
a no b all c every d few
40) The teacher gave ……………..student a different task to do during the party.
a each b every c a few d little
41) We want …………….. visitors to our hotels to leave with a smile on their face!
a none b every c all d both
42) Would you like ………………coffee?
a Many b a c some db&c
43) Did you buy ……………coffee?
a Many b few c some d any
44) Which sentence is correctly structured?
a She had time enough to answer all questions
b She had enough time to answer all questions.
c The time she had was enough to answer all questions .
db&c
45) It is unusual. He is holding two mobiles:................................
a One in every hand b One in each hand
c One in both hands d One in all hand

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 Part 2 Reading comprehension
)expository / argumentative / ……………etc( ‫) واالخري‬narrative( ‫ واحده‬: ‫يحتوي االمتحان علي قطعتين‬
‫نصائح هامة للتعامل مع القطعة‬

‫إبدأ بقراءة األسئلة الواردة على قطعة الفهم حتي تفهم المطلوب‬‎‫‏‬
. ‫ أقرأ قطعة الفهم لتفهم المعني العام‬
‎. )!( ‫) أو سؤال (?) أو تعجب‬.( ‫‏الحظ عالمات الترقيم مثل‬
‎.‫ ال تتوقف عند كل كلمة صعبة وحاول تخمين معناها من السياق العام‬
ً
‫‏قم بقراءة قطعة الفهم مرة أخري لتفهمها جيدًا‬
‫‏قم بقراءة االسئلة وفهمه جيدا ثم قراءة االختيارات بعناية شديدة‬
‫ راجع اجابتك جيدا وتأكد أن االختيارات التي لم تأخذها خطأ‬
‫انواع االسئله علي قطعه الفهم‬
1- Do you think the writer agrees / disagrees …………..?
‫؟‬................ ‫ يرفض‬/ ‫هل تعتقد أن الكاتب يوافق‬
2- Which word / phrase has the opposite meaning of……………? ‫؟‬......... ‫ عبارة لها عكس معني‬/ ‫أي كلمة‬
3- Find the words that have similar meanings to the following words…
‫؟‬.............. ‫أوجد الكلمات التي معاني مشابهة للكلمات التالية‬
4- The word in bold “…………….” can be replaced by …………………….
............................. ‫الكلمات بالبنط السميك يمكن استبدالها بـــــ‬
5- The underlined word ”………” is a synonym for ……………………….. ‫الكلمة التي تحتها خط مرادفة لـ‬
6- The underline word “………….” is an antonym for ………………… ............... ‫الكلمة التي تحتها خط عكس‬
7- What does the writer mean by …………………….? ‫؟‬..........................‫ماذا يعني الكاتب بــ‬
8- What is the author’s intention / purpose / goal / attitude …………….?
‫؟‬........................ ‫ موقف المؤلف‬/ ‫ هدف‬/ ‫ غرض‬/ ‫ما نية‬
9- What is the moral of the story / text …………..? ‫؟‬.................... ‫ النص‬/ ‫ما الدرس المستفاد من القصة‬
10- What is the core point of the passage? ‫؟‬.................... ‫ما النقطة الريئسية للقطعة‬
11- What is the essence of ……………………..? ‫؟‬.................... ‫ما جوهر‬
12- What is the best title of the passage? ‫؟‬.................... ‫ما أفضل عنوان للقطعة‬

1- Read the following passage, then choose the correct answer:

