.

.

( , ) .

.
, ,
( )
, .
, ,
:
1. ;
2. ;
3. .
1.
..
, ,
. :
-

(, );
:
;
;
;

(, )
. , ,
, Cu2+ Fe3+
; , .
.
1 ,
(, ).
,
, .

( )
. , ,
, ,
; ; ;
( ) ; ,
( ). ,
, , ,
.
( ), .
1

,
.

2.

( ), , , . ,
, .. .


.
, .
.
I :
HCl. : Pb2+, Ag+, Hg22+. .
II : HCl,
H2S , . : Hg2+, Pb2+, Bi3+, Cu2+, Cd2+,
As3+, Sb3+, Sn2+.
:
1. (IIa):
, ..
(
, HNO3). : Hg2+, Pb2+, Bi3+, Cu2+,
Cd2+.
2. (IIb):
. : As3+, Sb3+, Sn2+.
III : HCl,
H2S, NH4OH ,
. Al3+, Fe3+, Cr3+. ,
.
IV : , (NH4) 2S,
, Ni2+, Co2+, Mn2+, Zn2+.
V :
, (NH4)2CO3, NH4Cl
NH4OH. Ca2+, Sr2+, Ba2+.
VI :
,
Na+, K+, NH4+, Mg2+, Li+.
III V ,
.
1, , ,
.

 1.

()

()

HCl

Ag+, Hg22+, Pb2+

AgCl, PbCl2, Hg2Cl2

Hg2+, Pb2+, Bi3+, Cu2+, Cd2+

HgS, PbS, Bi2S3, CuS, CdS

IIa
()
IIb
()

H 2S

HCl

As2S3,
As3+, Sb3+, Sn2+
Al3+,

Sb2S3,

SnS2

Fe3+,

Cr3+

Al(OH)3,

Fe(OH)3,

Cr(OH)3

III

NH4OH+NH4Cl

IV

(NH4)2S
+
NH4OH + NH4Cl

(NH4)2CO3
+
NH4OH + NH4Cl

Ca2+, Sr2+, Ba2+

VI

Na+, Li+, K+, NH4+, Mg2+

Ni2+,

Co2+,

Mn2+,

Zn2+

NiS,

CoS,

MnS,

ZnS

CaCO3, SrCO3, BaCO3

2.1. I
I
, Ag+, Hg22+ Pb2+. I
( HCl).
(Ksp(AgCl) = 1,8.10-10 mol2/L2; Ksp(Hg2Cl2) =
1,3.10-18 mol4/L4), (Ksp(PbCl2) = 1,6.10-5 mol3/L3),
II .
II (H2S),
, II .

+1, +2. +3, .
Ag+ .
1. (HCl),
. AgCl, ,
, .
(HNO3, H2SO4), NH4OH, KCN
Na2S2O3. NH4OH (I) ,
. ,
AgCl:
AgCl(s)
Ag+ + Cl
[Ag(NH3)2]+Cl- + 2H2O
AgCl + 2NH4OH
[Ag(NH3)2]+Cl- + 2HNO3
AgCl(s) + 2NH4NO3

+
Ag .
2. , K2CrO4 , Ag+
Ag2CrO4, .
2Ag+ + CrO42-

Ag2CrO4(s)

HNO3 NH4OH, CH3COOH.

3. (NaOH, KOH) Ag2O,
AgOH, :
Ag+ + OHAgOH(s)

2AgOH(s)
Ag2O(s) + H2O

NH4OH, a NH4OH Ag+

Ag2O,.
4. , Ag+
, .
Ag+ + BrAg+ + I-

AgBr(s)

AgI(s)

 , AgCl, AgBr AgI .

AgCl, NH4OH, AgBr , AgI .
5. , Na2HPO4, Ag3PO4, HNO3
NH4OH.
Ag3PO4(s) + H2PO43Ag+ + 2HPO42
+
Ag ,
, : , , , Mn2+, Zn, Fe2+ .

