LS.

L C T I T

T A N
TQNG
V VUA A N H M IN H ,
'n h c c h T n
V DAI
(Ti bn c b sung)

NH XUT BN T PHP
H NI - 2007
 LI GII THIU

C nhng ngcri m s nghip ca h sng mi vi thi gian.

Nh Vua L Thnh Tng l mt trong nhng ngi him hoi .
ng l bc v nhn ca t nc, n g sinh ngy 20 thng 7 nm
1442 (Nhm Tut), c tn ln ngi vua ngy 06 thng 6 nm 1460
(Canh Thn), n g tha k' ngai vng lc vcmg quc ang lm vo
tnh th ngn cn treo si tc.

Vy m di thi tr v ca mnh, nh Vua d tng bc da

vcmg quc thot khi mi him nguy. Th trong, gic ngoi c
dp yn. i Vit, di thi L thnh Tng, l vng quc c nhng
pht Irin rc r nht so vi cc iu i phong kin Vit Nam trc
d v sau d.

Ngi i ca lng cng c ca L Thnh Tng. Khng t

ngi tin rng L Thnh Tng l mt v tin ng ging th."'Trong

S liu chp rng; M vua l Quang Thc Hong thi hu Ng Thi. ngcri lng
E)ng Bng, huyn Yn nh, ph Thanh Ho. Tnic ka khi cn l Tip d, Thi
hu i cu t, m thy Thng ban cho mt tin dng, ih' ri c thai. Tc
tniyn rng Thi h u khi sp c. nh&n thu i chp mt. m thy mnh n ch
Thng . Thcmg ' sai mt tin dng xung n du thai lm con lli i hu.
Tin dng chn ch mi khng chu i. Thng d gin, ly ci ht ngc dnh
vo un chy mu ra, sau tnh dy r6i sinh ra vua. n trn vn cn du v^t l
m nh thy ong gic m. mi n khi cht, vt y vn khng mt (Xem i
Vit s k ton th. Bn k thc lc. Quyn x n , Nxb. KHXH. H.1993, .387).
khong thi gian 38 nm tr v, n g bin i tnh th ca vung
quc t i hung thnh i ct, bin cc suy hnh cc thnh. Trc
ng hng my nghn nm, sau n g nhiu th k, c my ai lm
c nhng iu thn k nh L Thnh Tng?

Vo thi hin i, t ngi tin vo chuyn Ihnh thn. Nhng

cu hi nh u m L Thnh Tng lm c nhng iu k v nh
xy ra, cho n nay vn cha c li gii p cn k.

L Thnh Tng c bit n nhiu l v vua gii th. Th n g

mang khu kh ca bc vng, n g l Nguyn su ca nh ihp
bt t trong hi Tao n. Vo u th k XX, mt s nh s hc,
lut hc nc ngoi ca tng B lut Hng c c ban hnh di
thi tr v ca ng. Tuy vy, vn l nhng cng trnh nghin cu
tng lnh vc ring bit. Nhn chung, nc ta hin cn thiu nhng
cng trnh nghin cu mang tnh tng qut v ton b s nghip ca
L Thnh Tng.

Vo nm 1997, nhn dp k nim 500 nm ngy mt ca L

Thnh Tng. Lui s L c Ti c cho ra mt bn c quyn sch:
Thnh Tng v vua anh m inh, nh cch tn v f \ y l
cng trnh c ni dung nghin cu nhng cch tn v hnh chnh,
php l, kinh t, qun s ca nh Vua huyn thoi L Thnh Tng.

Vi quan im lch s, vi cch i duy theo php bin chihig,

cn c vo nhng s kin c ghi chp ri rc trong cc ngun s
liu ca quc gia, tc gi xu chui li nhm gip ngi nghin
cu nhn nhn, nh gi c s nghip ca L Thnh Tng c tmh
ton din v h thng hn.

Tc gi d tim hiu v h thng ho li nhng quan dim, chh

kin xuyn SUI cuc i c Ih hin ra trong tt c cc lnh vc
hot dng ca nh Vua. L Tlinh Tng d c nhng quan im tin
b VUI ir u c t h i i n g d a n g s n g n h i u tr m nm .

ng ta ni: i mi trc h) l i mi tduy". Hc tp

L Thnh Tng, c ht l hc cch di mi t duy ca n g . Tc
gi dng khi trong cng trnh nghin cu ca mnh d nhn mnh
dn s cch (n nhng quan im, lp trcmg ca thc h phong
kin, m vo cui ihi i ca n, vn mang nng ti bo i,
tr v ng l di din cao nht ca giai cp ng.

Tip n, tc gi h thng ho li cc ch trng, bin php

c th v l Irnh thc hin tmg bc trong cch tn hnh chnh, lut
php, kinh t v quc phng ca L Thnh Tng. Qua cch nh
b>, l gii ca tc gi, ngi nghin cu s thy nh Vua L Thnh
Tng l con ngi ca hnh ng, n g ni l lm. n g lm vi
cb. quyt tm st v lng kin tr him c.

Di thi tr v ca mnh, L Thnh Tng sng to v bn b

thc hin nhiu cuc cch tn m ni bt nht cc cuc cch tn
v hnh chnh, v kinh t, v php lut, v quc phng. Nh cch
tn v mt hnh chnh nn n g xy dng nn mt b my tr v
nng ng, nhy bn, c hiu lc cao vi di ng quan li thanh
lim, mn cn, c c, c ti. Nh cch n v mi kinh l', n g
lm cho nng nghip, thng nghip, th cng nghip chn hng.
Nh cch (n php lut, n g lm cho k cng php nc Ir nn
nghim minh, thun phong m tc n r. Nh cch tn v mt quc
phng, nn qun i di s thng lnh ca n g nh u thng d.
Hn 300 nm sau, khng th lc xm lc no dm dng dn i
Vii. Trong cc iriu i phong kin Vit Nam, ihi gian tr v ca
triu di Hu L i di nht.

Trong cng nh ca mnh, lc gi khng nhng trnh by nhng

kt qu dt c ca tng nh vc cch tn m cn d cp dn nhng
mi lin quan tu thuc ln nhau gia cc [nh vc cch tn y. Cng
trnh ca lc gi cho thy nhng kt qu m L Thnh Tng t dc
di thi v ca mnh l kt qu mang tih tt yu. l nhng thnh
lu ca ml u c anh m. bit nhn xa iy rng, bit coi trng s
cch ln. ng tm ng nhn nn bit qu. Bi v nhn no th qu y.
l quy lut. Di sn ca L Thnh Tng li l kh ton din.

Khng th khng ng vi kin ca tc gi trong xui bn

ln u rng ngc cng mi cng sng, vng cng luyn cng linh.

Cn^ nghin cu su v L Thnh Tng. chti la cng nhn

chn su sc hm nhtig gi ir to ln ca n g d d li cho cc
th h mai sau".

Ngy 30/01/2007 l ngy k nim 510 nm ngy mi ca nh

Vua L Thnh Tng. Nhn dp ny tc gi cho ti bn c b sung
nhng t liu m su tm dc v nhng nhn xt, nh gi rt ra

" Thi gian (r v ca cc tnu di ^ong kin Vit Nam:

Nh inh 968 980 13 nm.
- Nh Tin u 980 - 1009 30 -
- Nh L 10 1 0 - J225 ^ 216 -
- Nh Trn 1225 - 1400 : 175 -
-Nh H 14 0 0 - 1407 : 7 -
- Nh Hu L L S 1428 - 1527 99 nm
U T n in g Hng: 1533- 788 2SS nm
- Nh Nguyn - Ty Sem : 1788 - 1802 24 nm.
-N h N g u y n : 1802- 1945 = 143 nm.

8
t thclin (rong 10 nm sau ln xut bn du tin. Hy vng rng
sch: Thnh Tng - v vua anh m inh, nh cch tn vC' (ti
bn c sung) ca Lui s L c Tit s gp phn khi dy Irong
gii kh)a hc Vit Nam s nghin cu su hn. ton din hn lon
b di sin ciia nh Vua anh minh L Thnh Tng phc v cho s
nghipcch mng nc ta rong ihi k mi.
Xii Irn trng gii thiu cng bn c.

L KH PHIU
N guyn Tng B th u ng Cng sn Vit Nam
s
 M U

Lch s Vit Nam, i ihi v ca Vua L Thnh Tng (1460 -

1497) t n trnh cc thnh. Bn ngoi, cc nc xa gn u
ki n i Vit. Quan h ho ho vi cc nc ln bang c thit
p. Cc min bin cng, sut di t c n Nam. t ng sang
Ty. trong nhiu nm m . Ton vn lnh th c bo m. An
nnh t nc c duy tr. Bn ong, nng nghip tr ph, nhiu
nm lin dc ma. Chn nng thn rn r ting ci, ting ht,
ting thoi a dt la. Thng nghip m mang, giao lu thng sut.
Dn (r m mang, dn kh chn hng. Thun phong m tc n r.
La khoai ngoi dng khng s b ly trm. m nm ng, nh nh
khng phi dng ca ci then. Git ngi, cp ca vng bng.
Nhn li nhng t k trc, lch s t nc Vit Nam qu thi
cha bao gi c c nh by gi. i sng ca mun dn cha
tng c c no . yn vui, Ihi bnh nh di thi ir v ca Vua
L Thnh Tng.
l thi k hong kim ca t nc.
iu ny khng phi ngu nhin m c. Sut 38 nm ngi
vua, L Thnh Tng d sng to. kin tr n hnh nhiu cch tn
kin quyt, mnh bo v hnh chnh, php lut, kinh t, qun s.
Truc ht v trn ht l s cch tn b my ir v. Song song vi n
l s cch tn cc chnh sch, ng li. php lut, kinh t, quc
phng... Kt qu ca nhng cch (n y l nhanh chng im tiu

lan i nhng ung nht, ri ren x hi do cc v vua tin nhim li.
Cc cuc cch tn d em li s ccfng ihnh cho t nc. Khng
nhng vy. hng my trm nm sau v chc chn s cn lu hii na,
nh hng ca nhng cch tn y vn cn lu li nhng du n m
nt trong lnh cch, tm hn, phong cch, li sng ca con ngi
Vil Nam thun hu. Thi gian cng tri qua. cc th' h hu sinh
ca L Thnh Tng cng phi hin ra nhiu iu qu gi trong
nhng di sn ca c Vua anh minh nht Irong cc v vua sng sut
ca cc triu i phong kin Vit Nam. L Thnh Tng l mt ngi
sao sng rong cc v sao sng ca tri Vit.

hn nm th k tri qua m nhng bi hc ca L Thnh

Tng li cho t nc, cho dn tc vn cn mang m tnh thi
s nng hi. Ngc cng mi cng sng, vng cng luyn cng tinh.
Qing nghin cu su v L Thnh Tng, chng la cng nhn chn
su sc thii nhng gi tr to lm irong nhng di sn ca bc v nhn
c v mi tri Ihc uyn thm ln cng lao cng hin ca n g . n g .
mt thi, lm rng danh non sng nc Vii. n g dn dt ni
ging Lc Hng pht trin, vn ti nhng inh cao ngang lm Ihi
i ca lch s ng thi.

12
 T n h h n h i Vit trc khi L T h n h Tng
dc tn ln ngi vua

TNH HNH I VIT'

TRC KHI L THNH TNG
C TN LN NGI VUA

Sai i thng qun Minh, tng chng nh i Vit mi mi i

ln m; khng cn c k h no dm ng dn. K (h xm lc
ng (c. hung bo v mnh nht di vng tri lc by gi d
b qui dn i Vit nh bi, Khp vcfng quc, ngui ngi ngh
rng y khng mt tr lc no ngn cn ni con ng tin
bc ca cc dn (c ngi Vit dng cm. ngoan ccmg, giu
truyn thng dnh gic, gi nc, gi lng.

Nlng Ir tru thay, lnh hnh xy ra khng hon ton dng nh

nhng ngi c ngh dng thi d lng tng ra.

Ntay trong nhng nm du Ir v ca L Li - v vua u triu

hu L: (1428 - 1433), xul hin nhng mm mng khng hong.
Nguy J bn ngoi tm yn, mi ho bn trong d bt du m .
Nguyi Chch gii tn cng, L Si. L Ngn c ti dil vin, Trn

' i \ij - Quc hiu dc L Thnh Tng chih Ihc t vo nm 1054. tn

ti du cc vng Iriu L. Trn. Hu L. Ty Sn. n nm 1804. Gia
Long -vua du triu Nguyn di (hnh Vit Nam (Xem Q uc s qtti triu
Nguyi D i Nam thc lc. Nxb. Gio dc. H.2002, Tp 1. lr.588j.

13
 L TH N H TNG
V VUA ANH M IN H, NH C C H TN v l I

Nguyn Hn, Phm Vn Xo c ti dil n, Nguyn Tri gii I4m

cng, ngha l gii thu phc lng ngi, gii cng tc ch vn -
nhng di cng thn y ca triu L, nhng dng tng, mu thn
tng nm gai, nm ml, cng, vo sinh ra l vi L Li thu hn vi,
vn gi n do ti trung vi cc v vua k v, ln lt trc sau b
khp vo ti cht v nhng nguyn c khc nhau, v L Thi T,
i Vit s k ton th c li bn: T h i T l khi ln ni n
nay, thi hnh chinh s thc rt kh quan, nh n nh lut lnh, ch
tc l nhc, m khoa thi, t cm v, xy dng quan chc, ihnh lp
ph. huyn, thu thp sch v, m mang trng hc... cng c th gi
l c mu k xa rng, m mang c nghip. Song a nghi, hiu st,
l ch km ( n h n g ch in dm trong phn trch dn l nhn
mnh ca tc giy'.
L Li cht. L Thi Tng ni ngi (1433 - 1442). L Thi Tng
lm cho tnh hnh dt nc, x hi ln su thm vo nhng cuc
ri ren. L Thi Tng a xu nnh. Xung quanh L Thi Tng l mt
l hon quan y mu m xo quyi. Thot u, L Thi Tng
phong tc k v Hong thi t cho con c l Nghi Dn. lc Nghi
Dn mi ba thng (ui. M Nghi Dn l chnh cung Dng Th B
c phong lm Hong hu. Nhng chng bao lu sau, do say dm
nhan sc v nghe li xim nnh ca TI phi Nguyn Th Anh cng
hon quan. L Thi Tng ph trut ngi k v ngai vng ca Con

i Vit s k ton th. Bn k thc lc. Quyn X. K nh L. Nxb. KHXH.

HJ993, tr.307.

14
 T n h h n h i Vit trc khi L T h n h Tng
c tn ln ngi vua

c l Nhi Dn, ph trut ngi Hong hu ca chnh cung Dng Thi

B. C ui m con Dng Th B, Nghi Dn b buc ^i ri khi cung
cm. Baig C. con th ca L Thi Tng, con ca Th phi Nguyn
Th At c phong Hcng thi l k v ngi vua. Nguyn 'Ti Anh
tr thni chih cung v uc ^ong ngi Hong hu. Hnh vi ca L
Thi Tig b xem l i ngc vi quan im truyn thng ca Nho
gio, n ^c vi do l lu i ca ic h phong kin, l mm mng
ca holon tranh ginh ngai vng v sau. Cc quan u Uiu, cc
cng thui, lo tng, nhng ai dm ng ra can ngn vua du b tht
sng, bi lu dy ra ni quan i. hoc b git cht.

L rhi Tng cht (1442). Bang C ln ngi vua (1442 - 1459)

khi miig cn hi sa. Nguyn Th Anh bung rm ngi tr nc thay
con. Ngjcfi n b lm Uiam vng y cng vi anh ai mnh l
Nguyn F1i L v bn tinh quan: T Ihanh, Lng Dt..., lp thnh
phe ph khng ch, chi ^i. lng on mi cng vic tru ch.
n ching dn p thng tay nhng ngi khng n cnh. Chng
khng a bt c th don nham him no hm hi nhng ngi
khng ong mu. Tham quan, li nh nhng dn m nhung nhc.
Chng Igy cng sinh si, ny n khp ni. L mi nguy hi y ngy
m d: rung k m ct nc nh. Lin nm mt ma. Ngi tha
phng:u thc, ngi cht di nhan nhn y mg. Trm cp ni
ln nhong. Chd'n quan trng, ngi c c, c ti xa lnh. n v
ti. krr c ing hnh, chng mc sc cy quyn, cy tfi. tc yu.
tc qui nhng nhiu dn lnh. V thi k tr v ca Vua L Nhn
Tng, bi Tning Hng k nm Quang Thun vit; ''Nhn Tng mi

15
 L THNH TNG
V VUA ANH M IN H , NH C C H T N v I

ln hai tui sm ni ngi vua. Thi hu Nguyn Th, l g mi gy

sm, c L Khuyn nh ih khn gi mnh. Vua n b mt
qung bung rm ngi chn thm khu, bn h ngoi lng tham,
khoc lc honh hnh khp ci, k thn yu nm quyn v, nn hi l
c cng khai. Vic vn gio lng l nh bng hn, ngi hin t
phi b cnh. Bc tc nho nh L T Tn, Trnh Thun Du ih y
vo ch nhn, phng dt c nh ong n ni dy, nh ch chut
nhe rng. T'thn nh L Sng. L St hi ngu si khng phn bit su
loi sc vt. Chng hinh L in. L Luyn th m lt, chng sao
hiu c bn ma mt nm. Bc lng thn nh Trnh Kh. Khc
Phc tf kn ca m git i, ni ti s nh Nguyn Mng Tun thi
y vo vng lai ho. Oan ung khng ch ku xin, mi vic thy u
nt. Vn giai nh Cng Son lui gn 80, r thn nh L khng
bit mt ch. Bn tre' khng bit ngh, lm by ngng cung, ngi gi
chng ch i, tr thnh mi ho. Bn quan mua kin, a giu, glti
ngho. Hin i l rg CI ca nc nh m sch khng nh qut
d. Vn chng l khi vn ca nc nh m im ng la c kh. Bn
xim nnh c tin dng, k ao bl c tin

Du bm leo.

Ni b suy yu. Bn gic ngoi tha dp trn n.

pha Nam v sut dc b bin pha ng l Bc ch Nam,

i Vit s k lon ih, Bn k thc lc, Q uyn XI, K nh L. Nxb.

KHXH, H.1993. lr.384-385.

16
 T in h h nh i Vit trc khi L T h n h Tng
dc ln ln ngi vua

ngi Chim Tinh ko n. Tr Ton, vua ca x y ko qun vo

cp pi. tn st dn Vit nh i vo ch khng ngi. C ln chng
xa qtn trn su vo trong ni a ca x Thanh Ho. Ngh An.
Chngcn ko qun n tn ca b Ba Lt, Thi Bnh v ngp ngh
ko v) Thng Long, Kinh i Vit mt phen hong lon,
pha Tiy, ngi Lo Qua, ngi Bn Man cng ni ln. Nhn dn cc
vng nin mt tri ln su di t Hng Ho. Thanh Ho, Ngh An.
trong thiu nm Iri b khn n. kit qu v s cp ph, gl ngi
khng chn lay ca nhng m cp rng hung bo v ng nh
k i n Cf y. v n g b in g i i p h a B c. b n x m lc b n h tr ng
mun 4Un i hi th ng Quan.'" Chng xi gic, li ko mt s'
t trig phn dng ni ln chng li Iriu nh. C nhng k bn
nc ciu vinh d em t. dem dn dng cho gic ngoi mu cu
danh In, kim ch ncng thn. Nhiu vng lnh th ca t nc
d ri o nanh vut ca bn Ihn tnh nc ngoi.

Nuy c mt nc v ho ngoi xm ln dn tng ngy. Xo

trn nci b cng t n gii hn v5. Vo cui nm 1458, Nghi
Dn jon c L Thi Tng, b cha tru( quyn k v, na m d
cng thn tn dt nhp hong thnh git ngi em cng cha.

Hi tl ng Quan; tnic khi rt v nc. Vng Thng cng 10 vn qu&n

s nh Ninh d cng vi I}un ing ca L Li t chc hi Ih ti Dng quan
((hnh H Ni ngy nay). Vng Thng cng tt c binh lih i quyn th
trc trfi di. Irc vua quan Vit Nam l chm dt chin (ranh, lp li ho
h iu gita hai nc. Bi tung. bi binh i^m lc Minh c an ton ri ra
khi bm gii i Vit.

17
 L T H N H T NG
V VUA ANH MINH, NH C CH TN v I

khc m l Bang C, tc vua L Nhn Tng v Hong thi hu

Nguyn Th Anh ri t xng lm vua. Nghi Dn ngi vua c 8
thng. Do tnh tnh tn bo, hay chm git v c. nn triu nh on
gin'". Thng 6 nm 1460, ochh xy ra ti cung nh. Nghi Dn
cng bn tay chn b bt git.

Cung vcmg Khc Xng l con th ba ca L Thi Tng c

triu thn bn nh tn ln ngi vua. Vn l ngi yu ui c th
xc ln tinh thn, Khc Xng c s. c lo cho tnh mnh ca mnh
nn mt mc t chi ngi vo ngai vng.'*'

Cc quan lin em xa gi n rc ngi con t ca L Thi

Tng l T Thnh, lc y ang n nu ti An Bang, ni n g cng
m Th phi Ng Th Ngc Giao, ngi em n g 'n khi kinh
thnh trnh s hm hi t ngy mi ct ting cho i, v kinh
ri tn ln lm vua. l vua L Thnh Tng - nh Vua c
cng lao da t nc thot khi mi him ho bng nhng cch tn
to bo. ng d da vng quc t n im cc Ihnh, nh du
mt giai on pht trin rc r trong lch s cc triu di phong kin
Vit Nam.

i V il s ii k ion th, Bn k thc lc. Quyn XII. K nh L . Nxb.

KHXH. H.1993. tr.388.
C sch ni l sau khi git bn L Lng, ty la a cho Nghi Dn b i phi
t (. Git Nghi Dn xong lin di dn Cung vung Khc Xng. Cung vung
Khc Xng c lnh l chi mi n T Thnh Ty d' (?) v ln ngi. Sau
nghe li gim, Cung vng Khc Xng b git. Xem i Vit s k ton Ih.
Sdd. tr,389.

18
 T n h hnh i Vil tr c khi L T h n h Tng
dc l n ln ngi vua

Cig lao, s nghip ca L Thnh Tng c ghi lc ong

bi biadng ti Chiu lng ' Lam Sn, Thanh Ho cn tn ti n
ng} niy. Ni dung bia c nhng don nh sau:
Phm chinh lnh ri bi phin nhiu th i c. hnh php
h kh:, bo ngc hi tt tr. Ct sa nh k cng cho Hong
tr i u Vi d n c h n g . C h o n n m i i m l b o v h i n c h n g , g i n g

cii ln sng t l nhc, cn thn ng irt-' ni theo thin trt.

Sa tan c'' ihin lng ngi, coi hc hnh chn hng vn
ho, iokhi gii chnh n v b. Kinh tn bc nho ccii, l php
vi b i hn. Xt in c d dng quan, mfii nghip lu di m
ch'Ir Thng pht th r rng. Chinh lnh th nghim minh. Kinh
ri thitrc tin l hnh m xt ihin vn. Sing cn dn s th
ly vi /m rung, trng du lm gc. n nh lc h nhn, sau
mun lng n g h n vic, ch Unt vn ch<mg, khng gn m nhc v
n sc khng ng i sn. king chung chu bu l k, khng a
x x. it phong lc i gc chinh ho, nn em nhn nhng dt
dn k> ng ln; bit cc quan t ngun gc ca tr lon, nn
em Hen gii khuyn rn. Ht lng knh hiu triu Irc m b lun
th VUI c h i p h n g l n g . S u y n n g a m c h n g t c th u c , l i

cng a m mm kiu cng xa x. y l nhing khun php m ging

ln acc bit l ln> trc lai mt ngi ta nh vy. c n nhng

"'C hiulng: Xem Ph lc 2. tr.379.

''NgQ n hoc ng thng gm: ph ngha, mu (. huynh hu. cung, t hiu.
''Tam dc gm: Tr. Nhn. Dng.

19
 L THNH TNG
V VUA ANH MINH, NH C CH TN v I

vn it, iu mc khc chit linh vi. kh m k ra y d. Tron

khong v nm ihi an thnh, ngy thm mih giu. Vic tr yn
trong tnh: vic ngn chng ngoi lp.

R Bn Man cg ngnh th sai ing dp ln gc. Mi ni

quy nhiu th hng binh qut sch huyt hang, li c c c loi
ch ln Chim Thnh d \ y hi ng lu lhu\n thng su! su do
qun tri c Tr Ton san phng linh O bn, i y phc cho dn
v t qun huyn cfio nc y. L rn ln Lo Qua cy him lm
hung thi xch cv ba vng" v ni trp trng, xua qun hng
hra sch bn Lam Thng ?) bt gic tra thch v bt qun
gic lm ! binh, thu qun lon thng tr v.

Rt cuc khih bn b sch rong, mun phg ii tr.

Thng ng cng lu. hnh chinh cng sing, n su nhn hu thm
nhun c lng ngi. c thnh, cng to siu vi lti i tnrc.
Hung h sc hc ca Vita c ngun gc, nm g kinh b s khng u
khng k cu. Vn ca Vua rc rcng nh sao kui, vm y ua
sc sng ngi. Tinh thn, tm thut rng r, o c s nghip
pht huy u cn c trong Thin nam lin hu tp vi cc sch Vua
lm. Du l bc anh qun c h tc hay danh nho t lu tri qua
cc hi cha c rng ri, di do p nh th".

*" Ba vng: Biu tng quyn lc nh Vua.

20
 Phn mt
L THNH TNG
NH CCH TN HNH CHNH
Y QUYT ON V SNG TO

21
 Trong sut thi gian ngi Vua, L 'hnh Tng kin tr lin
hnh cch tn nn hnh chih quc gia, th hin bn khu trng yu:

1. Cch tn t chc v phn dnh r chc nng, nhim v ca b

my vng quyn;
2. Chm o ht mc vic do to nhn ti, sa i ch d tuyn
dng quan li;
3. Xc lp t chc mi v ch mi v kim tra, gim st
quan li;

4. Khen thng, x pht nghim quan li.

22
 P hn m t. L T h n h T n g - n h cch n h n h chnh
d y quyt o n v sn g to

I. GCH TN CU TO T CHC V PHN NH R

CHC NNG, NHIM v B MY VNG QUYN

1. Cch tn cu to t chc v phn nh chc nng, nhim

v ca b my chnh quyn cp trung ng

Trc L Thnh Tng, cc nh vua thng giao quyn trc tip

diu khin cc quan li cho mt v T tng, cn dc gi l
Tng quc.
Theo D Hiu nh quan ch" (cn gi l Hong Triu quan
ch" - quan chiu vua)" dch m theo ngha ngy nay l o lui
v ci cch c h quan lC\ L Thoh Tng b chc T tng, n g
trc (ip nm quyn cai qun mi quan li. Bng cch nh vy, nh
Vua buc minh ^i c tip xem xt, dnh gi nng lc, trnh , ct
nhc, la chn, s dng cc quan li di quyn, nh cao nht ca
quyn lc. n g khng mnh m say vo vic hng lc m sao
nhng vic thu chth nh cc v vua tin nhim d tng mc phi.
Cng vi bin ^ p d, n g d loi b dc thi t mun thu ca
quan li da phng ing li dng tnh trng xa cch chnh quyn
trung ng d n la di, ngn nga c cc hnh vi ca quan
du Criu mo danh vua thu tm quyn lc ri tin ti th t vua.

[> Hu nh quan c h : Xem Pb ic 1. .375.

23
 L THNH T NG
V VUA ANH M IN H , N H C C H T N \ I

lo loan cng vic s v hng ngy cho nh Vua. L Thnh

Tng d t chc ra nhng c quan gip vic m ngy nay gi l vn
phng gm:

- Hn lm v i n : L c quan chuyn son tho cc D, Chiu.

Ch cng cc vn bn, mnh lnh khc ca nh Vua;
ng cc: L c quan chuyn lm nhim v r sot, hiu dih.
sa cha cc vn bn trc khi trnh ln Vua duyt;

- Trung th gim-. L c quan chuyn ghi chp, luu gi cc Sc

lnh, Qiiu, Ch, Sc phong tc hiu do nh Vua ban cho cc quan
li, ngi ca Hong tc v lu gi li noi th cng sau khi h qua i;

- Bi th gim: L c quan lu gi v trng coi Th vin ca

nh Vua;
- Hong mn tnh'. L ni gi n tn nh Vua.
Qua s liu ghi li v l chc vn phng ca L Thnh Tng cho
thy nh Vua bit l chc cch lm vic khng b sa ly vo
nhng cng vic s v hng ngy ca m t ngi inh cao quyn
lc, theo cch ni c l cch lm vic ca ngi dng trn mun
ngi, ca ngi lo cho c, vn ngi, mt ngi m trm cng
nghn vic u Ihuc quyn nh dot ca h.

Bng cch t chc ra c quan ng cc, nh Vua buc mi

iiu , Ch, mnh lnh ca nh Vua phi c r sot, phn bc k
lng trc khi ban hnh. Tnh dng n, tnh nghim minh trong
mnh lnh v php lul ca Vua ban do vy c bo m mt cch

24
 P h n m t. L T h n h T ng n h cch l n h n h chnh
dy quvt d o n v sng to

vng chc. Chnh nh vy, nh Vua khng sa vo li mn s v,

khng b cun ht vo nhng vic tiu tit, vn vt hng ngy. Tm
tr nh Vua do c rnh ri chm lo cho nhng cng vic i
s ca dt nc.

Vic t chc ra c quan ng cc, chng t nh Vua d

thc v lng tr c c mi hu ho gy ra nu trong php
lut, mnh lnh ciia nh Vua c sa h, sa st, hoc khng ph
hp vi lng dn. Lin h vi thc tin ngy nay cho hy y l
bi hc qu gi. M i vn bn ca c quan chnh quyn dc ban
hnh p dng nu c sai st, s h s gy nhu hu qu. i vi
vn bn php lut, vn bn php quy ca cp cng cao, nu c
s h, sai st, th hu qu cng rng m khng lng ht. Hin
nay (rong cc c quan nh nc thng chc ra c quan
**php c h '\ Nhng c l vai tr, nhim v ca c quan php ch
cha dc thc y nn tc dng ca t chc php ch v
ngi lm cng tc php ch r t hn ch.

Hay nh vic t chc ra mt Ih vin ring cho nh Vua chng

t nh Vua rt coi trng vic hc d t trau di kin Ihc v nng
cao trnh d hc vn ca mnh. L Thnh Tng l mt nh Vua.
l ng vua rt ham hc. y l mt diu him thy. Nhng sng tc
th Vn. hc thul ca ng cn lu li ngy nay l mt bng chng.
Li ca lng n g trong vn bia Chu Lng dng Lam Kinh rng
ir bc ca Vua c ngun gc. rng kinh, b' s khng u l
khng k citu..." qu l li ca tng khng th phn bc.

25
 L THNH TNG
V VUA ANH MINH, NH CCH TN v I

L Thnh Tng t ngi c phong cch lm vic khc xa cch

lm vic m m. bao bin hoc l khon trng ca vua, quan phong
kin trc n g v sau ng.
V cc c quan chc nng ca b my hnh chih trung ng,
nm Quang Thun th 6 (1465), Vua L Thnh Tng i 6 b thnh
6 vin. Nm sau (1466), n g li i 6 vin thnh 6 b vi nhng
nhim v c quy dnh rt r rng:
- Li b: Trng coi vic tuyn b, ihng, ihng quan tc;
- b : Trng coi vic dt v tin hnh cc nghi l. yn tic, hc
hnh, thi c, c n tn, tuyn b ngi coi gi dn, cha, miu mo;

- H b\ Trng coi vic rung t. li chth, h khu, t thu,

kho tng, thc, tin v lng, bng cho cc quan, binh;

- Binh b: Trng coi vic binh chnh, t quan trn Ih ni bin

cnh, t chc vic gi gn cc ni him yu v ng ph cc vic
khn cp;
- Hnh b: Trng coi vic thi hnh lut, lnh, hnh php, xt li
cc vic t, y. kin co;
Cng b'. Trng coi vic xy dng, sa chQa cu ng, cung
in, thnh tr v qun c th tiuyn.

)i Trn ch c 4 b; Hnh, Li, Binh, H. i vua L Li chi

c ba b: Li, L, Dn (tc H b). L b di Ihi tr v ca cc
vua L Li, L Thi Tng v L Nhn Tng chi lo vic nghi l cng
t. yn lic. Dui thi L Thnh Tng, phm vi chc nng, nhim v

26
 P hn m t. L T h n h T n g n h cch t n h n h chnh
d y quyt o n v sng to

ca cc b: Li. Binh, H. Hnh c m rng hn i Trn rt

nhiu. Ba b: L, Cng v Hnh dc thnh lp thm v m rng
chc nng, nhim v chng t L TTinh Tng rt coi tr i^ ba vic
ln di thi tr v ca ng l:l) o to hin ti; 2) Xy dng
kin thit, m mang, pht in kinh t v phng th dt nc v 3)
Lp li k cng, php nc nghim minh. Tht ng vy. di thi
v ca Vua L Thnh Tng, vic hc, Ihi c tm kim hin ti
ra tr nc, gip dn d tr thnh phong o su rng trong c vng
quc. Nhng vic thuc chc nng ca Cng b nh dp , do
sng, khi ngi, m Hng c - ngn mn min bin ni in
ba tinh: Thi Binh, Nam nh, Ninh Bnh; h thng sng nh L
hnh thnh ng giao thng thu ni a ni lin t kinh thnh n
cc tnh TTianh Ho, Ngh An v.v... nhng minh chng cn tn ti
n ngy nay, dc khuyn khch, m rng cha lng thy trc .
Cng vic xy dng nn php lut quc gia bao gm; h ing ho
php lut v php in ho php lut m din hnh l vic ban hnh
B lut Hng c (LH) dc xc tin mnh m hn tt c cc
triu i trc.
Nhng dn chng trn y cho thy nh Vua L Thnh Tng,
thng qua cc bin php cch t&n v l chc b my quyn lc
trung ng, d pht huy c vai tr, nhim v ca cc b chc
nng, pht huy c cng sut ti a ca cc b d thc hin
nhim v dng nc v gi nc m n g nung nu t ngy c
tn ln ngi vua.
Vo nm Quang Thun th 7 (1466), Vua cho lp ra 6 t, gm:

27
 L THNH TNG
V VUA ANH MINH, NH C CH TN v l I

- i l t l c quan c nhim v xt li nhng n nng x

nh n b pht t hnh hay b y. Xt xong h chuyn k qu sang
b Hnh lu ln Vua xin quyt nh.
Trong thi tr v ca cc v vua tin nhim, nh s sch ghi
li, c nhng cng in. lo ing b ghp vo ti cht mt cch oan
ung. Trcmg hp Nguyn Tri l mt v d. C l do thc dc
iu nn L Thnh Tng cho lp ra i l t ch ng chng
oan, sai trong xl x.
L ut php hin hnh c cc ch dnh ti thm v gim c
thm . T i thm v gim c thm c thc hin ch khi no n
c hiu lc thi hnh nhng b khng ngh bi ngi c thm
quyn. K hiu kin ca ngi b xt x oan, sai i vi n c
hiu lc php lut khng c gi tr bt buc i vi cp gim
c thm . Nhng cch y 510 nm , L T hnh Tng d ch
ng phng nga oan sai bng cch cho thnh lp i l t. i
vi cc v n nng b x dy hoc b tuyn n t hnh, khng
l thuc vo vic c hay khng c khiu kin ca ngi b n,
du phi c i i t xt li, chuyn sang b Hnh trn h ln
Vua duyt mi dc em ra thi hnh.
- Thi hng t l c quan ph trch vic thi hnh nhng ih
thc l nghi, iu khin ban m nhc, trng coi cc n th Tri,
t, Thn bn ma...
- Quang lc l l c quan ph trch vic cung cp v kim ira
ru l, l, n trong cc bui t l, yn tic.

28
 P hn m i. L T h n h Tng n h cch t n hnh chnh
v quy dun v sng to

- Tli bc l l c quan c nhim v gi gn xe ca Vua v

Hong l, coi sc chung nga ca nh Vua.

- Hng l t l c quan chu Irch nhim ! chcxig danh

nhng ngi trong cc k thi nh. Hng l t cn c hai th l
in khch th io n lip cc ng hong nc ngoi v Ty Ngh
ih lo vic an tng cc quan 10 trong triu.

Thmg bo l l c quan gi vic dng n vo quyn thi ca

cc th sinh thi hi.

Vua L Thnh Tng cn t chc ra ml s c quan chuyn mn

khng l thuc vo 6 b, bao gm:
- Thng c h i n h Ty l c quan trng coi vic chuyn t cng vn,
ch d ca Iriu nh ti cc ni v chuyn cng vn l di ln,
cm t ca nhn dn ln tn tay nh Vua.

- Quc l gim l trng i hc quc gia u tin ca nuc

Vii Nam. Quc t gim gi nhim v trng coi Vn Miu - ni th
Khng T. Quc t gim l ni lu gi vn bia cc v d trong cc
k thi dinh ca cc Iru i phong kin Vit Nam."' a danh ich
Sny ngy nay vn c gi theo tn xut x vn c cch y gn
1000 nm l "'Vn miu Quc t gim".

Vn M iu c Vua L Thnh Tng cho lp tni 1070d th Khng T.

T ip n nm 1076, Vua L Thnh Tng ch o lp Quc t gim dy con
chu \ua quan hc. Vn Miu - Quc t gim va l ni th cng va l ni
dy hc.

29
 L T H N H T NG
V VUA ANH M IN H , NH C C H TN v l I

Di thi tr v ca L Thnh Tng, nhng ngui dc nhn vo

hc ti Quc t gim gm: gim sinh l con cc quan chc d c
4 trng ca cc k thi hng v thi hi; hc sinh l qun hoc dn
c 4 trng ca cc k thi hng v thi hi.

Nh vy, tiu ch d c nhn vo hc ti Quc t gim nht

thit phi l nhng ngi d c 4 trng ca cc k thi hng, thi
hi, khng l thuc vo thnh phn xut thn, khng c bit l u
di hoc cng im di vi bt c ai nhu ngy nay vn c. Bt k ai
d c 4 trng cc k thi hng, thi hi u c nhn vo Quc
t gim. y qu l nhng tiu ch tht s cng bng d tm kim
v do to nn nhng nhn ti cho l nc.

Quc t gim t mt Vin bo tng lch s dc nht v nh

nc ta. Ni dy cn lu gi 82 bia Tin s. Quc t gim c b dy
lch s trn 900 nm. C Ih ni Quc t gim l mt trong nhng
tnrcmg di hc quc gia c lch s thnh lp vo oi sm nht ca
nhn loi cn lu gi dc dn ngy nay. Sut thi k (n ti, Quc
t gim do to c nhiu nhn ti cho t nc m ti nng,
cng lao ca h cn tniyn (ng mi n sau ny n h : L Vn Thnh,
Mc Hin Tch. L Vn Hu, Mc nh Chi. Nguyn Trung Ngn,
O iu Vn An. Phm S Mnh. Nguyn Wii Khanh, Nguyn Tri,
Lng Th Vinh. V Hu. Nguyn c Trinh, Quch nh Bo.
Thn Nhn Trung v.v... Quc gim l di sn vn ho qu gi khng
g snh bng. N l nim t ho ca nn vn ho dn tc Vit Nam.

Quc s vin l c quan gi vic ghi chp nh Vua lm g, ni

30
 P h n m t. L T h n h T n g - n h cch t n h n h chnh
y quyt d o n v s n g to

g, a chung nhng g. Chnh s hay li lm, nhn ti, tiu nhn,

phong lc li, xu trong nc u do Quc s vin ghi chp trung
thc lu li im gng cho i sau. Nh Vu ng thi khng
dc c nhng g ghi chp v nh Vua v hong tc.
D khuyn khch, m mang nng nghip - nn tng pht trin
ca x hi, L Thnh Tng cho lp ra 4 s chuyn mn, bao gm:
- S n in trng coi vic lp cc n tri sn xui nng
nghip ti cc vng btn i. cc yu a. xem xt nh gi tnh trng
tt xu ca rung t, lp k hoch thu li v thc hin ti nc
cho rung ng;
' S tm (ang d trng coi vic trng du, nui tm, dt la;
- S thc thi trng coi vic trng rau:
- S i n mc ng coi vic chn nui sc vt.
Nh Vua cn dt ra chc quan h d trng coi vic xy p,
tu b p nhm ngn l. tho nc khi rung ng ngp ng hoc
ly nc khi rung ng kh hn.

n in" l t ghp ca hai t: n ) tri lnh, l doanh tri

qun v in l t, rung. n in l vng rung t do binh
lnh nh nc dng n d khai ph v canh tc. Vic lp dn din
c khi s ln u tin di thi tr v ca L Thnh Tng. Trong

V ii s thng gim cung mc. Nxb. S i hc. Tp XII. H .I959. ir. 2.

31
 L THNH TNG
V VUA ANH M IN H , N H C C H TN v ! I

s liu k h n g th y g h i c v ic l p d n i n c c tri u d i tr c m c
d c h ih s c h n g v b in h , ln h v i d n " d c , thc h i n t thi
n h L . n i n c l p n h n g v n g l b i n c n g , h i m yu.
y l s k l h p g i a q u c p h n g v k in h t, l m t m h n h c th
c a t tu n g q u n s c h i n l c i r u y n th n g c a c c d n t c V it
N a m l n g \ 'i b i n h . n h v i d n . n i n c l p ra n h n g
n i c h a k h a i p h . d n th n g c h a n c. K h i ru n g n g d
d c khai p h th n h th c th c h i u m d n n s in h c lp ngh ip .
C c d n d i n v sau (h n h n h n g l n g , x tr p h v l n h n g
p h n d u sng c h c c a q u c g ia . n d i n k h n g n h n g th u ht
c sc la o n g c a n h i u b in h ln h tr v n h s a u chin tr a n h m
c n c tc d n g r n g l n h n l g p p h n p h n b d n c m t c c h
h p l. T h e o s c h C n g m c , d n n m 1481. nhng n m m L
T h n h T n g c n li v, k h p v n g q u c c 4 3 d n d i n . M t c o n
s k h n g phi l q u t. C h ti c r n g s li u k h n g c h i c h o c h n g ta
b it d c d i n m o . q u y m v v tr a l c a c c n i n d i thi
L T h n h T n g . K h n g t h y s liu g h i li vic l p d n d i n tro n g
thi tr v ca cc vua k nghip ca L Thnh Tng. M hnh dn
i n c d c ti p t c th c h i n d i th i c h a N g u y n n h vo
n m 1790, s a u n y th n h V u a G i a L o n g - vua u tri u N g u y n .

i n d c pht tr n m n h d i th i V u a M in h M n g (1 8 2 0 -
1840). T 1848 I r i, d i th i v c a V u a T c th u c triu
N g u y n , c n g v ic l p n d i n b b b . V o n m 1851. h a i i
th n iri u N g u y n l P h a n T h a n h G i n v P h m T h H i n h a i ln
l m s t u v u a x in c h ^ c h i n h l i v i c l p d n d i n n h n g vn b V u a

32
 Phn nit. L Thnh Tng - nh cch ln hnh chnh
y quyt dun v sng to

T c b n g o i tai. V o g i a n m 1 8 5 3 . N g u y n T ri Phcmg m l
l n n a l m s t u v u a v i n h n g li l th n g th i t: " N h q iU v i c

n i i m k i h i n g k l n i c h n c h in h , n m c t p k h n g d p

v ti, ( la l i k l n m m a n g , th c n c a d n k h n th a t i. c n

hn N h n c k h n v iT n g , t i n h h tr o r n c k h n g m n h , v i c

(l m d c a n c n g o i k h i tic u ir , ^ i c k l n ^ q ii\' p h c th i th n

s x in c a m c l l l i C /I n i l " . T c h i u ra m i c h o p h p
tic p l c l p n i n bt u t d . N g u v n T ri P h n g c h o lp 25
n i n k h p c 6 tinh: G ia n h . A n G ia n g , n h T n g . V n h
L o n g . H T in, B in H o . th u h t 12.500 n g i d c n k h a i p h . C c
d n i n v n g n y v s a u ir th n h c n c a k h n g c h i n n g o a n
c n g c a T r n g n h . V vy. sau k h i c h i m c 6 lin h m i n
N a m n c la. q u n x m lc P h p ra l n h x o b n g a y lc ih v
h o n t o n c c d n d i n . T ie o s n h n x t c a Ihc d n P h p ic b y
g i Ih n i n c h n h l n i sn s in h ra c c n g ln h , c c c h i n s
dOng c m c h n g li q u n P h p .

Nu khn c s nhu nhc l pha triu nh nh Nguvn

ra lnh bi b i n h th qun Php kh lng bp dc cuc
khng chin bl ngun t cc n in ciia nhn dn Vit Nam.
Nhng s lu ghi li trn v chu thv, sng kin lp un din
do Vua Lc Thnh Tng khi xng c tc dng to ln v nhiu
mt. ngha v ml dn sinh v quc phng ca dn din cho
dn tn ngy nay cha hn l khng cn na.

C n g vi s n g k i n l p n ic n . v i c n h V u a c h o l p ra c c S
T m la n g . T h c th i. i n m c l b n g chng c a s c h u y n m n

33
 L T H N H T N G
V Vl) ANH M IN H . NH C C H TN v l I

h o c a o tro n g p h i tri n n n g n g h i p m v va a n h m in h d n g h ra
d c. D y c th c o i l loi s n g k i n to l n h o c c h ( c n g i l
t n g c c h t n x u s c v "chuyn m n ho" h o t n g q u n l c a
N h n c , n u d t n v o th i d i m c c h x h h i n i c a c h n g
ta n g y n a y h n 5 t h k . H i n t n g i n c ln n m d c m a .
thc l a tc h tr d y k h o , d n c h n g n o d d i th i <r vl c a L
T h n h T n g k h n g ph i t n h i n m c.

k i m tra, g i m s t c n g vic c a 6 b v to n b q u a n c h c
d i q u y n . L T h n h T n g c h o l p ra 6 k h o a t n ti s o n g s o n g , g n
lin vi c n g v ic c a 6 b v N g s d i tru n g n g v c c x.

Su k h o a g m : L i k h o a , L k h o a , H k h o a . C n g k h o a , Binh
k h o a v H n h khoa.

C n g v ic c a 6 k h o a d c n h V u a n h r tr o n g D H i u n h

(iia n c h r m g : g i lin h l y q u n l v i c c a c p h m B in h

b p h i n m c h u n g : c h i r a ih u v o l c h c c a H b m H k h o a

p h i g i p d . L i b l n g b n h m n g i th L i k to c p h p

bc b. b n g h i c h k h n g h p l ih k h o a c q ity n h c l u .

H n h k h o a x e m x t c n g v i c x n c a H n h b p h i tr i n h t h

n o . C n g k h o a k i m i m q u Ir n h l m v i c c a C n g b s i n g

n n g h a y l i b i h ..." .

N g s i " l h c t u c c q u a n l m b \, s o i x t n k h u t

c h o d n ..." . H th n g c c c q u a n N g s i g m c : N g s i
c p tru n g n g v N g s i 13 x, c n g i T h a tu y n ,
t n g n g vi 13 tn h n g y nay.

34
 P h n mt. L T h n h Tng n h cch t n h n h chnh
d y quvt dun v sng lo

C n g vi vic n h r c h c nng, n h i m \I l n g q u t c a c c b,
c c khoa, c c t. c c s . nh V ua L T h n h T n g c n q u y n h r c
c u t chc, bin c h c a l n g b, lng k h o a ... vi n h n g chc danh,
p h m hm . lng b n g c th c a tng q u a n . li. C c q u a n li trong b
m y tr v c a V u a L T h n h T n g c c h ia l m 9 p h m . M i [A m
li c chnh phm v tng phm. Rim hm cao nht l nht phm,
h n g nh l t n g nh p h m . h n g Ih 17 l c h n h c u p h m , h n g th
18 l t n g c u phm . L n g th n g c a q u a n li c q u y d n h n h sau;
q u a n n h t ( ^ m : 82 q u a n /th n g : q u a n nh ( ^ m ; 6 8 q u a n / (hng; q u a n
tarn phm : 5 6 quanA hng; q u a n t p h m ; 4 4 q u an /th n g ; q u a n ng
p h m : 4 0 quanA hng; q u a n lc ph m : 33 q u an /th n g : q u a n th phm :
2 7 quanA hng: q u a n bt p h m ; 21 quanA hng: q u a n cim p h m : 16
q uanA hng. N h a m n: 1 2 - 6 q u an /th n g . L&c lnh thi g i d n g then
th 3 q u a n m u a dc m t tru cy.

S' l n g b i n c h tro n g (ng b . k h o a , t, s v t n g s q u a n li

c a c n c u d c n h V u a n n h d i k h o t. K h n g ai d c t
ti n t n g , g i m d c h l m t q u a n c h c c p th p nht.

V d; n g d u L i b c Li b T h n g th vi h m l n g nh
p h m . L i b T h n g th c h a i P h q u a n l T . H u T h L a n g vi
h m t n g ta m p h m . L i b c h a i ly g m :

T h i t \ ' n k h o th a n h l i T v tr n g c o i vic thuyn c h u y n , c h n b.

k h o .st q u a n li. d o L a n g T ru n g vi h m c h n h lc p h m d n g du;

- T v s n h l c q u a n th n g trc c a L i b d o T V n g
du vi hm tng bt phm.

35
 L T H N H T N G
V VUA ANH M IN H , NH C C H TN v l I

T n g s q u a n li c a L i b l 8 0 ngi.

N h i m v c Ih c a l n g b . k h o a , l, s... c n g c n h V u a
quy nh r rng. V/ c h t: N h i m v tng qut c a b H c n h
V u a x c n h l: c o i s c n i / ^ t , l i c h in h , h k lu iii, t iliii . k h o

n g . ili c ti n V i i g c a q u a n c u i" . N h n g c n g v ic c th

c ih c hi n h m th i h n h n h n g n h i m v n u ra g m c;

- V m n g l: b H c nhim v c h i u th e o l m c p : R u n g
c h lc - r u n g c p c h o c c q u a n v n ; r u n g n g lc - r u n g c p c h o
c c q u a n v; r u n g s l c - r u n g c p c h o c c q u a n i s; ru n g
d n g lc - ru n g c p c h o c c q u a n khi v d n g lo; ru n g hu lc -
r u n g c p c h o c c q u a n k h i v h u : r u n g th n g lc - ru n g V u a
b a n th n g c h o c c q u a n ; r u n g t h n g h i p - r u n g c p c h o c c q u a n
khi c h t g ia o c h o c o n c h u l m vic ih p h n g , c n g t. B H
c n c n h i m v k h m x t v n h i h u s u c c h n g r u n g
c khai khn;

- V t i c h in h : b H c nhim v x e m x t v n h l ng vic
ch i v th u c a n n li c h n h q c gia. N h n g vic li n q u a n n n n
li c h n h , d i u g n n th m , i u g n n bt c n g l n h n g c h n h
s c h c li c h o c n g k h v n h n d n ih H b d c p h p d i u tr n
r t n g k h o n tu ln x in c h i u c h i c a n h V u a m ihi h n h . H b
c n h i m v x c n h , p h n b v ih u I h u tro n g c n c;

- V i c k h o n g , h c li n v l n g c a c c q u a n q u n : H b
c n h i m v c o i g i k h o th c t v n b n p h i n h T h i m i u ,
( m i u th t tin n h V u a).

36
 Phn ml. L T h n h Tng n h cch tn h n h chnh
dy quvt do n v sng lo

- H b n n c o i v i c p i i l n g b n li n , ili c hoc cp rung

ch o quan qun;

- H b c n h i m v l p S Inc tc h g h i s n a m . n d n d in h
c n c l s sin h c h o n g i;

- // h c n h i m v r ln i d c l i ^ p h m c a c c n u c ln b an g
n cng.

T h u c li H b c c Ih y l 100 ngi.

M ! v i d k lu k : Theo D H i u n h q iu tn c h . n h i m v c ih
c a C n g b c q u y n h n h sau:

- H n g n m C n g b p h i sai q u a n d i x e m x ( d n g , d , c a
c n g , d d . k d c c x. N u ni n o c n s a c h a h a y d p (hm
th C n g b ln h x e m m t h t b a o n h i u ti n , l u t t c n h n g vic
s a c h a , x y ct c n g s' tin c n d n g trn h l n V u a x e m . K hi
c h i u chi b a n x u n g . C n g b a s a n g H b m ln h li n . X o n g
C n g b tr u y n c h o c c n h a m n tu n th e o m lm :

- C n g b c n h i m v q u n c x n g d n g Ih u y n , Irlig c
s n g , c tin:

- C n g b q u n c c c th Ih u y n . C c q u a n tu y n th k h o v
kin h . N h n g th gii c c p p h n ru n g , c tn i n l m sai c h
v l m v i c SUI i c h o n h V ua, T h g i i c li c b il k h o lo

c V ua ban c h o phm h m cu phm hay bt phm .

T h u c li C n g b c ih y c 4 0 ng i.

37
 L T H N H TNC
V VUA ANH M IN H , NH C C H TN v I

2. Cch tn cu to t chc v phn dnh r chc nng,

nhim v ca cc c quan chnh quyn a phng

T h n g 6 n m 1466. Q u a n g T h u n n m ih 7, L T h n h T n g ra
s c ch c h ia to n b vcmg q u c ih n h 13 tha u y n . c n g i l x .
icmg n g vi tin h n g y nay. g m :'" T h a n h H o , N g h A n . T h u n
H o , N a m S ch . T h i n T r n g , Q u c O a i. Bc G ia n g . A n B ang,
T u y n Q u a n g . H n g H o , L n g S n. T h i N g u y n . Q u n g N a m .

B m y i u h n h m i th a lu y n h a y x g m 3 ly: T h a ty.
E) ty v H i n ty.

- Tha l\ tr n g co i v i c h n h c h n h , h tc h , th u k h a ;

- ty q u n lnh q u n i. g i g in a n n in h ;

- H i n ty p h tr c h c n g v i c x n , ih h n h p h p lut.

B m y i u h n h c p T h a tu y n ( c p tin h n g y n a y ) d c
r i g n r i n h i u . N m c h o b m y n h n c d i ih i tr v c a
L T h n h T n g c n g x u n g d n c p di c n g tr n n g n nh.
P h m vi c n g v i c q u n ciia N h n c v n d m b o d c tn h b ao
q u t c a n . K h n g m t n o b b u n g l n g . K h n g n h n g vy. ir c h
n h i m c a c c q u a n c h c a p h n g d u d c x c n h r n h m c h .
K h n g a i c i h d a d m h o c li c h o n h a u m i k h i c sa i SI.
b tr hoc s c xy ra. N khng nh b my nh nc hin nay
l c p b c b a o n h i u t c h c u c c h n r t x u n g d n t n

i V i s k to n th . Bn k lc thc. Quyn XII. K nh La. Nxb.

KHXH. H.1993. tr. 411.

38
 Phn ml. L Thnh Tng - nh cch ln hnh chnh
dv quvcl dun v sng lo

cp tinh, huyn. T chc chn rt cng dng, cng ko di h

b my nh nc cng tr nn cng knh. Ngn sch di th cho
b my tr nn qu tn km nhng cng vic h b tr, chm
chp. Nn quan lu, tham nhng ngv cng tr nn nghm
trng. Khi c sai st, bin c xy ra th khng bit quy trch
nhim cho ai c.

T li n g 4 n m 1469, Q u a n g T h u n n m th 10. n h V u a ra sc
c h q u y d n h s lng, p h m vi d a b n c a c c p h . h u y n , c h u
th u c 12 T h a tu y n v P h T ru n g d ( K h n g th y s liu p h .
h u y n , c h u c a T h a tu y n Q u n g N a m )."

P h H uyn C h u

T h a n h Ho 4 16 4

N gh An 9 27 2

T h u n Ho 2 7 4

H i Dcmg (trc l N a m S ch) 4 18

Stm N a m ( trc l T h i n T r n g ) 11 42

Sn T y (trc l Q u c O a i) 6 24

K in h Bc (trc l Bc G ia n g ) 4 16

A n Bang 1 3 3

D i V if s k \ ton rl. Sd, !r. 437,

39
 L T H N H T N G
V VUA ANH M INH, NH C C H TN v l I

Tuyn Q u a n g I 2 5

Hng H o 3 4 17

L n g S<m 1 7

N in h Sc (trc l T h i N g u y n ) 1 7

P h P h n g T h i n {tr c i p h

T ru n g > 2

Cng: 46 169 42

C c p h . h u y n ; c h u c h ia in h x. N h V ua th a y i c h c
d a n h H u y n q u a n th n h H u y n trng. X q u a n th n h X Irng.
V ic hay d i c h c d a n h k h n g phi l v c. N h V u a m u n n h n
m n h d n tr c h n h i m c a v q u a n n g u trong m t h u y n , m i x.

N g a y t n m 1465. sau 6 n m n g i vua. n h V u a L T h n h

T n g ra l n h c h o c c x v b n d . n n m 1471. s a u 6 n m
tri, b n d to n v n g q u c v b n d ri n g bl c a 13 T h a lu y n
m i d c h o n (hnh. T p b n d n y d c gi l b n d H n g c .
y l l n d u ti n to n b s n g n i. d t d a i. b c i c a nc
Irn th c d a d c ih u g n v Ih h i n ra tr n Ira n g g i y c o n
n g i tr n g v m h n h d u n g ra c n h q u a n , d i n m o , h n h
s n g , t h n i, d n g d't, c n h b i n d h o c h d n h k h o c h d n g
n c, g i n c , l m c h o g ia n g s n g m vc c a d n t c n g y th m
p , th m g i u m n h . C h o d n h n g bn d c v d i th i tr v
c a V u a L T h n h T n g c h l n h n g " c d n h ( " , k h n g c kinh
tu y n , v tu y n , k h n g c t l c h n h x c . k h n g y c c k h i u

40
 Phn mt. L Thnh Tng nh cch ln hnh chnh
dy quyc don v sng to

n h b n c a th i hin i. nhig l m in h c h n g c h o s lin

b v m i th c , v trn h q u n l c a b m y n h n c r t d n g
t h o c a t li n n g i V i t n g thi. l t p b n x a n h t
v scrm nhi c a n c V it N a m c n lu li n n g y nay'".

K c t k h i b a n b D H i u d n li q u a n h \ t n g s' c c q u a n ti
tr o n g c nc c 5 .3 7 0 n g i, tro n g c 2 .7 5 5 n g i tri u n h
tr u n g cmg v 2 .6 1 5 c c x . T t c c c c p , c c t c h c tro n g c
n c u c c h c n n g . n h i m v r rt. c u c s lcmg b i n c h
n h t n h . T t c c c q u a n li tro n g to n th b m y cai Ir d t nc
du c ch c d a n h , c p h m h m v l n g b n g r rng.

n g n n g a v ic l li n tu y n d n g n g i v o b i n c h . nh
V ua d q u y n h Ih n h i u iut n g n c m l m vic d . i u 9 7
lu t H n g c q u y d n h : Q u a n l i d t r a c c s o n h n h . B

d n i l iu \ i 10 q iu i h n d iili l i a \ k h n g n n d i r a m l i l i n

d i r , n u th a m v i n , p h t 6 0 r i n i^ , h i m h a i t v h i c h c ,

li a h a i v i n t r l n h x l i . N ^ i x in v o c h c t th a y

p h i p h t 50 r o r .

n n a y k h n g c c liu bit r n g s b i n n g v s' liu

b i n ch ' n y x y ra n h i h n o , n h n g c h c c h n r n g di Iriu
L T h n h T n g , h i n t n g b m y b p h n h to q u m c c h c k h n g
th x y ra. C c u h th n g t c h c d i tri u L T h n h T n g
m b o c h o n n n g lc t c d n g m l c c h c h n g v m n h m

" Xem Ph lc 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. lr.425 dn ir.440.

41
 L T H N H T N (
V VUA ANH M INH. NH C C H TN v tt

ln h o t d n g c a x h i n (l c c c m t: k in h t. c h n h tr. q u c
p h n g , v n h o , x hi v d i vi m i c n g d n m i ccmg v. c p
bc, n g n h n g h v la tu i tro n g x hi. C h c n n g , n h i m v . c c
m i q u a n h lu th u c , h tr. g i m st l n n h a u g i a c c b v i c c
k h o a , g i a tr u n g ng vi d a ph T ^, g i a q u a n tr n vi q u a n d i,
g i a q u a n tr n g vi q u a n p h c n g trn h t . q u y c h l m vic dc
p h n n h h t sc r n h m c h . T rn d i, tr o n g k in h , n g o i d o . c n g
c p . c n g n g n h k h n g c h i n t n g d m d p ln c h c n n g , n h i m
v c a n h a u , k h n g c h i n i n g b a o s n , l n s n c a n h a u , c h n g
c h o in n h a u , k h n g c h i n t n g c t c h c m c h c n n g , n h i m
v khng r r n g , c n g i m k h n g c c h c d a n h l n h n g i u
th n g th y tr o n g c c c n g s . c q u a n h n h c h n h q u a n liu c a
c c n h n c n g i.

B m y h n h c h n h d i tri u L T h n h T n g q u l b m y
i u h n h c c c u t c h c h o n c h n h h n tt c b m y q u n l
c a c c tr u i tr c. N g n n h n h n g c h i u lc c a o . B m y
e m li Ih n h tr. th i b n h c h o d i n c , a n c l c n g h i p c h o
tr m h , c h o to n d n . N l m d c i u m tr i u vua c h a L
T h i T n g v tri u v u a a n h L N h n T n g k h n g l m d c. l
vic d i t tr d c n n th a m q u a n , li, l p li k c n g n g h i m
m in h tro n g to n v n g q u c . N d t m c h o th tr o n g , g ic n g o i
k h n g c n n u i o v n g c n c b o c i vi i V it.

n g n h n h V u a n i. m i khi " u \ q u y n k h l m i Ih

n c k h la v " , c " p h o n g c c h g i g t o p h p if k i n g t i l i

tr i n g h a p h m h n h " . Vi L T hnh Tng, c m ong m un, c ch

42
 Phn mt. L T h n h T n g - n h cch ln h n h chnh
dv q uyt o n v sng lo

ih i ih ch a . R i c c c h bin m o n g m u n , c h th n h h i n
ih c b n g n h n g t c h c , c c h tc n g c th c a b m y tr v.

M a y -b o n . m i s g ia n g i P h p , s a u k h i n g h i n c u c n g p h u
v L T h n h T n g c li n h n x t rt n g rng: " N l / V u a t ra

l m n h c a i tr k h n k h o v l a c t i n i r n g l c h t- i n c

V i t N a m d h t u il v " .

L c h s V i t N a m t th i k ih o t k h i m d i 1 000 n m n l
B c th u c , k h i g i n h li d c l p . t c h l th i n h N g . n h in h .
T i n L . n h L . n h T r n , H u L tr c L T h n h T n g , tro n g SUI
h n 5 0 0 n m y. l c h c n h n c c th ni l h y c n n gin.
S p h n c n g , p h n n h i m , s p h i h c ^ . r n g b u c g i a tru n g ng
vi d a p h n g , g i a c c l c h c tro n g c n g m t c p , m i n g n h v^
n h a u c h a th n h q u y c h . T c h c c h a ih n h h th n g . S liu ghi
c h p l i m ( c c h c h u n g c h u n g , c n q u s si k h i n c h o b l c ai
k h i n g h i n c u l c h c , h o i n g c a b m y n h n c Irc L
T h n h T n g u c c h u n g n g h v n h n xt r n g t c h c N h nc
V it N a m Ihi k n y c n g ia i o n p h i thai th e o c c h : C v i c

th l m , k h n g c n n h ir u c " . N h n q u a n c h i n lc c a n h n g
ngi tr v n c c h a th y c s p h c th o , d n h h n h c th . r
nt. C h a c l trn h th c h i n m l c c h k i n ir v d y q u y t t m
n h d i th i k Ir v c a L T h n h T n g , n g o i t r v ic dcn d t
H o a L ra T h n g L o n g c a n h V u a L T h i T v o n m 1010. N h
V ua L T h n h T n g c h n h l n g i d c c n g c h n c h in h , t c h c
(i b m y c h n h q u y n m t c c h g n n h . c h i u lc c a o . n h
h n g , h i u q u q u n l c a N h n c d i ih i tr v c a V u a L

43
 L T H N H T N ;
V VUA ANH M IN H , NH C C H TN v )I

T h n h T n g c s c lan to r n g , c d th m su v o m i n g c n g ch
c a i s n g x hi m c c n h l m c n g l c c h c n g y n a v c
th rt ra c n h i u d i u b ch c h o v i c h o n ih i n b m y nh
nc d n g i.

II. C CH TN V C H TUYN CHN, s DNG

QUAN, LI

T r c lc c tn ln n g i vua. L T h n h T n g c n g m l b
N g T h N g c G ia o d 18 n m Iri s n g n d t n i Ihn d e trnh
s s n u i , tru y s l c a p h e c n h H o n g Ih i h u N g u y n T h
A n h - m c a v u a L N h n T n g , v a n h trai c a T h i h u l
N g u y n P h L . T ro n g n h n g c h u i n g y d i s n g m ai d a n h n tch,
L T h n h T n g l n h n c h n g bt c v n h n g h n h vi bo
n g c, c y q u y n . c y I h c a b n c n g h o ln g x, b n th a m
q u a n li n h m v v t n y c a c i c a lcmg d n . C li n g coi
m n g n g i n h c rc. B n c n g h o . b n th a m q u a n li k h n g
d c h o d n l n h s n g y c n n l y m t ngy.

Sch N h o c k c c h u y n r n g k h i c K h n g T h i ti sao
n g b l n g ln n i . n g k h n g s c p sa o ? N g i n n g d n tr
li: C p tu y d n h n g k h n g d n g s. S n g vi b n th a m q u a n , l
d n g s h n bi p h n . L T h n h T n g k h c su m i iro n g t m Ir
c u c h u y n ny.

T h n g 12 n m 1463. c h i s a u 3 n m n g i vua, ro n g n g
h n h th n h m l n g li r rn g , n h n g bc i c th n h m thc

44
 P h n mt. L T h n h T n g n h cch ln h n h chnh
dy qul don v sng tu

h i n n g u v n t c c b n l m n n l n g c h o v ic la c h n h i n ti
x y J n g b m v tr v l: "T rm q u a n l n \i m g c c iia tr . lo n .

N iir n > d c , c l i n h m c / i c i l i n t c I r . c h y n . N g i Vf3 d c ,

h ii i iii ^ tH c i h i n c l o n , c h iu k l u '. T ro n g m bui c h u . L
T h n h T n g n i v i L i b T h n g th N g u v n N h . H n h b
'P h ng t h T r n P h o n g . B in h b T h n g ih N g u y n V T n h T ch . H
b T h n g t h N g u y c n C P h p , C n g b T h n g t h N g u y n in h
M rng: T a i i l i e T M Q i i i i i i i i c n i : N i i y i C iin l l c i ^ 'c

( l i i i 'h l n I r . h i n i i , k l i u I ili ii l l l i m h c c l 'il d n i o l o n . T a

r<i c c t r i ( h f h v t r i ( i d n n ^ i ( ii ii l . h k t i u n h i i .

tiydm chm chm khiHi Itri. cc Iiii ch c un iiy".

S u 38 n m tr v. tr o n g m i c n g v ic, m i ir n g hp, L
T h n h T n g lu n l m n i m ly v ic tu y n d n g n g i c c. c ti
d g ia o c n g v ic ir n c a n d n l m d u h tr n g n h i tro n g m i
ic u h ir n g . K h i n g h i n c u c u c d i v s n g h i p c a n g . ngi
ta c h lv ra v v n th i d d c h n g m in h c h o n h n n h ny.

C h a ru y n c o n n i l q u a n d ic m c h n h th n g , k h n g th thay
d i c a th c h p h o n g k i n iro n g d u y tr q u y n lc. C u ni: "C on

vu a ih i v n l m Y IIU , c o n s i i i c h u v n q u t l d u " c coi l

lui tri n h h o c n h m n h k h ih a y i d i c h p h o n g kin.
Ni m l c c h k h c , c h p h o n g k i n r c o i tr n g x u t x c a
(hinh p h n x u t th n . x u t x c a d n g m u tro n g m i c o n ngi.
N g i c t i tr o n g d n c h n g n u x u t th n t (hn p h n n g h o kh,
ih k h l n g c h e n c h n v o c h n q u a n Irng. N h n g L T h n h
T n g d c c c h n h n k h c , c c h l m khc.

45
 L THNH TNG
V VUA ANH M IN H , NH C C H TN v l I

L T h n h T n g c h o Ihi h n h c h "T n quan". T n q u a n

l q u a n c c h c . h m . c hng b n g l c n g a n g vi q u a n c n g
ch c, h m n h n g k h n g tr n h m (c k h n g c q u y n d i u h n h
c n g vic cai tr d n . C h c , h m c a T n q u a n l h ch c, h hm .
H c d a n h n h n g k h n g c q u y n . N i m t c c h d n d , d l q u a n
n h n t n h o c n h n r i. q u a n k h n g p h i k h n h c v c n g vic tri u
c h n h p h c tp. T n q u a n c p h o n g c h o c o n c h u n h n g n g i
tro n g h o n g t c . c o n c h u n h n g v k h a i q u c c n g th n , c h o n h n g
ngi n h t Ihi l p d c c n g t. n h n g n g i c n g h a c c bit.

V m t c h n h tr, x h i. c h d t n q u a n th h i n d o l '" u i

nc n h n g ti n " d i v i n h n g ngcri c c n g vi d t nc. M (

k h c c n g c c h d p y n s b t m n . l n g p h n trc c a n h n g
k h a y v n g c k c n g v c m t h y b b r i. n h n g k m x h i
n o c n g c . th i n o c n g c.

c h n d c n g i ti g i p n c tr d n , L T h n h T n g
k h n g q u c u n vo d n g m u x u t x. n g d t ra b a l tm
k i m v l a c h n n h n ti: thi tu y n , b o c . t p m .

1. Thi tuyn d thi tr v ca L Thnh Tng

T h e o tru y n t n g v s li u g h i li. m t s' v v q u a n th u c

h n g khai q u c c n g th n d i th i L L i. L T h i T n g n h L
L n g , L St, L S n g. L i n . L L u y n , L ... l n h n g ngi
d n g c m , c h bit d n g v. T h i c h i n , q u a n v d c tr n g d n g
h n q u a n v n . S a n g th i b n h , q u a n v n d c c a o h n q u a n v.

46
 P h n mt. L T h n h T n g - tih cch ln h n h chnh
y q uyt d o n v sng lo

l m t tr o n g n h n g n g u v n n h n g y h i m k h c h , k v m u
h i l n n h a u g i a q u a n v vi q u a n v n x v ra d i ihi tr v c a
V u a L T h i T n g v L N h n T n g . M t tro n g n h tig l d o k h in
c h o i c n g th n N g u y n T ri b vu o a n . b h m h i c n g v n h n g
m u m t r a n h g i n h .

N g a y t k h i c t n n n g i vua, L T h n h T n g q u y t lm
loi b tn h Ir n g q u a n li d n t, th a m lam . k r a khi b m y
tr v c iia n g b n g n h i u c h ircmg, b i n p h p m a n g ln h c bn.

C c c h tr n g , b i n p h p m L T h n h T n g p d n g trong
s u t ih i g ia n tr v c a n g l c h n q u a n li c h y u th n g q u a "T hi

n iy n " . S li u c h o th y n h V u a L T h n h T n g t khi d n g c c h
liiy i c h n " . T h i u y n l c c h c h n n g i h e o n h n g liu c h thi
c . C n tu y n c h n l c c h c h n n g i Ih e o m u n , s th c h . D o
vy. c c h c h n n g i th e o tu v n c h n th n g p h m sai lm . D n g
n h m n g i l m t ta ho.

D u i th i tr v c a L T h n h T n g , n h n g n g i c b lm
q u a n l i. d l ngi th a h n h c p t h p n h t, phi l n h n g ngi
t r o n g c c k th i. T h e o D H i u d n h q u a n c h , l l th y n h n g
n g i d c tu y n b l m q u a n , li p h i l n h n g n g i ihi (rong
c c k Ihi h n g , thi h i v th i n h . N h n g ngi k h n g b n g
g, g i n m i n h n g n g i c h n trn g , c h n h o g i l c /i h n

k h i ra (rn i p d c c n g t o c h c th c b l m q u a n v.

T t c m i n g i tro n g n c , k h n g k n g u n g c x u thn,
d u c p h p d thi.

47
 L T H N H T N G
V V U A A N H M I N H , N H C C H T N v I

D c h n g h a l:

G ia d in h g q u y q u n n g d

T t p n th c trc s n c h y n h y lu n g tu n g

C m t tr n g b a m i. m t m i c 5 g con

T t c m d c 171 u v thn

T r n g , m i. g c o n c b a o n h i u

X in tn h to n r r n g ch o .

2. C tr m b c c h o tru

T r u d n g n n m

T r u n m n ba

T r u g i ba c o n n m t

H i c b a o n h i u tr u m i toi ?

D i th i L T h n h T n g , th e o s c h ''C n g d r i p k " ca V
P h n g . c c c a o a n m n , i h n g , n g h c c a T h n g
L o n g d c x y t th i L b m c d . V H u o c h i u c a o . c h i u
d i. c h i u r n g c a c a r i ln h s g c h p h i c . V u a sai C n g b
th e o d m d tr. K t q u k h n g th a , k h n g th i u m t v i n m
th n h x y k h n g sai m t t c . V ua k h e n V H u l th n to n .

T ro n g B n lo n c l n a m " m t th tc h c b n g c h H n c
ghi : " R u n g t c a ta x a r t a d n g v p h c t p : h n h v u n g ,

h n h tr n , la m g i c , l g i c , n g g i c , l c c , n g n d i. r n g h p .

50
 P h n mt. L T h n h Tng - n h cch t n h n h chnh
dv quy do n v sng to

h n h c u n g l n , u i c , s (t^ tr ii v.v... P l p c i v i c c lo i u

c cch do c".

T on h c V i N a m c lch s h n h th n h , p h t tri n r t d n g t
ho, T on h c d c ng d n g r n g ri tro n g c u c s n g . R l ti c cc
th tc h c v t o n h c b th t Iru y n . T r o n g n h n g n m g n d y ,
k h n g t h c s i n h V i t N a m , t r o n g d i u k i n h c t p c bit
kh khn nh chin tranh v thiu thn nh thiu sch, thiu
(rng, thiu thy, ginh c nhiu gi thng cao trong
c c k t h i t o n q u c t . P h i c h n g d l s t h a h n g t h n h
( u v n h o t o n h c c a c h a n g d i t r u y n l c h o c c l p c h u
con th h n g y n ay ?

M i k th i u c b n tr n g (k):

K \' n h ii: T h .sinh lm 5 bi thi k n h n g h a d k h o s t tr thc

k im , c , n g , t y v q u a n i m , n h n thc, n h g i. n h n xt c a
ih s n h v n h n tn h , t h thi;

K h a i: T h sin h hi v p h p lu t; th i v it c c C h i u , C h i, m n h
lnh c a n h V u a; c c G i , C o (n g y n a y g i l vn b n p h p q u y ),
c c B iu, S ( n g y n a y gi l b o c o , t n g trn h ), ln q u a n trn
h o c n h V ua:

K htr. T h s in h thi l m th. ph;

K h 'i i : T h s in h Ihi v it vn s c h ( n g y n a y g i l lu n v n )
k h o sl tr th c v m u h o c h ng p h vi th i cu c.

N g i ih i tnrcmg m i m i c thi li p vo tr n g h ai.

5!
 I. T H N H T N G
Vi VUA ANH M I N H . N H C C H T N v ! I

tr n g hai m i d c d thi ir n g b a . tr n g b a m i cx; d Ihi

irng b n ... N g i r n g hai g i l n g i d N h n g . N g i
tr n g ba gi l n g i T am triig.

N g i c b n k thi h n g m i d c d th i k thi hi.

T h i hi c n g g m b n k n h thi h n g n h n g \ i ni d u n g
c a o hn.

N gi d c 4 k (hi h i m i c v o d k Ihi n h . thi

n h th n g d o V u a ra bi Ihi. c th n h th n g hi v o Jr
n c . S ing l y d d o n h V u a q u y d n h . T h n g l r l l.

N m H n g c ih 3 ( 1 4 7 3 ) V u a L T h n h T n g h c h i d n h
r d a n h v p h m h m c h o n h n g n g i thi n h , th e o . n h n g
n g i thi d in h c c h ia l m b a h n g , g i l b a gip:

- H ng nh g m ba d a n h , d c g i l T am k hi:

i V i t s k lo n th . Bn k thc lc. Quyn XII. K nh L. Nxb. KHXH.

H .I9 9 3 . 1 1 .3 9 6 .

52
 P h n mt. L T h n h T n ^ - n h cch ln h n h chnh
d v quvl dun v sng to

+ nht danh: T r n g n g u y n , c p h o n g hm C h n h lc phm .

+ n h d a n h : B n g n h n , c p h o n g h m T n g l c p h m .

+ la m d a n h : TTim h o a . c p h o n g h m C h n h th t p h m .

- l n ^ nh g i c h u n g l H o n g G i p , c p h o n g h m T h t p h m .

- H n \ h a g i c h u n g l T i n s, c p h o n g h m Bt p h m .

A i thi k thi n o th c Li b x e m xi. tu y n b [m q u a n ,

li t n g x n g vi c h c d a n h c q u y d n h Irong D ii H i u n h

(/n a n c h . N h n g n g i tr o n g c c k thi to n ih n g c b lm
L i s. c n g i l Li d i n . l n h n g c h c th u c li n h a m n . N g y
nay, h c g i l n h n g n g i l m v ic tro n g c c vn p h n g . Li
s c n h i m v s o n t h o g i v l. c n g vn.

N h n g n g i d c c k (ir n g ) n h l. n h . lam tr n g tro n g cc

k ih i h i th n g c b l m N h o c h h u y s tc l ngi c h h u y
c n h o hc tro n g c c V , T y - c c dcm v v irang.

N h n g ngi Ihi n h , b a n d u c b v o c c c h c q u a n
o n g H n lin vin - c q u a n c h u y n s o n h o c c vn bn, m n h
l n h c a n h V ua. N h n g n g i T i n s c b l m q u a n t
C h n h bt p h m 'n C h n h lc p h n i. Di h i ir v c a L T h n h
T n g k h n g c trcmg h p c n g i d c b l m q u a n , li m k h n g
c Irn h h c vn t n g x n g .

B ng c p l g i y th n g h n h bc v o c o n n g h o a n l.
D ic u g c d a n h , c li ih k h n g r n h k h i hin t n g c ngi
m u d a n h , m u li b n g n h n g th d o n g ia n d i. i vy g ia n ln

53
 L THNH TNG
V VUA A N H M I N H , N H C C H T N v I

tro n g (hi c th th i n o c n g c . c h n o c n g xy ra.

V u a L T h n h T n g q u y d n h th l v k lut thi c r t n g h i m ,
n g t ra d i u lu t n g h i m tr n h n g k g ia n d i tr o n g Ihi c . i u
9 8 B lut H n g c ( B L H ) q u y n h : "C c quan ch ly c h m ih i

c n g n g i d ih i c tlt n ih u c c n p h i h i t ( c n g h a i tr n h
di m k h n g t n g u y n t c h i h i p h 5 0 r o i. b i m m t (q u a n
g i m th i k h n g c c o i th i ti n i c c o n , e m , c h u ... d thi; q u a n
c h m thi k h n g d c c h m bi thi c a n h n g n g i Ihn th u c ...).

i u 9 9 B L H q u y d n h : V h i H i m m i n g i l m h

b i h i c m g n g i l m h u p h i b i m b a t . N g i g i u s c h v

em v o r n g th p h i p h t 8 0 tr n g " .

N h V u a ra n h x p h t n n g n h n g n g i g ia n d i tr o n g thi
c. N m 1484, n h V u a ra ln h : " T n a y t r d i , c c x k h o t h i C

p h i l n g i b i t c h , v n h a y. n k h i p h c h c h m c n c k

b q u y n tr n g h a y b t ih n h vn l th c h o c c q u a n tr n g th i

n i m p h o n g , d n h c l n ir n . N u l m t n b n , n m n g i tr

l n th i q u a n T h a . H i n ( c q u a n c p ln li) p h i b x h i m h a y bi

c h c (!), b n th n n g i y b x l i d l m q u n d in h ." " ' (lc lm

lih p h c d c h n n g n h c tro n g q u n i).

N h V u a k h n g c h o r n g d b a n h n h d i u lul c m g ia n di
tro n g thi c l d . n g c n ban h n h m n h l n h c th th i h n h
i u lut c . n g b u c q u a n d u tn h p h i c h u tr c h n h i m tro n g

i V i i s k lo n Ih . Quyn III. Nxb, KHXH. H.1993. r.290.

54
 P hn mt. L T h n h Tnu n h cch tn h n h chnh
d y quy o n v sng to

v i c d x y ra g ia n d i. i u ny, m t ln na. c h n g t L T h n h
T n g d coi ir n g v i c th i t lp k lut n g h i m ir o n g th i c l q u a n
ir n g d n m c no.

N m 1812, lc v o u t h k X IX . H o n g n i ti n g tr v
n c P h p N a - p - l - n g B -n a -p c -t ( 1 8 /1 0 /1 7 9 9 - 0 5 /7 /1 8 1 5 ) ra
o lu t tro n g q u y n h k lul thi c r t n g h i m . N a-p * l- n g
c h o r n g k lu t (hi c p h i n g h i m n h k lut q u n i. C n h
v y m i tu y n d n g c n h n g n g i c t i th c s. T h gii
d n g d i c a l n g N a -p -l - n g l n g i s m n h n th c ra d c cc
m i h i c h o i n c d o t g ia n ln tro n g Ihi c . t r o n g c p p h i vn
b n g , c h n g c h i h c v n . Q u a n g h i n c u di s n c a L T h n h T n g ,
n g i V i t c h n g la c q u y n t h o r n g trc N a - p - l - n g h n
b a ( h k . V i t N a m d c n h V u a c q u a n i m d . n g d th c
th i n v o c u c s n g b n g n h n g i u lu i c (h lu y n c h n
n h n g ngi ih c s c ti c h o d t n c. T h h i q u c g ia l m sao
ti n l n d c k h i c n h n g n g i tm c c h lt v o h n g n g q u a n
c h c m k h n g trn h d h c v n . tr n h c h u y n m n (ng ng,
k h i c n h n g v i n c h c n g o i ln b n g c c Ih o n g ia n l n vn
b n g , b n g ti n b c h i l ..? C h n g n o c n g ia n l n tro n g th i c,
c n t n n b ti n ra m u a b n g , m u a d m . m u a hc h m , h c v th
c h n g k h n g Ih n i n vic tm k i m d c n h n g n g i c
th c t i. T th a m n h n g l m s a o tr b , n g n c h n d c k h i n h n g
n g i n h v y c g ia o c h c , g ia o q u y n ? '"

Q qua mi t kim a 1 ^ Iru \'n bng. B Gio c v o to d pht hin

55
 L T H N H TN
V VUA A N H M I N H , N H C C H T N v I

M i q u y tc d o d c , m i i u lut u b b n h v h i u ho
d l y li s li n b r a th u n g i thi h . m u a m n h b n g m
h c tro n g tay.

L T h n h T n g k i n r h c h i n q u a n i m "T rm iu /Ii l

n g u n ^ 'c c a I r , l o n " b n g c c h ra sc c h n h n g v ic hc v t
c h c u n c c k h o a ih i tro n g su t th i k tr v c a ng.

T h e o L Q u n , k h o n g n i n h i u H n g c (1 4 7 0 1497)
tr o n g 2 8 n m Iri. n h V u a ra l n h p h t c h o c c ph ( c p h u y n
n g y n a y ) c c s c h c n g : T h, N g k in h . N g c n g vn p h m .
V n h i n th n g k h o . V n tu y n . C n g m c . C c h c q u a n ly
l m li liu g i n g dy. t c h c thi c c tu y n c h n n h n ti. '

T ro n g SUI 38 nm ir v ( 10 n m n i n hiu Q u a n g T h u n ; 1460-

1 470 v 2 8 n m n i n h i u H n g c: 1 4 7 1 -1 4 9 8 ), n h V u a u n
c b a n m m t ln ( c h c k h o a th:

- K h o a Q u M i. Q u a n g T h u n n m Ih 4 (1 4 6 3 ). S ch ton
th g h i c 4 4 0 0 n g i d thi. V n M i u g h i c 1400 ngi thi.
L y 4 4 T i n s.

6870 lt ngi s dng bng cp bt hc^ php,

( T i p t h e o c iiii t h c h l r . 5 5 )
trong d c 2057 cn b. cng chc sdng vn bng gi. 5368 sinh vn. hc
vin dng vn bng b't hp php. Nhiu nht l s cn b d hc li chc. Cc
c quan c ihm quyn d x l buc thi vic 296 cng chc, x l khc irn
400 cn b. C 1379 sinh \ in. hc sinh b buc thi hc (Tin ca Bo An
ninh th'gii s 542. ngy 08/4/2006. r.4).
Sch Hong L TTinh Tng. Mai Xun Hi. tr.325.