I was
Dear Marco,
This is my third time visiting Paris, and I think it is one of the most beautiful cities in the world.
Paris, as I’m sure you know, is the capital of France. Today I walked along the Avenue des Champs-
Elysees, which is the most famous street in Paris. I think it may be the most famous street in the world.
It is lined with beautiful trees, fountains, and flowers. There are shops, theaters, and restaurants, and
many sidewalk cafes.
I had a wonderful lunch at one of the sidewalk cafes. The pastry I had for dessert was especially
delicious. Paris is known for its fine French cooking. I noticed on the café� menu that they serve one
of the most popular French dishes, which is escargot. Snails, in other words! I don’t think I’ll be trying
that while I am here, though.
When you think of Paris, you probably think of the Eiffel Tower. Anyone visiting Paris has to see
the Eiffel Tower. You can see the top of the Eiffel Tower from anywhere in the city. It is almost 1000 feet
tall. When was built, it was the tallest building in the world. You can walk up the stairs to the top, or
you can take an elevator. From the top you can look out across all of Paris. It is an amazing sight!
Tomorrow I am going to the Louvre Museum. It is one of the largest museums in the world. Once
it was the French King’s palace. Now, it is home to some of the most famous artworks in the world. I am
looking forward to seeing the “Mona Lisa” painting. Have you seen pictures of it? It was painted over
500 years ago! There have been many poems and songs written about it. The woman in the painting
has a little half-smile. To me, that makes it seem like she has a secret that she isn’t going to tell.
Yours truly,
Uncle Ben
125
 ‫‪Part 3‬‬ ‫‪Translation‬‬
‫‪ ‬سؤال الرتمجة عبارة سؤال اختياري لذلك حتتاج عزيزي الطالب أن تفهم اجلملة جيدا قبل الرتمجة ‪.‬‬
‫‪ ‬قم برتمجة اجلمله بنفسك حتي ال تنخدع يف اختيارك‬
‫‪ ‬الحظ عالمات الرتقيم جيد – دقق جيدا يف زمن اجلملة حافظ عليه عند الرتمجة‬
‫‪ ‬انتبه حلروف اجلر وأستخدام املفرادت‬
‫مالحظات هامة على الترجمة‬
‫‪ ‬ينبغي مراعاة ترتيب اجلملة ‪:‬‬
‫اجلملة يف اللغة االنجليزية تبدأ بالفاعل ثم الفعل وىف اللغة العربية تبدأ بالفعل ثم الفاعل لذلك عند الرتمجة إىل اللغة العربية نبحث عن‬
‫الفعل ونبدأ به‬
‫‪ ‬كلامت التوكيد يف اللغة العربية مثل (قد ‪ -‬لقد ‪ -‬أن ‪ -‬فان) ليس هلا معنى يف اللغة االنجليزية وىف حالة وجود (لقد) ينبغي وضع الفعل يف‬
‫زمن املضارع التام‪:‬‬
‫‪Ex: Egypt and other countries have suffered a lot due to the war in Europe.‬‬
‫‪ ‬الم التعليل يف اللغة العربية ترتجم كاالتى (‪)to + inf.‬‬
‫‪Ex: He studies hard to achieve success.‬‬
‫‪( ‬إن) التى تأتى أول اجلمله ال ترتجم‬
‫إن التعليم هو حجر الزاوية يف تنمية املجتمع بأرسه‪.‬‬
‫‪Ex: Education is the corner stone of developing the whole society.‬‬
‫(أن) التى تأتى وسط اجلمله وبأنى بعدها إسم أو ضمري ترتجم ‪ that‬والحظ أن بعد ‪ that‬تأتى مجله كامله‬
‫يعتقد أنه سوف يفوز يالسباق‪.‬‬
‫‪Ex: He believes that he will win the race.‬‬
‫(أن ‪ +‬فعل) ترتجم ‪:to + inf.‬‬
‫أراد أن يلتحق بالفريق‪.‬‬
‫‪Ex: He wanted to join the team.‬‬
‫(إن ‪ +‬فعل) وهى تسمى «إن الرشطيه» مثل ‪ :‬إن تعمل بجد فسوف حتصل عيل مزيد من املال هذه تدل عىل الرشط ولذلك نرتمجها‬
‫(‪)if‬‬
‫‪Ex: If you work hard, you will earn more money.‬‬
‫‪ ‬عند ترمجة اجلملة االسمية يف اللغة العربية جيب استخدام (‪)verb to be‬‬
‫األمن واألمان أساس التقدم ‪.‬‬
‫‪Ex: Security and safety are the basis of progress.‬‬
‫‪ ‬هناك أفعال يف اللغة العربية يتبعها حرف جر وال يتبعها يف االنجليزية‬