2+ 4+. Pb2+
.
1. Cl- , Pb2+ PbCl2.
, .
( )
, .
Pb2+ + 2ClPbCl2(s)

,
, .
2. , K2CrO4 , K2Cr2O7, ,
(II) .
Pb2+ + CrO42PbCrO4(s)

2Pb2+ + Cr2O72- + H2O

2PbCrO4(s) + 2H+

.
,
. ,
(BiO)2Cr2O7,
K Bi3+ , (II) .
3. Pb2+
, Pb(OH)2.
, .
Pb2+ + 2OH-

Pb(OH)2(s)

2+
4. (I ) Pb , PbI2.
,
, . ,
KI, -(II).
Pb2+ + 2IPbI2 + KI

PbI2(s)

K2[PbI4]

5. (SO42- ), Pb2+
, (II) , HCl,
H2SO4, HNO3. ,
(30 % CH3COONH4).
Pb2+ + SO42-

PbSO4(s)

6. H2S, II ,
, , , , ,
(II) :
Pb2+ + H2S

2PbS(s)

+1 +2, (I)
- Hg22+ (II) - Hg2+. .
1. , Hg22+, Hg2Cl2.
Hg22+ + 2Cl-

Hg2Cl2(s)

NH4OH, ,
.
2. (I) (Hg2CrO4),
, Ag2CrO4.
Hg22+ + CrO42-

Hg2CrO4(s)

3. (I) . .
Hg22+ + 2OH-

Hg2O(s) + H2O

4. Hg2I2.
KI.
Hg22+ + 2I-

Hg2I2(s)

5. H2S (II) ,
.
Hg22+ + H2S

HgS(s) + Hg + 2H+

I , 2.

 2.
I
/

Ag+

Pb2+

Hg22+

HCl

AgCl

PbCl2

Hg2Cl2

KI

AgI

PbI2

Hg2I2

K2CrO4
K2Cr2O7

Ag2CrO4

PbCrO4

Hg2CrO4

NaOH

Ag2O

Pb(OH)2

Hg2O

Na2HPO4

Ag3(PO4)2

Pb3(PO4)2

Hg2HPO4

NH4Br

AgBr

PbBr2

Hg2Br2

Pb(OH)2

HgO

NH4OH
H2SO4

Ag2SO4

PbSO4

Hg2SO4

H 2S

Ag2S

PbS

HgS +Hg

2.2. II
, II
(HCl) H2S- H2S -,
. IIa IIb
.
IIa () : Hg2+, Pb2+, Bi3+, Cu2+ Cd2+.
IIb () : As3+,5+, Sb3+,5+, Sn2+,4+.

1. H2S (II) , ,
, .
Hg2+ + H2S

HgS(s) + 2H+

(3HCl:HNO3):
3HgS + 6HCl + 2HNO3

3HgCl2 + 2NO + 3S + 4H2O

2. , (II) HgI2 - :
Hg2+ + 2KI
HgI2(s) + 2K+
,
[HgI4]2-.
K2[HgI4]
HgI2 + 2KI
Hg2+ .
3. (II) , (II)
. (II) , ( ).
HNO3.
Hg2+ + 2OH
Hg(OH)2
HgO(s) + H2O
Hg(OH)2

4. (II) , .
HgCl2 + 2NH4OH
[NH2Hg]Cl(s) + NH4Cl + 2H2O

5. (II) , (II) , Hg2Cl2,

(II) .
.
2HgCl2 + SnCl2
Hg2Cl2 + SnCl4

Hg2Cl2 + SnCl2
2Hg(s) + SnCl4

3+, 5+.
, (BiO+).
K .
1. H2S Bi3+
, - (III) .