56
 Phn mt. L T h n h Tng - n h cch ln h n h chnh
d v quyt don v sng lo

K h o a B n h T u t, u a n g T h u n n m th 7 ( 1 4 6 6 ) . 1100 ngi
d Ilii. L y 2 2 T i n s.

- K h o a K Su. Q u a n g T h u n th 10 ( 1 4 6 9 ) ly 22 T i n s.

- K h o a N h m T u t. H n g c ih 3 ( 1 4 7 2 ) lv d 2 7 T i n s.

- K h o a l M i, H n g c l h 6 (1 4 7 5 ). Bia V n M i u ghi c
3 2 0 0 n g i d thi. i v 4 3 T i n s.

- K h o a M u T u i. H n g c t h 9 (1 4 7 8 ). L y 6 2 T i n s.

K h o a T n Su. H n g c ih 12 (1 4 8 1 ). Bia V n M i u ghi c

hcm 2 0 0 0 n g u i d Ihi. L y 4 0 T i n s.

- Khoa G i p T h n , H n g c h 15 (1 4 8 4 ). L y 4 4 T i n s.

Khoa in h M i. H n g c h 18 (1 4 8 7 ). L y 6 0 T i n s.

- Khoa C a n h T u t, H n g c ih 21 (1 4 9 0 ), L v 5 4 T i n s.

- K h o a Q u Su. H n g c th 2 4 (1 4 9 3 ). L y 4 8 T i n s.

- K h o a B n h T h n . H n g D c th 2 7 (1 4 9 6 ). L y 3 0 T i n s.

T n g c n g 501 T in s. T ro n g s c 9 T r n g N g u y n : 1)
L n g T h V in h ( K h o a 1); 2 ) V K it ( K h o a 4 ); 3 ) V T u n C h i u
( K h o a 5 ); 4 ) P h m n L ( K h o a 7 ); 5 ) N g u y n Q u a n g Bl (K h o a
8); 6 ) T r n S n g D in h (K h o a 9 ); 7) V D u (K h o a 10); 8 ) V D ng
(K h o a 11) v 9 ) N g h i m V i n ( K h o a 12).

C o n s 301 T ic n s c a 12 k h o a ihi d i ihi tr v c a L T h n h

T n g l m t k c n g h i m c v m t o l o n h n t i c h o d t nc

57
 L THNH TNG
V VUA A N H M I N H , N H C C H T N v l I

m k h n g m t v v u a V i t N a m n o trc v s a u c th s n h
n i. V i s liu sau d y n i l n d i u ny:

N m 1075. L T h n h T n g c h o m k h o a th i d u tn . L V n
T h n h l ngi ii T i n s u tin V i t N a m . T r u L t n i
2 1 5 n m (1 0 1 0 - 1225). T ro n g 2 1 5 n m t n li, N h L m' c c
Ih y 6 k h o a thi v o c c n m : 1075. 1086, 1152, 1165, 1185 v 1193.
K h n g c ti liu g h i c c n g i th i c n g s' n g i d thi c a 6
k h o a Ihi. N a y c h i b it dc 6 ngi l L V n T h n h . M c H i n T ch .
T h D in. Bi Q u c K h i. n g N g h i m v L D n g Q u a n g .

T ro n g 175 n m n li (1 2 2 5 - 1 4 0 0 ), N h T r n d o l o c
k h o n g n m , b y tr m tr th c vi c c d a n h h i u : T r n g n g u y n ,
B n g n h n , T h m h o a . H o n g g i p . C n h n v T h i h c s in h - T i n
s. L c b a n u . n h T r n d in h l 7 n m m i l n m k h o a th i. N h n g
v sau , '10 n m m i m c m t k h o a th i. 'n n a y c n g k h n g c
li liu c h n h x c n h T r n m c b a o n h i u k h o a ih i. l n g s
n g i d thi l b a o n h i u . b a o n h i u n g i th i d .

T h i k n h H c n h n g c c h l n n i bt n h n g c h i t n ti
c 7 n m (1 4 0 0 - 1407). N h H r l c h tr n g c h n m v k h o a
c. N g a y &au k h i l n n g i, H Q u Ly c h o m k h o a thi v l y 2 0
n g i. H H n T h n g , c o n tra i k n g h i p H Q u L y d n h l 3 n m
m k h o a thi m t l n n h n g k h n g l m d c . N h n g n g i thi d
d i th i ir v c a H Q u L y v v s a u tr n n n i ti n g c;
N g u y n T ri, L T T n , V M n g N g u y n .

Ba triu di: L , T r n , H tr o n g 3 9 8 n m o l o d c k h o n g

58
 Phn mi. L T h n h Tng n h cch tn h n h chnh
y quyl don v sng to

1 000 T in s. N h n g n g i n i li n g g m c: L V n T h n h , M c
H i n T c h . L V n H u , M c n h C h i. N g u y n T ru n g N g n , T rn
n h T h m . C h u V n A n , P h m S M n h , L Q u i. H T n g T h c .
N g u y n Phi K h a n h . N g u y n T ri, L T T n , V M n g N g u y n .

T rong 3 8 n m tr v. L T h n h T n g o t o c h o t n c 501
v T i n s, b n g m l n a s h i n li c a b a iri u di L , T r n . H o
t o tro n g 3 9 8 n m c n g li. C n g vi v ic u n 3 n m l c h c
m t k thi n h , n h V u a c n n h k l c h c k h o Ihi c h o c c q u a n
n g triu. C c q u a n n g c h c ( t p h m tr ln d u phi d thi
t h e o n h n g thi v " o tr n i c " d o V u a hn h n h s o n ra.
N g i th d b c n h t c b l m H c s. bc b a c b l m
H iu th, N m 1467. n h V u a l c h c N g K in h b c s. m i ngi
p h trch m t k in h d d y h c . K h o a Q u M i, k h o a Ihi u tin
d i ih i tr v c a L T h n h T n g ( 1 4 6 3 ) , n h V ua b a n c h o ba v
d u l c c th u bi th:

" T r n g n g u y n L n g T h V in i

B n g n h n N g ii\ n c T r in h

T hm h o a Q u c h n h B o

T h i n h l y l g d a n h " .

Bi th m p h n chn lng ngi tro n g ton vng q u c . N

n h d u s m u c h o m i thi k c h m lo d o to, tm k i m n h n
ti c a v vua a n h m in h . l c h im n b o h i u m a x u n c c thnh
c h o i V ii bt d u . H n ai ht. L T h n h T n g hiu r v d c

59
 L T H N H T N G
V VUA ANH M I N H , N K C C H T N V l I

n h n g b i n p h p ll nht (hc h i n li ghi tro n g bia. c d n g vo

n m 1442 d o T h n N h n T ru n g s o n , rng: H i n l i n iiu y n k h i

c a n c Itl . N ^ i i v n k h i t h n h li fl I i c m n h v c ii l n c a o .

N g t i \ n k h i s u \ l t h n c h n v i v c n g x u n g ili p ..." .

N h tig v T i n s c n h V u a r q u ir n g . V u a ih n n g
ra c h n h i n . C c q u a n m c triu p h c c h c m n g . V u a b a n o , m ,
b an y n , c h o x n g d a n h , c h o n g a ti rc c c v t n k h o a v in h q u y
v q u nh.

N m H n g c th 15 (1 4 8 4 ). n h V u a ra l n h c h o d n g b ia d
l n c c T i n s t n h T h i h c k h u y n k h c h , b i u dcm g vic
h c . T i V n M i u h i n c n 82 b ia T i n s. s bia n y tr
th n h ti s n v g i c a V ii N a m . N g i c c n g d u c h n h l v
V u a a n h m in h L T h n h T n g .

N h V u a c lc c n ci tra n g n n g G i m x c m xt vic
h c h n h c a c c c n g s. T ru y n k r n g , m t h m n h V u a ihy
m c n g s tr c 5 0 lu n g i d c s c h li k h u y a m c h i h p b t c h o
s u n g , n m u i c n g k h n g c . H m s a u n h V u a sai n g i n
biu l m u i. Khi m ra n th th y c m t n h b c n m b c n tro n g .
C n g s r c m n g . C u c h u y n n h a n h c h n g lan ru y n k h p
vng quc.

B ng n h n g vic l m c ih . L T h n h T n g d y ln m t
p h o n g tr o h i u h c si n i v r n g k h p tro n g to n v n g q u c
tuyn chn hin li. n g rt qu v giao irng trch cho n h n g

n g i c li k h i n c h o m i q u a n c h c ln n h tro n g b m y ir v

60
 P hn mt. L T h n h Tn}> - n h cch ln h n h chnh
dv quvt d<i!n v sng lo

J c u d c l n g r n c . r n ti d c p h n g s v n g q u c , c h m lo c h o
h n h p h c c a m u n d n . L tm g T h' V in h , m i h c Ir n g h o n h
q u y c t c h tu h n ncn T r n g n g u y n . K hi n h m c h c . O n g l vin
q u a n a li v m n c n . Khi Lcmg T h V in h m i. n h V u a r
th n g tic v c th i n g n h :

" K l i i i / l i r a y t h a n t n c i t h

M\' i lni Trm nic Ncim la?"

Cu ni nui ting ca ngi xa rng ^'Hin li l nguvn kh
ca nc nh" nav c nhng ngi thng nhc li v coi l
chn l. Nhn th hi c my ai d lm c nh vua Lc Thnh
Tn! bin cu ni thnh hnh dng thc t hng ngy?

2. L bo c di thi tr vi ca L Thnh Tng

V i c th i c th i tr c, n g o i tr d i th i tr v c a L T h n h
T n g , c ti n h n h k h n g n h k. Ba. b n . n m . by nni, Ihm
c h i c trcm g h p 10 n m h o c lu h n m i c k h o a Ihi. l c h a
k n h im g tr n g h p Iriu suy. vua h n , (i k m . c n g vic Iriu
c h in h b tr c h o c c lc d i n u c b n n n g o i xTi (h vic hc
h n h . Ihi c b b b tro n g th i g ia n di. H o c c n g c ngi c li.
c c n h n g v n h n g l d o c th n o . n h b m a u . b d a n g
d tr o n g c n g c h u y n ri n g t, h o c Iro n g th i k v c h u la n g c h a . m .
n g . b . m t h e o q u y d n h c a lut l c a c h c d p h o n g k i n Ih
n h n g n g i n y k h n g c d thi, n n h k h n g Ih d ihi.

D khng b SI n h n g ngci c ti. c c ra gnh vc vic

6i
 L T H N H TN(
V VUA A N H M INH, N H C C H T N v I

n c , n h V u a L T h n h T n g d l ra ! b o c. T h e o l b o c,
n g i d n g ra b o c phi l y t c v. p h m h m c a m n h ra bo
d in vi n h V u a r n g n g i d c b o c x n g t i. x n g d c vi
ch c v g ia o c h o h. i u 174 B L H q u y n h : m

n h i m v b o c m k h n g c d c n g U r i ^ i i h b b i m hoc b

p h i th e o lu n n g n h . N u v tn h r i n \ h o c l \' l n th x l i

n n ^ th m h a i b c " . V ic b o c c h d c tin h n h vi n h n g c h c
v d a n g b k h u y t. N gi b o c p h l p h s v n g i c b o
c Irnh l n Li b x e m xt v ir in h V u a d u y l.

V c c H u y n trng, n m H n g c ih 8 (1 4 7 7 ). V ua L
T h n h T n g c h o p h p c c q u a n tro n g iriu, m i ngi c c m t
ngi c tn h cng tr c , hay chng l i g ia n t , ln l m q u a n
H u y n . T ro n g trcng h p ny, ta Ihy n h V u a ly ln h ir c

h a y c t n ^ g ia n " l m m t tiu c h c th la c h n n h n g ngi

x n g d n g l m H u y n tm n g . B ng c c h n h vy. n g d loi b
n g a y l u nhng c o n su m t tro n g b m y c h n h q u y n c h u y n d c
k h o t dn lnh. V u a L T h n h T n g c bit lu d n vic c h n g nn
ccmg h o n n g th n . H u y n q u a n l loi q u a n ch c c p trn trc
ti'p ciia x q u a n . H t h n g q u a n phi vi h n h n h i u n h i iro n g dn
v g n d n n h t. N u n h n g q u a n c h c n y l n h n g vin q u a n trong
s c h th h s s m ph t h i n v tr n g tr k p th i b n c n g h o thn
x. N gi d n d o vy s c c u c s n g yn n . h n h p h c . N g c li.
h l n h n g nn n h n trc tin c a t th a m n h n g c a b n q u a n , l
su m l c p x. p h n g v c p h u y n . V s n y l s' d n g n h i trong
s' q u a n li. l s' c q u a n h ti p xc Irc ti p vi d n .

62
 Phn mt. L Thnh Tng - nh cch tn hnh chinh
dy quvcl don v sng lo

i vi loi q u a n c h c c p c a o h n - c p tin h , V u a L T h n h
T n g c n g c c c h la c h n vi n h n g tiu c h c k h c i. N m
H n g c Ih 13 ( 1 4 8 2 ) , n h V u a ra s c c h rng; "T h a /V c c x,

chtk VI rt rng. Khi chn b nn c nhiu ngi hi lng."'

T n a v q iia n T h a /V c c x c k h iiv i, b L i t u l n r i d a x u h

Ir i it i h n , l c l c c q u a n c h in h ( l n g , t h e o n l it l h o c h a i fy

r H i n . N u x i r a a i n ig d c c h c t h g i a o s a n c h o L i

h ih i h n h " .

Q u a n T h a ty l q u a n d n g u T h a tu y n , tc x, tcmg
n g vi c p tin h n g y nay. l c h c q u a n g n g i vi c p trung
ng, g n V u a . n g ra V u a l c h n . N h n g V u a L T h n h T n g
li t ra ti u c h l q u a n T hu ty "nn c n h i u ngi hi lng"
(!) m n g y n a y ta n i l c n h i u n g i ln n h i m . N h V u a coi
vic c l n g d n l m i tiu c h q u a n tr n g tro n g vic b n h i m ,
g ia o ch c. y q u l m t q u a n d m k h m n h b o tro n g c c h (n
n n h n h c h n h c a m t v v u a . c a m t n g i th i i m thc
h phong k i n l th c h c h d o c a x h i. C h n g l a , n h n g
c o n n g i s n g , l m v i c t r o n g t h i i m h c t h u y t d n c h
x hi c h n g h a d c cao , k h n g th k h n g k h m p h c q u a n
i m c iia L c T h n h T o n g t r o n g v i c c h n q u a n l j. N g o i vic
xcm xt t i, c, n g i hi c n p h i x e m ngi d c c
l n g d n h a v k h n g .

i \ 'ii s/r k ton ih. Bn k Ihc lc. Quvn XIII. K nh L. Nxb.

KHXH. -1993. ir.486.

63
 L T H N H T N G
V VUA A N H M I N H . N H C C H T N v AI

N m H n g c th 15 ( 1 4 8 4 ) . n h V u a ra s c c h i c h o c c n h a
m n tro n g n g o i n u c c h c n o k h u v t h i c Ih tm n g i ti c n .
h c hc, {hanh lim , l m v i c g i i, n g h b v o c h c k h u y .
C c q u a n n g u c c n h a m n c c h c k h u y t c n g i m n h
th y x n g n g vi c h c v L i b . C c q u a n L i k h o a \ N g
s i u ghi c h p b n n g h . n c u s a u ny n g i c c
t ra k h n g x n g n g th n g i d c c s b tr t i . '

N m H n g c th 18 ( 1 4 8 7 ) . n h V u a b a n c h i u chi: " C n h

q tiu ti T iii h in h l tr n i tr c h m t p h i. k li n i n n Ii n h i m

n tin y i k h n i x t //iv- C c q u a n K h o a . i ( c h i q u a n l m v i c

c c k io a v c c q u a n N ^ s ) p h i c h n tr< H \ n h a m n l \ ni> < fi

c l n i h r c , h c ll c . c l c c h , d a n h v ii. l i c n . li tih li m ,

ii n c h i m b c h c y . V i n q u a n n o d n tlii ii i c h \' p li i

n ( ( 'r i h n k m . t h a m , l i n h c h s i r

N h nu trn r n g tro n g o to . ia chn, s d n g n h n li

b lm q u a n li trong b m y Ir VI c a V ng q u c . L T h n h T n g
k h n g c n c xut x d n g m u m c c c h la c h n ricng. N h n g tiu
c h d xt lu y cn \' giao ch c c a n h V u a l : " l ) c ih c . th c l i, c h m

chi v ih a n h li m " , n g c b it n h n m n h n h a n h lim.

N g y 2 0 th n g 12 n m 1 4 6 7 ( Q u a n g T h u n n m t h 8 ). V u a c h o

i Vii s kv loii ih. Bn k thc lc. Quyn X III. K nh L. Nxb.

KH XH. 11,1993! lr.493.
i \ i l s k lon th. Sdd. Ir.502-

64
 Phn mt. L T h n h T n g n h cch ln h n h chnh
d y quyl o n v sng to

l L n g N h H c ti n c T r n Q u H u v n k h n g ph i ) n g u i gii
b n x u n g c h i u g ia m L n g N h H c v o n g c v thu li vn
b n g , chc tc c a Q u H u y n . '

T ro n g B L H c h n m t ic u q u y n h n u c k h n g d n g
n g i ti th n g i c p h i c h u ti ( . 174).

N h s h c P h a n H y C h d c n h n x t: "L b o c m ir i t

r a t l i H n g c . B y g i v i c l m v ili n n n g m ir t tg p h i

l i /iih i m cho nn khn^ ai dm b o c h i n v . C c c h c ii

x i( n g d n i. R c c h it d c h i u q u l c h n d c n g i h i n l i" .

N h n x t c a P h a n H u y C h l n g .

3. v ( p m d<'ri t h i t r v c a L T h n h T n g

C c c o n v c h u c h t n c a cc v C n g , H u. B. T . N a m -
l c c tdc v c a V u a b a n c h o c c c o n c a a n h e m trai, c h e m gi
n h V u a; c o n r n g c c q u a n v n . v l nh! p h m n bt p h m ,
n u c x( l c k h i u c h m hc ih c c h o v o h c li C h i u
vn q u n . C b a n m m l ln . vin T h u n phi l u b y y
h n h k im , tn h n t. h c v n c a c o n c h u c c q u a n vin nu trn
ri trn h ln b L t c h c thi k h o . N i d u n g thi g m c thi vit
c h n h t, lm o n . g ii d p m i bi v k in h n g h a , hai bi v l th
n g h a . A i thi th c b v o c c ch c th li. M u n dc b
n h i m lm q u a n th h p h i thi tro n g c c k thi h n g , thi hi

i Vi! s k ton th. Sd. lr.290.

65
 L T H N H T N G
V VUA A N H M I N H , N H C C H T N v l I

v th i n h , N h n g n g i k h n g , nu c s c k h o th c s u n g
vo ngch v giai. V i l t p m , n h V u a L T h n h T n g d o
d i u k i n th u n li c h o n h n g ngi tro n g h o n g tc v c o n c h u
c c q u a n i th n , n h n g n g i c c n g vi iri u d i c h c t p
n n g c a o tri thc, tu d n g d o d c , p h m h n h th n h n h n g n g i
c th c ti m n g v ic n c. H k h n g th m n th n , c y I h
c a c h a n g l m th a n g , b c d bc v o h o n l. N h t th i t h phi
thi d tro n g c c k th i, p h i h i t c c 4iu c h c a m t q u a n c h c
m i c b l m q u a n .

y l c c h l m va th h i n d c s tr n g d i c a n h V u a
i vi H o n g tc. v a ih h i n l n g tri n c a l V u a i vi
n h n g ngi c c n g vi d t n c d n g th i n g n D ga d c t nn
th . q u y n m l n g h n h c a c o n c h u l p n g i q u v n q u
tro n g x hi m (hi n o c n g c . c h d n o c n g x y ra.

III. C C H T N V C H K I M T R A , G I M S T
Q U A N LI

T u y n c h n c n h n g ngi c d tiu c h u n l i u q u a n
tr n g . Song d e l m c h o n h n g ngi dc tu y n c h n g i g n v pht
h u y u c ti n n g , d c d c a h tro n g th c thi c n g q u y n th phi
c c c h q u n l h . V i c h d . p h n g ^ p q u n l t l ih li nng,
c c a ngi c g ia o c h c s pht h u y c tc d n g . N g c
li. h s b th o i h o , b i n c h t khi k h n g c ai g i m st, th e o di.
k h n g a i d m d n g vo h . C q u y n lc th t c t n n l m d n g ,
li d n g q u y n lc. C t c h c , c c c h g i m st. k i m tra m t c c h

66
 Phn mt. L T h n h Tng - n h cch tn h n h chnh
d v quvt do n v sng lo

(h u n g x u y n , k p th i, n h v b n v ic Ihc th i d n g n q u y n lc
c n g n h u p h n g , c h n g lm d n g , li d n g q u y c n lc l i u nht
(hict phi lm . K hi n o tro n g b m y c h n h q u y n x u t h i n n h n g
v i n c h c vi c m n h n r n g h k h n g phi d n g d u vi n g u y c
l p tc b sa ihi v n h n g b t lc tro n g c n g vc c g ia o ph.
k h n g c m (h y lo s b tr n g tr khi l m d n g ch c q u y n , th n h n g
c n b n h n a n y nh: v c m tr c n h n g n i k h c a d n , c y q u y n ,
c y th , c h i p , n h n g n h i u d n l n h . Ih a m , hi l. c k h o t c a
c n g ... lp !c x u t h i n . G i n g n h n h n g d m m y d e n b o h i u
rc c h o ring b o t s ti. s th a h o . bin c h t m t c c h p h bin
iro n g q u a n c h c s d n d n s p h n n c a q u n c h n g , d n n
nhiig xo tr n , v k h n g th (rnh. C th nu ra h n g n g n d n
c h n g c thc c a th i x a x a . c a thi h i n d i d c h n g m in h d i u
ny. V vy, g i g n c h o b m y n h nc lu n dc Irong sch, vng
m n h l iu ti n q u y t tro n g m b o c h o s pht Irin v m i m t
c a q u c gia v c m li m u n vn h n h ph c c h o d n . N g c li th
d l n c b k m h m tro n g lc h u . N h n d n tr th n h n n n h n c a
b m y nh n c c a c h n h n c m n h .

L T h n h T n g q u l m t v vua a n h m in h , n g l m t n h cai
tr m in h m n . n g h i m k h c , c h t c h , n h n th u m i n h . n g tin liu
m t c c h c c s v ng ch c c n h i u i u x u s x y ra rong b
m y tr v n u k h n g c bin p h p p h n g \' khc phc. L T h n h
T n g l v v u a d u y n h t tro n g c c v v u a c a Vit N a m ra v
thc thi m t c c h k i n q u y t n h n g c h tr ng, bin p h p g i m st.
k im tra q u a n li d i q u y n . E) l c c th l k h o thi v k h o kho.

67
 L THNH TNG
V VUA A N H M I N H , N H C C H T N v I

1. L k h o t h i d i h ( r v c a L T h n h T n g

C ba n m m t l n , c c q u a n vn. v d n g ch c t q u a n nht
p h m d n c u p h m , c vn ln v, t tro n g k in h n n g o i o u
phi q u a k h o th . K h n g m t q u a n c h c n o c m i n tr h o c ln
trn h . C h n g ta c n g c n lu rn g , m i q u a n c h c d i tri u L
T h n h T n g u l n h n g n g i thi tro n g c c k thi. T h m
tro n g n h n g n m ti c h c , c b a n m m i ln. lt c h u phi q u a
k h o thi. S c ghi li: A/^v 1 3 ili n g M t n m 1 4 6 7 , V u a tr i u

t p c c q u a n n h a m i T i n s l h n L B in h T ii n v H

B ih ^ i m L n g T h V in h , 3 0 n g i v o P h n g u ^ h i i n g

kho th i. V ti r a bi cho //* . L n g T h V in h l n g i thi

T r n g n g u y n k h o a Q u M i n m 1463. c n h V u a d th;
" T r n g t g u y n L n ^ T i i V i n h . . . T h i n h t h y li ii d a n h " . Th m
khi n h m c h c , n k k h o th i. n h V u a v n g i L n g T h V inh
v o k h o th i n h tt ih y c c q u a n li khc.

K h i k h o th i. c c q u a n vn th k h o th gii k in h n g h a , l m th.
p h . tr li c c c u h i c a V u a v o tr d i, tr n c... m n g y
n a y a g i l n g li, c h n h s c h ch n c li d n . C c q u a n v th
thi b n c u n g , n m h o tin , d u k h i n , d u a nga, u vt. d u
Ih u y n . d n q u n , d n tr n v.v...

'g i thi th c b a n Ih n g o . li n , d c th n g ch c,
tdc. Q u a n , li k h n g Ih b g i n g c p h o c bi c h c . inh lih

i V il x k loii ih. Bn k ihc lc. Quyn X II. K Nh L . Nxb.

K H X H . H.1993. lr.429.

68
 P h n mt. L T h n h Tti - n h cch l n h n h chnh
v quyl d o n v sng lu

k h n g thi d th b p h i v th i h i h o c c h o l m ln h p h c d c h cc
c h u n g c h n voi. n g a h o c l m c c c n g v i c la o n g p h c d ch
n n g n h c khc,

V ic k h o Ihi ciia L T h n h T n g r Ih n h n g y h i n n c u a
l i. u a sc. T ro n g th n g n h t, m i q u a n , li d c n g v no, d
l a n g c vua. q u a n tr n s n g i, k h e n n g i n h n g h k h n g c h o
l d i u m b o c h o h g i m i c c h c n u h k h n g iro n g
k h o thi. V vy. ti c u c thc rn lu y n , h c t p n n g c a o
trn h d . k h n n g ciia m n h . Bi m t l g i n n , k h n g m t ai c
t h l th o m n , l k i u , t i , k h n g m l ng i n o li b i n g
ri tr Ih n h ngi h n g thi tr o n g c c k k h o thi. H u q u c a h n g
ihi tro n g k h o Ihi l r r n g , c th . k h n g Ih tr n h d c.

L T li n h T n g q u l v v u a a n h m in h v c s c c h tn tro n g
g i m s t q u a n li. n g th c th i n h n g b in p h p k h n g c g l phc
t p n i li c hiu q u c a o i vi vic m n g y n a y ta n i l n n g
c a o h i u q u q u n l c a N h n c , n g d l o ra d c n h n g n g n
g i m i l n h ihi v o t m c c a r m q u a n d i q u y n , n g m
c h o h lu n lu n t n g u y n , t g i c Irong h c tp. r n lu y n ti
n n g , d c d d p h c v n h V u a v t n c , n g k h n g c h i k u
g i h o c b a n ra n h n g li r n d y s u n g . B n g n h n g v i c lm c
th c . n g k h i n c h o tr m q u a n p h i n n g c a o irn h . i c c h c a
c c q u a n li tro n g c n g vic ir n c , ir d n .

2 . L k h o k h o dui t h i t r v c ta L T h n h T n g

T h n g 11 n m 1471. H n g c n m th 2 . n h V u a L T h n h

69
 L T H N H T N (
V VU A A N H M I N H , N H C C H T N v I

T n g ra c h i d v \ ic c m d c h m c c k k h o k h o : P h p k h o

k h o CI p h n b i t n g i h a \\ k d . n n c a o h i u q u II n c .

i n^. N gu. h a nm m i k xi cng d ' li n . g tig . N h

T h n h C h u , h a n m m i l n x t v i c d n li ln h tg p h t. N a y n h a
m n ir o n g n o i c c n in /i, n g i n o n h m chc d d ha nm .

phi bo n g u l n quan ir n k h n d c d c h m . N u qu m !

t r m n g \ m k i m k d a n h s c h iih ' d i l l i l i n h s n K i h m . m i

ngi chm th p h t m t q ttu n t, k n o ih e o lin h r i n m d m ^

l n g ti phi ir t i c "" .

N h v y c n g v i v i c k h o th i. n h V u a li l ra v i c k h o
k h o . K h o thi l d x c m x t. n h g i v (rn h h i u bict. q u a n
d i m . C n k h o k h o l d x e m x l, d n h g i v k h n n g thc h n h
c a q u a n . li.

K h o kho, n g y n a y gi ] lt n x c n h " dc thc thi CI l

d n h g Uic trn g c c m t c a q u a n li. T h n g q u a k h o k h o s ly
dc kt q u c t n h g i ti n n g thc c a q u a n ii. K ho kho
l c s d x e m xt o n g (rm q u a n ai l ngi m n cn , th a n h lim, lm
dc nhiu c n g vic ch nc li d n , ai l ng i ni n h iu , lm t. li
n i k h ^ g i i vi vic lm , ai l ngcn lm th lo m b o c o I hav.
N h n g ngui n h (h n y (h c h n o c n g c . (hi n o c n g c.

K h o k h o d c n h n h tr o n g h a i g ia i d o n : s k h o v
th n g k h o .

i Vii si'f kv ton ili . Bn k thc lc. Quyn X II. K nh L. Nxb.

K H X H . H.1993.tr.458.

70
 P h n mi. L T h n h T n g n h cch t n h n h chnh
v qut d u n v sng to

a n m m l ln, c c q u a n tr n g , q u a n tr n p h i k h o s t q u a n ,
li tr c th u c di q u y n . V i n q u a n n o n n g d s n s c d n .
u c d a n lin h i m , tro n g h t t n g i lu v o n g th c c h o l x n g
c h c v d c tip t c g i c h c . Q u a n , li n o n h n g n h i u , c
k h o t, t l i. lm by. tro n g h t n h i u n g i p h i l u v o n g , tr m
c p , g i ng i x y ra th b c o i l k h n g x n g c h c . N u tr o n g th i
g ia n d n g ch c. q u a n , li n o p h m ti b x p h t ih k h n g phi
c h n hl ba n m m i k h o k h o . V i n q u a n h o c li b coi t
k h n g x n g chc. u a n , li n o b c o i l k h n g x n g c h c Ih lp
lc b b i c h c, g i n g c h c. M i q u a n li d u p h i tri q u a ba k s
k h o (9 n m ). Sau m i k s k h o , n u ai c n h n x l l x n g
c h c th li p c c g i c h c.

Q u a n , li n o d q u a ba l n s k h o . 9 n m , d n n m t h 12 th
d c I h n g kho. Q u a n k h o s t n h n x t c n g v i c tr o n g c 12 n m
(!) ca n g i ch u I h n g kho km th e o li d n g h r i trnh ln L i
b x c m xl vic th n g , g i n g . n k th n g k h o , q u a n , li c
n h n x l xng c h c th c p h o n g t h c , p h o n g h m ih c ih.

Q u a n l nh p h m ir ln th L i b t u V u a q u y t n h . T la m

71
 L THNH TNG
V VIIA AN H M I N H , N H C C H T N v I

p h m tr x u n g th Li b q u y t d n h . N u ai c ti k l. d c dc
ch c a n h V u a c h o th n g b Ih k h n g Ih e o l k h o k h o .

V i c d t ra l k h o k h o c a n h V u a L T h n h T n g c h o thy
n g rt c o i tr n g n g u y n lc " n i i i v i l m " . i vi n h V ua.
vic n h n xa, ih y r n g , ih u h i u n g u n c n , b n lu n s c nt. th
hay. p h gii l n h n g i u c n th i t n h n g c h u a p h i l i vi
m t v q u a n r v gii. N g y 21 th n g 9 n m 1471. V u a ra sc ch:
N g in y i m (ri c g ia o c h c t h d c b T h i c h c , L i h l u l n

d h a n c p c h g v k h m hp ( g i y c h n g n h n ) , cho m . ai
c p c h o m p h n b a ti n l n g , c o n chu vn n h u d n th n g .

S a u b a n m m x tig c h c v k h n g p h m l i g th d c ilh n g c p

c h o t h c lii. N g i n o k h n g x i g c h c t h i c ii i v . . . " . "

" C liu v s D o B o li n c H n h v N ^ i i \ i c l n ir i ii

i n h l n h g H U i g i i b i n h p h p . B n H n D in h d n i c c tr n

: ) T r u n i h . 2 ) M n th i n lin h . 3 ) T li n ii s ti x ... V u a k h e n

n g i, p h o n h a i n g i l m T r n d i n p h i n ^ q u n , s a i q u n 5 p lii

t p th e o tv n fia i b a l n u k h n g d c . V u a n i g i n s a i h t

n h m m ^ r i b i c h c u i v b n q u n " .''*

S liu n y c h o thy L T h n h T n g rt coi tr n g thc ti. Bn thn

n h V u a l c o n ngi c a h n h d n g . N i n h i u m l m du (X t hoc
a i h ay m k h n g l m c Ih b th i loi ra k h i h n g n g q u a n chc.

" i Vii sk-i lon th. Sd. ir.456.

i Vii s k ton ihir. Sd, ir.415.

72
 Phn mt. L T h n h Tng - n h cch tn h n h chinh
d y quyei d o n v sng to

t ra l k h o k h o l d x c m th c li c a q u a n , li d i q u y n .
N h n g tiu c h s k h o , th n g k h o m i c h c q u a n ti v k h n g
c g l k h n g c th , k h h i u , k h o lng c. X m l n g yn
v u i. r p h . ih u n p h o n g m c c d u v tr. t n g i ph i tha
p h n g c u Ihc, ir m c p g i i n g i v n g b n g ... l n h n g
iu c h d n h g i li n n g tr v c a v q u a n h a n h lim , m n cn,
ht lng c h m s c d n . V i n h n g ti u c h n h vy. n g i d c n h n
x t k h l n g n tr n h b n g vic li c h o k h c h q u a n , c h o c p irn,
c h o c p di m i khi c h i n i n g liu c c x y ra n h th n g thy
tro n g b m y q u a n li u th i h i n d i.V i c k h o k h o li c tin
h n h u k 3 n m m ln v lic n l c s u t tro n g 12 n m . C 3 n m
m l ln. q u a n Irn p h i x e m x q u a n li c p d i c a m n h c xng
c h c k h n g . S au 12 n m m i x e m xt n v ic ih n g th n g . T uy
vy vn c n g o i l. C h o d c h a d n k s k h o m phi h i n dc
n g i c k li th vn c n h V u a d c c c h p h o n g c p . ph o n g
h m . V in q u a n n o p h m t i h o c b c o i l k h n g x ig c h c th lp
tc b bi ch c, g i n g c h c . L k h o k h o c a n h V u a L T h n h
T n g t o c h o m i q u a n li k h i d c g ia o c h c u n g h r n g d chi
l th i k / /j s l m g iia n " . M un c phong chc, phong hm
Ihc h h h c n p h i c g n g r n h i u tro n g s u t th i g ia n 12
n m m t q u n g Ihi g ia n k h n g n g n (rn c o n n g h o n l c a
m i c nhn.

IV. KHEN THNG, x PHT QUAN LI

L n h V ua. n h n g L T h n h T n g s n g c u c i b n h d. n g

73
 L THNH TNG
V VUA A N H M I N H , N H C C H T N v l I

d x n . tit k i m tro n g c h i d n g . c ln h n y c a n g d c th
h i n tr o n g D H i ii d iil iia n c h 'm n g b an b c h o lt c
q u a n , q u n v n h n d n c n c bl: "P h p c d t c /u n ti l y

phm t h c a o . t c t h i h u . P l p n a \ d i p g q u a n t t t h e o l c i h b ( 'n .

r i l l p . C c c h c s o v < fi t r c c i h n t m l c ' p h i s o v i t r c

l i

N h V u a l ra rt n g h i m k h c tr c n h n g h n h vi ln g p h
c a c n g . T h n g 3 n m 1467, n m Q u a n g T h u n ih 8 . n h V u a ra
l n h b n g c in h T h i n v p h t Q u a n la n g H o n g V n Bin 5 0
q u a n t n . pht C n g b H u th la n g T r n h C n g n 3 0 q u d n ti n
v b p h i m a n n g g , ll c a c n g . '' T r o n g k h e n th u n g . n h V u a
l ra n g i r n g ri v n h y c m .

N g y 11 th n g 10 n m 14 6 0 , n m u k h i c l n ln n g i
v ua. n g d ra l n h c p r u n g t t h n g h i p c h o 3 0 d i c n g thn:
L iH > : 3 0 0 m u . L N i m : 2 0 0 m n . L N h n T h u n ; 1 3 0 m n .

L T h V c . L S u H . L N h n K h o i: 1 5 0 m u V)....".''

T h n g 5 n m 1464. Q u a n g T h u n n m t h s. V u a ra s c d
C h n g H n h b L C n h H u y r n g : n h i u t n g ir tc h c th e n

m \ ta T r i ii i n h . n l i c h (l n ^ h i , d h t l n g c a n n g n n i

h n ji c h i r a l i l m CH T r m , il u ti u d c , l ii h ii , lh i

Ph lc D Hiu dinh quan ch. tr.37S.

Di Vit s l ton ih. Stld. r4 l6 .
i Vit s k loii th. Sdd. r.39l-

74
 Phn mt. L T h n h T n g - n h cch tn hnh chnh
dy quyl o n v sni to

p h t m i i c i n i i i p <J<ri X U p h i l i i I n i n ^ q i i t i i q u c i n

d t. li ii tr /^ r i. T m i v v s a u . Iii i l u v x i k \ n li n v i c o a n

I i n ^ , d p b i n n h r r n i k i n H io a n . h n h i n i r i i i U n ii c i o t r n g

l ie n s ti t . p liii d i <fii i vc>7' l h a /. c li c l m i ii k h i h i.

T r u o c i i u c h c l n , k \ ' l u i c v i c n n i . T r m c h i c n r n g c r i m t

m in h k h n li h i" : '

T h n g 8 n m 1464. n m Q u a n g T h u n ih 5, V u a ra s c d
H n h b T Ih la n g N g u y c n M u rng: " N t> i c l m t o v i c n c ,

d i u i h a v < I I\ v c / i o V u a k h i i k m / N h i i. H u y n L in h . n

n i i T n i x v i i k ' p h c t p k i i k b n , N i n B c '- t u b \ r r n g ,

l m ; l n . S o H i i I t i r r i d / i c k h h < m m t c h i i . L m b t i

iil iK v v lli c (h U ii U i c n n g ( l m . n n h u n c h o h c l n g . K h i n o

h c n lu n , c n n n m i ila t h m l n g so n vn c m o n ^

c h o a l i c i tr h n h . T o c l i l m i h y l i i i g i h i i c h r a , h y

f n g c i n h o H T u \ t f ''. c h n litr T U v ' q u e n ih i /ii g i m " .

T h n g 12 n m 1464, N m Q u a n g T h u n l h 5 , V u a ra s c d
n g s N g u y n T h i n r n g : l m f i a u a l l l h n h

" jirAv Iti ii ili . Sdd, Cr.40l.

D i \ 'i l
Nh Hi. [iuyn Linh. i Tr. Ngn Bc u l li gii cd ng Thi Tng.
ng Tuvn l Quan lnh Lc Dong. (nh cng ci, Ihng (hn. Khi x
v n Cng cha Dng gict ngi clu bp. Hn V ' bt Tuyn phi
ly t Cng cha. 1'uyn chng hai tay xung dt. nhi jnh khng chu ly.
' ' T Uy l Irng thn nh Tu. Nh Tu mt. T Uy sng lu ihi. Triu no
la cng xin th phng v du c (rng d n . n kh ng Thi Tng
dc nc. Uy xin y't kien. khng dc Thi Tng chp nhn.

75
 L TH N H TNG
V VUA A N H M I N H , N H C C H T N Vl I

c u n g , c y th , x p h t i n ti n k in h lch C a o B T n g v k h n g
b i t d c q u a n d i q u y n l m d n g q u y n lc, l n h n g tr n g h p
x p h t c h'nh r n e rt ln. H n n a . n h n g tr n g h p n h th,
L T h n h T n g k h n g c h i th c h i n m t ln.

X p h l d n g , x p h t k p th i k p h m t i c tc d n g rt n h u
tr o n g vic r n e k p h m t i. V i c l o ra c m t linh Ihn
n g h i m m in h tro n g g i g n k c n g , p h p n c s l m c h o n h n g
k c o i th n g k c n g k h n g d m l n g h n h . N u m t k h i c
n g i n g h d c r n g n u p h m t i th k h n g tr n h k h i v ic b pht
h i n , b tr n g Ir th n g i c n h p h m ti c n g s t b n h
p h m ti.

N h V u a L T h n h T n g c n c c c h p h n g ng d li p h m rt ch
n g v s n g to. n g i ra n m d i u c m i vi q u a n li nh sau:

- C m q u a n , li l y v n g i d a p h n g n i mnh tr n h m ;

- C m q u a n , li m u a '(. m u a v n , m u a r u n g , m u a n h ti d a
p h n g n i m n h tr n h m ;

- C m q u a n , li ly n g i d a p h n g ni m n h tr n h m l m c p
p h g i p v ic c h o m n h ;

- C m q u a n , li kt l m t h n g g ia vi n g i d a p h n g ni
m n h tr n h m :

- C m u a q u a n , li v tr n h m l i q u h n g b n q u n .

N i d u n g 5 iu c m Irn d y l h sc r r n g , d hiu v d thc

hin. M c c h 5 iu c m c a n h V u a k h n g n h n g l c li ch u n g

78
 Phn mt. LiTinh T n g - n h cch tn hn h chnh
d v q u v l o n v sng lo

m cn trnh c h o q u a n , li k h n g v'p phi lnh trng k h x khi c

v ic d n g c h m n n h n g ngi c q u a n h thn thuc. C th ni 5
i u c m c a V u a r t c q u a n , li t n th nh v rt dc lng dn.
N m diu c m c a V u a c tu n th m t c c h n g h im ngt.

G i Ir c a 5 i u c m m V u a L T h n h T n g t ra v o g i a
t h k X V vn c n n g u y n g i tr d i vi tn h tr n g p h n g n g a t
n n l m d n g , li d n g q u y n lc m u li ring, tn h tr n g l p b
k o c n h , tn h tr n g b a o c h c . d u n g ( n g c h o n h au iro n g h n g n g
q u a n chc v o n h n g n m c a c c t h k X X v X X I ny. T ro n g
L u t H nh c h i n h v L u t C n g c h c n g v nay. n h i u n c d
ra n h n g d i u c m l m i vi c n g c h c nh:

- C'm nhng v i n c h c c q u a n h th n th u c g n g i c n g im
Iro n g m t c q u a n n u g i a h c q u a n h trc t h j c ln n h a u (n h
b l T h tr n g c q u a n m c c o n . e m , v l c p p h , l n h n vin
h o c c h n g l T h tr n g , c o n irai l k to n , v [ th q u v.v,)...;

- C m vin c h c n g n h i m l m c n g vic kinh d o a n h , d c h v

t nhn, K h n g c va l m v i n c h c n h nc li \'a lm gim c
h o c th a m g ia k in h d o a n h , d c h \i li m t x n g h ip t n h n v.v...;

- C m nhng n g i tro n g g ia d i n h vin c h c k in h d o a n h , d c h

v c c lnh v c ih u c q u y n q u n l c a v i n ch c. N h c m v, c o n
lp c c c n g ty x y d n g v n h n th u c c c n g trn h x y d n g m
c h n g , b a n g l v i n c h c c q u y n h n h c a B X y d n g , c m
n h n g ngi th n tro n g g ia n h l m n h n g c n g vic d c h v th u c
ln h vrc q u n l c a c n g c h c v.v...

79
 L TH NH T N
V VUA A N H M I N H , N H C C H T N \ AI

H in ti. lut p h p m t s n c k h n g c h i c m c n g c h c m
c n c n h n g i u c m i vi n h n g n g vin ucm g n h i m c a
n g c m q u y n n a . T u th e o h o n c n h c a m i nc, lui p h p
c c nc u c n h n g i u c m c Ih d i vi c n g c h c , i vi
d n g vin c a n g c m q u y n n h m m b o tn h v t . k h c h
q u a n , n h m p h n g , c h n g s l m d n g , li d n g q u y n lc c n g , li
d n g v th c a n g c m q u y n , n h m n g n n g a cc h i n tig
g ia n h tr. d n g tr x y ra tro n g b m y n h nc. L i n h vi
n h n g g m n h n g ccfn c b n h d o c c l n n l m d n g , li d n g
q u y n lc c n g h i n d a n g g y ra Iro n g c c n h nc h i n d i m i
Ih y c n h n g g i Ir th c ti n c a n h n g i u c m i vi q u a n
ch c m L T h n h T n g ra v d p d n g vo ih k X V
V i N am .

n g n n g a q u a n li th a m n h n g . B L H l ru d i u lut
h n t. h n i n s h u c a q u a n . li. i u 2 2 6 L H q u y d nh:
' N h n v d i i h n l hch quan ir o n k in h th n h , n h c a v tf n

t c c h i c h a m u t r l i : q u n I i l i i p l i m h a m ii: q u a n n h

phm h a i m i: q tta n ta m p h m m t m n ; q u a n l p h m tu m so:

q u a n n ^ p h m h s o : q u a n l c p h m , th i p h m lu ii x o ; c u a it h t

p l i m . c h i p h m l i a v n g i k h n f> c p h m hm c h i c m t so;

n /iifi n h k h u q u n l in h d n . h d i n l ic l d t d u i k m hn m

b c . N u n g i n o l m c h i m q u p h n ) d (iiili h b l i .VV.
n h 5 0 r o i , h i m m t I i f ; n r y i c v U ( f n a o r i m l i c h i m t lUTi

k h c , ll i ii m m i h c . N u n g i l o c c n g (l c VIU I c p

ili m t th k h n g k '\

80
 Phun mt. L T h n h Tnc n h cch tn hnli chnh
q u \ c l d o n v sng lo

T ro n g t n g s 722 i u lut c a B L H . c d n 4 0 i u (h n 5%

t n g s d i u lui c n i d u n g trc ti p p h c v c h o vic bi r nn

th a m n h n g tro n g q u a n li. i u n y n i ln q u a n i m n g Ihi
th h i n s q u a n t m v lo ln g th c s c a n h V u a L T h n h T n g
tro n g v ic bi ir c h n g Ih a m n h n g iro n g h n g n g q u a n li.

K hi nghin c u . tm hiu k B L H . c h n g la c n pht h i n ra

m t d i c u l ih k h c . T u y tin y u v tr n g d i q u a n ii n h n g n g
vn c o i h n g n g q u a n li l m t ir o n g n h n g i i n g c bit
c a c n g lc u ira n h p h n g , c h n g p h m ti. Q u a n i m n y c h o
e n h i n n a y k h n g p h i l d c m i n g i c h p n h n . K h n g t
ngi c h o r n g q u a n i m n y m a n g tn h c c d o a n . N h n g ngi
k h n g d n g vi q u a n d i m n v c h o r n g s d n g d n c h n g in
l i t n g c h n h c a c n g lc g i o d c p h p lu t, c a c n g tc
p h n g , c h n g p h m ti. T h c ti n c h n g m in h q u a n i m c a L
'l i n h T n g l n g . T h e o n g . q u a n li k h n g c . v ti l m m
m n g d n n h o lo n . B L H ban h n h di th i tr v c a n g
c 7 2 2 ic u . tr o n g d c 4 9 i u th u c v n g u v n c c h u n g v 673
d i u q u y d n h v c c t i p h m c th . T ro n g 6 7 3 i u q u y nh v
c c l i p h m c th c n 172 ic u . c h i m 2 5 % . c n i d u n g q u y
d n h l i p h m c a c c q u a n li v c c n h q u y n q u . T ro n g d i u
lui, c h ih c a loi t i p h m n y d c g h i r l q u a n , li nh:
" Q u a n t y l n t tr i p h p lu t m n h i l N ltT n g q i u m \' tr n

n o i c ii c c n ig ii ii m l li n th u li i c a ( n V.
B L H k h n g d n g c m !: "K no..." khi q u y d n h c c ti c a
q u a n c h c n h lu( h i n nav.

81
 L THNH T N (;
V VUA ANH M I N H , N H C C H T N v l

N g h i n c u su n i d u n g c a 172 i u q u y n h v c c ti c a
q u a n , li. c (h p h n c h n g th n h ba loi:

- L o i i x m p h m d n l n g tr u n g i \'i vua:

- L oi t i x m p h m n cng v c a n h V u a g ia o cho:

- L oi li x m p h m n q u y n li c a dn.

L o i t i x m p h m d n l n t r u n g v v u a

T ru n g vi vua l liu c h u n h n g d u c a q u a n , li d i c h d
p h o n g kin. T ro n g loi ti n y c hai n h m :

N h m ti p h m th h i n s bt k n h vi n g i vua nh: Q u a n
c h c v o Iriu k h n g i k h n o ( .8 0 ) ; c c h c bai triu trc
( .2 1 7 ); c h i trch vua q u n n g li ( .1 3 2 ); d n h l k h i v u a m d a u
( .1 4 4 ); d i q u a c a T h i m i u m k h n g x u n g k i u ( .2 0 9 ); ni
n n g b a bi. t bi k n h vi vua ( .2 1 6 ) ; c o i th n g c h i u lnh
n h V u a ( .2 2 0 ); v.v...

N h m ti m u p h n li n h V u a n h u : Q u a n g i vic q u n
Irn . l lin k i vi n h a u m m u l m p h n ( D .2 3 4 ) ; g i ru y n
c h i u c h n h V ua. lnh c h i c a thi t ( .5 5 0 ) ; c c q u a n q u n q u n
d n c c vin. c c k h n g ht l n g ir u n g th n h ( .2 6 4 ) v.v...

L u i (i x m p h m n c n v c a n h v u a
g iao ch u

N h V u a L T h n h T n g c b i l c h tr n g n vic u y c n

82
 P hn mi. L T h n h Tng n h cch tn hn h chnh
d v quy d u n v sng to

chn n h n g n g i h c s c ti. c c g ia o vic. N h V u a c n g

t ra r i n g h i m k h c i vi n h n g q u a n li k h n g l.im tr n ch c
I r i c h . n h i m v. C c t i p h m th u c ioi n y c h i m phiiii I(1 tro n g
l n g s ti p h m c a q u a n , li d c q u y d n h r iro n g B L H
n h : S Ihn d i nc n g o i h a y s th n n c n g o i vo tro n g nc
m ir c h u y n ri n g h o c l y c a h i l m tit l c n g vic nc
n h th u p h i ti c h m ( .7 9 ); C c c h ty th y c u n g d i n , c a
ih n h h h n g h a y n g s v u a d i. c u c n g d n t m k h n g lu
trn h , k h i c c h i u c h v u a sai s a c h a m li k h n g s a c h a c h o
<c b e n c h c th u p h i b i m m l t v bi c h c , l n hi d n
x a g i th x n n g ih c in h a i b c ( .8 4 ); T ict l q u n c i s
( . I I 6 ) ; Q u a n c o i Ihi khng n g h i m ( .l O l ) ; Q u a n c h c i c n g
c n v t u trn h k h n g d n g s Ihl ( . 120): C h m tr v ic c n g
( . I 2 I ) ; T h i h n h s c l n h k h n g n g h i m ( . 122); Q u a n li c h m
ir o n g v ic d u v s d in h ( . 150); Q u a n li d u y t h k h u sai
l m ( -1 5 1 ); T li n l u trin h khi c h a c i c h i u k c n g
( .I 5 4 ) ; Q u a n c h ty k h n g p h i g i c h u c v i n p h m ti ( .1 5 7 ):
T(Vn hiu b s u n g lnh tr n g k h n g n g lut ( .1 6 9 ); c
k h n g d n g n g i ti ( . 174): Q u u n li o ru n g k h n g c h u n xc,
q u a n li sao n h n g v i c c n g ( .1 6 9 )...

N h V u a L T h n h T n g c bii n g h i m k h c i vi n h n g ti
p h m c a q u a n li p h m p h i tro n g khi th i h n h n h i m v i u tra,
xi x. T h e o B L H n h n g q u a n licm p h n g (q u a n m t tra) m t xt
vic p h i n g s iht, n c u s su . sai l m ihi b ti b i m h o c .
N u \ bo n , b o o n . h a y n hi l m i ir n g th a v d e n . Ih
k h n g k vic ln h a y n h . n n h i u h a y n l. d u x l i l u h o c

83
 L THNH TNG
V \ UA A N H M I N H , N H C C H T N \ I I

t i c h l . N gi c o g ic n g s th t c Ih u n g c h c tc tu Ihco
vic n n g nh ( 179). C c h n h vi n h: N i c (IU IH , l i c l i i i a i i

m \ '( f i i i .V/(.409); Q iu tn x n c h m Ir . k lw m /ii/v kv hn

( .6 7 1 ); Q iu ii x / i r h i n v . h a o c h e c h o n ^ c y q i i v n q u p l i m l i

(.674 ); ) il i k h n ^ CIII l u t q ii\' lin h (.679); ) ^ I n c o Ihm

h t ! i c h o n ^ i { .686 ); X l n d \< > n ^ l i c c l i t i m i r k l i n

t u r n li ( .7 1 9 ) . d u b coi l ti p h m v b tr n g tr n n g .

c ln nh V u a L T h n h T n g ra lnh; " N n x i d in h n ^ a \

c c D i p h i N g lin l v i n , t i n o x k i n k h in o a n u n g th i

g h i i h n h m l n . Iii^ i n o b n h h n i l i I i li iiil m i li ti.

n g r i h n k m i l i l u i r i i l n . H i i i k h i c o a n I i i i i i / i k h e n

th n . / l t i h n h ih tii ii ^ i l i l m v i c , h n g k m ih h x iio ii i

l m H u \ n in h ^ " .

N h n g s liu n u tr n c h o th y n h V ua L T h n h T n g d c
b it c h tr n g n v ic c h n g o an sai tro n g xi x . n g ra ln h x

p h t n n g n h n g q u a n to v n h i l. n h d g h i tro n g i u lut
r n g k h n g k ' v i c l n h a y n h . n t i l i i i i l u i \ n i i , m ( J i I r n g

th a \' d e n il b x t i lim h o c c f f! '\ M loi h n h \ i k h c nh:

x n c h m Ir . x k h n g d im g d i u lii q u y liili..." m n g y nay
p h p lut h i n h n h c a n c ta k h n g c o i l (i p h m th v o t h k
XV. n h V u a L T h n h T n g c o i l li p h m . i u n y n g lm cho
c h n g ta su v ngh! H n n a . n h V u a li ra lnh p h i ( h ^ g x u y n

i Vii s kv lon th. Bn k thc lc. Quyn X II. K nh L. Nxb.

K H X H . H.I993. tr.404.

84
 P hn nit. L T h n h Tng n h cch tn h n h chnh
dv quyi1 dun v sng to

x c n i xt. x p h n g c c q u a n to. N g i x t x k h n g o a n u n g th
k h e n h n g . C n n h n g ngi k m ih k h n g C li p lc l m c n g
vic x t x niia. Phi c h n g L T i n h T n g t m n h c h n g kin
l c hi c a v i c x t x o a n sai x y ra d i thi v u a c h a khi m t lot
d i c n g ih n b vu o a n v k h p vo li c h t. C h n h n g l ngi ra
l n h m in h o a n c h o N g u v n Tri. Q u v t m c a L T h n h T n g rong
l p li c n g l . c h n g li vic b p m o s th t c a c c q u a n lm
p h n g m t tra . c c q u a n c m c n , n y m c l i u c th hiu dc.
C h n u c n g v y , (h i n o c n g v y , v c d m b o c n g l l
n h u c u b c x c c a x h i. T r o n g n h n g h o n c n h n h t d n h
n c n b c x c h<ni c c n h u c u k h c . C n g i d c b o v th
x h i n d n h . C n g l b c h d p l n g u v n n h n c a m i b t
n . S t h a h u , b i n c h i t r o n g c c v c n c h c n g n h t p h p l
d i c u k h n g ( h I r n h n c u n h n c t h i u q u a n t m t r u n g vic
l a c h n , s d n g , k i m t r a , g i m s t h u l d n g c a h .

L o i t i x m p h m d n q u v n li c a d n

V u a L T h n h T n g Ihng rn d y c c q u a n li d i q u y n
r n g h c b a n h i m v i vi d n ; l m c h o d n n h i u . " lm c h o
d n g i u , l m c h o d n b it l n g h a .

Nm 1418. dn s nc la l 5.207,000 ngi. Nm 1427 chi cn khong 4

inu ngi. Hn mi iriu ngi b gi hi. b cht trong 10 nm khi i Vii
b gic xm lc M inh d h. Sau khi nh (hng qun M inh, khi phc li
t nc, cc vua L clu khuyn khch vic lng dn s.

85
 L TH N H T N (;
VI VUA ANH M IN H , NH C C H TN v I

L m c h o d n n h i u l m t liu c h u n e n h n x t. n h g i
n n g lc q u a n , li Irong c c k s k h o , th n g k h o . N u v i n q u a n
n o s n sc d n , d n tn h i m . tro n g h t t n g i p h i lu vong
th c c h o x n g c h c " .

V m l lul h n h th i u 2 8 4 B L H q u y n h : C c q u a n /V
l m v i c n g o i n u k h n g b i t l m v i c l i. tr v i c h i. d n

tr m h p h i p lii ii h i d i n i k h c , h k h u h h a o h ii v c tr m

c p t h p i r o t i h t t h x b i c h c l u i Y l i ; n u k h ii> b t

tr m cp v k l n g t u ir in li h p h i x l i l n g m i h c . N ti c

p h n n g h c h n n p ir o n g h t m k h i m t l u v lr ii\' b t. li b

l i n h h n i p h n n g h r h m t b c " .

C h m n o m n sc k h o c a d n c n g l m t c c h l m c h o d n
n h i u . T ro n g B L H c i u q u y n h : "N h ng p h u il d a n g l m

v i c , n h g q u n lin h a n g fr i h o c ilte o q u n i r a d n l g i c ,

h o c ilte o l iix a . h a y s a i i v i c q ua n, k h i c h n li m (/n a n c h i

l y k h n x i n c p t h u c h a n g c i u c h a , i l x p / i i 4 0 r o i : I i i i v m

k h n g c h a m c h t t h x p h t s o r i... D .5 7 2 ) " .

T h n g 9 n m 14 6 7 . Q u a n g T h u n n m th 8 . n h V u a d ra ln h
c h o q u a n lu !h L N i m p h i 5 0 q u a n li n k h o n h n c , sai l
s in h n g m u a th u c c h a c h y c h o n h n g n g i m c b n h d c h

'" i Vit si<k\U)n ihi(. Quyn XII. K nh L . Nxb. KHXH. H 1993. .447,

86
 P h n mil. L T h n h Tng nh cch tn hn h chnh
d y quyl don v sng to

c c p h Q u c O a i. T a m i v d rng: ' T n a y v s a u , p h /l o c

h i i l i d c h t f t c l i t i p h p c c ( /I I I /I I c a phiTtig l l iH i /i t h u m u a

i liii c c lu c h o U h i" ." '

l m c h o d n n h i u . tro n g B L H c d i u q u y n h x pht
vic t ih in : " D ih ilin h m l l ii n m n h h x i h m . a i tii n h

h o c c l i a c h iip k \ f h i i in } i m i h c . . . M q ii u t i k l i t i p h i

i c i l i i x i i J (.305)**. -

L m c h o d n giu l ic u lo toan Ihng x u v c n c a nh V ua L

T h n h T n g . T ro n g vic l m c h o d n giu, n g d n g ihi lm hai vic:

- T h c h i n n h i u c h trcmg e k h u y n n n g n h khi n g i,
d p c h n g l, c h n g h n , k h u y n k h c h vic khai h o a n g , c h o
p h p m c h . m m a n g v i c b u n b n v.v...;

T r n g tr n n g c c h n h vi n h n g n h i u , c k h o t d n lnh
ciia Ih a m q u a n , li.

C ln n g n i vi T h n g th H b N g u y n C o rng: T
k h i { ( 'm i i i i l m bn V r i K h i l n ti i h u il li i l m

q iu tn K in h d i n , v m l th n h , V ('f l a l h n r i k . l h n

' D i Vit k i lon ilii. Sd. lr.4I4.

' ' D ai Vir s k \ lon ih. Sd. .414.

87
 L T H N H T N
\ V UA AN H M I N H . N H C C H T N \ AI

h c l li c . V m i v u a t i . ii i r i u r i l a l d u y n c n c , li h i i

m y . N i fi h \ h t l n g , /v s . i n i i lo b o d n n n c . h i

cn^ v i d c h o c n l i d i i l h i l . c n h i l i c i l l a ( l c ICII>

l b c v u h i u i i i , I i i i < c i h i l b l i l n i r u i n , c h u m

v in h h i n , d a n h li i v v a n g , s i i i H i i r o n ^ s xch, n h ih

c ii^ l n g vui sao? N u k h n i d c n h vv, th la l iiii v u a

k h n g h i i n ^^tf('r m n i i r i l h l i J ' l m v . T r o n i h a i l i u V
n g < fi c h n h i n n o t c l i t i : "

T ro n g B L H c n h n g i u q u y d n h x p h t n n g li n h i l;
" 'Q u a n T \ l m r i p h p lii i m n i i l l I q itu n n 9 (iu in th i

M f f i h i h i h u \ b i hc. f 10 (l 9 q iu u i h .\ l i h u \ h n i. l
2 0 q u a n tr l n th x t i c h m " ( .1 3 8 ) . h o c N h i^ d /H lilm

m i n \ ln h \' d n g v o v i c r i ti ih i x l i h i m h v h i chc

v b i th n g g p d i n p v o q u n " ( .2 8 0 ). N h V u a c n g k h n g
d u n g t n g n h n g h n h vi c a q u a n li t iin th u ti n b c . s n vt
d c s n d n g ln v u a nh: '" N h t ti q u c m l tr n iio i c t c c

i n g h i u m l l i u i l i i i l i n c i a d n d ' l m l v C III p l i i i i n h

V u a th i x h i m m i i , n n g t h m m i bc v h i r l i l y i

cho dn" ( .3 0 0 ). N h n g h n h vi n h : Q / l i y tli c h i m ot

t ( l a i c a l < m g d n " ( .3 7 0 ); '" Q u a n l i l m d n q u y n c h c d

c h i m dot rung t cng, nui n l qu hn ///;/ ( .3 7 2 );

"Q uan l i vav m tn i c u t d n h a \ cho d i vav d i \ ' U i c o o "

( .6 3 8 ) c n g u b n g h i m tr. T r o n g tr n g h p " c c q iiin ty l

i Vif s k lon th. Scld. lr.435

88
 Plin ni(. L T h n h Ttii n h cch tn hnh chinh
dv quyt doin v sri lu

! i i i l y a i C ii, d v i c i i a n h u l i n v o v i c r i ii li x n h

l i n h o i l v h i th n g g p i ir c h o q u n d n " ( .6 3 9 ).

c ng n n g a nn th a m q u a n li n h n g n h iu c h i p d n
l n h , nh V ua c h o t ra k h n h i u d i u lut (1 6 i u ) c th d
p h n g , ch n g : Q u a n p h i n tr n (q u a n tr n h m vng b i n i) t tin
b t ngi ( .I 6 2 ) ; Q u a n phiii tr n s c h n h i u d n ( .1 6 3 ): Q u a n
c a i q u n d n M a n . L iu l bi ngi ( .1 6 4 ); Q u a n tr n g c o i phu
d c h li giu s d in h , s c h n h cu lin c a d n ( .1 S 4 ); Q u a n (rng
n o in binh, d n tr o n g c u n g t lin s d n g q u n d n ( .2 0 7 ); Q u a n
li m n l c u p h c la d n < .273): T i l n h C n g . H u
t h c h i m ru n g d . c n g bc c o n g i ( .3 3 6 ): N h q u v n q u c
h i p lv c o n gi l n g d n ( .3 3 8 ): V tm g c n g I h g i a c h a c h p
b n tr m c c ^ ( .4 5 5 ); Q u n sn bi ciVp t h \U c o n g i k h c
( .4 6 1 ); Q u a n g i m lm n h c h i p h u d c h ( .4 9 1 ); Q u a n li t
ti n x u n g l n g x s c h n h i u n h n d n ( .6 3 2 ); Q u a n ii l lin b
d n tro n g ht p h c d c h ( .6 3 6 ).

V ic p h n g , c h n g t i p h m c h l p h n g , c h n g ti p h m
tro n g qu an li th a m n h n g , c n g d c vua, q u a n n h N g u y n tip
ih u . k tc. G ia L o n g . V u a d u tric u N g u y n c ln n i: "P hm

v it r r ii, I r c p u i i t r c o n n i ii- Y u d n t r c p h I r k l i i li a m

I il in g . K n o l m k li d n lii i k h n g i h a V ': ' K h e n th tm g

d n g , x p h t k p th i l v i c p h i l m m i g c k c n g ,

D i N n thc l c ch in h h i ii. T p IV. Ir.l34.

89
 L T H N H T N C
V VUA A N H M I N H , N H C ( n T N v i AI

php nc. X pht khng nghicm minh th php ch ing lo.

Hut ng qun Iv kh c th i vo nc np. Nhanh hay chm,
r i l o n n i ( n h s x y r a . N h i c u n h c a i t r d h c t h u c ln^
li khuvn rn ca Ihnh hicn rn do vi ni c cng ln
du khng a cng ph thng hu. oii vi ngi tm phc m
phm ti, du mang n dcn my, cn> ph x pht. iu ny
th ngi qun l no cng bit. Nhng trong thc thi, c nhng
nh qun Iv khen Ihng chi v t tnh, x phl v t on, d k..

N h V u a L T h n h T n g a v i c k h c n thcm g i d n trn h
n g h th u t. l n g h iliut c a q u n l. V ic k h e n th n g c a
L T h n h T n g trc hct l r t m in h b c h . N gi c V u a L
T h n h T n g k h e n (hng ih tr m q u a n , n g n q u n , b ln h d u bii.
T ro n g % n g q u o c c a n g , ai c n g bi ngi c v u a k h e n
th n g l x n g n g . N h n g n g i b x p h t d u b it li s a o h b
x p h t v x p h t Ih c o ic u lu t no. D o vy. h k h n g o n h n khi
b x phi, N h V u a L T h n h T n g x p h t c n h n g v q u a n li
b i n g x y ra vic d n tro n g h t phi ly l n iha p h n g c u th c
v i k m m l m a . v n n tr m c p , v h i u bin p h p g i p d n
k h c p h c Ihn lai. N h V u a x p h t c n h n g v q u a n k h n g cai
q u n t t d c c h o th u c h p h m t i. c c n h q u y n q u g ia n c y
t h c h i p d n lnh. C c h l m n y c a n h V u a L T h n h T n g c
lc d n g r l n tro n g v ic c a o tr c h n h i m q u n l c a q u a n li.

I>i Ihi tr v c a L T h n h T n g , c c q u a n c a i Ir k h m
tra n h c n g d li - m l h i n t n g xy ra k h p h b i n iro n g b m y
q u n l c a c c n h nc hin nay.

90
 i*hun ml. L T h n h Tn! nh cch l n hiinh chnh
dv quvl d u n v sii lu

K h n g phi l n g u n h i n . c c q u u n li t (,|uun n h t phum irong

k in h d c n c c v i n th li t i c c ph. h u y n , cliu d i ihi tr v c a
V u a L T h n h T n g d u l n h n g n g i m n c n . lu n h o hc lp
c n g de c d n n. v u a m n . T i c d u d c l n g c h o s c n g
i h n h c a i Vit,

V. BN LU N V N H 0 J(: c c h t n NN h n h
C H N H Q U C G IA C A N H V U A L T H N H T N G

T h gi i h i n di c c c h n h n n h n , n h g i k h c irc v
v a i (r. lc d n g c a n h q u n l \ c n g tc q u n l.

i i ri n g vi n h n g c c h tn s n g l o v m i q u n l h n h
c h n h , n n g s u i lao d n g x hi c th t n g lti 2 0 0 % , 3 0 0 % ...
th m c h c n c a o h n , c h o d n h q u n l k h n g trc ti p thum g ia
s n xut.

P ht m in h , s n g k i n c i ti n v m t k Ih u l c th d n d n
v i c l m t n g n n g s u l a o d n g tro n g m t g i b n g k q u 10 n m
la o d n g c a q u kh, N h n g d u s a o s lng, c h i lng t c
n h n h n g p h t m in h , s n g c h c v m ( k Ihui v n l n h n g n h
l n g c gi i h n tro n g m t h o c m t vi ln h vc n h t n h . G i tr
c a v ic lm ra m d u g i i h n g i ir s n lng khai ih c c
m d u . N h n g d i vi c n g tc q u n Iv v n h q u n l th lc d n g
c a s c c h t n iro n g q u n l c m li n h n g k t q u k h n g c h trdc
m m c lu d i, k h n g c h i m t ln h \ c m ! n h i u lnh vc,
l s m d n g c h o c c ln h v c k h c p h t tricn . K i q u th n h c n g

91
 L THNH TNG
V! VUA A N H M I N H , N H C C H T N v t)l

tro n g c c h tn v h n h c h n h , v q u n l l v gi i hn. T h n h c n g
iro n g q u n ! m a n g tn h d y c h u y n v ln h t n g hp. V i c c h q u n
l lc h u . b o h ih c o n ng i ir th n h t n h n c a c h n h m n h ,
t n c d g i u li n g u y n n h u n g vi c c h q u n l ir. x o c n g
th d n v n b n g h o k h . lc h u . T ri li. tro n g n h ic u Irng hcTp
vi n h ih ig i u k i n vt c h t, k th u t rt h n c h . n h n g vi s c c h
t n tro n g q u n l. ngi ta v n th u c n h n g k t q u m n h n g
ngi lc q u a n nh c n g k h n g th n g ti. H o i n g c a c o n
ngi b i c lnh vc n o . vi b c q u y m n o c u c n c s
q u n l. P h m vi. q u y m c c h t n q u n l c n g m a n g tn h v m ih
tc d n g c a n c n g ln. H n n a h o t n g q u n Iv l h o t d n g
d c ( n m g c a loi n g i th n g m in h . C o n ngi i d n g vi d u y
nht b it q u n l. X hi loi n g u i tn ti v pht tri n c ih n g
q u a hot d n g q u n l c a c h n h c o n ngi.

V i n h n g l d o . v ic c c h t n n n h n h c h n h q u c g ia . ci
li n c n g t c q u n l c c o i i c n g v ic h n g d u d a t ch c,
q u c g ia p h t rin k h n g n g n g . H c t p k in h n g h i m c a nc
n g o i tr c ht v tr n h t l h c l p k in h n g h i m q u n l li n tin
c a h . C i m c h n g la a n g ih i u nht v c n n h t l c c h q u n l
h i n d i v p h h p vi c c d c d ic m vn h o d n lc V ii N a m .
C c h l n n n h n h c h n h q u c g ia d c c o i l s c c h t n m a n g ln h
m d n g . C c h l n n n h n h c h n h l b v l s h u th u n c h o
c c c c h l n v k in h l. k h o a h c . k ih u . q u n s. q u c p h n g
v.v... p h t Irin n in h cao.

Vai t r n p h o n g , d n d u c a c c h t n n n h n h c h n h q u c

92
 P hn mi. L Thiinh Tng - n h cch l n h n h chnh
dv (uvct don v sng lu

g ia c k h n g n h . T u y vy. n i d u n g c c h t n n n h n h
c h n h q u c g ia b a o g m n h n g g ihi c h a h n d c n h n th c y
J v n g n . K h n g l n g i c h o r n g c c c h h n h c h n h n g
n g h a vi ci c c h tr n h l. Ihii t c h n h c h n h , h o c n i d u n g c
b n c a n c h i l c i c c h irn h t. Ih t c h n h c h n h . C k i n
d d t h n ih c h o r n g Iro n g c i c c h h n h c h n h th v ic c i c c h
th t c ph i i tr c m i b c. T h c t n c ta c h o th y r n g
v i c c i c c h (h (c h n h c h n h s c h n g d c n d u n u n h
n h n g v n d e c t li c a v ic c i c c h h n h c h n h l c i c c h b
m y . c i t o c o n n g i q u n l c h a c c o i l \ n th e n c h t,
l v ic p h i l m tru c ti n . S n g k i n " m i c a . n i i /i/ d c k
v n g n h l m t b i n p h p k h c p h c l n n q u a n li u , n h n g
n h i u Iro n g c c c q u a n c n g q u y n . N h n g n g i d n \ n thl
v n g b i h i n t n g m i c ii n h n i n li it k h o " li n y s in h . C
ih c n i r n g . c i c c h h n h c h n h bt u t d u v n i d u n g c a
n b a o g m n h n g g v n c h a c l m r tr o n g c h n g irn h ci
cch h n h c h n h d i h a n n c la.

Q u n l c h ic u m ( c c h k h i qut n h t, c d n g nhi l
" l m c h o h u t n g c u a t n g n g i, t n g b p h n r i n g l p h
hp V(i mc ch chung, nhm dt d(K: kt qu nhiu nht, tt
nhi, n h a n h nht, r n h i '. C o n n g i, t b u i b n h m in h lc h S
cl b i t s n g h c o x h . H o i d n g c a c o n ngi l h o t n g x
hi. T hai n g i ir ln c n g hoi d n g l c n d n s q u n l ri.
F. n g g h e n c ni: M t n h c c / ' v c m h i u d i n m t m i n h t h

93
 L : T H N H T N G
V \ IIA A N H M I N H , N H C C H T N v l I

k li n c n c n h c tr /. N l i in i c c l n n h c c i ii l o f ii ili

p h i c IH I c h i l i i i v " . N h qun l v cng tc q u n l x u l h in

l d o c tn h x h i tr o n g h o i n g c a loi n g i (hc ay. L c h

S li n h o loi n g i c n g l lch s (in h o v s q u n Iv x hi
c a c o n ng i.

q u n l c , d i u t yu l p h i th i t lp. p h i k h n g
n g n g c i ti n v th c (hi m ( c c h n g h i m m in h c c c p p h m ir
v c c m i q u a n h : " c h i h u y v p h c tiiiii: t d o r ch c: l c

l p r p h i hp". Q u y m . p h m vi h o t n g c n g ln. tn h c h t
h o t n g c n g tr n n p h c l p ih c c m i q u a n h n y c n g ir
n n c p th ic i v phi u iK q u y n h m c c h c ih c . r r n g hn.
m in h b c h hii. N i m i c c h k h c , n u c c c p q u a n h c h i h u y v
p h c l n g ; t d o v ch ' c; d c lp \ p h i h p k h n g c x c
n h r r n g , k h n g c b i n p h p d b u c m i n g i p h i lu n th e o
v c m i n g i t n g u v n tu n th e o th k h n g Ih q u n l c.
K h n g m t clii ih q u n l n o chi c q u y n c h h u y m k h n g c
Ir c h n h i m p h i p h c l n g . K h n g m t ai c q u y n t d o lu y l i
m k h n g b c h c. K h n g m t ai d c n h n m n h m i c h i u v
q u y c n c lp. q u y n t tr m k h n g n g h n v ic c n g g n h ir c h
n h i m , p h i v i n g i k h c . T in h tr n g b u n g l n g q u n l. d n
c h c c o a n , d n c h v ( c h c h o c c q u y n , d c d o n p h t
sin h , l n ti v p h i tr i n d n m c k h n g c h n g n i, c th n i l
b t n g u n c h n h t v ic k h n g x c d n h r r n g v k h n g c bin
p h p d m b o (hc h i n n g h i m c c c p p h m tr q u a n h tro n g
q u n l. T h i u b c m l y u t n o tro n g c c c p p h m tr h o c

94
 Phiin nil. Lc T h n h T n ^ - n h cch tn h n h chinh
y quyl dun v sng lo

th i u bt c c p p h m ir n o tro n g ba c p p h m ir y d c u k h n g
th c thc h i n dK: s q u n Iv th n g nht \' Ih n g su(.

Ni d u n g c c h tn vc m t q u n l h n h c h n h h o c c c h ln nn
h n h c h n h q u c gia d o v v c h n h l s c c h n t c h c b m y v c
c h hoi d n g c a b m y n h n c . l s x c l p m t c c h s n g to.
d n g n c c m i q u a n h iro n g (hi h n h c n g v ciia c c vin chc
n h nc s a o c h o h NTd phi tu n Ih n g h i m . Ihi h n h y d ch
ih. m n h lnh c p rcn, c c q u v n h c a p h p lut v m t k h c pht
h u v dc lnh c lp, t ch . s n g t o ti a c a h tro n g thi hn h
c n g v n g thi k h n g d c h o m l ai l t m n h c a o h(Tn p h p lul,
iho ra n g o i s k ic m ini, g i m st c a c p Irn, c a n h n d n v.v...

N i d u n g c c h l n n n h n h c h n h d i ih i ir v ciia L T h n h
T n g n g c h o c h n g ta su y n g in . L T h n h T n g n h n h
n h n g c c h n b m y tr \ c a n g v o Ihc k X V . v o th i gian
c h a c h(.K' ih u y t v " d u y vl h i n chnti. d u y V I lc h s v l g i c h
hc". X hi dcfng th i c a O n g c h u n h h n g v b c h i phi
n h ic u bi ih u y t n h m n h m c h o d n t n n g v n a y i r o n g n h n d n
\ n c n tr u v n t n g vi n h n g c u nh:

" N i> m h a y n iii n x l i T r i

B f p lio ii i r i i p l h i i p h o i n i H (n

C h o p h d H liii m i d c p lic / p h o n liii..."

V i n h n thc y. k h n g t n g i c h o r n g \ n n c th n h h a y
su y u d o iri d n h . N g i i k h m c iig li!

95
 L TH NH T N
V VUA A N H M I N H . N H t : C H T N \ DAI

T ro n g c c h ln n c n h n h c h n h q u c g ia . n h V u a L T h n h
T n g k h n g tin v o th u y n h m n h . N h n g n g k h n g phiii l
n g i d u v c h . c n g k h n g ph i l ngi t h e o c h n g h a d u y vi.
n g tin v o sc m n h . n g h n h n g vi p h o n g c c h s u y c,
tn h sau. n g rt m n c m vi sai l m c a q u kh. n g r( c n
Ir n g tro n g p h n g tr n h v ic phi l p li n h n g n h c, k h u y l Irong
tr n c, an d n c a c c v vua c n n h i m , n g Ih n g ly c c vic
h a v c a c c v vua a n h m in h tro n g nc, n g o i n c d h c lp v
noi ihco. V ic lm u li n c a n h V ua l c u l o li h h n g b
m y tr v t tru n g UOTg n d a p h n g . Q i c n n g , n h i m v c a
cc c q u a n g i p vic b n c n h n h V ua. c a c c c q u a n c h c n n g
tri u d in h : 6 b (L i b , L b , B inh b . C n g b . H n h b. H
b); 6 k h o a (L i k h o a , L k h o a . B inh k h o a . C n g k h o a . H n h khoa.
H k h o a ); 6 l ( i l l. T h i ihcmg t. Q u a n g lc l. T h i bc t.
H n g l l. T h n g b o l); N g s i: 4 s ( n i n . T m tang.
T h c thi. i n m c ); c c n g s i. c c ty c c x. c c H u y n
q u a n . X q u a n u c q u y d n h v c h c d a n h , p h a m h m . lin
l n g v vi s l n g b i n c h c th m k h n g m t ai c t tin
th m bt. C cjT ii q u a n h: c h i h u y v p h c t n g . l d o v c h c,
c lp v phi h p g i a c c b vi cc k h o a , g i a q u a n tr n g vi
u th u c , gia tri u n h vi c c x d d c n h V u a L T h n h
T n g q u v n h r rng.

N gi ta Ihng n i. c t c h c l th c ih x o a y c h u y n dc
(nh ih. Q u n g vy. T c h c , c bit l t c h c b m y n h nc
m tr n g lp. c n g k n h , n h i u n g . n h i u n c . c h c n n g , n h i m v

96
 P h n mt. L Thnh Tng - n h cch tn hnh chnh
y quyt o n v sng to

k h n g r r n g th d i n h n g y u h u y t c h m n g c a c n g tc q u n
l. N g i x a c ni: Q u n n h i ii ih i d n r i. C 1 0 c o n d m c

n 9 n g i c l it d th k h n m d l n a ". Vi nhng cch

l n v t ch c b m y tr v. nh V u a L T h n h T n g c d c m t
c n g c q u n l g n n h m k h n n g q u n l c a n Ih b a o q u t
c m i lnh vc h o d n g c a x h i d n g thi.

C n g vi vic c c h t n t chc b m y q u n l. L T h n h T n g c
bil c h trng d n vic c c h in c h ih q u n l. C h ih c h ih q u n .
tc q u a n li c c cp. m i l n h n t q u y t d n h hiu q u q u n l.

Q u a n h n g v ic l m c a n g , c h n g ta ih y n h V u a L T h n h
T n g c o i tr n g vic n n g c a o trn h h c th c , trn h h i u b it
p h p lu t trc h t l c h o h n g n g q u a n li. V ic p h n g , c h n g ti
p h m trc ht l c h n g n h n g t i p h m x y ra tr o n g h n g n g q u a n
li. y l q u a n i m v c c h h n h n g h i m h y tro n g c c triu
v ua d i th i p h o n g kin. N g a y c vi n h n g n g i n g i tro n g
c c n h nc h i n d i, k h n g phi ai c n g t n Ih n h q u a n i m v
c c h l m n y c a V u a L T h n h T n g .

T r c ht. L T h n h T n g thc th i n h i u c h tru n g . bin p hp

c Ih n h m n n g c a o trinh d q u n l c h o c c q u a n li. n g d c bit
k h u y n k h c h vic h c . Di thcri tr v c a L T h n h T n g , trng lp
d y h c c m k h p c c d a phng, n g ra ln h p h t c c s c h hc
N g k in h . T th, N g c cmg vn p h m , V n h i n th n g kho, V n
(u y c n , C n g m c, s c h lui. s c h d y ton... v c c c h c q u a n
" N g k in h b c s " " c trch vic h c c h o c c x. n g c h in h d'n

97
 L THNH TNG
V VUA ANH M IN H , N H C C H TN v l I

sa sang Vn Miu Quc t gim o to nhn li. Vo thi k du

chng gic Minh xm luc, Nguyn Tri tng ni: "Nhn ti trong
nc nh xao bui sng Vy m s tin s c o lo trong 38
nm tr v ca L Thnh Tng l 501 v. bng ml na s nhn ti m
cc triu vua L. Trn. H o to trong 398 nm! n g l ra cc l
thi c v x phl rl nghim vic gian di trong thi c. n g x pht
ngui gian di ong thi c, x pht c quan coi thi v quan chc da
phng v nhng ngi gian di li vo cc ng thi. Vua L
Thnh Tng chn quan, li qua thi tuyn ch khng tuyn chn ngi
theo dng mu xut thn. Nhng ngi trong hong tc, con chu ca
cc di cng thn nu khng c thc ti th khng c b lm quan.
H vn dc nh Vua phong quan, phong tc. Nhung d l nhng
tn quan, ngha l quan c hm, dc n lc, nhimg khng c cm
quyn, ng cn c vo vic d tm ngi ch khng nhn ngi
giao vic. ng cn c vo vic m nh gi quan, li xng chc hay
khng xng chc. Quan nhm no [m cho dn nhiu, dn giu,
dn sng theo thun phong m tc y l quan xig chc. Quan x
kin khng oan sai y quan x kin cng minh, n g cn c vo kt
qu thi tuyn d dnh gi trnh . n g cn c vo tnh hnh chuyn
bin trong di sng dn chng d nh gi thc ti ca quan u nhm.
Quan l c trnh hc vn, c c thc ti mi c b nhim.

(Ch thich Ir. 97) Ng kinh bc s: Chc hc quan chuyn nghin cu v 5

b sch kinh din ca Nho gia d dy hc. bao gm: Kinh thi. Thi th, Kinh
dch. Knh l v Kinh xun thu.