‫‪enjoy‬‬ ‫‪ sacrifice‬يتمتع ب‬ ‫‪ overcome‬يضحي بـــــــ‬ ‫يتغلب عيل‬

‫‪celebrate‬‬ ‫‪ risk‬حيتفل بـــــــ‬ ‫‪ get‬خياطر‬ ‫حيصل عيل‬

‫‪catch‬‬ ‫‪ praise‬يلحق بـــــــ‬ ‫‪ donate‬يشيد بــــــ‬ ‫يتربع ب‬

‫‪reduce‬‬ ‫‪ decrease‬يقلل من‬ ‫‪ affect‬يقلل من‬ ‫يؤثر عيل‬

‫‪Ex: Smoking affects health badly .‬‬

‫‪Ex: She enjoys watching TV.‬‬
‫‪Ex: We should reduce the amount of carbon dioxide emitted in the air.‬‬
‫‪ ‬الصفة يف اللغة االنجليزية قبل االسم أو بعد )‪(verb to be‬‬
‫ ‪Ex: She is an elegant lady .‬‬ ‫‪Ex: She is elegant.‬‬
‫‪ ‬يمكن أن تسبق الصفة ب )‪ (the‬لتشري إىل طائفة معينة من الناس‬
‫‪Ex: The disabled should receive all care from the society.‬‬
‫‪ ‬توضع التعبريات التي تدل عىل زمان معني أو مكان حمدد يف هناية اجلملة ( الحظ بناء اجلملة يف اللغة االنجليزية )‬