2Bi3+ + 3H2S

Bi2S3(s) + 6H+
-
, ,
.
2. , (III) , ,
.
Bi3+ + 3OH
Bi(OH)3(s)
3. ,
.
4. (K2Cr2O7) , Bi3+ ,
:
2Bi3+ + Cr2O72- + 2H2O

(BiO)2Cr2O7(s) + 4H+

T (II) ,
, ( ).
5. (KI) , BiI3.
Bi3+ + 3IBiI3(s)

, I,
(III) .
[BiI4]BiI3 + I , BiI3.
[BiI4]BiI3(s) + I

1+, 2+
3+. Cu+ , Cu 2+ .
1. H2S-,
(II) .
Cu2+ + S2CuS(s)

(II) .
(I).
2. Cu2+ ,
, , 9,
.
.
2Cu2+ + SO42- + 2NH4OH
(CuOH)2SO4 + 8NH4OH

(CuOH)2SO4(s) + 2NH4+

2+
2[Cu(NH3)4] + SO42- + 2OH- + 8H2O

, (II) , ,
, CuS ((II) ), .

3. , NaOH KOH Cu2+ Cu(OH)2,

CuO, .
Cu2+ + 2OH

Cu(OH)2(s)

Cu(OH)2 zagrevawe

CuO(s) + H2O

(II) .
4. Cu(CN)2,
(I) . (I)
(I).
Cu2+ + 2CNCu(CN)2(s)

2Cu(CN)2
2CuCN(s) + (CN)2(g)

[Cu(CN)4]3CuCN + 3CN
.
5. (II), < 7, Cu2+ -
(II).
2Cu2+ + [Fe(CN)6]4Cu2[Fe(CN)6] (s)
-
, ,
.
6. Cu2+ , (I)
.
2Cu2+ + 4I2CuI(s) + I2

, , 2+. Cd2+
.
1. H2S ( , )
CdS, ,
, , , ,
.
Cd2+ + S-

CdS(s)

2+
Cd .
2. (II) ,
. .
Cd2+ + 2OH-

Cd(OH)2(s)

3. , , (II) .
, , (II),

, .
Cd2+ Bi3+.
Cd2+ + 2OHCd(OH)2 + 4NH4OH

Cd(OH)2(s)

[Cd(NH3)4]2+ + 2OH- + 4H2O

4. , , (II)
, .
Cd2+ + CNCd(CN)2 + 2CN-

Cd(CN)2(s)

[Cd(CN)4]2-

H2S- ,
,
. .

IIa - 3.

3.
IIa
/

Pb2+

Hg2+

Cu2+

Cd2+

Bi3+

H 2S

PbS

HgS

CuS

CdS

Bi2S3

NaOH

Pb(OH)2

HgO

Cu(OH)2

Cd(OH)2

Bi(OH)3

NH4OH

Pb(OH)2

[Hg(NH2)]Cl

Cu2SO4(OH)2

Cd(OH)2

Bi(OH)3

KI

PbI2

HgI2

CuI+ I2

CdI2

BiI3

Cu(CN)2

CuCN

Cd(CN)2

KCN

 III
III : Al3+, Cr3+ Fe3+. ,
NH4OH NH4Cl. : Al(OH)3-;
Fe(OH)3- Cr(OH)3- .

Al3+ AlO2-.
.
1. , Al3+ , Al(OH)3.
.
. .
Al3+ + 3OHAl(OH)3(s)

2. , NaOH KOH,
Al3+ , Al(OH)3.
Al3+ + 3OH-

Al(OH)3(s)

Al(OH)3 .
Al3+ + 3H2O
Al(OH)3 + 3H+
Al(OH)3 + OH
AlO2- + 2H2O
3. ,
, , .
Al3+ + HPO42H+ + HPO42-

AlPO4(s) + H+

H2PO4-

4. Al3+ Co(NO3)2.
(Al3+), 1-2 (II)
. ,
Thenard- .
2Al2(SO4)3 + 2Co(NO3)2

2Co(AlO2)2 + 6SO3 + 4NO2 + O2

2+, 3+ 6+. Cr2+

- . Cr3+,
, , .
, Cr3+ Cr6+,
, CrO42- ( ) , Cr2O72- ( ).
, .
1. , NH4OH, Cr(OH)3.
(NH4OH NH4Cl) 8-10, .
Cr(OH)3(s)
Cr3+ + 3OH

2. Pb2+, Ba2+ Ag+ ,

.
PbCrO4(s)
CrO42- + Pb2+

22+
CrO4 + Ba
BaCrO4(s)

2+
CrO4 + 2Ag
Ag2CrO4(s)

3. , -
Cr(OH)3.
Cr3+ + 3OHCr(OH)3(s)
(III) , .
Cr3+ + 3H2O
Cr(OH)3 + 3H+
Cr(OH)3 + OHCrO2- + 2H2O
NaCrO2 KCrO2, .
() (III)
.
4. , Na2HPO4, CrPO4.
( ).
.