98
 P h n m t. L T h n h T n g n h cch t n h n h chnh
y q u y t on v sng to

Di thi tr v ca L Thnh Tng khng c chuyn khi dc

b lm quan th mi mi vn l quan. Bng cch dt ra 16 kho thi
v kho kho, nh Vua d lm cho mi quan li ng chc phi t
mnh Ihng xuyn lo au di, rn luyn do c. nng lc. n g
lrn cho mi quan li bit trc dc rng h s b loi b, ichng
cho tham d vo hng ng quan l nu nh thi hng trong cc k
kho Ihi, b coi l khng xng chc trong cc ln kho kho.
ng dt ra l 3 nm mt ln kho th. T( c cc quan li ng
chc, khng tr mt ai, u phi ihi kim tra v trnh hc vn.
Ngay c Trng nguyn Lng Th Vinh cng phi d kho thi. Quan
li cao cp (hi do Vua t ra d thi. Quan li da phng th kho ihi
da phng.
Cng vi vic kho thi. n g cn t ra l kho kho. C ba nm
mt ln, k t khi dc b nhim, quan Irng phi kho kho (s
kho) tc phi nhn xt quan l thuc h c xng chc hay khng
xng chc.
Xng chc khng phi l mt khi nim tru tng. Nh Vua
L Thnh Tng d t ra ba tiu ch c th xem xt l:

- Lm cho dn nhiu;

Lm cho dn giu;
- Lm cho dn bit l ngha.
Quan tr nhm no t c ba liu ch trn th c nhn xt l
xng chc. Ngc li. a ht no xy ra trm cp, thin tai, th

99
 L T H N H T N G
V VUA ANH M IN H , NH C C H TN v l I

d honh hnh, mt ma, rung dt b b hoang, dn b di km

phi tha phng cu thc, phong tc kiu bc... th quan Ir nhm ti
a ht b nhn xt l khng xng chc. Vin quan d khng th
vin c li cho ai v bing nhc.v cm hoc tham nhng, hoc
do bn thn bt ti. Vin quan d lp tc b bi chc.
Quan t nh phm ir ln Ih Li b trnh vua xem xl. T lain
phm tr xung th do Li b xem xt. Ngi no c nhn xt
xng chc ih cho lip lc gi chc. Qua ba ln s kho (9 nm) khi
n nm Ih 12 th thng kho. Yu l may ri trong cc k kho
ihi. kho kho khng th tn ti. Khng c s cu may trong hon
l. Nhng v quan quen thi da m, lui bing, khng c ch
ng trong gung my quan l ca nh Vua. Khi thng kho, nu
c nhn xt l xng chc th mi c phong hm. phong chc
thc th. Trong cc ln kho thi nu thi th dc khen thung.
Trong cc ln s kho hoc cha n nin hn s kho m c ti cn
c bit hoc ip uc cng to th cng c b nhim chnh thc.
Mt thc trng khin cho lng tin ca dn chng hin nay
nc ta gim st nhiu bi tnh trng phm ti ngy cng xy ra ph
bin v nghim trng trong hng ng cn b, cng chc nh nc
m cha c cch khc phc. iu ng bun nht l c nhng cng
chc vi phm nghim irng chc nng nhim v ca ngnh, chc
trch cng chc ca chnh h. C nhng cng chc ngnh hi quan
thng ng vi bn bun lu: c nhng cng chc ngnh nh t c
tnh, ngang nhin lm sai lut t ai, nh chim i, chim
nh. c nhng cng chc lm nghip dung tng cho lm tc, c

100
 P hn mt. L T h n h Tng n h cch tn h n h chinh
y quy don v sng to

nhng cn b ngnh cng an bo k cho bn phm ti chuyn

nghip, c nhng cn b ngnh thanh Ira n hi l che giu hnh
vi vi phm php lui dc pht hin, c nhng cn b trng
ngnh t php nhn hi l m di trng thay en v.v... Trong B lut
Hnh s hin hnh nc ta c quy dnh hnh vi li dng chc v.
quyn hn l mt tnh lit tng nng. Song v cha c chun mc r
rng nn khi p dng vo thc l th tu thuc vo nhng cch nhn
nhn dnh gi khc nhau m c nhng cch x l rt khc nhau, nu
khng mun ni l kh tu tin. V vy, quy dnh ny ca lut cha
c tc d n g thc s di vi phng chng hnh vi lm dng, li dng
chc quyn. Hn na php lut hin hnh ca nc ta cha c quy
nh c th no x l nghim v loi b kp thi cc vin chc
khng xng chc nh Vua L Thnh Tng ra v thc
hin vo th k XV.

khch l nhng c tnh mn cn, lirn chnh v ngn nga

t nn Iham nhng, hi l, c hip nhn dn trong hng ng quan
li, ng rt ch trng dn vic khen thng, x pht v c c ch
iheo di, gim st dc bit.
ng t ra 6 khoa gim st cng vic ca 6 b. n g dt ra
Ng s i hch i ca trm quan, lm r iu u un ca dn.
c bit l th khi trong D Hiu nh quan ch. n g gn ln vic
hch li ca trm quan vi vic lm r diu u un ca dn. C li
no ca quan m khng gy ra nhng diu bc xc cho dn? Vi
mt c ch gim st cht ch nh vy, nh Vua lun theo st dc
din bin ca mi cng vic xy ra trong vng quc ca ng.

101
 L T H N H TNG
V VUA ANH MINH, NH C CH TN v I

Khng mt hnh vi qu lm no ca bt c quan li no c Ih lt

qua i mt Ihu sut, tinh tng ca nh Vua. i v nu c bt c
hnh vi lm tri no ca quan li xy ra th ip tc c ngi hc ti,
hch li, m theo cch ni ngy nay l b cht vn v yu cu gti
trnh cng khai. ng cch thng pht nghim minh, nh Vua
lm cho b my tr v ca n g , l tru dinh cho n cc x, huyn,
chu, ph tr thnh b my qun nng dng, nhy bn, c hiu
lc cao. Nhng cn c bnh ca chnh quyn l nn tham , hi l.
nhng nhiu, c hip dn lnh c dit tr tn gc.

Tt c nhng ch trng, bin php cch tn nn hnh chnh

quc gia c nh Vua L Thnh Tng thc hin mt cch kin tr
v theo i trnh tng bc cho n tn cui di. Khi mi dc tn
ln ngi vua. vic du tin ca n g l cch tn b my tr v theo
nhng quan dim. chnh kin dc n g cng khai by t cho tt c
quan li v ton th dn chng dc bit. Sau II nm tri nghim,
vo ngy 26 thng 9 nm 1471, n g mi chnh thc cng b' D
Hiu nh quan ch thi hnh trong ton vng quc. y l mt
vn bn m cho n nay khi nghin cu n, chng ta khng khi
ngc nghin v khm phc v tnh khoa hc, khc chii trong ni
dung, tnh sc tch, c dng, vi nhng lri l gin d. d hiu, d nh
nhng li rl giu v hnh tng, ngha trong cch th hin ca n:

irong, qun v ng c hi chia nhau nm gi. Vic cng

b bn th 6 b hn nhau m lm. Cm binh coi gi b i" lm

Ba Ty: in tin, Hiu lc. Thn v l cc do qun cn v ca nh Vua.

102
 P h n mt. L T h n h T n g n h cch t n h n h chnh
dy quyt d o n v sng to

VUI nanh, lim, c. Su khoa xt bc rm ly. Su l tha hnh

mi \'ic. Ting chinh s fy ru\n dc ho ca vua v t
nguyn vng ca dn (nhng ch in m trong phn ch thch l do
lc gi nhn m nh).

Ng s n si hc lu cc quan lm hy, soi xt n khut

cho dn.
Bn ngoi ih 13 Tha IV cr Tng binh coi giida ph<mg.
ty th ng th chng gi cc ni xung yu. Ph, Huyn, Chu t
gn dn. Bo s quan l chng gic.

Tt c u lin quan vi nhau, rng buc ln nhau.

Do . gi lnh, ly qun l vic ca 'c ph m Binh b phi

nm chung. Chi ra, ihu vo l chc ca H b m H ktoa phi gip
l(7. Li b thng b nhm ngi th Li khoa dc php bc h. L b
nghi d khng tip l th L khoa c quvn ic iu. Hnh khoa xem
xl cng vic x n ca Hnh b phi tri nh th no. Cng khoa
kim im qu irnh lm vic c Cng b sing nng fi\ li bing.

n nh vic xt ciiiyl s sch qun nlit hng ng hay phn

hir, chn la tng su, thin l trong cc qun th ph ihi quan
kinh lch, thii lnh u c php tra xt, n ic c.

Quy ch trc kia. t q u a n phn nhiu ly quan to, tc cao.

C h ngv nay u l lng if, iri thp. S' quan di ra so vi
irc lng rt nhiii nhimg lin lng chi iii so vi xa vn th.
khng c ngi no n hi m trch nhim li c ni quy kt,

103
 L THNH TNG
V VIIA ANH MINH, NH CCH TN v I

khin cho quan to, quan nh u rng buc vi nhau, chc trng,
chc khinh cng kim ch ln nhau. Uy quyn khng lm, Ih
nc kh hy..''.
y l vn bn th hin mt cch c c. ngn gn nhng c
tnh khi qut r cao m li rt d hiu v s cch tn b my tr v
v cch o to. tuyn chn, s dng, gim st quan li di quyn
ca nh Vua L Thnh Tng.
S nghip ci cch hnh chnh nc ta hin ang ng irc
cc cu hi:
1) Lm th no d cu to. xy dng c b my nh nc gn
nh. t tn km m hiu tc qun l li cao. Lm th no xo b
dc tnh trng ng lp, nhu tng, nhiu nc, bin chcng knh
trong cc cp. cc ngnh nh hin nay?

2) Cn phi thc thi nhng bin php c th no d c th thu ht

dc nhtig ngcri c dc, c kin thc qun l v c thc ti vo b
my qun l ca nh nc. Gn phi da vo ai kp thi pht hin
v thi loi nhng k km dc, km ti ra khi b my nh nc.

y l nhng cu hi ng thi nhng nguyn vng mang

tnh bc xc trong nhn dn t nhiu nm nay.

Tng qut li, c th nhn xt rng s nghip cch tn b my

v vng quc, ni theo cch ni ngy nay s nghip ci cch
hnh chnh ca Vua L Thnh Tng thc hin th k XV l cuc

104
 P h n m<>t. L T h n h T ng n h cch t n h n h chnh
dy quyt d o n v sng to

cch tn mang tinh ton din, c tnh h thng, c rng tm, irng
im. Cng cuc cch tn c thc hin vi n lc phi thng,
vi tng quyt tm st ca nh Vua anh minh. Khi nghin cu
l chc b my ir v ca L Thnh Tng, nh s hc ngi Nga.
E .o. Berzin c nhn xt l "C rh cliKvn mn ho cao hn
hn cc nc khc vng /i Nam v hm chi ngay c
phif(/ng T \ ihi T rm ^ c cng khng bit ri mt chinh qnyn vi
cc c quan chc nng hon chinh n nh rv."
Vic nghin cu k nhng bi hc cch tn nn hnh chnh
quc gia ca L Thnh Tng vo th k XV chc chn s rl ra c
nhiu diu b ch.

E. o . Berzin: Dng Nam ih k X III A17 M hxc-va 1982. Su tm ca

-

PGS.TS V M inh Giang, ng trong sch "Thanh Ho thi L . Ban nghin

cu v bin son lch s Thanh Ho. (r.48.

105
 Phn hai
L THNH TNG
NH CCH TN PHP LUT
NHAY BN V SNG TAO

107
 !
%

I
 P h n hai. L T h n h T n g - n h cch t n p h p lul
n h y bn v sng lo

1.VIT NAM - Q U C (IA SM c NN p h p l u t

THNH VN

Vit Nam l mt trong nhng quc gia sm c nn php lut

thnh vn. Trn th gii, khi d bc vo thi di t bn ch ngha,
vo cc th k XVII, XVIII. vn cn mt s nc cha c nn php
lui hnh vn. nhiu nc vn cn hnh hnh nn php lut tp
qun, cn c gi l lut tc hoc lui tp qun truyn ming.
Vy nn php lut thnh vn ca Vit Nam hnh thnh l bao
gi? l cu hi hin cha c c li gii p thng nht trong
gii nghin cu ca Vii Nam.

Trong Hu hn ih lit truyn, quyn 76 c on ghi; n nm

Kin V h 16 {nm 40 S.CN). ngi n b Giao Ch l Tng
Trc r em l Trtg Nh phn ri nh qun. Tng Trc l con
ii Lc iig iitiyn M Linh. I\ chng l Thi Sch. ni Chu
Din. Hi h hng dng. Thi h Giao C hi l T nh, dng
php lut bc buc Trim Trc. Trim^ Trc ni dv lm phn.
T Ctht Chn. Nht Nm. H(/p Ph...in cc ni du htttmg ng.
( him c 5 Ilinh"'. lp lm Vng". Cng trong Hu hnih

Sch H u h n th chp; 'T h i rl T D ili dng p h p In i tr i huc. Tnm g

T r c phn II , vi ih m lm phn. D o I'v Iigicn M an . ngi L v C h i Chn,
N h i N um , Hc/p P b o ciu hng i'mg. G m chim c 5 6 llinh. l l p lm vua".

109
 L THNH TNG
V VUA A N H M IN H , NH C C H T N v I

c on vil rng sau khi M Vin nh bi dc Hai B Tnmg lin

lm s dng ln vua Hn ni rng; "trong Vit lut c 10 iu khc
so vi Hn ui". M Vin lu rng; '''khng nn b m nn ding
Vr lui c ihic ngi Vit".

T on s liu ngn ny. c (h rt ra nhng kt lun sau y:

- Trc khi ngui phng Bc n xm chim v t ch d h
ln cc dn tc Vit th ngi bn x c lul l ring ca mnh.
B my cai tr ngi Hn chi thnh lp dc trn cng. Cn quyn
lc cai a phng vn thuc v cc Lc tng ngi Vi( v
theo lut Vit, Hn lut cng khng th xm nhp xung tn lng x;
- M Vin khng nh l c 10 im khc nhau gia Vii lut
so vi Hn lut. M Vin ni l c s khc nhau v lut ch khng
phi khc nhau v phong tc. tc l dn gian;

- M Vin, qua tri nghim ca mt vin ing quen trn mc,

lo luyn trong nhiu cuc vin chnh chinh phc cc dn tc khc,
bit rt r l do ca cuc khi ngha ca Hai B Trng chng li
vn Thi th tn bo T nh. M Vin buc phi tha nhn sc
mnh ca Vii lut. V vy, M Vin khuyn l nn dng Vit lut
cai tr ngi Vit. Sau hn 1800 nm. li khuyn ca M Vin

(Tip theo ch thich tr. 109) Giao Chi (Bc B Vit Nam): 12 Ihnh: Cu Chn
(Thanh Ho. Ngh An. H Tih): 5 inh: Ntl Nam ( l >o Ngajig vo): 3
thnh; Thcmg Ng (Qung Ty): i l inh; Ut Lm (Qung Ty): 11 thnh. Ti
Qung Ty hin cn nhiu miu Inhng cigiii cng khi ngha vi Hai B Trung.
Hia nam H ng inh (H Nam, Trung Quc) cn c miu t B Trung Trc.

110
 P h n hai. L T h n h Tng n h c ch t n p h p lut
nhv bn v sng to

c thc dn Rip ng dng. Trong ihi k h Vit Nam, cng

vi vic ban hnh lui php ca ch thc dn, chnh quyn thc
dn Php vn cho php lut ca ch phong kin Vit Nam
c p dng. L d nhin ch l nhng diu c li cho ch cai tr
ca Php mi c tn li. C Ih ni l cch lm c hiu qu
trong vic gim Ihiu s chng di ca cc dn tc b h.
Mt s liu khc cho php kl lun cc dn tc Vit sm c
php lut thnh vn. Vo thk IX di s lnh do ca Khc Tha
D, cc dn tc Vii ni dy chng li s h ca nh ng v
thit lp nn t ch ca quc gia. Khc Ho. khi ln ni nghip cha
thi hnh chnh sch quc gia theo bn iu: "Khoan, Gin, An.
Lc". Khoan c ngha l khoan th sc dn. xo b iao dch. min,
gim t, thu. Gin c ngha l php lut gin d. d hiu, d nh,
d tun theo, gim bt hnh pht, xo b cc hnh ph( nng n. An
c ngh l bo m i sng yn lnh, chng thi bo quyn, c
hip dn lnh, (p s h khu, khai r qu qun. Lc c ngha l m
bo cuc sng no d, sum vy cho cc cng ng c dn. Khc Ho
chia nc thoh l, ph. huyn, chu, x v dt quan cai tr ngi
Vit trng coi theo php lut ngi Vit. Di thi h Khc, d hnh
thnh mt cch r nl v b my nh nc v php lut Vii Nam.
Troag lch s Vii Nam, h Khc chi ginh c quyn t ch trong
thi gian ngn (14 nm) nhng dc ghi nhn l nhng ngui d dt
nn mng cho s hnh thnh v pht trin nh nc v php lut c
lp, t ch, t quyt theo nhng tiu ch ca Nh nc v php lut
ca thi cn i ca Vit Nam.

111
 L T H N H T N G
V VUA ANH MINH, NH CCH TN v i i

Mt s liu khc; Theo Vii s ilng g i m c i(fn g mc. nm

1002, L i Hnh nm ili9. t iiii l, php lnh"."' S liu ny
ni ln rng dui thi Tin L. Nh nc Vii Nam c php lu
thnh vn.
Cng c kin cho rng, irc khi ngi Vii c quc ng ring
th php lut ch c th l lut lc, php lut truyn ming. kin
ny khng ng. Hn ( tuy l ch vit ca dn tc Hn nhng nhiu
nc phcmg ng thi by gi vn dng Hn t. Ch vit Ihi k
Hai B Trng chc chn ! Hn l. Khng th no khc c. Di
cc triu di c lp. t ch: nh. L (Tin L), L. Trn, L (Hu
L), Nguyn, Hn l vn dc dng ging dy v ghi chp s
sch, giy t cng vn ca nh nc. B lut Hng c cng l b
lut dc vil bng Hn t.
Nhng s liu dn trn y l nhng chng c tin cy
khng nh Vi! Nam l quc gia sm c nn php lu hnh vn.
Song n h n g chng c ny cha sc thuyt phc mnh m. Bi v
ngoi mt t s liu, chng ta khng h c nhng chng c, ti liu
no khc. Trong 20 nm d h nc la, qun xm lc Minh d t
sch, ph sch. Cc bia d. cc bn khc bng dng u b lc sot,
tm ti v b p nt. Cc s liu trn cc bn khc g, duc vit trn
giy u b em t sch. l nguyn nhn ni ln rng nhiu S
liu ca Vit Nam cn li ngy nay u l nhng s liu t gia Ih
k XV tr v sau. t thi k Vit Nam nh bi v ui qun xm

V ii s ihng gim cung mc. Tp 3. Nxb. S hc, H.1987. tr.69.

112
 Phn hai. L T h n h Tng - n h cch ln p h p lul
nhy bn v sng lo

lc Minh ra khi dt nc. khi triu Hu L dc dng nn. L Li

ln ngi vua, khi u iriu i mdri - iriu i Hu L vo nm 1428.
Nhiu s iiu khc ni ln rng vo u th k XI. php lul
thnh vn ca Vit Nam khng chi tn li di hnh thc l n h n g
vn bn php iut cm hnh. Php lut dc h Ihng ho. php
in ho di dng l b Tng lut. Vit s thng gim cng mc
ghi: "Trong Hnh th nm 1042 gtii rn^ b \ gi vic kin lng b
hn. Quan li gi php lui cu n iheo li vn trong liii l. hay
lm nhmg iu khc nghit. V v} c nhiit ngi oan ung qu
ing. Vua thy ihdng lng thng, mi sai vin Tntng ihnh
li ii inh. Vic sa nh nv phi iham hc. chm chc cho
hich ltp vi llii th, dt ra ng mn. tintg h i, phn ra lng
(liu. iii khon, lm thnh B Hnh th ca m tiiii di. Khi
sch lm xong, nh Vua xung chiu cho ban inh. Ai cng khen
l tin li. Nhn i nin hiu l Minh o", ngha l con
dcmg sng.'"
B Hnh thu thcri L gm 3 quyn, nay thl truyn.
Thi k nh Trn, ih k XIII, c Quc Triu rhhg c/i". y
l b Hnh th ca Iriu Trn. Nm /2J0, i Trn Thi Tng, nh
th l lm ra sch Thong c h v cc sch chp vic hnh, vic l,
kho ciht cc lut l i trc, nh th l lm ra sch Thng ch v
sa i quy nh cc sch Hnh iiii, l nghi, tt c 20 quyn. C ti

Vir s Thng gim cng mc, Tp 3. Nxb. S hc H.1987. tr.69.

113
 L THNH TNG
V VUA ANH MINH, NH C CH TN v I

liu gi l "Quc riii thng c h v hnh lut, l ng ':'' Quc triu

thng ch b thi truyn.

Thi k nh Hu L, th k XV c B tut Hng c.

Thi k nh Nguyn, th k XVIll, c b Hong Vii lui 16,
cn dc gi l B lut Ga Long ' vu du triu Nguyn.

Di cc triu i L, Trn, L, Nguyn, cc b lut u c

gi l Hinh lut bi v hu ht cc ch ti ca b lu( du l ch li
hnh s. Tuy vy, ni dung b lut khng phi ch l lut hnh. Trong
b lut c cc chng m theo s phn oi ngy nay thuc v lut
hnh chnh, lut di dai, lut dn s. lut hn nhn, gia dinh, lut t
tng. Hon ton c C0 s d gi l B Tng lut ca mt qu6c
gia. Vic xy dng c cc b lng lut l mi k cng ni tip
qua nhiu i, nhiu nm ca cng tc h thng ho, php din ho
lut php. y cng l mt bng chng v thc v k nng xy
dng php lut dng thi ca i Vit dt dn trnh ph(
trin cao. Cc nc vn minh ngy nay. mc du rt mun, nhng
cha xy dng ni Tng lut d thay th' cho nn php lut bao
gm r't nhiu b tut, o lut dn hnh v cng vi n l v s vn
bn di lul. Tm li l c mt rng lut, khin cho cng vic tra
cu, tim hiu gp mun vn kh khn.

B Tng tut ca cc triu i L, Trn. L l c s php i duy

nht, thng nht cho vic tin hnh s nghip dng nc v gi

Vit sThng gim cng mc. Tp 3. Nxb. S hc. H.1987.

114
 P h n hai. L T h n h Tng n h cch t n p h p lul
n h y bn v sng to

nuc. Mi cu hi v quy tc ng x irong cng cuc tr nc, an

dn ca cc quan chc Ir nhm, ca cc quan li rng coi vic
hnh u tm thy cu tr li trong B Tng lut. Mi cng dn du
tm thy s chi dn v cc quy tc .s (hung ngy ca mnh
trong Tng lut. Quan h gia cp di vi c p trn v cp irn
i vi cp di. quan h gia ngi vi ngi, gia c nhn vi
cng ng, vi x hi, gia con ngi vi thin nhin, vi mi
trng u c quy nh trong B Tng lut. Cc B Tng lut
thi L. Trn. L, c bit l B lut Hng c d dp ng c
nhng i hi ca x hi ng hi. Nh nhn xi dc ghi trong
i Vit s k ton th: "Nm 042. L Thi Tng cho sa nh
lui l, chm chc nhng iu ihi th thng dng thnh mn
loi, bin r iu mic, lm ihnli h Hnh nrca iriu i. Hnh
th lm xong, chiu ban ra cho thi hnh, dn u ly lm tin.
Dn du ly lm tin! Cu bnh lun ny ca i Vit s k ton
th tht ra cha phn nh ht tc dng ca B Tng lut di vi
cng cuc tr nc, an dn. Trong cun "Dn Itii khi lun", lut
gia V Vn Mu c li bnh lun: Tron^ s p dng hnh iut
cng nh irong cuc bang giao, iriu L d c n h n g nhn li l
r l php liii ca ta thi y c lft kting h thn khi so snh vi
nhtng nn php lut ngoi lai La M v' cc ngha v v k h c
m ngi ta thng coi l tm gng sng cho c cc nn php
lu i u .M ': " '

V Vn Mu: D/i lut khi lun. Si Gn. 1958. Ir.200.

115
 L T H N H T N ;
V VUA ANH M IN H , N H C C H T N v ! I

Trong nghin cu lch s, c bit lch s vn ho php l ca

cc quc gia. thi gian xut hin nn php lut thnh vn c coi
l ct mc c bit quan trng. Thi im xut h i n nn php iut
thnh vn dnh du thi k pht (rin dn nh cao ca x hi loi
ngi. Qu ng vy. Khi x hi ni chung, khi tng con ngi c
th bit dng php lut d iu chnh mi quan h x hi th lc
con ngi bc ra khi thi k hoang d sng trong mt
x hi nhn vn v ngy cng vn minh hn.

Vit Nam sm c nn php lut thnh vn. l mt trong

nhng tin to nn x hi Vit Nam, con ngi Vit Nam mang
m lnh nhn vn thun hu. Thng qua nhng quy c thnh vn
trong cc hng c. trong php lui qu6c gia, nhng truyn ihng ti
p. nhng c dim mang bn sc ring ca cc dn tc Vii Nam,
con ngui Vit Nam dn d hlnh thnh v pht trin khng ngng.

Mt on ghi chp sau y ca ngi nc ngoi ni ln iu ny:

^'Nhng vt lch man r mt i t lu. dn lc ny sng
trong mt x hi ihun hc, trong khi nhtg ngi phng Ty cn
tni irn bn khai. Yu mn qu hng, quyn luyn gia nh, tn
knh l tin, yu chung cng l. tn trng chnh ngha, ham thich
khoa hc, coi trng li ni thnh hin, ihng yu ni ging, tn
kinh l phi, ght xa hoa, khng hm lin li, khinh ghi V7 lc,
khng s gian kh, hy sinh ' l nhng c tnh rn dy trong
sch ihnh hin, lu li trong c phng v c ghi li trong php
lut. Hin nay, cng l nhng c im v bn lnh con ngi

116
 P h n hai. L T h n h T ng n h cch t n p h p lut
nhy bn v sng to

hinh ihnh l bao thi, nhrii tlih lun lun thc hin o c
y mt cch thnh kinh. Ngtyi Vi Nam hnh hng m n^<yi ta
ht gp ht c u cng u \civ c...".
Nhng li trn y l ca Pu-vuc-vin, mt ngi Php thi
thc dn. d c Nguyn i Quc trch dn v ng trong b bo
di du : '"Nc Vit Nam dtri con m ngi Php"."'
Cc dn lc Vit Nam, mi cng dn Vit Nam c th l ho
v nn vn ho php l giu bn sc dn tc mnh, v T quc mnh
l mi ong nhng quc gia sin c nn php lut thnh vn,

II. THC PHP LUT CA NH VUA L THNH TNG

L Thnh Tng sinh ra, ln ln ri lm vua trong ml x hi c

nn vn ho php l"- mang dm bn sc dn tc Vit Nam. trong
mi quc gia sm c nn php lul thnh vn. Khi nghin cu
thc php lut ca v vua anh minh v sng to ny. khng th khng
nghin cu n mi Irng x hi, mi trng php l l nhng
nhn l khch quan c nhng nh hng su sc n ihc h
v hnh ng trong tr nc, an dn ca ng.
C l nhng ngi trc tin, nhng ngi gn gi d li du
n su sc nhi di vi n g l v vua du tru - L Li - ng ni
ca ng v cc v i cng thn triu L nh: Nguyn Tri, n nhn

'H C hi Minh ton tp 925 /9.?0, Tp 2. Nxb. S tht. H .198. lr.40,

LS L c Til: Vn lo plii l Vii Nam, Nxb. T php. H . 2 0 0 5 .

117
 L THNH TNG
VI VUA ANH M IN H , NH C C H T N v l I

cu mng ca m n g v bn thn n g khi s mu hi do vic

tranh ginh ngi bu gy ra. Nguyn Tri dng thi l tc gi ca
B Lul th - mt b lut li nhiu du n trong BLH. B Lut
th gm 6 quyn dc suu tm, h thng ho nhiu lut l ca cc
tru i trc v bin son trong cc nm thuc nin hiu i Bo
1440 - 1442 di triu vua L Thi Tng.

Ngay sau khi ln ngi, L Thi T, tc L Li ni: T xa

ti nay, tr nc pli c php lut. Cho nn hc lp xa, t ra
php lut d dy cc tng hiu, quan li, di d' dn chng trm
h bit th no l thin, l c. iu lut th lm. iu chng lnh th
trnh, ch n ni phm php"."'

Chnh y, t ti ch d ca v vua du triu, L Thnh Tng,

qua thc tin ca cuc sng n dt ni thn d t lc cho di,
rt ra dc hi bi hc tng qut cho c thi k 38 nm lm Vua ca
minh l;

T r nc phi c php liti:

t ra php lut dy cc tng hiu, qan !i y dn chng..''.

Khng nghi ng g na, chnh y l nhng xut pht dim hlnh
Ihnh quan dtm nht qun, xuyn sut trong tr nc, an dn ca
n g l Php tr kt hp vi c r''.
Tr nc, an dn bng php lut dc nh Vua L Thnh

" i Vit s k ton thu. T p II, Nxb. KHXH, H .I993. tr.295.

118
 P h n hai. L T h n h Tng - n h cch tn p h p lul
n h v bn v sng o

Tng ni r trong D Hiu nh quan ch':"

Vua d cc quan vin vn v v trm h rng: " l ai h ci
ngy nay so v iruc kia khc nhau nhiu lm, khng th khng
thn hnh nm quyn c h tc, lm trn o hin thng...
Mt khi php tc nh ra phi knh cn duy tri v thc hin,
khng c cy mnh l thng minh ri em so vi riu trc m
sa i i, lm o ln mi in chng, ch mc ti bt
hiu. K no l b ti cng knh gi php hng. mi mi gip
Vua cc ngi d k lc cng iii ca ngi xa. vnh vin khng
cn lm li. K no dm dn ba quy ch'c m bn cn mt quan
no. thay i mt chc no, chnh l k by i gian nghch, lm
lon php nc, phi x t vi'n xc ra ch khng hng, cn gia
ihiic n phi y i ni xa t r ti lm ti b trung, ng hu
m un i sau hiu c ngha su xa ca vic sng lp in
chng c h ".

"'Quyn c h lc" m nh Vua L Thnh Tng ni trong D

Hiu nh quan ch, chinh l quyn lp php, lp quy. theo cch ni
ngy nay.
Vo nhChig nm 1468 - 1471 (nin hiu Quang Thun v Hng
c), nh Vua cho bin son v ban hnh p dng "Quc triu
nin gian ch cung ih ilc" (QTNGCCTT) (Xem Ph lc 5. tr.415).

i Vit s kv lon th, Bn k thc lc, Q uyn XII. K nh L. Nxb.

KHXH. H .I993. tr.453 - 454.

Ii9
 L THNH TNG
V VUA ANH MINH, NH C C H TN v

y l nhtig kiu mu ca cc loi vn t nh kh c. giao ko

mua bn. chc ih nhn dn theo d m lp vn l giao dch.
N h n g biu mu vn ! ny c in thnh sch, gi l T hn. Nh
c cc loi sch T hn ny m vic im cc kh c bng Hn t
dc d dng hem. Cc iu khon cam kt ca cc bn iham gia k
kt giao ko, do vit theo mu, nn chc chn l minh bch, r rng
hcm. iu ny c tc dng phng nga nhng s kin tng v sau
do vic vit vn l khng r rng, khng ph hp vi lut l.
Vic vua L Thnh Tng cho bin son v p dng cc sch T
hn vo th k XV, trong hon cnh x hi cha c khi nim v nn
kinh t th trng, khi nn kinh t ca l nc ch yu l nn kinh
t nng nghip ! cung, t cp th qu l mt sng kin. Vic lm
ny vCra mang (nh cch tn rt sng to va c hiu qu thit thc
trn nhiu mt i vi cng vic tr nc, an dn.
Theo Phan Huy Ch, vo thng II nm 1483 (nin hiu Hng
c) Vua L Thnh Tng sai Thn Nhn Trung, Quch nh Bo,
Nhun. o C v m Vn L ihu thp cc lut l, chiu lnh,
php tc. vn hn lin can dn chnh s ca di L lm thnh b Sch
th gi l 'Thin nam d h tp" (TNDHT). Sch lm xong, gm c
100 quyn, do L Thnh Tng la. n nay Iht lc gn ht. Trong
Th vin Hn Nm ch cn 10 quyn, mang k hiu A 334.

Cc lut l c ban hnh trong Ih gian 1460 * 1497 (nin

hiu Quang Thun v Hng c) cn c su tm, h Ihng ho
di i Mc Phc Hi v Mc Phc Nguyn (1541-1561) vi tn
Hng c Thin chnh th (HTCT).

120
 Phn hai. L T h n h Tng - n h cch ln p h p lul
nhy bcn v sng lo

Quc triu hnh lut (QTHL) cn gi l B Lul Hng c l

cng trnh php in ho ni ting nhi ca nh Vua L Thnh Tng
dc th gii ng i dnh gi cao. l nim l ho v mt (rong
nhng thnh lu c sc nht ca nn vn ho php l Vit Nam.
Bn cnh vic hon (hin ncn php lut chnh thng ciia quc
gia, nh Vua L Thnh Tng cng c nhng quan im dng
trong vic cho php ban hnh v s dng cc hng c, l lng
trong cc cng dng lng x ngui Kinh v cc dn lc thiu s.
Sch HTCT c on ghi rng Vua L Thnh Tng c ra o d
vi ni dung;

Cc ini, x khng nn c khon c ring v c php ut

chung cii Nh nc:

Lng no c ploni lc khc l thi c iti'cio lp k h o n :

- Nhti^ ngi tho ru htg c phi l thg nUi c n inh

i Iiho hc. c c hnh, c chc phn ciiinh ihc, c lui tc:

- Khon c tho xong plii dc qut trn kin duv cho php
hoc hi b;
Kt khon c cho php p dni. ai kli^ mn theo, quan
trn s tr li".

S liu ny cho php nhn dnh rng nh Vua khng ngn cm

vic lp khon c. n g ch trng quy nh vic lp khon c
khng c tri vi lut php chung. Khi khon c dc php
p dng m c ngi khng tun theo ih s b tr ti. Nh Vua

121
 L TH N H TNG
V VUA ANH MINH, NH C C H TN v I

lm cho cc hng khon, hng c vn l nhng vn bn c

ngun gc xut x t phong tc, tc l tt p trong dn gian c sc
mnh cng ch nh php lut ca Nh nc. Nh vy. nh Vua d
thy dc vai tr ca hng khon, hng c irong nn php lut
chung v tc dng ca khon c trong vic gp phn khng nh
duy tr thun phong m tc v k cng php nc.

C mt iu th v m xa nay t ngi bit n l nh Vua L

Thnh Tng cng khng b qun vic chn chnh k cng php
nc, hun dc thun phong m lc cho cc dn lc t ngi, ng
thi gi l ngi Man, Liu thuc Vng qu6c i Vit. Trong Ht
khong bn mng - Lut mng, c don ghi:

Di trn c nm mi ch mng Kinh, nm miti ni

mng Thi. V bo ban khng c, dy d khng nghe, Vua Hng
c mi ban lul, ban l xung cc mng Kinh... Cn i vi cc
mng ngi Thi, cm nh gc. mng c sn, bn c ci, trn
c Chu, di c Mng, c Bn. Chu cai qun Mng, Mng cai
qun Bn. Trn ihi c Cha, c To, di th c gi, c tr. Vua
cng nh ra hit, ra t cho cc To hng citi, hng mng, hng
bn phi nh. T n nay, l khi vua Hng c nh ra l
lut, nu vic quan khng bit x hi chiu cc iu trong lut ny
m x \

Ni dung Ht khong bn Mng mt vn bn php lut gm

7 diu. Mi mt iu trong lut Mng l mt chdnh lut, nh:
iu I; Lut v tranh chp rung; u l: Lut dng v, g chng;

122
 P h n hai. L T h n h Tng - n h cch tn p h p lut
nhv bn v sng to

iu IV: Lut b v, b chng; iu VII: Lut tru nh nhau cht;

iu X: Lut i vi ngi n cp... Trong ml iu lut li c nhiu
quy dnh c th.
V d ni dung iu X; Lut di vi ngi n cp c nhng quy
nh nhu sau:

Ai n cp m d ngm (c ch) phi pli 3 lng bc....;

- Ai n cp m cy (c co), phi pht 3 lng bc...;

Ai n cp m nh (c nhc), phi plii 15 lng bc;

Ai n cp la trong lu (r), lc ma no. phi pht 5 lng bc;

- Ai n cp ia trong lu lc ma i, phi pht 3 lng bc...

Ngi n cp c mt na v mua khng ai bn, xin khng ai
cho, sp cht i nn mi phi n cp !)
Ai n cp go (khu xan) lc ma no, p/di pht 5 lng bc...:

Ai n cp go. lc ma i. pi pht 3 !ng bc... S go ly

cp cho ngi n cp n i!)

- A i n cp: d, ln, g. ngng, mo, vt....

N u n cp chu chn trn cy khng phi pht v khng

cng b. Ly m t chn trn cy cng x nh th.

A i n cp ba cy ma k h i i ng xa hay khi i lm ng n
cho khi khng phi v. Nu n cp ma trong vn lc ch

123
 L THNH TNG
V VUA ANH MINH, NH C CH TN v I

nh phi pht 3 lng bc...'"

D Hiu nh quan ch, Quc triu th kh ih thc, Thin Nam

d h tp v Quc triu Hnh lut (cn gi l B lui Hng c)
cng vi cc khon c, hng c ca ngcri Kinh. Lut Mng
Mai Chu, L Mng Thanh Ho l nhng cng trnh h thng ho,
php in ho php lut c tin hnh di thi tr v ca Vua L
Thnh Tng. Ni dung cc vn bn nu th hin rt r quan im
tr nc phi c php lut ca n g . Quan im ca n g cn c
th hin bng nhiu vic lm sinh dng, c th. bn b ko di sut
c thi k tr v ca ng. Nn php lut i Vit di thi tr v ca
Vua L Thnh Tng pht irin mnh m nht so %'i lch s cc
nn php lut phong kin Vi( Nam trc n g v sau ng.

C th ni hot ng h thng ho, php in ho php lui v

ban hnh cc vn bn php quy di thi tr v ca Vua L Thnh
Tng c xc tin mt cch mnh m nht v t n trnh k
thut tinh t. Hiu lc th hnh ca php lui cao. Php lut thm
nhp su rng vo x hi. V mt lp php, lp quy, cha tng c
triu i no, cha lng c v vua no lm c nh L Thnh Tng.

Trong tr nc, an dn. nh Vua L TTnh Tng cn rt coi

trng s dng hc Ihuyt c tr.

Ngy 26 Ihng 4 nm 1485, Hng c nm th 16. Vua d cc

'"ng Nghim yn^.Tliu vLch sv x hi dnicThi .N \b . KHXH.H.1992.

124
 Phn hai. L T h n h Tng nh cch t n p h p lul
n hy bn v sng to

quan Tha, Hin,'" cc quan ph. huyn, chu trong nc rng: L /

ngha sa lt lng dn. Nng t a n g d C(fm o. Hai iu l
vic cn kp ca chinh s. l chc Irch cc quan nui, gi dn.
Trm l khi ln ngi n gi, t) c nhtg php dy dn nn phong
rc t, nuTng vic dy li, ir hi cho dn. khng iu g kng ni
r trong cc hun d d cc ngi heo th m lm. T h m c ci
ca nhn dn cha c di do, phong lc ca dn cha c sa
tt, h chng phi do bn cc nginri ch lv vic s sch lm vic
gp m coi gio lnh nh m h vn, xem c hn, hi hp l cn
trc lin m d phong tc ca dn ra ngoi suy ngh, cho nn n
ni nh ih! K l nay bn cc ngi hy b ht t trc, tt c cc
Sc lnh ca Triii dinh phi nii lng, m d thi hnh. Dn chng
h i rt th phi trm phng ngh cch xoay x. Quan ph. quan
myn, chu hng nm pti nh k xem x ch rung cao, rung
thp, khuvn dy vic nng tang. ! no cn b hoang th lm cch
m khai khn. Ngi no cn sc lc th Ii vic cho trng nom
cho dn c ca tha V khng cn i rt. Iiai vong na. Hoc Irong
dp tun hnh hng nm, n ch dn c thn xm no. u phi
ln lt nu r ni dung ca cc Sc d di rc, li dy v l nhc
xUa nay, n cn bo ban dn theo iu lnh, s li li. Nu c
vic g hi gio ho, xu phong rc phi rn tr. Ngi no
trung, ln, hiu phi ch khen thng. Nh vy dn u tr nn

Cc quan Tha. Hin l cc Quan Tha ly v Hin ty. Quan Tha ty trng
coi vic hnh chnh. Quan Hin ty trong coi VC xl x.

125
 L T H N H T N G
V VUA ANH M IN H , NH C C H TN v I

Iru n g h u m th i i u b c , g ia n d i it b ir b " : "

IU. QUC TRIU HNH LUT - DI SN VN HO

PHP L C SC CA V IT NAM

Ngay t khi ln ngi vua (1428 - 1433), L Li bt u cho

tin hnh xy dng b ut ca triu i nh L. B lut c tip
tc bin son, b sung di Iriu di cc v vua k' v. Di thi tr
v ca Vua L Thnh Tng, cng vic h Ihng ho, php din ho
Quc triu Hnh lut triu i nh L c xc tin mt cch mnh
m v sng lo hn. Quc triu Hinh lut c ro rit chun b v
son iho trong sut 14 nm tri, t nhng nm mang nin hiu
Hng c v c chnh thc ban hnh p dng vo nm 1483. Do
Quc triu Hnh lut thi L v sau dc gi l lut Hng c
(BLH) vi dng l tha nhn v ca ngi cng lao ca v Vua anh
minh L Thnh Tng.
BLH c lu li ngy nay bao gm 13 chng vi 722 iu.
BLH dc nh gi cao v:
1) Ni dung B lut cha ng nhiu quan im, t tng lin
b vt tnrc thc h phong kin ng ihi hng trm nm.
BLH ra i cch y hn 5 th k {th k XV). Nhng tnh nhn
vn ca lut, m ct li ca n l hon thin v bo v

i Vr s k lon ihu. Bn k thc lc. Quyn XIII. K nh L. Nxb.

K H X H .H .1993^r,497

126
 P h n hai. L T h n h Tng - n h cch tn p h p lul
n h ; bn v sng to

quyn con ngi, c bit l i vi ph n, tr em. ngi gi. ngi

tn tt c dn v tng lp bnh dn da v thp nh( ca x hi, cho
n nay. vn cn mang tnh thi s nng hi i vi cng cuc u
tranh ca c nhn loi d bo v nhn quyn ca th gii dng i.
2) Ni dung B lut phn nh kh si dng nhng dc dim
ca nn kinh t, chnh tr. qun s, x hi, vn ho ca x hi Vit
Nam, ph hp vi nhng c tnh v bn chl, tm l con ngi Vit
Nam. L B lut ca mt nc ihuc ch phong kin phng
ng, chu nhiu nh hng ca php lut phong kin Trung Hoa
nhng mang m nt ca ngi Vii. B lut mang nhng c im
ring ca nn vn hin Vit Nam. Gio s V Vn Mu nhn xt:
"Nn lut php Iriii L l m t phn nli trung thc a a x hi Vil
Nam. V ph hp vi cc iu kin x hi. tn gio. B ht y c
m! ctl hg rt ln i vi dn tc. Ngy nay mi s' tc l ca
la v hn nhn, gia dinh... vn cn pin chiu cc iu khon ".'"
Khng nhng vy. LH cn uc nh gi l dn chng sinh
ng v s cch tn to bo. mnh m v mt php lut cha lng xy
ra trc . N gp phn ci to, di mi x hi. con ngi Vit Nam
dn tn ci ngun v li nhng du n tt dp cho dn ngy nay.
3) Khng nh cc b lut ca cc nh nc hin di ch gii hn
irong nhng i tng, phm vi diu chinh nht nh, BLH l mt
B Tng lut.

V Vn Mu; Dn lut khi lun. Si Gn. 1958. tr.234.

127
 L T H N H T N G
V VUA ANH M INH, NH C C H TN v l I

i tng, phm vi iu chinh ca BLH bao gm mi loi ch

th, mi lnh vc hot dng ca nh nc, ca x hi. Tuy (n gi l
Hnh lut, nhng ni dung ca n bao gm nhiu ngnh lut nh:
Lut hnh chnh, Lut dn s, Lut hn nhn gia dinh. Lut t ai,
Lul qun chnh, Lut l tng... S hin din ca B Tng lut l
mt thun li ln di vi cng tc qun l nh nc, qun l x hi.
N trnh cho cng tc tra cu, vn dng lut khng b lc vo trn
bt qui ca nn php lut rm r bao gm hng irm b lut,
hng vn du lui ca nn php lut hin di.

Quc triu hnh lut c ro rit chun b v son tho trong

sut 14 nm tri, t nhng nm mang nin hiu Hng Dc v c
chnh ihc ban hnh p dng vo nm 1483. K thut son tho lut
dt dn (rnh tinh t, d hiu, d nh. d tun theo. BLH c
sc sng lu di v thm nhp su trong x hi mt cch mnh m.
Nhiu trm nm sau, di hcri phong kin nh Nguyn, nhiu ch
nh ca LH vn cn dc p dng. Ngy nay. c nhiu diu
trong BLH cn li du n (rong i sng hng ngy ca cc
cng ng nng thn v min ni Vit Nam.

Ton b ni dung 722 diu ca B lut th hin r v qun

xuyn su sc nhng t tcmg, quan dim ch do ca "nh lm
lut". Ni ung BLH Ih hin kh r quan dim, t tng ca nh
Vua L Thnh Tng dc (h hin trong cc o d, Sc lnh. Chiu
ch khc nhau m n g ban b ra p dng trn ton vng quc
do ng tri v.

128
 p h n hai. L T h n h Tng n h cch (n p h p lut
n h y bn v sng to

Nhng quan im, t tng d l:

- Gi cho vung quc lun t th phng b. sn sng c h i n du,
chin thng qun xm lc nc ngoi, bo v vng chc t nc;
- G i n g h i m k c n g , p h p nc;

Chn hng nng nghip. Coi nng nghip l nn tng ca n

dnh x hi;
- M rng giao lu, khuyn khch ihng nghip lnh mnh;
- Bo v quyn s hu ti sn, c bii l quyn s hu rung
t ca ngi dn, nghim tr cc hnh vi chiVn oi t ai, cp
ot ti sn, cng ot con gi lng dn ca cng ho v quan
l tham nhng;
- Khuyn khch nui dng thun phong, m tc;

- Bnh vc v bo v quyn li ph n;
- Chnh sch hnh s nghim n h n g lng.
i vi BLH. thi gian khng ch l s th thch. Thi gian
tri qua, B lut cng tr nn sng gi v nhiu mt cho hu th. cho
tng ngi, cho c t nc, cho nhng ngi chu s qun l v cho
c nhng ngi dc nhn dn giao nhim v thc hin cng tc
qun l nh nc, qun l x hi.

1. t nc phi lun cnh gic vi ho ngoi xm

m di 1000 nm Bc thuc d li nhng du n hi hng,

129
 L THNH TNG
V VUA ANH M IN H , NH C C H TN v l I

khng bao gi qun i vi cc dn tc Vit Nam. Khng c ni au

no hn ni au mt nc. Khng kip sng no thp hn v nhc
nh hn kip sng n l.

n u ih k X, di s lnh o ca Ng Quyn, nhn dn

Vit Nam mi ginh li c c lp, t do cho T quc. Nhng
di ch d phong kin, c lp v t do d ginh dc khng phi
l gi c mi. Trong nhng th k tip theo, khng c Ih k no
m nhn dn dc hng irn vn ho bnh ko di c trn 100
nm. Cc th lc xm lc ngoi bang (un lun dm ng. Chng
coi Vii Nam i ming mi bo, l t c nhiu li th. l dc a,
cn chim ly. C th k. nhn dn Vit Nam phi ba tn ng dy
ng du vi gic xm lc hung d t phng Bc ko dn nh
th k XIII. n u th k XV (nm 1407) d nc, mt ln na
ri vo thm ho mt nc. Hai mi nm di ch chim dng v
h ca qun xm lc nh Minh (1407 - 1427) nhn dn Vit
Nam cng nh i ni au m( nc, mt c lp, mt t do. Hai
mi nm di ch (hng tr ca qun xm lc nh Minh l hai
mi nm mng sng ngi dn Vit Nam b r rng hn mng
sng ca con giun, con d. Bn xm lc mc sc chm git. Chng
moi gan, m bng dn lnh nhiu lc ch d mua vui cho quan, lnh
cai tri tn bo. Ti nguyn t nc b v vt, T chim cng, chim
tr, hu nai, t gic trong rng su n ngc trai ngoi bin khi,
chng du bl dn Vit Nam sn bt, m ln cho k dc d lm vt
triu cng. Hng trm th thu, ring thu t b bn xm lc tng
ln gp ba v xung u dn lnh. Vng bc chu bu b thu gom

130
 P h n hai. L T h n h T n g - n h cch tn p h p lut
n h v bn v sng to

ht. Bn cnh cc th thu bng tin bc, vng la. vt qu him,

qun xm lc Minh cn bt n Vit Nam ng thu ngi na.
Tli kho, thv ihuc gii, ph n p u b bt dng cho \'ua
phng Bc. Cha ht. sch v ca ngi Vit cng b gic Minh
tch thu dem t ht. Cc bia cng b p v khng cn na ch.
Nhiu cng trnh vn ho nh chung Quy in, vc F*h Minh
cng b chng ph hu. Qun xm lc Minh cn vy bt thy dy
ch, t ph trng hc. Mt khc, chng truyn b ngh bi ton,
ph u khuyn khch tr m ti, d oan, thc hin chnh sch
ngu dn. Vi m mu ng ho dn tc. chng ngn cm ngi Vit
duy ir phong tc ngi Vit v bt dn Vit phi tc v n mc
nh ngi Hn.

L Li cng vi cc anh h n g , ngha s v ton dn lin hnh

cuc khng chin rng r trong 10 nm iri mi ginh li c c
lp, tdochoTqu c. Nhng di triu L Thi Tng( 1434 - 1442)
v L Nhn Tng (1443 - 1459). vn mnh t nc li lm vo cnh
ngn cn treo si tc.
L Thnh Tng, hn ai h, thy mi ho to lti ca nn ngoi
xm i vi T quc ang gn k. Va ln ngi vua. n g ht sc
chm lo vic gi nc. c v nghin cu BLH, D Hiu nh
ttan ch \''A nhiu s liu khc iju thy tot ln ni lo canh cnh
trong lng ca nh Vua l ni lo b nc ngoi thn tnh.
S liu sau dy ni ln iu d:

"Canh Thn (Quang Thun), nm th 1/1460:

131
 L T H N H T NG
V V t A ANH MINH, NH C C H TN v I

... Ngy mng ihng 6, vua ln ngi in Tng quan, i

8

nin hiu l Quang Thun nm th I . i x llin h. Va ln ngi

xong, lin m t phi lang cho Nhn Tng v Thi hu. Ngy Tn
Mi lm l co miu, rc bi v Nhn Tng vo Thi miu.
Ma thu, thng 7, ra sc ch cho cc v qun nm o. cc ph
trn, cc Tng quan v Tng tri rng: C quc gia l c v b. S a y
phi theo trn nh nc ban, trong ia phn ca V minh,
phi chnh n i ng, dy cho qun linh php i, ng, m,
nh, hiu uc hiu lnh, ting chung, ting trng khin cho
binh linh tp quen cung tn, khng qun v b...".'"

Cha y mt thng sau khi ngi vo ngai vng, n g ra ch

d th hin quan im xuyn sut ca n g trong 38 nm Ir vj l t
nhim v gi nc ln v tr hng du! Tip dn vo ngy 11 thng
10 cng nm, Vua li ra sc ch cho cc quan ph. l, trn, chu,
huyn rng;
/4 ci bin gii th plii gU7 quan i cn thn, khng dc
ihng ng vi ngi nc ngoi"'^'. L Thnh Tng c bit ch
n cng cuc bo v s vn ton, bt kh xm phm lnh Ih ca
T quc. C ln n g ch d cho quan i di quyn rng: "Mi
thc ni. mt tc sng ca la l no l tin b i c. Phdi cng

"> Di Vii s k. Bn k thc lc, Quyn XII. K nh Ld, Nxb. KHXH.

H.1993. tr.390. 391
i Vii s k, Bn k thc lc. Quyn XII. K nh L. Nxb. KHXH.
H.1993. tr.390, 391.

132
 P h n hai. L T h n h Tng n h cch ln p h p lul
n h y bn v sng to

quy tranh lun, khng cho h ln dn. Nu h khng theo, c

th sai s sang ln triu nh ca h bin hch r l phi tri. Nu
ngi no dm em mi thc, mt ic ai ca Thi T li
d lm mi cho ic. ngi y s b irng tr nn^"."'
Khng dmg li nhng li ch d mang tnh nguyn tc, trong
LH c kh nhiu iu lut c th v vic duy tr tnh cnh gic
thng xuyn, thc hin vic canh phng nghim mt cc quan i,
ving bin, ng bin. Cc hnh vi xm phm an ninh v ton vn
lnh (h b trng tr nghim khc.

V d: Ng' irn qua ca quan ra khi bin gii i sang nc

khc h b chm" (.71), hoc "Nhng ngi bn rung i b
ci cho ngi nc ngoi rh b chm (.74), hoc Nhng ngi
bn n l v voi. nga cho ngi nc ngoi ih b ti cim", hoc
Nhng ngi em binti kh v cc thhuc chlo pho, ho
tin bn cho ngi nc ngoi hay li l qun c ra nc ngoi u
plii ti chm" (.75) hoc "S thn (li ra nc ngoi hay s lln
nc ngoi vo trong nc m tr chuyn ring hoc ly ca hi l
m tit l cng vic ca nh nc th u phi li chm. Cc v
Chnh, Ph s v cc nhn vin cng i, bii m c dung ing th
cng cng mt li. Nu khng bii ih c gim ri" (.79), hoc
" Cc tng s phng gi ni quan i. nu phng b khng cn thn,
d la khng ch thc d qun gic n bi ng nh p u phi
c/im" {.243), hoc c vic g khn cp phi phi bo. i qua

" i V it s k lon ih . Tp II. Nxb. K H X H . H.1993, tr,462.

133
 L T H N H T N G
V Vl)A ANH M IN H . N H C C H TN v l I

n i n o , q u a n s l i n i y p h i c p t c iriiv n n g a \. k h n g d c
theo l chuyn cng vn thng, nu iri ih x li hci\ lini, lu
theo nng nh" (.277).

Vua L Thnh Tng cn ban hnh cc do d. nhng sc ch

quy nh vic k khai, kim tra dn s ca ton vng quc, t ra
lut l v ch binh dch (ngy nay dc gi l ch ngha v
qun s); dt ra php qun din cng vi vic xy dng qun cm
binh, qun cc l thin chin, hng binh khp cc tng x, dt ra
ch d lp cc dn in cc vng bin cng, lp ra cc kho thc
d tr phng i km. chin Iranh, ch trng pht Irin giao ihng
thu. b tin cho vic di chuyn, diu dng qun di khi hu s v.v...

L Thnh Tng lm cho t nc lun trong lnh trng c

tinh thn cnh gic cao, c chun b y d v nhn lc v v vt
chi, sn sng i ph c kt qu mi mu toan xm lc."

Nu nh di triu Vua L Thi Tng - vua cha v L Nhn

Tng - vua anh. trong nuc trm cp ni ln nh ong. vng bin
cng, gic ngoi mc sc tung honh nh i vo ch khng ngi
th dui Iriu Vua L Thnh Tn, vi vic lp li k cng php
nc, dc sc chn chnh vic qun, sc mnh quc phng d dc
hi phc v pht trin. Nh Vua thn c h in h cm qun dnh vo hang
k ch pha nam, phi tng ti. qun mnh ln dp )on rng

Xem phn ba: L Thnh Tng- ngi l n n mng du Un cho vic xy

dng qun i chih quy v nn quc phng da vo sc dn Vi( Nam.

134
 P hn hai. L T h n h T n g - n h cch t n p h p lut
n h y bn v sng lo

ni pha ty. trng tr nghim khc nhng k phn bi, ni gio cho
gic vng bin cung pha bc, dng sch lc mm do nhng
kin quyt di ph s dm ng ca bc triu.

Vi n h n g ch irOTig, bin php y, ch trong mt thi gian

ngn, nh Vua d lp li trt t. n nh trong nc, dp yn dc
gic ngoi, cc nc ln bang khng dm quy nhiu, khi phc li
bang giao ho hiu vi i Vii. nc nh th gi l triu cng nh
trc, nc ln i dp bt thi kiu ngo, hch sch v gi s king
n i vi i Vit.
Nh Vua L Thnh Tng li bi hc sng ng v tinh
thn cnh gic, v dng li, ch trng, bin php c th v sng
to cho vic xy dng cc lc lng v irang, v xy dng nn quc
phng da vo sc dn. Mt cnh gic, mt on kt ni b th d
c qun ng, lm v khi th irc sau cng b ho mt nc. Bng
nhng vic lm CI th, nh Vua L Thnh Tng nhc nh con
chu mun i v sau rng l ngi Vit Nam ih ch bao gi coi
ihng ho ml nc, mt nn vn ho dn lc. ho b ng ho.
Phi chtn lo cho nn an ninh t nc nh khi "hp canh nng"
m Trn Hng o - v Tng mu lc kit xul ca triu Trn
ni r vo ba th k Inrc nh Vua L Thnh Tng.

2. Gi nghim k cng, php nc

Ngi xa c ni; "Mi s ri lon u bt u irc ht l s

ri lon k cng". Qu dng vy. Mi khi k cng b khinh nhn.

135
 L THNH TNG
V! VUA ANH M IN H , NH C C H TN v ! I

php lut b v hiu ho, khng chng ih chy, x hi tr nn hn

lon, khng th kim sot ni. Khi k cng d b ph v th cng
ng ngi cng tr nn hn lon. Mi tai ho n n ko n. khng
g c th ngn cn ni.

X hi l n nh khi k cng, php nc c khi phc.

X hi n nh l iu kin hng u lm ch dt nc pht trin v
mi mt. khng phi l diu k b, kh hiu. Bng nhng hnh vi
cch ln ca m'mh, nh Vua L Thnh Tng chng minh c
chn l . Cc nh cai tr c ti thng ni rng gi gn k cng l
phi gi gn hng ngy, gi gn trong tng vic d l vic nh nht
nht, gi gn k cng trong mi chc phn d l ngcn c cng v
thp nhi trong x hi. Tng ngi phi lo gi gn k cng, php
nc. K cng, php nc phi nghim ong tmg gia nh, tng
xm lng. Trong gia dinh, nu ngi cha khng tun th lun thng,
o l Ih v con. ngi thn cn a ngh n thun phong, m tc
na. Trong mt x. nu x trng th. cy quyn, irong mt huyn,
chu nu quan huyn, quan chu coi thng php nc, coi thng
lut l Ih lng dn khng yn. Nhng iu trn dy khng phi l
suy din. C th nu ln nhiu dn chng chng minh rng mi khi
k cng suy i ih vn nc khng trri khi ihm ho. Cc v
thng nh qun s bch chin bch Ihng ch nhn vo k lut thng
ngy ca binh lnh di quyn l c th nh gi chnh xc nng lc
cm qun ca ngi ch huy n v. H rt ra kinh nghim: tng
khng ti nhng qun c k ut th i qun khng th b dnh
bi. Tng gii m qun v k lut th khng thng.

136
 P h n hai. L T h n h T n g n h cch tn p h p lut
n h y bn v sng to

En thn nh Vua L T h n h Tng tn mt chng kin nhng

iu d khi cng m sng cuc cri n nu (i An Bang. Di triu
vua cha. vua anh, bn cng ho, c b tha h tc yu. tc qui a
phng m triu nh khng h hay bit hoc c bit nhng bt lc.
Ngi dn ku tri khng thu, chn iriu dinh, vua ch ngi lm
v. Quan ln l vua. Hon quan ko b. ko cnh bn cch s! hi
nhng trung thn, lo tng, nhng ngi c c, c ti nhng
khng chu v ha vi chng.

Vic u tin m nh Vua L Thnh Tng lm l kin quyt

lp li k cng. Cc nh cai tr, cc chnh khch xa v nay du
nhn thc c mi lin quan mt ihit gia vic gi nghim k
ccmg, php nc vi s pht trin ca x hi v mi ml. Song lm
ih no t nc c k cng th khng phi ai cng bit cch
lm v im c. C ngi. lc bnh Ihng ih bung lng k
cng, khi thy x hi lm vo ih bt n th t ra h khc, nghit
ng. C hai khuynh hng y u gy nguy hi cho n nh x hi
v s pht trin ca t nc. Gi gn k cng, php nc phi
mang tnh ng b v phi gi gn trong tng vic nh tr di.

Qua nghin cu cc s liu, chng ta thy, nh Vua L Thnh

Tng d p dng nhiu ch trng, bin php c th mang tt tng
hp. (on din lp li k cng, php nc d b bung lng di
thi vua cha, vua anh. trong s c nhng bin php mang tnh c
bn. lu di nh:

Hon thin nn php lut;

137
 L T H N H TNG
V VA ANH MINH, NH CCH TN v I

- o to. s d n g di ng quan li thng tho php lut:

- Thit lp h Ihng kim tra, gim st rng khp vi c ch thc

hin c hiu lc. nhy bn i vi quan li;
- Trng tr nghim cc quan li lng quyn v lm quyn.

Mun mi ngi gi nghim php lut th diu irc tin l phi

c php lut lm khun mu. mc thc, cn c tun Iheo. Php
lut d phi l php lut d hiu, d nh. D hiu, d nh ih mi
ngi d tun theo, d kim (ra. i chiu. y l nhng iu s
ng, dng thi l nhng quy tc c bn trong ngh thut lm lut
ca Vit Nam c Khc Ho (907 - 938) ra trong chnh sch
dng nc theo bn ch: "Khon, Gin, An. Lc" khi ginh c
quyn t ch t lay nh ung.
Hot dng lp php, lp quy ca Nh nc i Vit di thi
tr v ca Vua L Thnh Tng d i theo hng . Php lut Vit
trc ht i p dng cho ngi Vit. Trong php lut phong kin
Vit Nam, k c php lut dc ban hnh, p dng di thi tr v
ca Vua L Thnh Tng, luy chu nh hng nhiu ca php lut
phong kin phng Bc nhng vn th hin m nt nhng dc dim
ca x hi Vit Nam v con ngi Vit Nam.
Vic sao chp, bt chc nguyn xy lut ca nc ngoi chi dem

138
 p h n hai. L T h n h Tng - n h cch tn p h p lut
nh y bti v sng to

li hu qu i lm mt d th n nh ca php lut ca dl nc.

Nhiu nh nghin cu lut hc trong v ngoi nc u c
chung nhn nh nn php lut quc gia di Ihi tr v ca Vua
L Thnh Tng l nn php lut pht trin v hon ihin nht trong
cc triu i phong kin Vii Nam.
Xy dng c mt nn php lut r rng, minh bch, d hiu,
d nh, d tun theo l iu kin c bn. iu kin hng u cho vic
duy tr k cng, php nc.

o to, s d n g i
ng quan li ihng tho
php lut

Php lut t n cha c hiu lc thi hnh. Php lut t n cng

khng th thm nhp v pht huy vai tr, tc dng ca n i vi
cuc sng. Chnh thng qua con ngi, m irc ht l nhng ngi
cm cn ny mc. tc l hng ng quan li am hiu su sc lut
php, (un th nghim, vn dng dng dn php lut th php lut
mi ir thnh v kh sc bn.
C diu rt th v l di thi tr v ca nh Vua L Thnh Tng,
irong cc k thi hcmg, thi hi v ihi nh luyn chn hin (i. trong
cc mn thi c c mn thi v php lut. Cc i sinh du phi qua mn
thi ny. S liu khng cho bit r ni dung mn thi ny c bao gm
thi v ni dung php lut, tc l cc ngnh lut hin hnh hay khng

139
 L T H N H T N
V VUA ANH M IN H , NH C C H T N \ 1 I

m ch ghi vn tt mn thi v php lut dc thi vo k nh.

K nh, k thi v php lut gm c: th vit cc Chiu, Chl, sc.
D... ca nh Vua; cc Ch. Co lc cc vn bn php quy; cc Biu.
Tu tc cc bo co. tng trnh cng vic ln cp irn.
Mi khoa thi c bn k thi, cn gi l trng thi. Ngi no thi
k nht mi c vo thi k nh. thi k nh mi c vo k
tam. cho n k t. Thi thi hong mi c vo thi hi. Thi d
thi hi mi c vo thi dinh.
Ngun s liu trn dy cho chng ta bit rng t nht cc quan
li tng lai phi bit son tho cc vn bn php quy, theo cch ni
ngy nay, phi bit vit cc bo co, tng Irnh theo nhng Ih thc
nht nh.
Rip lut l cng c thc hnh cng vic tr nc an dn hng
ngy ca quan li. Tht kh m hnh dung ni khi quan li khng
thng tho, hoc m v php lut th lm sao h lm ni cng vic
dc giao ph. Quan i m khng thng hiu php lut th thcmg
x l cng vic hoc theo cm tnh, hoc theo thi quen, bt chp
quy dnh ca lui php l nhng hin tng vn thng xy ra trong
di ng cng chc hin nay. Quan chc m coi thng php tut.
thao tng php lut, dng php lut nhng nhiu dn (h l
hnh vi t hi nh! di vi vic gi gn k cng, php nc.
Vua L Thnh Tng hon ton dng kh n g t mn thi php
lut thnh mt k thi bt buc la chn quan li. n g coi l
mt (rong nhng bin php chn chnh k cng, php nc. K

140
 P hn hai. L T h n h Tng nh cch tn p h p lut
nhy bn v sng to

cng, php nc trc ht l tu thuc vo trnh d hiu bil v k

nng, trnh s dng php lut ca nhng ngi c giao ph vn
dng k cng, php nc d tr nc an dn.

Thit lp c ch, h thng

c quan gim si, kim
tra rng khp, cht ch,
nhy bn i vi quan li

Di ihi tr v ca Vua L Thnh Tng, i tng kim tra. gim

st vic lun ih php lut chnh l hng ng quan li. i vi nh
Vua. vic gio c. hng dn dn chng bit lun theo k cng,
php nuc cng l iu c n g quan tm. Nhng nh Vua cho rng
trc h'l phi lm cho quan li lun h nghim php lui th dn
chng m theo. C ln, nh Vua sc d cho Li b Thng th
Nguyn Nh . Hnh b Thng th Trn Riong, Bnh b Thng
th Nguyn Vn Tch, H b Thng h Nguyn C Rip. Binh b
Thng th Nguyn nh M rng: "Ngi qun l l ci gc dn
ln tr. bni, k tiu nhn l thm bc di n ho lon. Ta cc ngi
ih vi tri dt dng ngi qun l. b ngi tiu nhn, ngy m
chm chm khng li, cc ngi((ri ch c qun y

Di Vi/ s k lon h. Bn k thc lc. Quyn XII. K nh L. Nxb.

KHXH. H.1993, ir,399.

141
 L THNH TNG
VI VUA ANH M IN H , NH C C H TN v l I

Bng nhng li l d hiu, n g ni vi t't c cc quan u iu

cc Thng th, quan dim ca ng v vic gi gn c k cng,
php nc l phi dng ngi qun t m gt b k tiu nhn. Qun
t di con mt ca nh Vua l nhng ngi ht lng v vic nc,
nhng ngi bit gi gn k cng, php nc, cn tiu nhn l
nhng k iun im tri k cng, php nc d mu li ring.
Kh<^g dng li quan im, n g cho tinh lp mt h thng cc
c quan kim tra, gim st cc quan li t ung ng dn a phng.
Nh Vua ni r trong D Hiu nh quan f/rng; Si/ khoa
l xl bc trm ty... Li b thng b nhm ngi ih Li khoa bc h.
L b nghi ch khng hp t th kho c quyn hc lu. Hnh khoa
xem xt cng vic ca Hnh b ph iri nh th no, Cng khoa kim
im qu trinh im vic ca Cng b sing nng hay li bing... N^
s n st hc tn cc quan lm hy, soi xt n khiii cho dn..."

Ng s i cn dc giao nhim v bn bc v chnh s ng

thi, duyt xt cc n.
cc Tha tuyn. cn gi l o (cp lnh ngy nay) th c 13
Gim st ng s v 13 Hin ly. Thng 5 nm 1473, Hng c nm
th 4. nh Vua ra Ch d hiu nh li chc trch ca Hin ty; 'Hin
ty c Hin st s vd Hin si ph. Hin st s v Hin st ph chuyn
gi cc chc VMtu by, xt hi, lu hc, khm xt, xt kin, hi ti,
i chiu, sot li, xt cng ti, i tun hnh... c thy 32 iu."'

*i Vit s kv lon thu. Bn k ihc lc. Quyn XJII. K nh L. Nxb.

KHXH. H I993! lr.463.

142
 P hn hai. L T h n h Tng - n h cch t n p h p lul
n h y bn v sng to

V mt t chc v quan h, h thng cc khoa, cc ng s i

l nhng c quan c lp. khng nm irong h thng t chc, khng
chu s ch huy ca cc thcmg ih cc b trung ng, cc quan
tha ty cc tha tuyn. C ch hot ng v cch t chc nh vy
(o diu kin cho cc khoa, cc ng s di sn sng hc tu nhng
vic lm khng ng php lut ca cc b, nhng hnh ng tham
, nhng nhiu, lm dng quyn lc ca trm quan m khng chu
mt sc p no.
Qua cc s liu dn ra trn y cho thy nh Vua xc nh
r hai i tng chnh ca cng tc thanh tra, kim tra, gim st l:

- Trm ly c ngha mi c quan tha hnh t trung ng n

a phng. Khng c ml c quan no, khng mt lnh vrc hot
dng no ca trm ty dc ng ra ngoi hoc ng trn, hoc l dt
thnh m mi s /lc lu" khng c ng n.

- Trm quan c ngha l mi q u a n li. l quan n h t phm cho

n cc x quan u chu s gim st ca Ng s n st v cc quan
Hin st s v Hin st ph m chc trch ch yu ca h nh d
quy nh irong D Hiu nh quan ch: "hc lu cc quan lm
hy, soi xt n kliii cho dn".
C mt chi tit kh th v l cc quan ph trch cc khoa, cc
ng s n st. cc quan hin ty dc nh Vua phong hm thp hn
quan c t di s gim st. Vi d: thng ih cc b thng
dc phong hm tng nh phm. Cc quan khoa, cc ng s n st,
cc quan hin ty (h c phong hm thp hcm mt. hai bc hoc

143
 L THNH T NG
V VUA ANH MNH, NH C CH TN v I

nhiu bc. ng du Ng s di triu dinh l quan di ng s.

cn gi l ng s vi hm Chnh tam phm."' ng u mi
khoa c cp s trung vi hm Chnh tht phm.'*iu ny buc
quan gim st phi dc bit thn trng khi hc tu vic lm by ca
quan c phm hm cao hn. Nu cho quan gim st c phm hm
cao hn hoc bng vi phm hm quan b gim st th d sinh tm
l coi thng, thiu thn trng trong cng vic gim st. hc tu.

Bng cch t chc mt h thng c quan kim tra. gim st rng

khp v nh ra c ch hc lu mt cch nhy bn v cht ch nh
vy, nh Vua L Thnh Tng d lm cho mi cng vic tr nc, an
dn ca ng. mi quan li di quyn ca n g du phi tn tm.
tn lc trong tha hnh cng v. Mi hnh vi l l, cu th, chnh
mng, chm chp, b tr trong cng v. mi hnh vi qu lm ca
quan li xy ra u b t co v x tr kp thi, n g hoan ton ng
khi Un tung rng; "Bng lc khng ning lm, trch v c
ni gnh vc, khin cho ln nh cng ta, cao thp cinhait, uy
quyn khng lm. th nc kh lay. C phong cch gi gn o php
th khng ti li tri ngha phm hnh, noi thnh chi ca t lng
thn thnh ca l m gi vnig vic tr an n mi mi v cng".''

Khm nh Vit sThng gim cng mc. Q u y n 19. tr.3 1 . (Su t m c a L

K im N g n - Sch O n h q u y n T rung cmg d u i triu L T h n h T n g . .97).
K hm nh Vit s T h n g gim cng m c. Q u y n 2 2 . t r l 7 . (Su tm ca
L K im N g n . Sd).
D Hiu nh quan c h - Ph l c l , Ir.375.

144
 P h n hai. L T h n h T n g - n h cch t n p h p lut
n h v bn v sn g to

Trng tr nghim cc quan

li tham , nhng nhiu,
li bing

Nh Vua L Thnh Tng khng nng tay trong vic nghim

nhng quan li tham , hi l. nhng nhiu, ti bing, lng quyn
v lm quyn. Trong cc bui thit triu, ng lun lun nhc nh
quan li phi nghim chnh gi gn k ccmg, php nc.
Trong D Hiu nh quan ch, nh Vua ni r quan im
ca mnh:

"M i khi php nh, nn knh gi noi heo. Ch c cy

mnh thng minh hn xng triu trc m sa i lm cho php in
nga nhing... Bng c dn xng php tnc, lun cn Jh mt
c/iiun. di mi chc, chinh th l by ti phn nghch, lm ri lon
php nc ili git h gia ch khng ihiig"."' Hng c nm th
5 (1474), Vua Sc d quan li ph, chu, huyn, cc x tha tuyn
rng: " liii tr k gian, sao dung c bn coi thng php
Itii; df quan ' dp mi kin, li gy ra t bn quan, mua tc.
Nu khng cm tril CO nghim thi sao chm di( c nti tranh
ot rc

Trong BLH c nhng iu quy nh r vic nghim tr cc

" Ph lc 1. tr.3 7 5 .
'' D i V i i s k lon ib ir. Sdd. tr.463.

145
 L T H N H T N G
V VUA ANH MINH, NH C C H TN v AI

hnh vi thi hnh php lut khng nghim nh: " clm tr nhng
chiu, ch, sc ch khng ban ra ngay, chm mt ngy h pli 50 roi,
3 ngv thm m bc cho n ti lm khao inh: chm Ir
nhng cng vn l cc giy t v vic quan) mt ngy ih pht 30 roi,
3 ngy ihm mt bc" (.119), hoc: "Vic cng ng phi lm m
ln chn chm li... thi xi bim h a \ bi chc fu theo ti nng
nh. V vic qun th li x khc" (.121), hoc: "Phm nhn c
ch. sc phi hi hnh, vic g m lm tri i t phi li . lm sai
ihix ti bim iayphi" (.122), hoc; Nhng ngi hu cn trong
cung, tip nhn l tu, nu vi s k quyn th hay v mun che ch
ngi thn, khng u ln vua tng tn ht t lu. c iu giu gim
hay thm bt ihphi ti ..." (.211), hoc: "'Khi c chiu lnh triu
nh ban xung m cc quan ty kng sao lc v nim yt ra 'hiu
th cho qun dn bi r c ca vua, li coi ihng chiu lnh
l li ho th b pht bim hay bi chc"{.2 2 0 ).

Vi n h n g vic lm c th ca mnh, nh Vua L Thnh Tng

d li cho con chu nhiu bi hc ln v vic duy tr k cng,
php nc, trong d ni n nhng bi hc chnh sau dy:
B hc th nhi: mun duy tr k cng th trc ht phi c
k cng tun theo. K cng, php lut phi r rng, lun
phi c sa i, b sung cho hc^ vi thi th. K cng, php lui
chm c Ihay di cng s tim n cc mi nguy lm cho k
cng khng dc gi nghim. T khi dc tn ln ngi vua v
trong sui 38 nm tr v. L Thnh Tng lun khuyn khch v giao
cho cc quan chm lo vic tip ni sa nh lut l ca cc vua triu

46
 P h n hai. L T h n h T n g - n h cch t n p h p lut
n h y bn v sng to

irc. Ring thi gian m nh Vua b ra cng cc i thn nh

Thn Nhn Trung, Quch nh Bo. Nhun. o c . m Vn
l_... tham kho b Lut th do Nguyn Tri son tho, tham kho
cc b iut phong kin phcmg Bc, tham kho lut l ca cc Iriu
i truc son ra Quc triu th kh Ih thc, L iriu quan ch,
S hon chm quy, Hng c th i n chnh th, Thin nam d h tp
l nhng chng minh hng hn cho vic nh Vua rt coi trng
cng tc lp php, lp quy. Ni dung cc cng trnh h thng ho
php lul bao gm trong n nhng quy nh nhiu lnh vc hot
ng ca nh nc, ca x hi nh quan h dn s, hn nhn v gia
nh, t ai. hnh chnh, t tng, hnh s. Trong cc iu lut cn
c n h n g iu quy nh v vic gi gn thun phong, m tc, o
c. Ring i vi Quc triu hnh lut - BLH nh Vua cng
cc i thn lao dng ct lc rng r trong 14nm tri(1470- 1483)
mi hon thnh c. tht s l mt k cng.

Bi hc ih hai: Vua L Thnh Tng lun quan tm, lo lng

nhiu nht l lm sao c c mt i ng quan li cc cp va c
c va c li. va thng io kinh in, vn chng li va thng
tho php lu ca vng quc. Vic buc cc quan li tng lai
phi thi php lut v t vic thi php lut thnh mt k thi c lp
trong 4 k thi l mt minh chng cho iu Vua L Thnh Tng
coi vic thng hiu php lul l mt trong nhng b phn hp thnh
kin thc tr nuc an dn ca quan li. Ai thi d k nh - k thi v
php lut, mi c tip tc thi cc k sau trong mi ln thi hng,
thi hi hoc thi nh. Quan im v vic lm cua Vua L Thnh

147
 L T H N H TNG
V VUA ANH M IN H , N H C C H T N v l I

Tng hon ton tri ngc vi cc v vua chuyn quyn, dc don

vi quan im: "Dng ngi ct khng dng php lii r, hoc "c
vic il bn m khng cn t ra php lur". N cng tri vi nhng
ngi theo thuyt c tr mt cch phin din vi quan im; "^c
l mnh lnh khng li hoc c l lm gUcmg ln cho mi ngi
noi heo", hoc VM quan c c th gi thun ma ho, chui
vng, cp lnh xa" v.v... Ngy nay, ngi ta vn cn thy nhng di
cn ca nhng quan im li ihi ny tip tc tn ti trong x hi
chng ta, nhng di nhng biu hin khc. l cch lm vic
khng theo php lut, m theo tin l li thi hoc theo thi quen,
ngh sao lm vy.
Sau gn 400 nm. chng la li thy Vit Nam xut hin mi
nhn vt c nhing quan im rt gn gi vi Vua L Thnh Tng.
l Nguyn Trng T. Trong mt bi iu trn dng ln nh Vua
T c, Nguyn Trng T vit nh sau:
"Bl lun quan hay dn. mi ngi u pidi hc lut nc... Ai
gii lu s c lm quan. V liii bao gm c k cng, uy quyn,
chnh lnh ca quc gia. trong . lam cn, ng hung cho dt
vic hnh chnh ca su b u dy di. Quan dng lut d tr nc,
dn theo lui m gi gn. Bt c mt hinii pht no trong nc u
khng v0 ra ngoi lut... Bit rng o lm ngi klng g ln hn
bng trung hiu, khng g cn hii bng ngha. Nhng cc sch
nho ch ni sung trn giy, khng lm cng chng ai b pht, c
m cng chng ai dc thng. B i^y xa nay, hc nhiu m
my ai i c tm linh, sa c li m? T xa n nay. cc vua

48
 P h n hai. L T h n h T n g nh cch l n p h p lui
nhy bn v sng lo

cha nm quyn thng tr ct nc, gip i i nh hiu lut, cn

cc sch v khc ch l ph ihuc. Nii trong nc khng c lui ih
d c vn quvn sch cng khri llir dc dn... Nu bo lui
l ch cho vic cai ir cf( khng c o c linh vi, h l khng
bit iri Itil l ti, gidng iu l c. Nu tn dng ci l cng
bng trong lii m x s ih mi quyn, php u l o c. C
ci c no ln hii chi cng v t khng? Chi cng' v t l c
iri. Trong lut ci g cng cng bng, hp vi dc ri, nh vy m
khng gi l o c inh vi sao?

Vy xin cho tt c thn^ ngi d thi trc tn phi ihi khoa

lut \ cc khoa thit thc cho hin ti. Cn th, ph ch d ngm
hoa vnh nguyt, ch i c dem ra nu n cho no bng c u?
Nc ta cha giu, sao khng t k hoch giu? Binh cha
mnh sao khng chm o v h cho mnh? Dn cha khn sao
khng em o l ra gio dc? Nhn dn i kh sao khng lp k
mint sinh cihiP Dn gian khng bit lul l. phm nhiu sai im,
sao khng ch dy r rng b i m trnh? Ti sao khng em tm
lc ra m lo nhng vic cn kp ! c mt, i em vo dng nhng
vic xa xi khng thit thc? Ti s k ch chung quanh ang bc
bch fa ngy kia s dem ci gio ho lut l ca chng n sai khin
chng t. Chng n nn so kp!"."'

Qua on s liu trn dy cho thy, quan im ca Nguyn

Trng T rt gn gi vi quan im ca nh Vua L Thnh Tng.

'"N g u y n Trng T. Con ngi T'd di tho. Nxb. Tp. HCM, 1988. tr.l76.

149
 L THNH TNG
V VUA ANH M IN H, NH C C H TN v l I

T r/ nc ih phi c php lut v lm theo php lut. Php ln vd

o c khng mu thun nhau. Lm quan trc h phi thng
tho php lut. Quan c giao chc khi tli d v php lut.
Quan phi tun th nghim php lui v c trch nhim, ngha VI
dy cho dn bit php lut. Quan li phi tuyt i rnh xa vic
dng php lu tri buc, c hip, nhng nhiu dn lnh". Tic
rng, Vua T c b ngoi lai nhng iu irn ca mt hin ti,
b ph ti nng ca mt nhn kit trong hon cnh dl nc ang
lm nguy. l ml bt hnh cho T quc v cng l mt trong
nhng nguyn nhn lm cho Vit Nam b mt nc vo lay gic
Php hcm 100 nm.
Bi hc th ba: Vua L Thnh Tng rt coi trng cng lc kim
tra. gim st vic chp chnh. L Thnh Tng rt tin dng cc quan
li m ng da vo gung my tr v ca vng quc. Nhng
iu khng lm ng i l trong vic kim tra, gim st quan li
di quyn mt cch thng xuyn v cht ch. Mt n g i hoc mt
s ngi d li gii n u cng khng c th thy ht mi iu,
nghe c mi chuyn. Phi to ra dc mt c c h trm lai. nghn
mt" Irong kim tra, gim st. S sng to ca n g th hin ch
ng khng to ra mt vng '''t thnh", khng cho php bt c lnh
vc cng tc no hoc c nhn no l bt kh xm phm ca cng
lc kim tra, gim st. Cng tc gim st, kim tra c lp vi ngi
ng u c quan chu s gim st. N lun lun song hnh vi hot
dng chp chnh. Vic gi gn phm cht, o c ca c nhn quan
i c t di s gim st ca cc quan thuc cc khoa v cc

150
 P hn hai. L T h n h T n g n h cch ln p h p lut
n h y bn v sng to

ng s i m ng thi gi l cc quan khoa, di. Nh n g ni

trong D Hiu nh quan chrng: "... quan to. quan nh u rng
buc vi nhau, chc trng, chc khinh cng km c h ln nhau, uy
quyn kh lm, ihnc kh lav..
ng to ra mt c ch kim tra, gim st ln nhau. Ai cng
c quyn kim tra v ai cng phi chu nhng s kim Ira. Nh vy,
cc hnh vi vi phm ca cc quan li bt k cng v no cng u
c pht hin v x l kp thi.
Vi mi h thng t chc v c ch kim tra. gim st nh vy
(h vic coi thng k cng, php nc, t nn quan li iam
nhng, hi l. li bing ong thi hnh cng v s gim di r t nhiu.

Khoa hc qun l ngy nay cho rng cng tc kim tra, thanh
tra, gim st l nhn t thc y tin b. Thng qua cng tc
gim si, kim tra mi bit c ng, sai ca ch trng, ctig
li, bin php dem ra thc thi l ng hay khng ng, c ph
hp hay khng ph hp vi lng dn c s un nn, sa i, b
sung kp thi. Cng thng qua cng tc gim st. kim tra mi dnh
gi ng ngu tha hnh c nng c hay khng c nng lc, l
ngi sing nng, tn tu hay ngi li nhc, b b cng vic.
Cng tc gim st, kim ira gn lin v phi dc tin hnh song
song trong ti c cc giai don. cc khu cng lc k t khi ra v
ihng qua ch trcmg. trong sut qu trinh thc thi cho dn khi tng

" D Hiu dnh quan ch Ph lc 1. tr.375.

151
 L TH N H TNG
V VUA ANH MINH, NH CCH TN v I

kl. Cng tc thanh a. gim st s phi huy dc hiu lc, lc dng

ca n khi c t trong mt ! chc, c ch Ihc hin c lnh c
lp. khch quan. Ngc li, cng tc thanh tra, kim ira, gim st s
tr inh cng c che mt v dung lng cho l nn tham . nhng
nhiu. iu nguy hi nht l d cho cng tc thanh tra, kim tra bin
thnh cng c che chn cho nhng k c hi, bt lcoig lt vo b
my cm quyn.

Trong thc, quan im ca Vua L Thnh Tng, qua cc s

liu cho thy, mc ch ca cng tc thanh tra, gim st m n g
thc thi l * hc tu cc quan lm bv, soi xt n khut cho
dn". Nhn ihc, quan clim ca ng v m t ch ca cng tc
thanh tra. gim st tuy cha dt n Irnh d nhn thc ml cch dy
d nh khoa hc qun l ngy nay nhng v cch t chc h thng
c quan v c ch tin hnh ca n g l nhng bi hc sng ng
cho cng lc thanh tra, kim tra, gim si ngy nay.