‫‪134‬‬
 ‫‪Part 4‬‬ ‫‪Punctuation - Paragraph - Essay‬‬
‫‪1‬‬ ‫عالمات الترقيم ‪Punctuation marks‬‬
‫‪ )1‬النقطة (‪ )Full stop‬تأيت اخر اجلملة ‪.‬‬
‫‪ )2‬عالمة االستفهام (‪ )Question mark‬تأيت اخر السؤال و أخر السؤال املذيل ‪.‬‬
‫ ?‪Ex: Is he a doctor‬‬ ‫?‪Ex: He is the tallest boy in class , isn’t she‬‬
‫‪ )3‬الحروف الكبيرة (‪ )capital letters‬تأيت يف بداية اجلمل و االسئلة ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬الضمري (‪ )I‬يف أي مكان يف اجلملة‬
‫‪ -‬اسامء العلم (الدول و املدن والناس و االهنار و البحار و املنظامت و الشهور و االعياد واللغات و القارات و االيام و املناطق اجلغرافية) ‪....‬الخ‬
‫– ‪Ex: Libya – Asyut – Nader – The Nile – The Black Sea – The Arab League – May – Christmas‬‬
‫‪Chinese – Sunday – Asia ……. etc.‬‬
‫‪ )3‬الفاصلة (‪ )comma‬تستخدم بعد ‪ Yes / No‬و بعد كلمة (‪ )please‬ف بداية اجلملة أو قبلها اذا جاءت أخر اجلملة‬
‫ ?‪Ex: Do you play tennis‬‬ ‫ ‪Yes, I do.‬‬ ‫‪- No , I don’t.‬‬
‫ ‪Ex: Please, close the door.‬‬ ‫‪- Close the door , please.‬‬
‫‪ -‬تستخدم الفاصلة قبل أو بعد اسم الشخص املنادي‬
‫‪Ex: Be quite, Ali.‬‬ ‫ ‬ ‫‪Ex: Ali , be quiet.‬‬
‫كاملتٌني املعني‬
‫ٌ‬ ‫مجلتٌني‬
‫ٌ‬ ‫‪ -‬تستخدم لفصل‬
‫‪Ex: When I met her, she was shopping.‬‬
‫‪ -‬تستخدم لفصل قوائم أو عنارص داخل اجلمل‬
‫‪Ex: I bought a jacket, a shirt and apair of shoes.‬‬
‫التنصيٌص‬
‫ٌ‬ ‫‪ -‬تأيت قبل عالمات‬
‫‪Ex: He said, "I am going to book a room here".‬‬
‫‪ -‬تستخدم البتداء السؤال املذيل‬
‫?‪Ex: You have bought a car, haven’t you‬‬
‫‪ -‬تستخدم بعد بعض الظروف اذا جاءت أول الكالم‬
‫‪Ex: Well, I will travel to USA Next year.‬‬
‫‪ -‬بعد اجلملة املبارشة اذا جاء فعل القول واملتحدث بعدها مبارشة‬
‫‪Ex: "I am busy," said Omar.‬‬
‫‪ )4‬عالمة التعجب (‪ )Exclamation mark‬تأيت بعد االمر و التعجب و مايفيد الدهشة و الغضب‬
‫ !‪Ex: Be careful, Ali‬‬ ‫!‪Ex: What a nice dress‬‬
‫‪ )5‬النقطتان (‪ )colon( ):‬تستخدم للتعبري عن النسبة و الساعة وعندما تكون اجلملة تفسري ملا قبلها ‪.‬‬
‫‪Ex: There are several results of unemployment: poverty, crime, and unrest.‬‬
‫‪Ex: It is 10:30. Ex: The ratio of the young to the elders is 3:2.‬‬
‫‪ )6‬الفاصلة المنقوطة (;) (‪ )semi colon‬تربط بني مجلتني بينهام عالقة ما بدون رابط‬
‫‪Ex: He is ill; he visits a doctor.‬‬
‫‪ )7‬الفاصلة العليا (') (‪ Apostrophe‬تستخدم الظهار امللكية‬
‫‪Ex: Ali’s car – Charles’ book‬‬
‫‪ -‬تستخدم الفاصلة العليا يف االختصارات‬
‫)‪Ex: (’s – ’ve – ’d – ’ll – ’re …..‬‬
‫‪ -‬تستخدم مع االعداد احلسابية‬
‫‪Ex: Hundreds of years = 100’s of years‬‬
‫‪ )8‬عالمات االقتباس (" ") (‪ )inverted commas‬تستخدم قبل وبعد الكالم املبارش‬
‫‪Ex: She said, "I’ve cooked lunch".‬‬
‫‪ )9‬الواصلة (‪ )-( hyphen‬تستخدم يف االسامء و الصفات املركبة‬
‫‪Ex: a ten-year-old boy – a well-known person‬‬