2+, 3+ 6+,
2+ 3+.
2+ 3+.
(III) -, (II)
( ).
1. , NH4OH, , NaOH KOH, Fe3+
Fe(OH)3. (III) , Fe(OH)3
.
Fe3+ + 3OHFe(OH)3(s)
-
2. , NH4SCN, , KSCN, Fe3+
:
Fe3+ + SCN[Fe(SCN)]2+
[Fe(SCN)2]+
Fe3+ + 2SCNFe3+ + 3SCNFe(SCN)3
,
Fe3+ + 6SCN[Fe(SCN)6]3 ,
. ,

3. (II), K2[Fe(CN)6], co Fe3+, ,
.. .
Fe4[Fe(CN)6]3(s)
4Fe3+ + 3[Fe(CN)6]4

4. , Fe3+ , ,
Fe(OH)3.
5. , Na2HPO4, Fe3+ (III)
.
FePO4 + H2PO4Fe3+ + 2HPO42 , .

III - 4
4.
III
Al3+

Cr3+

Fe3+

NH4OH

Al(OH)3

Cr(OH)3

Fe(OH)3

NaOH

Al(OH)3

Cr(OH)3

Fe(OH)3

KSCN

Fe(SCN)3

K4[Fe(CN)6]

Fe4[Fe(CN)6]

Na2HPO4

AlPO4

CrPO4

FePO4

 IV
IV Ni2+, Co2+, Mn2+, Zn2+,
, (NH4) 2S, .

2+.
3+ .
. (II) .
1. (II) , (II) ,
.
Ni2+ + (NH4)S

NiS(s) + 2NH4+

3NiCl2 + 2NO(g) + H2O + 3S

3NiS + 6HCl + 2HNO3

2. , NaOH KOH, Ni2+ (II) .

Ni2+ + 2OHNi(OH)2(s)

, .
3. , NH4OH, (NiOH)2SO4,
, .
[Ni(NH3)6]2+ + 6H2O
Ni2+ + 6NH4OH

4. , Na2HPO4, (II)
, . ,
.
5. (Chugaev-) Ni2+ , -
,
bis() (II).
.

2+

Co
Co3+. (III)
(II). 2+ .
[Co(H2O)6]2+ . .
1. (II) (NH4)2S, IV , (II)
, .
Co2+ + (NH4)2S

CoS(s) + 2NH4+

(II)
:
3CoS + 6HCl + 2HNO3
3CoCl2 + 2NO(g) + H2O + 3S
2. 2+ .

Co2+ + Cl- + OH-

Co(OH)Cl(s)

(II) , .
Co(OH)Cl + OH-

Co(OH)2(s) + Cl
, , (III)
( ).
4Co(OH)2 + O2 + H2O
4Co(OH)3(s)

2+
3. , Co , ,
, .
[Co(NH3)6] 2+ + 2OH- + NH4+ + Cl- + 6 H2O
CoOHCl + 7NH4OH
4. Co3(PO4)2, .
, , , .
5. , NH4SCN, ( )
.
Co2+ + 4SCN[Co(SCN)4]26. (II), (NH4)2[Hg(SCN)4], Co2+ ,
(II).
, ( ).
ZnSO

4 Co[Hg(SCN) ] (s)
Co2+ + [Hg(SCN)4]2-

Mn(II) , .
1. (II) IV , , (NH4)2S,
:
Mn2+ + (NH4)2S
MnS(s) + 2NH4+

HCl.
2. , Mn2+, Mn(OH)2, ,
.
Mn2+ + 2OHMn(OH)2(s)

,
.
3. , Mn2+, (II) ,
, .
Mn2+ + 2NH4OH

Mn(OH)2(s) + 2NH4+

, 10,83,
n(OH)2. ,

, , , NH4Cl,
, .
4. Mn3(PO4)2,
, , .