Nhng bi hc v gi gn k cng, php nc m Vua L

Thnh Tng li cho con chu v nhng li tm huyt ca nh
lio Nguyn Trng T qu tht v tng sng gi.

3. C hn hng nng nghip, coi nng nghip l nn tng ca

x hi

Di ch phong kin, nng nghip l nn tng ca x hi,

'Nng vi bn" l cu ni th hin quan im ny. Trong sut thcfi
gian ir v, nh Vua L Thnh Tng d ly vic chn hng nng

152
 P h n hai. L T h n h Tng nh cch t n p h p lul
n h y bn v sng lo

nghip lm c s d to ra s giu c. sung tc cho dn chng, s

hng mnh cho t nc, n g cng ly d lm c s vl cht, tinh
thn d duy tr n nh x hi, phi trin l nc v mi ml v
iu (ju gi hun ll c l quy t dc lng dn irm h v mt mi.
Qua cc s iiu, chng (a (hy nh Vua L Thnh Tng d p
dng nhiu ch trng, bin php mang tnh ng b, c bn v ph
hp vi nhng c im a l, mi Irng, thi tit, kh hu ca Vit
Nam mt t nc thuc vng nhil i. chn hng nng nghip.
V mt qun l, trc ht trong vic ci cch hnh chnh, nh
Vua t ra cc c quan c trnh chuyn mn su qun l
chuyn trch vic ch to hng nng nghip. n g t ra bn c
quan mi:
S tm tang: chuyn ch vic hng dn dn chng trng du
nui tm. ko t dt la;
- S thc thi: chuyn irch vic hng dn dn chng trng
rau. hoa mu;
- S in mc; chuyn trch vic hng dn dn chng chn
nui gia sc lm sc ko v chn nui gia cm;
- S dn in: chm lo vic khai hoang, phc ho;

- t ra chc quan mi: quan h . chc quan chm lo vic p

. bo v , gi nc ti tiu rung ng v phng chng bo.
l, lt.
Hot dng ca S lm lang dem li nhiu li ch ngoi mong i.

153
 L THNH TNG
V VUA ANH MINH, NH C CH TN v I

Nhng bi bi ven sng, ven bin ir thnh nhng cnh ng bi

ngn trng du. nui tm. Ngh m t, dt la trong nc pht trin.

Trong thc thi cc ch trng, bin php chn hng nng

nghip, nh Vua L Thnh Tng c bit coi trng thu li v vic
khai hoang, phc ho d tng din tch canh tc cho vng quc.

Din tch ml phng quc gia Vii Nam c nghing l Ty

sang ng, t Bc xung Nam. Pha Bc l dy ni Ng Lnh, pha
Ty l dy Trng Sn. Vit Nam l t nc c rt nhiu sng,
ngi, ao h, m ph. Hu ht sng, sui Vit Nam u khi ngun
t dy ni pha Bc hay pha Ty. Vi nghing Icn nn hu ht
cc sng, sui Vii Nam u c dng chy nhanh, chy xit. Dng
sng chy xit gy ra nhiu tai ho ng thi mang i nhiu mi li
nu con ngi bil ch ng n. Khi cha c my mc h tr, giao
thng trn cc dng sng chy xit l c bit kh khn v nguy
him. Khi c l, bo. lt, sc mnh ca dng chy cng ln gp bi.
N cun phng mi th. C nghip m con ngi y cng xy
dng trong nhiu nm, nhiu th h, trong pht chc c th b mt
sch. i km, dch bnh cp i sinh mng ca nhiu ngi. Nhiu
lng xm tr ph Irc dy bin m t l nhng hin tng xy ra sau
nhng cn l. lt. Nng du bin thnh bi bin l cu ni m t
tnh trng ny.

154
 Phn hai. L T h n h Tng n h cch tn p h p lut
nhy bn v sng to

Mi li ln ca cc dng sng chy xit l ch n chuyn ti

nhanh chng cc cht hu c v lp ph sa v nhng lng ln t
cc cnh rng thng ngun v bi p cho nhng ch trng, ch
m ly, vng h lu. Sau mi ln l, lt. cc cnh ng c ph
dy nhng lp ph sa mu m. Tt c cc loi cy trng u mcfn
mn xanh ti. Bi bin bin thnh nng du. Va la tnh Thi
Bnh ngy nay l m( minh chng.
Vil Nam gip vi bin ng nn chu nh hng ln ca thu
triu. Triu cng th nc bin theo cc dng sng chy su vo ni
ng. Nhiu vng canh tc b nhim mn tr thnh vng lau sy.
Din lch trng cy luOTig thc, hoa tri b thu hp.
Trong nhng iu kin a l. kh hu, thi lil nh vy, Vit
Nam. vic p p, o sng, khi ngi Ir thnh cng vic chm lo
ca ton nh nc, ton dn. Cng vic ny c tin hnh t
hng ngn nm nay. i ny sang i khc, th h. ni lip thh.
Vic p , xy p i vi ngi Vit Nam chc chn l c b!
u t kh t tin ngi Vit ri vng trung du ri tin dn xung
vng ng bng sinh c lp nghip. Nn v l ni hi hng
ca dn chng. Nht ihu, nh ho l cu ni truyn tng trong nhn
dn khi ni v tai ho ca l lt. Cng vic p phng lt Ir
thnh quc sch, tr thnh int trong nhtig ngha v, trch nhim
hng u ca nhn dn. Di thi Ir v ca Vua L Thnh Tng,
cng vic p phng l lt, ngn mn. tr nc ti tiu, tho
chua, ra mn rung dng, o sng, khi ngi m rng giao
hng thu b uc tin hnh vi nhng quy m, phm vi rng ln,

155
 L THNH TNG
V VUA ANH MINH, NH C C H TN v l !

vi nhng k cng cht ch nht so vi cc triu i phong kin

trc ng v sau ng.

Trong BLH c nhng iu quy nh rt r rng v ngha v

dp d, (u b . bo v ca cng dn v cc nh chc trch:
.181: Vic sa nlitg sng ln bt dii ngy mng O
thng Ging, ngi x /Ui trong ng phi n nhn phn
p , hn trong hai thng n ngy 10 thng Ba th lm xn.

Nhng con mi p. hn trong ba thng phi dp xong.

Quan l (quan cp tinh) pli nng n xem xt. quan coi phi
c IC h n g ngv. N u k h n g c g n g d q u h n k h n g x o n g th
quan l b pit, quan gim b bim. Qun lnh v dn inh khfif
theo thi hn dn lm v khng chm ch p d, qu hn khn
xong ihi b trng hoc bim".

.182: Vic gi khng vng vng hoc l quan gim dig

khng ra sc gi gn ' cho nc ll lm \' , lm mt hoa mu
ca dn thi quan l v qitan gim ng b x bim hai i, bi chc.
Nu nhng ngi l mnh i gi h c gim mt bc. Nu
ng vng chc m vd tron khi bt ng ii c gim mt
bc. Nu khi nc sng ln to, t mnh n giC nhiig khi v
khng c mi th cng m ti vi ngi v \'d . Nu
ng vng chc li c gng gi gn, song v nc ! qu lo, sc
ngi khng chng ni m v th khng b x i.

Nm 1468, Quang Thun nm th 9, Vua L Thnh Tng ch d

cho b H t chc cho dn chng khp vng quc khai thng hoc

156
 Phn hai. L T h n h T n g - n h cch t n p h p lul
n h y bn v sng to

lp cc ng nc ni dng cho rung khi b kh hn hoc

ngp ng. T liu ny cho thy nh Vua ch n vic kin to
h thng mng mng ni ng. H hng p va c tc dng
chong l li va chng hn. Kinh nghim ngn i ca ngi nng
dn Vit Nam cho thy chng hn cn quan trng hcfn chng l lt.
L t xy ra theo ma. Cn hn hn th bt thng, nm no cng
c. ma no cng c. Khi hn hn nng th mun loi thc vt, t
cy lng thc cho n cc loi cy n tri, cy rau mu du kh
ho, sc vl cng b cht v di, kht. V vv. tr nc chng hn l
diu lo lng nht trong nhn dn.
Ni dung quy nh ca cc iu lui trn dy cho thy di thi
tr v ca Vua L Thnh Tng, k cng, php nc v dp phng
t, chng hn. ti (iu rung dng l rt r rng v rt nghim.
Thi gian bt u v thi gian hon thnh vic p p, tu b d l
cn c vo thi tit. Thi gian bt u t ngy 10 thng Ging m
lch. Ngha l sau Tt l ngy, dn chng v quan chc ton vung
quc, iheo lut nh, phi dn cc vng sng nc lao ng vt v.
cc nhc phng chng thin tai. Ton \orng quc, t thng
ngun cho n h lu cc *ing, sui l nhng cng irng dp.
do .sng, khi ngi, ci to dm ph. Khng ai dc mi m vui Tl
m qun mi ho ty nh dang rnh rp. Cng vic p d khng
c ko di qu ba thng, tc phi kt thc vo gia thng T
m lch. V vo gia thng Su m lch th Ihcmg c lt tiu mn.
Lut php nh Vua quy nh cht ch nh vy l ct trnh cho nhn
dn lm vo tnh th nc n chn mi nhy. Lun nhn v pha

157
 L THNH TNG
V VUA ANH MINH, NH CCH TN v I

trc, lc no cng phi t mnh vo th ch ng i ph, lun

cnh gic vi ihu tai l nhng iu tm nim ca dn c nn vn
ho l nc.
Mt iu kh th v na l trong cc hng c c, t n lng
cng t ra nhng quy nh v dp , canh gi . cu ti a
phcmg. C th dn cc v d sau y:
.38 Hcmg c lng Mch Trng quy nh: "Gp lc cn kip
nh l ho tai, cp bc hay d st, tr nhng ngi 60 tui tr in
vd nhng ngi yu ui, cn ngi lng nghe hiu ii phi lp lc
n cit. Nu ai tr bing khng n cnt, hng hi xi ihc phi
pht l 0$20 n 0$50.
Scii thii tai: khi nc sng 1 0 , iii nguy cp cn phi
canh h; h tip lch sc (tc mnh lnh ca quan trn a xung)
Hng hi phi c hc inh trng n ciat h ngay...".

A I Tc l x Phc Lc, tng Uy N, huyn ng Anh, tnh

Phc Yn quy nh: 'Lng c mt ngi trng coi dng s. cu
cng v iu, thy ni no. ch no h hng phi trnh Hng
hi sa li, n nh iu th Th l phi coi sc ng ngi
v sc vt lm h hi n , phi cha nhng ni h hng, gi gn
ng cho ngi ta cy cy vo ch sn hay l trng trt g
y v phi gi gn cho lc no cng c tt. Khi ch no h
hng nhiu m cn phi Nh nc tu b mi c th Th l pli
tng Hi ng trnh quan".
Nhiu hung c cn quy nh rng cc quan vin khi v lng

158
 P h n hai. L T h n h Tng n h cch t n p h p lut
n h v bn v sng to

h nghe ting trng h cng phi c mi. H ai vng mt s b

pht, Vi nhng quy nh r rng v nghim minh nh vy, cng
vic dp , phng lt tr thnh ngha v, trch nhim c v php l
ln do c ca ton dn, ca ton th quan, li, t quan u tnh
cho n x quan.

Di thi ir v ca Vua L Thnh Tng, chc trch, ngha v t

chc, huy dng dn chng p phng lt l trch nhim, ngha
VI hng u ca quan i trong tr nc an dn. Trch nhim, ngha
v ny bt ngun t dc im vic trng la nc l ngh c lin
quan n s tn vong ca cc dn tc. ca c quc gia. Khng mt
quan, li no c th ln trnh. C l v vy. tri qua hcm 500 nm lch
s, mt s cng trnh p c khi cng xy dng t thi Vua
L Thnh Tng m tn gi v du tch ca n vn cn tn ti cho
dn tn ngy nay. Hng c bt u t ca sng Hng n ca
sng y l con ngn mn, khai hoang, ln bin c xy dimg
ln hon lon bng sc lao ng th cng ca hng vn nng dn.
Quy m v tc dng ca Hng c lm cho cc ih h con chu
sau ny ca n g khng khi ngc nhin. Con Hng c lm
cho t ai ca vng quc tng ngy, tng gi ln dn ra bin ng
v m rng lnh th. Qua nhiu i k. d Hng c d gi li hng
iru tn ph sa hnh thnh vng ng bng ph nhiu, hnh thnh
va la di do, hnh thnh vng t vi nhiu cy con dc sn ni
ting trong v ngoi nc, tr thnh ni chn rau ct rn ca nhiu
triu gia nh thuc cc tnh Nam nh, Ninh Bnh v Thi Bnh
ngy nay. Sng do nh L uc khi cng xy dng di thi tr v

159
 L THNH T N G
V VUA ANH M IN H , N H C C H TN v I

ca Vua L Thnh Tng l mt v d khc. Theo S liu, sng o

nh L uc bt u t a phn pha Nam tinh Thanh Ho. ri phn
thnh nhiu nhnh i qua nhng lng gn bin vng ng bng Bc
B. cc tnh pha Nam n tnh Qung Nam. Sng o nh L
em nc ngt v cho cc vng canh tc ni n chy qua v tr
thnh ng giao thng thu tin li, dng vn chuyn qun i,
lng ihc, v kh khi hu s. Trong ihc t. nh Vua c ^ s
dng mt phn con ng Ihu ny vo cuc vin chinh nh bi
Tr Ton vo ma xun nm 1471 (Hng c nm th 2).
Trong lnh vc ny, c l iu qu gi hn thy mi iu l nh
Vua d li cho hu th mt bi hc mang tnh ihi s nng hi l
phi c quan im v tm nhn ng n, y i vi vn d
p. Thng qua BLH v nhiu quy nh khc, n g thit lp v
duy tr k ccmg. php nc trong vic xy p v bo v p mt
cch nghim ngt v cht ch Irong dn chng v quan li. K
cng c duy tr qua nhiu th h. Nhng r t tic l cng vic
xy p, bo v d dp ngy nay m t i tnh nhn dn. N
hu nh ch hon ton da vo sc nh nc. T rong dn
hnh th n h thi quen l nh nc. H coi vic tu b , bo
v p i cng vic ca nh nc. Ti nhiu ni ngi dn
ngang nhin vi phm cc quy dnh bo v an ton cho p.
Trch nhim vin chc nh nc cc cp, cc ngnh i vi vic
tu b, bo v p khng r rng. Cc im canh v ngi
canh gi d p thng xuyn dc theo cc sng d tn ti qua
nhiu th k, th h th ngy nay bin m t. im canh b

160
 P h n hai. L T h n h T ng - nh cch l n p h p lut
n h v bn v sng lo

chim dng vo cng vic ring t. K cng, php nc trong

vic bo v d p b bung lng. n lc nhng bi hc ca
Vua L T hnh Tng trong Hnh vc ny cn dc phn tch k
hn, cn dc tip thu v pht huy, dc bit l trong hon cnh
tri dt ang nng dn ln.

Hai mi nm di s cai tr ca quan qun xm lc nh Minh

v 10 nm khng chin ginh c lp di s lnh o ca L Li,
rung dng, t ai ca vng quc i Vit b b hoang ho rt
nhiu. Trai trng th sung vo ngha qun nh gic. Dn chng th
phiu bt khp ni. Di thi vua cha v \'ua anh. ni tnh t nc
ri ren. Din tch canh tc Irong nc vn cha dc khi phc.
Trc tnh hnh . nh Vua L Thnh Tng rt ch trng dn cng
tc khai hoang, phc ho.

Ngy 18 thng 01 nm 1486, Hng c nm th 17, nh Vua

ra lnh cho cc ph, huyn, x rng: "Ni no c rung b hoang
b bin m ngi it rung nh nguyt hi dp khai khn, d np
ntti ph huyn xt hc cp cho dn".'''

i Vit sif k lon th. Bn k thc lc, Quyn XIII. K nh L. Nxb.

KHXH. H.I993^ tr.500.

161
 L T H N H T N G
V VUA ANH M IN H , NH C C H T N v l I

Trong BLH d c nhng diu lul c th nhm khc phc (nh

irng b hoang ho rung dng nh: C 4 n m t i l m s ru n g
mt ln. Nu do rung hav cp ring khng hp thi v (ring ma
th m xun o. ma thu cp, rung chm ll ma ihii do, ma
xun cp... Nu klng phi l rung oant m b lu ngv khng
chia t h n h b hoang th cc quan vin phi bi ihng tin hoa mu
rung: nu lay tin hoa mu lm ca mnh th phi bi ihng p
i np vo kho nh nc" (.347), hoc: Con trai f 16 lui, con
gi 20 tui tr ln. m rung ca mnh ngi trong h hay
ngi ngoi cy hy d qu nin hn miri min cng i ti th
b x pht 80 trng v mt rung t (nin hn n g i irong h 30
nm, ngi ngoi h 20 nm). Nu v chin tranh hay i phiu bi
mi v th khng theo Lui ny", (.387) hoc; NhiTng rung d
cng c ch b hoang m quan trng coi khng tu xin d a cho
ngi cy rung khai khn, th xri bim hay pht. (Ni no dn
t, rung nhiu ih khng lun li)".

Vi nhng diu lut nh vy, nh Vua d hn ch vic b rung

hoang v s ngi li lao ng quen thi lang thang, phiu bt
sng bm vo sc lao ng ca ngi khc. Nh Vua cng hn ch
nhng ngi xut gia tu hnh quen li sng xin ca b th nh: "Cc
s v o s tui t 50 tr ln phi c ip (bng sc ca triu
nh ban cho nh s) ca quan cp; nu khti c (h phi li lm
khao inh (ngi phc dch cng vic lao dng nng n). C dip
ring th cng x li nh i. C ip ri m phm php htt,
phi ui r khi cha, qun. Sau khi xt x 10 ngy m khng

162
 P h n hai. L T h n h Tng - n h cch l n p h p lut
n h y bn v sng lo

clu hon lc thi cng phi ti nh trn. X quan dung Iting ih phi
ti bim mt i. Quan hiiyn v lnh khng xi ra th h x fi trng
hay pht. Quan I>im lm (x q u a n a p h n g ) c n ngi ir tr
cha, qun u phi bim m r. Nu s v o s phm li ung
nu, n mn h phi hon tc m cun lnh; phm li dm h x
t i T i .288).

Nh chnh sch khai hoang, phc ho m tnh trng dn c phiu

bt, tha phng cu thc xy ra khp vcmg quc trong cc i vua
trc c chm di. Nhiu lng xm c dc dng li. Nhiu lng,
x mi c lp nn. Khp x-ung quc l nhng lng qu yn bnh,
tr ph. Nh Vua di vic chn hung nng nghip l trch nhim cc
quan. Trong BLH c iu quy nh quan li ph trc tip chu ch
nhim v vic khng tch cc gip dn khc phc thin tai. l lt ti
a phng ni h tr nhm, nh: "'Trong ht c ni no m b nn
li, hn hn, ma , su keo. chu chu ph hi la m, quan ch
ty ng phi ii m khng ru hay lit sai s tht l x li irng
hay phi. Qun kim tra khng x! ding s ihr th him ba i v bi
chc..." (.349). hoc "Trong ht cai qun c h. ch si, ln rng
cn hi nhn dn, ph hoi la m m khng dng tm tim cch sn
bt, th x li him, ai bt dc ih dc ihng tu theo vic nng
nh". c ln nh Vua ra lnh: "Ging chc hn Tha tuyn cc
x Bc o L Cng Khc v irong x c nhiu su cn la m khng
bit tii ln irc, ch ngi nhn ai lo ca dn"."

i V i t s k fon th , Sdd. ir.500.

163
 L T H N H T N G
V VU A AN H M I N H , N H C C H T N v I

Vi nhng quy nh ca cc iu Irong BLH, nh Vua khng

dung th cho bt k quan li no vin vo c con ngi bt lc trc
th i n lai chi b trch nhim ca quan li tr nhm trong vic
khai hoang, phc ho, phng chng thin tai, ngn nga th d v
ph hoi cuc sng yn lnh ca dn ni h ph trch. ng nh
ng ni trong D Hiu nh quan ch Tng: " khng c ngi
no n hi, trch nhim c ni quy kt...". K hng nh tnh
tr n g xy ra trong cc c q u an nh nc hin nay l mt s cng
chc thiu trch nhim thng hay l cho khch quan, cho
c ch m cui cng khng c ai phi chu trch nhim trc
nhmg ai ho nng n v ngcr, v ca xy ra.
Ngy 26 thng 4 nm 1485, Hng c nm th 16, Vua d cc
quan tha hin, (cc quan u lnh gm quan tha ty ph trch hnh
chnh, quan hin ly ph Irch vic t php), cc quan ph, huyn,
chu trong ton vng quc rng: "L ngha sa tt lng dn,
nng tang cm o. Hai iu l vic cn kp ca chnh s,
l chc trch cc quan niti dy dn. Trm t khi ln ngi n gi,
tt c nhng php dy dn nn phong tc it, nhng vic dy li tr
hi cho dn, khng iu g khng ni r Irong cc hun d cc
ngi iheo tim lm. T h m ca ci ca nhn dn cha c di
do, phong tc cha c sa u h chng phi cc ngi ch ly
s sch lm vic gp m coi gio lnh l m h vn, xem hi hp,
c hn l cn trc tin m phong lc ca dn ra ngoi suy ngh
cho nn n ni nh th? K t nay, bn cc ngi hy b h l
trc, tt c cc sc lnh ca triu inh phi mt lng, mt d fhi

164
 P h n hai. L T h n h Tng - n h cch t n p h p lut
nhy bn v sn g to

hnh. Dn chng i r! th trm phng ngh cch xoay x. Quan

ph, huyn, chu hng nm phi nh k xem xt ch rung cao.
rung thp, khuyn dy vic nng lang. no cn b khng th
tm cch khai khn, ngi no cn sc lc thi tu vic cho rng nom
ch dn c ca tha v khng cn nn di ri iii vong na. Hoc
l rong dp tun hnh hng nm, n ch dn c thn xm no u
pbi ln lt nu r ni dung ca cc sc d i irc, li dy \ l
nhc x nay. n cn bo ban dn theo iu lnh, sa li li.
Nu c vic gi hi gio ho, xu phong tc phi rn Ir. Ngi
n o trung tin , h i t p h d i ch kh e n thng. N h vy, d n u tr
nn trung hu m thi kiu bc, gian di u b tr b. Ngin no
ht tun theo th hai ly khai tn ln khen thng. Nu vin no
coi ihng chc s ih b chc sung qun".'
Vua L Thnh Tng a ra nhng li hun d ny khi n g
tr v vng quc c 27 nm. Trong 27 nm y, n g dem li
bao iu i thay ln lao cho t nc nhng n g vn cha hi lng
i vi cng -vic ca quan li di quyn. Bng nhng li l n
g i n , ng ni r: " L ngha sa tt lng dn, nng tang d c
cm o", v ng nhn mnh: / a i iu l vic cn kp ca
chnh s, l chc trch ca cc quan nui g i n", n g dn d
trm quan: Dn chng b i rt th trm phng n g h cch xoay
x, quan ph, huyn, chu hng nm phi nh k xem xt ch
rung cao, rung thp, khuyn dy vic nng tang...".

i V ir s k ton th . Sd. tr.497.

165
 L T H N H T N G
V Vl)A A N H M IN H , N H C C H T N v l AI

Trong su thi gian ir v ca mnh, nh Vua L Thnh Tng rt

quan tm n cng tc thu li v khai hoang, phc ho ch vi mc
ch lm lng din tch canh tc cho dn c s no v lng
thc. Theo An Nam ch ca Cao Hng Trng, thi Minh h, din
lch rung t np thu ca ring tnh Thanh Ho l 83.055 inu,
nhng n u th k XIX l trn 200.000 mu. Ch ring mt
lnh, vi chnh sch khai hoang, phc ho lm tng din lch canh
lc ln 16.945 mu em li cm no. o m cho hng ngn gia
nh nng dn. Vua L Thnh Tng qu tng thc t, tng tc
sng (huc lnh th ca quc gia. Vin quan i no d cho rung
dt hoang ho th b bi chc.
L Thnh Tng l mt v \aia ht mc chm lo cho i sng ca
dn chng, n g cng bit cch buc trm quan di quyn phi suy
ngh v hnh dng nh n g . l mt gng sng m cc th h
con chu n g cn noi theo. S dng ph phm t ai, d cho
ngi nng dn lm vo tnh tr n g khng c t d canh tc l
nhng vic lm dc bit nguy hi. iu nguy hi nht trong cc
nguy hi l lm ny sinh nhng m u thun ga ngi dn vi
chnh quyn dn n s m t n nh x h.

4. M rng giao iu, khuyn khch thcmg nghip lnh m nh

Vi Ihc h phong kin, thng nghip l ngh b x hi khinh

bc. Theo nh nho th cu th S k dng du bc thang a v.
danh vng. K n l Nng v tip theo l Cng. Thng b t
cui bc.

166
 P hn hai. L T h n h T n g - n h cch l n p h p lut
nh v bn v s n g to

Thng nghip, di ch phong kin cn b nh gi l ngh

lm n khng my lcmg thin. Cu ni ca ming "phi thng hi
ph" bao hm c ngha rng ngi i bun phi lun lun gian ln,
di tr. Khng la gt ih khng kim dc li.
Sinh ra v l ln trong thi di phong kin, lm vua tr v vi
thc h phong kin, nhng nh Vua L Thnh Tng li c quan
im v hnh ng ng v m mang giao lu v khuyn khch
thng nghip. Trong bi cnh quan h th trng, lin l v hng
ho cha pht trin, nhng quan im ca ng v thng nghip,
nhng bin php ca ng d thc thi nhm xy dng mt nn
thng nghip lnh mnh m cho n tn ngy nay vn cn mang
tnh (hi s.

Trong 722 iu ca BLH. c nh ring 27 iu c ni dung

lin quan trc tip n vic ihit lp k cng v duy tr mt nn
thng nghip lnh mnh.
Trong 27 iu, c:

Bn iu c ni dung lin quan n vic s dng tin l (cc

iu: 175, 198, 522 v 523);
- Hai iu c ni dung lin quan dn vic s dng cc dng c
cn o (cc iu; 187, 190);

Hai diu c lin quan n vic ngn cm sn xut, bun bn

hng gi. hng km phm cht (cc iu: 191. 192);
- Nm diu c lin quan n vic trng tr cc li bun lu (cc

167
 L THNH TNG
V V U A A N H M I N H , N H C C H T N v l I

iu: 6 i2 , 613. 614, 615 v 616);

- Chn iu c ni dung iu chnh cc quan h vay n. Ir n

(cc iu: 558, 587. 588, 589, 590, 591, 592, 593 v 638);

- Ba iu c lin quan n vic gi gn trl t, an nnh cc ch,

ni bun bn (cc iu: 186, 557 v 576);
- Hai iu c ni dung cm quan li dnh dng n vic i bun
(cc iu: 221, 224).

Vic phn 27 diu ni irn ihnh by loi, nhm hnh vi khc

nhau cho thy Vua L Thnh Tng qu l c cch nhn sc so v
ton din v nhng hnh v gy mt n nh trong luu thng hng
ho cn phi phng chng thit lp mt nn thng nghip lnh
mnh trong vng quc. Tin t; dng c cn do chnh xc; dm bo
cht ]ng hng ho v chng bun bn hng g. hng km phm
ch; quan h vay n v tr n, duy r trt l. an ninh cc ni bun
bn; chng bun lu v dc bit l cm quan lt thc hin cc hnh
vi bun bn kim li trong khi thi hnh cng v m cho dn tn ngy
nay. cc quc gia trn th gii du nhn thc l nhng vn c lin
quan n vic thil lp mt nn th Ircmg lnh mnh v n nh.

Q uy nh ca B LH v
vn tin t

Vo nm 1396, H Qu Ly cho pht hnh tin giy. l s

168
 P hn hai. L T h n h T n g - n h cch t n p h p lul
nh y bn v sng to

ci cch to bo ca H Qu Ly. Nhng quan im, ihc ciia H

Qu Ly khng ph hp vi hon cnh thc ti lc . Vic pht
hnh (in giy phi Xut ph( t nhu cu rng ln ca quan h hng
ho, quan h th trng. Vi nn sn xut t cung, l cp th nhu cu
trao i hng ho khng pht Irin v l d nhin, tin l. c bit l
tin giy khng th tr thnh cng c hanh ton, cng c tch iy
ca ci. Tm li, vic phi hnh tin giy khng th tn ti trong nn
kinh l t cung, t cp.

Khng bit nh Vua L Thnh Tng c bit v rt ra bi hc t

kinh nghim ca v vua ir v vng quc cch n g mi th k hay
khng v khng tm thy c mt dng no trong s liu ni ln iu
ny. Vua L Thnh Tng khng pht hnh tin giy. Nh Vua cho
m xng c lin ng v vng, bc hi dng lm lin l. Nh
Vua cho tr Iucfng quan li, binh lnh bng lin ng. Vt khen
thng ca nh Vua ban cho quan l mn cn, tng s. binh lnh
c cng cng bng bc lng hoc tin ng. Vic ng thu cho nh
nc cng c th np bng tin ng, khng nht thit bng thc.
Nh Vua cng cho php cc quan li a phng dng tin dng
mua thc d tr khi gi thc h. Khi gp hn hn. mt ma, gi thc
cao th nh nc bn ra cho dn vi gi h n nh gi thc, ng
thi l n nh cuc sng cho dn kh gp kh khn. Tin dng,
vng, bc thi cn c dng mua t, mua vn, mua tru, xy
nh, gi chp, ci hi v dng vo nhiu quan h giao dch dn s
khc. Nh nc cn quy dinh cc loi hnh pht bng tn v cho
chuc li bng tin. Vi nhng bin php nh vy. tin ng, vng.

169
 L T H N H TN(J
V VUA A N H M I N H , N H C C H T N v I

bc thi d c dn chng chp nhn dng lm phng tin (hanh

ton v tch ly ca ci. Tin ng, vng, bc thi tr th n h thc
o gi tr cng sc lao ng, gi ir cc loi h n g ho. tr thnh cng
c thanh lon trong mua bn hng ho. trong vay, tr n. np pht
v chuc ti. Tin dng Ir ihnh tin t ihng dng trong vng
quc. l yu t quan trng gip cho sn vt d tr thnh hng
ho v dc lu thng rng ri. Giao lu m rng, thng nghip
pht trin, dn lt n ii thc y nng nghip, th cng nghip ca
vng quc pht trin ln giai on cao hn. i sng ca mun
dn tr nn no m hcm, sung lc hn.
c lin dng, c vng, bc thi l dc quyn ca nh nc.
Cng dn b cm ngt vic lm d. Nhtii k c trm lin cng
th khng k th phm hay tng phm u x ti chm: chii cla
x cng ti. lng gini bit m khng bo th x nh lm hai hc.
Quan l. quan huyn v iin h m khng bit ll x ti b i m hay phi.
x quan pht li " ( .522 BLH). Hnh ph i vi k c irm
tn dng l hlnh pht cao nht. Th phm, tng phm v ch cha
u b x chm m khng c s phn bit. "Ni hy lin ng IIC
lm ng ti b li , nu s' lin nhiii ihi rhm ti" (. 175
BLH). "Nhng k lm vng, hc gi v nling dng bng vng
bc gi dem hn th x li : nlii'nig vi phi siiig cng"
(.523). Ngy 01 thng 5 nm 1486, Hng c nm th 17, nh
Vua ra sc ch cm kn lin; 'V ic dng tin, qu ch rii dm
tt ihng, cha kho tng thi q u \ ch lu khng lng. K' l
nay. cc nha mn trong ngoi c irii)! i cc khon in phi cig

170
 P h n hai. L T h n h T n g - n h cch l n p h p lut
n h v bn v sn g (o

hav cng l chi. pht, kim tra cc hii lin. cn dem vo kho
cnq cla li rh u chn ly lin ng ihc. Iiiy vnh i c ste
nmi clti /ihig l dng rhc. lu khng hng cng nn nhn
ly. Cn v lin hay ln cho quan li v lin cho dn chng str
dng Iroiig mua hn, h l n^ thc cn xi dy dc th u phi
nhn tin, khng c loi b hay kn chn k qu":"
Nh Vua L thnh Tng c quan im ng v vai tr, tc
dng ca lin t v c nhng bin php kch thch vic s dng
lin ng pht trin kinh t.

Quy nh ca B LH v
vn cn, ong, o, m

Trong nn kinh t th trng, hng ho bn ra, mua vo tl phi

cn. ong, do, m bit s lng, trng lng, khi lng. Dng
c cn. dong. o. m phi lm theo mu quy nh thng nht ca
nh nc. Vic kim tra inh chnh xc ca cc dng c cn, ong,
o m phi theo nhng quy ch ca nh nc v do nhng vin
chc chuyn mn thc hin mt cch ihmg xuyn, cht ch mi
c th phng chng mt cch c kt qu nhng hnh vi gian ln
irong mua bn.

Di V itskton th. Bn kv thc lc. Quyn XIII. K oh L. Nxb. KHXH.

H 1 ^ 3 . tr.500.^

171
 L THNH TNG
V VIIA ANH M IN H , NH C C H T N v l I

Trong BLH d c nhng iu quy dnh nhm phng nga v

x pht nhng k gian ln trong cn. ong, do, m nhm trc li
bt chnh:
Trong cc ch li kinh thnh hoc ihn qu. nhng ngi mua.
bn khng ng cn. ihc, rhang, du ca nh nc m lm ring
ca mnh mua. bn ih x li bim hoc " (.187) hoc:
Nhng ni th lm ci thng, ci u, ci cn, ci thc khng
ng php, h li xuy nh 50 roi. bim m t i. Nu quan gim
ng coi th, coi ch m khng bi hi b ph tin 10 quan. Ngi
dtmg thng, du. cn thc ring ihm b ca cng ih thm ti
mt bc. Ngi dng ting, u, cn. ihc mua bn ly ti
ring th ti cng nh ti n trm" (. 190).
Ni dung ca iu 190 cung cp cho ngi nghin cu thy r
nhiu iu th v irong quan dim v cc bin php Ihc th ca nh
Vua trong phng chng gian ln trong cn, ong, o, m:
- Vic phng, chng gian ln trong cn, ong, o, m trc ht
nhm vo nhng ngi th khng lm ng dng c. H b x
pht 50 roi bim mi t;
Tip n l trch nhim phng chng sn xut, s dng d n g
c cn. ong, do, m khng chnh xc l Irch nhim trc tip ca
c c q u a n g i m n g c o i , c o i c h . Q u a n g i m n g c o i c h .
coi th m khng bit th b pht tin 10 quan;
- Ngi dng thng, du, cn, thc ring d mua bn ly li
ring th li cng nh n trm. Ngi dng Ihng, u, cn, thc

172
 P h n hai. L T h n h T ng - n h cch t n p h p lut
n h y bn v sng to

ring thm bt ca cng th thm ti mt bc. Theo iu 429

BLH th hnh pht i vi ti n trm l ri nng. ''K n trm mi
phm ln u thi phi /ini i chu xa vngTiin Ho. K irm
c ling v k trm li phm th phdi i chni".

Q uy nh ca BLH v
ti sn xut, bun bn
hng gi

bo v quyn li cho ngi tiu th. trong BLH c

nhng iu quy nh v vic trng Ir ti lm hng gi v bun bn
hng gi nh sau:
"Nhng ngi lm kh dng gi di hoc vi la ngn hp em
bn ihi b ti xuy, nh 50 roi, bim mt t v hng tio phi sung
cng. Quan gim ng v ngi dng u khng xem xt c' cho
th lm gid di hi b pht tin hoc him, bi chc, tin pht thng
cho ngi co gic; lt thm vic nng nh m nh pht, nu lm
v v i c cng th t i hm mt bc". (.19) hoc; nhng ngi coi
ch \ ng linh th thy trong ch c ngi lm vt gi di hay
ph hy lin ng m iha rh khng bt trinh quan, th b ti bim
hoc ph. Ngi n hi l dung lng vic ih li cng ging nh
chinh phm". (192).
C th ni, cc iu quy nh trong BLH u mang tih thc
thi rl cao. Ngi no c nh vi phm u cm thy nguy c l

173
 L THNH TNG
V VU A AN H M I N H , N H C C H T N v l I

hnh vi vi phm ca h nhanh chng b pht hin bi c nhiu

ngucd xung quanh gim st. Nu liu lnh vi phm th s b trng
tr nng. Cc quan li c giao trch nhim gim st cng s b
trng tr nu khng pht hin ra. Nu dung tng th h cng b
trng tr nh chnh phm.
Hng gi l cn bnh ung th ca nn kinh tquc gia. Vic sn
xul, tiu th hng gi khng nhng gy lng ph v ihi gian, tin
ca. nguyn vt liu m cn lm bin cht, suy i o c con
ngi. Tc hi v vt cht, tinh thn ca t nn sn xut hng gi.
tiu ih hng gi l c bit nghim trng trn nhiu mt. Khng ch
i vi ml hng phc v cuc sng dn sinh hng ngy nh luiig
thc, thc phm, thuc cha bnh cho ngi, gia sc, cy trng m
tt c cc loi hng ho nh my mc, phng tin u c th gy
thit hi ln cho x hi nu s dng phi loi hng ho gi. km
phm cht. V li nhun, nhng ngi hm li c th bt chp mi
quy nh ca lut php, mi quy tc ca o c sn xut, bun
bn nhng loi hng ho c hi cho tnh mng, sc kho con ngi,
C.Mc, nh sng lp ch ngha Mc d lng ni: vi li nhun 5%,
nh t bn bt chp lt c, k c vi ci cht h vn c lm.
Mun m bo s lnh mnh ca nn kinh t t nc v da
t nc pht trin i ln th nh nc phi c chin lc, c ch
trng, bin php c th trong m bo v khuyn khch vic nng
cao cht lng hng ho, dng cht lng hng ho lm v kh trong
du tranh chim lnh th trng. Nh nc khuyn khch mnh m
vic nng cao lng t ho dn tc bng vLc nng cao cht lcmg

174
 P hn hai. L T h n h T ng n h cch t n p h p lut
nhy bn v sng to

hng ho ni da, dng n lm dn by pht (rin nng lc sng to,

nng cao do c sn xut, kinh doanh ca con ngi. Song song vi
vic khuyn khch, dng vin, nh nc phi tin hnh cuc u
tranh khng khoan nhng trn mt irn php l chng li t nn
sn xut, bun bn hng gi. Mnh kho, th on sn xu, lu
chuyn bun bn hng gi ngy cng tinh vi. Vic hon ihin c s
php l v lm cho nhng quy nh ca lut php v phng chng
sn xut, tiu th hng gi. hng km phm cht c tnh thc thi cao
l diu m cc quc gia hin i dang c' gng thc hin. Sng cch
chng ta hn 500 nm. trong iu kin thc, quan im v nn
kinh l th trng cha hnh thnh m! cch r nt nh hin nay,
nhng nh Vua L Thnh Tng c cch nhn, quan im tng
di ton din, n g d c cch du tranh khng khoan nhng v c
k't qu i vi ti sn xut v bun bn hng gi m ngy nay con
c h u ng cha m c. iu ng quan tm hc tp. k tha v
pht huy hcm c l nh Vua c cch lm buc quan li di quyn
c t r c h n h i m t r c l i p i h n g x u y n t h e o d i v x l k p th i c c
hnh vi gian ln. Nu khng pht hin c, cho d v bt c l do
g. th quan, ii u b x pht v khng lm Irn nhim v. Nu
quan, li dung lng th b trng tr nh nhng k chnh phm. Bng
cch ny, nh Vua L Thnh Tng dy cho con chu iig bit
rng mun gi c nc sch th trc ht l gi t u ngun ch
khng phi tin hnh lc nc mi vng h lu. Nu php iut
hin hnh ca nc ta quy nh r trch nhim ca vcn chc
trong vic kim tra, kim sot, gm nh, gim st cht lng
sn phm mt cch rch ri v c hnh thc x pht nghim

175
 L THNH T N t
V V U A A N H M I N H , NH C C H T N v I

khc nhng ngi chnh m ng tro n g cng v hoc v n hi l

m dung tng cho nhng ngi, nhng t chc bun bn hng
gi, hng km phm cht n h nh V ua L T h n h Tng th t
nn ny s nhanh chng gim i r t nhiu.

Quy nh ca BLH v
chng bun lu

BLH dnh ra nm diu c ni dung quy dnh vic phng

chng bun lu hng ho vo vng quc. iu 612 quy nh: Cc
quan ty v c m i ring ra nhng trang ngoi Vn n'' cc trn
ca quan i th x li hay lim; hng cho ngi co, tc mt
t \ hoc: "Nhng qun linh cc trn ven bin gii cng cc trang
vng diivn hi m giu gim ch ngi nc ngoi vo kinh thnh
th x bim nm r: khng c quan chc th x li lm chng in
binh'-' v pht tin 100 quan: ihng cho ngi t co mi phn ba.
Quan rng coi v c/ni trang v tnh khng bit th x bim ml tii*'
(.613), hoc: "Nhn trang tri ven b b m n tip thuyn
bun, ngm d h hng ho ln b th x bim ba t. phi pht gp
ba lang vt simg cng, ly mt phn thng cho ngi l' gic.
Ngi ch trang tri y mt chc gim irang" (.614), hoc:

V n >n: ln m t c a b in th u c h u y n cm P h , tn h Q u n g N in h n g y nay.
C h n g d i n binh; l h c y rung.

176
 P h n hai. L T h n h T n g - nh cch l n p h p lut
n h v bn v sng to

"Ngi trang Vn n. ch hng ho Trung Quc ln kinh thnh

m knng c giy t ca An ph f" cp cho, khi n bnTriu ng
i khng n cho bc ty-' kim soi, d em i hn ln lt, cng
l kh: v' khn^c giy ca bc y cp cho, n ch Thng mu
inri'' li khng n cho An ph ty kim soi m d \'' thn rang,
ihi ii phi him mt IU v ph tin 100 quan, thng ngtri t co
ni fhii ba (slin pht). N em hng ho n cc ni lng mc
bn fiu th x bim ha t v pht lin 200 quan, thng cho ngi
l co mt phn ba. An ph ty. bc ty v nh khng bit u phi
him mi i. c' dung lng ih bim m! t v bi dtc" (.616).
hoc: 'Thuyn b ngoi quc n trang Vn n bun bn m quan
St hi s*' di ring ra ngoi ca b kim sot trc ih x bim mt
i. Thuyn bun y mun u li lu ihi (rang ch phi lm giy
trinh An ph ty m bng mi c li; nu irang ch khng trnh
m t cho li th x bim hai n v pht in 200 quan, thng
cho r.gi l co mt phn ba. Nu cha tmg ngi ngoi quc
cha tui heo lut nh th x bim mt i v pht tin 50 quan,
thng clo ngi t'co mt p h n ba" (.616).
Dui ihi v ca Vua L Thnh Tng, vic bun bn giao lu vi
nc ngoi kh pht trin. 'luyn bun t cc nc pha Nam, t

An {^ t: c a quan ph trch cng tc hnh chnh ti cc ph.

bc ty: ty ph trch th u quan ti cc ca khu.
'"T hng mu irung: ni bun bn. trao di hng ho vi nc ngoi.
Quan St hi s Kay Sl hi ty l quan khm xt cc thuyn bun nc ngoi
d n biin bn lai cc ca bin Vit Nam.

177
 L THNH TNG
V V U A AN H M I N H , N H C C H T N v I

Trung Quc n kh nhiu. C c thuyn bun ca cc nc phcmg

Ty nh B o Nha, Ty Ban Nha. Nhiu sn vt mi l ciia nc
ngoi bn cho dn Vit Nam. Gm, s, vi vc, nhiu, la ng sc
ca Trung Quc kh p nn ngi dn Vit Nam. cc quan li Vit
Nam ai cng thch. Ngi Vit Nam tr bng ngc trai, bc nn,
vng rng. Bc, vng, ca qu him trong nc b ngi nc ngoi
bn rt ht.
Qua ni dung ca cc iu lut trn y cho thy, nh Vua L
Thnh Tng rt ch ngn nga cc quan li, c bit l nhtig quan
li im cng tc hi quan, cc ch trang tri v dn chng a phng
hoc bao chc, giu gim, hoc thng ng vi nh bun ngi nc
ngoi a hng lu vo ong nc. Thc tin hin nay cng cho
iy, nu khng c s thng ng ca cng chc hi quan, cn b v
dn chng a phcmg th hng lu kh trn vo ni a.
Trong cng tc u tranh chng hng lu, nhiu nc c cch
lm khc nhau. C nc thit lp mt h thng cc n kim s-ot
dy c dc b bin, ti cc ca khu, nui mt i qun vin chc
hi quan dng o, t chc nhng cuc vy rp, khm xl, lng bt,
tiu hy hng lu v.v...
E> bp nght nn kinh t nc Anh, l nm 1806 dn 1815.
Napolon - hong nc Php tin hnh phong lo lon b lc
a chu u nhm ngn cm hng ho t chu u xut sang Aah v
ngc li. Napolon thit lp mt hng ro thuquan dy c dc
b bin cc nc Bc u, vng qua b bin pha Ty v ko di siut
b bin pha Nam nc Php. Nhung kt cc cuc phong to luc a

178
 P h n hai. L T h n h T n g n h cch t n p h p lut
n h y bn v sng to

chu u ca Napolon vn b tht bi hon ton bi l gin n l

nhng k tip tay cho bn bun lu. khng ai khc, chnh ] nhng
k c Napoton tin dng nht. H l nhng s quan, binh lnh
trong i cn v ca Napolon c chnh ng ta phi i lm nhim
v chng bun lu. Sau tht bi ca cuc phong to lc da,
Napoion d cay ng bc bch rng khng mt bin php hnh
chnh, hnh s no c th ngn cn c s xm nhp ca hng lu.
Hng ho tt hcfn. r hn t n mc Ihm chn, thm cnh i n
nhng ni m n cn dn. Nhng vin chc hm li s c trm
phng nghn k v hiu ho php lut.

Q uy nh ca B LH v'
vay n v tr n

w mt s hc, tht l kh Ir li cu hi rng quan h vay n,

tr n xut hin t bao gi. Thu ban u, gip d nhau trong lao
ng khi gp trc , cu gip nhau lc gp him nguy hoc san s
cho nhau ming cm, manh o khi gp khn kh l biu hin ca tnh
ngi - mt biu hin cao dp ca tih nhn vn. Ngi gip khng
cht v li. K dc gip Ih nh mi n ngi gip dn nt trong
tm thc ca h hlnh thnh mt ngha v thing ling l phi tr n.
Oing no cha tr c n. ngi c gip t coi mnh l ngi
mc n. Cho dn khi x hi phn ho giai cp, th ngi ngho tm
n ngi giu vay khi gp thiu thn l diu khng trnh khi.
Quan h vay n v tr n cng nhiu h luy ca n xut hin.

179
 L THNH TNG
V Vl)A A N H M I N H , N H C C H T N v l I

Trong cc b lut ca thcrt i n l nh B lut Ham-mu-ra-bi

ca vung quc Ba-bi-lon, th k XVII (TCN), B lui 12 bng ca
d ch La M, th k VII (TCN) cng d c nhng ch nh php
iui v vay n, tr n. Cho n ngy nay v trong tng lai nhiu
thin nin k na. quan h vay n. tr n v tip tc din ra mt
cch ph bin. Trong th gii hin i kh tm ra c mt quc gia
no m khng phi vay n. Khng mt c nhn no m sut i
mnh khng phi i \ ay ai bao gi. Trong bi cnh . vic cho vay
nng li ny sinh, v sau. n tr thnh mt ngh mu sinh bo b
ca nhtig ngi giu. Vi nhng th thut kinh doanh tinh vi hn.
vn minh hn, nhng bn cht ca vic cho vay vn khng thay di.
Cc ngn hng ca cc nc giu c tr thnh nhng ch n ln
v chi phi tnh hnh chnh tr, kinh t. x hi cc nc km phi
irin. Thu nhp quc dn ca cc nc con n khng tr li
cho cc ngn hng. i sng ca nhn dn cc nc ny ngy cng
tr nn bi t. i vi cc c nhn, mc n ir thnh mt gnh nng
v (inh thn ln vt cht. Mc d ngy nay. tt c cc nc du dng
php lut d iu chnh loi quan h x hi ny vi mc dch ngn
chn nn cho vay nng li. nhng trong thc (. nn cho vay nng
li vn c tn ti. Khng him nhng trng hp con n phi dem
ht ti sn m khng tr ht n. H bn c v, con, bn c t do ca
bn thn m vn khng tr ht n. Nn ch n thu cn hnh
hung con n, t bt xit n k yu h vn xy ra.

Trong ihi tr v ca Vua L Thnh Tng, chng ta khng c s

liu ni v tnh trng cho vay nng li trong dn chng xy ra

180
 P hn hai. L T h n h Tng - n h cch tn p h p lut
nhy bn v sn g to

di mc nh th no v tc hi ca t nn ny i vi x hi ra
sao. Nhng qua ni dung quy nh ca BLH cng c c s
khng nh rng trong vng quc i Vit xy ra nn cho vay
nng li. Trong BLH c n 8 iu quy nh vic cho vay, vic ir
n. vic tnh li cc khon vay, trch nhim ca ngi vay n, trch
nhim ca ngi bo lnh, cch thc i n ca ch n, trch nhim
ca ch n... Ni dung ca cc iu y nh sau;

""Cho vay n hay cm \ mi thng c ly lin li mi

quan l 15 ng km; d lu bao n h i u nm cng khng c tnh
qu mt gc, m t li; Iri lut hi x bim mr r, m mt tin li.
N u tinh gm li vu lm guc, ri bt lm vn t khc, th x ti
nng hn m t bc" (.587).

"Mac n m qu hn khng tr ih x ti trng, lu theo nng

nh; nu c luvi khng chu tr th x bim hai t. bi hng gp
i. Qu nin hn m khng i h m n (hn nh i vi ngi
rong h th 30 nm, ngi ngoi thi hn 20 nm)" (.588).
"N tr ri m cn c' khng rd vn , hay ni vn t
nh mt m khng cp giy lm bng cho ngi tr n hi x pht
50 roi, him mt t. giao giy lm bng ri m li em vn t
i n ln (h hai th x pht 50 roi, bim ml i v bi ihng
g'p di s tin n cho ngi ir n (.589).
"Ngi vay n trn mt, thi ngi bo lnh phi tr thay lin
gc thi; nu trong vn l c ni ngi no s Ir thay th ngi y
pldi tr nh ngi mc n. tri lut th x 80 trng; nu ngi mc

181
 L THNH TNG
V | VUA ANH M INH, N H C C H T N v I

n c con ih c i con" (.590).

''Ngi i n khng trnh quan m t b dc ca ci ca
ngi mc n, nu qu s' tin Irong vn t ih x pht 80 trng,
lnh nhng ca ci y cho ngi c n, cn tha h tr li cho
ngi mc ncf'(. 591).

"'Quan l cu phm tr ln, nu mc n nhiu qu, khng tr

c, th cho php tu xin thanh ton ti sn, tr cho nhng ch n,
lu theo nhiu t m chia. Nu cn giu gim ti sn mt phn no
th x phi 80 trng. Nu ch n no tm ra c s' ti sn y m
xin ly cho s n ca mnh thi cng cho php" (.592).
"Ngi Kinh khng c cho ngi Man Liu vay n, ir lut
th x bim hai t. sin cho va phi sung cng" (.593).
Cc quan cai qun qun dn cng nhng nh quyn qu m
sch nhiu m vay mn ca ci vt ca dn trong ht th khp
vo ti lm tri php lut v phi tr li i vt cho dn. Nu ti
em ca ci v/ ca mnh cho dn vay mn ly gi cao hay
li nng thi cng x ti nh th, nhng ca ci vt y phi tch
thu sung cng (.638).

Vi vn phong php l r rng, ngn gn, d hiu, ni dung 8

iu quy nh ca BLH tng hp, khi qut c mt cch c
c ti c cc loi hnh vi thc t xy ra. nhiu ch th ca quan
h v vay n, tr n ca x hi cfng thi. N cng cho thy, nh
Vua L Thnh Tng c quan im ng v hnh ng ng irong
gii quyt vn ny.

182
 P hn hai. L T h n h T ng - n h cch t n p h p lut
nhy bn v sng to

Vay n v tr n vo thi i ca Vua L Thnh Tng l vh

thuc lnh vc sinh hot, i sng ring t ca ngi dn. Cha c
ch'nh vay mn tin bc, ti sn ca nh nc. Nhng l hnh
vi ph bin trong nhn dn v rt c hn quan n vic m bo n
nh x hi. Cho nn, n g s dng quyn lc ca nh Vua, di
hnh thc l nhng iu lut iu chnh cc quan h x hi kh
phc tp ny bng cch quy nh:

- Mc li sut vay n l c nh. /5 ng km li cho mi

quan lin gc... d lu bao nhiu nm cng khng c tinh qu
mi gc mt li... nu linh gm li vo gc ri ht lm vn l khc
th x ti nng hn mt bc". iu ny trong cc lut hin i khng
ni n hoc c ni th khng c r rng, dt khot nh quy nh
ca iu 587 BLH. Nh iu 163, ti cho vay li nng ca B lut
Hnh s hin hnh ca Vit Nam quy nh:

'7 . ^gi no cho vay vi mc li sui cao h<m mc li sut

cao nht m php lul quy nh mi in tr ln c linh cht
chuyn bc ll, th b pht tin l mt ln n mi ln s tin li
hoc pht ci to khng giam gi n mt nm. (?)
2. Phm ti hu li bt chinh ln (?) ih b pht t t 6 ltng n
ha nm.

3. Ngiti phm ti cn c ll b pht tiu m t ln n nm

ln s li bt chnh, cm m nhim chc v (?), cm hnh ngh
hoc lm cng vic nht nh f mt nm n nm nm (?).

So snh vri quy nh ca iu 587 BLH c ban hnh p

183
 L THNH TNG
V VUA A N H M I N H , N H C C H T N v I

dng cch y hn 500 nm, th iu 163 B lut Hnh s hin hnh

kh hiu, kh thc (hi hn;
- Vc vay n nht hil phi c lp bng vn bn, trong
trng hp cn thit ih ghi tn ngi bo lnh hoc ngi tr ihay
v trch nhim ca ngi bo lnh v ngi tr Ihay phi c ghi
r trong kh c vay n nhu d c quy nh r trong lut;
- Trch nhim, ngha v quyn li ca ch n cng nh
ngi i vay dc quy nh r. Php lut buc ch n ph trnh
quan trong trng hp ngi vay trn trnh, t chi ir n. Nghim
cm ch n l cm bt d vt ca ci ca ngi mc n;
Php lut cm ngt vic quan li v a ; mn ca dn huc
cho vay nng ii. BLH cn quy dnh cm ngi Kinh cho ngi
Man Liu vay n. iu ngn cm ny. chc chn khng phi l xut
pht t quan im k th chng tc. C th y l bin php ngn
nga vic ngi Kinh li dng s tht th, cht phc ca ngi dn
tc li dng h.
C Ih ni quy nh r rng, cht ch ca BLH v vay n v
tr n gp phn khng nh vo vic bo m n nh x hi
dcmg thi.

Nh Vua L Thnh Tng d tng khuyn d cc quan li di

184
 Phn hai. L T h n h T ng n h cch t n p h p lut
n h y bn v sn g to

quyn rng: Trong dn gian h c dn l c ch ii thng hng

ho. m ng giao dch cho dn. Cc x cha c ch c th lp
thm ch mi. Nhng ngy hp ch mi khng c rng vi ngy
hp ch c hay trc ngy hp ch c trnh tinh trng tranh
ginh khch hng ca nhau".
on s liu ngn gn ny cho iy r quan im ca L Thnh
Tng v vai tr, tc dng ca cc ch i vi i sng mi mt ca
x hi l rt tin b. N mang tnh cch ln mnh m, ph hp vi
quy lut pht trin ca x hi, ph hp vi nguyn vng ciia qui
chng nn c ng o nhn dn hung ng.
Vo thi Vua L Thnh Tng, i Vit c nhng trung tm
bun bn ln nh Vn n (Qung Ninh), cc ch, cc khu ph bun
bn tp np ti cc ih nh kinh Uitih Thng Long v cc linh l
v.v... Nhng loi ch m L Thnh Tng ni n ong hun d ca
ng l cc ch lng qu. Trong cch nhn ca nh Vua th ch ring
cc trung tm bun bn ln cc hi cng, cc th l cha . Vy,
vng quc cn c Ihm mt h thng ch lng qu. Theo ng: h
c dn l c c h \ "... cc x cha c ch c Ih lp thm ch m f.
Nh vy, theo lnh ca nh Vua. lt c cc x u c ch. Tht l n
li cho dn. V c ch ngay ti lng, ngi nng dn khng phi i
du xa. H c th d dng em cc sn phm d tha ca mnh ra ch
bn d mua v cc sn phm khc m mnh cn dng.

M c c h c a vic l p ra c c c h lng qu, c k h n g n h r

rng tro n g h u n d c a n g l; 7 i/u thng hng ho, m ng

185
 L THNH TNG
V VUA A N H M I N H , N H C C H T N v I

giao dch cho dn". Cc ngun s liu u cho thy di thi L

Thnh Tng, nng nghip, th cng nghip pht trin si dng hn
bt c triu di phong kin no trc n g v sau ng. Khng nghi
ng g na. mt trong nhng nguyn nhn im nn iu k diu d
l do nh Vua c cch lm ng l cho php m rng mng li
ch lng qu khp vng quc 7ft ihng hng ho, m ng
giao dch cho dn". Tht kh ni ht tc dng ca cc ch lng qu.
Ch lng qu - ml c trng vn ho, x hi irc hnh thnh l
thcr Vua L Thnh Tng vn cn n ti v pht huy tc dng n
tn ngy nay. vng chu th sng Hng ngy nay, hu hi cc
lng vn cn mi ch, hoc i ch mai tc ch bui sng, hoc ch
chiu. Hai. ba lng hoc nhiu hn Ih c ch phin, ch hp c
ngy vo nhng ngy nht nh.
Nh linh H Bc c 5 lng c chu k hp ch phin khp kn
cc ngy trong thng:
- Ch Ni. hp cc ngy 1 11 21 6 16 26.
- Q i Ch, 2 12 22 7 17 27.
- Ch Lm, 3 13 23 8 18 28.
- O i Giu, 4 14 24 9 19 29.
- O Vn. 5 15 25 10 20 30.
Cc ch phin thng dng dc hn. Hng ho, sn phm trao
di, bun bn thng l a dng hn, phong ph hn. Sc mua, sc
bn cc ch phin ln hn nhiu ln so vi ch lng. Ch lng ch

i8 6
 P hn hai. L T h n h T ng n h cch t n p h p lut
n h y bn v sng to

l ni liu th hng ho, sn phm ca lng. Cn hng ho, sn

phm ch phin l sn phm ca nhiu vng. Nhng g khng c6.
hoc sc tiu th t ti cc bui ch lng th c th d dng tm thy
v mua bn nhiu hn ti ch phin.

Do c ch nhiu noi v gn nh quanh nm sut thng nn

hnh thnh nhng ngi chuyn i bun v cc lng bun. Lng Ph
Lu thuc tnh H Bc l mt lng bun. Ti y c 6 phin ch hp
trong ml thng. Trong lng c 30 khu bn hng Ihcmg xuyn gi
l "cu hng". Mi cu hng ch bn mt th hng nht dnh. C
lng bun chuyn bun bn mt th hng nht dnh. Lng a Ngu
(tnh Hi Hng) chuyn bun bn iuc bc. Lng Bo p (lnh H
Nam Ninh) chuyn bun vi v nhum vi. Lng ng Tnh (tinh
Hi Hng) chuyn bun bn thuc lo v cau kh...

Mng li ch lng, ch phin v cc trung tm bun bn ln

ti cc d th b sung cho nhau ong vic lm cho giao lu. bun
bn m rng, m cho tnh hnh mi mt ca t nc tr nn sng
ng. Cc nh nho ih phong kin ca Vit Nam c nhng c
ke kh l th:

- Ph nng bt n (nng nghip yu km th x hi mt n dnh);

- Phi cng bi ph (khng c cng nghip th i nc khng giu);

- Rii tr bt tin (khoa hc, gio c km pht trin th t nc

khng tin ln c, b tt hu);

- Phi thng bt dng (thng nghip n h n th t nc tr

187
 L T H N H T N G
V VUA A N H M I N H , N H C C H T N v l I

nn tr tr. km nng ng).

Do sc5m nhn thc c vai tr ca cc ch. nn trong BLH

cng c nhng iu lut quy nh vic duy tr k cng, php
nc ti cc ch;

Nhng ngi coi ch trong kinh thnh sch nhiu tin lu ch

th x ti xuy nh 50 roi, bim mt t. lv thu ch qu nng bim
hai t, mt chic coi ch. bi hng gp i tr cho dn. nn pht
thng cho ngi co gic theo nh l. Nu \m ch khng ng
lut th x ti nh 80 trng v dn i ru rao trong ch ha ngy.
Ngi thu ihti ch irong cc l. cc huyn, cc lng qu nng th
x t i Ihm mi bc" (.186).

Vic gi gn an ninh, trt t cc ch cng c d cp n mi

cch kh c th. nh: ' Irong ch v ch dng ngi m c' lm
cho ngifi ta s hi n ni ri lon c ln th x ph 80 Irang.
Nu vi ih m lm ngi h ihng hay cht, tf x ti nh hn ti
git ngi h a \ lm b thng ngi mi bc. Nu v th m lm cho
ngn ta mi ca ih x li , cn v s lm l lm kinh dng khin
ngi khc b ihng hay cht thi x theo ti m /7(.557).
Di thi L Thnh Tng khng bit thng nhn v thuyn
bun ca i Vit c ra nc ngoi bun bn hay khng v
khng c s liu no d cp n kha cnh ny. Nhimg vi ch
trng cho m ch khp cc lng x. L Thnh Tng khuyn
khch ni thung pht trin mnh. Kinh Thng Long 36 ph
phng sm ut, nhn nhp tn ti v pht trin n ln ngy nay,

188
 P h n hai. L T h n h T ng - n h cch t n p h p lut
n h y b n v sng (o

c lch s hnh thnh trn 500 nm. t thi i tr v ca Vua L

Thnh Tng. Phng Yn Thi lm giy, phng Nghi Tm dl la,
m t, phng H Tn nung %'i, phng Hng o nhum vi,
phng Ng X c ng v nhiu ngh th cng khc Irong cc
th trn, lng, x khp c nc pht Irn cng chnh nh tc ng
ca thng nghip.

Nh vy, trong cng vic chh hng thng nghip, m rng

giao lu. nh Vua L Thnh Tng p dng nhiu bin php mang
tnh lng (h nh: 1) C chnh sch ng v lin t : 2) Quy dnh mu
m. ng c cn, ong. o. m t h n g nht, trng tr nng cc hnh
vi gian di irong cn. ong, o, dm; 3) Phng chng vic sn xut
v lu thng hng ho km phm cht, hng gi: 4) Ring chng
bun lu: 5) u iranh gt gao vi nn cho vay nng li. thit lp k
cng tro n g vay n, tr n: v 6) M rng mng li ch lng.
Su bin php nu c lin quan mt thit vi nhau, h tr
cho nhau.
V phng din qun l trn phm vi v m, n g d s dng tl
v kh php lut. Trong BLH ch c 27 diu trc tip lin quan dn
lnh vc nu, nhng ni dung ca chng d bao qut c mt lnh
vc quan h x hi rt nhy cm v mang tnh thc thi cao.

Nh vy. thng nghip di thi L Thnh Tng c chn

hng. Nng nghip, th cng nghip ca vng qu6c c ng c
thc y pht trin. Hng ho lu thng sui t ncri tha n ncfi
iiu. i sng cc mt ca nhn dn c ci thin.

189
 L TH NH TNG
V VU A A N H M I N H , N H C C H T N v I

5. P ht trin, bo v quyn s hu cng dn, cng th v t

in, t th

Di ch phong kin, thin h l ca vua. t dai. rng r,

hm m nm trong lnh th ca vcmg quc, tt c thn dn trong
nc du Ihuc quyn chim hu, s dng, dinh ol ca nh vua.
Gia Long - vua u Iriu Nguyn {1802 - 1819) i ra cho mnh
8 quyn;

1. Ban phm tc cho bt c ai;

2. Ban li lc cho bt c ngi no;

3. Cho bt c ci g;
4. Phong quan, phong chc cho bl c ai;
5. Tha ti cht cho bt c ai;
6. Git bt c ai;

7. Tc dot bt c ci g, bt c ca ngi no;

8. Ph b b't c ci g thnh l, c t trc.
Vua Gia Long t ban cho mnh c nhng quyn hnh khng
gii hn 'i vi tnh mng, ti sn ca nhn dn. Sng th k XV,
khi m h t tng phong kin dang l h t tng ch do ca thi
i, l ra L Thnh Tng cn chuyn ch, c on gp bi Gia
Long l v vua hu bi sau n g 400 nm. Nhng khng, trong thc
v hnh dng ca minh, n g lun ly dn lm qu. n g lun chin
lo cho s m no ca mun dn. Mt (rong nhng ch trng, chnh

190
 P h n hai. L T h n h T n g - nh cch t n p h p lut
n h y bn v sn g to

sch ]n d em li nhiu thnh cng trong tr nc an dn l ng

c chnh sch dng v cng in, cng th v t in, t th. i
vi nc nng nghip c chnh sch dng v rung t l s m
bo cho mi hnh cng. Ngc li l nguyn nhn ca mi tht bi,
v.
Triu Trn c cng bo v t nc khi ho xm lng ca qun
Nguyn. Nhng chnh sch in trang ca triu Trn lm cho
nng dn - nhng lc lng chnh trong ba ln di ph qun Nguyn
Mng ri xung dy kh cc. Rung dl b qu tc. quan li (c
ot bng trm phng ngn k. Nng dn khng cn g d t nui
sng minh v gia nh. H chi c hai con dng, hoc cam chu s
phn ir thnh nng n ca giai cp qu lc v quan li cc cp,
hoc ni dy chng li Iriu nh hoc t tp t h n h nhng m m
cp kim n qua ngy. B mt i ch da Irong dn. triu Trn
cui cng suy yu v mt vo tay h H (1400 1413). H Qu Ly
thi hnh chnh sch hn din, hn n. Mi nhn ca chnh sch hn
din, hn n ca H Qu Ly l nhm vo qu tc triu Trn nhng
khng em li rung t cho nng dn. Khng dc nng dn ng
h, H Qu Ly b qun xm lc Minh nh bi mt cch nhanh
chng. Trong lch s chng ngoi xm ca Vit Nam, cha ln no
lc l n g khng chin b dnh bi mt cch nhanh chng nh di
thi H6 Qu Ly.
L Thnh Tng, v vua ni ting thng minh, thu r tai ho
ca t nc khi ngi dn b tc ot ht rung t. Vua L Thnh
Tng c nhng cch tn mnh bo v qun t dt ai.

191
 L T H N H T N G
V VUA ANH M IN H , NH C C H T N v I

Di thi L Thnh Tng hnh thnh hai ch s hu i ai:

- S hu cng in, cng th;

- S hu tdin, i th.

Ngun gc. ch s dng, bin php qun l, bo v mi loi

s hu t ai trn y u c nh Vua coi trng. Trong cc bui
thl Iru, ng d nhiu in ni vi quan li v vic chm lo, bo
v cng din. cng (h, t in, tu th ca dn, ngn nga v chng
cc hnh vi ln chim, cp ot rung dt ca dn lnh t pha
quan i tham nhng ca Iriu inh v cng ho, c b ti cc lng
x. Trong BLH, Chng in sn i chng c nhiu diu lut v
nhiu ln c b sung, thay di cho ph hp vi tnh hnh.

Ngun hinh ihnh

Qua cc s liu, cng in, cng th di thi L Thnh Tng

c hnh thnh t nhiu ngun;

1. Rung t tch thu t quan qu&n xm c khi chng b| dui

ra khi dt nc;

2. Rung dt lch thu ca ngy quan, ngy qun;

3. Rung t ca qu tc cc triu tnrc;

192
 P h n hai. L T h n h T n g - nh cch l n p h p lul
nhy bn v sng to

4. Rung dl lch thu ca quan li phm ti hoc lm chim

t cng;
5. Rung t triu cng ca cc nuc phin thuc:
6. Rung dt tfiu c trong chin anh vi cc lc lng th dch;
7. Rung t do cc dn din khai ph;
8. t rung mi hnh th n h do p ln bin;
9. t bi bi ven sng, ven bin mi hnh thnh sau cc cn l
lt. rung dl cc o Ihuc ch quyn i Vit;
10. Rung t v ch;
11. Rung t sung cng ca nhng ngi tuyt l.
Phn loi theo mc ich s dng
Ton b cng in, cng ih quc gia, bao gm c m ph.
sng sui, rng r, i ni. hm m... du thuc quyn chim hu,
nh dot ca nh Vua. Nh Vua ly rung ! cng cp cho
ngi trong hong tc; ban thng cho cc quan di Ihn thuc hng
khai quc cng thn (lc din); cp cho quan li ti chc (lng
din); giao cho cc lng x.d cp pht cho dn (qun in).
- Lc in: loi rung t do nh Vua cp cho nhng ngi
trong hong tc v ban thng cho cc cng thn. Mc ban thng
l do vua quyt nh, khng c hn mc nhi nh.
C c c n g th n c q u y n s d n g run g d t c a vua ban
th n g c h o ch tro n g m t di ngi. K hi ch t, ru n g d t phi

193
 L TH N H TN ;
V VUA ANH M IN H , N H C C H T N v l I

giao li cho nh nc. Gia nhn ch c gi li phn m vua ban

cho lm rung t th nghip l rung t dng vo vic cng l'
ngi khu. Bng cch nh vy, nh Vua vn t lng tr n lc
cn sng cng nh sau khi cht vi nhng ngi c cng vi iriu
vua nhng khng to iu kin cho h bin t cng thnh t in,
t th. Vic lm ny va c tc dng bo v rung t cng va
ngn nga nguy c to dng th lc chng li nh Vua.
- Lng in: loi rung dt do nh Vua cp cho quan ii dng
chc. y l m loi hnh lng bng do nh Vua cp. Ngoi vic
cp rung d cy cy thu hoa li. cc quan li cn dc cp lcmg
bng tin. Mc cp lu theo chc tc ca tng ngui. Khi v hu,
h phi tr li lng in cho nh nc. Tu theo chc ic, h c
nh Vua cp cho mt phn lm rung t th nghip. Rung t
th nghip c php lu truyn li cho con chu nhiu i sau.
Rung t m nh Vua d ban thng cng c Ih b thu hi nu nh
ngi dc ban thng phm ti. iu kin ny buc cc quan i
thn phi tuyt di trung thnh vi nh Vua, khng ai dm phn li.
Qu dl cng khng v ban thng m hao ht nhiu v rung dt
th nghip ch chim phn nh.
- Qun in: loi rung t cng [ng x dng cp cho dn
trong ng. V danh ngha, rung dt cng ca lng x l thuc nh
Vua. Nh Vua c quyn ly rung cng lng x ban ihucmg cho
cc cng thn hay cp cho quan li. Trong thc tin s dng, rung
t ny gn nh l ca ring lng x. L Thnh Tng khng xo trn
qu t cng ca lng x. n g khng ly ca lng x nhiu rung

194
 P h n hai. L T h n h T ng n h cch l n p h p lut
nhv bn v sng lo

t d giao cho lng x t rung dt. Rung di cng ca lng no th

dn lng qun l, cy cy thu hoa li v np thu cho nh nc.
Rung cng lng x khng do nh Vua ban cho bng nhng
sc lnh, chiu ch nh khi ban cp lc in hoc lng in.

Cn in, cng th ca lng x c hnh thnh l nhiu ngun:

1. T xa xa li. mi lng u c nh lng. nh ing l ni
th cng Thnh hong ca lng. Thnh hong chnh l ngi c cng
m t. p p cho dn lng. (Lch s lp quc ca Hoa K mi c
trn 200 nm (1776). Ti Vit Nam c nhng lng c lch s hi
thnh t ngn nm c hoc nhiu hn. Vi d: lng Triu Khc,
huyn T Lim ihuc thnh ph H Ni. c l hi Phng Hng, cch
y trn 1.000 nm. X c Loa huyn ng Anh, thuc thnh ph H
Ni, c l ih k Vua An Dng Vng, cch y 3.000 nm.
Vit Nam khng him nhng lng x c lch s nhiu trm nm);
2. Rung t khai hoang, m rng thm trong qu trnh nh c;
3. bi p ven sng, ven bin thuc phm vi da gii ca lng;
4. T din, t th ca nhng ngcr b di ni khc lm n khng
giao cho ai cy cy. qu hn 30 nin m khng tr v qu qun c;
5. t ca nhng ngi tuyt t (nhng ngi khng c con
hoc c nhng chl h. khng ngi ni di).
Theo nh k c sau 3, hoc 4, hoc 6 nm th tin hnh phn
cp rung dt theo php qun in. Mi ngi dn chnh c ca lng
x, khi dn tui (14 tui hoc 16 tui, tling l t 18 tui) th c

195
 L THNH TNG
V VDA ANH M IN H , N H C C H T N v I

ua vo danh sch phn cp qun in. Ngi ng c, tc ngi ca

ncfi khc n sinh sng trong lng th khng c d phn. Tu theo
quy dnh ca tng lng, vi nhng iu kin nht nh, ngi ng
c c th Ir thnh chnh c (nh sinh sng ba i ni tip i
lng, khng h vi phm hung uc, lm trn mi ngha v v.v...).
Ngi bt u c phn cp rung t, ng thi bt u phi gnh
vc ngha v vi lng, vi nc. Ngi ht tui n rung lng (60
tui) dc min mi ngha v cng ch vi lng, vi nc. Tu theo
lng nhiu rung, lng t rung, tu theo hng, th bc, ngi th m
mi ngi u c phn i, rung l nhiu khc nhau cy cy.
i vi lng nhiu rung, mi dn inh c th c cp n 3 mu.
i vi lng nhiu rung m dn t th nh Vua cho php chiu m
ngi n khai khn t hoang.
Nm Hng c th (1470) nh php duyt iiyn. C ba
nm th lm li h tch mt ln, gi l tiu in, 6 nm mt ln gi
l i in. Sai quan i cc x. dng ni thn vn v mi hng hai
vin, dng lp Utyn rng duyt dn binh, chia lm cc bc:
trng hng; qun hng; dn hng: o hng; c'hng; cng hng.
Ma ng hng 10. Hng c nm ih (1475), nh Vua ra
sc ch cho cc x lm s h lch. Trong mt x, n ng, n b cng
h khng c cng tn. Nu trc ghi cng tn th piii i ngay
ln khc. Ngi mi khai v ngi c khng c Irng tn nhau" '^^

Lch triu hin chng lo i chi, Tp IV, tr.l7 . Nxb. S hc, HN-1961,
i V it s k ton ih. Bn k thc lc. Quyn XIII, K nh L. Nxb.
KHXH. H .1993^r.466.

196
 P hn hai. L T h n h T ng - n h cch t n p h p lul
nhy bn v sng lo

Di thi tr v ca Vua L Thnh Tng, vic k khai h khu

trong cc lng x dc lin hnh mt cch quy c. Nh nc cng
nh tng lng x du bit r tnh hnh cc mt v dn s' ca mnh.
Tn h, ngy thng nm sinh, nam hay n, dn tui n rung lng
hay cha, lm ngh g, hin cn sinh sng ti lng hay cht hoc
d b ng ra i khng tr v... u c ghi li trong s sch qua
nhng ln nh nc thc hin liu in hay i in. Vic lm h
khu di thi L Thnh Tng dc tin hnh vi k lut nghim v
rt cht ch: Cc x q u a n l m s h k h u m k h a i b S I d n in h ,
th mt ngi tr ln x li bim; 6 ngi r ln x i ; 15
ngi tr ln x li Unc 20 ngi tr ln x li in i chu xa.
Nhng dn inh st iu l 5 tui fr ln th bt lm linh bn ph
truy hii lin kho dch np vo kho; ngi cha chp phi chu
mt na tin kho dch. Tre con v n b th phi ti nh trng,
hay ti bim, min cho lin kho dch. Nu quan lm s khai ihm
b! tui hay khai di Ir (nh ngi nh li khai i phiu bt,
ngi lnh li khai l tn lt. ngi khoe' mnh li khai l m yu)
lf x nh hn ti khai st lu mt bc.
N u huyn quan v tinh khng xt ih phi ti bim hay ti bi
chc: c dung lng thi phi ng ti. Ngi t' gic ng s thc
th c ihng tc tu theo vic nng nh" (.285 BLH) hoc:
Cc nh li snh hay vin, k h a i s h tch, m khai hm bt
nhng tro lt ca cc quan tc, th x ti lm khao inh. Nu
khai st s'dn hay tfm bt v ihay i thi x nng hn ti x quan
mt bc, b truy ihii tin kho dch np vo kho. Quan snh, quan

197
 L T H N H T N
V VUA ANH M IN H , NH C C H T N V l I

vin ph tu m I 5 linh khng xt ra vic gian lu ll phi pht

n 30 quan; bit m dung lng hi x c/if li" (.287 BLH).

Vic phn dn dinh thnh 6 hng nh d nu trn va c lc

dng phc v cng vic tuyn binh lc cn thit va lm c s cho
vic thc hin php qun in.

Php qun in c khi u l L Li. Ngy 22 thng 01

nm 1429, Thun Thin nm ih 2. Irong mt bui thit Iriu. n g
tuyn b: N/i/ ngi di nh gic th ngho, k rong chi li
giu. Ngi d chin u h khng c mt thc, m i tc dt m
cn nhng k du h du thc, khng c ch gi cho nc li c u
tha rung t. hoc i tm ngh rm cp. Thnh ra kln' c ai
chu bt lng vi nc, ch hm ngh ph quv m hi. N a \ ra lnh
ch cho cc di iln bn nh s rung cp cho qun li, qun nhn
v dn chng, rong l di ihn tr xung, di n tgi gi vt,
m c i, g o c h n g , d n n g , n b II l n . lo i n o c p d c h a o

nhiu ih lu ln. li hn c s in la irnh ln"."'

on S liu ny cho thy quan im ca L Li coi trng

php qun in, nhng cch thc thc hin nh Ih no th cha
c c th, cha thnh quy ch nht dnh.

Di thi tr v ca L Thnh Tng, php qun in d c b

sung, hon thin hn, dc thc hin ml cch trit hn. c quy

i Vi s k ton th, Sd. tr.299.

198
 P h n hai. L T h n h T ng - n h cch t n p h p lul
n hy bn v sng to

c hn v thng nht trong ton vng quc. Nh trch dn

trn, vic lm h khu v phn loi dn inh ra lm 6 hng l nhng
cn c php l c th cho vic phn cp rung t cng ca lng x
cho dan dinh trong lng. N m bo c linh cng khai, minh
bch irong vic phn chia quyn li quan trng nht cho cuc sng
ca ngi dn l ngi cy c rung, ng thi phng chng c
cc t xm chim t cng ca quan li a phcmg. n k phn
cp rung t. nhng ngi n tui n rung ng c a vo
danh sch. Nhng ngi ht tui n rung lng, hoc cht,
hoc b lng ra i th lng ly li a vo qu cng. Cc
qitan l. huyn, x chia rung ri. nu c nqi h li pli ging
int hav chl lii phi ly li run^, hav c quan t \ c ihng rt,
cng l dn inh ln tui, xin cp rung thi cc quan l. huyn,
x c t liu nh...".

Tu theo lng x c nhiu hoc ( t rung cng m mi

ngi dn trong cc ing x khc nhau c t rung phn nhiu t
khc nhau.
Nm Hng c th 8 {1477), nh Vua ra lnh nh l qun cp
rung cng: Phm cng in ca d inh cc x, c 6 nm mi
ln. quan ph huyn hoc chu phi kim im o c chia rung
lm ha bc: nh ng, nhi ni V (am ng ri chiu theo khon
thc k khai s quan, qun, dn I s rung nhiu lfi no, chia
ng hng qun cp. Ni rung nhiii th ly mu chia lm tg
phn, 1'iing t thi ly so, hc chia lm lig phn. Quan vin
nh phm tr ln dc cp in lc ni khc nhiu ri ih khng

199
 L THNH TNG
V V U A A N H M I N H , N H C C H T N v l I

c cp phn rung na, cn tam phm irxung, ngi no in

lc t, th c cp nh h .

T h l v qun cp rung cng nh nh sau:

- Tam phm : phn;

- T phm : 10 phn;

Ng phm : 9 phn ri;

- Lc phm : 9 phn;

Tht phm : 8 phn ri;

- Bi phm : 8 phn;

- Cu phm : 7 phn ri;

- T cu phm tp hi (tc nhng ngi lm quan khng c xut

thn - nhng ngi khng bng g, cha c lit vo hng chnh
ngch v nhng ngi quyn tin, quyn thc m c phm hm),
gim sinh, li dch, binh linh, dn inh, cc hng Ih cng ngi
gi, ngi r hnh tl. ngi m ci cha. n b go, u c cp
rung l 7 phn n ba phn, nhiu t khc nhau"."'

Qinh sch qun in ca L Thnh Tng em li nhiu

thnh cng trong tr nc an dn ca ng;

- To ra s pht trin bn vng x hi

Khm nh V it s T h n g gim cng mc. Quyn 23. tr.25

200
 P hn hai. L T h n h T ng n h cch t n p h p lut
nh y bn v sng to

Trc ht v mt dn sinh, n ihu ht, quy t nhn dn b ly tn

i cc ni trong thi k chin tranh nay l lt k nhau tr v qu
cha. dt l sinh sng, n nh bn vng x hi nhanh chng c
lp li. Trm cp. cp ca. git ngi, du th du thc... t dn ri
vng bng. Cng vic khai hoang, phc ho, thau chua, ra mn,
ngt ho dng rung tr ihnh phong tro rng ln trong ton vng
qu6c. t canh tc khng ngng tng ln. i vi tng ngi dn
th vic c t rung d cy cy l c m, nguyn vng ln nht
ca ngcn nng dn. Tr v qu qun a cng c cp rung phn.
K c nhng dn b go, con ci, nhng ngi tn ti cng c
chia rung. 'n tui dc n rung lng vinh d, l k nim kh
qun ca dn lng. Ngy phn cp rung lng l ngy hi ln ca
ton dn ng. Ngi dc phn cp rung t khng nhng cm
thy cuc sng vt cht ca h duc bo dm m cn cm thy rt
vinh d. c hng nhiu quyn li ln v tinh thn. uc n phn
rung c ngha l h c cng nhn l thnh vin dy d t cch
ca lng, c s m bc cu mang ca lng, c chung vui,
chung hng danh ting ca lng. n phn rung ca lng th
sng cht cng lng. Ngri nng dn Vit Nam t c s n do, ln
trnh khi gnh vc vic cng ch ca lng. p phng lt, phng
chy, cha chy, tu b mg s. dng dinh, xy cha, lm trng
hc, canh trong lng, canh ngoi dng, chng m cp, bt citp...
h nghe hiu lnh l mi ngi c mt. c phn cp rung dt l
quyn li sinh t c ngi nng dn Vit. Quyn i ny l ch t keo
gn b tng ngi dn vi ton cng ng lng x. Khng g c th

201
 L T H N H T N G
V VUA ANH M IN H . NH C C H T N v l I

tch ri h vi ni chn rau ct rn. Ngi nng dn lo s nht l b

ct phn rung ca lng v phm ti, vi phm hng c. Ngi
nng dn rt s phi mang ting xu v tng. Np sng, nt sng
thun hu do vy c hun dc.
Sng nh lng, cht v lri" l cu ni ca ming ca n g i
nng dn Vit. Cu ni ngn gn d gi ln trong tm tr v gip
cho ngi nng dn Vit Nam lun l gic trau di, rn luyn nhng
phm cht nhn vn cao qu l hng thin, sng chan ho, on kt
vi mi n g i v v mi ngi m chin u.
- ng vin. khai thc c tinh nng ng, cl dng v sng
kin ca cng ng lng x trong gi nc v dipig nc
V mt an ninh x hi, php qun din lm cho cc thnh vin
trong cng ng lng x c kt vi nhau hn. N cao lnh l tr v
tnh dn ch rng ri trong sinh hot ca ng x. Bn cnh vic phn
cp cho dn, ng x no cng dnh phn rung t, bao gm c dm
ao. ml nc cho thu, cho du gi ly sn phm hoc tin
ng vo vic cng ca lng x nh m trng hc, p ng, tu b
dn, cha, miu mo, dp, cng t, gip d cu tr kh c thin
tai. l lt v cc cng vic cng ch khc. Rung cng ca lng x
d dc phn b theo cc mc ch s dng v theo ihlii lin:

Thnhr. hc in - rung dt dng vo vic khuyn hc (di

thi L Thnh Tng, vic hc r c khuyn khch);
Th hai: binh i n - ru n g t cp cho nhng ngi i lm
ngha v binh dch;

202
 P hn hai. L T h n h Tng n h c c h t n p h p lut
nhy bn v sn g to

Th ba: t in - t xy dng nh. ch a ... rung, l cy cy

ihu hoa li dng vo vic t l. cng bi. m hi ca lng. Loi
rung ny thcmg l cc bi bi. cc m ph c em u gi
cho thu thu sn phm hay tin, Trong s ny gm c thu ch;

Th tic. qun in - rung t cp cho dn lng:

Th nm: lng in - rung cp cho cc chc dch trong lng;

Th su: rung dt cp cho c nhi, qu ph.