‫‪147‬‬
 Part 5 Great Expectations
• The author: Charles Dickens (1812 – 1870).
The characters
Pip
• The hero and the narrator ‫راوي‬. He is an orphan ‫ يتيم‬boy raised ‫ ربته‬by his sister and
brother-in-law. He is passionate ‫عاطفي‬, romantic ‫ رومانيس‬and ambitious. He has a
powerful conscience ‫ضمري‬.
Estella
• Miss Havisham’s beautiful young adopted person ‫شخص متبني‬, she is cold, cruel ‫قاسيه‬, and
aggressive.
Miss Havisham
• A wealthy, strange ‫ غريبه‬old woman. She is manic ‫ مهووسه‬and insane ‫مجنونة‬. She is vengeful
‫ منتقمة‬as she was tricked by her brother and fiancé.
Magwitch (The Convict)
• A criminal who is Pip’s secret sponsor ‫راعي‬.
Mr Joe Gargery
• Pip’s brother-in-law‫زوج اخته‬, a blacksmith ‫حداد‬. He is a kind person who really loves Pip.
Mr Jaggers
• The lawyer ‫ محامي‬hired by Magwitch to supervise ‫ يرشف عيل‬Pip.
Herbert Pocket
• Pip’s best friend and key companion ‫ صاحب‬after Pip’s elevation to the status ‫ مكانة‬of
gentleman.
Matthew Pocket
• Miss Havisham’s cousin; father of Herbert Pocket; Pip’s teacher in London.
Mr Wemmick
• Jaggers’s clerk ‫ موظف‬and Pip’s friend, Wemmick is one of the strangest characters.
Biddy
• A simple, kindhearted ‫ حنونة‬country girl, the opposite ‫ نقيض‬of Estella; she is plain ‫بسيطة‬,
kind, moral ‫ ذات خلق‬and helpful.
Orlick
• Joe’s worker, he is evil.
Mrs Joe
• Pip’s older sister & Joe’s wife. She is a severe ‫ قاسيه‬and bossy figure ‫شخصية متسلطه‬.
Compeyson
• A criminal and the former partner ‫ رشيك سابق‬of Magwitch.
Bentley Drummle
• An unpleasant young man, pip’s classmate and Estella’s future husband.
156
 ‫‪Part 6‬‬ ‫‪Writing‬‬
‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪Essay writing‬‬ ‫كتابة المقال‬
‫ *يتكون المقال من مجموعة فقرات (‪) paragraphs‬‬
‫‪ -1‬الفقرة االويل تسمي املقدمة (‪ )introduction‬تقدم فيها املوضوع والفكرة الرئيسية‪.‬‬
‫‪-2‬املوضوع (‪ )body‬يتكون من فقرتني أو اكثر يناقش أفكار فرعية للموضوع‬
‫‪-3‬اخلامتة (‪ )conclusion‬وهي إعادة صياغة أو تذكري باملقدمة وال تضيف أفكار جديدة‬
‫ *ملحوظة هـامة‬
‫‪ -‬املقال القصيص (‪ )narrative essay‬ليس له مقدمة أوخامتة بل هو أشبه بالقصة‪.‬‬