Zn2+ , ZnO2- .
.
1. Zn2+ (NH4)2S
.
ZnS(s) + 2NH4+
Zn2+ + (NH4)2S

2. , H2S, ZnS, HCl,

( ).
Zn2+ + H2S

ZnS(s) + 2H+

3. , Zn2+, Zn(OH)2, (H2ZnO2),

.
Zn2+ + 2OHZn(OH)2(s)

Zn(OH)2 + 2H+
Zn2+ + 2H2O
H2ZnO2 + 2OHZnO22- + H2O
, NH4Cl,
.
4. (II) ,
.
Zn(OH)2 + 6NH4OH

[Zn(NH3)6]2+ + 2OH- + 6H2O

5. Zn3(PO4)2, ,
. ZnNH4PO4 ( ).
6. (II), Zn2+, ,
(II), .
3Zn2+ + 2K+ + 2[Fe(CN)6]4-

K2Zn3[Fe(CN)6]2(s)

.
7. (III), K3[Fe(CN)6], ,
Zn3[Fe(CN)6]2, HCl NH4OH.

IV , 5

 5.
IV
/

Co2+

Ni2+

Mn2+

Zn2+

(NH4)2S

CoS

NiS

MnS

ZnS

NH4OH

[Co(NH3)6]2+
-

[Ni(NH3)6]2
-

Mn(OH)2

Zn(OH)2

NaOH

Co(OH)Cl

Ni(OH)2

Mn(OH)2

Zn(OH)2

Na2HPO4

Co3(PO4)2

Ni3(PO4)2

Mn3(PO4)2

Zn3(PO4)2

K4[Fe(CN)6]

K2Zn3[Fe(CN)6]2

K3[Fe(CN)6]

Zn3[Fe(CN)6]2

Co(NO3)2

CoZnO2

NH4SCN

[Co(SCN)4]2 -

(NH4)2[Hg(SCN)4]

Co[Hg(SCN)4]

 V
V ,
, (NH4)2CO3,
. : Ca2+, Ba2+ Sr2+.

2+.
.
1. , (NH4)2CO3, V , Ba2+
BaCO3, .
Ba2+ + CO32-

BaCO3(s)

, BaCrO4 (

2. , K2Cr2O7, 2+
).
Cr2O72- + 2Ba2+ + H2O

2BaCrO4(s) + 2H+

2+
3. , , , ,
.
Ba2+ + SO42-

BaSO4(s)

4. , (NH4)C2O4, , 2+,
.
Ba2+ + C2O42BaC2O4(s)

HCl HNO3, - CH3COOH.

5. , Na2HPO4, 2+, .
HCl, HNO3 CH3COOH.
Ba2+ + HPO4BaHPO4(s)

6. . , BaCl2 Ba(NO3)2,
.

Sr2+ ,.
.
1. (NH4)2CO3, V , Sr2+
SrCO3, :
Sr2+ + CO32SrCO3(s)

2. ( , CaSO4.2H2O), , ,
SrSO4.
3,2.10-7 g/L, 2,37.10-5 g/L,
. ,
. ,


( ).
3.
SrSO4. ,
, .
SrSO4(s)
Sr2+ + SO42
4. , Na2HPO4,
, , .
SrHPO4(s)
Sr2+ + HPO42
5. , (NH4)2C2O4, SrC2O4,
, .
Sr2+ + C2O42SrC2O4(s)

6. .
.

