GROUP 5

Group members
1. Boikano Lemena
2. Lizzy Madane
3. Malefu Matuka
4. Karabo Shobele
5. Lithlare Buts’ane
6. Mpho Sebatli
7. Mamoahloli Pitso
  THE STRUCTURE OF A CELL
A cell is a structural and functional basic of an organism.

Plasma/Cell membrane
It separates cytoplasm from the extra cellular fluid
It isolates the cell from others on its environment
 ORGANELLS AND THEIR FUNCTIONS
 NUCLEUS
It carries the genetic materials which directs all the metabolic activities.

 Mitochondria
Power house of the cell which are involved in an aerobic respiration.

 Ribosomes
They synthesis proteins from amino acids using RNA (ribonucleic acid)
 Endoplasmic reticulum
a series of interconnecting membranous canal in the cytoplasm

 Smooth ER
Synthesis lipids and steroid hormones, it also detoxifies some drugs

Rough ER
Synthesis protein

 Golgi apparatus
A factor in which proteins received from the ER are further processed
and sorted for transport to their eventual destinations.
 Lysosomes
Digests macromolecules
Repairs cell membrane
Responses against foreign substance

• Cytoskeleton :provides and support system for the cell, for example
microfilaments(smallest fibers )and microtubules(large protein fibers)

• centrosome :It consists of a pair of centrioles and plays an important role in cell
division

Cellular transportation

 passive transport
Transport substances across cell membrane without requiring energy
• Diffusion
Movement of chemical substances from high concentration to the lower
concentration down the concentration gradient
(oxygen diffuse from alveoli to the capillaries)

• Facilitated diffusion
This process is used by substances that are unable to diffuse through the semi-
permeable membrane unaided(amino acids , proteins e.t.c)

• Osmosis
The movement of water molecules from higher concentration to the lower
concentration through semi-permeable membrane down the concentration
gradient(fluids surrounding the cell enters the cell to react with glucose for the
process of respiration)
• Active transport
Movement of substances from high concentration to the lower concentration and it
requires chemical energy in the form of ATP(Adenosine Triphosphate)

• Bulk transportation
Transfer of particles too large to gross cell membrane occurs by pinocytosis or
phagocytosis

Respiration
Metabolic process whereby ,the living cells of an organism obtains energy
by taking in oxygen and liberating carbon dioxide from the oxidation of
complex substances.

• External respiration
• Internal/cellular respiration
The exchange of gases between the bloodstream and tissues.

• Aerobic respiration
A chemical process in which oxygen is used to make energy.

• Anaerobic respiration
A process of breaking down sugars to generate energy in the absence of oxygen.

• Control of respiration
Groups of nerves in the medulla that are responsible to control respiratory pattern ,
the rate and depth of breathing .

Cellular division
• Mitosis
A nuclear division that results to genetically identical cells
 THE PROCESS OF MITOSIS

PROSPHASE
The nucleus disappears and chromosomes condense and become visible

METAPHASE
nucleus dissolves and chromosomes condense and move together
Anaphase ,each pair of chromosomes is separated into two identical daughter
cells

TELOPHASE
the fifth and final phase of mitosis ,the process that separates the duplicated
genetic material carried in the nucleus of a parent cell into two identical
daughter cells
• Meiosis
Division of diploid cells in ovaries and testes that produce gametes
 PROCESS OF MIOSIS
INTERPHASE
Microtubules extend from these centrosomes

PROPHASE
The chromosomes pair up so that both copies of chromosomes are
together .
The pairs of chromosomes may then exchange bits of DNA in a process
called crossing over .
Then the membrane around the nucleus dissolves away releasing the
chromosomes
• The chromosomes pair up so that both copies of chromosome1 are
together

• The parent cell duplicates into two daughter cells

• Each daughter cell duplicates into two gametes making the total of
four gametes