‫أنواع المقال ‪Types of essays‬‬

‫)‪1- Descriptive Essay (Painting a picture‬‬ ‫المقال الوصفي‬
‫‪• In a descriptive essay, the writer describes a place, object, or person in detail.‬‬
‫‪ -‬املقال الوصفي يرسم صورة بالكلامت وقد يصف الكاتب شخصا او مكانا او يشء او ذكري‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬املقال الوصفي حياول ان ينقل معني اعمق من خالل الوصف‪( .‬وصف مكان ‪ -‬حدث أول أحتفال)‬
‫‪ like drawing a‬تفاصيل حسيه ‪• The writer shows using colorful words and sensory details‬‬
‫‪picture.‬‬
‫المقال االقناعي )‪2- Persuasive Essay (Convince me‬‬
‫‪• I t uses evidence and facts to support the claim. Its purpose is to persuade the reader‬‬
‫‪to agree with the argument through emotional language.‬‬
‫‪ -‬اهلدف هو اقناع القاريء بقبول وجهة نظر الكاتب و يبني حاله مستخدما احلقائق واالمثله ورأي اخلرباء ومن االساليب املفيدة لكتابة‬
‫املقال االقناعي البعد العاطفي (املشاعر)‬
‫‪ and reasoning to show that a particular idea is‬املنطق ‪• The persuasive essays use logic‬‬
‫‪ than any other idea.‬معقوله ‪reasonable‬‬
‫‪3- Argumentative Essay‬‬ ‫المقال الجدلي‬
‫‪• It contains deep information with well-researched and examples. It tries to persuade‬‬
‫‪the reader with the writer’s point of view with evidence.‬‬
‫‪ -‬يقدم املقال اجلديل حجج موسعه قائمه عيل االدله‪ .‬يتطلب مجله رئيسيه قويه ‪ -‬موقف واضح قوي بخصوص موضوعك واهلدف هو‬
‫اقناع القاريء بجملتك الرئيسيه باستخدام االدله مثل االقتباسات والتحليل‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬املقال اجلديل هو مقال املزايا و العيوب‬
‫)‪4- Expository (How to) Essay (Just the facts‬‬ ‫المقال التفسيري ‪ -‬مجرد سرد حقائق‬
‫‪ of the topic.‬تحليل ‪• It is an informative piece of writing that provides a balanced analysis‬‬
‫‪It does not contain any personal opinion; instead, it is based on real facts and figures.‬‬
‫‪ -‬املقال التفسريي هو جزء من الكتابه باملعلومات يقدم حتليل متوازن للموضوع‪ .‬يرشح الكاتب ويعرف موضوعا باستخدام احلقائق‬
‫واالحصاءات واالمثله‪ .‬تقوم املقاالت التفسرييه عيل احلقائق وليس املشاعر الشخصيه وكذلك كتابة خطوات عمل شئ‪.‬‬
‫المقال القصصي (الروائي) )‪5- Narrative Essay (Telling a story‬‬
‫‪ the story.‬يروي ‪• It is just like a descriptive essay where the writer narrates‬‬
‫)‪• It is typically written in the first person. (I‬‬
‫‪ -‬الينقسم املقال القصيص ايل مقدمه وموضوع وخامته بل يبدأ باعداد الرسد واالنتهاء بمغزي القصه‬
‫‪ -‬كل املقاالت الروائيه حتوي شخصيات ومكان وذروه احداث وحبكه و احلبكه حمور القصه وتتكشف برتتيب زمني‬
‫‪6- Analytical (Literary analysis) essay‬‬ ‫مقال التحليل االدبي‬
‫‪• It analyzes the literary text that is in question. It is similar to the argumentative essay,‬‬
‫‪where you have to present your argument or claim about the topic of your essay.‬‬
‫‪ -‬يقدم قراءة عميقه لعمل اديب ‪ -‬مثل قصيده او روايه ‪ -‬الستكشاف االختيارات التي قام هبا املؤلف وكيف ساعدوا عيل نقل موضوع‬
‫النص‪ .‬ينظر املقال التحلييل االديب الشياء مثل االعداد والشخصيات واملغزي واللغه التصويريه والغرض هو حتليل ما ينقله املؤلف وكيف‬
‫‪185‬‬
 Part 7 Definitions
Word Meaning Definition
(be) in charge ‫مسئول‬ to be responsible for / to have responsibility for
(career) direction ‫اجتاه وظيفي‬ the way that someone is changing or developing their
working life
administrative ‫اداري‬ relating to the work of managing of an organization or
company
ancestor ‫سلف – جد اعيل‬ a person related to you who lived a long time ago
announce ‫يذيع‬ to officially tell people about something
apply (v.) ‫يتقدم بطلب ل‬ to make a formal request ‫ طلب‬for a job
approach ‫طريقه‬ a way of viewing or doing something
appropriate ‫مالئم‬ correct or suitable
artifacts ‫حتف‬ things made in the past and are historically important
artificial intelligence )AI( ‫ذكاء صناعي‬ the development of machines to perform tasks which
normally require human intelligence
assess ‫يقيم‬ to analyse / judge / calculate
award ‫جائزة رسمية‬ a prize or symbol given to recognize an achievement
balanced ‫متوزان‬ giving equal attention to all sides or opinions
banking procedures ‫اجراءات بنكية‬ steps to be followed to a complete a process in a bank
bargain ‫صفقة‬ something on sale cheaper than its rest value
bias ‫ حتامل‬/ ‫حتيز‬ an opinion or idea that influences how you deal with
others (discrimination) (skill)
bilingual ‫مزدوج اللغة‬ able to speak two languages well
blog a web page contains opinions of a person about a subject
boast ‫يتفاخر‬ to speak too proudly or happily about what you have
done or what you own
brainstorming ‫العصف الذهني‬ a method of generating ideas and sharing knowledge to
solve a problem
brave (adj.) ‫شجاع‬ showing no fear of dangerous or difficult things
broadsheet ‫صحيفه‬ a formal newspaper with large pages
burnout ‫ االهناك‬/ ‫االجهاد‬ when you can’t do anything as you’re so tired and
stressed
calamities ‫كوارث‬ big problems or accidents
candidate ‫مرشح‬ a person who is interested in getting a specific job
casualty ‫ ضحية‬/ ‫مصاب‬ a person who is killed or injured in war or in an accident/
loss
cheat ‫غشاش‬ someone behaves in a dishonest way to get something
cheer ‫هيتف‬ to give a shout of encouragement
chivalry ‫شهامه‬ very polite, honest, and kind behaviour, especially by men
towards women
chop ‫يقطع‬ to cut into pieces
claim ‫يزعم‬ to say something is true, but it has not been proved
193
 Part 8 Accumulative grammar
1 The present continuous tense
‫زمن المضارع المستمر‬

Ex: Ali is sleeping now.