2+.
.
1. (NH4)2CO3, , Ca2+
CaCO3, :
Ca2+ + CO32-

CaCO3(s)

2+
2. , (NH4)2C2O4, ,
, .
.
CaC2O4(s)
Ca2+ + C2O42
3.
( ), (NH4)2SO4
.
4. (II), K4[Fe(CN)6], ,
(II) 9,
(NH4OH NH4Cl).
Ca2+ + 2NH4+ + [Fe(CN)6]4-

Ca(NH4)2[Fe(CN)6] (s)

. ,
K4[Fe(CN)6] ,
.
5. , Na2HPO4, ,
, .
Ca2+ + HPO42-

CaHPO4(s)

6. .
.

V , 6
6.
IV
/

Ca2+

Sr2+

Ba2+

Na2CO3

CaCO3

SrCO3

BaCO3

BaCrO4

K2Cr2O7
H2SO4

SrSO4

(CaSO4)

SrSO4

BaSO4

(NH4)2C2O4

CaC2O4

SrC2O4

BaC2O4

Na2HPO4

CaHPO4

SrHPO4

BaHPO4

K4[Fe(CN)6]

Ca(NH4)2[Fe(CN)6]

Ba(NH4)2[Fe(CN)6]

 VI
VI K+, Na+, NH4+, Mg2+ Li+
. .

, +.
1. (III), Na3[Co(NO2)6], ,
(III).
NH4+ .
2K+ + Na+ + [Co(NO2)6]3-

K2Na[Co(NO2)6] (s)

+
NH4 ,
, ,
. ,
(HCl).
2. (IV) , H2[PtCl6], ,
(IV). NH4+, Rb+
Cs+.
2K+ + [PtCl6]2K2[PtCl6](s)

+
3. , HClO4, , .
K+ + ClO4-

KClO4(s)

, .
4. .
. , ,
, (
).

1+, Na+.
.
.
1. , KH2SbO4
( ).
Na+ + H2SbO4NaH2SbO4(s)

:
,
.
, pH 7,
.
,
.

2. .
( ).

+

, NH4 ,
, .
, ,
. .
1. , NaOH KOH, .
NH4+ + OHNH3(g) + H2O
:
) ( );
) ;
) Hg2(NO3)2, .
2. Nessler- , (II), (
K2[HgI4] KOH), , -
, ,
- .

Hg

O Hg NH2 I (s)+ 7I + 3 H2O

NH4+ + 2[HgI4]2- + 4 OH-

2+.
1. , Mg2+, .
Mg2+ + 2OH-

Mg(OH)2(s)

.
.
2. , NH4OH NH4Cl,
, .
Mg2+.
Mg2+ + HPO42- + NH4OH

MgNH4PO4(s) + H2O

,
.
( ).
3. , , ,
, , Na2CO3, K2CO3 (NH4)2CO3.
.
(MgOH)2CO3(s) + CO2(g)
2Mg2+ + 2CO32- + H2O


.
,
. :
1. .
.
2. , .
: 1 mL
. 1-2 HCl 2-3 mL .
. ,
.

VI , 7.
7.
VI
/

K+

Na3[Co(NO2)6
]

K2Na[Co(NO2)6]

H2[PtCl6]

K2[PtCl6]

HClO4

KClO4

NH4+

Mg2+

Li+

NaH2SbO4

KH2SbO4
NaOH

NH3

K2[HgI4]+
+ KOH

Na+

Mg(OH)2



( )
,
(HCl, H2S, (NH4)2S (NH4)2CO3), VII
. . , Ag+ Ba2+
.
I
I , ,
, .
. : HCl, HBr, HI, H3[Fe(CN)6], H4[Fe(CN)6], HCN, HCNS .
II
II , (Ag+, Ba2+)
,
. : H2S, H2Se, H2Te, HNO2, CH3COOH, HCOOH .
III
III , ,
, ,
, . : H2SO3, H2SeO3,
H2TeO3, H3PO3, H2CO3, H2C2O4, H3BO3, H6C6O4 .
IV
IV ,
, , .
: H3PO4, H3AsO3, H3AsO4, H2S2O3, H2CrO4 .
V
V , .
. : HNO3, HClO3, HClO4,
HMnO4 .
VI
VI , ,
- . : H2SO4, HF, H2SiF6
.
VII
VII , .
: H2SiO3, H2WO4, H2TiO3, H3NbO4, H3TaO4 H2ZrO3.


