Chemistry

of Life
CARBOHYDRATES
( Organic Compound )
 CARBOHYDRATES
 It consist of carbon (C), hydrogen (H),
and oxygen (O).
 Considered as the chief source of
energy.
 It includes sugar and starch.
 CARBOHYDRATES

Monosaccharides are simple sugars with

3 to 7 carbon atoms.
 CARBOHYDRATES
 Oligosaccharides consist of 2 to 20
monosaccharides.
 Polysaccharides consist of tens or hundreds of
monosaccharides joined through dehydration
synthesis.
 Starch, glycogen, dextran, and cellulose are
polymers of glucose that are covalently bonded
differently.
 Chitin is a polymer of two sugars repeating many
times. What is Chitin?
 CARBOHYDRATES
 Disaccharides are formed when two
monosaccharides are joined in a
dehydration synthesis.
 Disaccharides can be broken down by
hydrolysis.
Roles of Carbohydrates in the Body

 It serve as the backbone of other molecules.

 It serves as stored energy .
 It is most common source of energy in the
body.
 It combines with protein to form structural
components of living cells.
Classification of Carbohydrates
 Monosaccharide - Simple sugars that consist of
only one sugar molecule
 Disaccharide – composed of two
monosaccharide molecules
 Polysaccharides – a complex form of
carbohydrates that consist of 3 or more
monosaccharide molecules
 CARBOHYDRATES
 Monosaccharide
- Glucose
- Galactose
- Fructose
 Disaccharide
- Sucrose
- Maltose
- Lactose
 Polysaccharide
- starch
- Cellulose
- glycogen
- chitin
 MONOSACCHARIDES
 Are building blocks of more complex forms
of sugars
 Common monosaccharide are;
- glucose - galactose - fructose
 C6H12O6 is the chemical formula of
monosaccharides
 GLUCOSE
 The most common monosaccharide
 Known as dextrose or sugar in blood
 Its an indispensable component of
mammalian (invertebrate & vertebrate)
blood
 It easily dissolves in water & passes trough
cell membrane
 GALACTOSE
 A part of LACTOSE
 Known as milk sugar
 C6H12O6 is the chemical formula (same as
glucose and fructose) but with different
structure
 FRUCTOSE
 It is the sweetest sugar (10x than lactose)
 Known as the corn sugar or fruit sugar
 Found in fruits such as atis, melon, and ripe
mangoes
 DISACCHARIDES
 Formed when 2 monosaccharide molecules
bond together chemically
 C12H22O11 is the chemical formula of double
sugar
 DEHYDRATION
SYSNTHESIS
 The removal of water molecule when
combining two monosaccharide (simple
sugars).
 HYDROLYSIS
 It is a chemical reaction in which a
disaccharide reacts with water to form
monosaccharide (simple sugar).
Processes of forming and breaking down
disaccharides
 SUCROSE
 It is formed when glucose and fructose are
combined chemically.
 Known as the common table salt.
 It is soluble in water but too big to enter the
cell.
 LACTOSE
 Known as milk sugar.
 Composed of glucose + galactose, which is
synthesized in the mammary gland.
 The more lactose a milk contains, the
sweeter it is.
 MALTOSE
 Known as malt sugar
 It is a raw material in making beer.
 POLYSACCHARIDES
 A long chain of simple sugar also known as
complex carbohydrates.
 STARCH
 It is the stored carbohydrate in plants.
 It is made up of several glucose.
 GLYCOGEN
 It is the stored carbohydrates in animals.
 It is the source of our reserve energy.
 If animals could not store glycogen, they would be
eating every minute.
 Improper utilization of glycogen will result to
genetic ailments and other diseases.
 CELLULOSE
 It is an insoluble carbohydrates abundant in
the wall of plant cells.
 It is hard to digest by humans; thus it serves
as fiber that provides roughage.
 High-fiber diet help reduce the risk of
having constipation, hemorrhoids and
colon/rectal cancer and can speed up the
transit of stool to lower intestine and out of
the body.
 CHITIN
 It is a long, unbrached chain of
polysaccharide.
 It is the 2nd most abundant organic
compound.
 It forms part of the exoskeleton of insects,
arachnids and crustaceans for their
protection.
Side effects of Carbohydrates
 Excessive carbohydrates can cause an increase in total
caloric intake, causing obesity and pancreatic cancer
in women.
 Deficient carbohydrates can cause a lack of calories
(malnutrition) or excessive intake of fat to make up
the calories.
 Low-fat, high-carbohydrate diets contribute to
hyperinsulinemia and hypertriglyceridemia.
CARBOHYDRATES