Form am/is/are + V-ing.
Ex: Look! They are playing with the dog.
Negative am/is/are + not + V-ing. Ex: He isn’t reading; he is watching TV.
Ex: Are you watching TV at the moment?
Question Am/Is/Are + subject + V-ing. - Yes, I am. No, I am not.
Ex: What is She doing? - She’s cooking.
Ex: They are building a new bridge.
Passive am/is/are + being + p.p.
Ex: A new bridge is being built.
Now ‫ االن‬- at the / this moment ‫ ىف هذه اللحظة‬- still ‫ الزال‬- look! ‫ انظر‬- listen! ‫ انصت‬-
Key words Watch out! ‫ انتبه‬- at present ‫ىف الوقت احلارض‬
: ‫ يعرب املضارع املستمر عن فعل حيدث اآلن أو حلظة الكالم‬-
Ex: Look! Omar is eating.
: ‫ أحيانا يدل املوقف يف اجلملة عيل االستمرار‬-
Ex: Be quiet! The patient is sleeping.
Usage : ‫ يستخدم املضارع املستمر للتعبري عن حدث تم الرتتيب له أن حيدث ىف املستقبل‬-
Ex: He is travelling to Cairo tomorrow.
Ex: I can’t meet you tomorrow. I am meeting some guests.
)‫ يعرب املضارع املستمر للتعبري عن عادات سيئه مع ظروف التكرار (للتعبري عن الضيق والتضجر‬-
Ex: He is always coming late.

1- Choose the correct answer from a, b, c or d:

1- Look out! A car ………. there. It may hit you.
a comes b will come c is coming d had come
2- Next summer vacation…………..in Matrouh.
a is spending b spending c is being spent d would spend
3- A: Look! They……….. after the dog. B: I think they are cruel.
a run b have run c running d are running
4- Ali……….the newspaper now. Don’t disturb him.
a is reading b will read c read d has read
5- Aliaa ................ to my birthday party next Friday.
a is coming b has come c come d comes
6- Omar ......... for a large tour company as an accountant this summer.
a work b works c is working d to work
7- My house .........................., so I’m living at my brother’s.
a is renewing b will renew c renews d is being renewed
8- The movie ………….. interesting. Let’s watch it.
a is sounding b sounds c sound d sounded
9- He is wealthy. He ……………a lot of property.
a have owned b is owing c owns d own
10- The doorbell ……………I will see who’s there.
a is ringing b rings c rang d has rung
11- He .......................about his family. He is so boring.
a always boasts b is always boasting c always boasted d has always boasted