(Cl- )
, Cl-, .
HCl .
, .
. : AgCl, Hg2Cl2, PbCl2 ,
.
1. , AgNO3, Cl-, AgCl.
, .
AgCl(s) + NO3Cl- + Ag+ + NO3
HNO3, NH4OH, Na2S2O3, KCN ,
.
[Ag(NH3)2]+ + Cl- + 2H2O
AgCl + 2NH4OH
AgCl + Na2S2O3
[Ag(S2O3)]- + 2Na+ + ClAgCl + 2KCN
[Ag(CN)2]- + 2K+ + Cl HNO3, .
[Ag(NH3)]+ + Cl- + 2H+
AgCl(s) + 2NH4+

.
2. (
), HCl.
NaCl + H2SO4
NaHSO4 + HCl(g)
,
.
HCl(g) + NH4OH
NH4Cl + H2O
(Br-)
Br-, , (HBr),
. .
: AgBr, Hg2Br2 PbBr2.
.
1. Br2|2Br-(E = +1,09 V)
Cl2|2Cl- (E = +1,36 V)
. .
Cl2 + 2Br2Cl- + Br2(g)
.
.
(CHCl3, CS2 ).
:
1 mL 5-6 H2SO4 5-6 CHCl3
, 1 mL (
).
.

2. , AgNO3,
(AgBr), , .
AgBr(s)
Ag+ + Br
3. , , HBr,
Br2, .
NaBr + H2SO4
NaHSO4 + HBr
2HBr + H2SO4
Br2(g) + 2H2O + SO2

(I-)
, I-, , HI.
. . : AgI,
Hg2I2, PbI2 CuI2. I2 HBr,
I2|I- (E = +0,54 V), Br2|2Br- (E = +1,09 V).
1. I2/2I- (E = +0,54 V),
Cl2|2Cl- (E = +1,36 V), :
2I- + Cl2
I2 + 2Cl .
.
, ( ),
.
:
1 mL 3-4 , 5-6
(, ) 1 mL .
.
2. AgI,
( AgCl).
Ag+ + I-

AgI(s)

3. (II) , PbI2
Pb2+ + 2IPbI2(s)

,
, .
PbI2.
4. I2,
H2S.
8I- + SO42- + 10H+
4I2 + 4H2O + H2S(g)
.
.
(NO2-)
, NO2-, , HNO2,
. .
N2O3 + H2O
2HNO2

 , N2O3, .
.
NO(g) + NO2(g)
N2O3
() .
, AgNO2, .
1. (II) , , ,
.
:
1 mL FeSO4 .
FeSO4,
.
.
Fe2+ + NO2- + 2H+
Fe3+ + NO + H2O
NO + Fe2+ + SO42[Fe(NO)SO4]
.
2. , NO2.
2NO2- + 2H+
2HNO2
2HNO2
NO2(g) + NO(g) + H2O
3. , ,
. ,
.
Ag+ + NO2
AgNO2 + NaNO2

AgNO2(s)

Na[Ag(NO2)2]

(S2-)
(S2-) H2S,
. .
() .
1. Ag2S, NH4OH,
HNO3 .
2Ag+ + S2-

Ag2S(s)

2. , Na2[Fe(CN)5NO],
Na4[Fe(CN)5NOS].
.
3.
H2S .
Na2S + H2SO4
Na2SO4 + H2S(g)
FeS + 2HCl
FeCl2 + H2S(g)
H2S
Pb(CH3COO)2 Na2PbO2,
PbS.
PbS(s) + 2CH3COOH
H2S + Pb(CH3COO)2
H2S + Na2PbO2
PbS(s) + 2NaOH

4. , (Cd2+)
CdS.
.
CdCO3.
CdS(s) + CO32CdCO3 + S2
(CO32-)
, CO32-, , H2CO3,
.
. , ,
. (Al3+, Cr3+, Ti4+, Au3+
) .
1. 2,
.
CO32- + 2H+
H2CO3
H2CO3
H2O + CO2(g)
Ca(OH)2 Ba(OH)2,
CaCO3 BaCO3. .
Ba(OH)2 + CO2
BaCO3(s) + H2O