Vic phn loi s dng rung t cng ca cc lng x theo cc

mc ch v th t u lin nh nu c tip lc thc hin %' quy
dnh trong cc hng c c lng x vng chu Ih sng Hng cho
n trc Cch mng thng 8 nm 1945. N chng t lng x c tinh
thn t lc rt cao. Mi vic u do lng l quyt nh ly trn tinh
thn bn bc dn ch li nh lng. Mi vic chi dng u do lng x
t lo liu. Lng x khng li nh nc, khng mong ch s Ir cp
ca nh nc. Tri li. lng x l bu sa nui sng b my nh nc,
cung cp nhn ti, vt lc cho nh nc chi dng thng qua vic ng
ihu, vic thi hiih ngha v cng ch. ngha v binh dch.

- Quy t dc ln^ dn trm h \' ni mi

Php qun in to ra v nui dcng tinh thn bo v lng,
bo v nc rt cao trong nhn dn. Bo v lng chnh l bo v
nc. C bo v c nc Ih lng mi cn. Dn lng khng n h
trong vic m ng vic cng ca lng v sn sng lm mi ngha
v vi nh nc nh ngha v binh dch, ngha v cng ch, ngha

203
 L THNH TNG
V VUA AN H M IN H , N H C C H T N v l I

v dng thu v cc ngha v khc. iu ny gii thch ti sao di

thi L Thnh Tng trong cc ln vin chinh nh gic pha Nam v
pha Ty, trong thi gian ch trn dd hai thng iri, n g huy
ng dc hn ba chc vn binh lnh cng vua i dnh gic. Tng
lnh, binh s di thi L Thnh Tng nh u thng bi h
c khch l bng tinh thn trch nhim cao c cu nc, cu
tng, cu dn khi ho ngoi xm. Mt minh chng khc: di thi
L Thnh Tng, n g huy dng dc hng chc vn dn dinh
p p, no vt sng lch, ca bin v xy dng nn nhng h
thng p vng chc, nhng h thng giao thng Ihu b tin li.
trong s c nhng cng trnh ni ting nh d Hng c, sng
nh L. Nu khng c php qun in th lm sao n g bin c nc
du u cng c nhng cng trng xy dng nh vy. Trong dn
gian khng h lu li m{ li on thn no v vic thi hnh ngha v
binh dch hoc cc ngha v cng ch khc di chi L Thnh Tng.

C th nu thm nhiu dn chng v nhng li ch c th ca

php qun din di thi L Thnh Tng. ) nh gi mt cch
khi qut nht th c th khng dnh rng php quii in va tho
mn c nhng nguyn vng bc xc nht, nhng quyn li Ihit
thn nht ca ngi dn va p ng dc nhng di hi ca s
nghip to dng s cng thnh, vng mnh ca dt nc Irn li c
cc lnh vc. c i ni ln di ngoi.

Phan Huy Ch. ngi d dnh 10 nm bin son B Lch

triu hin chng loi ch vit nhi sau: Chnh sch nui dn

204
 P h n hai. L T h n h T n g - n h cch t n p h p lut
nhy bn v sn g to

khn g bng lm cho dn c li sdn ch \'u l vic qun in. B

lai lio trong mt nc do ch rung t khng qun bnh. Nu ti
sn mi ngi c bnh thng th nhn dn lt nhin c v
". Vo nm 1823, khi c giao chc Lang trung b Li. Phan
Huy Ch dng s tu Vua Minh Mng v qun in vi ni dung
nh sau: "'Mc ch ca qun in l lm cho mi lc t ai c
khai khn, mi ngi u c rung lm. cha khi cc bnh (lau kh
cu ngi ngho, dp l dc nn ln chim ca bn cng ho, l
dch. Khi dn c ti sn bnh thng ci thin i sng, h s
ra cng cy cy, lng x c yn viti, lin ln im vic dy dn
chng phong tc".
Php qun in l thci k L Thnh Tng c sc sng lu di. Vo
nhng nm cui ca thk XIX cho n trc Cch mng thng 8 nm
1945, di thi tr v ca triu Nguyn vn cn tn ti php qun in.
Vo nm 1805, Gia Long - \oia u triu Nguyn ra lnh ti ban
hnh php qun in. Ti nhiu lng thuc vng ng bng Bc B,
\ing chu th sng Hng, nhiu lng x vn cn thc hin pip qun
din. Trong nhiu hng c c ca cc lng x u c nhiu iu quy
nh thc hin php qun in l thi k L Thnh Tng.

Vic bo v cng in, cng th uc nh Vua L Thnh Tng

205
 L THNH TNG
V V U A A N H M I N H , N H C C H T N v I

thc hin bng nhiu bin php rt c hiu lc:

- Lc in, lng in khng pli t vnh vin

Lc in ch c gi tr trong mi i ngi. Ngi dc hng
lc in, cho d l khai quc cng thn, sau khi cht phi giao li
cho nh nc. Lc in khng th bin thnh t in truyn li
cho con chu. Mi quan li l ngi c phm tc cao nht l chnh
nht phm n ngi thp nht l tng cu phm ch c hng
lcmg in kh cn ung chc. Khi v hu, h phi tr l cho nh
ndc. Cng in, cng th khng b hao hl. Rung th' nghip ca
nhng ngi c cp lc in cht, nhng ngi c cp lng
in sau khi v hu c truyn li cho con chu dng vo vic
th cng. Rung th nghip ch l mi phn ri nh. iu ny hon
ton khc vi triu Trn. Triu Trn ban phi rung t cho li c
nhng ngi thuc h hng nh Vua. Nhng ngi trong hong lc
v quan li cc cp c lp trang tri ring vi din lch khng hn
ch. Cng in, cng th nhanh chng bin thnh t in, t th.
Tuyt i b phn nng dn b bn cng ho, b y xung y kh
cc. t nc b suy yu l iu kling trnh khi.
- Thc hin chinh sch hn i n i vi quan li li chc

iu 226 BLH c quy nh hn mc dt vn cho ti c quan

li. Theo iu ny, t vn ca quan nht phm khng c qu ba
mu, quan cu phm c mt so. Nu ngi no lm chim qu
phn t nh, th b ti xuy nh 50 roi, bim mt t, ngi c
vn ao ri m li chim t ni khc th ti thm mt bc. Bin

206
 P hn hai. L T h n h T n g nh cch l n p h p lut
nhy bn v sng lo

php ny l bin php ngn nga mt cch hu hiu nn quan li,

ccmg ho ln chim cng. Mi quan li khng c bt c l do
no chim gi. s dng rung t nhiu hn mc quy nh trong
lut ca nh Vua.

B o v CH d i n , c n g ih h n g b i n p h p h n h s

Trong BLH khng c iu nh ngha r rng, nhng qua ni

dung ca cc diu c th. th dl cng dc hiu bao gm; dt m
vua ban tng (lc din) hoc cp cho (lng in), t khu phn
giao cho dn theo php qun din v tt c rung t khng phi i
idin. i Ih.

Trong BLH c 12 iu quy nh %'ic x pht i vi cc hnh

vi xm phm cng in, cng th. Cc hnh vi nh: bn, cm. ln
chim, lm chim, giu gim hoc khai man. cy cy thu hoa li t
t cng m khng np (hucho nh nc u b coi l hnh vi xm
phm t cng v b trng ir.
+ Cm cc hnh vi bn, cm d cng:

"Bn rung (it cng cp ciio liav rung i khu phn (tc
phn rung m mi dn lng c chia theo php qun din) th x
60 trng, bim hai t; ngi vit vn t thay V ngi lm chng
u xi'f ti nh hn mi bc: in i\ lm s' lin bn v rung t sung
vo ciia cng. em cm ih x p h i 60 irng V bt chuc"{.342)
hoc; "Rung t khu phn th khng c bn cho ngi khc hay
chuyn ring cho ai; tri lit ih phi ghp vo ti bn rung t
cng'^ (.372) hoc: "Nhng ngi bn rung di b ci cho

20 7
 L THNH TNG
V VUA ANH M IN H , NH C C H T N V l I

ngi nc ngoi tl b li chm" (.74).

+ Cm cc hnh vi lm chim, ln chim:

"Chim s' cng qu s hn (inh, l mt mu x pht 80

trng, mi mu ihi bim m t. ti ch n bim ba il cng; i
li tin hoa li, rung t np vo lm ca cng. Nu khai khn
nhng ni rung ) hoang ih khng phi r (.343) hoc: Nhn
by... ln gii hn rung t cng ih x li nng ihm mt bc v
bi thng gp hai tin hoa mu..." (so vi nhn by v ln gii hn
t t) (.344) hoc: "Nhng k dipg hia, mc gi chim rung
t cng, ih x li lm khao itih: k phm li khng c quan
chc ih x ti lm ing phng b in h v bt bi Kn^ iin hoa
li rung t gp b ln. Ngi vit, khc ch nhng bia mc gi y
h x bim ba i..." (.533) hoc: "Nlng ngi lm nh. m vuit
m xm ln vo ng quan l th x him mi t; khai khn rng
irt ln chim x pht 80 trng" (.573) hoc: "Ngi chim c
nhng hoa li ni, rrng, h, p ih x pht 60 trng" (.574).

+ Cm cc hnh vi giu gim, khai man t cng:

Giu s rung m ao ca cng {khng np tfiti).l mt

mu tr ln x li bim, l 10 mu tr ln th x ti . l 50 mu
tr ln th x ti hnt, li ch dh hfit (li chu xa l cng v phi bi
ihng gp ba lin thu np vo kho..." (.345) hoc: "Nt/ nhng
rung t khng vo s cng, dn chim lu m khai gian l ca
ring mnh hay l em nhng vn k h r du vt ii i ra m
C tranh th phi bim hai I^' (.353) hoc: "Nhng ngi cy

208
 P h n hai. L T h n h Tng - nh cch t n p h p lut
n h y bn v sng lo

rung t cng m khai di cy cy cho quan ty d mong trnh

dng ihu, rh x li heo lul chim ) cng. Quan ty dung lng th
cng ng li.. (.373).
+ Cy cy rung cng m khng np thu:
"Cy cy rung cng m qu k khng np lic thi x phi 80
trng V phi truy lu gp i sllic np vo kho: qu na th ly
li mng. Rung cng cp cho th ly li c. rung khu phn th
t \ bt mt phn" (.346).

T u in, tu th

Ngun hnh thnh

Di thi L Thnh Tng, t in, t th c hnh Ihnh t:
- Giao dch dn s gia t nhn vi t nhn:
- Rung, dt Iha k;

- Rung th nghip;
- Rung dc nh nc cp cho tro n g phn dt khai hoang.

(Ngui khai hoang c hng mi phn na trong s dl khai

hoang c).
Quyn ca ch s hit t in, t th
Ch s hu c y cc quyn chim hu, s dng, nh ot

209
 L T H N H T N G
V VU A A N H M I N H , N H C C H T N v l I

i vi t in, t th ca mnh: t canh tc thu hoa li; cho t in

cy r (pht canh thu t); bn (bn t: bn hn; bn on: bn mt
thi gian sau chuc li), cm c ( vay n); tng cho; chia tha k.
Bin php ho v iin, i tl

Di ihi Ir v ca Vua L Thnh Tng, t in, t th c nh

Vua quan lm bo v bng nhiu bin php nghim minh, mang (nh
kh thi cao:
+ Cm quan li chim ot rung t ca dn:

"Cc nh quyn qii chim ot nh ca, rung t. ao dm ca

dn. t mt mu tr ln h x i ph. t 5 mi tr ln x ti him.
Quan tam phm ir xung itii x ti lng hm hai bc r phi hi
ihng nh lu nh'' (.370) hoc: "Ngi no c hip mua
rung dt ca ngi khc th phi bim hai titv cho ly li lin mua"
(.355) hoc: '^Nhng ti t ca nh cng hu hoc ca cng duia/
cy qun ihchim niing rung i ca ngi ta... h x t i Ch
nh ditng tng th x ti bim tu theo vic nng nh" (.336).
+ Cm vic tranh cp, ln ciim rung t c ch:

"NlitTnq t in cy nh rung ca ngi khc m tr mt Iranli

lm ca mnh ih phi pht 60 nmg. bim hai t. nu ngi ch
rung cn vn t xui trnh ih ng('/i l din phi hi ilnng gp
i s' lin rung t..." (.356) hoc "Nu xm chim nii^ di
nh b mc gii c ngi khc hay t minh lp ra mc gii ih x
bim hai t^' (.357) hoc: C trm vo d m ca ngi la th

210
 P h n hai. L T h n h Tng - nh cch t n p h p lul
nhy bn v sng lo

phi bim mt i, ln phm vo m t biht ba t. k'phm li trn

khng c quan ic th x i lm khao dinh, phi np tin l li
30 quan. Tng trm vo rung t ngi khc th xphi 80 rng:
vo ch m a ca ngi thi phi bim mt t v h phi di m
di ch khc..." (.359) hoc: 'W /V m bn rm run^ t ca ch
ihi x phl 90 irng v thich vo mt 6 ch. Iiru di chu gn, rung
d p h i i r d l i c h o c h V i r t i n m u a c h o n g i m u a . N g i m u a

bit m c mua il x pht 50 roi. bim mt t. lin mua phi tch

iliu simg cng" (.386).
+ Cm hn rung t ca ir, cm con ci bn rung khi
cha m cn sng:
Khi chn^ cht, con cn nh. m i ci gi m li em bn
in sn ca con th x pht 50 roi. r tin li ngi mua, tr
rung cho CUI... ngi vi vn l v ngi cinntg kii x phi 60
irn^, him hai t. Ngi bit s vic m c mua th x pht 80
ir/tg v mt s' {in mua, rung phi II li cho con. V sau m
bn n sn ca con v rc rh cing x ti nh th*' (.377)
hoc: /Ig b. cha m cht c, m ngiri Irng h bn in sn
a a con chu khng c l do chinh dng ih x pht 60 trng, bim
hi i. m i li in cho ngi nuu, in sn th phi tr li cho con
chu. Ngi hil m c mua th mt in mua. nu c n c th cho
ngi trng h iig ra m bo bn m tr n ' (.379 hoc:
C/ m cn sng m bn trm din sn, con trai ih x phl 60
irung, him hai t. con gi thi x pht 50 roi. him mi i, phi
ird ngiiyn lin cho ngi mua, in sn Ir cha m (nhig k hng

211
 L T H N H T N G
V VUA ANH M IN H , N H C C H T N v l I

di t u cng vi bc trn m bn trm in sn ca gia

trng th cng phi li nh h). Ngi bit s vic m mua ih
m s' n mua. ngi vii vn l thay hay lm ching m bit s
ih hi u b x pht 50 roi, bim mi t; khng bit ilt khrt x
ti" (.378).

+ Cm bn rung hng ho:

'Rung t hng ho d con chu ngho kh cng khn

c em bn lm tri ht, c ngi l co phi ghp vo li bt
hiu. Nu ngi trong h mua rung t y thi m t s lin mua.
Ngi ngoi m mua fh phi cho chuc, ngi mua khig c c'
gii?' (.400).

Qua nhng s liu dn chng cho ihy trong chnh sch t

ai, nh Vua L Thnh Tng c nhng quan im ng. Trong
tic hin th ng c nhng bin php nht qun, kin quyt mang
tnh ihc thi cao v sng to. n g ch trng lm cho cng in,
cng Ui ngy cng nhiu hn, lm cho cng dn, cng th chim
lnh vai tr ch o trong nn kinh t nng nghip, n g p dng
nhiu bin php loi tr nhng ch trng, chnh sch cng nh
ngn nga t trong trQg cc muu toan bin dt cng thnh dt tu d
tin ti lng on tnh hnh kinh t, chnh tr, x hi trong nc. S
sng to ln nht v thnh cng nht ca ng l chmh sch qun
din. Php qun in di ihi tr v ca n g tr ihnh quc sch,
dc thc thi vi nhng chih sch, ch , iu lut r rng. Php

212
 P h n hai. L T h n h T n g - nh cch t n p h p lut
nhv bn v sn g lo

qun din khng hn chquyn dnh ot ca nh Vua. Nh Vua c

th ly 't cng lng x lm lc din. lng in. Nhng ng
khng lm dng vic . n g thc hin nguyn lc; rung ca lng
no thi dn lng y cy cy. n g khng ly rung ca lng nhiu
rung giao cho lng t rung. Lm nh vy n g va khuyn khch
dc tinh thn bo v dt cng lng x dng thi l t cng ca nh
nc v khng to ra s m( on ki trong cc lng x v chuyn
phi giao rung lng mnh cho lng khc, n g ngn nga t du
vic d xy ra nhng tranh chp rung t gia cc lng v cng vi
n nhiu h lu nguy hi khc. Trong thc hin php qun in, cc
cng ng dn c lng x c giao quyn ri rng: dn ch, ch
dng, t nh ot. Rung t cng lng x l ngun nui sng ca
lon dn lng. Tt c cc thnh vin cng ng lng x c thc gi
gn bo v lng tc t cng ca lng x. Nhng hnh vi xm phm
n t ai lng x kh m lt qua mi dn ing. Quan th xa, nha
th gn ml tnh trng bung lng qun l m bn cng ho, c
b lng x lun li dng xm chim rung t cng. y l mt
thc irng ihng xy ra trong cc triu i trc n g v sau ng.
Nhung di thi r v ca ng. bn cng ho thn x kh m
lm chim dt cng lng x. Mi ngi dn trong x bit rt r u
l dt cng, u l dt t. Xm chim t cng c ngha xm chim
quyn li ca dn trong x. Chnh ngi dn trong x, ch khng
phi ai khc, l nhng ngi bo v dt cng mt cch hiu qu nht
khi h dc giao quyn. ng nh li nh Shc F1an Huy G i ni
rng php qun in d c (c dng dit tr c hiu qu nn cng
ho. c b chim dot t cng a phng.

2 3
 L THNH TNG
V VUA A N H M IN H , N H C C H T N v l I

Trong m nc nng nghip, quyn lc ti hu ca nh Vua

chnh l quyn lc v t dai. Rung di cng cng ln. cng nhiu
th quyn lc chnh tr, qun s ca nh Vua cng vng chc, cng
mnh m. Cho nn, Vua L Thnh Tng hon lon ng khi trong
sut 38 nm tr v ca mnh, n g lun c ch trng phi trin v
bo v nghim ngt qu rung t cng. Mt khc, tuy ra sc pht
Irin, bo v cng in, cng th nhng Vua L Thnh Tng khng
xem nh vai tr, lc dng ca i in, t th. n g ch thc hin
chnh sch hn in di vi quan li. Cn i vi dn thng khng
c diu iut no hn ch c. n g khng th tiu hoc da ra bt k
ch trcmg. chnh sch no nhm c chquyn ca ngi dn c gia
sn bng rung dt ring. Tri li, n g c nhng bin php mnh
lay trong vic bo v quyn s hu t in, t th khi s cp bc.
in chim, dc bit l ca quan li. Trong BLH c nhng iu
lut r rng c dng lm c s php l xt x nhng hnh vi
ca cng ho, quan li tham nhng, chiVn ot rung t ca dn.
iu lm cho cc nh nghin cu lch s trong nc v th gii ht
sc ngc nhin l trong BLH c nhng diu quy nh bo v quyn
s hu rung d ca con cn nh, cm con ci bn rung dt khi
cha m cn sng v cm bn rung l hng ho. Trong cc b lut
c ca cc nc phng ng khng h c nhng iu lut nh vy.
Gii nghin cu dang i su nghin cu vn d ny. Nhiu hc gi
cho rng, cc diu lut thuc loi ny gp phn khng nh cho
vic dm bo s n dnh u di ca x hi. iu ny cng gip gii
p cu hi ti sao BLH c gi tr thc hin lu di n vy. Nhng

214
 P h n hai. L T h n h T n g - n h cch t n p h p lut
n h y bn v sng to

bi hc ca L Thnh Tng v chnh sch rung t vn cn gi

nguyn gi tr thi s ca n.

6. Khuyn khch nui dng thun phong, m tc

Dng dc thu phc tng ngi, dng l ngha d sa t lng

d.n, dy cho dn bit v nu dng thun phong, m (c l nhng
iu m Vua L Thnh Tng ihng em ra hun d cho cc quan
li trong ton vng quc, n g khng nl sung, n g khuyn khch
v b buc mi quan li phi lm dng. Ai lm ng th c thng
thung. Ai khng lm th b n g tr ti. Mt s s liu sau y
chng minh cho nhn nh d:
Ngy 26 thng 11 nm l l. Hng c nm th 16,(1485) Vua
d cc quan Tha, Hin, cc quan ph, huyn, chu cc x trong
nc rng: " U ngha d sa lt lng dn, nng ang cm o.
H a i iu l vic cn kp ca chnh s. Trm t khi ln ngi n
gi, l c nluTng php dy dn nn phong lc rt, nhiTg vic dy li
trJi cho dn khng iu g khng ni r trong cc hun d cc
ngi heo thm lm..."."
on s liu ny cho thy r trong sut thi gian tr v ca mnh.
L Thnh Tng kin tr v nht qun thc hin ng li m theo
cch ni ngy nay l nng cao i sng vt cht phi lun i i vi

) i Vit s k ton th. Bn k ihc lc, Q uyn XIII. K nh L, Nxb.

KHXH. H .J993^r.497.

215
 L T H N H T N G
V VIIA ANH M IN H , N H C C H T N v l I

vic nng cao di sng tinh thn, n g hon lon dng. khi ni rng;
'Hai diu d l vic cn kip ca chinh s!".
Trong khuyn khch xy dng, bo v thun phong, m tc, Vua
L Thnh Tng rt ch ng khen thng nhng ngi c c hnh
tt. Vi d: Nguyn Lim, ngi lng M X, ph g TTiin. ni ting
l ngi hiu hnh vi cha m, ho thun vi anh em c vua ban
cho bin ngch, n g h lnh cho quan s ti dng mt lu cao ngoi
cng biu dung cho cng chng bit m noi gng. Nguyn Lim
c iha min trn di mi ngha v cng ch. lp dch. Trong BLH
c diu lul quy dnh irch nhim quan li trong vic khuyn khch
thun phong, m lc v du tranh chng di phong, bi tc: "C
nhng ngi hiu hii cng n b trinh lit m kling lu ln
vua ban ihchg, hay c nhng k lon lin tri o m khng lu
ln tr li, th quan l. quan huyn b x i him hay phi"
(.297). Trong diu lut ny. nh Vua quy trch nhim cho quan l,
tc quan tinh v quan huyn ch khng phi l x quan.
Cng vi vic khen thng, biu dng ngi tt. vic tt, nh
Vua cng s dng c cc bin php hnh chnh, hnh s na.
Trong BLH d c so diu lut, c th' chia lm 6 ioi, tm c
s php l diu chnh cc hnh vi thuc lnh vc xy dng thun
phong, m lc v u tranh ir b i phong, bi tc:
- Cc iu lut c ni dung khuyn khch lng nhn t, bc i.
gip d nhng ngi tn tt, c nh: 294, 295. 604, 605, 607;
- Cc iu lul c ni dung khuyn khch cc c lnh ho hiu,

216
 P h n hai. L T h n h T n g - nh cch t n p h p iut
n h y bn v sng lo

lng n knh b trn, lng bit n; trng tr cc hnh vi bl hiu, bt

ho [bt mc], bt knh: 136, 440. 442. 443. 640, 474. 475. 476.
477. 478, 479. 480. 482, 483. 484. 488, 489;
- Cc diu lut c ni dung bi tr thi m tn. d oan: 141,142,
413,414. 423;

-C c iu lut c ni dung bi tr t nn c bc: 188, 189;

- Cc diu lut c ni dung bi tr t nn cung dm. bo dm,

gian dm. lon lun: 319, 324, i ) l . 402.403, 404.405,406,407,409;

- Cc diu lut bi tr thi vu oan. ging ho cho ngi khc;

133. 501. 502, 503. 505, 508, 509. 510, 511, 512, 513. 514.

V cc iu lut the hin

tnh nhn o x hi su sc

"Trong kinh thnh hay phng, ng. lng, xm c k au m m

khn ai niii nng, nm ng i', cu. im, clia, qun thi x
quan phi ditng lii ln m gCr gn. sn sc. cfia h cm cho,
iliiioc men. c) sao cihi cho I sng, khng c b mc cho h rn
ri khn kh. Nu khng m av m l ch th phi irnl quan rn v
III\ in kin m chn c!, khn c l ihi hi. ni iri lnh
ny th q u a n phng, x p h i l i him h a \ bi c h c ..." (.294)
hoc: "Nhg ngi go v. go chng, m ci v ngi lt lt
nng, ngho khkhn^ c ngi thn ihch nng la, khng th

217
 L THNH TNG
V VUA A N H M I N H , N H C C H T N v I

t mnh miii sng dc, quan s li phi ihii nui h. m li b r<ri

h ih b xnh 50 roi. bim mt t. Nu h dc cp cm o m
quan li n bt i th phi ghp vo li nh ngi gi kho n trm
ca cng" (.295) hoc:
B c tre' con lc ng ih phi bo quan lm bng chig,
c ngi n nhn hi c ly lin cp dng (mi thng 5 lin).."
(.604), hoc; "Lm s tri ngc (nh nui ddng khng chu do,
i x tn bo) n ni con ca ngi khc chi, ih x pht 80
trng, np tin n mng 5 quan cho cha m a tr cht" (.605).
Di thi trung c. nhn loi b diu ng v nhng hnh vi v
nhn o ca nhng hn qun, bo cha. Cho nn vo thi k phc
hng, loi ngi hn hoan dn cho nhng ch.trucfng, chnh sch
i x nhn o. Mi n th k XVIII, trong ihi k cch mng t
sn. mt s nc phng Ty mi c nhng diu lut mang tnh
nhn o x hi ra i. Th gii khng tic li ca ngi v s kin
ny. Nhng Vit Nam vo th k XV, di thi Ir v ca L Thnh
Tng, vi] d nhn o khng cn gii hn lri rn dy ca cc bc
thnh hin m tr thnh iu lut mang tnh bl buc phi tun
theo ca mi ngi, tr thnh chc trch ca quan li.

V cc iu lut nhm
nng cao v hon thin
tnh nhn vn

Trong BLH, cc diu lut c ni dung khuyn khch cc c

218
 P h n haf. L T h n h T ng ' n h cch t n p h p lul
nhy bn v sn g lo

tnh ho hiu, lng ln knh, s bii cm v trng tr nghim khc cc

hnh vi bt hiu, bt mc, bt knh chim s lng kh nhiu; 17 iu.

BLH t ra rt nghim khc i vi cc hnh vi bt hiu, bt

mc, bt knh nh: Lng nhc ng h. cha m thi b lini chu ngoi,
nh th x h m chu xa, nh b hng th x ti gido... (.475) (x
gio cng l ti t hnh bng hnh ic treo c, dc xem l nng hcm
ti b chm), hoc: V c, v l m lng nhc ng b, cha m chng
h x li hii, nh h xitn chu ngoi, nh b thng thi lu chu
xa, nh cht ihxtigio..." (.476), hoc: "'nh anh. ch, cu, d,
ng b, cha m v th x li lm khao dinh, nh b thng th x
i d lm tg phng biih... nh cli th x I chm...'' (.477).

Nhng hnh vi: ''nh ngi trong h ni hay ngoi" (.478),

"nh k'ph, v con clng trc" (.479), n l nh ch nh"
(.480), "v nh chng, v l nh v c" (.482), "v nh h
hng nh chng, bc ln trng nh v k di" (.483), "ch du
nh em chng" (.484), /ian ^ip vic nh quan trn'
(.488), /rc ir nh thy hc" (.489) theo BLH l nhng ti
bt mc. bi kmh v b x nng hcfn mt bc i VI ti nh ngi.

Trong nhng iu lut nu thuc lnh vc ny c mt iu

kh c bit. l iu 136 vi ni dung: Nhig k ngang ngnh,
ng ngc, khng theo gio ho, khng gi ca k by ti th x
ti lu. iu lut khng quy nh ngang ngnh, ng ngc n
mc no th b x li. Nu ngang ngnh, ng ngc bng nhng
hnh vi nh, chi ng b, cha m, anh, ch em... th c iu lut

219
 L T H N H TNG
V VUA A N H M IN H , N H C C H TN v l I

quy nh ri (cc iu: 475.477.479, 480, 4 8 1. 482,483, 488.489).

Ngang ngnh, ng ngc ni n trong iu lut ny c th l nhng
hnh vi khng tun th quy tc cuc sng cng ng hoc l nhng
hnh vi bt nh, bt mc. bt knh vi cng ng v.v... Tht khng
d chu cht no khi trong xm, trong lng, khi c ngi hng xm
ngang ngnh, ng ngc, chng c cht Onh ngui m li hay gy
th chuc on. X ti lu l dng bin php cch ly con ngi ng
ngc ra khi cng dng ging nh loi tr tc nhn gy vn dc ra
khi dng nc trong lnh, hoc cch ly mm m'ng gy bnh khi
mi irng sng. Bin php ny c ih gy nn s tranh ci trong x
hi chng la ngy nay. Nhng ihi i L Thnh Tng, bin php
cch ly ny chc chn c hiu qu mnh. Php lul mt s nc
ngy nay cho php nhng ngi hng xm c th yu cu nh chc
trch cch ly nhng ngi m h cho l gy ln hi cho cuc sng
bnh thng ca nhng ngi xung quanh.

Hiu tho, thun ho, tn knh ngi trn, l ^ g , yu thng

k di l nhng dc nh rt dc x hi Vit Nam khuyn khch,
ca ngi. Trong cuc sng hng ngy, nhng dc tinh lm cho con
ngi gn gi, gn b vi nhau cht ch hn. l cht keo c bit
lm cho gia nh, x hi thnh nhng tp th c s on kt dn te
vng mnh m t lin Vit Nam bao ln s dng n ng u
thng li vi mi him ho t bn ngoi p n.

C l do hiu thu v su sc vn ny m Vua L Thnh

Tng, thng qua BLH d dnh ra nhi3ng iu lut nhm khuyn

220
 P h n hai. L T h n h Tn - nh cch l n p h p lul
nhy bn v sng lo

khch lnh v tha, lng nhn hu v trng Ir. rn e nhng thi xu

c c, c c. hp hi ca con ngi v k hin cn tn ti kh
nhiu trong x hi thc dng ngy nay.

V cc iu lu c ni
dung ngn nga, bi tr
m tn, d oan

Vua L Thnh Tng, ngi sng cch chng ta ngy nay hcfn 500
nm, trong thi i khoa hc cha pht irin, nhng c nhng bin
php du iranh ngn nga v chng li thi, t m ti. d oan. Trong
LH c dnh ra 5 iu c lin quan trc tip dn vic bi tr h tc
v thi m ln, d oan nhu: "Trong lng, nh c vic tang, xm ging
n gip . Tang ch Ut tteo sc m ih i, nu theo thi h tc
c sch nhiu lang ch phi c cm ru, ti, c. c to th x pht
80 trng" (. 141), hoc: Nhng l tang, t t. cho n nh ca, xe
thuyn, o m. dng, phn m, nu lm qu php ih x ti pht
hay bim v phi hii b nlimg qu php " (.142). BLH l
ra rl nghim khc i vi nhihig hnh v nh; "Nhng k lm ra
nhng quyn sch hoc cu ni yu qui th x li gio... Nhng k
huyn iniyn hay dng nhng sch I' cu vii qui k trn xi
gic dn chiingil cng b li nh k lo ra... Nliing ngi u mc
v x phng q u a n ni y, king lng bt em t r in h quan th phi
ui bim hay . quan huyn bit vic y m c dung tng ih x bim
hay bi chc: quan ph khng phi gic vic y ra ili phi phl...

221
 L THNH TNG
V VUA ANH MINH, NH C CH TN v l I

(.413) hoc: "Nhn k ! by ra nhCnii ihii s x e m s mnh

cho ngi la m dnh d n g n vic phn lon, h x l i Um i chn
xa; nii n^he theo th phi ti nh hn m hc: phiig x quan
bit m klin^ bt g i i ln quan, flxbim ba i..." (. 44) hoc:
Nhttg k v s h ght m dng ihu l ma hay lm ba ch
dnh riri ii x lieo ti mii s m gim tili hai bc... Nu
ch v mun dc lngyii thng ca chn, ch... m b ba ihuc
thi p l i l i lm tikpig phng b in h ..." (.423).

V cc iu lut c ni
dung bi tr l nn cbc

Trong BLH c hai iu c ni dung bi tr t nn c bc nh:

"Nhng ngri t hp nh bc thi b li nh 70 trng, bim b t.
p h t tin h a q u a n , h n g c lo ng i c o g i c. N g i ih g u h a y
li phm i nh hc ih h ti tlim mt bc... Nhtig lin rong sng
bc vn l vy n, nnia bn v nh bc u sung cng.. (. 188)
hoc: "^Ngi ni c ing th nh ti hn ngi (lnh bc m i bc.
N h im g c c qua n Ii m g v q u n ln h d n h c d u t r i li kh n g p h i
ti. nu nh c b n g ti ti ih l i cng ntinh h c " (.189).

V cc diu lut c ni dung

bi tr t nn dm dc

Ngy 18 thng 9 nm K Su, Quang Thun nm th 10 (1469),

222
 Phn hai. L Thnh Tng nh cch tn php lut
nhy bn v sng tu

Vua sc d quan vn vn v v dn chng c nc rng: "Trm

nh, gcyi la s d khc ging cm fh l v c l lm khun php
it7g>. Nu khng c l h !inli dc ha bi. phng (ni x g by.
khn > khng lm. T nay v sau, cc sc quan li. ai dc thng
chc hay hdn, h Li b phi sc gi cho ph. huyn, x ht
X irng phi lm t oan khai l tn av m i qi(V nh, gi
th lm theo hn l th mi lu ln ihng b nh l. Ni cho
k xu lm d vo hng quan cltc, thi vin b hchclii y''."'

on s liu ny cho thy L Thnh Tng rt quan tm n vic

bi Ir t nn dm m mi nhn n g cha vo l hng ng quan
li. Nh li n g ni phi kim tra k lng, phi c s cam oan
ciia x trng v cuc sng hn nhn ca nhng ngi d dnh
thng b vo hng ng quan li, khng cho k xu lm d vo hng
quan chc. Theo li ng hun d: W< cho k xu lm d
vo hng quan chc ili vin bi thch ch di \" .

BLH d dnh ra 10 iu quy dnh trng tr cc ti ny, nh:

Ng/t v li ly c, d. ch em gi, k n c o i gi ring ca v
nii iln thch, dti phng theo it at dm m tr r (.319)
hoc: ""L anh, l em, l hc tr m ly v ca anh. ciia em. ca thy
hc ii cht u x li ngi n h b x gim mt bc; ii
pli l v d f ' (.324), hoc: ''GiancJm vi vngir khc hix ti liii
hy ti ch..." ( .40I). hoc: "Quvh r con gi cliia chng ll x

Di Vii S kv ton ih. Bn k thc lc. Quyn XII. K nh L. Nxb.

KHXH. H.1993. tr.438.

223
 L THNH T N G
V VUA ANH MINH, NH C C H TN Vl OI

nh li ian dm thng v phi np lin l, ttbiu lnh theo bc

sang hn, tr cho cha m ngi con gi, ngi con i b quyn
r khng phi ti: k gii mi b x ti hay hnt" (.402), hoc:
"Hip dm th x li lii hay li ch v phi np /in l hn tin
t v li gian dm ihng mt bc: nu lm ngi n b b thng
th b x li nng hn ti nh ngtti mt bc. Nu fm ngi n
b b cht th in sn k phm ti phi tr cho nh ngi b cht'
(.403) hoc: "Gin dm vi con gi nh t 12 tui trxung, di
ngi con gi hiin tnh, cng x li nh li hip dm" (.404),
hoc: 'Thng gian vi v ngi th x pht 60 trng, bim hai iu.
b np tin ..." (.405) hoc: "Gian dm vi v k, v l ca
ng, cha, vi m nui, m k, bc gi, thm, c, d, ch. em gi. y
ca con chu, con gi ca anh em u x ti chm; n b con gi
gian dm l b it i chu xa..." (.406) hoc: "y t m gian
dm vi v. con gi. con du ca ch ih x ti chm... Ngi lm
ihu iay t in m phm h cng phi li nh th. n b con gi
h u x lu" { .407) hoc: Ngc quan, ngc li, ngc li gian
dm vi nhng n b. con gi c vic kin th x nng hn ti gian
dm mt bc" (.409).

Theo ni dung quy dnh cc iu c trch dn trn y th

nhng hnh vi hip dm v lon lun b x pht rt nng. n ng
th b x chm. n b th b y i ni xa. Hnh vi thng dm vi
tr em di 12 tui bco l hip dm, b x pht nh i vi ti hip
dm. V diu ny, lut hnh hin hnh ca cc nc hin nay cng
c quan dim ging nh quan im ca BLH th k XV.

224
 Phn hai. L T hnh T ng nh cch tn php lut
nhy bn v sng to

V cc iu lu chng vu
oan, gi ho

BLH d c 12 iu lut c th quy nh quy tc, ni dung,

quyn t co ca ngi dn, quy lc xem xt th nc danh, quy nh
x pht di vi cc trng hp vu co hoc kin co ngi thn.

V ih tc l co: " T co li ngi thi ph ghi nm thng V

trnh hyslhc. khng c ni l vic cn ng ni vic khng
dng in cng vy: tri lut n \ th pli pht 80 irng; quan nhn
nhr dn ri ny m da ru x! x th pht tin 30 quan"
(.508). V th nc danh th iu 133 BLH quy dnh nhu sau:
"Nhng k no dng th nc danh, phm n vic ln ca quc gia
thi x li chm: khng phi vic i s th x ti im i chu gn:
gia sn u h lch lm sung cng: ngi l co ra ihi c thng
tc u theo vic nng nh. T h nc danh ph bng chinh s hin
thi, tnh l nrg th x ti hat i chu gn, nh hi x lm tng
phng binh: co gic li ngi kic .x ti bim ba t. Ngi ch
V nhn c li nc danh co gic m khng t i. li em np
quan hy tu Vii hay em irityn tng ihi x phi 50 roi, bim mt
t. Cc quan ly nhn ih nc danh m em ra xl x rhi x ti tng
thm mi bc". Ngy nay cn c nhng ki'n khc nhau Irong gii
quyt n th nc danh. Nhng i vi Vua L Thnh Tng th vic
gi th nc danh b coi l ti phm v c Ih b x chm. Ngi nhn
th nc danh khng dem t i cng b x pht. Nu quan ti em

225
 L THNH TNG
V VUA ANH M iN H , NH CCH TN v l I

th nc danh ra xt x hoc truyn tng th d cng b x pht.

iu 504 BLH quy nh: Con chu khng c l co nq
b, cha m, v khng dc t'co chng v bt c li li g. ir vic
t co ti mint phn, i nghch... Nu lm tri th b li Um i chu
xa " hoc: "Con chu kin nhau vi ng b. cha m. ng b ngoi
cng l v kin ng b cha m chng u phi bim mt t, nu l
l tri h x thm ti ml bc" (.511) hoc: "K xui gic ngi
kin tng cng lm h n vu co ngui th x nfi hn ngi phm
ti mt bc. Vin ngc li m xui gic ngi i kin hay lm n
thay, th x ti nng in mt bc" (.513).

7. Bnh vc, bo v ph n

Khi nghin cu LH, cc nh nghin cu. c bit l gii

nghin cu lui hc phng ng v c p h n g Ty, u ly lm
Jgc nhin v th v v nhng quan im, nhng ni dung c quy
'nh rt l rng, rnh mch v c tnh thc thi cao ca B lut trong
' nhng vn bnh vc v bo v quyn ii ph n.
Trong quan h hn nhn, trong quan h dn s [quan h ti sn]
ngi ph n Vii Nam c nhng quyn m trong cc b lul ca
cc ch phong kin phng ng khng h c cp n.

Hn nhn t do v t nguyn l iu c cng nhn trong

226
 Phn hai. L Thnh Tng nh cch ln php lut
nhy bn v sng lo

lut hn nhn v gia dinh ca nhiu nc hin nay. Nhng di ch

d phong kin nhiu nc phng ng v c Vit Nam, di
triu Nguyn, ph n khng c quyn la chn ngcrt chng lng
lai ca h. Cha m t du. con ngi y. Khi d v nh chng, nh
cch ni ca ngi Trung Quc, ngi n b tr ihnh ma ca nh
ngi ta. Ngi n b mun v thm b' m cng phi c
ngi chng cho php! V vy. nhng quy nh bo v quyn hn
nhn ca ph n trong BLH th k XV. (heo nh gi ca cc
nh x hi hc, cc nh nghin cu lut hc. l rt tin b v dc
dnh gi cao.
Trong BLH c 7 iu quy nh v quyn hn nhn ca ph
n. l cc iu; 308, 314. 315, 320. 322, 333 v 338.

Vic hi v v tin hnh hn l theo ng phong tc, trnh t,

th tc p h p l l mt trong nhng quyn php l ca ph n. N
em li vinh d khng nhng cho bn thn ngi ph n m cho c
cha m, h hng ca ngi ph n d. N c s php l m bo
tnh vng chc cho quan h hn nhn v gia dinh tip theo. Di thi
ir v ca Vua L ThnhTng, vic hi v v Un hnh hn l khng
dng trnh l, th tc s b x pht. Nhu: "Ngi ki hn, khng
snh n nt cha m ngi con gi/, ni cha m cht th em
n nh ngi rng h hay nh ngi irng lng d xin, m
thnh hn vi nhau mt cch cn th thi phi bim mt t v theo
l sang hn. bi np tin t cho cia m, nu cha m cht c ih np
cho trng h hay irng lng, ngi con gi phi pht 50 r o r
{.3I4 ) hoc: Con gi ha g chng m cha thnh hn. nu

227
 L THNH T N G
V VUA ANH MINH, NH C C H TN v I

ngi con trai b c lt hay phm li hoc ph ln gia sn thi cho

php ngi con gi ku quan m tr l. Ni ngi con gi c tt
hay phm ti thi khng phi tr l; tri lu th x ph 80
trng'' (.322). Tmh nhn vn ca iu 322 BLH l rt r rng
v phi trin mc cao. iu ny cho php ngi con gi l gii
phng cuc sng hn nhn chc chn l s au kh vi ngi chng
c c tt, ph tn gia sn, phm ti, nu nh lut php khng cho
php ngi con gi c quyn t hn ch v ha g. Cho n nay.
quyn ly d l iu tuyt i b cm trong lut php mt s nc v
mt s ln gio.
Cc nh nghin cu lut hc ht sc ngc nhicn v iu 308
ca BLH. iu ny cng nhn mt quyn kh dc bit i vi
ngi ph n sng di ch phong kin phng ng vi ni
dung quy nh: ''Phm chng b lng v 5 thng khng i li
/v c trnh quan s ti v x quan lm chg ili mt v. Nu
v c con, ll cho hn mt nm. V vic quan phi i xa ih
khng iheo lul ny. Nu h v m li ngn cn ngi khc ly
v c th phi li bim". Ni dung ca iu lut ny c nhng chi
tit ng ch :

- Khi n i m b l n g kh trng hp vi khi nim ly thn

ngy nay;
- Thi hn b lng l 5 thng khng i li. Nu v c con ih
cho hn 1 nm.
Phi chng nh lm lul cho rng 5 thng hay 1 nm i vi

228
 Phn hai. L T hnh T ng - nh cch tn php lut
nhv bn v sng to

ngi v phi sng trong hon cnh khng c chng oi hoi,

trong hon cnh v chng cm chng lnh, canh chng ngt l s
dau kh khng th ko di hn? Lut quy nh mt thi hn ngl
ngho nh vy phi chng l cch rn e. bo Irc cho nhng v
hn phu bl trc l anh ta s mt v nu chnh mng trong vic
chm sc v con?

C c s tin rng nhng nhn nh ny l ng bi v tip

theo vic quy n h thi hn ngi v c trnh quan v vic b
chng b lng, iu lut quy nh r: V vic quan p h i i xa
th kh n g theo lut ny". Nh vy. ngi chng nu v vic cng
m phi xa nh lu ngy, d lu bao nhiu nm thng, th ngi
v khng th vn vo trnh quan xin t hn. CI li ca vn
d r rng khng phi l thi gian xa cch m chnh ) thi
chung sng, cch i x bc bo ca ngi chng i vi ngi
v. Mc ch ca iu 308 BLH chnh l u tranh xy
dng quan h hn nhn bn vng v bo v quyn t do ca ph
n. T do irong hn nhn ca ngi ph n Vii Nam cn c
quy nh rong cc iu lu t khc nh: "Nhng nh quyn th m
c hip ly con gi k lng dn, ti x li pht, bim hay "
(.338) hoc: "Tang chng h) m ngi v mun th li, nu
ai khng phi l ng b, cha m m p g cho ngi khc t x
bim ba i v bi phi ly d, ngi n b phi tr v nh chng
c; ngi n ng /v ngi n b l th khng phi li
( .3 2 0 ).

229
 L THNH TNG
V VUA ANH MINH, NH CCH TN v I

Di ch phong kin, mi li sn trong gia nh u thuc

quyn ca ngi chng. Kh con trai d ly v, nu vn cn chung
vi b m, th mi ti sn lm ra u thuc v ngi b. Khi di
ly chng, ngi n b khng cn c bt k quan h v ti sn no
vcrt gia inh b m . Nu v mt l do no m ngi v phi
bc ra khi nh chng th ngi n b ra i vi hai bn lay
trng. Di thi tr v ca triu Nguyn - triu di phong kin cui
cng ca Vit Nam (1802 - 8/1945), lnh cnh ca ph n Vii Nam
vn nh vy. Nhng di thi k tr v ca triu i nh L, bt du
l thi k Ir v ca Vua L Thnh Tng, ph n Vii Nam c
quyn ti sn. Trong BLH c tt c 7 iu quy nh v quyn
li sn Irong gia nh ca ngi ph n. l cc iu: 374. 375,
376, 391,395,396 v 397.
V quyn ti xn ca ngi v. trong BLH c ba iu c ni
dung quy nh kh chi tl v quyn ti sn ca ngi v Irong
udng hp chng chi irc. Nh: "V chng c con nu mt
ngi cht trc, su con cng li cht, thi in sn thuc v
chng hay v... Cha m cn sng h chia lm hai, lltuc v'cha m
mt phn, phn ca chng ch c nui mi i, khng c
nhn lm ca ring, chng cht li phn y thuc v cha m hay
ngi tha t. Chng cht trc th v cng th, ci gi th pii II

230
 Phn hai. L Thnh Tng nh cch tn php lut
nhy bn v sng to

li" (.376), hoc: ''Vchng khng c con,... chng chi trc, h

in sn chia lm hai phn, v ngi h n tha t mt phn gi
vic t ; v v mi phn. Phn ca ngi v ch nui i minh
k h n g c n h n l m CI I r i n g , v c h t h a y c i g i t h p h n y l i

ihiic v ngi Iha t. Nu CI m hy cn sng ih thuc v cha

m c; v cht trc th chng cng h, ch khng b buc h ly
v khc h m phn y. Trn y l ni v in sn ca cha m d
cho con, cn in sn ca v chng lm ra. h chia lm hai, v
chng mi ngi c mi phn: phn ca v c nhn lm ca
nng, phn ca chng li chia lm ba, cho v 2 phn, v vic l
l v phn m mt phn, hai phn cho v cng ch d nui mt i
minh, khng dc nhn lm ca ring, v cht hay ci gi, th hai
phn li v vic t l v phn m ca chng. Phn v l i v
plin m, nu cha m cn sng th cha m gi; nu cha m khng
cn th ngi ha t gi: v cht trc ll chng cng th, ch
khng cu n khi ly v khc (.375). Ni dung ca iu 374
BLH quy dnh nguyn tc phn chia ti sn ca b' m chia cho
trong irung hc^ chng cng v trc c con, v sau khng c con
hay v cng chng trc c con. chng sau khng c con m chng
cht trc hoc v cht trc v nguyn tc phn chia ti sn do
chng trc cng v irc lm ra. hoc do chng cng v sau lm
ra. hoc do v cng ngi chng sau lm ra,
Trong c ba iu lut nu u cng c chung cc nguyn tc l;
1. Ti sn trong quan h hn nhn l ti sn chung ca v
chng. Khi cn quan h hn nhn, khi c hai cn sng th v c

231
 L THNH T N G
V VUA ANH MINH, NH C C H TN v I

quyn s hu, s dng, nh ot ti sn nh chng. Chng minh

cho diu ny th hin mu lp d chc di thi L Thnh Tng
nh sau: 'T i ph..... huyn...., lng x ........ihn chng ti.
ngi cha, ln l.........chc, tc, (hay u v x hi), v ngi m,
ln l...... . a v x l, cm thy sc klo r nn xu i.... lm
ti y hn chc th ny..... Nh vy, chc th l vn bn chung
nh ot li sn chung ca v chng.

2. Ngi v c quyn c ti sn ring ca minh. Ngun ti sn

ring ca ngi v c th l:

- Ti sn do b m cho khi i ly chng (ca hi mn);

- Ti sn tha k t b m .

C hai khi ti sn ny em nhp vo ti sn chung gia dinh

trong thi k hn nhn v khi c hai v chng cn sng. Nu khng
cn quan h hn nhn hoc chng cht trc th ton b khi ti sn
d nhp vo khi ti sn chung tr li thuc quyn s hu ring ca
ngi v;

Ti sn dc chia t khi ti sn do v chng cng lo ra Irong

thi k hn nhn. Nu chng cht truc. th khi ( sn ny chia
lm hai phn bng nhau. V cn sng c hng mt phn v lm
ca ring. Ngoi ra. ngi v cn nhn dc ihm hai phn Irong
phn di sn ca chng. Trong 1/3 di sn cn li th trch /20 m
rung hng ho. Cn li th chia u cho cc con, c trai ln gi;

- i vi ti sn b m chng cho th khi chng cht, ngi v

232
 Phn hai. Lc Thnh T ng nh cch tn php lut
nhv bn v sng to

vn c hng 1/2, nhng chi c hng hoa li trong mt i. Sau

k-hi ch hoc ci gi th khi ti sn ny phi tr li cho b m chng
cn sng. Khi b' m chng chi th giao li cho nhng ngc tha k.
Nu khng c con th giao phn dng vo t l cho ngc Irong h.

V quyn ca p h n
trong vic gi rung i
hng ho

Theo BLH, nu khng c con trai tmng, chu trai trng dng
ch Ih con gi trng, chu gi trng dng dch c quyn gi
rung t hng ho. Thm mt bng chng v quan im, hnh
dng mang tnh cch tn mnh m trong bo v quyn binh ng
nam n v mt x hi in kinh t ca nh lm lut vo th k XV
Vii Nam. Trong BLH dnh ra 4 iu quy nh v cc tmng
hp con gi trng, chu gi trng dc gi hoc giao li cho con
trai Ih... nh: "Ngi h((mg ho c con troi trng th dng con
trai trng, khng c con trai trng il dnf> con i trng, mng
t hng lio l cto l m phn hai m" (.391) hoc: Ca
m sinh c hai con irai, ngi con trai n ng chi sinh con gi. con
trai th li c con irai th phn hng ho giao cho con trai ngi
con th, nbimg con rai th ch sinh chu gi. th phn hng ho
trc kia li phi giao r cho con gi ngi con trig" (.395).

Nh vy trong BLH, nh lm lut c nhng cch tn (nhng

233
 L THNH TNG
V VUA ANH MINH, NH C CH T N v l I

quy dnh mcrt, cha h c trong cc b lut ca ch' phong kin] v

quyn tha k li sn v ch v mng t hng ho. Ton b di sn
c trch mt phn hai mi ( i/20) lm rung hng ho. S cn
li th chia mt phn hai (1/2) cho v hoc chng cn sng, mt phn
hai (1/2) cn li th chia u cho t c cc con. Trai hay gi u c
phn. Theo lut Trung Quc c i con gi b loi ra khi quyn c
hng tha k.

Bnh vc v bo v quyn hn nhn l nguyn, l do v quyn

ti sn ciia ngi ph n l nt c sc ca BLH, mt iu him
thy trong cc b lut c xa. L gii v iu ny, mt s ngi
ngoi quc cho rng ! xa xa, ph n Vit Nam vn c cuc sng
ci m v t do hn ph n nhiu nc phng ng khc.
Samuel Baron c b' l ngi H Lan, m l ngi Vii, sinh ra
kinh thnh Thng Long thi L, khng r ngy sinh, cht vo nm
1680, d vit Irong q u y n sch vi t n d; "M t Vng qttc ng
n g o r (A descriplion of the Kingom of Tonqueen ) rng: quc
gia ny, ph n cha bao gi b gi gin cht c h ngi l khi
ngm nhn mnh nh nhng ph n hi gio v Trung Quc. i vi
ngi Trung Quc, ni m ph n b cm cung trong gia nh v
cch bi vi nam gii fli s i li khng hn c h ca ph niVii
Nam ng nhin c xem l l"."'

T liu su (m ca Insun Yu. ngi Hn Quc ng (ong sch: "Lut v

x hi Vir Nam th k V7/ - V7//. Nxb. KHXH, H.994.

234
 Phn hai. L Thnh Tng nh cch tn php lut
nhy bn v sng tu

Trong sch An Nam ch nguyn ca Cao Hng Trng, tc gi

ngi Trung Quc vit: n h Vii Nam t o i li m klng xa
lnh n ng'." Nhng ngi nc ngoi n Vit Nam vo nhng
Ih k; XVI, XII, XVIIl d c nhn xt rng dt nc ny trong
nhng dp l hi lng x, trai gi cng nhau ma ht. iu cho
h nhng c hi li la chn ngi bn &i. Abb Richard nhn
xt rng: fin h la chn ngi chng theo ihich ca mnh, iu
m ngi Trung Qic khng c php lm".'-' John Crawfurd, mt
phi vin ngi Anh n H u vo hai thp nin u th k XIX
ni rng khng c s phn bit v lin cng gia lao dng dn ng
v dn b.'''

Cng c kin cho rng, L Thnh Tng chu n rt nhiu i

vi ph n. Trc ht l m n g - b Tip d ' Ng Th Ngc Giao,
ngi sinh thnh, nui dng, cu mang n g khi b b tht sng
v trong nhng lc m con n g b phe cnh Hong hu Nguyn Th
Anh m mu hm hi. Ngi dn b th hai bt chp mi him
nguy ng ra bo v hai m con n g l b Nguyn Th L. B d
cng chng l i cng thn Nguyn Tri dng ra bo lnh xin Vua
L Thi Tng ngn chn m mu bc hi hai m con ng. Chnh
Nguyn Tri cng v l Nguyn Th L sp xp cho Tip d Ng Th

Tu liu su tm ca Insun Yu. Sc.

T liu su tm ca Insun Yu. Sdci.
T liu su m ca Insun Yu. Sd.
Tip d l phi tn nh vua, xp sau Th phi.

235
 L TH N H TNG
V VUA ANH MINH, NH CCH TN v l I

Ngc Giao cng con Irn khi kinh thnh v b mt c ngi dy d

T TTnh lc cn nh. Khi c tn ln ngi vua, b Ng Th Ngc
Giao d k ht mi chuyn cho L Thnh Tng nghe. Chi L
Thnh Tng gii oan cho Nguyn Tri, ngi b phe cnh Nguyn
TTi Anh vu oan v x tru di tam tc di thi Vua L Thi Tng. V
vy c ngi cho rng, nhng tnh tit d nh hng mnh n
quan im, chnh sch ca nh Vua i vi vic bnh vc, bo v
quyn v quyn li cho ph n.
khi sa vo s v on, cng cn c ci nhn mang tnh tng
qui hn v vai Ir ca ph n Vii Nam trong SUI qu trnh lch s
dng nc v gi nc ca Vit Nam. Qu vy. ngay l thi k du
dng nc v gi nc, trn c hai mt trn; sn xut v chin u,
ph n Vi Nam c vai tr quan irng khng km nam gii.
iu ny khng phi l khng c nguyn nhn, xul x ca n. Vi
nn sn xut la nc, hnh nh khi qut n h t , d thy nht v c
duy tr SUI hng ngn nm nay trn cc cnh ng lng l "Chng
cy, v cy. con tru ba". Bc tranh siu thc ny ni ln s
phn cng hp l ng thi l biu hin ca s bnh dng trong mi
phng din gia nam v n. Trong cuc u tranh nhm bo v
quyn sng cn v pht trin lu di ca dn tc, vai tr ca ph n
cng khng h thua km n ng. "'Gic n nh, n b cng
nh". Cu ni ny dc truyn tng trong nhn dn t hng
ngn nm nay, N va th hin lng quyt tm st d ca lon dn
tc va th hin s bnh dng gia nam v n trn mt trn u tranh
chng ngoi xm. Ngi ph n Vit Nam tham gia chin u mi

236
 Phn hai. L Thnh Tng - nh cch tn php lut
nhy bn v sng to

cng v. cucmg v ngi lnh o cao nht trong cuc khng

chin chng qun xm lc Tn th k th III (TCN) th c b
Nng Th Tiu, con gi ca mt ng chii vng Ph Th, v sau
tr thnh v vua Hng. 1'rong khng chin chng qun xm lc
Hn th k th I (SCN) th c Hai B Trng. Trong khng chin
chng qun xm lc Ng th k th III ih c b Triu u. B Y
Lan, v vua L Thnh Tng (1054 - 1068) thay mt chng tr v
dt nc mt cch xut sc. iu ny lm cho nh Vua vi i mi
ni io lng v tnh hnh ni tr. n g gt b nh quay tr li kinh
tip tc thc hin cuc vin chinh thng li pha Nam t
nc. Trong cc cuc khng chin chng ngoi xm, nhng ngi
ph n l ph n qu tc hay dn thng cng tham gia trc tip vo
vic nh gic di mi hnh thc. B Linh T Quc mu, v ca
Thi s Trn Th l ngi ng ra l chc v ku gi nhn dn
ton vng quc hng hi tham gia ng gp, vn chuyn o qun,
lng thc tip t cho qun di trong c ba ln chng gic Nguyn
Mng xm lc Vit Nam th k XIII. Mt b gi bn qun bn
cnh sng Bch ng d k tng tn v quy lut ln xung ca
nc thu iriu li y cho Trn Hng o. Nh m Trn Hng
o lm nn chin cng lng ly v thu Irn Bch ng. Ti
quc gia Vit Nam khng ai c th ni rng, n ng c cng lao
nhiu hcm ph n. Trong mi cng vic, nam n du c ngha v v
nng lc thc hin ngha v nh nhau. Do vy, n gii bnh ng vdi
nam gii l iu tt yu gn nh t nhin vy, N c cng nhn
trn c hai phng din: ihc t v php l.

237
 L TH N H TNG
VI VUA ANH MINH, NH CCH TN v I

Truyn thng cua dn tc l mi trong nhng tc nhn nh hung

n quan im, thi v hnh ng ca nh Vua. l iu khng
th ph nhn. Nhng nhng tc nhn c nh hng trc tip v chi
phi nhiu n L Thnh Tng l nhng ngi ph n thn cn ng
v mi trcmg sng ca ng. V vy trong lch s Vit Nam, ch c
L Thnh Tng l nh Vua c nhng cch tn to bo, su sc i
vi vic bnh vc, bo v ph n trc nhng hnh vi ch p, coi
khinh ph n ca h t tng phong kin. y l mt bc tin b
ln nu chng ta em so snh vai tr, a v ca ph n Vit Nam
i thi tr v ca nh Nguyn. C th ni B lut Gia Long xo
b gn nhu luyt i quyn ca ph n d cp n trong BLH.

8. C hnh sch hnh s nghim v khoan dung

Nhiu nh nghin cu BLH u c chung nhn nh rng

chih sch hnh s di Ihi tr v ca Vua L Thnh Tng va biu
l dc tnh nghim minh trong xy img, gi gn k cng, php
nc ng thi li th hin dc tnh khoan dung trong qu trnh xt
x cc hnh vi vi phm.

Nh s hc Phan Huy Ch c nhn xt rng: Hnh ca nh L

li khoan rng, hnh ca nh Trn th li nghim khc. Lut Hng
c l ci mu mc tr nc, ci khun php buc dn":"

Phan Huy Ch, Lch Iriu hin chng loi ch. Nxb. S hc. H.I96I.
tr.94.

238
 Phn hai. L Thnh T ng - nh cch tn php lut
nhy bn v sng to

"Khoan rn" m Phan Huy Ch n i n l hlnh pht v c c h x

l khng d sc rn e nhng k phm li gy nhiu nguy him cho
x hi. khin cho php nuc b khinh nhem, k ccmg b bung lng.
"Nghim khc" c ngha l hnh phi qu nng, ch thn v trng
m nh v gio dc, ci lo ngi phm ti, ci to x hi. "Mu mc"
theo Phan Huy Ch, c ngha l nghim v khoan dung. Nghim i
vi nhng k ^m trng ti, nhng k cm u, khoan dung di vi
nhng ngi lm l. n n g nh di vi ph n. c bit l n c
mang, i vi ngi gi. tr em v thnh nin, ngi tn tt.

Chnh sch hnh s nghim ca php lut Ihi L (BLH) c

th hin kh r nt nhng kha cnh nh sau:

nh r nhng li thuc loi thp c v hnh phl i vi cc

ti ;

- Gi nghim k ccmg trc ht l t hng ng quan li, t

ngi trng.

Mi ti c thp c) v hnh phl (li vi thp c:

iu 2 BLH quy dnh thp c gm cc ti;

1. Midi phn, l rntni m lm nguy n x tc.

2 . Miii i nghch, l mi(u ph hu lng miu, lng Im V cung

239
 L THNH TNG
VI VUA ANH MINH, NH CCH TN v I

in nh vua.

3. M chng i miu phn nc theo gic.

4. c nghch l nh v mi gi ng b, cha m, bc. ch,

thm, c. anh ch em. ng b ngoi, ng b, cfia m chng.

5. Bi o l gi mt nh ba ngi khng ng li ch. git

ngi cht ihy ra tg mnh, b thuc c, ba m.
6. i bt knh l n trm th Irong lng miu, ng dng,
lm g i n in CH yita; c h h ii c ng khng theo ng phng,

thuc bao gi d lm: nu ng thin phm vo nhng mn n cm:

khng gi gn iluyn ng cho dc chc chn; ch irich nh vua y
i vi s gi nh vua khng ng l by li.

7. Bi hiu l l' co, ra mng ng b, cha m, tri ti cha m

dy bo; nui nng ihiu thn, c tang cha m m ly \', ly chng,
vui c h d n mc nhu hng: nghe thy tan^ ng b, chu m m
giu, khng c ai'": ni di l ng b, cha m cht.
8. B! mc git hay dem bn nhg ng<'ri trong h t hng
ang ba thng tr ln, nh p v t co chng cng nmg h
hng lliii cng-' tr ln.

9. Bi ngha l gl q m n bn ph v cc quan ng chc li

nhim; git ihy hc: nghe tin chng cht khn c ai li vui chi n

C ai: t chc tang l.

'Tiu cng: h hng phi d lang s thng

240
 Phn hai. L Thnh Tng nh cch tn php lut
nhy b<n v sng to

mc nhthng, cng l ci gi".

10. Ni lon l gian dm vi ngi trong h lin tiu
cng tr ln, cng nng hu cia ng. ch".
Chnh sch hnh s nghim irc ht th hin ch nh lm
lut coi nhng ti no l ti nghim trng v cc hnh p h t , mc pht
s c p dng di vi cc ti y. BLH coi cc ti; mii phn,
mifii di nghch, miti ding i. i bt kinh l nhng ti thuc loi
thp c l iu ng nhin. BLH cn coi cc ti: c nghch, bt
do, bt hiu, hi mc. bt ngha, ni lon l nhng ti vi phm
nghim trng n vic gi gn Ihun phong, m lc cng t nhng
ti Ihuc loi thp c. iu ny cho Ihy, nh lm lut rt coi trng
vic cao tnh nhn vn nh nh Vua hng hun d cho cc quan
li l dy cho dn bit l ngha, bi sng vi cuc sng hng thin.
Nh Vua L Thnh Tng ht sc mong mun l mi thn dn ca
vng quc khng nhng phi gi nghim k cung. php nc i
vi T quc, i vi nh Vua m cn phi gi nghim cc k cng
irong x hi gia ngi vi ngi, k cng, php nc Irong tng
gia nh; gia con chu vi ng b. cha m, v chng vi nhau. Cc
hinh pht nng nh: tht c, chm, chm bu u, lng tr'* Ihng
c p dng cho nhng k phm cc li thuc loi thp c. Nhng
ngi phm ti thp c th khng c ngh xt gim ti theo

Ci gi: di bc na. ly chng mi.

Lng tr: ti nhn dc da ra php trung. trc ht l cht tay ch&n ri
xo tht dn cho dn cht.

241
 L THNH TNG
V VUA ANH MINH, NH CCH TN v l I

iu 3 v 8 trcmg hp c xt gim ti (bt ngh) ca BLH."

G i nghim k cng
trc ht t hng ng
quan li, t ngi trng

TTieo hc thuyt nho gio, quan th x theo l, hnh l cho

th dn.
BLH khng theo quan im ny. Vic gi gn nghim k
ccmg, php nc (rc ht l bt du t nhng ngi dc giao
nhim v cai qun dn. t ngi trng. l quan im xuyn SUI
ca BLH.

Trong BLH, trong tt c cc chcmg du c nhng iu quy

dnh cc loi ti phm ca quan li v hnh thc x pht di vi cc
ti d. iu lut ghi r ch th ca ti I^m l quan li. hnh vi
phm ti l hnh vi vi phm ca quan ti. nh:

Ci/ng V cm: cc quan c sot, quan canh tun phi

"'Tm iu c ngh x gim li (Bt ngh); 1) Ngh thn l h hng nh vua;

2) Ngh c l nhng di cng thn c cu: 3) Ngh hin l nhng ngui c dc
hnh ln: 4) Ngh nng l nhng ngi c ti nng ln: 5) Ngh cng l nhng
ngi tng lp c cng ln; 6) Ngh qu l nhng quan chc t hng lam
^m ir ln. nhng tn quan t hng nh phm tr ln; 7) Ngh cn l nhng
ngi cn c. chm chi: 8) Ngh ln i con chu cc triu trc, nhng k phm
(i c nghch gp dp nh vua n x i khng c ftn x (. 11).

242
 Phn hai. L Thnh Tng - nh cch tn php lul
nhy bn v sng to

khm xt khp ni trong thnh, khng ngi ii hoc n np

trong thnh (.56); s thn i ra nc ngoi thng dng ring t
hoc ly ca hi l m tit l cng vic nc nh... (.79); quan
chc vo triu khng di khn o (.80); quan cn thn khng c
giao du vi bn ngoi (.83) v v.v...

- Chng Vi ch: quan gim th khng nghim ( .lO l); ihi

hnh sc lnh khng nghim (. 122); son tho chiu ch c lm
t (.123): quan li n hi l ( .38); quan li chm tr trong
vic duyt s inh ( .I50); hnh quan xt x chm tr (.156);
quan phin trn t tin bt gi ngi (.162): quan phin trn
sch nhiu ca dn (.163); quan li lm cng v li sch nhiu
dn (.185); quan iu tra phi ng thc, khng dc lm ln
(.197).

Quan li sao nhng vic cng (.199); quan chc t lc phm

tr ln lm tri php tc (.2I7); i s nc ngoi ch lo bun bn
(.221)vv.v...

- Chim Qun chinh: tng hiu khng lo y bo binh lnh

( .241); quan gi i b lp kch bt ng (.243); ing hiu khng
chng ni gic (.244); ing hiu tit l qun c (.247); tng
hiu khng chm sc lnh m (.272) v v.v...
- Chng H hn: quan li trn l khng chm nom dn
dn phiu tn. gic cp ni dy (.284); x quan khai lu h khu
(.28S); quan ty cng tng hiu ( lin thu tin ca dn lm l vl
dng ln vua (.300); quan i cai qun dn inh li lm vic cn

243
 L THNH TNG
V VUA ANH MINH, NH C C H TN v I

by (.304); quan thu thu bt sai dch qu php, thu thu qu hn

nh (.325) v v.v...
- Chng in sn: quan li khng tu trnh hin tai a
phcmg mnh cai qun (.349); s rung hoang khng chia cho dn
khai khn (-350); quan li lm ng quyn chc chim ot rung
dl ca cng, nui n t qu hn nh (.372) v v.v...

- ChngThnggian: ngc quan, ngc li gian dm vi ng

s (.409).
- Chng o tc: quan li t lin ly ca trong kho (.437);
vng cng Ih gia cha chp bn Irm cc^ (.455); c trm cp
m quan s ti khng n ng cu (.458); quan sn bi ccfp th
vu co cho ngi khc (.461).
- Chng u rng: quan gip vic nh quan trng (.488);
quan gim lm dnh cht phu dch (.494); s g nh chi nhau
m nhc quc th (.495).
- Chimg Tr ngu: tng hiu tu s lnh khng ng thc
(.524); b li tu vic di tr (.547); v v.v...
- Chng Tp lut: q uan gim lm t tin vay ca cng
(.558): quan thu pht ca cng m lm tri lut (.563); cc quan
di thn nu bit vic c hi m khng gii by can ngn, li a dua
vng theo (.625) v v.v...
Chng B vong: ing lnh di bt k trn chy m khng
hon thnh nhim v (.645).

244
 Phn hai. L T hnh Tng nh cch tn php lut
nhv bn v sng to

- Chiig on ngc: quan x n chm khng ng k hn

(.671); quan x n t h i n v bao che cho ngi quyn qu phm ti
(.674); quan gim lm nh cht hay bc t n g i t (.682) v v.v...
Theo BLH, quan li khng ch phi chu trch nhim bi
nhng hnh vi ca bn thn m cn b x pht v khng bit cc
hnh vi phm li ca cp di nh: ''Nhng ngi go v, go
chng, m ci V ni tn lt nng, lio kh khng c ngi thn
hch d nng la. khng ih i mnh mim sng c, quan s ti
phi thu niti h m li b ri h ii b xnh 50 roi. bim tni t.
Nu dc cp cm o m quan li n ht i th phi khp vo li
nh ni gi kho n rm ca ctg'' (.295) hoc: K mi(n lm
phn, niti lm vic i nghch ih x li chm bii u... Quan s
li khn bit pht gic \ truy ht th phi li tu theo vic nng
nh. C tnh dung tng hay giu gim f A nh k phm r
( .4U ) hoc: ''Trong cc huyn, x (lin irang cng vy) m cha
chp k !r'n II nh, du ng ni khc n. mt ngi th x quan
b li bim: 3 ngi th b i : 6 ngi n O ngi ili b li lu;
5 ngi tr ln thi b li cng chi n Itii chu xa; quan l, huyn
b x li bim hay bi chc..." (.657).
Nhng iu trch dn trn y cho thy rng trong tt c cc lnh
vc hoi ng cia nh nc, ca x hi u c xy ra nhng hnh
vi phm ti ca quan li. V vy. nh lm lut d nh ra nhng ti
ca quan li v hnh pht di vi cc ti . C nhng ti ca quan
li b x phi kh nng nh;
''Quan ty lm ri php lul m n hi l l I quan n 9 quan

245
 L THNH TNG
V VUA ANH MINH. NH C C H TN v l I

th x ti bim hay bi chc, t 10 n 19 quan th x ti hay lirn.

l 20 quan ir ln th x ti chm..." (.138) h o c : 'Nhng ngi
cai qun dn inh m lm by nhng nhiu ih hi chc hay . Tn
Ihl t nh phm tr ln hi phi phi lin J00 quan..." (.304)
hoc; Nhng hc vng cng ihgia nl phm r ln)m cha
chp qun trm cp trong trang tri lm ni n np ca chng ihi
phdi pht tin 500 quan v lch thu c irang tri..." (.455).
Trong du tranh phng chng hnh vi phm ti ca quan li,
LH dnh mt phn quan (rng vo vic u tranh chng cc hnh
vi phm ti ca hnh quan cc quan chc lm cng tc iu tra, xt
x, giam gi ngi phm ti.
Mi hnh vi phm ti phi dc a ra xt x. Xt x ng
ngi, ng ti, ng php lut c tc dng ln trong gi gn k
cng, php nc. Trong BLH c nhng diu quy dnh ti phm
ca cc hnh quan vi n h n g ch ti x pht nghim khc. Cc diu
c h thng ho li Irong mt chng Chng on ngc
gm 65 iu, trong c cc iu quy dnh ti phm ca hnh quan
nh: cai ngc nhn ca dt lt m mch bo li cung k h a i (.664);
quan x n chm tr (-671); quan x n thin v bao che cho ngu
quyn qu phm ti (.674); x ti khng ng lut quy dnh
(.679); xt n c thm bl ti cho ngi ta (.686); hnh ngc
quan x n khng dng lut dnh (.694) v v.v... Trong BLH c
diu quy dnh rng:
"Cc quan x n. trong cc bn n ch lun ti phi y
chnh vn v cch thc ca lut lnh, lm tri thi xpht. T mnh

246
 Phn ha. L Thnh Tng - nh cch tn php lut
nhy bn v sng to

xt x th him ml t. Nu c hm h('r th x iheo iii ihm bt ti

ngi" (.683). Trong BLH cn c ml iu c bit; ''Nhng
(ian chc ca o (ngha l nhng ngi (c ngh thn v quan l i t

chc ng phm tr ln, ln quan l l plum r ln, ngi c tc

hm tam phm ir ln) phm li g thnh n m ngc quan
kng tu tn xin b td lrn x on h xpht lin 2 0 qitan, ngc
li b x 80 nng" (.692). Vi iu lut ny. Vua L Thnh Tng
mun ngn nga nn cy chc, cy quyn, cy th ca cc quan vo
h n g cao cp, y l bin php nhm m bo tnh nghim minh
ca php lut. Qu ng vy, tnh nghim minh ca php lut khng
c thc hin nu To n tuyn phl n h n g bn n khng c
th hnh. Khng g nguy hi cho lnh nghim minh ca php lut khi
cc phn quyt ca To n b v hiu ho.

Thc tin u iranh phng chng li phm cho thy, khi chnh
nhmg ngi cm cn ny mc phm ti m khng b xt x nghim
th kh gi nghim c k cung. php nc. Ngi cm cn ny
mc, ngi gi gn. bo v k cng, php nc m chnh h li vi
phm nhng vic thuc chc trch, nhim v, quyn hn ca h h
ti phm xy ra ngy cng nhiu, ngy cng nghim tr n g . Ti
phm khi tr thnh hin tng ph bin th rt kh ong vic ch'
ng n. Cng tc u tranh phng chng phm ti trc ht v trn
ht l phi nghim i vi nhng ngi c giao chc, giao quyn.
Vua L Thnh Tng hon ton c l khi n g cha mi nhn cuc
du tranh gi nghim k cng, php nc l hng ng quan li, t
nhng ngi trng. y l mt bi hc qu.

247
 L THNH TNG
V VUA ANH MINH, NH CCH TN v l I

C hnh sch hnh s

khoan dung

Theo BLH, nhng tr em di 15 tui, n h n g ngi gi c,

ph n c thai, nhng ngi p h m ti do lm l, phm ti m t th
th c khoan hng nh: Nng ngi t 70 tui tr ln. 15 mi
tr xung cng nhng n^i plil. phm ti li trxiihg u cho
chuc hng tin... T 90 tui ir ln. 7 !ui tr xung clii c b ti
cht cng khng hnh hnh..." (.16) hoc: ''Kli ptm ti cha gi
c ln lt, n khi gi c, ln tl vic mi phi qic, hi x ti heo
lut gi c. n t... Khi cn b nh phm ti, n khi ln mi pht
gic th x li theo lui khi cn nh" (.17) h o c : 'Phm phm li
cha b phi gic m i ih rc th c ha li. Phm li thp c
v git ngi thi khn iheo lut ny..." (.18) hoc: '"Phm lm
vic c sai SI m bit t ih th c m in ti... x n sai st m
n thi hnh ri thi khng c theo lut ny" (.20), hoc;
"Nhng ngi phm li tuy ln gi ti ging nhau, nhng phi phn
bit s phm ti v lm l hay c' . phi xt li nng nh m thm
bt khng nn cu n d hp vi ngha vic xt x hnh n: iha
ngi lm l, khng k ti nng, bt ti ngi c kng k li nh"
(.47) hoc: n b phi ti l hnh ir xung nu ang c ihai
ih phi d sinh sau !00 ngy mi em hnh hnh..." (.680).

Nhng tnh tit him thy trong cc b lut c thi phong

kin, m BLH quy dnh l trng hp c khoan dung, ngy

248
 Phn hai. L Thnh Tng - nh cch ln php lut
nhv bn v sng lo

nay d dc cng nhn mt cch ph bin trong cc b lut

hnh s ng ca nhiu nc trn th gii.

IV. NH HNG, TC NG CA NHNG CI CCH

T PH P CA NH VUA L THNH TNG

Trong lch s nh nc v php quyn hnh thnh v tn ti

bn hc thuyl v qun l nh nc. i cc hc thuvt: Cai Ir
khng cn php lut; c Ir; php tr v k tr.

1. Hc thuyt cai tr khng cn php lut

Nhng ngi theo hc huyt cai tr khng cn php lut ch

ircfng rng:
"D ng nhn ch khng dng php lut, c vic thi bn khng
cn t ra lut l". N g i t h e o quan im ny cho rng lu ngi
m giao vic ch khng phi cn c vo vic lm ngi. Ngi
dc tin cy, ngi hp th c giao vic m khng cn xem xt
dn nng lc hin c ca anh (a. Ngi c ti. c dc nhng khng
hp, khng c a chung th khng dng, v phn thc hnh, h
p dng chnh sch ngu dn. Chnh sch ngu dn dc phi Lo gia
nu t h n h hc ihuyt rng: S cai tr ca thnh nhn ct lm cho
lng dn h khng khng dc vng, khng mng vinh quang,
ph qu. Cn lm cho bng h no m c h h yu. Cn lm cho
gn ct h kho mnh m tr thc h khng c".
Hc thuyt cai tr khng cn php lut c t lu i. l hc

249
 L THNH TNG
V VUA ANH M INH , NH CCH T N v l I

thuyt gi u ging ca nhng k chuyn quyn, c on, ca

nhng ch d chnh tr, x hi t n cc dim ca s lung lay,
chao do. mt lng tin ca qun chng v vo thi i m sp n
gi co c h u n g . Hc thuyt cai tr khng cn php lut b chng i
kch lit. S chng i ny c th hin bng cc cuc cch mng
ca qun chng, bng cc cuc khi ngha ca dng o nhn d n
chng li cc vua cha chuyn ch, cc ch c li. Ngy nay,
hc thuyt cai tr khng cn php lut b coi l qui thai ca nn vn
minh x hi. Mc d vy, hc ihuyt cai tr khng cn php lut cha
hn dc loi tr ra khi di sng x hi. N khng cn c chp
nhn vi i cch l mt hc thuyt chnh thng nhng vn cn ti
sinh, ln ti v pht Irin ir li vi v vn ih on tinh vi. Cch
qun l khng theo php lul chnh l ln d ca hc thuyt cai tr
khng cn php lut. Cch qun l khng iheo php lut ri s lnh
cng khai, minh bch, r rng trong qun l v rt s s i thoi trc
tip, thng thn vi nhn dn. H vin 1.001 l do t chi vic tip
xc vi nhn dn. Trong qun l. h vn thch dng cch din dt
vng vo m khng dm ni thng s tht theo kiu: "Ngi khn n
ni lng l, cho k di va m ng va l". Tinh vi hcm ih h
ihcmg ly ch th. mnh lnh ca cp trn d bo cha cho cc hnh
vi lm Iri p h p lut ca h. Hc thuyt cai tr khng cn php lut
m di cn ca n l cch qun l khng theo php lut, hoc vin dn
nguyn lc tp trung dn ch. hoc vin dn l do lm theo mnh
lnh ca n... bin minh cho cc hnh vi mt dn ch. gla trng,
c on vn cn xy ra khng t. Cc hin tng ny kh tn ti khi
m thc php lut ca qun chng dc nng cao, khi m hc

250
 Phn hai. L Thnh Tng nh cch tn php lut
nhj' bn v sng to

thuyt "Nh nc php quyn" c gio dc, ph bin mt cch

rng ri. Nhng i vi cc ngnh, cc a phng khi m s qun
l v m ca nh nc cha vcfn ti c, khi m cng tc Ihanh tra,
kim tra. gim st b bung lng, khi m nhng k bt ti m li ham
thch quyn lc vn c giao chc, giao quyn th cch qun l
khng theo php lut vn cn c c hi d ti sinh v ph( irin.

2. H c thuyt c tr

Nhng ngi theo hc ihuyt c ir Ih cho rng quan cai tr cn

nh l dc. C c th dn an. C c th thng cm vi tri t. gi
ihun ma ho. su cht, chut vng, cp lnh xa. Hc thuyt dc tr
l hc thuyt ca Nho gio. Hc thuyt c tr khuyn khch con
ngcri hung v iu nhn, iu (hin, trnh xa du c. diu d. N
khuyn khch lng trung - trung vi vua. trung vi nc, hiu vi ng
b, cha tn. N ca tng s chung Ihu gia v chng, l php vi
ngi Irn. ch ln vi bn b v.v... Hc thuyt c tr dy con ngi
bit iu nhn nhn nhc trong chu ng gian kh, kh khn
nui ch ln v.v... Hc thuyt c tr so vi hc thuyt cai tr khng
cn php lut l ml bc tin trn con dng du tranh nhm hon
ihin nhn lnh. N cao v khuyn khch tnh v tha. s cng tm
v gp phn du tranh, ngn nga s tha ho. bin cht ca nh cm
quyn. Nhng nh cm quyn thu hn vi. khi cha mc d lng, d
cnh Ihng ni n o c. c c lng tin. h c' gng gi
gn cho li ni i i vi vic lm. Nhng nh thc t xy ra. khi bn
b sng lng, b yn. khi c quyn lc trong lay. cc nh cm

251
 L THNH TNG
V VUA ANH M INH, NH CCH TN V l I

quyn khng chng ih chy u sa vo con dng hung lc \ ir

nn bin cht thoi ho. c tr lc ny d ir thnh Ih don m
dn. H khuyn mi ngi sng theo o c. cn h th sng v o
c, Li sng o c gi ca h b phanh phui, phn i th h
khng ngn ngi quay li n p dn chng, quay li con dng cai
tr khng cn php lut. l quy lut din bin ca cc triu i
phong kin. Cc vua u iriu thung ni n o c. nhng cc \aia
cui triu th b chp o c duy tr ngai vng. o c ca tin
vng, trong nhng hon cnh ny nh dn gian thng ni l th
cm bi canh bn ca Ir nh khng dng c.'"

3. Hc thuyt php tr

Nhng ngi theo hc thuyt php tr cho rng tr nc phi c

php lut. Khng c php lut x hi s lon. Hn Phi'-' i din tiu
b i u nhl ca hc th u y t php tr vit: B php liit m iheo tnh
ring d cai Ir ih d c ln, lng ngay nh Nghiii, Thun cng
khng gi dc mi, ging nh b hc vung, thc trn th th gii
nh H Trng cng khng lm ni c bnh xe. Mt ng vua bnh
thng m gi ng php Itii ih vn cai tr tt, ging nh th v
m gi khun mn. tic, lc th ng ci g ra ci ...'' Hn Phi

Cm bi. canh bn: tr nh nng thn ngy truc thng dng t ct lm

cm canh (rong cc Ir chi.
Hn Phi - Tril gia. l con ca vua nc Hn v sau b 'chT n thn tnh,
cht vo nm 232 trc cng nguyn, khng r ngy sinh.