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 Part 9 Tricky multiple choice
- Choose the correct answer from a, b, c or d:
1- Having ………………….. , the engine worked properly.
a fixed b been fixed c being fixed d fixing
2- …………………….. seeing the ghost , he cried aloud.
a After b Before c On d In
3- I ………………….. no one in the street until the sun had risen.
a hadn’t seen b didn’t see c wasn’t seen d saw
4- Don’t leave until the meeting ……………...
a finishes b had finished c has finished d a& c
5- I’d rather you …… the T-shirt. It is good value for money.
a buy b to buy c bought d will buy
6- I’d rather you ………….your jacket . You would not have caught flu.
a wore b have worn c had worn d would wear
7- When I was in Alex, I ………………… every day.
a swim b was swimming c have swum d swam
8- While ………………….., it started to rain .
a playing b being played
c the match was being played d the match was playing
9- …………….at home, I heard a noise outside.
a While b During c On d When
10- I have two brothers, …………………….. of whom are teachers.
a all b both c every d neither
11- I have two brothers, ………………….. of whom is a teacher.
a all b both c not d neither
12- I had a long discussion about smoking with my brother, …………… gave me a headache.
a Who b which c whom d whose
13- The country ………………….. exports are more than imports has a surplus
a Who b which c whom d whose
14- The country ………………….. exports more than it imports has a surplus ‫فائض‬.
a Who b which c whom d whose
15- The novels ………………………… by Taha Hussein are still read.
a wrote b which written c written d writing
16- All ………………….. I need is peace of mind .
a that b which c whose d whom
17- She wears a bracelet around ………………….. wrist.
a all b each c every d both
18- The players each ……………....well , so they win the match.
a have played b has played c play d are playing
19- …………the couple are smiling.
a Each of b All of c Both of d Half of
20- She was advised ………………….. by a mechanic.
a to check her car b to get her car checked
a having her car checked d to have her car check
21- He is said to ………………….. by his wife last month.
a have killed b be killed c have been killed d have been killing
22- He lied lest he ……………………
a was punished b should be punished c has to be punished d had to be punished
23- My friend ……………….that I should make a study plan.
a inquired b wondered c proposed d reported
24- He …………………….his studies abroad, but he preferred to run his father’s business.
a must have done b could do c could have done d can do
25- He has won the first prize of poetry ………………has been his biggest ambition
a where b which c what d who

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 Part 10 General exams
Test (1)
Vocabulary & Grammar
- Choose the correct answer from a, b, c or d:
1- It was such an interesting film that I was …………. in it.
a taken b sunken c drowned d immersed
2- He …………his son as he broke his mobile.
a thanked b scorned c praised d scolded
3- While I was watching the film, I …………………. I was really tired.
a picked up b turned on c turned off d dropped off
4- The prices of food products have ……………….. because of the global recession.
a risen b aroused c raised d arisen
5- After he graduated from the faculty of medicine, he served his ........................ at a university hospital.
a scholarship b internship c internment d apprenticeship
6- A lot of sportsmen ………………….themselves as TV presenters, actors and critics.
a rediscover b reinvent c regain d restore
7- He is always grumpy. The synonym of the underlined word is ..........................
a good-natured b decent c bad-tempered d cheerful
8- There is a decline in our sales this year. The underlined word is antonymous with .........
a fall b reduction c drop d improvement
9- The murderer was in disguise to avoid ………………………. by the police.
a seeing b to be seen c to have been seen d being seen
10- If you had an invitation to the party, you ……………… in easily.
a would allow b would have been allowed
c would be allowed d would have been allowing
11- We’ve visited our relatives every week since we ……………….the car.
a have had b have c was having d had had
12- They ………………the project when the president has visited it. He will open it
a will do b will be doing c are doing d will have done
13- You ……………………followed my advice. Now you are jobless.
a shouldn’t have b must have c might have d should have
14- The function of the conclusion is to ………………….
a summarize main points b describe the topic
c discuss the positives and negatives d attract the attention

Reading comprehension
- Read the following passage, then choose the correct answer:
All scientists and environmentalists agree that rainforests are forests characterized by
biodiversity and high rainfall, with annual rainfall between 250 and 450 centimeters. There are
two types of rainforests: tropical rainforests and temperate rainforests. Tropical rainforests are
characterized by a warm and wet climate with no substantial dry season: typically found within 10
degrees north and south of the equator in areas such as South America, Southeast Asia and Africa.
Temperate rainforests, however, are only found in few temperate regions around the world such as
Europe, North America and East Asia.
Around 40% to 75% of all species live in rainforests. It has been estimated that there may
be many millions of species of plants, insects and microorganisms still undiscovered in tropical
rainforests. Tropical rainforests have been called the “jewels of the Earth” and the “world’s largest
pharmacy”, because over one quarter of natural medicines have been discovered there. Rainforests
are also responsible for 28% of the world’s oxygen; that is why tropical forests are also called “Earth’s
lungs.”
Rainforests produce many items that we all use in our daily lives. Tropical rainforests provide
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