2. , BaCO3,
, , CO2.
3. , HCl, AgCl.
, .
Ag2CO3
Ag2O(s) + CO2(g)

(BO33-)
() , H3BO3, ,
. . (),
(HBO2) (H4B4O7), .
. , Na2B4O7.10H2O,
. .
( 11).
. .
1. : 5-6 Na2B4O7 .
3-4 1mL .
. :
B4O72- + 2H+ + 5H2O
4H3BO3
( B(OH)3)
B(OH)3 + 3C2H5OH
B(OC2H5)3(g) + 3H2O
, .
.
2. , , Na2B4O7 ,
(2)2, .
B4O72- + 3H2O

2BO2- + 2H3BO3

Ba2+ + 2BO2-

Ba(BO2)2(s)

:
B4O72- + Ba2+ + 3H2O

Ba(BO2)2(s) + 2H3BO3

3. (), AgBO2,
.
B4O72- + 2Ag+ + 3H2O

2AgBO2(s) + 2H3BO3

(32-)
, 32-, , 23.
.
, 2 23.
. ,
. 32-
.
1. , Na2[Fe(CN)5NO],
. ZnSO4,
, K4[Fe(CN)6],
. , 2- 232-.
2. 3.
( ).
2+ + 32-

3(s)

3. , Ag2SO3,
32-.
(232-)
, 232-, , H223.
.
2.
1. (I) ,
, (I) .
2Ag+ + S2O32Ag2S2O3(s)
Ag2S2O3 + H2O
Ag2S(s) + 2H+ + SO42
.
2. , .
, .
3. ,
.
H2S2O3
S2O32- + 2H+
:

H2S2O3

H2O + SO2(g) + S(s)

(PO43-)
, PO43-, , 34.
, . : (Na3PO4, Ca3(PO4)2, AlPO4),
(Na2HPO4, CaHPO4) (NaH2PO4, Ca(H2PO4)2).
, Ca(H2PO4)2, .
, .
1. , ,
.
PO43- + 3NH4+ + 12MoO42- + 24H+

(NH4)3[PMo12O40] (s) + 12H2O

3+
2+
PO4 +3NH4 +12MoO4 +24H
(NH4)3H4[P(Mo2O7)6] (s) + 10H2O
, H3[PMo12O40].
.
:
2-3 8-10
, 4-5 . 40-50
, NH4NO3,
.
. SO32-, S2O32-, S2-
.
2. , ,
.
3Ag+ + PO43Ag3PO4(s)

3. , Na2HPO4, 4, .
Ba2+ + HPO42BaHPO4(s)

(NO3-)
, NO3-, , HNO3,
. ,
, .
, NO2 NO, N2 NH3.
, , .
- .
1. , FeSO4,
[Fe(NO)SO4], (II) .
6Fe2+ + 2NO3- + 8H+
6Fe3+ + 2NO + 4H2O
NO + Fe2+ + SO42[Fe(NO)SO4]
:
1 mL FeSO4, ,
(II) , .

. ,
.

 , , (
), S2O32- SO32-.
, .
2.
, (NO2). :
2NO3- + 8H+ + 3Cu(s)
3Cu2+ + 4H2O + 2NO(g)
2NO + O2
2NO2(g)

. :
3-4 2-3 NaOH c = 2
mol/L . . NH3 ,
- ( )
3NO3- + 8Al(s) + 5OH- + 2H2O
3NH3(g) + 8AlO2
.
(SO42-)
, S42-, , H2SO4.
. . ,
, .
Na2SO4 K2SO4 , NaHSO4 KHSO4 (pH 2).
SO42- .
1. , , BaSO4,
,
. .
Ba2+ + SO42-

BaSO4(s)

2. SrSO4,
, , HCl .
3. , Pb2+ , PbSO4,
.
4. .
SO42- Ag2SO4.