252
 Phn hai. L Thnh Tng nh cch tn php lul
nhy bn v sng to

cho rng: Bf vua sng khin php lul chn ngtn ci khng t mnh
lin c. khin php liil o ig cng ao, ch khng t mnh lnh
lon...''. Hn Phi ch irng rng: Php liti khng ha theo ngii
sang. S0 dy d kltng un minh theo cy g cong. Khi thnh pp
lu thi k khn khng h, k dng khng dm tranh. Trmg Ir ci sai
khng trnh k i iin, thng ci ng khng b st k ltl phu...
Php liti r rng ih ngi hn khng cp ca k km, ngi mnh
khng hhip k yu, ngi ni khng hhm i ho vi k t...".
Hc thuyt php tr hnh thnh sm nht phcmg ng. Hn
Phi l ngi khi xng hc thuyt php tr tng di c h thng
v y hn cc php tr gia trc ng. Vi hc thuyt php ,
V ng gip cho nc Tn tr thnh chhng mnh v thn
lnh c cc quc gia nh: T. Tn, Hn, Triu, S thng nhl
vo mt quc gia Trung Quc mnh hn. Nhng sai lm ln nht
ca V ng v cc nh php tr khc l vn dng hc thuyl php
tr mt cch cng nhc v tn nhn, v sau, V ng tr thnh nn
nhn" ca hc ihuy do chmh ng khi xng v thc hnh.

S liu g h n i rng Thi t phm ti. V n g ni rng php lut v thn.

B k ai phm ci cng phi b (rng tr. Thi f phm li cng khng dc
(ha (h. nhng khng th gia hnh. Vin c (hy dy Thi t c li l khng
dy dc Thi t nn phi chu ti thay, n g ra lnh cht chn (hy dy Thi
l. Thi dem lng th on. Khi ln ni ngi vua cha, Thi t Ir th. V
ng b (rn nhng khng ai dm cha chp v s php lut ca V ng.
V cm g b bi v b chm. Vua ni ngi b php lul. Trong nuc ri ren.
ch T n ch truyn ngi dn hai di th b Hn Lu Bang di(.

253
 L THNH TNG
V VUA ANH MINH, NH C CH TN v I

Hc thuyt php tr l mi bc lin b ln so vi hc Ihuyl cai

tr khng-cn php lui v hc thuyt c tr. N m ng cho nhn
loi thot dn ra khi li sng tn bo, den ti ca Ihi Irung c.
Quy tc x s theo kicu lut rng cng dc hn ch t nhiu khi hc
thuyt php ir ln ngi. N cng gip cho con ngi lnh ng dn
m khng sa vo li sng mang nng mu sc duy lm v duy ch
ca hc thuy c tr.

Hc thuyt php Ir dc sng to ra di thi phong kin nhng

khng dc vua quan chp nhn mt cch thc lng. Ch nhng v vua
anh minh mi tn trng v vn dng hc thuyt php ir tr nc
v gt hi c nhiu thnh cng. Cn da s cc v vua cha u
khng mun mnh b gii hn trong khun kh bt c loi php lut
no. Trctng hp Gia Long, vua du triu Nguyn t ban cho mnh
8 quyn hn. thc ra l mi th quyn lc v hn. l mt minh chng.

Hc ihuyl php tr ra i nh du s lin b v hc ihuyl tr

nc. Nhng v bn chi n khng ph hp vi ch phong kin.
Di ch phong kin, vua l cha t. Vua dng Irn php lut v
n g o i php lut. Hc thuyt php tr ca ch phong kin gp ngay
mu thun khng ih gii quyt dc vi chnh ch . Hc
thuyt php ir mang trong mnh n nhiu khim khuy( khin cho
vic vn dng n gp nhiu vng mc v khng Ih tn ti lu di,

4. H c thuyt k tr

Hc Ihuyi k tr ch trng rng vic cai tr t nc nn giao

254
 Phn hai. L Thnh Tng - nh cch tn php lut
nhy bn v sng lo

cho cc nh k thut dm nhim. Cc chnh khch, cc nh x hi

hc nn nhucmg gh qun l t nc li cho cc nh khoa hc.
Theo h. ci lm di ihay cuc sng, ci c nng lc thc y lm
cho nng su( lao dng, chi lng, s lng sn phm ca x hi
khng ngng tng ln chnh l k thut. l my mc ch khng phi
l nhng li h ho, dng vin.

Hc thuyt k tr ra i Irong hon cnh khi cc cuc cch

mng khoa hc k thut din ra mt cch si ni v rng khp vo
gia th k XX. Hc th u y t k tr Iht ra cha hnh thnh mt thuyt
chnh thng. N cha c nhng hc thuyt gia tiu biu i din cho
n nh Khng T, Mnh T... ca phi Nho gia i vi hc ihuyi
c tr. nh V ng, Thn Bt Hi... ca phi Php gia vi hc
thuyt php tr. Mc d vy, hc ihuyl k tr c truyn b v
dc ng dng kh ph bin n mc n lm ny sinh hin ing
sng bi k thut trong cc nc pht Irin. t sng bi bng cp,
hc v, hc hm trong cc nc chm pht irin, ang phi trin.

T sng bi k thut d gy nhu tht bi. c bit l trong lnh

vc qun s. Cc tng lnh qun s cc nc c nn k thut qun
s hin di. n lin d chuc ly nhiu Ihm bi v chu b lay
trc cc cuc du tranh cch mng ca nhn dn vi nhng v kh
km hin di nhng h chin du v mc dch chnh ngha v giu
lng dng cm
T sng bi bng cp, hc v. hc hm trong cc nc chm
pht trin hoc pht trin cng lm ny sinh nhiu liu cc. Trc

255
 L THNH TNG
V VUA ANH M INH, NH CCH TN v l I

hl trong b my qun l, s ngi c bng cp hc v nhiu nhng

s c thc ti th qu t. Nn mua bng, mua im, nn gian ln
trong ihi c xy ra mt cch ph bin.
Mt vn c t ra tm li gii p l nh Vua L Thnh
Tng, trong tr nc an dn. qua nhng cch ln v hnh chnh v
v php lut ca ng ih c Ih xp n g l ngi theo hc thuyt
c tr hay php tr?
C kin cho rng L Thnh Tng d ci l b my nh nc
theo hng php quyn." Hc thuyt php quyn l s k tha v phi
trin n inh cao ca hc thuyt php tr. Vi hc thuyt php quyn
khng mt ai dc ng trn php lut v ngoi php lut. Hin php
v lut c quyn lc ti thng. Mi ngi u bnh dng irc php
lut. y l s khc nhau v c bn gia hc thuyt php tr so vri
hc thuyt php quyn. Bi vy, khng th coi L TTnh Tng l
ngi theo hc thuyi php quyn. kin cho rng L Thnh Tng
ci t b my nh nc theo hng php quyn phi chng l s
ia nhn rng L Thnh Tng c n h t b ngi vua v cai Ir
t nc iheo ch i ngh? Khng! L Thnh Tng cha bao gi
c nh t b ngi vua. ng cha h c thc g v ch i ngh -
ml sn phm ca loi ngi khi bc vo ch t bn ra i sau
ng 400 nm, vo cui th k XVIII u th k XIX.

Trng Hu Qunh. Cng cuc cdi t xy dng nh nc php quyn

thi k L Thnh Tng. Tp ch Nghin cu lch s vin KHXH Vit Nam -
Vin s hc s 6 (265) XI - XT - 1992. tr. 1-8.

256
 Phn hai. L Thnh Tng nh cch tn php lut
nhy bn v sng to

Cng c ngi nh gi L Thnh Tng l mi nh cai tr

chuyn ch. n g ph b chc quan T ing d trc lip nm ly
mi quyn hnh. iu ny l c Ihl. Nhng khng th v Ih m xp
ng vo oi nh cai tr khng cn lut php, khng iheo lui php.
Tri li, di thi r v ca ng, nn php lut ca vng quc i
Vit l nn php lut hon thin nht trong lch s cc triu i
phong kin Vit Nam. n g sng lo ra mt b my Ir v tinh
gin, gn nh v iu hnh cng vic tr nc, an dn theo php lut.
ng c c mt h thng t chc kim Ira, gim st nhy bn. cht
ch vic (hi hnh php lut khin cho tt c quan li di quyn
khng mt ai dm t lin i mnh vo a v ng Irn php lut
hay ngoi php lut. Khng mt ai c th li dng tnh trng nh
dn gian thng ni: "quan xa, nha gn", lc l tnh irng xa cch
gia da phng vi triu nh lm nhng vic Iri php lut sau
lng nh Vua.

Qua nhng s liu c ih kt lun rng. Vua L Thnh Tng l

ngi theo hc thuyt php tr nhng khng n thun theo nhng
g m cc nh php gia d xng, n g thc hin hc thuyt p h p
mt cch sng lo. mm do hn nhng nh php gia thi c.
S cch tn mnh m ca n g trong Ihc hin hc thuyt php
l ng chm lo irc ht dn vic hon thin nn php lut ca vcmg
quc. mi ngi tun theo php lut th trc ht phi c php lut
theo. i vi lnh vc ny. n g kin tr thc hin nhiu cng
vic s. l cng tc h thng iio php lut". Cng tc h
thng ho php lut d dc khi u t x^ua du triu l L Li. Lut

257
 L THNH T N G
V VUA ANH MINH, NH C CH TN v l I

th do Nguyn Tri bin son trong nhng nm 1440 -1442, gm 6

quyn l cng irnh h thng ho lut l di Iriu Vua L Thi Tng.
Di thi tr v ca L Thnh Tng, mt s cng 'ih h Ihng ho
php lut nh: Thin nam d h lp, L t r i u quan ch, Quc triu th
kh th Ihc... c hon thnh trc khi BLH - mt cng trnh
php din ho dc sc mang nin hiu n g ra di. Thng qua cng
tc h thng ho lut php, BLH d tip thu c nhng tinh hoa
ca php lut i Vit cc triu Irc. Qua tri nghim, BLH cng
d nh ra c nhng iu lut ph hp vi thc t. L Thnh Tng
ln ngi nm 1460. Sau u nm ngi, n ngy 26 thng 9 nm
1471, ng mi ban hnh D Hiu dnh quan ch - D v sa i, ci
cch ch quan li. chih l c s php l ban hnh L triu
quan ch v sau. Tip ieo, n g ra lnh t chc bin son Quc iriu
hnh lut (BLH). BLH c bt du son tho vo nm 1470. 'n
nm 1483 (sau 14 nm) th cng b p dng. BLH cha dng trong
n nhiu gi tr ni bt m cc nh nghin cu lut hc trong v ngoi
nc nh gi cao. BLH l cng trnh php lut phn nh mi
cch sinh dng tnh hlnh mi mt ca i sng x hi i Vit dng
thi. Nhiu c im v x hi Vit Nam, nhiu bn sc dn tc Vi6t
Nam c th hin ong BLH. Ni dung BLH ph hp vi xu
th pht in ca thi i. ph hp vi nguyn vng ca nhn dn.
V vy. BLH c sc sng mnh m v lu di, K thut lm lut ca
LH cng t n trnh d cao. Hip ut di triu L Thnh
Tng khng ch l s cm on. E)c cc iu lut trong LH, ngi
dn bnh thng cng c th hiu c rng hnh vi no b coi l ti
phm v v sao h b x pht. Ni dung BLH khng n ihun l

258
 Phn hai. L Thnh T ng - nh cch tn php lut
nhy bn v sng lo

o lut hnh s, ch c nhng quy nh v ti phm m c c quy

nh v lul hnh chnh, dn s, hn nhn gia nh. V vy, BLH tuy
c gi l Quc triu hnh lut nhng c ngi i xem l sch
hng dn (hc hin o lm ngi, o lm con. do lm cha. o
[m v, do lm chng, o lm quan cai tr dn v.v... Kt cu ca B
lut l hp l nn tra cu. Vn phong php l r rng, d hiu nn
lin d nh v d tun theo.
Trung i hc lut Havard (M) dch BLH ra ting Anh
v cng b' rng ri trn th gii. Gio sOliver Oldman, ch nhim
khoa lut ng vit trong li gii thiu bn dch rng: lut
ili L ca nc Vii Nam truyn hng l mt cng ninh bt h
l a vng i ng truyn lng". *
Cng vi vic dng php lut ir nc, Vua L Thnh Tng
rt chm lo n vic xy dng, khuyn khch thun phong, m tc.
ng p dng cc bin php hnh chnh, hnh s xo b i
phong, bi tc trong dn gian, n g c nhiu bin php c i, t
thng bng vt cht v u lo v tinh thn, d nu cao nhng ngi
c hnh ng lm gng l v hiu, trung, ngha, l. tr, tn d nhn
dn noi theo, Quan im ca L Thnh Tng, ngh ihut cai tr t
nc ca n g l mt mu mc tuyt vi ca s kt hp hi ho gia
hai hc thuyt c tr v php tr. n g dng php lut bo v
thun phong, m tc v dng thun phong, m tc hng dn con
ngi bii hng v cuc sng c k cng, k lut chl ch.

Nhng cch ln v php lui di thi L Thnh Tng em

li nhiu kt qu ln lao:

259
 L THNH TNG
V VUA ANH MINH, NH C CH TN v I

- Cng vi n h n g cch ln v mt h n h chnh, nhng c c h tn

v php lut em li kt qu ln lao th nht l lp li k cng,
php nc, dem li s n nh bn vng v lu di cho x hi. Di
thi vua cha v vua anh. x hi vng quc i Vit, bn trong ih
lm vo (nh trng khng hong, ri lon, bn ngoi th bin cng
b xm ln. Cc Ih lc xm lc mu toan, rnh rp a qun vo
xu x ngi nh i Vit. Bng cch chnh n li k cng, php
nc, vi nhng cch tn to bao v mt php lut. vi vic kt hp
cc hc thuyt tr nc: php ir kt hp vi c tr, L Thnh Tng
em li s n nh chnh tr, x hi cho voing quc ca ng. i
V i t h i n n g a n g v o V quyn kh lm. th nc kh lay"."'

- Kt qu ln lao thr hai l do nhng cch ln mnh bo v php

lul, Vua L Thnh Tng lm cho t nc phi trin n cc
thnh. C an c mi lc nghip, n nh x hi l tin , l iu
kin hng u d pht Irin x hi. Nhng ring nhn t n nh x
hi cng khng th ha hn em li nhng buc pht trin nhy vt.
Bng nhng cch tn v php lut nh ban hnh chnh sch lc in,
lng in v dc bit l chnh sch qun in, n g dy n
phong tro khai hoang phc ho, chm dl c lnh trng dn c
phiu ln, hn ch c t nn li dng chc quyn ln chim t
cng, cp bc rung t ca lucmg dn - mt trong nhng nguyn
nhn, nh li ca s gia Phan Huy Ch ni, gy nn s b bnh v

Li ca Vua L Thnh Tng ghi trong D Hiu nh quan ch. cng b

nm 1471.

260
 Phn hai. L Thnh Tng - nh cch tn php lut
nhy bn v sng to

di kh trong nhn dn. mt t nn m ch d no. thi k no cng

xy ra... Bng nhng quy nh ca php lut, n g khuyn khch
thng nghip, m rng vic dng tin ng vi mc dch m rng
Ihng thng, giao lu gia t c cc vng troDg vng quc. Vo
ihi i ca n g cha c khi nim v nn kinh t th trng. Nhng
bng hnh ng c th, n g t nn mng cho nn kinh l' hng
ho dc hnh thnh, mc d ng cha c thc v %'n ny. Nh
c thng nghip m Ih cng nghip di thi L Thnh Tng c
nhng pht trin vut bc.
Nng nghip, th cng nghip, thng nghip di thi tr v
c a V ua L T h n h T n g u c b n tay rn t l n h c a b p h p
lul. Php lut khng trc tip lm ra ht la, c khoai hoc nhng
sn phm ih cng n g h i p tinh xo. Nhng php lut gi phng
nng dn. th ihCi cng khi nhng tri buc v t lng, nhng
hnh vi ngn sng, cm ch mt cch ph l. nhng thu m nng
n do t tng phong kin ct c v nhng quan li tham nhng
a ph<mg t dt ra. Ti sn ca dn lm ra c php lut bo v.
D o v y . ng cri d n d c s c , d c l n g h n g h i s n x u t l m r a nhiu
ca ci cho x hi. Php lut hon thin chnh l b phng cho sc
sn xut pht trin di ln.
- Thay i ln lao th ba do cch tn v php lut da i l n
gp phn lm cho dn tr v dn ch pht irin. Vn hc. vn ho,
vn ngh di thi tr v ca L Thnh Tng u n r. Quy ch v
hc tp, th c do nh Vua ban hnh v p dng lm cho nhn dn
c nuc n nc hc hnh. Vi quy nh tuyn chn nhn ti qua thi

261
 L T H N H TNG
V VUA ANH M INH , N H CCH T N V l I

c, tuyn chn quan li qua kho th. kho kho. d thi tr v ca

vua L Thnh Tng, nhiu nhn ti xut hin. Rian Ph Tin vit
sch "Bn iho thc vi tot \u - sch y dc", Lng Th Vinh
vit sch 'Ton php di thnh - sch {on hc v sch "Hphng
ph lc - sch cuy nh cc nguyn lc hiu din ma fii, nh
trng'\ Ng S Lin bin son sch "i Vii s k ton h ir, V
Hu vit sch: "Lp thnh ton php V php o lnh rung " v
nhiu nhn ti khc.

- Thay di ln lao th t do cch tn php lut da li l nng

cao nng lc quc phng v sc chin du ca qun i.
Bng vic lm ca mnh, nh Vua L Thnh Tng nu c
bi hc sinh ng cho hu th rng nn thnh tr ca t nc gn
lin mt cch mt thit vi nhng cch tn v mt php lut. Php
lut l sn phm vn ho phi vt th ca nn van ho quc gia.
Tuy thuc loi sn phm phi vt th nhng n c sc m nh vt
cht rt ln v r a nng. c gii phng v mt php lut
l s gii phng c sc c v in nht v hiu q u n h t. Tri
buc v m t php lut l s tr i buc gy ra nhiu bc xc nht,
cho d l s tri buc v hnh. Php lut l ci c sau. Php
lut khng th vt trc thnh tu kinh l, x hi ang c.
Nhng phi c c nhy bn trong cch tn V php lut mi c
th chp cnh cho x hi pht trin n nhihig nh cao m.

262
 Phn ba
L THNH TNG
NGI T NN MNG
VNG CHC V XY DNG
THNH CNG NN QUC PHNG
V CC Lc LNG V TRANG
DA VO SC DN

263
 Phn ba. L Thnh Tng - ngi l nn m ng vng chc v
xv dng thnh cng nn quc phng v cc lc lng v Irang...

L Thnh Tng - v vua lm rng r non sng Vit Natn trong

nhiu ih k. n g c lu li irong tm tr nhn dn cc dn tc
Vit Nam di nhiu danh hiu cao qu. n g v vua ni ling anh
minh ca i Vit, n g l v vua tr nc an dn gii nht trong cc
v \aia c ti cai tr i nc trc n g v sau n g . n g l v vua c
li lp php v s dng thnh tho v kh php lut phc v s
nghip dng nc v gi nc. Ti lm th ph ca n g khng
nhig ni ting trong Hi Tao n bao gm 28 cn Ihn (nh thp
bt t - 28 v sao) gii nht nc v th vn ng thi m cn lu
truyn mi v sau.
V mt qun s. Vua L Thnh Tng cng t n nhng nh
cao ca cc danh nhn qun s. n g l nh chin lc qun s lo
luyn, c lm nhn chin lc su rng v vt xa lm nhn ca
n h n g ing lnh cfng thi, n g l nh t chc kho lo. cht ch,
c bit ti t chc, rn luyn, dng vin, khch l mi tng lnh,
qun lnh di quyn hng hi luyn tp. chin u v li ch ca T
quc. Trn chin trcmg, n g l v Ihng tnh ti cao c ti xoay
chuyn tnh ih, lun dn p k ch vo th b ng i ph v
lc, chin dch v c v chin thut, lm cho chng nhanh
c h i n
chng b sa st v tan r v tinh ihn chin du d g i n h ly thng
li trn vn trong cc cuc giao tranh, bp dc ch xm lc,
buc chng phi quy hng, king n khng dm xm phm bin
gii, lnh th ca quc gia i Vit.

265
 L THNH T N G
V VDA ANH MINH, NH C C H TN v i I

Trn lnh vc quc phng v qun s, L Thnh Tng li

cho hu th nhiu bi hc sng gi m cho dn nay vn cn mang
tnh thi s nng hi.

1. L THNH T N G - NH C H IN Lc QUN s
SC SO V YN BC

Ngy 08 thng 6 nm 1460, L Thnh Tng lm l ln ngi vua

din Tcmg Quang. Chua y mt thng sau, vo thng tun thng
7 nm y. vi t cch l ngi ng du t nc, nh Vua m tui
i va trn 18 tui, d ra Sc ch cho v qun nm o, cho cc
quan ph. trn, cc quan Tng qun v Tng tri rng: "C quc gia
l c v b. Nay phi theo trn nh nc ban, trong ia phn
ca v minh, phi chnh n i ng, dy cho qun lnh php i,
ng, m, nh, hiu c hiu lnh ting ching, ting trng,
khin cho qun lnh tp quen cung tn, khng qun v

Trong lch s, cc cuc tranh ginh ngai vng ca cc triu di

phong kin trn th gii thng xy ra mt hin tng gn nh t
quy lut. l hin tng cc v vua sng st sau nhng cuc chnh
bin cung dinh thng truy st v thng tay chm git nhng k
thch thc quyn lc nh vua cho d h l anh. ch em rut tht hoc

i Vii s k lon ih. Bn k Ihc lc. Q uyn XII, K nh L, Nxb,

KHXH. H.1993. .390.

266
 Phn ba. L Thnh Tng - ngi t nn mng vng chc v
xy dng thnh cng nn quc phng v cc lc lng v trang...

ngi thn ca hong tc. Vi quan im nh c phi nh tn gc.

s tr th ny thcrtig l d di, m mu. ko di. Ngi chih
ling" trong cc cuc o chnh rt s k th p h c th. C v vua
tin hnh vic cng c th lc bng cch cu cu ngoi vin. Mi
ho cng rn cn g nh xy ra l do vy.'"

L Thnh Tng l ngi lun b mu hi t lc cn l thai nhi

nm trong bng m. S xut hin ca n g trn ci i cng lm cho
tnh trng m con n g tr nn nguy him bi phn. Lc c tn ln
ngi vua, c hai mi ho ln l lng treo trn du ng. Trong nc
th ni tnh ri nh t v. Lng dn ly tn. Chn triu nh y ry
nhng mu m thon nghch. Bn ngoi, bn pha: ng, ty, bc,
nam u c k th. Ngy dm chng ko qun n cp ph, git hi
dn lnh. Ni tnh v i ngoi - c hai pha u phc tp v nan gii.

Trc tnh th , L Thnh Tng chn vic u tin phi lm

l chng v ngn nga ho ngoi xm. Bng mt cu ngn gn
nhng sc tch v mt ni dung, c tm gi tr chin lc ln nhng
li rl d hiu, d nh di vi ton th tng lnh, binh lnh v mun
dii; C quc ia l c v b", n g Imng mi ngi trc ht,
trn ht l lo Ir dit hoa ngoi xm.
ng buc cc quan li, tng lnh di quyn phi theo trn
nh nc ban, phi lo chnh n i ng, phi chm lo luyn tp

Vua T c tc Nguyn Phc Hng Nhm. l con th ca vua Thiu Tr

tranh ginh ngi bu vi anh rut t Nguyn Phc Hng Bo. B yu h. T
c cu cu thc dn Php, da vo th lc R ip git anh v ot ngi.

267
 L THNH TN ;
V VUA ANH MINH, NH C C H TN v I

sn sng ng ph khi c chin tranh xy ra. n g buc cc ing

lnh phi chm lo dy cho qun lnh hc lp k thut, chin thut nh
trn mt cch inh tho. Bng cch nh vy. n g dt t nc vo
tnh trng lun sn sng cnh gic irc mi him ho ngoi xm,
lun cao cnh gic trong bo v an ton lnh th, an ninh T quc.
Phi l con ngui bit dt l ch c bn v lu di ca T quc
ln trn nhng li ch ihin cn ca c nhn nh Vua L ThnhTng
mi c c cch ngh, cch hnh ng sng su( nh vy. Nu lm
khc i, nh Nghi Dn lm trong 8 thng tim ngi, th nc
d ri lon s cng ri lon thm, lng dn ly tn li cng ln su
vo ho chia rc su sc, dn n cc cuc ni chin ly khai.
C quc gia l c v b! Quan im ny ca nh Vua Ithng ch
c ng nu ra khi mi ln ngi. u nm 1464, Quang Thun nm
Ih 4, ngha l ch 4 nm sau, t tng, quan im ny dc ng
nhc li mt ln na nhng vi ni dung r rng hn v y ii hn:
Thng 11, Vua ban hnh php duyt lp irn ihu b,
V thu trn c nhng php nh: Trung h'', Thng son
x'=, Mn Ihin tinh*', Nhn hng'^', Lin chu'", Ng i'*. Tam ti
hnh', Tht mn", Yn nguyi''''.

Trung h c ngha l irng gia.

'' Thng sn x:rn thng sn.
M n th iin (inh: sao dy (ri.
N hn hng: chim nhn bay sng hng.
Ln chu: chui ht chu.

268
 Phn ba. L Thnh Tng - ngi t nn mng vng chc v
xy dng (hnh cng nn quc phng v cc lc lng v trang...

V b trn th c nhng php nh: Trng c, Tng kch,

K binh. Li ban 31 iu qun lnh v thu trn, 22 diu v lng
trn. 27 iu m trn, 42 diu v kinh v b trn .
Vua li d cc Tng qun, Tng tri" ', cc v qun nm o v
qun cc ph. trn rng: "H c quc gia c v b. Nig lc ri
vic lm rung, phi ngng nhng vic khng cn kip, c ngy rm
hng thng th vo phit'-* d im mc, liu ct qun nhn vo
nhng vic gi nh, im canh, kim c, lp nh, nui voi... Cn
trc mt hoc hai ngy phi theo trn nh nc ban
xung, ngay a phn ca v mnh dng, lin hnh chnh n i
ng, dy qun lnh nhng php ng. ngi, tin, lui. tp nghe nhg
ting hiu lnh ching, trng, cho qun lnh quen vi cung tn,
k h n g qun v b. Nu quan no khng bit tm r n dy, rn
tp qun lnh, dm sai chng lm cc vic tp nhiu th x bim
c h c hav bi chc.' So vi Ch d lc mi ln ngi vua, trong ln

Clt rhicl ir. 268) Ng di: dn c-

(Ch thch Ir. 2681 Tam ti hnh: tri. t. ngi t lam li.
f C h thich ir. 2 6 8 ] Tht mn: by ca.
{Ch thich Ir. 268) Yn nguyt: vng Irng khuyl.
"T ng tri: Chc v dc t ra t thi k L i Hnh, l Tng ch huy qun
di kim chc T tng. n di H u L noi theo. Tng tri l chc quan qun
s cc l (a phng).
Di thi L Thnh Tng thi gian phc v qun ng chia lm hai phin ln
lt thay nhau: phin nh lm rung, phin vo trc trong qun ng.
Di Vii i k lon th, Bn k ihc lc. Q uyn XII. K nh L. Nxb.
KHXH. H 1993. tr.408.

269
 L THNH TNG
V Vl)A ANH M INH, NH CCH TN v l I

ny ng quy nh cht ch v c th hn v cc bin php thc th

quan dim "C quc gia l c v b". Tht ng ngc nhin v khm
phc l n g d lm c nhng vic c th nng cao sc chin
u qun di - n h n g cng vic m ngy nay cc vin chin lc
qun s, cc ban tham mu ca cc di qun hin i dang phi tn
nhiu cng sc, thi gian nghin cu m cn thy kh khn, bi cp.
l ng ban hnh cc trn , lc l cch bi binh b trn irn
chin trng v cc php m ngy nay gi l cc iu lnh chin
u cho cc qun chng binh chng, thi by gid (Thu trn cho
thu qun: 31 diu, Tng trn cho voi chin: 22 diu, M trn cho
ky bnh: 27 iu v cho b b i n h : 42 iu). Rt lic l hin nay khng
cn s liu nn khng bit ni dung c th v cc ti liu d. Nhng
nu chng ta lin h vi Binh th yu lc ca Trn Hng o th
k XIII ih cng c th hnh dung mt cch s lc, khi qut v cc
trc tc v qun s ca Vua L Thnh Tng vit rn luyn nng
cao sc chin u cho qun i. Him thy c v vua no lm c
nh L Thnh Tng.
Vic Vua L Thnh Tng chia qun i Ihng trc thnh hai
phin hng thng thay nhau, mt na lm nhim v cy rung, mt
na trc chin u v hun luyn qun s cng t mt cch lnh ton
khn kho trong thc hin cc nhim v chin lc ca quc gia v
dng nc v gi nc.
i vi vic rn luyn qun lnh, n g quy dnh ! phi lm
nhng lc nng nhn v vo cc ngy rm hng thng. Vic n g la
chn ngy rm, m c trng t sng sao luyn tp qun s chc

270
 Phn ba. L Thnh Tng - ng dt nn mng vng chc v
xv dng Ihnh cng nn quc phng v cc lc lirng v trang...

khng phi l diu khng c n ca n. Vic tp luyn phi tin

hnh hai ba ngy trc. Sau khi xong vic tp luyn qun s th cc
tng lnh, chi huy mi c ih sai khin binh lnh di quyn lm
vic khc. Nu vin quan no khng lm ng Ih b x pht.
Cho n thi i ngy nay, cc c quan ch huy qun s cc
cp vn im cng vic hun luyn qun d b a phng. V
cch lm ca qun di chnh quy hin i ngy nay khc nhiu
so vi qun i dc tran g b bng nhng v kh ch yu l
gm, gio ciia thi k Vua L T hnh Tng. Nhng bn cht v
mc ch i ging nhau. l cch duy tr thng xuyn tinh
thn cnh gic v nng cao sc sn sng chin u ca qun i.

Duy tr cho ton t nc lun lun cnh gic phng, lun

sn sng trong t th ging tr mi hnh vi xm lc, buc k ch
phi ng u trong th trn by sn ca ta l nhng vic lm m
Vua L Thnh Tng ngy m lo lng. Trong 38 nm tr v t nuc,
k c nhSng lc dt nc vo hon cnh di tr, di sng nhn dn
dc no m, vua t cng xng ho (hi ca, cc nc nh gi l triu
cng, nuc ln th king n. nhng khng kh no n g qun hoc t
ra l l i vi nhm v gi nc. Trong nhng hon cnh thi bnh,
yn vui ca dn chng, n g nhn r mm mng nguy c ca binh
dao chin trn nn dc sc ci thin giao (hng thu b d vn
chuyn lng thc, qun lnh khi c chin trn: trong nhng iu
kin lin nm c ma, n g c thc b tin cng mua thc gi r
d lu cha trong kho nhm cu t cho dn khi mt ma v d tr
lcrng thc cho qun i phng khi xy ra chin tranh. Vua L

271
 L THNH TNG
V VUA ANH MINH, NH C CH TN v I

Thnh Tng qu l n g i c bi tinh to trong tr v t nc. n g

c tm nhn chin lc su rng v li nhiu bi hc irong tr
quc an dn cho cc th h con chu sau ny ca ng.
Dng nc i i vi gi nc. Gi nc i di vi dng nc,
l quy lut ca lch s tn ti v pht trin ca cc dn tc Vit
Nam. Plii Iri qua hng nghn nm u tranh, t lin ngi Vit
Nam mi c kt v rt ra c bi hc xcmg mu d truyn li
cho con chu v sau.
V mt ngn t, bi hc ln ny chi cha ng trong n hai v.
Mi vch c 7 t ihi. Nhng hiu ng v vn dng n c
nhun nhuyn th qu ihc l kh khn. Trong nhiu trng hp l
nan gii. Qu6c phng v qun i v thc cht l s tiu ln. Xy
dtig v pht uin (h i hi phi c nhiu ca ci, ti chnh. Tiu
tn v tch lu vn mu thun nhau. Nu khng kho vn dng thi s
ny sinh mu thun. Trong qun l v m, ch cn chch hng l c
th chuc ho. Nhiu nc trn th gii gp phi mu thun ny.
C quc gia da vo ngun thu nhp do khai ihc dc ti nguyn
di do ca i nc lao su vo chy ua v trang m coi nh
mt ci thin dn sinh nn dn dn tnh trng mt n nh x hi.
Khi l tin ngi Vii Nam khng dnh: "Difng nc i i vi
g nc" iu d c ngha rng trong Ihi k thi bnh yn vui th
khng c l l hoc b qun s nghip cng c, pht trin sc
mnh qu6c phng v nng cao sc chin du ca cc lng v trang.
Khng c coi nhim v ny l nhim v ih yu m khng ra
nhng phng hng, nhim v, mc dch, ch tiu c ih cn phi

272
 Phn ba. L Thnh Tng - ngi t nn m ng vng chc v
Ky dng thnh cng nn quc phng v cc lc lng v trang...

i cho c trong lnh vc ny, hoc tuy c ra nhng thiu kim

tra, n c nn khng bit c k qu.
Khi l tin ngi Vit Nam khng nh: Gii7 nc i i vi
cip nc", iu c ngha l mi s chi ti u , mua sm cho quc
phng, qun i phi dc lnh ton k. phi c kim tra, hch
ton thl sng phng. Vic gim qun s hoc ng qun s ch vi
ngn ngi, cha ni n hng vn ngi cng tiu tn mt
khon ln ngn sch nh nc. Vic ko di tui th ca phng
tin, kh ti qun s cng s em n n h n g khon tit kim ln cho
cng qu, Vic s dng t ai cho mc ch qun s nu c tnh
tnn cn thn cng s dnh ra c nhiu din tch t ai phc v
cho mc ch dn sinh. Khng nhng trong ihi bnh m c trong
thi chin, vic s dng nhn lc, vt lc, v kh. phng tin, kh
ti cho chin u cng phi thc hin tit kim n tmg vin n,
tng git xng du.
Nhn mnh n li ch kinh t m xem nh li ch quc phng,
cung iu li ch quc phng m b chp kh nng kinh tca t
nc - c hai khuynh hng ny u rt nguy him. Mun iu ho
dc li ch ca s nghip dng nc v gi nc trong th cn bng
ca s phi trin i ln, trc hi i hi nhng ngi qun l phi
c nhn quan chin lc ng n, vra phi c ngh thut qun l
va phi c c ch kim tra, gim st cht ch mi lm c.
Vit Nam, sau khi ginh c ihng li trong cuc khng
chin chng Php v nht l sau chin tranh chng M ginh li
c c lp. l do v thng nht cho T quc cng c xut hin

273
 L T H N H TNG
V VUA ANH M IN H , NH CCH TN v I

nhng vic m, nhng quan im coi nh vic nng cao sc mnh

quc phng v sc chin u ca cc lc lng v trang. Biu hin
c th ca nhng hin tng ny l coi nh vic gio dc quc
phng cho cn b, ng vin, vin chc v gio dc qun s ph
thng cho ng o nhn dn, c bit l i vi thanh nin. V mt
quan im nhn thc th c s nhn mnh mt chiu v hp tc, ho
ng. K lut gi gn b mi quc gia, b mt qun s khng cn
c gi nghim. Nhng nh c s lnh o ng n ca ng,
cc biu hin lch lc nu trn d c un nn mt phn.

Li hun d ca Vua L Thnh Tng cho trm quan v cho tt

c thn dn vng quc i Vit rng; C q u c g i a l c v b " l
cu ni khng nhng dng vi thi i n g m cn l mt chn l,
mt nguyn tc tr nc c gi tr lu i.

II. L TH NH T N G - NGI H l U R V T H I T
L P C CC M I QUAN H NG N GIA KINH
T , Q U C PH N G V QUN I

Cc nh l lun kinh din qun s ni rng chin tranh l s

th thch ton din nht v gay go nht di vi quc gia.

Lun dim ny cha ng trong n nhng ni dung l lun rt

hm sc. c bit l n nh hng v ch ra mt khi lng s
cng vic c th phi hon thnh i hi lon dn tc, ton quc gia
phi c nhng n lc. c' gng phi thng mi c th ginh chin
thng trong chin tranh m khng k ch nh bi.

274
 Phn ba. L Thnh T ng ngi dt nn m ng vng chc v
xy dng thnh cng nn quc phng v cc lc lng v trang...

Qua nghin cu lch s din bin cc cuc chin tranh hin i

xy ra trong th k XX v u th k XXI, cc nh i lun qun s
d xc lp dc cc mi quan h hu c. tu thuc ln nhau gia
kinh l, quc phng v qun di. Nhng kt lun y l kim ch nam
cho vic hoch nh ch trcmg, chnh sch v tin hnh cc k
hoch di hn, ngn hn cho vic nng cao kh nng quc phng v
sc mnh chin u ca cc lc lng v trang.

Sc mnh chin du ca cc lc lcmg v trang bt ngun t sc

mnh quc phng. Sc mnh ca nn quc phng, n lt n li
tu ihuc vo sc mnh tng hp ca quc gia (bao gm sc mnh
vt cht, sc mnh tinh Ihn: sc mnh iruyn thng chin u, sc
mnh chnh ngha), irong . sc mnh v vt cht (bao g6m tim
lc v nng lc kinh t. s pht trin ca khoa hc k thut) gi v
ir dc bit quan trng.

Do vy, quc phng v qun i l hai khi nim luy c mc

ch chung rt gn gi nhau nhng khng phi l dng nht, c
chung lnh vc hoi ng v cng chung di tng tc dng. Hin
nay vn cn c ngi nhn thc mt cch sai lm rng quc phng
v qun di ch l mt. Nhim v xy dng, cng c sc mnh quc
phng, di vi nhng ngi ny l nhim v ring ca qun i.
Vil Nam. do nhng yu l' v lch s lo nn, nn B trng Quc
phng ng thi i ngi Th trung cao nht (Tng ch huy) ca
qun i. Nhim v xy dimg nn quc phng v nhim v t chc,
rn luyn, ch huy qun di do mt b duy nh( dm nhim. Cch
thc l chc nh vy cng l nguyn nhn lm ny sinh nhn ihic

275
 L TH N H TNG
V VUA ANH M INH , NH CCH T N v l I

sai tm cho rng nhim v xy dng nn quc phng l nhim Ni

ring ca qun i. xy ra nhng trng hp khi thng qua cc
ch trng, quyt nh v giao thng, xy dng, pht trin kinh t.
du lch, ch hng v li ch trc mt. li ch kinh t, Li ch quc
phng t c tham kho, em ra bn bc. cn nhc thu o trc
khi a ra quyt nh cui cng.
em nhng hin lng sai lch ngy nay m di chiu, so snh
vi nhng vic lm ca nh Vua L Thnh Tng trong lnh vc quc
phng v qun i, chng ta thy. ng l v vua anh minh, sm hiu
r cc mi quan h (u thuc ln nhau gia kinh t, quc phng v
qun di.
Chin tranh thi k L Thnh Tng l chin Iranh ca qun i
c trang b bng gm gio. Thuc pho d c pht minh,
nhng vic s dng n vo chin trn cn hn ch. Thuc pho ch
dng vo vic lm hiu lnh. Cha c sng c nng c rnh xoy,
c b phn kim ho. Sc i chuyn ca qun i ch yu da vo
di chn v hai vai ca ngi lnh. Thuyn pha sng bin, voi. nga
l phng tin vn chuyn, chin du nhng khng nhiu. Th
nhng nhng n tn cng ca qun i L Thnh Tng ging
xung qun di th dch l nhng n sm st khng kp chng .
Sc di chuyn ca qun i nh Vua L Thnh Tng l thn tc.
Hnh ng ca qun i i Vit. dcfi s ch huy ca Vua L
Thnh Tng l mau l, bin ho khn lng, lm cho qun di th
dch khi gip trn phi khip m. Chng thy qun di nh Vu
nh t trn tri h xung, nh t di dl i ln, c bn pha u

276
 Phn ba. L Thnh Tng - ngi di nn m ng vng chc v
xy dng thnh cng nn quc phng v cc lc lng v trang...

b bao vy. Qun i L Thnh Tng c sc iruy ui ngn dm,

truy ui dn tn hang . lm cho qun i ch chy n cng tri
cui l vn khng thot.

Kt qu ny khng phi t nhin m c, khng phi bng dng

m xut hin. Trong 38 nm ngi vua. L Thnh Tng kin
thc hin nhiu ch trng, bin php nhm nhanh chng nng cao
sc mnh quc phng ca t nc, lp trung ih hin trong ml s'
lnh vc then cht:
- Chun b sn sng v nhn lc;

- Thcmg xuyn lch lu v qun lng, kh c.

1. C h u n b sn s n g v n h n lc

Trong chin tranh hin i, v kh v phng tin tin hnh

chin tranh c cng ngh cao gi mt vai tr ni bt. Nhng ngi
tn sng sc mnh v kh (v kh lun) cho rng nhn l quyt nh
thng li trn chin (rng i v kh. Bn no c v kh c sc cng
ph mnh, c phcmg tin Un hnh chin tranh hin di hcm th bn
ginh c ih ch ng irn chin trng. Do vy. h nm chc
phn thng trong tay, Thc t din bin ti chin trng xy ra
khng nhu nhng ngi ihco Ihuyt v kh lun. Vai Ir ca nhn
lc trong cc cuc chin tranh thi phong kin cng nh trong cc
cuc chin tranh hin di vn gi vai tr quyt nh. Bi v con
ngi sdng v kh v phng tin ch khng phi ngc li. Cho
nn chun b nhn lc c v s lng v cht lng l vn d ct li

277
 L TH N H T NG
V VUA ANH MINH, NH C C H TN v I

ca s nghip tng cng sc mnh quc phng v nng cao sc

chin du ca cc lc lng v trang.

Vit Nam un phi i ph vi cc lc lng xm lc ng v

mnh hcm mnh gp nhiu ln. Do vy, t tn ngi Vii Nam lun
ch trng xy dng sc mnh quc phng v cc lc lng v
trang da trn sc mnh ca ton dn. Khi qun th xm lc n.
cuc khng chin ca nhn dn Vit Nam thng l nhng cuc
khng chin ton dn. ton din. Ton dn tham gia dnh gic bng
mi phng tin. H dnh chng b c ni u v bt c Ihi gian
no. Khi n xm lc Vit Nam, qun ch ng m ho thnh t
v phi dn mng, ko di lc lng i ph vi lc lng khng
chin c mt khp ni. Chng cng tin su vo lnh th Vit Nam
th chng cng b thiu ht qun s v phi lin tc xin qun lip
vin. Chng cng lu trn dt Vit Nam th cng nguy khn v
thiu lng n bi chnh sch tiu th khng chin ca ngi dn
Vit. S tht bi ca qun xm lc Tn vo th k th II! (ir. CN);
ca qun xm lc Tng Ih k XI; ca qun xm lc Nguyn
Mng th k XIII; ca qun xm lc Thanh th k XVIII; ca
qun xm ic Php v qun xm lc M th k XX, tt c u
do nguyn nhn l chng khng th thng c cc cuc chin (ranh
nhn d&n. cc cuc khng chin ton dn, ton din, mc d lc
khi u. qun xm lc thng ih p o v qun s' vi l l
10. 9, 8. 7, 6 trn 1 v vi v kh, phcfng tin tt hcfn nhiu ln so
vi v kh ca nhng ngcn khng chin. iu ny c chnh k
th cng nhn. Ho Khn, s gi triu nh Mn Thanh c sang Vit

278
 Phn ba. L Thnh T ng - ngi t nn mng vmg chc v
xy dng Ihnh cng nn quc phng v cc lc lng v Irang...

Nam thung thuyt sau chin tranh vi Vua Q uang Trung - Nguyn
Hu than th rng: 'T x a li nay cha c i no lm nn cng
n ng ci Nam. NhThg, nh Nguyn, nh Minh r cuc u b
thua trn. Gng c hy cn rnh rnh" (Hong L nht thng ch
ca Ng gia van Phi). Hng-ri Ki-xin-g. B ng Ngoi giao,
nh hoch dnh chin lc ca nc M trong chin tranh xm lc
Vit Nam (1968 - 1973) vit: ''Vit Nam t nc xa xi vi
nhng ngn ni v nhng cnh ng xanh r bn mi bin xanh bic,
m t nc hng ngn nm nay thu ht ngi nc ngoi nh
m! CC nam chm. Nhng ngi nc ngoi n dy lim vinh
(ung nig u v mng. H ngt rng h s t ra nhng nguyn
lc trong nhng ritng nhit i v nhng ng rung. Nhimg ri h
phi ri b vi nhng tht vng ng cay".

Khng phi bng nhin m cc dn tc Vii Nam to ra c sc

mnh b! kh chin bi y. Trc ht l vic chun b thc quc
phng cho nhn dn. Ton dn phi dc gio dc bng nhiu toh
thc d ai cng hiu dc rng ngoi xm l ni lo thng trc ca
quc gia, dn lc. "Dig nc di di vi gi nc" phi c th hin
ra irong i sng hng ngy. Khu hiu "ng vi binh, rnh vi dn"
khng ch l khu hiu i vi qun i m cn c p dng trong
cuc sng thng nht ca ngcri dn. Vi d: cu trc, t chc qun
l cng nh li sng, phong tc, np sng ca cc cng dng dn c
lng x Vii Nam l mt in hnh v thc hin khu hiu: Lic c
^ic th ai cng l linh, ht gic ih ir v i sng dn thng". Lng
x Vit Nam lc bnh thung l nhng im l c bnh yn. Nhung

279
 L THNH TNG
V VUA ANH M INH . NH CCH TN VI I

khi c gic dn, lng x Vit Nam tr thnh nhng cn c chin u

m ngy nay c gi l nhng lng chin ( ii\ hoc nhng ''pho
i" m k th xm lc kh Ihm nhp v dc. Khng ncfi u n
ih gii c nhng lng, x c kt cu t chc, sinh hoi, c s on
kt, c k cng cht ch v c lc dng a nng nh cc lng x Vit
Nam. iu ny l gii nguyn nhn ti sao khi qun xm lc t ko
vo tuy chim dng dc Kinh ca i Vit nhng cc cuc khng
chin ciia lon dn vn tip tc cho n thng li cui cng. Lng x
cn th gc r ca quc gia vn cn. Tt c cc thlc xm lc Vit
Nam t xa n nay cha bao gi ph v dc cu trc, phong tc. n
np sinh hot cng dng ca lng x Vit Nam.

Song song vi vic chun b v m thc m biu hin c th

ca n l nu dng tinh Ihn cnh gic vi ho ngoi xm. xy
dng np sng, nt sng ng vi binh, tnh vi dn th cn phi
chun b v vt cht. Trong vn chun b vl cht th vic chun
b v nhn lc (bao gm c s lng ln cht lng l vn dc
bit quan trng.

nm dc s dn trong ton vng quc, cc triu di phong

kin Vit Nam u c tin hnh vic lp h khu, k khai dn s,
Nhng khng c triu di no lm k v lm lt nh di thi k ir
VI c a Vua L Thnh Tng.

Thng 12 nm 1460, Quang Thun nm th 1. ch ln ngi dc

6 Ihng, L Thnh Tng ra ch d v vic lm s h khu. Nh
Vua ra lnh c 6 nm lm mt ln. Cc quan ph, huyn, chu phi

280
 phn ba. L Thnh Tng - niii t nn m ng vng chc v
xv dng thnh cng nn quc phng v cc lc lng v trang...

ngi n x quan vo kinh s. Cc x quan du dem theo s lp

de di chicu vi s sch dang dc luu tr ti H b c i c h i u

thm bl v ng kv vo s mi cho ng sthc.

Nh vy. vic lm s h khu l phi lm trc tip ti x. X

quan phi chu trch nhim v tnh chnh xc ca vic k khai. Ti
iu 285 B LH cquy nh: '"Cc x quan lm s'h ktii m khai
h S! dn dinh, thi n'( mi ngi Ir ln x ti bim; 6 ngi tr ln
ti ; 15 ngi t r ln x li hnt. 20 ngi tr ln x ti hnt i
chu xa l ciing... Nu huxn cUun n khn! xt thi phi ti
bim ha\' bi chc; c dung tng ili phi ng li".

Cc x trcmg phi em s h khu v tn kinh d i chiu

vi s sch ca H b. Cho n nay, chng la kh hnh dung c
cch lm ca H b tin hnh nh th no c c danh sch
h tn, qu qun, tui tc. ngh nghip, quan tc, tinh trng sc
kho ca ton Ih dn dinh trong lon vng quc.

n 6 nm sau. chng ta li c bil nh Vua ra ch d mi v

cch chun b nhn lc cho thi chin. C th l vo thng 2 nm
1465, Quang Thun nm th 6. nh Vua h lnh cho T dc L
Th Vc. mt vin quan c chc ln triu dinh trc tip lm vic
m n g gi i "'Invn ciiiy/ dn d in /r. Ngy nay c gi l khm
luyn ngha v qun s, Nh Vua d ni vi L Th Vc rng: Nh

\' thng gim cirtig m c chinh bin. Nxb. Vn S a. H. T p X.

tr.iols - 70.

281
 L THNH TNG
V VUA ANH MINH, NH C C H TN v I

ngi l b\' li hin, c cng dp lon. Nay Trm c mnh gi

vic tuyn duyi dn inh. Nh ngi nn ht lng thnh, nn lng
tham khng ph lng Trm k thc. y l vic Trm rt Irng
mong nh ngiri "."

Qua s liu ny cho thy, nh Vua L Thnh Tng c bit coi

trng vic chun b nhn lc cho quc phng v qun i, nh
m ng tin hnh cc cuc vin chinh thng li.
Theo mc Quc dng ch' trong Lch triu Hin chcmg ca
Phan Huy Ch, th php tuyn dn inh, c ba nm lm s h m!
ln. gi l Tiu in. 6 nm mt in gi l i in. Cc ni s li
u l trng luyn duyi. Nh Vua h lnh cho cc quan vn, v
i Ihn. mi ban mt ngi chu trch nhim n c vic xt
duyt dn inh. Cc vin quan y ra lnh cho cc tng, x chia loi
d k iai chnh h. khch h. Nhng h khu no b qu qun c
ca mnh n tr ng mt x khc (h gi l khch h.
Khi xl duyt, trc ht Ira xt hng chc sc, sau xl duyt n
dn dinh. Dn inh chia lm su hng:
1. Trng hng l nhng ngi s dc gi vo phc v ti ng.
2. Qun hng l nhng ngi thuc qun d b. H c nh
lm rung. Khi cn thay qun hoc c chin t r a n h th gi vo phc
v ti ng.

V i s tbng gim cng mc chinh bin. Nxb. Vn S a. H. Tp X.

tr.1031 - 83.

282
 Phn ba. L T hnh Tng ngi i nn mng vng chc v
xy dng thnh cng nn quc phng v cc lc lng vQ trang...

3. Dn hng l nhng ngi khng phi gnh vc vic qun.

4. Lo hng l nhng ngi gi.
5. C' hng l nhng ngcri ngho i. tng th i u , phi di lin thu.
6. Cng hng l nhng ngi ngho kit xc, khng c li sn.
Lo nhiu c tt l nhng ngi hng mt mt hoc mt chi.
Lo nhiu ph tt l nhng ngi hng c hai mt hoc hng c hai
chi. Lo nhiu c tt, lo nhiu ph tt, n h n g ngi c hng v
cng hng dc l p thnh s rng.
Con trai trng thnh n 18 tui th k ln vo s. Nhng ngi
kho mnh nht th c sung vo qun ng (ti ng v d b) cn
li th sung vo hng dn. Cch ly ngi vo qun ng nh sau:
Nh no c ba con trai th mt ngi sung vo hng trng, ml
ngi sung vo hng qun, mt ngi sung vo hng dn:
- Nh no c bn con trai hi ml ngcti sung vo hng trng,
mt ngi sung vo hng qun, hai ngi sung vo hng dn;
- Nh no c nm. su con trai tr in (h hai ngi sung vo
hng trng, mt ngi sung vo hng qun, cn th sung vo
hng dn.
Trong quy dnh khng Ihy ni n irng hp nh c ml hoc
hai con ai. iu ny c ngha l nhng ngi ny c nh lm
rung. Tng qui li. Vua L Thnh Tng dnh s ng nhn lc
cho vic lm rung. Vic ly vo qun ng th t hn v ch ly
nhng ngi kho mnh nht trong gia nh.

283
 L THNH TNG
V VUA ANH M INH, NH CCH T N v l I

K h i k k h a i h k h u 'n h n g d n in h s t. l u 5 tu i t r
n ih bt lm lnl bn ph v Iruy ihu n kho dch np vo
kho: ngi cha chp phi chu m t na tin klio dch. Nu
quan lm s khai ihm, bt tui hay khai di tr (nh ngi
nh li khai i phiu bi, ngi lnh li khai l ln tt, ngi
k h o e ' m n h l i k h a i l m v u ) t h x n h h n k h a i S I, l u m t

bc" (.285).

Phan Huy Ch c li nhn xl nh sau: "'P h p tuyn b in h thi

Hng c rt clii o. By gi dn inh khng ai SI ln trong s
m bnh thng c nhiu l v kn la c ng s . Ba nm xt li
mt ln, ing nh pliin phc, nhng quy c h nht nh, dn
cng yn ing".'"

Nh Vua L Thnh Tng ngi 38 nm, ly nin hiu hai ln.

T 1460 n 1469 (10 nm) ly nin hiu l Quang Thun. T 1470
n 1497 (28 nm) ly nin hiu l Hng c. Ch irng tin hnh
k khai dn s, lm s h khu c n g lin hnh t nm u khi
n ngi vua ri hon thin dn trong 10 nm thuc nin hiu Quang
Thun. n nhng nm mang nin hiu Hng c. n g vn tip lc
ban sc ch vi ni dung lm tt hn. chnh xc hcfn cng tc k khai
dn s, lm s h khu v xt tuyn dn inh.

Thng 10 nm 1475, Hng c nm th 6, nh Vua ra sc ch

cho cc x rng khi lm s h tch, trong mt x, n ng, n b

L ch iri u hin chng lo i ch. Tp IV. Nxb. S hc. H.1961. tr l7 .

284
 Phn ba. L Thnh Tng - n{>i dt nn mng vng chc v
\ v dng thnh cng nn quuc phng v cc lc liig v trang...

cng h th khng dc d t cng tn". Nu trc d ghi cng tn

th phi di tn khc. Ngi mi khai khng c trng tn vi
ngi khai c.'-
Thng 8 nm 1482, Hng c nm ih 13. Nghim Ln tu
rng: "Khi lm s h tch, x trng phi chua r cc quan vin,
chc phm cao h a \ hp, i rc nhiu hay il. Nu khng cluta r
rng. H khoa kim soi lu ln h quati ph. huyn x trng
cng b tr li''. Vua y iheo.

Thng 9 nm 1482. nh Vua li ra sc ch xt s h lch v s

rung t."
Thng 3 nm 1486, Hng c nm th 17, nh Vua ra lnh:
Cha con. ani em nil l 3 inh tr ln cng iroi s'h ch ca
x ilii min cho mt dinh khng phi tuyn duvt sung qun. Nu
x khc thi khng dc min".'*'

i V i i kv lon ih . B n k ihc lc. Quyn xni. K n h L . Nxb.

KHXH H 1993 tr.466,
o An ninh ihgii ngy 05/10/2000 ng bi ni v ni kh ca nn Irng
tn h T ru n g Quc: ti Thng Hi c lnh truy tim tn gi ngi c h tn
l L Dn. Sau khi p dng cch loi tr theo thuyt A-li-bi. irong thnh ph
cn li 26 ngi cng c tn l L Dn nm trong din nghi vn. Cng an mi
nhng ngi c ln l L Dn n hi. Cc cuc ihm vn d gy nhiu bc
xc. lm n thng danh d. tm l nhng ngi bxhi v gia dinh h.
Nhng ln L Dn. k git ngi vn ngoi vng php ul.
< i V l s k lon th. Sdd. tr. 486.
i V i t s k lon ih . Sdd. Ir. 499-

285
 L TH NH TNG
V V l)A ANH M INH , NH CCH TN v I

Thng 02 nm 1491, Hng c nm ih 22. nh Vua ra chi d

tuyn ngi kho mnh vo qun ng. thi ngi gi. Thng 5 dnh
lnh lm s h lch khc cho nhng ngi ir v lng qu hn.
nhng ngi ng c lm s khc m qun lch vn cn x c
th ti khi vit s, quan ph, huyn, x trng v quan li th lnh
i chiu li cho ph hc^.'"

Trong BLH, ti iu 15i c quy nh nh sau: Cc quan

snh, quan vin duvt s h khu, chc sc, nhu dch, nu c sai
lm, hn trong mt irm ngy phi rnh li ci chinh. Nu d
ngoi hn mi ci cnh th x ti pht hay bim; nhtig thuc li
th him mi if, ii hn lu thi quan ch ty b x bi chc, nhiig
huc li ih x !i lm khao inh. Sau khi d duyt inh m
khng bin chp ihnli s sch ct vo trong n cng, c bn ho
ihi x ti xuv dnli 50 roi. bim mi t: nu d m i mt h iheo vic
nng nh m dnb li; nu c ngi phi gic ra th x nng thm
m t bc".

Nhng s iu trn y cho thy mt ci nhn khi qut v cng

tc k khai dn s. lm h khu v xt tuyn dn inh di thi Ir
v ca Vua L Thnh Tng c lm ml cch cn thn v thng
xuyn nh th no. Trch nhim ca quan li a phng: x quan,
huyn quan v ca quan li triu nh u dc quy nh rt t m.
Ngi no lm khng ng chc trch, nhim v du c th quy kt

Di Vit s ki ton th. Sd. tr.509.

286
 Phn ba. L Thnh T ng - ngi dt nn m ng vng chc v
xv dng Ihnh cng nn quc phng v cc lc ing v trang...

m khng th d li cho ngi khc. Mi khc, s liu cng cho

thy quan im ca Vua L Thnh Tng v tm quan trng ca cc
cng vic nu i vi cng vic Ir nc an dn ni chung v
cng tc chun b nhn lc cng c. lng cng sc mnh quc
phng ca vng quc ni ring.

L in h vi tn h h n h n g y n a y c a t nc, vic k k h a i
d n s' tu y c dc s t r g i p c a n h i u p h n g tin , m y m c
tin h vi n h n g q u a n i m , cch n h n n h n c h o n g t m q u a n
tr n g c a v n d v c bit l tin h th n tr c h n h i m c a n h n g
b, n g n h , vin c h c c giao lm vic n y c n g c h a p h t h uy
c ht nn tro n g vic k k h a i d n s, i m h k h u , k h m
tu y n n g h a v q u n s hin cn bc l n h i u b t cp.

Thng 8 nm 1470, Hng c nm th I, Vua Chim Thnh l

Tr Ton huy ng 10 vn qun thu, qun b cng voi, nga nh
p Chu Ho (Ihuc tnh Tha Thin Hu ngy nay). Tng trn gi
bin ihu l ^m Vn Hin dnh khng ni phi dn c qun dn
vo ihnh chng c ri dng th cp bo v kinh d Thng Long."
Thng 9 nm y, nh Vua ra lnh ly qun. Kn c 26 vn
trong thi gian mi thng. Ngy 06 thng 10 nm y. Vua h chiu
Ihn chinh cm qun tin hnh cuc vin chinh. Nh vua sai Chnh
l tng qun Ln Qun cng inh Lil, ph tng K Qun cng

V it s k loti li. Bn k ihc lc. Q uyn XII. K nh L. Nxb.

KHXH. i. 1993. lr,440 - 441.

287
 L THN H T N ;
V VUA ANH MINH, NH CCH TN v l I

L Nim em 10 vn Ihu qun i trc. n ngy 16. sau 10 ngy,

nh Vua t mnh dc thc 15 vn thu qun tin qun tip theo. Nh
Vua giao cho T c L Huy C. Hu doc L Cnh Huy
li knh t h n h gi nc. Ngy 18 thng 12 nm 1470, Hng c
nm Ih 1. cc do qun lp k y Thun Ho.
Giao iranh bt u t m mng 05 thng 02 nm 1471, Hng
c nm th 2, khi Tr Ton sai em l Th Ni(?)" ' v 6 vin i thn
em 5.000 qun v voi. ngm n st dinh vua nh p. Qun hai
bn giao chin. n ngy mng 01 thng 3. qun i Vit h c
thnh Ch Bn. bt sng hn 3 vn l binh, chm hn 4 vn ih cp.
bt sng c Tr Ton ri th u qun thng trn tr v.'*'
Nh vy, ch trong phm vi mt Ihng, k l lc ra lnh luyn
qun, nh Vua huy ng c 26 vn qun. Nu danh sch nhng
ngi c gi vo trong qun i khng c xc nh t nhng
nm trc Ih lm sao c th huy ng c mt s' lcmg ln n
hng chc vn ngi ml cch nhanh chng nh vy? Nu hng
nm, cc da phng khng theo trn d v cc cch hun luyn
bnh lnh hc tp cch chin du do triu nh ban ra d rn luyn
binh lnh th lm sao nh Vua c c ngi lnh bit cch chin du
khi mi c gi vo phc v trong qun i?

Nu khng c vic thng k d&n s. lm s h tch, khng c

Th Ni l mt da danh. C th ngi vit s ghi nhm .

i Vil i k lon th. Bn k thc lc. Quyn XII. K nh L. Nxb.
KHXH. H.1993. r.448 -451.

288
 Phn ba. L Thnh Tng ngi t nn mng vng chc v
xy dng thnh cng nn quc phng v cc lc lng v trang...

php tuyn qun c lin hnh u dn theo nh k t lc ln ngi

vua th lm sao nh Vua c th tin hnh cuc vin chinh ln v thu
uc thng li mt cch trit v nhanh chng n nh vy. T sau
cuc vin chinh xung pha Nam ca Vua L Thnh Tng, bin gii
i Vit pha Nam, pha ng khng cn b quy ph, cp bc
nh irc dy.
V mt kinh t, thi gian l vng bc, v qun s, thi gian l
sng cn, c mt, l thng trn hay bi vong.
Vic phn nh dn inh ra lm 6 hng nh c ghi trong
s sch c tc dng rt ln trong vic huy ng sc dn vo mc
ch xy dng v tng cung sc m nh quc phng. Nhng Iigi
c phn loi l Trng hng, Qun hng l nhng ngi kho
mnh. Cch thc phn b ly Trng hng, Qun hng vi s
lng khc nhau trong cc h c ba. bn hoc nm con trai tr ln,
khng ly ngi vo lnh i vi gia nh ch c mt hoc hai con
trai l cch lm ph hp vi phong tc ca ngi Vii Nam. Nhng
ngi uc phn lm Trng hng. Qun hng hng thng, theo phin
thay nhau, u c gi vo trong qun ng tp luyn, nh cch
ni ca nh Vua, l lm cho h bit ng, bit ngi, bit m. bit
chm, bit nghe v hiu hiu lnh khi tin qun, khi dng qun, khi
lui qun... lm cho h quen vi trn mc.
Di ii tr v ca Vua L Thnh Tng, vic thc hin ngha v
binh dch c xc nh r rng n t n g gia nh, n tng
ngi dn. Do vy, ng b, cha m. v con v bn thn ngi i lm
ngha v binh dch khng b bt ng, lo lng, b xo trn v lm l,

289
 L T H N H TNG
V VUA ANH M IN H , N H C CH T N v I

tnh cm khi nhn c lnh nhp ng. C lnh gi l ln dng.

Nh im tt vic k khai dn s, lm s h khu, tuyn dn inh

(khm tuyn ngha v qun s) m t nc lun c sn nhn lc
huy ng khi cn thit. Khi cn l huy ng c ngay. Trong thi
gian nm gi quyn tr v t nc, Vua L Thnh Tng ba ln ra
lnh tuyn binh tin hnh ba cuc chin tranh bo v lnh th v
thn chinh cm qun dnh gic:
Ln h nh vo nm 1470: n g huy n g 26 vn qun dn
vo tn hang ca k ch, bt sng c vua x y l Tr Ton,
chm dt vnh vin cc cuc xm phm lnh th i Vit xut pht
t pha Nam v pha t)ng.
- Ln ih hai vo nm 1479: n g huy ng 18 vn qun nh
gic Bn Man xm phm lnh th bin gii pha Ty. n g ui nh
k ch chy n sng Kim Sa, gip vi Min in. Trn ny qun
ca i Vit i thng, chm dt c mi mi nn xm phm lnh
th quc gia i Vii xut pht t pha Ty.
- Ln th ba vo nm 1480; n g huy ng 30 vn qun n
nh Cm Cng - T rng vng lnh ih Ty Bc lm phn. Cm
Cng chng c khng ni. trn vo ni ri cht. Thuc h Cm
Cng dem qun ra hng. Trn ny, qun ca i Vit ton thng, ihu
hi lnh th cho quc gia, chm dt vnh vin s ni lon, ly khai
pha Ty Bc.
Trong c ba ln ra qun, vic huy ng nhn lc l rt dng.
iu gy n tng c bit cho cc nh chin c qun s l vic

290
 Phn ba. L Thnh T ng - ngi t nn m ng vmg chc v
xv dng Ihnh cng nn quc phng v cc lc lng v trang...

huy dng lc lng tham gia chin tranh r ln nhng ch trong thi
gian ngn huy ng c s. Nh , qun i Vit ginh
c th p o v ml qun s v to c th bt ng v c ba mt:
chin lc, chin ch v chin Ihut. Chin tranh kt thc, thng li
hon lon mt cch nhanh chng. ch xm lc v i qun xm
lc b nh bi hon ton.

Khng nghi ng g na. cng vic chun b nhn lc (bao gm

c s lng v cht lng) gi vai tr c bii quan ng trong s
nghip xy dng v nng cao sc mnh quc phng ca dt nc.
Nh Vua L Thnh Tng ihc dc mt cch r rng v vn
ny. ng cng c nhiu cch ln sng to trong vn chun b
nhn lc v li cho hu th nhiu bi hc qu gi.

2. C h u n b v v t cht

L lun khoa hc qun s ngy nay cho rng mi hoi dng ca

nh nc, ca x hi u lin quan n quc phng. S nghip xy
dng nn quc phng v cung cp vt cht cho hot dng, chin u
ca cc lc lng v trang cn n mi th. Khng c lnh vc hot
ng no, khng c loi vt chi, phng tin no l khng cn thit
cho quc phng v qun i.

Lun d ny t ra nhng nhim v, phm vi chun b vt cht

cho quc phng v qun di l rt rng ln v a dng. N khng
ngng dc m rng tu theo s tin b ca cc cuc cch mng v
khoa hc, k ihut v tnh cht ca cc cuc chin tranh.

291
 L THNH TNG
V VUA ANH M INH, NH CCH TN v l I

Chin tranh thi k L Thnh Tng l chin tranh bng gum.

gio, cung tn. Tnh c ng ca qun i ch yu da vo sc
mang vc ca ngi lnh, nu giao chin trn b. hoc da vo
thuyn chin, nu giao tranh thu, b. Do vy, s chun bv vt
cht cho quc phng v qun di ca Vua L Thnh Tng din
ra trn cc mi:

- Chun b v mi lng thc (thc, go);

- Chun b v v kh, thuyn chin.

Lch s cc cuc chin tranh trn th gii cho thy rng c

nhng trng hp t nc lm vo nn i, qun khng lng
n nn cc tng li phi chu b lay. Tri ph ma mng ca quc
gia th ch, cp bc, trit ng vn chuyn, tip t lng tho
ca qun i i phng l cch tin hnh chin tranh c coi
trng trong cc sch binh th c, kim. dng, ty. l cch nh
bng cch" khng nh m hng". Khng nh m thng c coi
l thng sch ca cc nh cm qun.

iu ny ni ln vic chun b cho dn chng v qun i lun

c ng n l quan trng bit nhng no. Cho n tn ngy nay.
vic d Ir lng ihc cho quc gia l vic lm mang tnh chin lc.
Khng phi iu ngc nhin khi qua cc s liu cho thy nh Vua

292
 Phn ba. L Thnh Tng - ngi dt nn m ng vng chc v
xy dng thnh cng nn quc phng v cc lc lng v trang...

L Thnh Tng, sul 38 nm tr v ca mnh, ngy dm n g lun o

ngh, tm mi bin php lng din lch canh tc. lm cho t nc
lin nm c ma, lo tch tr lng thc phng khi c bin.
Chnh sch lp n in l mt trong nhng cch tn sng to
ca ng cha h thy trc . Chnh sch lp n in uc k
tha di cc triu Vua Gia Long. Minh Mng. T c (triu
Nguyn) v pht huy lc dng trong cc cuc khng chin chng
thc dn Php vo nhng nm gia th k XIX, Tic rng, Vua T
c d hn nht u hng thc dn Php, n g ta d ra lnh bi binh
trong ton vng quc. Sc tchng c dn c ca mt s cn c
khng chin dc lp ra trn c s cc dn in cui cng b dp tt.
nh cuc khi ngha ca Trcmg nh ti min Nam Vit Nam.
Sau khng chin chng Php nm 1954, nhiu nng trng m
thc cht l s k' tha kinh nghim ca vic m n in cng c
ihnh lp. Song tc dng ca cc nng tmng cn hn ch. Nguyn
l ca vic lp n in ca thi k L Thnh Tng l m dt. l
ai khai ph thnh thc dc giao li cho nhng ngi n khai ph
lp lng mcri. Tnh cht m t. lp p nhm tng cng sc
mnh quc p h n g " l ct li ca vic lp dn din. t dai ca mt
s nng trng hin nay b coi l bao chim ca dn. Mi s nng
trng li em d't cho dn thu mn theo kiu pht canh thu t.
Do vy, s tn ti hay gii th cc nng trng hin dang [ vn
tranh ci gia cc nh hoch nh ch trng, chnh sch. N l vn
ang gy bc xc irong quan h gia cc nng trng vi chnh
quyn v nhn dn a phng.

293
 L TH NH TNG
V Vl)A ANH M INH, NH CC H TN v I

V lng thc, di thi L Thnh Tng, tt c cc x. tha

tuyn u c lp kho lcmg thc ca nh nc. Lng thc cha
trong kho c dng tr lng cho quan li, binh lnh, bnh n
gi thc, go khi mt ma, cu di cho dn khi gp thin tai v
d tr cho qun i khi cn n. Nh Vua c lnh cho lt c cc x,
khi c ma gi thc, go r th nh nc b tin ra mua Ihc. go
cha vo kho, khi mt ma thi bn ra. Do vy. gi thc, go trong
nc gi dc bnh n. c ln. nh Vua ra lnh cho x Ngh An
mua Ihc, go ch ra kinh v gi thc go Ngh An lc thp
hn kinh .'"

Thc, go l ih d b mc, m do tc ng ca thi t. Nh

Vua thcmg xuyn nhc nh cc ni lo gi gn cc kho Icmg hc
d s6 lng theo quy nh. Ngy 01 ihng 6 nm 1467, Quang
Thun nm th 8, nh Vua h lnh rng thc cha cc kho trong
kinh, ngoi trin, quan a phng bt ngi coi kho xem xt, khng
nc ma thm t, hao n lng thc.'^'

ng cng d ra lnh x pht nhng quan li coi kho hoc vn

chuyn qun lng m d h hng hoc n trm thc, go trong kho
nh nuc. Nhng ngi phm ti ny. iheo iu 270 BLH u b
x chm.

i V if/ SI k lon th. Bn k thc luc. Q uyn XII, K nh L, Nxb.

KHXH. H.1993. lr.425.
i Vit s k lon th, Sd. r.423.

294
 Phn ba. L Thnh Tng - n>i t nn mng vng chc v
xv dng thnh cng nn quc phng v cc lc lng v trang...

ng cng pht hin ra sng kin trong dn v ra lnh cho

p dng rng ri cch lm cho go d lu m khng b hng.
Trong mt ln gp Nguyn Vn Chl, mt tng ph trch vic ti
lng cho qun i, nh Vua hi: "Go nii c lt in c th c
10 nm khngT' Vn Ch tr li; "Khong nm Thi H o"\ s'
go nu chn khi nh Chim Thnh, mi n khi nh Bn Man,
iri qua 26 nm vn cn n c". Vua n i; "Hng tt mi c
th. ch l khng mc mc hay sao? i khi lu J0 nm vn
cn t! nguyn".'^'

Thng 9 nm 1470, truc khi thn chinh em qun nh Tr

Ton, nh Vua ra sc d cho Tha tuyn ph Thin Trng rng:
"Dp lon if II c ht pli dng v, qun mnh vn l lng
n. Lnh ti ni. bn ngi phi irUng ihu cc hng quan sc, li
vin, sinh mi ngi J5 ng go; hng hong inh v ngi gi
mi ngi 12 ng, bi ngi b trimg thu li phi ln thnh go
chn, khng c chm ngy gi. em np ln s y. Quan ht
dng m nh kho. kim nghim hu vo ri lm bn lu n. K no
irn chy th chm u".'*'

Thng 5 nm 1479, Hng c nm th 10. nh Vua li ra lnh

thu lng kh (go (l chn) cha vo cc kho ca cc Tha ly

"T h i Ho: nin hiu ln 1 ca Vua Ld Nhn Tng (1443 - 1453).

i V it s k lon th. Sd. tr.451.
1^^
i V ii s k ton h, Sdd, tr.441.

295
 L THNH TNG
V VUA ANH M INH, NH CCH TN v I

cc x."' S liu ny cho thy rng thc chm lo xy dng, cng

c sc mnh quc phng quc gia i thc thng trc ca nh Vua
L Thnh Tng.
Vic chi go lm lng kh l sng kin nh trong cuc
sng thng ngy ca dn. Nhng vi nhn quan chin lc v
thc quc phng mnh m, nh Vua L Thnh Tng bin sng
kin v danh ny thnh mt ch trng c tc dng to ln cho vic
cung cp lng thc cho cc i qun ln trong cc cuc vin chinh
lu ngy X hu phng. Trong ba ln vin chinh da qun i dnh
Tr Ton, Bn Man v Cm Cng, qun i Vit tin hnh nhng
cuc hnh qun di ngy, pha Nam, qun i Vit vo tn kinh
d ca i phng l thnh Ch Bn. pha Ty, qun i Vit ui
nh qun dch n tn b sng Kim Sa, gip vi Min in. c
lng n trong nhng cuc hnh qun di ngy v xa xi nh vy,
lm sao c th vn chuyn kp go d cung cp cho nhng di qun
ng hng chc vn ngi? Nu khng c go chn mang Iheo trong
cc cuc hnh qun tc chin c lt, thn tc. di ngy trong nhng
cuc truy dui n tn cng th qun lnh chc s b di. Trong cc
s liu khng c mt dng no m l, d ch Ihong qua, nhng kh
khn v lng thc ca nhng i qun vin chinh di thi tr v
ca Vua L Thnh Tng. iu ny chng t nh Vua L Thnh Tng
c cch lm tt, c hiu qu thit thc v VSI chun b lng
thc cho qun di ong chin tranh mt vji nan gii ca cc
tng cm qun ni chin da.

D i V i i s k lon th. Sd. .47,

296
 Phn ba. L Thnh Tng ngri dt nn m ng vng chc v
xy dng Ihnh cng nn quc phng v cc lc lng v Irang...

Vit Nam. t nc c nhiu sng ngi, knh rch chng cht.

Pha ng gip bin. Bin chy di sut t Bc n Nam. Pha Bc,
pha Ty c nhng dv ni cao him tr. nhiu ni. ni nh ra tn
mp bin. Tr vng chu ih sng Hng, cn li l nhng min ng
bng nh hp. Trong nhng hon cnh a l nh vy. vi con mt
ca nhng nh chin lc qun s, vic c dng qun di bng
dng b i rl kh khn. S hp ng tc chin gia cc mi tin
qun kh m thc hin c. Vua L Thnh Tng sm nhn ra
iu ny. n g rt ch trng vic phi trin giao thng thu v cho
ng nhiu thuyn c ng qun di.
ng d ra inh o, no vt sng ngi. Ngi ng thi v hu
th gi l "Sng o nh L" cn ln li n ngy nay. l h
thng thu li ng thi l h thng giao thng ng thu ni da
c th i t kinh thnh xuyn sut cc tnh dn tn pha Nam. ng
cng ra lnh no vt cc ca sng thng b ct bi lp lm tc
nghn li ra vo cc ca bin.

Khng c s iiu ni v cc c6ng xcmg ng Ihuyn chin di

thi tr v ca L Thnh Tng. Nhng c n h n g s liu ni v vic
ng dng mt ng ln thuyn trong cc ln tp trn trn sng
hng nm. Trong ln vin chinh nh Tr Ton vo nm 1471, s
liu ghi: "Ngy mng 6 , vua hi mt sai bn T du kch tng
qun L Hy Ct. Hong Nhn Thim v bn Tin piong ing qun

297
 L TH N H TNG
V VUA ANH M INH , NH CC H TN v l I

L Th, Trnh Vn Si em hn 500 (!)chic lluiyn, 3 vn linh binh,

ban m ra ca ff" ' cu To-' vi bin gp. bi m tin vo ca
Sa k '' difng lv. p ihnl chn li v ca gic. Ngi Chim
Thnh khng bit g v vic ny. Ngy mn^ 7, vita t minh di hn
1.000 (!) chin riuyn, hn 70 vn (?)'"' ra hai ca bin Tn p v
Cii To dig c riiin l. nh II ng h reo m tin

Theo s liu ca s liu ghi trn y th lng s thuyn chin

dng trong irn ny t nh l 1.500 chic. Con s ny cha c sc
thuyt phc v tnh chnh xc. S liu cho bii l Vua L Thnh
Tng dng i qun gm 26 vn ngi cho trn nh ny. Nu
chi dng 1.500 Ihuyn ch 26 vn qun. Ih mi thuyn phi c
sc cha gn 200 ngcrt cng vi v kh v lng n trong vi chc
ngy ca h. Cha k s' thuyn vn chuyn lng thc i km.
loi thuyn kh ln ca thi by gi. Nu thuyn c sc cha mi
chic 100 ngi th phi cn l nht dn 2.600 thuyn. Nu mi
thuyn c sc cha 50 ngi th phi c t nht 5.200 thuyn cho
mt cuc vin chinh bng ng thy.

Ca p (c ca Tn p. sau gi l ca i p Ihuc huyn Tam K. nay

thuc linh Q ung Nam - Nng.
'' C a To lc ca Cu To. sau gi l ca Tiu p. cch ca Tn p ((c i
p) 7 din.
Sa k: ca b iin ihuc huyn Bnh Sn. lnh Q ung Ngi.
C l s liu chp nhm. Tng s qun trong trn dnh ny. Sghi l 26 vn.
i Vil s k lon th. Bn K thc lc. Q uyn XII. K nh L. Nxb.
KHXH. H.1993. .448.

298
 Phn ba. L Thnh Tng - ngi t nn m ng vng chc v
xv dng Ihnh cng nn quc phng v cc lc lng v trang...

Loi thuyn c sc cha di 100 ngi l loi thuyn thch hp

nht cho sc c ng tc chin irn sng pha bin. S l hp l khi
cho rng thuyn chin di thi L Thnh Tng l nhng thuyn c
sc cha irn di 50 ngi. S kin nhiig thuyn chin to ln,
knh cng ca qun Nguyn Mng b cc c/ thuyn" c sc c
ng nhanh ca qun i nh Trn dnh bi trn sng Bch ng
\o th k XIII chc s gi cho L Thnh Tng l khng nn cho
dng v s dng nhig chin thuyn ln t 100 ngi tr ln.
Cng vic ng thuyn d chuyn vn qun i v lng thc
[ phng tin phc v chin u thch hp nht vi nhng c im
v a hnh, thi tit Vit Nam vo thi k L TTinh Tng. Trong
lch s cc triu i phong kin Vit Nam ch c hai ngi c bit
ch trng n vic s dng thuyn chin trong vn chuyn v chin
u. l Vua L Thnh Tng th k XV v Nguyn Hu - Quang
Trung th k XVIII. Nguyn Hu - Quang Trung cn c nh
ng nhng thuyn chin tc chin trn bin to hn, c trang b c
sng thn cng nhu cc ihuyn chin ca Ty Ban Nha, B o Nha
m qun i ca n g c dp giao chin, n g bt u xy dng
xng ng thuyn chin Qung Bnh nhng cha kp thc hin
ih d qua di do im bnh.

III. L THNH TNG - NH Vl)A c BIT TI V T

CHC, RN LUYN V CH HUY QUN I

Qun i i Vit di quyn ch huy ca Vua L Thnh Tng

l di qun bch chin bch thng. Nhng hnh ng xm phm bin

299
 L THNH TNG
V VIIA ANH M IN H , NH C C H TN v I

gii, lnh th quc gia i Vit du b ging tr kp Ihi. i Vii

vo thi by gi l mi quc gia hng mnh vng ng Nam .
Cc nc Chm-Pa, Lo. Chn-Lp, Tro-Oa (tc Sumatra - mt o
ca Nam Dng ngy nay). Ll-Gia (cn gi l M'll- gia - tc Ma-
lc-ca) v Xim-La (Thi-Lan) u c s gi sang giao hiu. Nh
Minh phng Bc khng dm xm phm bin gii ca Vit Nam.

Chin cng v uy ih ca qun i i Vit gn lin vi li t

chc, rn luyn, chi huy qun i ca nh Vua L Thnh Tng.

1. H o n thin t ch c q u n di

X y dng qun i c
tinh thn chin u cao
v trung thnh

Qun i di thi L Thnh Tng c t chc theo ch

bnh dch m ngy nay gi l ch ngha v qun s. l ch
ly vic phc v trong qun i lm ngha v Ihing ling ca cng
dn i vi T quc. N khc xa v bn cht so vi ch luyn
lnh nh thu vn c nhiu dd ch d phong kin v cc nc
quc ngy nay.

Ch d binh dch thi k L Thnh Tng l ch c quy

nh rt r rng, cng bng, cng khai. Ngha v binh dch l ngha
v m mi nam dn inh phi gnh vc. Con chu cc quan l, k
c con cc quan li cao cp cng khng c min tr. Nm 486,

300
 Phn ba. L Thnh Tng - ngi t nn mng vng chc v
xy dng thnh cng nn quc phng v cc lc lng v trang...

Hns c nm i 17. con cc quan vn, v nht, nh phm, con

ir n g c c q u a n la m p h m c n g c c chu c a c c n g i th u c tc
C n g . H u , B m kh n ^ b i c h th s u n g lm lu n v s cm V."
C o n c c c q u a n tam p h m c o n c c q ita n vn v ie o h u V u a )
r i , n g . l c . tht, bt p h m m k h n g c h c th i s u n g l m q u n
v V lm .'^ C c c h u n i c a c c q u a n l i p l m t r x u n g th kn
siini qun n g " .'"

Cch quy nh nv th hin c hai mun ca nh Vua:

1. m bo dc tnh bnh ng irong Ihc hin ngha v binh
dch gia con em ca dn thng vi con, chu cc quan li. c bit
l cc quan li cao cp.
2. l i qun trung thnh vi nh Vua.
Bng nhng cch va nu trn, Vua L Thnh Tng l chc
c mt i qun c tinh thn chin u cao trong bo v T quc
\ trung thnh vi nh Vua.

Xy dng qun i quc

gia thng nht

V s Cm Y thuc qun Phng irc. qun ng li Kinh thnh. Khm nh

Vit s thng gim cng mc Q. 20.
V V lm qun tu lng i theo nh Vua. Khm dnh Vit s thng gim
cng mc. Q. 20.
11]
L ch triu H in chng lo i ch. Tp IV. Nxb. S hc. H.1961, tr.l7.

301
 L THNH TNG
V VUA AN H M IN H , N H C C H T N v I

Qun i di ihi Ir v ca Vua L Thnh Tng c t di

s ch huy thng nh( ca nh Vua. Cc vng hu qu tc khng
c php t chc ra nhng i qun ring nh triu di nh Trn.
Vic ngn nga v dit tr mm mng phn lon, ly khai d tng x
dy dt nc vo thm ho ni da xo tht d c nh Vua
phng, ngn, nga l lc ho cha pht sinh. Tic rng bi hc
ny khng dc cc triu vua v sau ghi nh nn cc cha Trnh,
cha Nguyn Om c hi lp ra nhng i qun ring. Mi cha chia
nhau ct c m min dt nc. xy ra nn Nam Bc phn tranh.
Ngi trong mi nc, ngi cng chung mt t tin nh git nhau
lin min. uc gia i Vit suy yu dn ri li ri vo ch h
ca nc ngoi. Phi tri qua cuc u tranh gian kh, bn b, y
hy sinh irong gn 100 nm. nhn dn ta mi ginh li c lp, t do
hon ton cho T quc nh hin nay.
Trong mi quc gia cf c mt qun i quc tf/ ihng nh
l bi hc v t chc qun i m nh Vua L Thnh Tng
li cho hu th.
Vo nhng ngy du ca Cch mng thng 8 nin 1945, cc
gio phi Bnh Xuyn, Cao i, Ho Ho v Quc dn ng d t
chc lc lng v trang ring. H di chnh quyn cch mng Iha
nhn s tn ti cc lc lng v trang ring ca h. Nhng nh s
lnh o sng sui ca ng Cng sn v Ch tch H Ch Minh nn
m mu ny ca cc gio phi v Quc dn dng khng thnh. Bng
nhiu bin php, k c bin php php l, ngy 22 thng 12 nm
1946, 78 ngy sau khi k c Hip nh s b vi Php, Nh nc

302
 Phn ba. L Thnh Tng ' ngi di nn m ng vmg chc v
xy dng Ihnh cng nn quc phng v cc tc lng v Irang...

Vit Nam Dn ch Cng ho ban hnh sc lnh s' 71 thnh lp

Q un i quc gia Vit Nam. Vi Sc lnh 71. v mt php l. Nh
nc Vii Nam Dn ch cng ho lm cho thc dn Php khng
cn c ru rao xuyn tc. vu co rng cc lc lng v trang cch
mng ) nhng m gic c. nhng i qun th ph. v i ni, Sc
lnh 71 t cc lc lng v trang ca cc gio phi v ca Quc
dn ng vo v th b hp php nu h khng chu t gii ln.
Vi cch lm khn kho ny, chnh quyn cch mng, irong nhng
ngy trng nc, cng c' c v tr php l ca Nh nc v
qun i cch mng va mi c thnh lp. N gp phn ph tan
m mu ca cc th lc xm lc bn ngoi li dng lc lng v
trang ca cc nhm chng i trong nc nhm gy ra cuc ni
chin chng ngi nhn m hng li.

X y d ng qun i
chnh quy

Qun di i Vit di thi tr v ca Vua Le Thnh Tng l

qun di c trinh chh quy cao nht so vi qun i ca cc triu
i phong kin trc n g v sau n g . iu ny c Ih hin ra
di nhng biu hin sau y;
- Qun i dc l chc theo ch ngha v bnh dch, ngy
nay gi l ch d ngha v qun s;
- Ch phc vi Irong qun i uc quy dnh r rng v thng nht;

303
 L T H N H T N G
V VUA ANH M INH, NH C C H TN v I

- Qun i dc hun luyn, rn luyn theo nhng Irn . d

php thng nhl. ngy nay gi l cc iu lnh lc chin;

- Q u n i c k lut thng n h t;
Qun di dc l chc theo h thng t chc thng nht; n
v ln nh l Ph. Mi Ph c 3, 4, 5 hoc 6 V. Mi V c 4, 5
hoc 6 S hoc Ty. Mi S hoc Ty c 100 ngi. chia lm 5 i.
M 6 i c 20 ngi. i l n v chin u thp nht;
- C ba th qun:

+ Qun Phng trc l qun dng kinh thnh;

+ Cc Qun ph i qun ng cc vng (tng ng Qun khu).
(Qun Phng trc v cc Qun ph l qun Triu nh, qun
ch lc);
+ Qun cc X, L l qun ng ti cc X (qun a phng).
Ti mt X t chc mt ty. Ton vng quc c 13 ty (13
X). Mi ty c mt s V. nhiu t lu ihuc vo v tr v s dan
ca mi X.
- Mi Qun ph ph trch mt s a bn nh:"' Trung qun ph
ph trch cc x Thanh Ho, Ngh An; ng qun ph ph irch cc
x Hi Dng, An Bang; Nam qun ph ph irch cc x Sn Nam.
Thun Ho, Qung Nam; Ty qun ph ph trch cc x Tam Giang,
Hng Ho; Bc qun ph ^ trch cc x Kinh Bc. Lng Sn.

ch triu Hin chng loi ch, Tp IV. Nxb. S hc. H.1961. tr.l7.

304
 Phn ba. L T hnh Tng - n^i t nn mng vng chc v
xy dng thnh cng nn quc phng v cc lc lng v trang...

- Ch huy cc Qun ph. V. S. i u c chc danh v tc

v. phm hm:
+ ng du Qun ph l T, Hu dc vi phm hm Tng
nht phm.
Ph chi huy Qun ph l c ng tri v him s vi
phm hm Tng nh phm:
+ ng u ty c Tng binh s vi phm hm Chnh
tam phm.
Ph t Tng binh s c Tng binh ng tri, Tng binh thim
s gip vii; vi phm hm Chnh ( phm;
+ ng u V l Ch huy s. phm hm l Chnh t phm.
Ph t Chi huy s l ng i, phm hm Tng t phm v
Ch huy ihim s. phm hm l Chnh ng phm:
+ ng t S hoc Ty l Quan lnh vi phm hm Chnh ng
phm.
Ph t Quan lnh c Ph Quan lnh, Chnh V u. Ri V u
vi phm hm Chnh tht phm;
+ Chl huy cc i c Chnh, Ph ng trng, gi chung l quan
Tiu hiu.
- Cc Ph. V. S hoc Ty u c t ln ring. c c hiu
ring v sc phc ring d phn bit:
Tn cc Ph; Trung..., ng.... Ty..., Nam..., v Bc qun ph.

305
 L TH N H TNG
V VUA ANH M IN H , N H C C H T N v I

Tn cc V: Trung qun ph c 6 v vi cc tn; Phng Thnh

v, Phng Thn v, Can Ngu v, H Bn v, Xa K v v Chn Oai
v. ng qun ph c 6 V vi cc tn: Minh Nghi v. Quang V
v, Ngc Kim v, Anh c v, Lm Khang v v Phn Oai v. Tn
cc v trong mt Qun ph v trong cc qun ph u khc nhau.

Tn cc S, Ty; Thin nh, Thin Oai. Thin Hng, Thin

Khi, Thin Tit, Hm H, Oai H, Thn H, Mnh H, Hng H,
Kiu K, Huyn Ngch, Khai Sn, Trung Oai, Oai Dng, V Oai,
Kin V. Trng Dng v.v... Tn cc S, Ty trong cng V, trong
cng Qun ph v gia cc Qun ph khng ging nhau.
Cc Qun phii u c c hiu ring v sc phc ring. iu 274
BLH quy nh: Nhing qitn ih v m binh rng, khi gii,
bi eo, nn. khng ding s hiu, hnh thc ca hiu qun mnh ih
u x i him hay ; nu c gian tr th s iheo s tnh rin
nhe m x ihm li''.

Nhim v, bin ch, phm vi

a bn ph trch ca Binh
b v cc n v qun i

B inh b
ng u Binh b l Binh b Thng ih vi phm hm Tng
nh phm. C quan gip vic c: V kh thanh li ty, Qun v thanh
li ty v T v snh.

306
 Phn ba. L Thnh Tng - ngi t nn mng vng chc v
xv dng thnh cng nn quc phng v cc lc lng v trang...

V kh thanh li t \ l c quan chuyn trch lo liu v vQ kh,

qun dng v vic h gi (theo hu v bo v Vua). V kh thanh
li ty c nhim v gi gn v kh, c, trng, ching, thanh la, qun
trang, sng ng, thuc n, lu hong, ch cha trong kho. Khi c
lnh thu hay phi, v kh thanh li ty phi ghi vo s r rng. V
kh' thanh li ty c nhim v ihng xuyn kim k. kim sot xem
tnh irng vQ kh, qun Irang, qun dng. Nu cn sa cha, ch to
thm th tu trnh xin lm. Khi Vua vi hnh hoc ra trn th c qun
thy b i theo h gi.
Qun v thanh li ly l c quan lo vic luyn qun, kho xt
qun s, vch son k hoch cc cuc hnh qun lc chin. C mi
thng ba k, cc quan ch huy phi khai trinh ln Binh b v tnh
trng qun s' ca n v. Ngi gi. ngi cht th phi kp thi thay
th, b sung. Ngi trn th ra lnh truy n, C ba nm mt ln, tuyn
chn qun lnh ih v - lnh theo hu vua. V hun luyn, Qun v
thanh li ty c nhim VT l chc cho thy binh tp cho iheo ma
nuc, b bnh th thao dt, tp luyn hng thng v hng nm.
Q u n v th a n h l i ty c n c n h i m v c n g i d i v n i s n g ,
dng s, cc bn trng yu trong ti c cc x ca vcfng quc
ri ch nh nhng ni cn lp n. nhng ca i phi n gi. Cc
bn uc lp thnh 3 bn, mt bn Irlnh ln vua, mi bn lu gi
li Chnh ng, mt bn lu gi ti Binh b.
T v snh l c q tan thng trc - Vn phng ca Binh b.
Bin ch ca Binh b dc quy nh gm c ! 28 ngi.

307
 L THNH TNG
V VUA ANH M IN H , NH C C H T N v I

Qun triu nh (qun ch lc): gm c Qun Phng trc.

Trung qun ph, ng qun ph, Ty qun ph, Nam qun ph, Bc
qun ph.
Qun Phiing trc c nhim v lc trc ti kinh thnh, trc tip
bo v nh vua v hong tc. bo v trt t, an ninh kinh thnh.
Qun Phng trc c 5 V chia lm 66 Ty. Tng s qun ca Phng
trc l 108.600 ngi.
Tntn^ qun ph gm c hai ly l ty Thanh Ho v ly
Ngh An. ty Thanh Ho gm c 5 V, chia lm 30 S, Ty
Ngh An c 3 V, chia lm 18 S.
ng qun ph gm c 6 V, mi V c 5 S. ring V Phn
Oai c 6 S. Tng cng 31 S. Nm Quang Thun th 7 (1466)
ng qun ph bao gm cc do Nam Sch v An Bang (Khm nh
Vit s Ihng gim ccmg mc. Q. 20, l 2b). K t nm Quang
Thun ih 8 ir i th An Bang lch ring ra, c t ty. o Nam
Sch irc ihc ng qun ph.
Ty qun ph c 6 V, chia thnh 30 S. Nm Quang Thun ih
7 (1466), Ty qun ph bao gm cc o Quc Oai v Hng Ho.
Nm Quang Thun th 8 (1467) tch o Hng Ho ra d[ di
quyn ch huy trc tip ca Tng binh s. o Quc Oai trc
thuc Ty qun ph.
Nam qun ph c 6 V. Mi V c 5 S, ring V Hng Oai
c 6 S. Tng cng l 31 S. (Khm nh Vit s thng gim cng
mc, Q. 20, t 4b). Nm Quang Thun th 7 (1466), Nam qun ph

308
 Phn ba. L Thnh Tng - ngi t nn mng vng chc v
xy dng thnh cng nn quc phng v cc lc lng v trang...

bao gm hai o Thin Trcmg v Thun Ho. Nm Quang Thun

th 8 (1467) tch o Thun Ho ra t di quyn chi huy trc lip
ca Tng binh s. o Thin Trng trc thuc Nam qun ph.
Bc q u n ph c 6 V. Mi V c 5 S. Ring V Tuyn Oai c
6 S. Tng cng 31 S. Nm Quang Thun th 7 (1466), Bc qun
ph bao gm hai do Bc Giang v Lng Sn. (Khm nh Vit s
thng gim cng mc, Q. 20. t 2a). Nm Quang Thun th 8
(1477) tch o Lng Sn l di quyn ch huy trc lip ca
Tng binh s, cn o Bc Giang trc thuc Bc qun ph.

Tng s qun 5 Ph l: 61.600 ngi.

V Qun cc o (qun a phng): ti 13 X trong vng
quc, nh Vua cho t chc mi x mi ty. Cc ty m
nhim vic gi gn, m bo an ninh, an ton lnh ih ca X. Qun
ca cc o khng iu dng di cc x khc. Khi nh Vua lin h n h
cc cuc vin chinh vng no th s dng qun cc o vng
phi hp vi qun ca Triu dinh. Mi o ( ty) gm c nhiu
hay t V, tu thuc vo s lng dn inh v tm quan trng v mt
a l qun s ca x d.
ty Thanh Ho: 5 V; Ngh An: 3 V; Thun Ho: 4 V; An
Bang; 1 V; Thi Nguyn: 5 V. Mi V chia lm 5 S. Mi S c
1.120 n g i.

Cch t chc qn i thnh ba lc lng; qun phng trc.

309
 L THN H TNG
V VUA ANH M IN H , N H C C H T N v l I

qun nm ph v qun cc do (x) cha dng trong n nhng

ngha mang lnh chin lc, chin dch v chin thut rt su sc.
Vi qun phng trc, nh Vua lun c lc lng trong tay d m
bo s duy tr quyn lc mnh ca nh Vua rc mi chnh bin,
dm bo an ninh cho kinh Ihnh. Vi qun ca cc o, cc x, nh
Vua c d lc lng d m bo an ninh, an ton lnh th ti cc da
phng, ti cc vng bin i, bin gii. Lc lng ny sc nh
tan cc v xm phm bin gii, dp tan cc v bo lon li da
phng. Nu qun a phng khng d sc di ph vi nhng v
xm phm bin gii th nh Vua c qun ca nm Ph. l di
qun c ng, sn sng c diu i d tip ng cho cc a phng.
l nhng di qun c sc chin du cao. c sc c ng nhanh
dc s dng vo nhng chin dch, nhng trn nh c rtgha
chin lc.

Ton b lc lng qun s ca Vng quc i Vit di thi

L Thnh Tng c khong 315.200 ngi (bao gm qun phng
trc: 108.600 ngi, qun nm ph: 61.600 ngi, qun cc x:
145.000 ngi).

Ton b lc lng Irn y chia lm hai phin: mt na lm

nhim v sn xut, mt na trc chin u. Nh vy, nh Vua lun
sn c khong 16 vn qun d ng ph vi cc tnh hung cp bch
xy ra. Trong Irung hp cp thil, nh Vua c ih nhanh chng tng
gp i lc lng d ging nhng n ln cng mnh m vo cc
lc lng th dch.

310
 Phn ba. L Thnh T ng ngi dt nn m ng vmg chc v
xy dng thnh cng nn quc phng v cc lc lng v trang...

2. H un luyn nng cao sc chin u, sc C0 ng ca

q u n di

Vn n. v luyn mi Ihnh ti. Sut 38 nm tr v, Vua L

Thnh Tng lun chm lo dn vic rn luyn nhm khng ngng
nng cao sc chin u v kh nng c ng linh hot, nhanh chng,
thn tc ca qun di di quyn.
ng lun buc cc ch huy di quyn phi thng xuyn rn
luyn qun lnh. kim tra kt qu luyn tp ca tng lnh, binh
lnh di quyn, c ba nm mt in, n g ra lnh cho inh b phi
t chc cc cuc kho th, thi du ca qun i. m mt ngi nc
ngoi (Samuel aron) c dp chng kin v v li.
n k kho th, vo ma dng, cc sc qun: tng, b, m, Ihy
qun trong kinh ngoi o phi tp trung chu kho i v ngh.
Ngy 23 thng 12 nm 1478, Hng c nm th 9. nh Vua ra
sc ch dinh l thng pht (rong cc k kho th v ngh i vi
qun s:"

i vi binh s:
Binh s no du v ngh, thng lun bn ln, c thng mt
chic o v mt quan nm tin s.'

i Vil s k ton Ih. Bn k thc lc. Quyn XII. K nh L. Nxb.

KHXH. H.1993. ir.473.
36 dng trinh l mt tn s. Mt quan tin s c J0 tin. bng 360 ng
trinh. M i Iru cy c gi Ir chng ba quan lin s.

311
 L THNH TNG
V VUA ANH M IN H , NH C C H T N v I

- Ba ln thng, mi ln c chm im bnh, c thng mi

chic o.
Hai ln thng, hai ln bnh dc thng 6 tin s.
- Mt ln thng, ba ln bnh dc Ihng 3 tin s.
- Bn ln c chm dim bnh c bn. c cp tin cm l 20
ng n s.
- Binh s no c bn ln thi u u thua c bn th b phi ioc
b thi hi.
i vi quan tn^:
Nhng quan v thuc cc tc Cng, Hu. B. cng lt c cc
quan v irong kinh ngoi do. vin quan no c trch nhim qun
lnh qun s u phi v knh kho th v ngh, gi l "
hi'\ tc l thi kinh . Khng ml ai c vng mt. Nu vng
mt s b x pht nghim theo diu lut BLH. '^Khi c k di lp
qun i (hoc l duyt lp) qun linh ai hiii mt !l x pht 80
trng, bim lm qun dinh bn qun, lru \n p ba quan tin sung
cng. em ngi khc im mc (dim danh) ihy mnh th chinh
ngi linh /hiu mi xphi 60 irtng, bim hai ti. ngi linh khc
n thay fh x phi 70 mn/ng, sung lm qitn hng ha (l hng
qun thp nht, phi phc dch vt v). i rn v Chnh, ph
ng trtrtig trong bn i m mn ngi ihav th th x pii 80
irng du b ging chc ic ha bc: ly ngi nh v dy l
vo th a \ th h i x li ihm mt bc. Nu n lin m cho ihay th
li x thm m! bc. Ngi thay th phi sung vo lm inh hng

312
 Phn ba. L Thnh Tng - ngi di nn mng vng chc v
xy dng Ihnh cng nn quc phng v cc lc lng v trang...

ba Irorig bii qun. Nu clia con anh em iia\' llcho nhau th x

pht 80 nng V pht lin v/i mt I quan. Nu c vic hay
duyn c . d trnh b \ r rng xin cho ihiiy th h khng phdi
ti v c np mt na tin vn^ mt. Tng hiu bit m dung
nin^ ilii x him m t, thm mi ngi h x nng hn mt bc.
Nu sai di lm vic lp dch m c f !in ca quan trn xt ng
silic li khng pii ti" (.283).

Ni dung kho th v ngh ca quan tng gm:

- Thi bn 5 pht ln bng cung;

- Thi phng 5 pht n bng tay, gi l "ih tiu". Loi tn ny

lm bng tre di bng mt v tay (?). Khi gp qun ch, ngi lnh
kp lun my chic ln vo k tay ri phng vo i phng;

- u khin. K h i n thng lm bng my, tre an. Khi gp dch,

ngi dng khin mi tn hoc gio, mc dm ciia di phng.

Nu ai bn irng c l 8 n 10 ln l thng cp.

Bn trng t 6 n 7 ln l trung cp.

Trng ( 4 n 5 ln h cp.

Ngi bn Irng t thng, trung, h cp du c thng.

Trng hai, ba ln h khng dc Ihng m cng khng b pht,
Trng mt ln hay khng trng ln no Ih b ph.

Ngoi vic luyn tp hng ngy, hng thng ti dem v, hng

nm. ir nhtig nm mt ma hoc b thin lai l lt dc min, nh

313
 L THNH TNG
V Vl)A AN H M IN H , NH C C H T N v I

Vua ra lnh hi qun nm ph d tp trn. C vo dp xun dn. nh

Vua thn chinh tin hnh cc cuc duyt qun v tin hnh nhng
cuc lp irn

S liu ghi li nh sau;

Ngy 26 thng 3 nm 1466, Quang Thun nm th 7, tp thy

trn Giao Thy."

Thng 01 nm 1467, Quang Thun nm th 8, Vua ng v Ty

kinh. Khi tr v tp trn sng Thin Phi (khc sng y chy qua
huyn Yn tinh H Nam ngy nay).'*'

Ngy 20 thng 2 nm 1467, Quang Thun nm th 8. din lp

trn Trung H L Giang (khc sng chy qua huyn L Nhn
tnh H Nam ngy nay)/*

Ngy 23 thng 2 nm 1467, Quang Thun nm th 8, din tp

Irn Tam ti v Tht mn sng Vi (khc sng n g Vi ti huyn
V Tin, nay thuc huyn V Th, lirh Thi Bnh).'*'

N g y 2 6 th n g 2 n m 1 4 6 7 , Q u a n g T h u n n m th 8 , d i n t p
trn d Ng di. Nhn hng sng An Cha, tp trn 'ITing Sn

i Vit i" k ron th, Bn k thc lc, Q uyn XII, K nh L. Nxb.

KHXH. H .I993, tr.409.
i Vit s k lon th. Sd. tr.412.
i Vit S ik lon th, Sdd, tr.415.
i Vi s k lon th, Sd. tr.415.

314
 Phn ba. L Thnh T ng - ngi dt nn m ng vng chc v
xy dng thnh cng nn quc phng v cc lc lng v trang...

x ng ba sng Bch Hc.'''

Vua L Thnh Tng thn hnh ch huy cc cuc tp trn.

Thng 4 nm 1469. Quang Thun nm ih 10, Vua ra sc ch

cho cc V. Ty Thn v. Du n. Thn T. V lm. Thin uy mi khi
n phin lc trc th thay ban nhau m chuyn tp v ngh, cn
nh cc V Ng uy v cc S sng n v ngoi Ih u ngng cc
vic tp sai, dnh ra s ngi c a n h gi cc ni. cn th du chuyn
tp v ngh. n khi ht ban h tin hnh kho duyt, theo l m
thng pht.'-'

Lin tip trong cc nm Bnh Tut (1466), inh Hi (1467) v

K Su (1469), nh Vua u c nhng cuc tp thu trn ln irn
sng. Nm inh Hi trong thng 2, lin tip c ba cuc lp trn
ln. Phi chng Vua L Thnh Tng ro rit tp trn chun b
cho cuc vin chinh nh Tr Ton vo nm Tn Mo (1471) lin
sau d.

Vic rn luyn qun lnh cn dc nh Vua lm c nhng khi

sp vo trn.
S c chp rng ngy 02 ihng 01 nm Tn Mo (1471), Hng
c nm th 2. Vua cho di qun sp vo dt gic, qun lnh li
cng phi luyn tp. E)o d xung chiu cho qun Thun Ho ra

i Vit s k ton th, Sdd, tr.415.

i Vil k \ ton th. Sdd. tr.437.

315
 L THNH TNG
V VUA ANH M IN H , NH C C H TN V l I

bin tp thy chin.'"

Di thi tr v ca Vua L Thnh Tng, vic rn luyn qun i

l vic lm thng xuyn iheo nhng ch , quy nh r cht ch.
Hng thng c vic luyn qun hng ihng. Hng nm c vic hi
qun tp trn vo ma xun. C ba nm l c mt ln kho ih
v v ngh i vi tt c binh lnh v quan tng. C nhng ln nh
vua thn chinh ch huy qun phng trc, qun nm ph tp uyn
trn d trn sng, irn bin. Qun cc do cng phi luyn lp.
Khng c l min tr cho mt ai. Qua kho th. ai lp dc ihnh
tch u c thng. Nhng ngi thi hng, c lnh ln quan u b
x pht. Lnh th da xung lm qun phc dch hoc sa thi, quan
th b bim chc, bi chc. Trong BLH c n h n g iu quy nh x
pht nghim khc n h n g quan itig khng chm lo hun iuyn
binh s. nhng binh s li nhc hoc trn tr n h vic kho th v
ngh: Nhng quan ing hiu khng sing nng iUn luyn qun
s. l i sai qun s lm vic rin g CIO nh m nh ctng l cliih y
tin hay n bt, vic ni it x li hay lim, vic nng r x li
lu" (. 257). Hoc: Khi c i tp qun i (hoc l diivi tp)
qun ini ai hit mt. th x phi 80 nrtg, him lm qun linh
bn qun, Iruy np ba qitan lin sung C/Ig... i l/-/ig Chnh
ph Ng trng iron bn di m mn tii ihav ih ih x pht
80 trng v it ging chc xung ha bc" (.283).

i V ii s k ton ibir. Sdd. ir.447.

316
 phn ba. L Thnh T ng - ngi dt ncn mng vng chc v
xv dn! thnh cn g nn quc phng v cc lc lng v trang...

Qun i di thi tr v ca L Thnh Tng ni ting ! qun

di thin chin, nh u Ihng l do vy.

3. Rn lu^n k iut q u n di

H on thin c s php l
k lut qun i

Trong sut thi gian tr v t nc, bn cnh vic chm lo rn

luyn qun i v mt ngh thut, chin Ihui. k thut chin u,
Vua L Thnh Tng dc bit quan tm n vic rn luyn k lui
qun i, Vic khi phc li k cng t nc bao gm c vic
rn luyn k lut qun di. Vic rn luyn k lul qun di l mt
phn ca ch trcfng chung trong vic khi phc k cng t nc.
Nguyn tc, phng chm, bin php rn luyn k lut qun di
cng l nguyn tc. phcng chm, bin php chung ca vic khi
phc k ccmg t nc. C Ih l trong vic rn luyn k lut
qun i, trc ht n g quan tm n vic bin son v ban hnh
p dng nhng diu lut d phc v vic xy dng, rn luyn k
lut qun di. Chng Qun chnh trong BLH v nhng iu lnh,
bit lnh, chnh lnh, qun chnh, qun gii m Vua L Thnh Tng
ban hnh l nhng c s php l d rn luyn k lut qun di
ca ng.

Theo sch Khm dnh Vit s ihng gim cng mc, Vua L

317
 L THNH TNG
V VUA ANH M IN H , NH C C H T N v I

Thnh Tng ban hnh t nht 190 iu lul, gm 58 iu trong

BLH v 132 iu nm ri rc irong cc ti liu khc c s dng
cho vic rn luyn k lut qun i:

- Trc khi h lnh lin hnh cuc vin chinh i dnh qun
Chim Thnh (9/1470), Hng c nm th 1. nh Vua ban hnh
24 iu lnh nh Chim Thnh trao cho cc qun doanh v cc v,
ty Cm y. Kim Ng, Thn V. in Tin;"'

- Thng II nm 1472, Hng c nm ih 3, Vua ban hnh 19

diu lnh i nh ngi Man;'*'

- Thng II nm 1479. Hng c nm th 11, Vua sa nh li

bit lnh 25 iu v dnh Chim Thnh v quy nh chnh lnh hnh
qun cng cc l thng cng:''

- Ngy 14 nm 1486, Hng c nm ih 17, Vua ban hnh iu

lnh Hng c qun v gm 27 iu;'*'

- Thng 11 nm 1490. Hng c nm ih 21. li son qun

chnh, qun gii. Qun chnh l cc iu lnh v hnh qun, qun
gii l cc iu k lut trong qun i.''

Ngoi nhng iu ghi chp irn y ca s liu, dn nay khng

i IVr s rk lon th. Sd. ir.445.

i Vit s kv ton th, Sd. r.460.
i Vit s k ton th. Sd. U.480.
i V ii s k toii th. Sd. r.498.
D i Vit s k u>n th. Sd. .509.

318
 Phn ba. L T hnh T ng ngi dt nn m ng vng chc v
xy dng Ihnh cng nn quuc phng v cc lc lng v trang...

cn vn bn no nn khng bit r ni ung c th ca cc vn bn

y. Hin cn it gi li BLH m trong d c 58 iu lut lin quan
n qun di. Trong 58 diu c 43 iu nu Chng Qun chnh,
2 iu Chng V cm (cc iu 66 v 67), 2 iu Chng Vi
ch (cc iu 169 v 234), 2 iu Chng o tc (cc iu 434
v 447) v 2 iu Chng Tr ngu (cc iu 524 v 525).

Hoi dng chin du ca qun di l hot dng lin quan n

vn mnh sng cn ca T quc, n s sng cht ca con ngi.
Hoi ng chin u ca qun i din ra Irn mi mt trn, Irn
mi a bn: rng ni, ng bng, sng nc. rong mi Ihi ti:
lc li tri kh ro. m p hay ma gi lnh rt v.v... c ih
ginh dc chin thng, qun i khng dc b chi phi bi
cc yu t bn ngoi. Trong hon cnh no, a hnh no, ihi lit
no qun di cng phi nm phn ch dng. Ni no th rng qua
c th qun di phi i qua c. Ni no dn thng khng
dc th qun i vn tr li dc. Mun th qun i phi c k
lut thi nghim, gi l k lut st. K lut d phi dc gi
nghim trong mi hon cnh. V vy, ni dung k lu! qun di
phi dc phn ra thnh nhiu ni dung c h c cch luyn
tp ph hp vi di hi ca cc c dim trong tng lnh vc hot
dng ca qun i.

319
 L T H N H T N
V Vl)A ANH M IN H . N H C C H TN v l I

K lut qun i bao gm cc loi:

1) K lut trong hc p. rn luyn sc chin du;

2) K lul trong chin u;

3) K lut v gi gn v kh. qun lng;

4) K lui trong cng v ca qun i:

5) K lu v gi gn b mt quc phng v b mi qun i;

6) K lut v ihc hin ngha v binh dch.

Trong cc vn bn c ban hnh phc v vic rn luyn k

lut qun i ca Vua L Thnh Tng khng thy c s phn loi
thnh 6 loi k lut qun di nh nu. Tuy vy. khi xem xt ni
dung ca cc vn bn d. c bii l Chng Qun chnh trong
BLH Ih thy c cha ng c 6 loi k lul d. i vi cc loi
vn bn khc, tuy cha bit c th ni dung nhng c th bi chc
l loi kv lu! no. Nh 24 iu lnh nh Q iim Thnh. 19 iu
lnh i nh ngi Man, 25 iu v vic dnh Chim Thnh, ban
hnh trong cc nm 1470. 1472. 1479 chc chn l k lu t chin
u. 17 diu c ban hnh vo nm 1486 l k lut cng v. 21
diu c ban hnh vo nm 490 l k lut v hun luyn v gi
gn v kh. qun dng.
V k liil hc lp rn hivn sc chin dti

Trong BLH, c ba iu thuc ni dung rn luyn, hc lp nng

cao sc chin u: "Nhig quan tng hiu cai qun l 3 vn qun

320
 Phn ba. L Thnh Tng - ngi d t nn mng vng chc v
xy dng thnh cng nn quc phng v cc lc lng v trang...

tr xung, 50 lnh tr ln, nu khng sn sc luyn tp hng ng

k h n c h n h t . q u n k h i k h n g t in h n h u , b i n g n h c v i c q u n ,

lm cho qun khi h hng phi sa cha, hao ln in cng, hay n

bt ca cng, lm vic ring, b vic cng, x li nh th b bim
hay cch chc, li nng th b hay III. Nu khi chng gic m
phm nhng li trn, khng k nng nh. u phi chm". (.241)
Ngoi iu 241 cn c hai diu khc vi ni dung ngn nga v x
pht cc hnh vi vi phm k lut rn luyn, hc tp ca qun i.
cc iu: Tng hiu khng lo hun luyn binh s (.257) v
Khi duyt qun vng mt (.283).

- V k Itti chin u

K lut trong chin u l xcmg sng ca k lut qun i. K

lut chin u quyt nh s thng bi ca trn nh. Ngi vi phm
k lut chin u thng phi chu hnh pht cao nht. Trong 43 iu
ca Chng Qun chnh th c 10 iu thuc loi ny:

1. Tng hiu khng chng ni gic (.244). Ti b x chm;

2. Qun lnh lm n khng theo php (.245). Ti b x chm;

3. Tranh cp chin li phm hoc b gic chy ihot (.246).

Ti b x chm;

4. Qun tip vin khng ng cu kp thi (.249). Ti b x chm;

5. i qun b gic bt mt ch tng (.251). Ti b x chm;

6. Lm trn tr i lnh ch tng (.252). Ti b x chm;

321
 L THN H TNG
V VUA ANH M IN H , N H C C H T N v l I

7. Tng hiu thua trn (.256). Tu theo trng hp m

nh ti;
8. Qun lnh ang hnh qun i chin u m b trn (.264).
Trn t 15 ngy tr ln thi b ti gio;

9. EX) thn tnh m th t binh (.279). Tu trng hp m x

ti , lu hay cht;

10. Cp bc ca dn d theo mnh ri (.282). Ti b x chm.

- V k lut trong cng v qun s

Cng v trong qun i i hi phi tun theo nhng trinh t,

th tc ht sc rch ri mi m bo uc tnh hp ng c ng
thi gian, ng a im, ng mc ch chin u, cng tc. Sc
mnh tng hp ca qun i tro n g chin u, trong cng tc do vy
c nhn n nhiu ln. Ngc li th sc mnh ca qun di b
phn tn v yu di mt cch ng k. Trong BLH c n 12 iu
k lut thuc lnh vc cng v ca qun i:

1. iu dng qun i khng dng hn dnh (.242). Trong thi

chin, li b x chm, sai k hi qun vo thi bnh th b ti trng
hay bim:

2. Gi mo giy t ca ch tng (.248). Ti b x chm:

3. Cc quan t tin iu ng qun m (.254). Tu theo s

lng ngi b diu dng m b ti bim, hoc , hoc lu. Nu
iu ng t 500 ngi tr ln th b ti gio:

322
 Phn ba. L T hnh T ng - ngi dt nn mng vng chc v
xy dng thnh cng nn quc phng v cc lc lng v trang...

4. Tng hiu t tin cho qun lnh v nh (.261). Ti b x

. Thi chin b ti chm;
5. Cp pht giy qun dch khng ng th l (.266). Ti b
x bim;
6. Khng cho thay phin n tr kp thi (.268). Ti b x
bim hay ;
7. Tng hiu khng chm sc lnh m (.272). Ti b x ;
8. Quan mn l cu phc la dn (.273);

9. Qun th v mang binh tng, bi eo khng ng s' hiu

(274). Ti b x bim hay ;
10. Quan l khng c chiu ch m t tin iu ng qun dn.
(.275). Ti b x theo li phn nghch;
11. Chm Ir Irong vic chuyn vn tin tc khn cp (.277).
Ti b x hay lu;
12. T tin min qun dch cho ngi kho, bt ngi yu i
thay (.281).
Di 10 ngi b x ti bim, hoc iu. Mi ngi tr ln
x li t hnh.
- V k iil gii gn b mt
Binh th c c ni: "Bit ch, bit a, Irm trn trm thng.
iu ny cng c ngha nu l b mt qun s ca mnh cho i
phng bit th s b chng nh bi. Ngc li, qun ch khng

323
 L TH NH T N G
V VUA ANH M IN H , N H CCH T N v l I

bit b mt qun s ca mnh th qun mnh s ihng. i vi qun

i, vic gio dc cho quan tng lun cnh gic, khng v tin ti,
gi p. khng v cu li m l bn minh cho k ch, khng v khoe
khoang, hiu thng... m lm l b mt qun s l cng tc gio dc,
rn luyn thng xuyn. Phi dy cho quan tng bit v i ph
cc th on moi tin ca gin ip ch. Trong BLH, Chng
Qun chnh c 5 iu thuc lnh vc rn luyn, gi gn k lut b
mt qun s:
1. Quan gi i ml cnh gic k ch tp kch bt ng
{.243)?T b x chm:
2. Tng hiu tit l qun c (.247). Ti b x chm:
3. Lm chuyn bi ton nn lng qun (.250). Ti b x chm:
4. Khi i nh dp, l tin tc (.255). Ti b x chm;
5. Gi quan i khng khm xt cn thn, l tin tc ra ngoi
(.278). Ti b x d, hoc lu, hoc cht.
- V k lut thi hnh ngha v binh dch li ng
Trong BLH, Chcfng Qun chnh c 6 iu c quy nh
duy tri k lut v vic thi hnh ngha v bnh dch ca ngi lnh
t ng:
1. Di tr trn trnh vic qun (.258). Trong chin tranh,
ti b x chm;
2. Qun lnh mn ngui i thay (.260). Trong chin tranh, ti
b x chm;

324
 Phn ba. L Thnh T ng ngi dt nn m ng vng chc v
xv dng thnh cng nn quc phng v cc lc lng v trang...

3. o ng (.263). Ti b x lm lnh nui voi. hoc lu;

4. Lnh Ih dn cha ht hn trn (.265). Ti b x
hay lu;
5. Vng mt trong cc phin ng dch (.269). Ti b x lm
lnh khing kiu;
6. Gi chl trn qun dch (.271). Ti b x lu.
V k \ liii gi gn v kh. ho v qun lng

Trong BLH, Chng Qun chnh, c 5 diu c ni dung rn

luyn k lul v gi gn v kh, bo v qun lng;
1. Ngi gi kho bn trm qun kh (.253). Ti b x chm:
2. Chuyn vn binh kh d l hn nh (.262). Ti b x nh
irng hoc bim;

3. Trng coi kho d binh kh h hng, ihiu ht (.267). Ti b

x bim;
4. Vn lcmg sai k hn (.270). Ti b x nng nh tu Iheo
trng hp:
5. Dng qun nhu vo vic ring (.280). Ti x bim hay bi
chc. Bi thng gp di.

Thit lp vd duy tri nghim

k lut vi ngi ch huy

325
 L THNH TNG
V VUA ANH M IN H , NH C C H TN v I

Trong 43 iu ca Chng Qun chnh, c dn 21 iu, gn mt

na l c ni dung quy dnh trch nhim ca nhng quan tng tc
thng cng nh lc ra trn. Ngoi ra. cn c 8 iu c ni dung
quy nh ty Ihuc trch nhim ca ngi lnh, nhng nu vin chi
huy khng bit th cng b x pht. Nu bi! m dung tng th b x
pht nh ng ti. Nu cng thm c 8 iu ny th s iu lut c
lin quan n irch nhim ca ngi ch huy chim qu na. iu
ny ni ln quan im c bil ca Vua L Thnh Tng l Irong vic
rn luyn k lut qun i, n g ch trc ht n k lu! ca
ngcn lm tng. Mun cho ton qun rm rp tun theo k iui th
trc ht ngi tng phi nghim. Nu ngi cm qun t bung
Ih mnh, t i mnh cao hn k lut, gi mi thi quen lu lin
trong ch huy. qun l qun i h khng th lo c nim lin ca
ngi lnh i vi ngi chi huy. Trong chin u, ngi lnh em
sinh mng ca h ph thc vo ngi chi huy. Bi vy lng tin tuyl
di ca binh lih di quyn vo ngi ch huy ca h l mi trong
nhng yu t to nn s dng cm ca ngi lnh, to nn s tt
thng ca trn dnh. Ngi tng gi nghim k lut l tm gcmg
sng cho ngi lnh noi Iheo. Vua L Thnh Tng hon ton dng
khi ng nhm vo hng ng ttig lnh lm i tng ch yu cho
vic rn luyn qun i. Mc ch chnh l xy dng lng tin tuyl
di ca binh s di vi ngi chi huy ca h.

Nhng iu lut m ch th ca t phm l nhng quan tng

gm c:
1, Tmg hiu khng lo dy bo binh iih (.24I). Ti hoc lu;

326
 Phn ba. L Thnh Tng - ngi l nn mng vng chc v
xv dng thnh cng nn quc phng v cc'lc lng v trang...

2. iu ng qun i khng dng hn nh (.242). Ti chm;

3. Quan gi i b tp kch b ng (.243). Ti chm;

4. Tng hiu khng chng ni gic (.244). Ti gio hoc chm;

5. Tng hiu U! l qun c (.247). Ti chm;
6. Gi mo giy l ca ch tng (.248). Ti chm;

7. Qun tip vin khng ng cu kp thi (.249). Ti chm:

8. Lm chuyn bi on nn lng qun (.250). Ti chm;
9. Cc quan l tin diu ng b in h m (.254). Ti bim hoc
lu. T tin phi binh l 500 ngi tr ln Ih x gio;
10. Tng hiu ihua irn (.256). Tu irng hp m nh li;
11. Tng hiu l i c dng binh (.259).Ti lu hay li cht;
12. Tng hiu l lin cho binh s v nh (.261). Ti . Nu
xy ra trong lc ang nh nhau ih ti chm;
13. Tng hiu ch lo lm l. l vic qun (.274). Tu
irng hp m nh li:
14. Khng cho thay phin dn tr kp thi (.268). Qu mt
ngv ph( 30 quan;
15. Tng hiu khng chm sc lnh m (.272). Ti . Nu
v th m qun gic bt c ih x d. lu. hay cht;
16. Quan ing mn l cu phc ly tin ca dn (.273).
Tu trcmg hp m nh ti;

327
 L THNH TNG
V VUA ANH M IN H , NH C C H T N v l I

17. Quan tng khng c chiu ch m l lin iu ng qun

dn (.275). Ghp vo ti m mu phn nghch;
18. Thiu tng ch huy khng nh bo (.276). X pht 70 trng:
19. Dng qun nhu vo vic ring i (.280). Ti bim hay bi
chc. Bi thng gp i;
20. T tin min qun dch cho ngi kho, bi ngfi yu i
thay (.281). Mt ngi tr ln x ti bim hay bi chc, mi
ngi ir ln x ti cht;
2 1. Cp pht giy qun dch khng ng th l (.266). Ti bim.
Vua L Tlinh Tng c bit ch n vic tng hiu li ng
quyn th m bc li lih hoc c hip dn. "N m 1481. Hng c
nm l 12, vua ra inh cho cc V, Ty. S irong: Trng s. Hiu
lc. Thn v. in in, Ng ph. M nhn. Tun tng v cc quan
Ph, Huvn. Chu ngoi hoc c vin no bc lt binh linh, c
k h o t q u n i . C I s n g n h m n h , k h n g n g h p h p n c i h l
trong cc quan ch huy c. Kim im, c. cc quan
ng ltng \ cc quan on s. Kinh lch, ngoi th tai Ty
Tha, Hin u nn l c/ig tm v tham xt d lun m x on.
Nhng hng nhng lm krn, luy khng c lang chiig ich ihc,
nhig i cng bil c, v nhng ngi lim chinh khng c tinh
iham du phi k khai lu ln, giao cho Cai o gim st ng s
khm xt ch hc. lu ln xin khu x. t s khuyn rn.'"

Lch trii Hin chng toi chi. Tp IV. Nxb. S hc. H .I961. tr.28 - 29.

328
 Phn ba. L Thnh T ng - ngcri dt nn m ng vng chc v
xy dng thnh cng nn quc phng v cc lc lng v trang...

Theo BLH. quan tng khng chi phi b trng tr do cc ti

phm do bn hn gy ra. H cn phi chu trch nhim v mt s
hnh vi do cp di ca h gy ra m h khng c k hoch ch
ng ngan nga rc hoc v quan liu m khng bii c. C 8
iu thuc loi ny:

1. Di tr trn trnh vic qun (.258). Ngi trn b ti

chm. Quan ch tng x ti lu:

2. Qun lnh mn ngi i thay i nh gic (.260). Ngi

lnh phm ti. x chm. Quan ng khng bit ih bim hai tu, bit
m im ng th ti nng hn mt bc;
3. o ng (.263). Ngucfi lnh do ng x lm lnh chn voi.
ti phm th x ti lu. Quan x dung tng th ti nh hn ti ngcri
lnh trn m i bc.
Quan l, quan huyn khng bit ih phi bim hay cch chc;

4. Trn khng ra trn (.264). Trn trn 8 ngy th x ti lu.

Trn 15 ngy tr ln th x ti gio. Vin Chnh, ph ng trng
khng bit th x nh hn ngi lnh trn hai bc. Nu c cho lnh
trn th x cng ti;
5. Lnh Ih n cha ht hn d trn (.265). Ngi lnh
phm ti b x bim hay . Cc quan x, huyn, l thy c lnh
trn khng bt ih x bim hay ;
6. Gi cht trn qun dch (.271). Ngi lnh phm ti th
x lu. Chnh ph ng trng khng bit th x ti bim hay ;

329
 L T H /N H T N G
V VUA ANH M IN H , '^H C C H T N v I

7. Cp bc ca dn heo m nh ri (.282). Ngi lnh

phm ti x chm. Tng lnh Ihng kim thc dc qun lnh th
x pht 80 trng;

8. Vng mt lc duvl t)ur ( .283). Ngi lnh phm ti b x

phi 80 trng, i irng v Chnh ph ng trng b x pht 80
trng, b ging chc tc ba bic.

Trong qun i di thi II V ca L Thnh Tng, vic tng

lnh ch huy li cho cp dri l iu khng c chp nhn.
Trch nhim qun l ca ngi Tn, do vy c tng cng. Ngi
ch huy l m nh khng phm V b i buc h phi c cch lm ch o
bnh lnh di quyn khng vi phm na. l s khc nhau trong
trch nhim ca ngi lm tng vi Irch nhim ca ngi lnh.

Trong cc binh th c c ni v o lm tng nh: Lnh cha

n. tng khng c kti minh i: Lnh cha o m, tng
khng dc ku minh ri: Tng phi sm d\. khuya nm. Tng
phi coi lnh nh con em minh cng vo sint ra r. Tn^ vi
binh c c i n ho ru " lit m ' ...".

Vua L Thnh Tng khng dng li nhng iu mang lnh

nguyn tc ca o l. Bng nhng quy phm c ih ca php lui.

Tch xa ni rng Tng gii c vua ban (hng v ru ngon. Tng d

v ru xung sui d ba qiin cng ung.
Ng Khi gii dng binh. C ngui lnh b nht. Khi gh mm ht m,
Ngi lnh khi bnh. Ba qun cm kch, chin u rl hng.

330
 Phn ba. L Thnh T ng - ngi "" mng vng chc v
xy dng thnh cng nn quc p h ^ s cc lc lng vQ trang...

ng lm cho cc quan tng troiOg i qun ca n g l nhng

quan tng c ti v c o c.

So vi iu lnh k lui ca qum di chnh quy hin i v cc

ti phm nh binh ca qun i tc cHiin hp dng qun binh chng
ngy nay th cc diu lut v k lui c a qun i di thi tr v ca
Vua L Thnh Tng qu l khng sc: lch bng. Nhng trong nhng
hon cnh, iu kin ca qun di klting c nhiu loi phng lin
tin hnh chin tranh, khng c nhiiu qun binh chng nh qun
di ca thi k hin i ngy nay. ttn ni dung ca 43" iu qun
chnh v 132 iu qun lnh nm rii rc trong cc vn bn khc l
ph hp vi yu cu rn luyn k lut qun di vo Ihcri by gi.
Mc d vy, cc hnh vi vi phm k ut qun i vo thi k
khng xa l i vi tnh irng phm li trong qun i ngy nay.

T rong vn d rn luvn k lut qun i, L T hnh Tng

d li cho hu th hai bi bc ln:
H u n c h in h C0 s p h p l c a quc p h n g v q u n i phi
tin hnh song song vi vic hon thin C0 s php l quc gia.
Php lut quc phng v p h p lut qun di l mt b phn hc^
thnh ca nn php lut quc ga v c nhng mi ln quan,

Trong B lut Hnh s hin hnh ca nc CHXHQ'! Vil Nam c Chung

xxni: Cc ti phm xm phm ngha v. (rch nhim ca qun nhn . m
26 diu iut. ( iu 3 s n iu 340.

331
 L THNH TNG
V VUA ANH M IN H , NH C C H T N v l AI

tu thuc vi nhau r t cht ch bi tin ca n l dng nc

i i vi gi nc, g i nc i i vi dng nc.
- Trung vic thit lp, duy tr nghim ky lut trong qun di
trc ht v trn ht l lm tt, lm nghm i vi ngi chi
huy cc cp trong q un dj.

4. L T hnh Tng - v tng chin trng kil xut

L Thnh Tng l ml v vua. i vi qun i, cng v ca

ng l ngi thng lnh cc lc lng v irang. l ngi lnh do v
mt chin lc, n g khng cn phi trc tip ch huy vic hun
luyn qun i. n g khng cn thn chinh ra trn. Nhng, trong
hot ng c th, n g l ngi chi huy ti cao rt nng ng, sng
sut v c ti xoay chuyn tnh th.

ng t ch huv cc cuc tp trn, n g trc tip gim st cc

quan tng di quyn irong mi cng vic qun l qun di. L
Thnh Tng d ba ln thn chnh i nh gic. C ba n di s ch
huy trc lip ca n g u ginh c nhng Ihng li trn vn.
khng nhng l c h i n cng trn c h i n trng m cn l ihng li
trong vic dp tan c ch xm lc lnh th i Vit, buc c
k dch quy phc hon ton d ri t d v sau chng khng dm
dng dn Vit Nam na.
Ti chi huy ca Vua L Thnh Tng inrc hi biu hin k
hoch hnh qun m ngay t u d hnh thnh th bao vy chin
lc, ri chia ct vn qun i ch ra tng phn m tiu dit. Qun

332
 Phn ba. L Thnh T ng ngi t nn mng vng chc v
xy dng thnh cng nn quc phng v cc lc lng v trang...

di di quyn ch huy ca n g hnh ng mau l. thn tc khin

cho qun dch khng kp tr tay. n g ging nhng dn tin cng
sm st vo c quan du no ca k ch lm cho chng ngay t u
b ri lon ch huy. Sc khng c ca qun ch b t lit. Tt c hnh
ng qun s ca n g u hng ti mc tiu liu dit gn k ch,
truy kch n tn hang ca chng, lm bt ch da gc r ca
chng, khin cho chng ln bi dn. mt ht c s hng ngc u
dy tr li quy ph i Vit n h trong cc triu i tnc.

S c chp v chin dch vy nh Tr Ton v h thnh i

Bn " vo thng 2 nm 1471 nh sau: Thng 2, ngy mng 5, Tr
Ton sai em l Tl Ni v 6 vin i ihn dem 5000 qun v nhiu
h voi ngm n si dinh vua. Ngy mng 6 , Vua b mt sai bn
l du kch ing qun L Huy Ci, Hong Nhm Thin v bn lin
phong tng qun L Th, Trnh Vn Si dem \n 500 chin thuyn,
b vn tinh binh, ban m ra Ca p v c a To ri vt bin gp,
bi m lin vo ca Sa K diig ly, dp ihnh chn li v ca
gic. Ngi Chim Thnh khng bii g v vic ny.

Ngy mng 7. Vua l minh dn hn 1000 cltin ihuyn, hn 70

Ch Bn. cn c nhiu tn gi khc; E) Bn. X Bn. Tr Bn. duc vuaChiim

Ng Nht Hoan x&v dng t nm 1000. Thnh nni ^ a Bc huyn An Nhn,
tnh nh nh, thuc cc (hn Nam Tn. Bc Thun. B Canh ca x Nhn Hu.
Thnh b Vua L Thnh Tng Irit ph nm 1471. Nm 1776, Nguyn Nhc cho
xy dng li v dng lm S ch huy ca ngha qun. Nm 1778 di tn Thnh
Hong . Nm 1799. Nguyn nh i ln; Thnh Bnh nh.

333
 L TH N H TNG
V VUA ANH M IN H , N H CCH T N v I

vn (?) tinh binh ra hai ca bin Tn p v Ca To cliig cThin

t, nh irng h reo m lin. Trc Vua b mt sai b binh
ing qun Nguyn c Trung dn b binh ngm i ng cin
ni. Tng gic trng thy ng d o a n h th tan \'d, giy xo ln nhau
chy v Ch Bn. Chv n niii M N phi ty ca bin Sa K
bng ihy qun C Hy Ct chn ng v. Gic cting cung s
hi, chy r ngang tro qua chn ni cao. c ngi, ngia v
qun dng y ng. Bn L Nim, Ng Hng lu n g qun ra nh,
chm c mt vin tng s^c. cn thi u s hi tan chy c. By
gi vua n M Cn'" tung hinl lin nh, chm c hn 300 th
cp, b sng hn 60 ln. Tr Ton nghe lin em mnh rhita chy, r
s hi, sai ngi thn tn mang hiu ti xin hng. Vua cng sai s i
li khng ng.
Ngy 27, Vua l mnh em qun nh ph thnh Th Ni. chm
c hn 100 h cp.

Ngy 28 Vua tin vy thnh Ch Bn.

Ngy 29 t st chn thnh vy ihnh my vng.
Ngy mtg Mt ihng Ba h c thnh Ch Bn. bt sng hn
ba vn ngi, chm hn bn vn th cp, bt sng c Tr Ton
ri em qun V .'

M Cn huc huyn Bnh Sn. tinh Qung Ngi.

i Vit s k ton th. Bn k Ihc lc. Q uyn XII, K nh L. Nxb.
KHXH. H.1993. tr.448 - 449.

334
 Phn ba. L Thnh Tng ngi t nn m ng vim g chc v
xy dng Ihnh cng nn quc phng v cc lc lmg v trang...

Cc cuc giao tranh bt du k t ngy 5 thng 2, khi Tr Ton

sai em hn ban dm ngm em qun n nh p qun i Vit, ni
c dinh vua dng, cho n ngy mng 1 thng 3. ngy h thnh Ch
Bn. Chin dch ch xy ra trong bn trn nh: Trn nh ni M
N, trn nh M Cn. trn dnh thnh Th Ni" v trn nh
cui cng: h thnh Ch Bn. Cuc vin chinh ca Vua L Thnh
Tng din ra ch bng bn trn nh, trong thi gian cha y
mt thng m kt thc c bng thng li hon ton. C th ni
dy l mt k lc him thy trong lch s cc cuc vin chinh.

Trong trn ny, Vua L Thnh Tng t ra i mt ngi ch huy

sc so, khi ng ra lnh hnh qun bng dng bin, n g dng mt
s ln Ihuyn chin ch 26 vn qun thu, qun b tung vo trn
dnh. Cc trung tm qun s. chnh tr ca qun Chim Thnh u
gn bin. Trong hon cnh nh vv vic ia chn phcmg n tin
qun bng dng thy l t u. N va nhanh chng, va dm bo
b mt. t gi thit, nu Vua L Tlinh Tng chia qun lm hai
cnh thy b cng tin qun th chc thi gian s lu hn, qun thu
phi ch qun b. Vic hp ng tc chin gia thu qun v b
binh kh m Ihc hin c. Dng thuyn d chuyn ch, tp kt
di qun, dng thuyn ch qun di b tr, mai phc chn ng v
ca qun dch, dng thuyn d dem qun vy hm thnh c gic
qu l cch tnh ton khn ngoan nht ca ngi ch huy chin dch
vo thi gian, hon cnh ca qun di hai bn i ch lc by gi.

'" T h Ni; Quy Nhn thuc linh Bxh nh ngy nay.

335
 L THNH TNG
V VUA ANH M IN H , NH C C H TN v I

Trong chin dch nh qun Bn Man v Lo Qua. cmg hnh

qun li phi VUI qua nhiu ni cao. rng su, vc thm. iu kin
da hnh, a h, thi ti khc hn vi chin dch nh Tr Ton 9
nm trc .

S c chp v chin dch ny nh sau: 'Hng c nm th 10

(1479), ma lm . htg 7 ngy 22 Vtia xung Chiu thn inh i
nh nc Ai Lao. T Chiu Y : ... Chinh I\ Tng qun L Th
Vc, i ('mg chnh ch huy cc doanh du kch, irc hi hy gi
ln chu hiu ca gic Bn Man d cht vy cnh n ri chim ngay
t him \u l xTrn Ninh m (ll vo lng gic.

Chnh di tng qun Trnh Cng L ch huy cc doanh qun

th binh l dng An Ty tin vo chim gi mn ling hni.

Trn l ing qun L inh Ngn c h h a y c c d o a n h cUn

honh d t Ngc Mu nh li ct ngn gic chv.

Du k ph tng qun L Lng i ng chu Thun Mi '

bp c chn limg.

Tto tc ph ing qun l bn L Nhn Hiu theo li pluTlianh

ni ch s h..:" Thng 8 ng\ 23 cc tng thn em 18 vn
qun chia lm 5 dm^ ii dnh Ai Lao, Bn Man V' Lo Qua.'-

i Vii s kv lo n ih . Bn k ihc lc. Quyn XIII. K nh L. Nxb.

KHXH. H.1993. tr.475 -476.
i Vit s k lon th. Sdd. tr.477 - 478.

336
 Phn ba. L Thnh Tng ngi dt nn mng vng chc v
xy dng Ihnh cng nn quc phng v cc lc lng v trang...

Sai Chinh lv Tng qun Sng qun cng Th Vc em

qun i iheo dng chinh Tr Ln'' \ d huy cc doanh du kch nh
Ai Lao v Bn Man.
- Sai Trn l ing qun L nh Ngn ch huy cc doanh honh
d n ng Ngc M a'' lin sang n chn itng gic chy.
- Du k ph tng qun l bn L Lng lin iheo ng chu
Thun Mi chn yt hu gic.
- Tho tc ph tng qun L Nhn Hiu theo ng ph
Thanh m nh vo ch s h ca gic.
M ia n g , ih n g 10, n g v IS , i g i kh(H h n h i n h A i I m o ....

Thng II, ngy mng 6 , ra sc chi sai Ph on s V cm y

Trn Bo v ch huy lim s Phm Nhn Kinh n ph Trn
Ninh ir linh ti ch. lo iu cha lng.
Nm o qun cng urp ng nh Ai Lao, ph lan bn chng,
vo thnh Lo Qua (Lung Pha bang). Quc vng nc y chy trn.
Thng 12. ngy 28. Vttci v ti kinh s.

Li nh Bn Man. Sai tcg qun K qun cng L Nim eo

Ph Tr Ln. thi ihuc M inh gi l Tr Lung, nay l huyn Tng Dng,

Thanh Ho.
Ph Ngc Ma. thi thuc Minh gi l chu Ngc Ma. nay l Trn nh,
huyn c Th. tinh H Tinh.

337
 L THNH TNG
V VUA ANH M IN H , NH C C H T N v I

n tng qun mang 30 vn qun nh Bn Man... Qitn vo ca

i, Cm Cng b chy ri chi. Qun ta thnh, nh ph cc
thnh khc, dt cc kho ng.'"
Bng cch la chn ng hnh qun v nh ra nm mi tin
qun; vi cch chn lung iu qun mt cch thch hp. L Thnh
Tng ch huy c nhng o qun ng hng chc vn ngi
nh iu khin mt s' t ngi. Vi vic thn chinh ra tn chin
trng c thc, chi o cc tng, n g iu hnh tin tin
qun theo mun. Bng cch trc tip nhn ti ch bo co kt qu
cc trn nh ca cc cnh qun, n g diu chnh k hoch tc
chin, d tr cng vic vn lcfng, lp kho lng ti ch tip t cho
qun i. Bng tt c nhng bin php nu, Vua L Thnh Tng
to ra c s hp ng tc chin rt c uy lc, rt c kt qu ca
tng cnh qun cng nh ca ton nm cnh qun. Trong hon cnh
khng c phcng tin ihng tin hin i nh ngy nay m Vua L
Thnh Tng tin hnh dc mt chin dch qun s hp ng tc
chin trn phm vi a bn rng, cch xa nhau hng ngn cy s nh
vy qu mt chin cng xut sc v mt iu binh khin tng.
Lc xut qun, lc vo n, lc Ihng n tr v, mi khu, mi
vic u sun s, tun t din bin ieo nh k hoch nh trc,
khng h b vp vp. b chm lin hoc phi iay i ngc li vi
nh ban u. l ci li xut chng ca ngc cm qun ni chin a.

i Vit s k ton ih. Bn k ihc lc, Quyn XIII. K nh L. Nxb,

KHXH, H.1993, tr.479.

338
 Phn ba. L Thnh Tng ngi dt nn mng vng chc v
xy dng (hnh cng nn quc phng v cc lc l(mg v trang...

Trong chi huy. c IIC ba qun lao vo khi ia ca chin trn,

Vua L Thnh Tng rl kho lo ong vic ng vin dng kh ca
qun ing. n g bit khcrt dy trong h tinh thn bo v s trng ln
ca dn tc v tinh Ihn lp cng trong chin u ca h. l nhng
vic lm m ngv nay c gi l cng tc chnh tr i tng.

Trc cc CLC vin chinh, cng vi vic ban hnh cc sc ch

m ni dung l cc iu k lut trong chin u, nh Vua cn ban
hnh cc Chiu chi di dng l cc bi "Hch tm g s ' v cng b
rng ri cho ton th qun i v nhn dn cng bil.

Trong bi Chiu gi dn qun, dn (ruc lc di nh Chim

Thnh, c ni dung nh sau:'"
"Xifa 'c Thi T C a o hong dp yn lon lc gy dioig n c
nh. ThiTng Vn hong kinh tri chm dn k chi n nghip,
kinh nc ln, hn^ nc nh. Bn trong thi sa sang, bn ngoi
h nh dp. Cho nn n nhng k mc xim c. hiii lc di cng
iro ni v/t hin m sang chu, mun ni <Ju mn c, tm ci
cng pic uy.
Bn Chim Thnh ngu xun kia. thp th trong hang ih, nh
loi ong c. c nti ri t li, nh ging cm th n no ri li
qun n; l k v o lig khCmg, l hng liu tri ln qun. Thi
nh nhuc s s. qun hn minh khng ( , lng gian c cht

i Vit s k lon h. Bn k thc lc. Q u y n XII. K nh L. Nxb.

KHXH. H 1993. ,441 - 445.

339
 L THNH TNG
V VUA ANH M IN H , N H C C H T N v I

cha, vch liu k bn tri cao. c Tin hong la lin ni cn

hnh n. (inh n mu xa, nhing v ba nm lng ling b m"' m
cng ln cha hon thnh c.
Khi Nhn ln ngi c, h ging ni chng rt ng.
Nng chn c Lii nh hang cy, cy Ihnh Ch Bn nh t kin. in
cung mt tri, n xiig ba l cha ch, gi c vua ta l chu con, mt
/t ra oai, li nhn iu l tri pb, coi nc Vii la l li l. Ti c
cht chng, giu sao cho ni? Nhng li lng nhc khng th nu tng.

Chiing lp by on, dm gi thi nh ch kia cn trm,

chng la khi s h, ngm xua qun nh l qu tm bv. nh cp
Ho Chu git qun n h. K ty tri ti c, ch hn thng s dp
yn. K chng thnh, mii kia cng vng. Cht sp ti, loi
mng hn ri. m chng thy g. cn m mm ni lo. K
cng nn li qun, sp lm phn phi hn thng.

Ri nh loi co xim tnh vi Yn Kinh"' ton ht gim pha

ngi khc, nh nh ging lm n ln ra Tng qun'* tnh loan
m trc mt sau liig. Mong c! ng dig Honh Sr"", d

Tc i ihi gian ba nm tang vua cha L Thi T. L Thi Tng b hn

mi tr vui chi, ma ht, m nhc.
Tc L Nhn Tng
Yn Kinh: Kinh nh Minh. Tr Ton sai s sang Yn Kinh xim nnh vua
Minh, gim pha i Vit.
Tng qun: Vng l Qung Bnh, Qung Tr, Tha Thin - Hu ngy nay.
ni Chim Thnh mun dng ct mc bin gii n pha Bc tih Qung Bnh.
|9J

340
 Phn ba. L Thnh Tng - ngi t nn mng vng chc v
xy dim g thnh cng nn quc phng v cc lc lng v trang...

qun Hn xung dn Bc o".

Ru rao l hv, gim nhm chng iha. Li vt co a ng

binh s mun ngi, sp thn linh ci b triu Bc'- li bo la nh
hai mt tri cng mc, l tn l Hong d nc Nam, ho l a cp
nti l cng ngc vng, bo l la tranh mt ging voi ci rng'*'.

Coi khinh dn ta hn c rc, ny d tm su c hi ngi, ng

chim nc la d a chi c, xg Bng Nga cn hng h nhf.
C coi mi hnh vi, li l ca n it l mun p tng miu dng
gitt^ ca la. Mui k su nh \v, li c no khng lm. Khin nh
Minh ng vc, gih sc ihhi my nm lin, v l gic hung hng, xe
c ln theo \ i. Gng dng ngp lai cng ng, to n chy d
chng sai. Th nguy nh qu u t cao, li dm khinh hng iriu
s. nhn hp la ch ngi y ging, c gan c h nho sc th.

Ngy m qu. ihng m im , k n xng, l kia ho. Cng

ml ditc gy ho lon, coi bo ngc chng h gi. Ngp nga hi
ath loi ch ln. cp ngi, git vu, ui con chu B '' ra

Bc o: Cha r da danh, cu ny mun ni Chim Thnh xi qun Hn

m rng bin gii n tn vng bc ca i Vit.
Cu ny c ni Chim Thnh xim nnh rng i Vit mun iranh ginh
ngi v vi nh Minh.
Nh Minh di Cliim Thnh cng voi trng. Chim Thnh bo ta d anh mt.
Ch Bng Nga: vua Chim, xm lc i Vit, b cht (i trn khng mang
dc xc v.
ni vua Giim ui dn i Vit ang sinh sng ti dt Qiim ra khi nc.

341
 L THNH TNG
VI Vl)A AN H M IN H , NH C C H T N v I

ngoi ci. Nhm n pl qu dn thp cha, ba iu h phc, cho

dng ging Tr Ton c sinh si. Cm m thi lm khn kh dn
Iri, cm nu rt(0 i, vic lhn phi b. Con trai, con gi thy u lo
vi v ctii hu, k go, con ci, chu mi cnh thiu ngi, cl nti.
Dn Chim Thnh th nng ihii, tiim lih, ngi Th Ni Ihi
quan cao. ic Irng. n ng, n b ca ta n bt lm n l, l
ti ca a n ht hy bao dung. Dn Uttt vong"phi chm cln m
chu oan, sut c nc ku iri nluig khng . a ng tr, nh
sp b t-', cng gi tr gian, mo xifg pong ho, k lm c ri
khng cho yn. vn thi hung ln m lm chnh s.
Tiu nhn ln ngi bu, nc ln thnh k Il. Trong lng vn
dm ng Trm, ngoi mi cng hin gi v. V phng co ku ni d
l'' h mi cam lng, no ng kin hp Thn cit" d hng
tho chi. Ta bung lng, n ko n n cp, ta ging cung, li
vy ui xin llia. Thc l k ihi ca lng miu x tc, l lai ho ca
sinh dn mun i. N ngh l roi du di khng (ii n bng
ng'", gi cui cn khng cun ni lng hng. Mang d tm gy
lon lm cn, ihc phi li dng phi gi, dng phi r.

ni dn dn i Vi( mi di cu dn chu '1'hun Ho d khai ph.

ni k tr ng m ln quyn (t b d't nh. bn thn b st hi.
Co k(u ni d l ngha l kmh d t thnh ni hoang tn. c&u ny c
ni l phi ph tan kinh d nc Chi6m th mi cam lng.
Thn Chu ch t nc ni chung, c&u ny c ni rng gic hi qun vo
cp nc ta.
ca hai cu l Chim thnh cho i i Vii xa v yu nn khng th
dnh (i duoc.

342
 Phn ba. L Thnh Tng - ngi dt nn mng vng chc v
xy dng Ihnh cng nn quc phng v cc lc lng v trang...

Bc ho kit nghin rng m lc gin, ngi iriing ngha thy

th m trong d au thng. N o ln ht l iliiy chung, tr cn
con m i mi(\ ln. Ta in chng php lc cn , gy phn
nglci liil php khng tha. Khng r oai lii n khng cha, tr tn
bo man di cng tr.

Trm th nq thng , ni chi vua cha. Git k th chn i

theo ngha Xii/I nh mini k vn ton cho \n t nc. Cu
muH dn tliot khi vng iu dg, dp nc lon tri o lu
nm. nh phn nghch, m sinh dn, hn tri phi by t uy v,
trng mm nhn, n h ci c. tri cng ly lm lng.
Bi v Di, ch l xa mi lo cho nc, cho nn thnh vng
khi trc, cung n phi ra oai. cii L lon dc, hong phi dng
b in f'\ Tam Miu bt kinh, i V gi qun s '\ Tuy dng binh l
iu thnh nhn cc chng , nhng lp php ci bn ngoan
ngu phi hay. Sng m sao che ni nh mi tri, ging mnh h
k ngoi nm ngy?
Ta chn hng loi ing li. m vn qun gii. T \ h
vn ngi, thuyn ghe ngn dm. Binh s trm in dng cm, ngi
ngi ch mt qityt tm. A i cng nm lav dua nhau ln n c, un
lnh i itc ra tay. Nguvn xin p cn chn xc gic, mong cho s

'|>T Tng cng dil nuc K, r th cho ng T 9 di ca mnh l T Ai

cng c sch Xun thu ca ngi.
Cu L: tn tc ngi c pha ng Trung Quc, c T trung l Xuy Vu.
Tam Miu: ln tc ngi c pha Nam Trung Quc.

343
 L THNH TNG
V VUA ANH M IN H , NH C C H T N v l AI

sch mi ghi cng. Ra qun c dnh ngha, phm li quyt khng tha.

Trm ch huy c v, hiu lnh binh hn. Kinh em mnh lnh

ca ri, lm vic nh git k c. Bng c rp ng ni, nh my
cun gi by, li ba long trn khng, ia nng chang, ta sao
chi. D dng nh bc mo nang, thun li nh h cnh mc. Gic
ln nhn, sm st gp, big lai no kp. qun i trn cl}i''\ la
bng bng vo chy my lng. Cng m bui s hon thnh, hn
trm i s ra sch. Li v dn ir loi su c, chtig d gic cho
con chu i sau. Khinh V ^-' nhm v khng ihi, khen Vn
Vng m mang b c/."
i! Gic cng, m d khng mt'^, nn hc xa thng 6 ra
qun' Ci Nam iliy ln lm bt'^' chng i 7 un quy phc.''"B
co trong nc, cho mi ngi nghe".

Trc khi a qun i nh Bn Man, thng 6, ngy mng 7

nm 1479, Hng c nm th 10, Vua xung chiu:'

''' ni hnh qun thun li khng gp kh khn, tr ngi g.

Hn V ni ting cng bnh c v l ngi hiu chin.
Qiu Vn Vng: vua khai sng nh Chu Trung Quc.
ni nhng k c dc khng ai Iheo, nh ngi m th d khng c mu.
R Him Don xm lc. Chu Tuyn vng em qun di nh vo ihng 6,
lc tri dang nng gt. ni ra qun phi kp (hi.
Ln lm bn: ni bn gic Chim Thnh hi lanh, bn thu.
Vua Thun chinh phc nc Tam miu trong thi gian cha dn 7 tun.
i Vit s k ton lli, Bn k thc [c. Quyn XIII, K nh L. lr.473 ' 475.

344
 Phn ba. L Thnh Tng - ngi t nn mng vng chc v
xy dng Ihnh cng nn quc phng v cc lc lng v trang...

"...Gc Bn Man Cdm Cng n^o c xa xm. Thnh T la

lng nh hin c bao dung, nh ma xuii nui dng, cho T
Ngao'" soig SI irong c tranh, Vn Hong a lng nh ni ln cha
y, nh sng su ch nng, mc Qu Mnh'-' nghnh n^ng ngoi
g ng.
T h m n d mung th khng chu di tha\\ tinh d man kh
b Ihiin ho. Lg klmg nh loi ln m y, din o l mt
phng di tr. B chc phin thn m li dng l cng, mang lng
la fri m lm nhc s thn. Mi! vic chng lnh, lm sao fn
dc! Tinh ma nhiii cch, dm da k iri mnh d lm cn. sm
si ra oai, phi em qun chinh ngha m iii li. Trc cn m u
chy Irn, nin th, nH minh, sau li vy dui ku ihng vi vng
np . Trm thng lng dn song mi phng, iha cho li c
dng mi<n ch. i qun huyn tr hin ccni, i o xim m
trao quan tc.
Nhitg n vn ngoan ngu nh g , ung ph lng ll ca t
tri, bun lng ffiam su nh khe hang, do danh phn fn ngc
giy m. LH hnh (uyn binh, chm git t lung, hn c rung
dn. v v tin cta... By k gin ip ng nm ng nc l. t
li in loa d m hoc ngoi ci. Bn gian c L Khai dung lng
che ch. lii h l Hn i p i li giam ^i khn^ Il. Tlich ln

"'T Ngao: T trng mt b lc ihi vua Nghiu.

Qu Mnh: Qu Tn th v Mnh Tn th l nhng quan di phu nm gi
quyn bnh 0 nc L (hi Xun thu.

345
 L THNH TNG
V VUA ANH M IN H , N H C C H T N v I

bn nc c Ln m kt lm ph l. gh ngi tch tr Lang Tng

th git cd nh. Nhm hp l b, thng chng li quan trin cai Ir,
gi kinh tri mnh dm chm con tin vo chn. Trong lii li yu
tng gian i. ngoi da ting Lo Qua lip vin. C iis Nguyn T
Nghi hn vi mi hn. rm cch chng li m khng nghe, i
thn Vng Vn n hn hai mi ngi bng chc dnh git m
chng n.
Li cn o ho, sa gip, phc kch, ng dn. T cho l bi
ire rm c th nu minh, quen lm k qua ngy sng tm, l ngh l
loi ch di c th g \ c. dm lp mii quay li cn cn.
Ka nh Ct B gi ml a mang. cm m Thng Thang dy
binh nh irc:'' Lu lan cp mi ngi i sm Hn ra qun
khng tha.'-' Huni chi ln u s Cm Cng, ilii 'k ngy cng
qu qit. N x xc quan p l' ca ta, n bm vm qun dn th
ca ra. Ni cm ii u ch cha y lng ngc, ti c kia cn
nhiu hn lc irn ii....
c sai Thi u Sng qun cng L Th Vc, oan v hu
Trnh C/g >, Din h b L H y Ct eo n ing qun, trao cho
20 vn qun linh nhu, hn n ihng 8 nm nay, chia ng tin
qun, k li n nh. Tp hp binh s nh h nh beo, ging trng

Ct B. vua nc ch hu thi H. tn c. git c da tr m ang cm ra rung

ri cp cm. Thanh Thang y binh liu dil nc d.
Lu Lan vng Ty vt. n dung git s gi ca Hn V . Hn i u
dy binh tiu dit nc .

346
 P hn ba. L T h n h T n g - ngi l nn mn vng chc v
xv d n g th n h cng nn quc ph ng v cc lc lng v trang...

bn h qu n h n g so h u y t g i c . d n c i x a c ch n c h i u m m ,
k h i n d n g lu n g c p h i k i n h n g h p h a n h x c . L n i \ d a n h th i n g

chi li, llteo tri nu HVtltchII e, lin lip in vni rng r. hn ngy
ii ing trn tr v. B co trong ngoi th\ u dc bit".

Ma thu, thng 7, ngy 22 nm 1479. Hng c nm th !0.

Vua xung chiu thn hnh di dnh nc Ai L ao."' T Chiu vil:

Kinh ih ghi: K v do ihi thc '\ cho dit vo/, ngi c

o thi gi gn cho cn mi, n h ih ili nc mi phn vinh... Chu
L ni: "K no gii ngi iin hi sinh dn th piii dnh, k no
cy him tr, kin^ phc lng lfi phi chim". Cii n tr i ca
thnh hin xa Iiav vn l nil.

D u y n c L o Q u a k ia , g i p ^ i i c i l y . i^ k h i T h n h T

dp c Ng ciing b o , d nhm s h nh p qun la, n lc

Thn Vi git ln Nghim hung ln, li gip k gian dnh chim. Chi
vi k th ca vua cha cha dit, m di ch kia bo ngc cng gi.
Kiu ngo mun b, lng on irm phch. Gi Cao Hong-' l em,
coi D Miu''' l chu ln m t nh ch y gin khc g. Sang cp
chu Lang Chnh, sang quy ph An Ty. nh nc cn c hn loi
tig b. Vn ic Sm Thng. Sm H, n n ln nh lm. nhn
dn bin gii ca ta n lm li cn rm. Tluin Biitl, Sa Bi do

Di Vit sk lon thu. Bn k ihc lc. Quyn XIII. K nh L. ir.476 - 478.

Chi u Li.
tli
Chi L Thnh Tng.

347
 L T H N H TNG
V VUA ANH M IN H , NH C C H T N v I

vy ri ren. Lm An, Quy Hp b chng y xo. Thang Thng,

Thang H l bin p ca a, n cp o honh hnh. o Lun,
o X, ln th i phn la. n ku gi, cha chp. S ca n sang
ihng thi la hu i cho v. quan c la ^iao thip, n li bt gib
ngc... y u ch l mi lo mt thi ni cng gii, m iic l
mi th mun kip ct'ia nc nh...

Ngi c sc vc nh, dng c u tp hp trong qun ng,

k c ti nhy xa, vt di, u x n di bng c, Ngi bn
lun qun c, gip thm mu k, k ni rng n dt ng gp ti
nng. Ngi ngi u hm h vung gum, ai ai cng ma tay
nhy nht. Hy xem ch ca ba qun, bit lng ngi u
m un nh... N nh ong n kin l, c i th c hn n. nng
ng kia. n la hu chy, qit kinh, nh li th th chia, lc li
yi. Liu mni lc la d by trc, bit qun gic t! phi cm t.

Nay Trm l cm c mao II ng iu khin, t cm li ba vng

ch huv. nh dp t Man. tri bt gic Man m i trc khng
bi c, k tc ng cha, lm xong cng vic m ngi xa cha ih
lm xong. D c lu di n mun i c m mang, d s nhc
to ln ca rm vua c ra sch. Trn tri cao, di t rng,
sng soi cng lii huy hong, dng gip bin, nam gp sng, m c
d sng lng. B co trong nc, mi n^i hay".

Chiu ra Irn ca Vua L Thnh Tng ng l nhng bi hch,

nhng ng vn c trau chut k tng cu, tng ch. Khi c trc
ba qun v b lnh, li ca bi hch c sc cun ht ngi ngi n

348
 P h n ba. L T h n h T ng - ngi l nn m ng vng ch c v
xv d n g thnh cng nn quc p h n g v cc lc lng v trang...

nghe. nh hng bi hch c sc vang di i khp bn ci. N thm

su vo tn lng ngi, lm rung dng mi con lim.

Trc ht. cc bi hch nu bt tnh ln bo. hung c ca k ih,

tnh hp o tri, hp lng dn. ni chung l lnh chnh ngha ca
cc cuc ra qun ca i Vit.

Gy ra ho binh ao trc ht l do s khi hn ca k th, cho

nn " ...d n g binh l cc chng !'. G iin tranh ca ngi i
Vit i d "trng mm nhn, n h ci c". Do vy, l cuc chin
tranh d t v. n g thi bng ngn ia cm th gic trong ton dn,
trong ba qun, khin cho: "ngi c sc vc nh, dng c u tp
hp trong qun ng, k c ti nhy xa, vt i u x n di
bng c. Ngi bn lun qun c gip thm mu k, k ni rng
n dt ng gp ti nng. Ngi ngi u hm h vung gm,
ai ai cng ma tay nhy nht...".
Trong bi hch, n g kho lo nu cho qun ing bit c
ngha, tc dng ca cc trn nh sp ti v cng t d n g nhn
mnh n vai tr. trch nhim nng n v vinh quang ca mi tng
lnh, bnh s m quc gia damg t tn vai h. H s l ho vi ngi
ng thi v vi hu th' v nhng chin cng ca mi ngi d lm
nn trc lch s; ''Cng m t bui s hon thnh, hn trm i s
ra sch, li v dn tr loi su c, khng gic cho con chu
i sau" hoc nh dp t M an, tri bi bn gic m i trc
khng tri bl c, k tc ng cha lm xong cng vic m ngi
xa chua lm xong".

349
 L THNH TNG
V Vl)A A N H M I N H , N H C C H T N v l I

Trong bi hch, ng cn ch r ci th tt bi ca k th, ci th

tt thng ca chin dch bng cch cng b r k hoch hnh qun
ca chin dch cho ba qun du bit. Bng cch , n g truyn
nim tin thng li cho ba qun trc khi trn nh cha bt du.
Cha dnh m d bit chc l tt thng. Phi l ngi ing kit xu
v c nim tin mnh lit vo tnh chnh ngha v tnh ti th n g ca
cuc chin ml dm lm nh vy.

Qun Thun Ho bt c Tr Ton dn n trc mt Vua. Tr

Ton ci u qu xung. Vua cho gi L Th Vc n v bo vi
Tr Ton rng: "y l in tin c. Khi nh thnh Ch Bn,
tro ln nh thnh Irc tin l ngi ny y. Tr Ton nhn L
Th Vc mt hi lir.'" Tr Ton nhn hi lu m khng ni c
iu g. Cng ng thi. Tr Ton cha hl kinh hn bl va v nhng
n tin cng sm si ca qun i Vit, nay li sng SI trc mt
s tht m y cha h nghe ni. cha h chng kin. Ngi dng
trc mt y l vin i dc ca qun i lng danh - ngi ch
huy ca hai chc vn qun li l ngi du (in nhy ln chim
thnh, dn u cho hng chc vn qun xng vo trn nh san
phng thnh Ch n ca y.
y cng l mt cch ng vin, khuyn khch ngay ti ml
trn ca v ch huy ti cao i vi mi tng lnh v binh lnh di
quyn. Bng cch nh vy, n g mun by t v ton th Ing lnh

i V i t s k lo n th . Bn k thc lc. Q uyn X II, K nh L. Nxb.

K H X H . H .1993. (r.4 5 0 -4 5 1 .

350
 P h n ba. L T h n h T n g ngi d t n n m n g vng ch c v
xy d n g th n h cng nn q u c p h n g v c c ic lng v trang ...

qun s cng du hiu dc thng ip ca nh Vua rng Vua theo

di st sao mi din bin ca trn nh. Vua bit v nh gi cao
cng lao trong chin trn ca mi ngi,
Vua L Thnh Tng qu l bc thy trong cng tc ng vin,
khch l qun i.

351
 Li kt

L I K T

N Vua L Thnh Tng th c 56 tui, n g ngi c 38

nm. Bng nhng cch tn mnh dn. ph hp vi quy lut pht
trin ca x hi, n g lm thay i s phn ca trm h. Dn
chng di thi tr v ca n g c sng trong cnh thi bnh yn
vui. i sng ca dn chng ngy cng c m no, hnh phc.
ng to ra dc nhiu thay i, chuyn bin tin b mang tnh
c bn v lu di cho Vcmg quc i Vit. Vit Nam di thi tr
v ca ng pht trin mt cch hi ho trn nhiu mt v t c
nhiu thnh tu rc r. sng chi nht so vi cc thi thnh tr di
cc triu i nh, L, L, Trn.
L Thnh Tng b t u s nghip im vua trong hon cnh, tnh
thy ry nhng bin c gay cn v nan gii. Di thi vua cha L
Thi Tng, vua anh L Nhn Tng cho n khi Nghi Dn. con
trng L Thi Tng lm cuc o chnh cung inh bng hnh dng
git em rut ca mnh cp ngi, th khng hong x hi tin
n gii hn v. Trong nc lng dn ly tn, k cng ri bi,
chnh s b tr. sn xul nh n. chn bin cng c nhng t
Irlig lm phn. Chng cu kt vi k th bn ngoi ph ro, ln
sn. K th bn ngoi, bn phn bi bn Irong mu lnh cng nhau,
l nhiu pha xng thng vo p ngi nh i Vit. Vn mnh
ca t nuc nh gm k tn c, sng g tn tai.

353
 L THNH TNG
V VUA AN H M IN H , N H C C H T N v l I

L Thnh Tng c cc lo tng, i thn i dn v ri ln

ln ngi vua. n g c ln l bch rng n g vn khng c nh
lm vua. Trong tnh th nh vy, nhiu nh vua khng khng ch ni
s lng quyn, lm quyn ca nhng k c cng t h ln ngi
bu. Quan ln t vua. Vua hu danh v thc. t nc, do vy, li
tip lc ri vo khng hong.

Nhng vi nh Vua L Thnh Tng Ih lnh hnh din bin li

khc vi thng l bit n. Vi tr c sng sut him thy, vi
tnh kin tr trong phn u t ti mc dch hng ti, vi s
tnh to. thn trng, quyt on trong thc ihi v bng nhiu cch
ln to bo. mnh m. L Thnh Tng dn dn ch ng dc sng
gi, phong ba bo tp da con thuyn T quc thoi khi mi
him nguy v cp bn i thnh, i tr nht trong lch s dng nc
v gi nuc di cc triu i phong kin Vit Nam.

Thnh cng trc hi trong tr nuc an dn ca L Thnh Tng

l ng nhanh chng khi phc v duy tr dc k cung, php nc
nghim minh trong vng quc. Tinh trng ny c duy tr mt
cch vng chc trong sut c thi gian tr v ca n g . l tin
cho mi thnh cng ca nhng cch tn ca ng. t c thnh
cng ny l do n g bit dng php lut kt hp vi vic gio dc,
nui dung thun phong m tc lm phng chm cai tr t
nc. Trong lt c cc trc lc ca n g . khng c ch no n g ni,
vit v hc thuyt php tr kt hp vi dc tr. n g l ngi sng

354
 Li kt

Nho v rt ihng Iho lch s cc triu i phong kin Trng Quc.

Khng c s liu cho bit l n g chu nh hng dn mc no
hc thuyt php tr ca Hn Phi, Thng Ucmg, Thn Bt Hi v cc
php tr gia khc ca Trung Quc thi c. Nhng vic n g ca tng
v khuyn khch thun phong m tc l iu c thc hin nhiu
trong cc trc tc ca ng. Vua L Li, ng ni ca n g , d tng
ni: T r/ nc phi c php u". V vy. cn c vo nhng s liu
c th c Ih kt lun rng n g l ngi tr nc theo hc thuyt
php tr kt hp v c tr. n g ton lm, ton cho vic h thng
ho. php din ho php lut v thng hay ban hnh cc vn bn
di dng cc vn bn php quy lm c s php l thng nht cho
vic cai tr vcmg quc. Th sinh phi thi irong k thi php lu
mi c xt b lm quan hoc li. n g thng huh d cho quan
li ti chc phi thng xuyn gio dc php lut, em cc Sc ch,
Hun ih ca vua ban hnh ging gii cho dn hiu v.v...

Di ch phong kin, c nhiu v \iia thng ni tr nc l

phi c php lut. Nhng irong Ihc t. l vua ih h ihng
khng ln trng php lut do chnh mnh ban ra. H x cng vic
mi cch tu hng. K cng, php nc, do vy, m khng c
tn trng. Ngay c trong thi k hin nay. c nhiu chih khch hay
ni n Nh nc php quyn, n s thng tn php lui, nhng
trong hnh dng thc tin khng him irng hp h t t mnh ra
ngoi hoc trn php lut, dng mi th on thu lm mi
quyn lc v trong tay hay mi nhm ngi ri ir hnh nhng nh
c ti, chuyn ch.

355
 L THNH TNG
V VUA ANH M IN H , NH C C H TN v l I

C th ni L Thnh Tng l mt v vua nhng n g bit s

dng thnh tho v pht huy c tc dng ti da ca php lut, kt
hp vi o dc d ir nc an dn.
Ch ring im ny thi cng c s tn vinh Vua L
Thnh Tng i mt v vua anh minh.

Nhng cch tn ca Vua L Thnh Tng mang lnh ton din,

trit v su sc. Trong mi mt ca di sng x hi, trn mi lnh
vqc hot dng ca b my nh nc du c cha ng nhng bng
chng r rng v s tin b, pht trin ca tnh nhn vn, ca nn
vn ho dn tc trong mi con ngi v trong ton x hi ni chung
do nhng cch tn em li.
Khi nghin cu su v nhng vic lm c th ca L Thnh
Tng, chng ta cn thy lon b nhng cch tn ca n g c cha
ng nhng iu phn nh su sc nhng dc dim v bn sc ca
nn vn ho Vit Nam. Ch trng, mc ch, bin php cch tn
ca ng rt ph hp vi o c, phong tc, li sng ca con
ngi Vit Nam nn c ng o quan li v nhn dn hng
ng v ng h ht mni. Trong cc li Hun d, trong cc Sc ch,
Ch lnh, mnh lnh ban b cho nhn dn b tnh bit, n g thcmg
trch dn cc in tch rt ra l s sch Nho hc, hay ly cc nhn
vt lch s trong cc triu i phong kin ca T r u n g Quc im v
d. Nhng trong thc thi th phng php, bin php v nh&ig ni
dung cch tn ca n g u l nhng vn d c ci ngun l lch

356
 Li kt

s vn hin ca cc dn tc Vit Nam. ! nhng gii php

c ng cn nhc, la chn cn thn rt lu trc khi chnh thc
ban hnh p dng. Nhng ch trng, bin php y cn c theo
di, c b sung, c th ho lm cho n ngy cng hon thin
hn trong sut nhng nm tip theo ca Ihi gian tr v t nc
ca ng.

Ch trng ci cch ch quan li l mt v d. Ch trng

cch ln quc phng l mt v d khc. Quan im c quc gia
l c v b' c nu ra trong nhng thng u khi n g c tn
ln ngi vua (1460). Ch trng c b sung, c c th ho
trong nhiu nm tip theo. Cho n tn nm 1497, Bnh Thn,
Hng c nm th 27, mt nm trc khi mt. n g cn "Ra sc
ch cho cc Irng quan nha mn ca ni ngoi quan gip ph,
Cm y, Km ng, in lin, Thn v, Hiu lc, Ng ph c,
Tng binh s phi hip ng la chn cc tng hiu di
c/iivn m nh, ngi no c cng lao nh dp, trung tn ng
dng, h o c am hiu thao lc, lin h thng v ngh, cn g l ngi

c li nng, tri thc, lim khit gii giang, sing nng mi cho ti
chc. N u nhng k no liiam , hn km. khng c cng lao g,
cng n h n g k b d d dung thn, cti mong v lim s thi tu ln
' irut b. Hn n thng un ihng 12 phi ln ln. ng
hi. hu n luyn binh lnh CI linh nhu, dniyn su v v qun
dn phi cho diu ho nhn mt. Ngi no dm la chn khng
thc, hun luyn khng chm, cho tng hiit cn nhiu k b
i tham nhng, binh lnh cn nhiu tn b trn th gim st ca

357
 L TH N H TNG
V VUA ANH M IN H , N H C C H TN v I

Lc khoa v x nhn v cm y thn hnh iu tra ri hc it ln

tr r ."
Sc mnh ca nn quc phng, sc mnh chin u ca qun
i i Vit di ihi v ca Vua L Thnh Tng khng ngng
ln mnh r rng l kt qu ca vic thc thi ch trng c quc gia
l c v b mt cch kin tr v sng to.

B lut Hng c l v d ni bt trong nhiu v d chng minh

nhng cch tn mnh dn v sng lo ca Vua L Thnh Tng.
Nhicu s gia, lut gia nc ngoi u thy r gia BLH vi cc b
lut ca cc nc phong kin ni chung, ca phong kin Trung
Quc ni ring u c nhhig nt ging nhau. Nhng BLH vn l
b lut ca phong kin Vit Nam. N phn nh r nhng c im
ring trn nhiu mt ca x hi v con ngi Vii Nam. V mt ni
dung. BLH c nhng ch nh php l th hin s cch tn tin b
vt bc so vi ng thi. Cho n tn ngy nay, nhiu ch dnh
trong BLH vn cn c gi tr. BLH ra i l kt qu ca cng
vic h thng ho. php in ho c tin hnh mt cch cng phu
trong sut 14 nm tri mi c c (1471-1483).

Trong cch o to, tuyn chn, s dng nhn ti vo vic tr

i V i t s k v to n th. Bn k thc lc. Q uyn X III. K nh L. Nxb.

K H X H . H .1993. tr.517.

358
 L i k l

nc, an dn, Vua L Thnh Tng cng c nhig cch lm khng

ging ai. L nh Vua, n g vn coi trng dng mu xut thn, nhng
ch trong i x v mt hng th. tng nh cng lao nhng
ngi c cng vi Triu L t Ihu ban u dng c khi ngha,
nhng lo tng, trung thn c cng nh Nam dp Bc. vi nhng
ngi thn tc. h hng vi hong triu, n g ban bng lc. chc
tc cho h. sau khi h cht th ban cho hu du ca h. Bng lc
th c tht. Nhng quan tc ca h th l tn quan, h hm. H
c trng vng nhng khng c giao quyn cai tr dn.

c b lm quan th trc ht phi l ngi Ihi trong

cc k thi. c X quan, Huyn quan chng nhn l ngi c o
c. Ca hoan l m rng cho mi thn dn, khng ph thuc vo
(hnh phn xut thn ca h. C mt s iu hn ch. l nhng
ngi tng c nhng hnh vi bt hiu, bl mc. lon lun, xui
nguyn gic b, nhng ngi lm ngh n ht (!). nhng ngi can
ti b dng vi bn phn nghch, k c con chu h du khng dc
d cc k thi (cc iu 628, 629 BLH) cho d h l nhng k gii
ch. th hay.'"

c tuyn b lm quan th phi l ngi thc s c ti, c

c cho d h l ngi xut thn trong lc^ bnh dn. Ngi c
tuyn b lm quan. Irong ba nm u ch cng v th chc, ngha
l chc quan cha chnh thc. Sau ba k kho kho. sau 9 nm. nu

i V i i s k lo n ih . Bn k thc lc. Q uyn XII. K nh L. Nxb.

K H X H . H .I993. tr.396.

359
 L THNH TNG
V VUA ANH M IN H , N H C C H TN v l I

duc nhn xt l xng chc th mi c phong chc thc th.

Nhng ngi c ti. lp c nhng cng Irng ln th h dc
thng Ih ^ g trc k hn. n g l chc ra lil h thng c quan
thanh tra. kim tra nhy bn chuyn theo di, gim st cc quan
li. Khi pht hin thy mt quan li no , d l di cng thn
hoc ngi c tc v. phm hm cao m phm ti n hi l hoc
bing nhc trong cng v th b n g ging chc ri bt sung vo
qun ng lm lnh phc dch hoc dui v qu qun lm th dn.
Vua L Thnh Tng nh ra ch quan li khc xa cc triu
trc. L triu quan ch hay Hng c quan ch c cc triu di
v sau coi l mu mc, dc cc nh nghin cu nc ngoi nh
gi cao v nhng l nh sau;

Quan li duc tuyn chn theo ti, c, thng qua th c ch

khng chn la theo dng mu xut thn;

- Tr thc ho quan li.

t tt c cc quan li lun phi i mt vi nguy c b ging

chc, cp, b thi loi nu b nhn xt trong cc k kho kho l
khng xng chc:
- Khng cn p h i c s c t h c t cp trn, k h n g i ai phi
nhc nh, trong thi gian ti v, tt c cc quan li u t minh chm
lo hc tp (quan vn th lo trau di nghip v tr nc an dn. quan
v th chm lo trau di v ngh), khng b bi min, b ging
chc, ging cp v khng vt qua c cc k kho th v kho
kho c t chc theo nh k. Quan li d c nhn xt l ngi

360
 Li kt

tt nhng bt li, khng thi irong kho ih th khng c tip tc

gi chc;

- Trong hng ng quan li khng ny sinh ngh cho rng h

c b lm quan l s dc lm quan sut n. Trong qu trnh ti
chc, nu ngi no mn cn n khi v hu \n c bng lc, sau khi
chi con chu h vn c tha hng bng lc ca Iriu nh. Ngc
li. nu phm li b bi chc ih phi tr li a v ngi dn thng.

Nc l}' dn lm gc . y l mt quan im, t tng tin

b dc nu ra t nhiu ngn nm trc. T kh c tn ln ngi
vua, cho n cui i, L Thnh Tng vn lm nim iu d. Nhng
irong cch lm, n g khng hay dng nhng li hoa m. n g thng
cp n vn mi cch gin d, bc trc, d hiu, d lm v c
bit l d kim tra pht hin nhng gng lm lt, nhng vic lm
sai c cch thng, pht mt cch ch ng. C ln n g d huh
d v ban hnh Sc ch cho cc quan li di quyn nh sau; Bn
cc n^ian gi trng irci mt ping, thn vu dn l trch
nhim. T h m khng bit th theo lng nhn ca Triu inh yu
n u i dn chng, c h chm lm nhng vc nh m n nh roi vt,
s sch. Nay S ty v Ph. Huyn cc ngi pli mu mau i xem
x! nhTng ni ni chm, h bin rong ht, ch no hnh th c th
kh i p ngi c, dp lm rung, ch no hm s lm hi,
cng ho thao tng, phong lc kiu bc, sinh dn au kh, lm li
m i vic li nn tm. mi mi hi nn b, trong hn mt trm ngy

361
 L THNH TNG
V VUA ANH M IN H , NH C C H T N v l I

phi ln hrt tu trnh cn ihn. Nti dchs' li qu hn. la s sai

V s Cm y i in Ira. Nu ft\ vn ctt vic li nn lm. mi ii
nn h m cc ng/i cha ni li lli quan Ph. Huyn phi bi
chc, sung qun Qung Nam, quan Tha ty phi ging clc":"

Kh nghe c nhng li hun d hoc nhn c Sc ch ca

nh Vua. chc chn rng cc quan li mn cn cng thm gng sc.
Nhng vin chc li bing, bn su mt chuyn c khoi dn t
hn phi run s m t mnh trnh thi hng hch sch nhiu dn
chng. V ni dung nhng iu vua hun d l ht sc r rng v c
bil l khng mt ai c th nu ra cc kh khn d khng chp hnh.
Nh Vua ch ng nhng i ngn gn m c sc ihuyi phc cao.
N tc ng mnh m dn ni (m ca nhiu ngi khin cho quan
li, nhn dn ai cng nc lng lm theo.
Nc ly dn lm gc! Hin nay nhiu ng phi chnh tr.
nhiu chnh khch Ihcmg hay nhc n cu ny. Nhng khc vi L
Thnh Tng, h dng cu ny d (hu hl phiu bu ca qun chng.
Khi trng c ri th h qun ngay li ha trc bu c vi dn.

Trong mi ch trcfng, hnh ng ca mnh, nh Vua L Thnh

Tng iun c ch nh l nhm dt li nhng li ch c bn v lu
di. Chng hn nh khi ban hnh D Hiu nh quan ch, trong d

V i i s k v lo n lU . Bn k thc lc. Q uyn x n . K nh L, Nxb,

K H X H . H .I993. tr.457.

362
 Li kl

c nhng cu th hin r mc ch c bn. lu di ca vic ci cch

ch d q u a n li l nhm lm cho: khng c ngi no n hi m
trch nhim i c ni quy kt khin cho q uan to, quan nh du
rng buc v nhau, chc trng, chc khinh cng kim ch ln
nhau. Uy quyn khng lm , th nc kh lay. Hnh thnh thi
quen gi gn o l, theo php lut m dt b ti l khnh nhn
ngha, phm ngc hnh".

Trong nhng ln thn chinh cm qun ra trn, n g cng nu r

rng tin hnh cuc vin chinh l nhm t nhng mc ch lu di
ch khng ch c thng Irn, khng ch c irng pht k th v
chng xm phm bin gii lnh th quc gia v git hi dn ca i
Vit. Nh trong ln a qun vo i Chim Thnh liu dit Tr
Ton, ng nu r: Cng mt b u i s hon thnh, hn tr m i
s r a sch. Li v dn t r loi su c, chn{> gic cho con
chu di sau'''*.
Trong ln di nh qun Bn Man, n g nu r: Nay T rm t
cm c mao trn g iu khin, t cm li ba vng ch huy.
)n h dp t M an, tr i bt bn gic m dri trc khng tri
bt c, k (c ng cha lm xong cng vic m ngi xa cha
th l m xong. C0 d l u d n m u n i c m m a n g , d
si nhuc ca trm vua c ra sach.''

Xem Ph lc 1: D Hiu nh quan ch" tr.375.

i Vit s rk v ron rh. Sd. ir.444.
i V i i s k ton ili. Sdd. Ir.477.

363
 L THNH TNG
V VUA ANH M INH, NH C C H TN v I

Nhng dn chng c nu ra trn y cho thy rng. nhng

cch tn ca L Thnh Tng, Irc khi dc th hin ra bng nhng
ch trng, quyt sch hnh dng c th th n xut hin trng
du c ca ng di dng l nhng quan dim. chnh kin r rng.
ng thng luyn b' cng khai cho mi quan li di quyn bit
dc nhng quan im mang tnh ch do. l si chi d xuyn sut
irong nhng lnh \rc cch tn nht dnh ca ng.

Trong lnh vc cch ln hnh chnh, n g luyn b; 'Trm quan

l ngun gc cia tr lon. Quan c c. c li ih nc tr. Quan v
dc, km ti t ilim bc dn dn ho lon.
Trong lnh vc cch tn quc phng, n g tuyn b: "C quc
gia l c v b".
Trong lnh vc thng nghip, n g tuyn b: du c dn hi
c cl'.

V v.v...

Nh Vua L Thnh Tng ngrc 38 nm.

Ba mi tm nm, so vi lch s quc gia chi l mt khong thi

gian rt ngn. Nhng 38 nm di thi Ir v ca Vua L Thnh
Tng l nhng nm thng m quc gia i Vit tr hoa, kt iri rc
r nht, sai iru nht.
V mt nng nghip. 20 nm di thi cai tr ca qun xm lc
Minh l 20 nm i kh, cht chc. Xm lng, ng rung hoang
ph. L Li, L Thi Tng. L Nhn Tng cha lm dc g nhiu

364
 Li kt

d ci thin i sng dn snh th x hi li lm vo cnh ri ren.

Vi nhng ch trng, chnh sch v qun in, v khai hoang, phc
ho. v dp p, khi ngi, v ngn nga trng tr nn cng ho
nng Ihn, nn tham , nhng nhiu dn chng ca quan li su mt
v.v... ng nhanh chng lm tng din lch canh lc, ihu ht sc
ngi, sc ca tp trung cho lao ng nng nghip nn i sng ca
nng dn nhanh chng dc ci thin.

Cng vi s khi sc ca nng nghip. Ih cng nghip, thng

nghip cng dc to . chp cnh bay ln.

V mt vn ho, gio dc th vic nng cao dn tr. vic khuyn

hc cha thi k no c m mang v hoi ng si ni nh thi
k ny. Trng cng. Irng t c lp ra nhiu ni khin cho
nhn dn nhng ai mun i hc. mun (U luyn ti nng dcu c ni,
c dp d th sc dua ti.

V mt quc phng, qun s cha c thi k no m quc gia

i Vit li c dc mt i qun hng mnh, thin chin nh qun
i di thi v ca L Thnh Tng. Bin gii, lnh th quc gia,
ch quyn '! nc vo thi gian ny dc bo v mt cch nghim
ngt. An ninh, an ton ca dt nc vng vng nh bn thch. Ni
phn khng dm ngc u dy. K ih bn ngoi khng dm ng
n i Vit.
Tt c nhng thnh (u trn dy du gn lin vi tr c minh mn.
vi bu nhit huyt v vi li nng da dng ca nh Vua L Thnh
Tng. Ngi cmg thi ca tng n g vi nhng li l nh sau: Vua

365
 L T H N H T N G
V VDA ANH M IN H , NH C C H T N v AI

t tri cao siii, anh minh quyt on, c hmg li, di lC v gii,
vn ha\' m ci hc ca thnh hin li c bit sitig nni. ia\' khng
lc no ri quyn scii. Cc lp kinh s, cc sch lch ton, nhng
vic trn thnh, khng c g klng hao qui, linh hng. Vn ih th
vt rn c nhng khun mu c cc vn ihn. Cn bn Vnh
Trc. V Vnh M, Thn Nhn Trung, Quch nh Bo. Nhun,
m Vn L bin son b Thin Num d h tp, tdi hiu lTln
Nam ng ch. o Am ch nhn. Li sng chut nho thul, nng
nhn ti. Khoa hi chn k s khng phi ch mt kho, l nh 3
nm thi ln mi ln l bt u vua. Ngi hin ti chn c
nhiu hn c thi xa, vn v u dng Iii theo s trng ca /ig
ngi v th c th sa nh chnh tr, ch' tc nhc, hiu lnh vn
chng r rng c th cho ngi sau noi theo...""'

Trong lch s ca nhiu nc trn th gii, mi s hng thnh

ca quc gia du gn lin vi nhng cch tn mnh dn, tin b.
Trong nhng a phcmg, dcm v, t chc bt k no cng u nh
vy. Ni no m c nhng c nhn hoc lp th lnh do, ph
trch c nhng i thay kp thi, ph hp vi hon cnh, iu kin
ca ni b v khch quan th ni y nhi nh s thu c nhng
chuyn bin tch cc v to ln. Ch vi s h ho cch tn, i mi
th cha d. i mi, cch tn hin l tro lu chung. Bi v dng
li th s tt hu. Dng li cng lu th tt hu cng xa. V vy i

i V ii s k ton th, Bn k thc lc. Quyn X Ill. K nh L, Nxb.

KHXH. H.1993, tr.519.

366
 Li kt

mi, cch tn l mt di hi mang tnh quy lut, khng th khng

lm. Nhng i mi, cch tn nh th no. bng cch no l chuyn
khng d a chn. C ni ly vic ci t kinh t lm gc. lm gp
v lm trc. Nhng do ch quan, nng vi nn d vp phi tht bi
v phi tr gi t. C ni v b m hoc m hp lp thay i th ch
chnh tr. x hi nn lm cho nc lm vo th ml n dnh
chnh ir, x hi.

Qua cc s liu lch s cn li, chng ta (hy s nghip cch tn

ca nh Vua L Thnh Tn.g l a dng, a lnh VK; cch tn v
nng nghip, thng nghiip, v quc phng, qun i, v hnh
chnh, php lui, v vn ho, x hi v.v... Kh m phn nh c
rng ng chn lnh vc no, vic no lm trc, vic no lm
sau. Trong ton b cc cch tn ca L Thnh Tng, thy c ba lnh
vc ni bt hn c. l nhng cch tn v nn hnh chnh quc
gia, cch ln v php lut v cch tn v quc phng v qun di.

Trong cch ln v mt hnh chnh th irung tm cch ln ca

lnh vc ny l quan ch v t chc b my tr v trung ng v
a phng. Trong cch tn v lut php th trung tm ca lnh vc
ny l cng tc php din ho B Quc triu Hnh lut, v sau dc
mang tn thuc nin hiu ca n g trong nhng nm 1470-1497
(Canh Dn - inh T) B lut Hng c. Trong cch tn v quc
phng v qun i th trung tm ca lnh vc ny l xy dng i
qun chnh quy, thin chin, trung thnh.

C th ni ton b s cch tn ca nh Vua L Thnh Tng dc

367
 L THNH TNG
V VUA ANH M INH, N H C C H TN v I

tp trung trc hi v trn ht l cch tn v s qun l ca Nh nc

di vi x hi. S cai tr. theo cch ni c, s qun l, theo cch
dng t hin nay, l sn phm ca loi ngi khi d bc vo giai
don vn minh. X hi cng pht trin n trnh cao cng i hi
c s qun l nng ng v lun c cch tn, di mi. V vy
trong xu thi mi, hoc ci t, hoc cch tn hin nay th vic i
mi cch qun l c xem l khu t ph. khu m du, khu to
tin thun li v chp cnh cho s di mi trn cc lnh vc khc
pht trin.
Vi ni dung v phng php qun l lc hu. bo th Ih con
ngi s tr thnh t nhn ca s qun l . Vi s qun l ir tr.
quc gia s b tri buc bi nhng si dy v hnh, b giam hm
irong nhng bc ing o m khng c li thot. Dn chng sng
trong s i ngho, tht hc. Trong b my nh nc th y ry cc
hn tng tham nhng, hi l, sch nhiu v.v... Trong x hi, tnh
hnh ti phm cc loi ngy cng gia tng. Vi s qun l x cng,
nhn dn vn b di ngho, tht nghip mc du quc gia ca h
c thin nhin u i.
Bn thn vic qun l khng trc tip to ra sn phm cho x
hi. Nhng vi s qun l nng ng th sc sng to ca nhng
ngi trc tip lm ra sn phm cho x hi s pht trin n nhng
dnh cao kh d on trc. Bi vy, Irong cc nc pht trin, vic
ci cch nn hnh chnh quc gia. pht trin khoa hc qun t dc
xp v tr hng u Irong cc ngnh khoa hc. Lao ng qun l
c trnh nghip v chuyn su c dnh gi rt cao.

368
 Li kt

Trong hon cnh ca t nc i Vi! ang b suy i, ri ren

do hu qu ca s non km v lm li trong tr v vng quc ca
vua cha. vua anh. vic Vua L Thnh Tng dc tm vo s cch ln
nn cai tr t nc ca b my tr v l vic lm ng hng, ng
trng tm. N dp ng i hi ca tnh hnh t nc v nguyn
vng ca nhn dn. V vy, cch tn v mt tr nc an dn dem
li nhng kt qu tc thi cho vng quc.

Nu lm khc i chc n g khng th g( hi c nhng thnh

cng nh c. n g (r thnh v vua anh minh, cng lao ca n g
c lu li hu th cng chnh l do vy.
Lch s pht trin ca cc dn tc Vit Nam d tri qua nhu
bc thng trm. Lc Ihnh, lc suy. C ngi cho rng n thcrt k
L Thnh Tng l vn nc i ln. Nhng giai thoi xung quanh
vic b Ng Th Ngc Giao gp thin gii lc mang ihai, lc sinh n
v nhng vt d trn ngi ca T Thnh chng l T Thnh l mt
tin dng ging th d lm vua i Vit dc truyn (ng rng ri
trong nhn dn. Ht suy th n thnh. Thnh suy. suy thnh thay i
nhau nh kip lun hi ca con ngi, qua cn b cc dn hi (hi
lai, hoc ging nh s xoay vn ca to ha. Ht h nng oi bc th
n thu vng mt m, ht ng tn lnh lo th dn xun sang m
p, xanh ii.'"

Ng S Lin. nh s hc d vit o n g i Vii Sk lon th rng: Lon

lc l t c n g ih ir binh s ti. l va hnh ca (ri". i V i t s k lo n
th. Q uyn X. N xb. KHXH. H .1993. tr.288.

369
 L THNH TNG
V VUA ANH M IN H , N H C C H T N v ! I

Con ngi ngy nay t tin vo nhng lun thuyt mang m tnh
nh mnh ihn b bt bin y. Di nh sng ca khoa hc l nhin,
ngi la tin rng con ngi c th khm ph ra nhng quy lul tin
ho ca thin nhin v c x hi. B quyt ca mi thnh cng u
nm ch nhn thx: v hnh ng dng theo quy lut. Nguyn
nhn ca mi thl bi v v cng chnh i ch lm ir qu lut
ca thin nhin v x hi.

S kin mang lih ngu nhin khi ta cha hiu c ngun gc

xut x. Tri li khi nm c nguyn nhn pht sinh, khm ph
c tnh quy lut din bin Ih tnh tt yu s nn r rng v sng
t nh ban ngy. Thnh cng ca L Thnh Tng cng chnh l ch
ng hiu thu dc ci ngun ca hin ti v nm bt duc xu th'
pht trin trong tng lai. n g khng ni dh tih quy lui nh
chng ta ngy nay. n g c cch din t khc chng ta ngy nay
nhimg bn chi vn l mi. Trong mi cng vic, n g lun nhc nh
quan li di quyn rng trong mi hot dng th iu trc tin l
phi th u n theo l m dng n ly kh ho ca tri t"."'
ng bm sLnh ngi hiu hc v dy cng c sch, nghin
cu, trau di kin thc t thu thiu ihi. n g c ngi ng
Ui c hc vn uyn thm gip d m n nay chng ta khng bit
ht tn lu, s nghip ca h. Nhung chng la bit chc rng trong
s c v chng di cng thn Nguyn Tri, l nhng ngi dng

i V it s k ton ihu, Bn k thc lc, Q u y in XIII. K nh L, Nxb.

KH X H . H .l993. tr.396,

370
 Liri kl

ra bo lnh trc L Thi Tng cho m con n g khi s bc hi ca

phe cnh Nguyn Th Anh cng l nnh thn. Hn na. t lc mi
cho i, m con n g nm mi gian lao. vt v ca cuc sng n
c ni thn d. Cng ln ln, n g cng hiu, cng thng cm vi
nhng dau kh ca dn khi chng kin nhng oan tri, bi cng, bo
ngc ca nn cng ho xm lng, ca quan !i su mt ti a
phng trong thi bui k cOTig b o ln. Ham hc hi. ham
nghin cu, li dc chim nghim, uc sng trong mi Irng ca
thc t, li c nm quyn trong thi k n tui trng thnh.*"
Tt c nhng yu t gp phn nho nn nn mt L Thnh
Tng giu kin th c su rng v l ngi c ti nng a d n g , n g
va l nh tr thc uyn ihin ca cmg thi va l nh thc hnh
ndng dng, n g lun lun tm kim dc s thun theo l m dng
d n ly kh ho ca i dt, diu m ngy nay dc hiu l
nghin cu. pht hin quy lut hnh ng theo quy lut.
Khng nghi ng g na, s cc thnh ca Vng quc i Vit
di thi tr v ca L Thnh Tng l hin tng mang tnh lt yu.
chnh l sn phm tr tu. l nhng ihnh cng trong cch tn v
s cai tr vng quc ca n g . n g d li cho hu th rt nhiu

L Thi Tng, vua cha. ln ngi vua lc 11 lui - Xem i V it st k ton

th. Bn k Ihc lc. K nh L. Quyn XI. tr.309. L Nhn Tng, vua anh
ln ngi lc mi dc hai tui Xcm i Vit s k ton ih, Bn k hc
lc. K nh L. Quyn XI. tr.353. L Thnh Tng ln ngi vua ng vo lc
18 ui Xem i Vit s k ron th. Bn k thc lc. Quyn XI. Nxb.
KHXH, H.1993. lr 388.

371
 L T H N H TNG
V VDA NH m i n h , nh c ch tn v i

bi hc qu gi v tr nc an dn. Tic rng sau n g . khng c v

vua no lip thu v tha k c nhng bi hc do n g d li.
S nghip dng nc v gi nc ca Vit Nam ngy nay c
ng lnh o. ng c v trang bng hc thuyt Mc - Lnin v
lu tng H Ch Minh. Nhn dn Vit Nam hon ton c c s
tin tng rng Dng s k tha v vn dng mt cch sng to nhng
bi hc qu gi ca nh Vua anh minh L Thnh Tng vo cng
cuc di mi hin nay d a t nc Vit Nam dn mt thi di
pht trin rc r hn Uii i hong kim d thi tr v ca ng.

372
PH LC

373
 PH LC 1

DI HIli NH QUAN CH
N gy 2 6 thng 9 ffm Hng~c th hai (1471), vu l h n t f
t n g b sn t sSc^ h i u ^ d n h q u 9 f c h n h Su (th e o DVSKLf
12^ t 6 6 - 6 7 ) :
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375
 e > It 4c ik n 4 * H.
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376
 DCH NGHA:
Vua xung d cho cc quan vn v v trm h rng:

... Ngy nay, d'i a i bn chcmg, so vi thi trc, tht khc

nhau xa: v vy. Trm khng th khng t cm quvn ch tc. im
cho ht ci o bin thng, trong, qun V nhiu hi nm F1i"
chia ra cai qun. Cng vic phin tp ih su B nm coi. Cm binh
Th v ba Ty. phng b lng bng bn nanh vut. Su Khoa xt hch
trm quan, su T tha hnh mi vic. Ty Thng chnh s tuyn
c trn, r tinh di, To Gim st ng s d hch li cc quan, m
lm r iu u n ca dn. ngoi mi ba Tha tuyn cng vi
ty th ng v phng din tng binh, ngn gi ni xung yu. C ph
huyn, chu d thn dn. C bo, s, quan d phng gi. Nhng s
th. thng thng lin h th cng nhau duy tr. Cho nn thu, pht l
vic ca c ph. th thng phi quan h vi Binh b. Xut, np l
vic ca H b, gip gi t cng H khoa. Li b ct b khng
ng t, Li khoa c php bc b, L b nghi ch sai bc, L
khoa dc php dn tu. Hnh khoa lun cng vic phi tri ca
Hnh b Cng khoa kim thi hn ca Cng b mau, chm, sing
Ir. n nh qun nhu, b ngch ca cc ph b bn tng su thin
l kn chn khc nhau, Kinh lch th lnh k kho xem xt. Php c
t quan u ly phm th cao tc Ih hu. Php nay dng quan u
theo lc Ih bt, Irl Ih thp. Cc chc so vi trc c thm m lc
ph so vi trc li va. Bng lc khng nhng lm, trch v c
ni gnh vc, khin cho ln nh cng la, cao ihp ch nhau, uy
quyn khng lm. th nc kh lay. C phong cch gi gn o php

N m ph: (tc nm ph d c) l; T rung qun ph. ng qun ph. Ty

qun ph. Nam qun ph v c qun ph.

377
thi khng ti li tri ngha phm hnh, d noi thnh ch ca t tng
ihn thnh ca ta, m gi vng vic ir an n mi mi v cng;
khng phi lm ra v thng minh m lon php c, kim kho
vic ngh lun ca thin h vy. T nay con chu la nn bit th ch
ny ban hnh l do vic bt c d. Mt kti php nh, nn
knh gi noi theo. Ch c cy mnh thng minh, bn xng triu trc
m sa i lm php in nga nghing t hm vo iu bl hiu.
K lm by li gip gip, cng nn knh gi php ihng c gip
mi vua ngi, khin noi cng trc, d mi trnh khi ti li. Bng
dm c dn xng php trc, lun cn n mt quan, i mt chc,
chnh th l by ti gian nghch, lm ri lon php nuc, th b git
b gia ch khng thng, gia thuc u b y ra ni bin vin,
r ci li lm ti khng trung: ng hu mun i sau, bit n ci
sng ch lp php cn ng y vy.

378
 PH LC
i 2

TIU S VUA L THNH TNG QUA BI BIA CHI LNG

(do ng Thn Nhn Trung son ra nm 1498)
N f u y 4 n VB c h - H * a

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383
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384
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if t fr

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3X5
 DCH NGHA
H thn chng li trm nghe rng:
Tri sp m vn trung hng, tt sinh ra bc vua i c, hp
c lng ngi, ni c mnh tri. C nh H'" lc trung
suy, nn mi c Vua Thiu Khang anh hin: do nh n" dn ln.
nn c vua Cao Tng'^ minh trt.

Chng c c chp trong sch, xua nay vn ging nhau.

Ln lao thay!
c Thnh Tng Thun hong nc i Vit ta, ly t cch
ca bc thng thnh dng nghip trung hng, h chng phi (ri
dy hay sao
Ngi h L, tn hu l T Thnh hiu l Thin Nam ng ch,
con ca Thi Tng Vn hong , l em ca Nhn Tng Tuyn
hong d.
Quang Thc Hong thi hu, h Ng l m ca ngi. Nnt i
Bo th ba (1442), Nhm Tut, thng By, ngy Mu T, ngi ging
sinh: y l ngy Sng Thin thnh lit, Thu u Thi hu lm Tip
du. cu t nm mng Ihy thng ban ch mt tin ng, bn c
mang. Kp khi ngi ra di, dung trng vng, thn ihi khc
thmg, cng ci mnh m nhu thun n ho, lnh rt thun ton.
Vi vi uy nghi rng r thc l thng minh ca bc lm vua, tr dng

Nh H: mt triu i nc Trung Quc do ng V lp nn. do vua Thun

tniyn ngi cho. Nh H cm quyn l 2205 - 1766 trCN.
Thiu Khaag l v vua khi phc li nh H sau hi suy.
Nh n cn gi l nh Thng (1776 - 1122 uCN) mt tnu i Trung Quc.
M6t di vua nh n.

386
ca ngi ng u mt nc. Nm y, thng Tm, Thi Tng
hong i un th phng ng v ihng h ci ngoi, nhng
i thn Trnh Kh, Nguyn X, L Th vng di mnh rc Nhn
Tng hong d ln ni ngi. Nm Thi Ho ih ba vua phong ngi
iin Bnh Nguyn vng, ngi vng lnh nh Phin trong kinh
s. ngy ngy cng vi cc vng vo nh Kinh din hc tp. Lc
d. quan Kinh din l bn Trn Phong (hy dng iu ca ngi oan
trng, thng minh hn ngi, (rong lng ly lm l. Ngi cng che
giu, chng l anh kh, ch ly sch v c kim. ngha l thnh hin
lm vui, Tnh tri sinh ra l bit, m sm hm cha lng ri
quyn sch. Thin li cao xa, m tnh cng a thch v ch c. Vui
iu ihin. thch ngi hin, chm chm khng chn. Tuyn t thi
liu"' coi ngi nh con ; Nhn Tng hong d k ngi l nan .'*
Lng hiu vi cha m v tt vi anh em ca ngi trong ngoi u
cm bit. 'n khi Lng Sm vng Nghi Dn nghe mu nghch ca
gian thn, gy ra i bin Crong triu, m chim ngi bu. lm gi
vn iri, c ng hung kiu ngo honh hnh, chng bil thin
mnh, xng d lng ring, mi ci phong ngi lm Gia vorng, lp nh
ring cho ngi pha Ty di ni. Ngi gi phn m lm. thun thi
m yn n nh Ihng. Cha c bao lu, o iri xoay chuyn
mun tr li, lng ngi chn cnh lon ly. Lc y lin c rihng by
ti kin dng t nc v nhng bc c' cu c hun cng nh Khai
ph ngh dng Tam ty Nhp ni Kim hiu Thi ph nh chng
qun quc trng s Qun cng Nguyn X, inh'Lil, Thi bo Bnh
chng qun quc trng s Quc thng hu L Lng. T m Iham

lc me Vua Nhn Tng,

li dc nh th kh lm em.

387
d triu chnh nh thng hu L Nim, hip lc ng tm. k ti
trng pht. i nghTa mt khi xng ln. ngi ngi u xn
tay o bn t m gip sc.''' Hung d tn dit, cung cm yn nghim.
Bn Nguyn X cng mu lnh vi nhau rng:
- Ngi iri thc kh, ngai vng rt quan irng, nu khng p h i
bc i c kh c th kham c. Nay Gia vng thin tu minh
du. kh lc trm hng, tri xa ng lp, cc v vng khc chng
snh kp. Lng ngi u theo th tri c th bit c.
Lp tc ngy hm y. ly xe rc vua ti nh Ty ni
ging mi c. Vua tuy chng c tng ngh n xa gi lp mui vng,
nhng ly c nghip t tng lm trng, ly lng thn dn suy i n
c n . b n c h i u th e o l n g c a d n c h n g , l n ngi b u . ra Cfn i x
thin h. di nin hiu l Quang Thun, dng tn hiu cho Nhn
Tng hong , huy hiu cho Tuyn l thi hu. o Biu t li th
ban c nu by lng khen ngi. c Ninh theo gic th lm sng t
ti li m git tr. Phm chnh lnh ri bi phin nhiu th i c;
hnh php h khc bo ngc th tt tr. Ct sa nh k cng cho
hong triu v dn chng. Q io nn mi im t bo v hin chng,
ging cu lm sng t l nhc, cn thn ng in.'* Sa tam c d
Ihin lng ngi, coi hc hnh chn hng vn ho. lo kh gii d
chnh n v b. Knh tn bc nho c' cu. l php vi bc di thn.

Xn tay o bn t: tch xa bn Trung Hoa di Hn. b L Hu. v Hn Cao

T chuyn quyn: h L chc cp ngi ca h Lu nh Hn. G iu Bi dem
qu&n vo thnh, h; Ai the h Lu. xn tay o bn t. ai theo h L. xn tay
o bn hu . Mi ngi (rong thnh u xn tay o bn t. theo Chu Bi dnh
irr h L.
Ng in: ng thng; ph ngha, mu t. huynh hu. d cung, t hiu
ni (heo thin trl.

388
 Thcmg pht th r rng. Chnh lnh th nghim minh. Knh tri
th trc tin ly c hnh m xt Ihin vn. Sing cn dn s th ly
vic tm rung, irng du lm gc. n nh lc th nhn, sau mun
cng nghn vic, ch lu vn chng, khng gn m nhc v n
sc. khng ng di sn, khng chung chu bu l k. khng a xa
x. Bil phong tc l gc chih ho, nn em nhn nhng dt dn
vo ng thin; bil cc quan l ngun gc tr lon, nn em lim
gii khuyn rn. Ht lng hiu knh triu truc. m b lun th vui
chi phng lng. Suy n ngha m ch ng tc thuc, li cng cm
ci mm kiu cng xa xi! y l nhng khun php mi ging ln lao
dc bit l lng trc tai mt ngi la nh vy. Cn nhng vn tit,
iu mc khc trit tinh vi. kh m k ra dy , Trong khong vi
nm. thi an thnh, ngy thm mnh giu. Vic ir yn trong
tinh; vic ngn chng ngoi lp.

R Bn Man cng ngnh, th sai tng dp tr tn gc. Mi

ni quy nhiu bin cng th hng binh qul sch huyt hang. Ti
c c ca loi ch ln Chim Thnh dy dy. th ng lu thuyn
ihng sut su o qun, tri c Tr Ton san phng thnh Bn,
i y phc cho dn v t qun huyn cho nfc y. L rn ln Lo
Qua, cy him lm hung, thi xch cy ba vng, vt ni trp
trng, xua qun hng h. ra sch bn lan thng (?). bl gic d tra
{hch v bt qun gic lm l binh, thu qun ton thng v.
Rt cuc khin bn b mi sch trong, mun phng u yn
ir. Thng ng cng lu. hnh chnh cng sing, n su nhn hu thm
nhun c lng ngi. c ihnh cng lo, siu vt hn i trc.
Hung h l sc hc ca vua c ngun gc. rng kinh b s khng
u l khng k cu. Vn ca vua rc r, cng nh sao Khu, v my
ua sc sng ngi. Tinh ihn tm thut rng r. o dc s nghip

389
 pht huy u cn c trong Thin Nam lin hu tp vi cc sch ca
vua lm. Du l ca bc anh qun ch tc, hay danh nho (r thut tri
qua cc then, cha c rng ri. di do. dp d dc nhu the.
Nm Hng c ih 27. thng 11, ngy 17, vua crn mnh; vic
chnh tr c mi ca nc nh vn do vua ihn nh liu. Nm Ih
28, thng Ging, ngy 29, tn v, bnh nng ln ln, Vua bn la gh
ngc, khin Hong thi t ni ngi. Ngy hm sau. Nhm Thn, vua
thng h cung Bo Quang, th 56 tui, ngi 38 nm. ci nin
hiu hai ln: Quang Thun 10 nm, Hng c 2S nm.
c ca viia hc^ cng tri di, hiu ca \ua cm n t tng, phc
khnh ln lao. con chu di do. Hong t 14 ngi, dch trcmg t
ch ngi ng cung, tc hong d ngy nay ni ngi vy. Th nam
l Lng vcmg Thuyn, Tng vng nh, ng vung Ho, Kin
Vcmg Tn. Phc Vng Tranh. Din Vng Nm, Qung Vng
Phiu. Lm Vung Tng, Trn VcmgTrt, ig Vng Chiu. Ngha
Vng Cnh. Triu Vng Tng, Kinh VOTg Kin. Hong n 20
ngi, trng n l Thanh Toi, phong Gia thc cng cha. Th n l
Onh Chinh, phong c cng cha, Minh Dc Thu hoa cng cha;
Trit Hong chiu huy cng cha; Bnh Hiu Thiu dng cng cha;
L Kin Qunh phng cng cha; c m Tng Th mai cng cha;
Qung oan Hoa Vn cng cha: M Thun cm vinh cng cha;
Qunh Dung T Hng cng cha: Bt Huyn Cnh bmh cng cha.
Cng c ngi cha kp th phong sm ml. Cn nh Khit Hong,
Trng Mn. Chu Ti, Tinh Uyn. Dong Tp nm hong n th cn
nh cha c phong. E)n nh h n g chu ni di th dng o nh
chu chu bay v v. dy da chng cht khng th k xit.
Hm vua Ihng h. Hong thi ( tun (heo di mnh lm ch
tang ]. hiu d triu thn rng:

390
 - Con sinh ba nm ri mi ri khi lng c h a m. Cho nn ngui
xa tang cha m t ly 3 nm lm php. Trn t bc Thin l di
n hng ih dn. u mt li nh vy. Hn Vn khng theo c
hun truyn li mnh lnh ngn tang, ly ngy thay hng. T y v
sau c heo m lm th. tc l b in l, khinh php thng, tht
khng theo gucfng vy. Nc ta lii thnh tuy c i chnh li
ri. song l tit trong Ihi gian y vn cha c ih tr li php xa
lt c. Nay Hong d vua cha d b mun dn, ln lm khch Irn
tri, vt thng to th au lu. dc bao la khn cng, chng bit bo
p lm sao. Cc khanh nn bn nh lm l lang ba nm xng
tnh ta i m.

i ihn b quan nghe tuyn chiu ch, khng ai l khng cm

kch, u rp du m tha rng:
Hiu i php ln tr ihin h. Nay in h nng tn o hiu,
hu trng php Ihng, du l di hiu ca vua Thun, l hiu ca
vua V, kh m hn c. Ko li thun phong i ihng c, dng
nn nn thnh ir c triu nm l bl u t y vy. H thn chng
ti u dm chng tun phng.

O io nn nh tang ba nm. Phm khm lim cng t nh nht

u theo c i. dn khp (hin h u ngi khen. Sang thng hai.
ngy mng su. Mu Dn. cc quan Thi bo Bnh lng hu L
Ch. Binh b Thng th inh Cng B, Trnh Cng n. Ty qun
b dc ph T dc ng Kh B L Vnh cng cc quan ph
m, d u nm ph, sj b, su l. ng cc, Hn lm, khoa, a.
dng li in Hong Vn. rc Hong thi t ln ngi. Ngy y i
x ihin h. xung chiu ly nm sau lm nm u Cnh Thng, y
l tun Ihco php c vy.

391
 Hong ni ngi tng nh ngm ngi, l loi au n, xt
kinh L xa xng thin t l tri lm vn t. Thng 11, ngy 24,
Tn Mo, vua cng cng, hu, b cc quan vn v phng kim sch,
dng tn hiu l:
Sng Thin Qung Vn Cao Minh Quang Chnh Q i c i
Cng Thnh Vn Thn V t Hiu Thun Hong d, miu hiu l
Thnh Tng.
Nm u Cnh Thng (1498). thng 2, ngy mng 8, Gip Tut
quan ti ca Thnh Tng hong c a v Lam Kinh, sang
ihng 2, ngy 28, Gip Ng, an tng Lam Scm, bn t Vnh lng
gi l Chiu lng. Trc tin L quan tu xin dng bia, khc bi
minh cho r cng c v s nghip ca vua vi i sau.
Hong d ni ngi y li tu, c bit sai h thn Thn Nhn
Trung, m Vn L. Lu Hng Hiu son bi vn. H thn chng
ti knh nh li n c ln lao, cng nghip v i, chnh tr nhn l,
gio ho Ihin m ca lin cao c ng vi iri t, sng t ngang
vi mt tri irng thu khp xa gn. rng chiu c v tr. c bit
vit bng ch lo, ct vo p vng irong nh , khng phi hc l,
li qu m v vi ra c. Nhimg vng mnh ln, khng dm ly
qu lu m khc l, bn chp tay rp du lm bi minh rng;
Tri m ndfc i Vit
Vua Thnh t dng nc

Vua Thi lng Iha k

Vua Nhn tng ni theo
Ni k theo mi cch gii gin
Khng ti li khng s st

392
Lm i an ho trong sng
Cai tr n thi bnh
Lng Sn vng lm lon
Trong Iriu khi [n s bin
Chn chu. bn bin
Tt c du b iht hi
Dng di cng ihn
ng lng khi ngha
Cung din mi trang nghim
Ngi bu mi yn nh.

E)p thay! Vua Thnh Tng

Ni dng tin
T cht tht thng mnh
c lon dng tr
S' Iri nh thn vua
Thn dn trng i ci ch ca vua
Nm quyn bnh, m im lnh cho thin h
nh Ihin mnh ln ngi
n trch khp nhun im thnh qu gii (vn vt ny n)
o dc linh diu theo qu Kin (o tri)
Sa sang ging mi ca ngi

393
 Nm irn quyn ca to ho

Gi do trung lp do di irung m gio ho nhn dn

B chc l lin, noi iheo php ri

Lng nhn rng ri sung tc di sau

o hiu di tra th phng t lin

Vn chng ca vua chiu n sao Khu sao Bch

Hc tp ca ngi th dn ngun n ci.

Trau di dn l

Xa k nnh, thn ngi hin li

C gng mu yn nh cho dn

Phi ng chnh tr n ho

Ly chn iu '' m lm vic nc

Dng lm quyn'*^ m ch ng by li

Theo sch Trung dung, chng ih 20 Ih vic cai tr chin h cn c chn

i l: I. Tu thn (tu sa thn minh): 2. Tn hin ((n trng ngi hin (i);
3. Thn thn (thn i vi ngui (hn huc); 4. Knh di thn (knh tng cc
quan di thn): s. Th qun (hn (rng lng di i cc be i): 6. T Ihdn
((hng dn nh con); 7. Lai bch cng (chiu tp cc nh cng ngh); 8. Nhu
vn nhn (dc lng cc ngi phng xa); 9. Hoi ch hu (lm cm phc
cc ch hu).
Theo sch Chu L ih ihin t c lm quyn: c {ban cho quan cc tc),
lc (ban cho bng lc). d (tng d cc th nh d dng, d dai. in ca...),
r (d( yn quan, dn ti ni no d), sinh ( cho mi ngi sng), oc (ly
li. di li ca ci ca mi ngi), ph (b i. trut di cc chc tc ban),
u (gii cht ngi no d).

394
 Sa Ir trm ngh
V yn mun h
Ph by rng ri l nhc php d
Ly v cng em n vic nh yn
R ni n trnh du vt
R Bn Man quy thun
Nc ln h s. nc nh th nh mong
Nghing theo gi irng theo gng
Chi c gic Chim Thnh kia
L cu ch trong nhiu i
Quy nhiu bin cnh pha nam ta
Xm lng bn chu ca ta
Vua l cm binh hng h
Ng gi ihuyn rng
l chy thnh Bn'''
Mu chy ca Th Ni'-
Tr Ton dn u '
Hin l binh ln miu l
M rng dt dai ra mun dm

w Bn: kinh d nc Chim.

'>Th Ni: ca bin tinh Bnh nh, ihuc huyn Tuy Phc
Tr Ton; vua nc Chim.

395
 Tr uc mi th t ngn xa
Nc Lo Qua ngu xun

Cng ngnh i vi Ihanh uy v gio ho ca ta

Ln trnh ni m su bi rm

Da vo rng r lm diu tn bo man

Vua bng bng ni gin

Ct qun dn ir ti

Mt khi phi c bch mao ln'"

Tin qun ca gic u tr gio gil ln nhau

Ph gic d nh ch tre v tro bay
San bng triu nh, qut sch so huyt

Hung kh ba ci bin cucmg c yn dt

Chn vng r c thng ung

i ihnh tr nh thi vua Hin vin (hong ) v dng di vua

H V
Phong tc snh vi ihi Ngu Thun v nh Chu
Nhn c th su. n trch th dy
Truyn bn m d nm

Khi vc c xong inh h'- v thuc d luyn chn, vua

thng h

C bch mao: c c cm ui b. ngy xa v tng qun cm ch huy

binh s.

396
 Ci my ln tri

Bt m dt lng
Mun h su Ihng
Thi l k v
Nhn n mong i sm vng lng
Ba nm tang ch

Dc lng lo vic hiu

Nhn tit thanh minh

Mi ngi khp trong nic u n

Xe lang mn trng dc a i
n Lam Sn
Cung kim o mo

T nay ct gi mi
Lng m ca cc vua

Quanh co khp ng ty
T ma h. t ma xun
Theo ma trong nm m dng cng

(C b ihich tr.396) nh h l tn ml ci h. cn gi l Long h. Xa vua

Hong d (2700 - 2600 Ir.QV) sai ngi ly ng ni Th Sn c thnh
IDI ci dinh (ci vc). Khi c xong bng c con rng bay xung u trn
h. n vua Hong d. Vua bn ci rng bay ln tri. Do d. ngi la t
ln ci h l inh h hay Long h. v thng dng in ny ni v
thin ( thng h.

397
 n cng n dng
Ch che con chu
Hng hn ca vua
Nh ln xung chn triu nh
Cng dc ca vua
Xa nay khng ai bng

Ln lao dng vi tri (

Sng t ngang vi mt tri mt trng
Vi vi thnh thang
Giy bt kh k xi
Knh thut di khi

Ghi khc vo d ngc

Cng tri t lu di
Cht vt ni cao.

Quang kin i phu Hn lm vin Tha ch ng cc di hc

s, kim Quc l gim l tu. Chnh Ir khanh, h thn l Thn
Nhn Trung:
L b thng th, Gia hnh di phu. kim ng cc di hc s,
Khung m don, h thn l m Vn L;

t tn i phu dng cc hc s. Tu thin thiu don, h thn l

Lu Hng Hiu phng sc son bi vn;
Mu lm lang Trung Ih gim Trung Ih x nhn, h thn l
Nguyn c Tuyn vng lnh vil ra;

398
 Hin cung di phu kim quang mn i chiu, h thn l T Ngi
(?) vng lnh ch trin trn;
Cn s t lang, ng dng gim san th cc cc chnh, h thn l
Phm Bo vng lnh khc ch:

Nin hiu Cnh Thng nguyn nin, Mu Ng. thng 2. ngy

28. Gip Ng, dng bia.

399
 PH LC 3 %

NG HNH V TRNG H P
PHM TH P C CNG c HNG BT NGH

1. ngC h n h

Di triu L. l bi chu hnh phi c 5 loi, gi l ng hnh:

. Xuy hnh (nh roi);

2. Trng hnh (nh bng rng);

3. hnh (giam cm v lm kh dch);

4. Lu hnh (y i phcmg xa);

5. T hnh (ti cht).

A. X uy hnh (nh bng roi)

Xuy hnh l hnh phi nh bng roi. Roi lm bng cy song,

rc b nhng mu mt, u ln 3 phn, du nh 1 phn 5 1>, di 3
thc 5 tc. Ti ny p dng chung cho c n b ln n ng.
B. Trng hnh

Trng hnh l hnh pht nh bng trng. Trng lm bng cy

song ln. khng rc b nhng mu mt. du ln s phn, u nh 2
phn 5 ly. di 3 thc 5 tc. Hnh pht ny chl dnh ring cho n ng.
c. hinh
hnh l hnh pht bng cch giam cm v lm kh dch.
V kh dch c ba bc:
. Dch dinh v ph dinh:

400
 - V d c h dinh (ngi phi chu s sai khin ca cp trn) gm c;

+ Thuc inh (ngi l thuc vo quan trn);

+ Qun inh (ngi phi lm qun lnh hu h quan trn);

+ X inh (ngi phi chu s sai khin ciia X trng);

+ Khao inh (t i ct c).

- V ph dinh (ngi dn b phi li) gm c;

+ Th ph (ngi n b phi lm dch lng);

+ Vin ph (ngi dn b phi lm vic cc nh quan);

+ Tang tht ph (ngi n b phi l chn tm).

2. Tn^ phn hnh xuy tht f

n ng phi ti ny Ih nh 80 trng, Ihch vo c 2 ch, ri
phi lm tng phng hnh (lnh qut dn trong chung voi),
phi lm vic.

Cn n b th phi dnh 50 roi, thch vo c 2 ch, lm xuy

tht t (y t trong nh nu cm), phi lm vic.

3. Chn^ in binh v ih m tht t

n ng phi ti ny ih nh 80 trng, thch vo c 4 ch,
lm chng in binh (lnh lm rung), eo xing, y vo lm vic
Din Chu.'"

Cn dn b th nh 50 roi. ihch vo c 4 ch. d6 lm thung

tht l (dy ( nh gi go), phi lm vic.

Din Chu l mt ph Irong tnh Ngh An.

401
 D. Lu hnh

Lu hnh l hnh phl phi dy d phng xa. 0 5 ba bc lu hnh l:

1. Lu hnh di cn chu (chu gn). Cn chu thi ny c k
l Ngh An v H Hoa.'"

2. Lu hnh i ngoi chu (chu ngoi). Ngoi chu y l B

Chnh (tc Qung Bnh ngy nay).
3. Lu hnh i vin chu (chu xa). Vin chu l Tn Bnh (mt
ph thuc Thun Ho).
E. T hnh

Gm c ba bc:
1. Ti gio, trm (tht c, chm);

2. Ti kiu (chm bu u);

3. Ti lng tr (cho voi giy, nga x xc hay cl tht tng ming
cho ti cht).

n . t r n ; h p t r n g t i v t r n g h p n g i m

A. Trng hp trng ti: thp c

Quc triu hnh lut quy nh 10 iu c thuc trng ti khng

th tha th c l:

1. Ti minj phn, tc l mu lm nguy n x lc.

2. Ti mu i nghch, l mim ph hu tng miu, sn lng v

cung quyt.

Ih
H Hoa: mt ph ihuc Ngh An,

402
 3. Ti mu bn l mu phn nc theo gic.
4. Ti c nghch l nh v mu git ng b, cha m, bc, ch,
Ihm. c. anh. ch, em, ng b ngoi, ng b cha m chng.
5. Ti bt do l git mt nh ba ngi khng i ti cht, git
ngi cht thy ra tng mnh, b thuc c ba m.
6. Ti di bt knh l n trm th trong lng miu, d ng
dng, lm gi n ng bo, ch thuc ng khng theo ng phng
v phong lm: nu ng thin phm vo nhng mn n cm,
khng gi gn thuyn ng cho c chc chn, ch trch vua v i
vi s gi nh vua khng c i ca k by ti.
7. Ti bl hiu l t co, ra mng ng b, cha m, tri li dy
bo, nui nng thiu thn, c tang cha m m ly v, ly chng, vui
chi n mc Iih thng, nghe thy tang ng b, cha m m giu,
khng c ai; ni di l ng b. cha m cht.

8. Ti bt mc l git hay em bn nhng ngi trong h t

hng phi tang ba thng tr ln, nh p v l co chng, cng
nhng h hng t tiu cng (tc l phi tang 5 thng) tr ln.
Theo Quc triu hnh lut, mc bn lang, th nhng ngi
sau y mt i, chu cht h hng s phi tang 3 thng hay 5 thng:
- C ng c b: tang t thi'" 3 thng;
- C ng c b: tang t thi 5 thng;

- C ng c b h: tang tiu cng'' 5 thng;

(Ulihi; d tang 1 nm c cKng gy, 1 nm khng chng gy hay l 3 thng.

5 thng, o may bng vi s c khu g.
<>' ui cng: tang m mc o m ay bng vi to.

403
 - C c h: nh th tang 3 thng, lv chng th khng lang;
- ng b ng ch bc (b thc l ph mu): tang 5 ihng;
- ng b ng ch bc h: tang 3 thng;
B c hng ch em ng: nh th tang 5 thng, ly chng
th 3 thng;
B c h: nh th d tang 3 thng, ly chng th khng d lang:
- Q i, bc, thm, h: d tang 5 thng (con ng ch ng bc);
Ch, bc, Ihm h: d tang 3 thng (chu c ch c bc);
- C con ng ch, ng bc: nh ih tang 5 thng, ly chng
th 3 thng;
C h; nh th tang 3 thng, ly chng ih khng d tang
(chu c ch c bc);
- Ch, em du con ch bc: lang 3 ihng;
- Anh em chu ch chu bc; tang 5 Ihng;
- Ch em du chu ch chu bc: lang 3 ihng;
- Anh em cht ch cht bc: tang 3 hng;
- Ch em con ch con bc: nh Ih lang 9 thng, ly chng
th 5 Ihng:
Ch em chu ch chu bc: nh (h tang s (hng, ly
chng 3 (hng;
- Ch em cht ch cht bc; nh ih tang 3 thng, ly chng
khng lang:
- Chu gi bng ch bc: lang 5 thng (con anh em con ch
con bc);

404
 - Chu d u gi bng ch bc: lang 3 thng (con anh em con
ch con bc);
- Chu gi bng ch bc h; d lang 3 thng (con anh em chu
ch chu bc);
- Chu gi con anh em con ch con bc: nh Ih tang 5
thng, ly chng, 3 thng:
- Chu gi con anh em chu ch chu bc: nh th lang 3
thng, ly chng khng tang;
Chu gi bng ng ch ng bc: (ang 5 thng;
- Chu du gi bng ng ch ng bc: tang 3 thng;
- Chu gi bng ng ch. ng bc h: tang 3 thng:
- Chu gi bng ng chi, ng bc h: tang 3 thng;

- Chu gi gi bng ng ch, ng bc: nh ih lang 5 thng,

ly chng, 3 thng;
- Chu gi gi bng ng ch, ng bc h: nh th tang 3
thng, ly chng ih khng lang;
- Cht gi bng c ch c bc: tang 3 thng;
- Cht gi gi bng c ch c bc; nh th tang 3 thng, ly
chng khng d tang:
9. Ti bt ngha l git quan bn ph v cc quan ng li
nhim, git thy hc; nghe thy c tang chng m khng c ai; vui
chi n mc nh thng cng l ci gi.

10. Ti ni lon l gian dm vi ngi trong h l hng tiu

cng tr ln cng nng hu ca ng cha.

405
 B. Trng hp n gidm: bt ngh

Lut Hng c cn ra 8 trng hp c h c n gim

nh sau:
1. Trng hp n gim th nht: ngh thn, l h hng lng tht
t hng n min (ngha l h trong nm i) tr ln, h b Hong
thi hu l hng ly ma'" tr ln; h Hong hu t tiu cng tr ln;
2. Trng hc^ n gim Ih nh: Ngh c l nhng ngi c cu
(nhng ngi by ti lm u nm ti triu);

3. Trcmg hp n gim th ba: Ngh hin l nhng ngi c c

hnh in;
4. Trng hc^ n gim th t: Ngh nng l nhng ngi c ti
nng ln;

5. Trcmg hp n gim th nm; Ngh cng l nhng ngi c

cng hun ln;
6. Trng hp n gim th su: Ngh qu l nhng quan vin c
chc s t tam phm tr ln, nhng quan vin chc vic nhn tn (nh
nhng chc hn lm v hc quan) hay c ic t nh phm tr ln;
7. Trcmg hp n gim ih by; Ngh cn l nhng ngi c cn
lao ln;
. Trfng hp n gim th tm: Ngh tn l nhng khch ca
8

vua cc triu trc.

Phm nhng ngcri thuc vo bl ngh trn ny. m phm vo t

t i, th c c q u a n n g h n p h i k h a i r t i tr n g v h n h pht n n x

Ty ma: d i lang 3 ing.

406
th no, lm thnh bn tu. dng ln vua d vua quyt nh (c quan
ngh n ch xt tnh ngh ti cho ng vi php ul m khng c
quyt nh). T ti lu tr xung ih c gim mt bc nu phm
li thp c th khng theo lut ny.

407
 PH LC 4
H N G C T H I N C H N H T H

(T rc h )

M c l c

L ru n g i h o n g h o

L v i c x

T r c b n d s a u b n o n

T ra n h ru n g d n h n g i

i n s n k h n g n g i th a k

L ru n g t q u n i n h n

M i li m n th n h n c n d i n Ih

L v tan g p h c

C hng h hn

C h n g i n s n

C h n g d y b o k h u y n rn

n b c b y i u p h i ly d

n b c b a i u k h n g d c ly d

N m ih 18 n i n h i u H n g c n h th m b a d i u l.

N g y 20, th n g 4 , n m th 7 n i n h i u H n g c b a n b diu l

L n h v s b t k x m p h m v o t i v t c a c n g h a y c a i L
v h n n h n .

T h n g 11 n m th n m n i n h i u Q u a n g T h u n b a n b:

408
L v c o n nui

L v v c h n g k h n g c con

L v vi chng trc c c o n , vi chng s a u k h n g c c o n .

Chng trc hay v k c con. du cng theo lut ny.

C m l c d n l p ra k h o n c rin g ,

H a i ng i c o n g i c n g vi n h a u , m t n g i c ihai v

K h n g c h n g c cha

L n m th 7 n i n h i u H n g c

L v s l g ic

L v ti t n g g i m ch c tc

L n h v vic q u y n r th i n g g ia n , r i h o h u ri n g

L v q u a n x t n

L v s c m n g i g o k h n g c t c o n

L v s c o n p h m phpv c h a m p h i t ( k h n g n h n l c o n )

L v s n u i c o n n g i k h c m c o n n u i

L v c o n n u i c i n sn c a c h a m n u i

L v s l p c h c th v v n k h

L n h v s k h m x t v n k h i n th th t h a y g i

C n g h l y n h a u .

u i r g c o n g i ( c h o ng i k h c )

T h n b i t t

G i th l n l n tro n g th n th u c v t n ty

409
 G c o n g i ly c a

cm g d i ta n g m g i th

C n g g ia n v n g i

C n g g ia n q u p h

T h n g g ia n vi v n g i

T h n g g ia n v i v th y h c

C h b c th n g g ia n vi c h u g i

T r c th n g d m sa u g i th

T h n g g ia n v i k n (c n r i n g c a v)

K h u c t c o n g i t n

C o n g i c n g o i tn h

L y c o n g i th u c h t lm v (l m q u a n l y c o n g i tro n g h t)

N n g d u h n h o to ti n g

C o n r tri d o

B l h i u v i c h a m

B't th n vi ln g nc

B t m c vi a n h e m

Soa chn con

C o n g it c h a k h n g th u c tr o n g h ln h p h p th n g

cm g d i ta n g Ih n g g ia n vi c o n c c o n b c

B h n g i tt

V c c y b a p h m v o m n g i

410
 B an m v c x n g v o n h n g u i ta

N g tr n h n g i

T in li v s c m , vay

C m c c o n trai, c o n g i

Trm c d ^ gii ngi

D i u c h n h v l i n tr m

n tr m c a o v c c th h oa q u

L v d n bn h t p h i c h u sa i d c h l m v ic c h o l n g m n h

L v s g il v n g tr u v ch .

L v d n tm ru n g

L v a gii

L v s k h n g c c n g m t n h

G i ti v t ng i k h c g i h

L v v ic lp c h

T c o g i d i h a y c h thc

L v l p h u t i n h , t i c h a

N m th 2 7 n i n h i u H n g c

L v h n g h o vi c h n g tr c c c o n tra i, vi c h n g s a u c
c o n g i

B c d n h k c h th c n i p h n m b n g s b c c h n

411
 /. L in h ti m ih h a i n i n h i u H ng c v r i n g iu

hng ho

K :

N h n g ru n g t c a d n g ia n , l m ih n h c h c th . th p h n
hcmg h o . c h u n c h o m t p h n h a i m i. N u ngi c h a lm trcTng
t c , c ru n g t v p h n h n g h o m ngi c h a iru c k ia
c h n g , g m v o n h n g p h n c a c c c o n tt c c l b a o
n h i u , r i li c h ia c h o p h n hcm g h o l m t p h n hai m i, )n i
c h u lm Ir n g t c , li ih e o c c h c h ia y. T ro n g khi d n u n h i u
ru n g t, th p h n h n g h o v p h n m i ng i, iro n g g ia t c c
tu ti n c h ia u , n u ai c n g n g h e th e o c h o n g i g i k lp. k h n g
c tra n h g i n h k h i u n i g . th c n g y c h o . C n g l n cii c ngi n o
v d u y n c g . tr c b n ru n g t c h n o c h o n g i k h c , n
l c q u n p h n d . s c o i c c ru n g tr c k ia d b n d t n h l k
p h n c a n g i bn: a n h e m tro n g g ia n h k h n g c m n c l
ru n g d t c h a c h ia ; c n g l c a i b q u a n g y k y n g y l t k h n g l m
l . m r i li h a n h a u k i n c o l n n a . V y nu tro n g h Ih am )am
c' c h p l u n m k h n g c h u c h ia , iro n g ru n g t c n g c m
b n d t. m m n c tra n h g i n h , th c h o p h p ngcfi l n g y v
ng i tu ru n g c l m n t c o l n N h a m n x t th c, b i
k p h m li m t p h n ru n g k p h n v b ti n n g . C c th u g ia o
v c o n tr n g . P h p lu t r t l g i n d . th h n h c h o c k sa n g v k
h n . N u c h th c i c o n in r n g , c h u In r n g . th u th e o q u y lu t
d n h v hcm g h o . T h m N g u y n - M th a n h n c c th k h n g
p h i p h n m n h , tra n h c n h n g h o ; v y th e o i u l k h o n g n m
H n g c. v l c o n tr n g bt h i u , l m tr i p h p , ih c h o c h n d n g
c o n th, h o c l n g n h tr n g k h n g c c o n trai, th c c h n c o n
g i tr n g th a y v o g i v ic h n g h o y, d c k ti p c y c y d

4 12
c u n g vic t l . N h vy, hoc l trcm g n a m h a y tr n g n . d u c
c h i u l n h n p h n c n g t.

N u v s a u . k n o n g a n g Iri, h o c c l n g th a m m c m b n
d i. s b k h p li b t h iu , m i h n b n p h n g ia t i. N u b n ru n g
hcm g h o c h o ngi n g o i, th c h o p h p c h u c l i (n g i t u d c
d i li li n m u a ); n u b n c h o n g i tro n g b n l n , ih n g i lu m t
ti n m u a m ru n g h n g h o p h i tr li. N g n h tr n g h y d c
c h a u y n c o n n i g i hcm g h o d i i. N u ir n g n a m m b!
h i u , k h n g (h g ia o v i c l l . th th e o lu t k h p t i m l tr m
tr n g . P h p n c r r n g , k h n g d u n g k b h i u , v c n g k h n g
th a l i c h o k p h m lu t. i u lu t n n h v h n g h o , c l
c o n tr n g c h u tr n g , th p h i g i t t. p h n ru n g c ti p t c
c y cy , h n g n m s a v i c g i t t c n g t ti n .

2. N ^ v 2 0 li ig 8 n m th 2 n i n h i u Q u a n T h u n , I^uun
T n g th i g i m N h a T l g i m l H i u ir u \ n r a s c c h

N g y 17 th n g n y n m n y . Q u a n H o n g tn i p h u , L a n g
iru n g T y M in h h n h th a n h li b H n h l V c h i u n g k ih c n
t u ln v v i c k in c o tr a n h d n h p h n r u n g t h c n g h o , T i
tr m ih y c c vin c h c p h ii, h u y n v x tro n g th i n h , c x t
n h i u v i c k i n v h n g h o , m q u a n n h a y c u n . k h b g i i
q u y t. V C h n g n i: i n g c h a c h s in h d c m t Irai m t
g i: n g i c o n tra i n v l i s in h to n c n g i. n k h i c v i c k i n v
h n g h o . V C h cm g k n h c n x t Iro n g lu t Q u c tri u c
n i: N u U n g c ir n , n a m th i d n g tr n g n iT \ l lu t v n
r r n g . N h n g c n tro n g trcfng h p i n g s in h c o n ira i b a n g i,
m c o n tra i tr n g s in h to n l c o n g i; c o n th h a i, c o n th ba u
c s in h c o n tra i, n g c h a c b a o n h i u r u n g t c l i c h c
th . c h ia c h o c c c o n d m i n g i m p h n . C n p h n h n g h o

413
th g ia o c h o c o n tr n g c o i g i d c u n g v i c l l. n k h i c o n
tr n g c h t, k h n g c c o n tra i, m p h n ru n g d t h u n g h a , a
co n g i c a n g i c o n Irai tr n g v n g i c y cy. v s a u c o n trai
c a n g i c o n th v c a n g i c o n t, b o a c o n g k ia ly
c h n g l h n g i k h c r i: e r n g vic h n g h o n g y s a u n n i
ri re n , k h l n g g q u y l. D c h o r n g c h a c r r l. th h y l m
q u y t n h g ia o p h n h n g h o c h o m t n g i c o n trai c a ng i
th h a i h a y n g i c o n t. v l d n g d i b n n i; m ai n g y n i d i
t t n g , c th tru y n th n g m i lu d i. T h e o c c l d o , V C h
n g b y h t tn h h n h (u ln x in q u y t n g h v v ic h n g h o
n i tr n , h c o n ir n g c h t, m k h n g c c o n trai, th p h n h n g
h o p h i g ia o c h o c o n trai c a c o n th h a y c o n t. d tr b c i t
tra n h g i n h , v k h i n s tru y n th n g c v n h v i n . T t u ny
d c p h n g s c c h n h sa u ; " c i u l v h n g lio : l p ic h

t p h i d n g c o n Iro n g h th n g , k h n g c l p c o n tr o n g h k h c

p h n g th t li n , d r i lo n t n p h i. N u tri lu i n y th k h c g

h L tr a n h n g i h L id i, l m s a o m v n g b n d c n g h i p n h !" .

414
 PH4 LC
9 5
Q U C T R I U H N G C
N I N G IA N C H C U N G T H T H C -
M T V N BN H N G D N c c h t h c
LM ON T DI THI L.
D i th i L (1 4 2 8 - 178 8 ), n g o i v ic b a n h n h c c v n b n
p h p lu t c h n h th c q u a b Q u c iri u H in h lu t, th tri u n h c n
c n g b n h i u v n bn c h i u l n h , i u lu t d n h n h k h c b
s u n g . C c vn b n h i n c n c lu g i tro n g c c b s c h n h :
T h i n N a m d h t p , H n g c th i n c h n h th , Q u c i u c h i u
l n h th i n c h n h . Q u c tri u k h m t n g d i u l ... K h i n g h i n c u
n h n g v n b n n y c h n g ta th y p h p lu t c a th i L k th a
d c s p h t tri n c a n n p h p lu i th i L . th i T r n . n th i L
c c vn b n p h p lu t tr n n h th n g v h o n c h in h h n .

V n b n Q u c ir i u H n g c n i n g ia n c h c im g t h th c {th
th c v v ic l m cm c j n g k h a i, k i n t n g d i th i H n g c ) d c
c n g b d i th i L T h n h T n g . V i v n b n ny , n h im g n g i g i
q u y n h n h p h p c n g n h n g i d n th i L d c i u k i n n m
c th th c l m n t, k i n l n g v ic tra n h c h p ru n g t, v ic
u g y th n g tc h , vic h n n h n g ia n h , th th c l y c u n g , l p
b i n b n k h m n g h i m v n . S c h c n n u c c d i u lu t v h n h ,
h d i th i H n g c. c c h x p h t n g i d g y th n g tc h h o c
g y t th n g c h o ng i k h c ...

V n b n Q uc tr i it H n g c n i n g ia n ch cung t h th c

c h n g ti g i i th i u d y l vn b n c h p tay. h i n d c lu g i ti

"Thng bo H n Nm hc. Nxb. K H X H . H.2006.

415
 T h v i n V in N g h i n c u H n N m , s c h m a n g k h i u A .9 5 7 .
g m 2 3 2 tra n g k h 2 8 x 2 2 c m . K i c u c u n s c h g m 2 p h n , p h n
ir n l Q u c tri u H n g c n i n g ia n c h cu n g ih ihc g m 132
tra n g , p h n sau ph c h p s c h S h o n c h m q u y g m 100 tra n g .
T h e o L c h tri u h i n chucm g loi c h c a P h an H u y C h c h o b i t S
h o n c h m q u y gm 2 q u y n , c s o n n h d i Ihi H n g c
L T h n h T n g (1 4 7 0 - 14 9 7 ). N i d u n g c u n s c h n u n h n g d i u
k h u y n c o i vi n g i l m q u a n .

S au d y l m l s tra n g u tro n g p h n Q u c ir i ii H n g c

n i n g ia n c h c u n g t h th c .

T h th c v n k i n t n g th i H n g c

D n g g i y loi va, Ir c h t p h i g h i h tn , x , h u y n , p h v
gi . ngy, Ih n g . n m . N h n g c u t y x o sa c h a t u n c u i
lc k h m q u a n v it ch: T h i / \ n g y c h u n . K h m q u a n hi h y
p h i l ih d m g li v it c h 'T h i / '.

T h thc nguyn co xin rt n

N gy. Ih ng, n m , tri u i... N g u y n m n g i x , h u y n , ph
x in trn h by:

V o n g y , th n g , n m n a y c b n t' c o T r n m n g i b n x
v vic: ru n g d t, h n n h n , u , h o c th h n c h m g i t n h au
g m b a o n h i u ira n g g i y v u n g . M i l i y n h tro n g b n t co ,
n h n g c u ty. x o s a c h a l b a o n h i u c h d n g n h li N g u y n
m t c o T r n m . N a y N g u y n ii x in h n g n g y n c h x l h i.
N u v ng m i t m t n g y ir ln co i n h li tro n g dcm t' c o k h n g
c n g i tr. N g u y n m c h u th u a k in , c o i n h k h n g c n kin.

4 6
 N a y x in trn h

G i ... N g u y n c o N g u y n m k .

T h thc v n b co xin hu kin

N g y , th n g , n m , tri u i... T r n m n g i x , h u y n , p h x in
trin h by:

V o n gy, ih n g , n m n a y b N g u y n m n g i b n x lm dcm
k i n l n q u a n n h a v ru n g t. N a y T r n m li l m n x in q u a n
h u x t h n g n g y , n u v n g m t t 1 n g y tr l n c o i n h T r n m
th u a k i n . C o i n h k h n g c cm k in .

N a y x in trn h

G i ... b c o T r n m k

T h thc n xin ngh hu kin ca b co

N g y , th n g , n m . tri u i... L m n g i x , h u y n , p h xin
Irnh b y :

V o n g y , th n g , n m n g o i, n m n a y b T r n m n g i b n x
t c o l n n h a m n v v ic r u n g t d o v y li c n x in x t. V ic
x t x c h a x o n g m m a m n g s p t i. L m lm cm x in d c
n g h h u k i n . N u k o q u th i g ia n v n g m t t 1 n g y tr l n th
L m c h u th u a k i n , c o i n h k h n g c em k i n .

N a y x in irn h

G i ... b c o L m k

T h th c l m n b o l n h

X in l m cfn b o l n h c h o N g u y n m v n h c h a b n h . T ro n g

417
th n g n y m t i n h n h a u v i N g u y n m b th n g s in h m
n n g . X tr n g v m t i x e m x t th v n g n h n N g u y n
m trn h . N a y m t i x in b o l n h c h o N g u y n m v n h
c h m s c k h i b n h k h i s a v n h n g ay . N u N g u y n m c h t
th m t i x n c h u h n h p h t n n g v k h n g d m k u ca.

N a y x in trin h

T h thc lm n xin bi thng thng tch

N g y , th n g , n m nay m t i n h n h a u v i N g u y n m , N g u y n
m b thcrng, trn h bn x . X tr n g v m t i th a n h n ,
n h n g r i l i c n trn h ln q u a n n h a . Q u a n n h a sa i n g i v bt
m t i v n h n c h n g n x t h i. N a y m l i t b i t m n h sa i, x in
h n n n g y ... th n g ... s b i thcm g th n g tc h n h p h p lu t
q u y n h (n u v t thcng b s n g th b i th u n g 3 m c h , n u b c h y
m u th d n 1 m c h ), v ti n t t i n g n h p h p lu t. N u d y d a
q u th i h n th m t i x in c h u t i n n g k h n g d m k u c a g.

N a y xLn trn h

T h thc lm n xin xc nhn tru cht

N a y x in trn h v ic x c n h n tr u b c h t. N g u y n c o l N g u y n
m c 1 c o n tr u h o c 1 c o n b b g y y u , r i ln ra c h t. N g u y n
m k h n g d m t ti n g i i q u y t. V y l m n x in d c x c n h n
r x l.

N a y x in trin h

T h thc x trng lm n nhn sai st

N g y , th n g , n m . tri u i... M , X Ir n g x , h u y n , p h lm
cm tr n h by:

418
 V o n gy, th n g , n m n a y k h i l m s h tc h v it sa i tu i c a
N g u y n I, b s h t n . c h a k p ir a x i r r n g . N a y T r n m vu
c o li vi n h a m n , m l i b n h a m n g i l n x t h i. N a y N g u y n
m p h t h i n n g sai s t c a t i. T i x in n h n t i v x in s a li
d n g s thc.

N a y x in trn h

T h thc lm n theo li k
P h m lm d n th e o l i k th tu v ic m l m k h n g c u n v
n h i u l i. T r c h i p h i th e o Icri k s a u m i l m n . N u v v i c
ru n g d t th p h i g h i g i . n g y , th n g , n m v d a v o i i n h i u
n g i k . N h n c h n g l a i? x , p h . h u y n n o ... N a y k h m q u a n
d n h o t... lm n g i ... n g y . N g u y n m k (h o c i m c h ).

T h th c k k h a i n x

C c q u a n n h a h u y n ... k ;

n x t th n h l v v i c N g u y n m x m t i x N g u y n
m l n g i n g , h o c N g u y n m l n g i sa i, th d v t n o
p h i Ir c h o n g i d n g , ti n t n p h c a N g u y n m p h i th u h i
tr c h o n g i n g .

N a y lu n .

T h thc ngi thng kin phi lm n np

N g y , th n g , n m , tri u i...

K ;

n k i n v v ic N g u y n m , n a y d c x , N g u y n m l
n g i th u a k i n , p h i h o n tr c c th c h o N g u y n m , d o p h i
n p l b a o n h i u ti n c . N a y k trn h .

41 9
 H o n g tri u ngy, th n g , n m irn h n . N g u y n m k.

T h thc n k trnh vic p h tn

N g u y n m x , h u y n , p h trn h .

K :

V i c x v N g u y n m t c o . b bl. T i n p h t n x in k khai
n h sau:

V i c h n th n g , tu n n th a n h n li n th i p l b a o n h i u , ti n
i d n g i k h i l b a o n h i u .

N a y trn h .

H o n g tri u , ngy, th n g , n m .

T h thc lm n trinh vic brt nguyn hoc bn b b tron

sau khi x
Bn q u a n l N g u y n m l i x in trn h .

K :

V i c x v N g u y n m l' c o , b bl. T i n p h t n x in k k h a i
n h sau;

V i c h n Ih n g , tu n n th a n h n ti n th i p l b a o n h i u , ti n
i d n g i k h i l b a o n h i u .

N a y Irnh.

H o n g tri u , n g y , th n g , n m .

T h thc lm n trnh vic bn nguyn hoc bn b b trn

sau kh x
B n q u a n l N g u y n m t i x in trin h .

420
 K :

C b n n v vic x m t c o N g u y n m c n g la n g v i
m x n d x. v n l b n n g u y n h o c b n b N g u y n m p h i n
v o n g y , th n g d h u c h t i n a y q u 2 0 n g y .

N a y trn h .

H o n g tri u , ngy, th n g , n m .

L n h a m n d n k h m n g h i m t Ihi.

T h e o l, n u c c o tr n g p h i c h y m i p h , h u y n n g th i
n c n g n g x m b n c n h , g i g i y g i. T r c k h i i u ng i
n th u la n g v t p h i d n l c b i n b n n v th u l v t c h o s.
L i Ir u l p b n x. b n t n g v c 2 b n . V i c c h i d n n n h n th i
th n h t n h t p h i k h ai r r n g . K h i n k h m n g h i m th tr c h t
p h i c b n tro n g c u c , r i n x tr n g b n x . ri d n c c x
tr n g h u y n li bn t n g c lin q u a n , ri h u y n th a, tri h u y n ,
n g Iri p h c n g n c h n g i b h i e m c c v t tu th n lc
c n s n g c h o ng i thi h n h lm b n c o tr n g . P h i c 1 thc
d y o thi th , x em k c c c h th n g lc h , q u a n p h n g b n c n h
h i n g i x u n g q u an h . C b a o n h i u v t th n g ? n h n g c h n o
tr n Ih i th ? N u n h tr n th i th c r i th ly d m tr n v i g n g
g i n h l n th t n h i n s h t ri r i m i k h m n g h i m , g p n h n
c h n g . a N g u y n m ra ir a k h o , x t h i k d l y k h u c u n g ln
l i th l r r n g , k h n g c ih m b t m i c h n o . L p th n h bn
n y d . C m k h n h h u n g li r i m i c h n h th c lu n t i can
p h m . C c q a n th n g ty c n g n h a u x e m x t lu n l i. N g y y. c c
q u a n p h h u y n k h n g c p h p v n g m t. V ic tr a hi tr c sau
u c n c v o li khai tro n g b n n th n g n h t, m in h b c h . C c

421
q u a n c n g x t x x o n g k t n d i b n n ri tr n h th ng ty , t n g
g ia m p h m n h n v o n g c .

i p h m x t x v n m n g l h t s c n g h i m tr n g nn k h n g
ih k h n g th n tr n g . K h n g c n h n h i l . k h n g i c th m
b t, k h n g c d n g t lm c h o b n n n n g h o c nhc b i N u c
d i u li n lu y d n b n th n th c h o d l n m n g c n g c diu n g ,
i u sai.

T h thc lm bin bn khm nghim t thi

G i . n gy, th n g , n m . th u i... c c q u a n n h a ph. h iy n lm
b i n b n k h m n g h i m t th i m d o d n h n h a u v i T rn m b c h t
th th m . C n c v o b i n b n n n i x y r a n m ng. T riu t p
x tr n g b n t n g N g u y n m b d n h c h t c n g k h m n g H m . Sai
b h t c c v! y tr n th i Ih T r n m b n h c h t d x e n l n am
h a y n , k h o n g b a o n h i u tu i, c a o b a o n h i u , to bao nhiu, n m
n g a h a y n m sp . d u p h a n g , c h n p h a T y hoc du p h a
N a m . c h n p h a B c, t c d e n h a y b c , c r u h a y k h n g , rrt n h m
h a y m . m m n g m h a y h , c h n ta y c o h a y d u i, o i h iy n g n ,
c th t l ng h a y k h n g . N u l n th m c v y l a h ay v , y m 2
d i p h i o b n tri b a o n h i u , b n p h i b a o n h i u . o c b o n h iu
v t, h n h g , b n h h a y m , d i h a y tr n , b a o nhiu p l n . b a o
n h i u t c . tr n m n h c v t g k h c n a . Q u l N g u y i m d o
(hcm g tc h m c h t h a y N g u y n m b g i c h i n g a y , hoc [ b g i t
] tu n c h n c n g p h Ih n g k h n g c n r v t tc h h o c d h n g tu n
n a y b Ihi r a k h n g ih y c v t lc h . T t c u nh 5n b n
tr c d y c a b n t n g . G ia o th i th T r n m c h o gia dinh v m ai
n g , d th i th k h i b p h i b y n g o i ir i.

N a y l p b i n b n k h m n g h i m .

422
 C h n h p h m N g u y n m k ...

G i . n g y , th n g , n m n i n h i u iri u i.

H i d n g k h m n g h i m .

T ri p h m k ...

T h thc p bin bn v vic khm nghim i th i trong v n

mng do bn b hi n trinh bo vi bn x thuc bn lng
n N g u y n m th n n h n c a n h n g n g i b h i th n , x,
h u y n , ph m lm c o tr n g k u trn h v ic b ng i b n th n c tm
q u k . lc h o n t th d n b n h u n g d n tra n h g i n h ru n g d t,
d n h n g i n c h t. S v ic v c n g th m k h c . N g u y n N g u y n i
m c c h n g tu i b a o n h i u , th n , x h u c b n t n g , n g l ng i
l n g iin, l m n g h n n g c h a l n g l m d i u g p h i p h p . V o
n gy, th n g , n m nay, b n g n h i n c n g N g u y n m ng i th n ,
b n , x sin h l n g q u k tc h o n t th , d n b n h u n g x
N g u y n m . c h n g m a n g Ih e o c h u , tr n g , s n g ln. s n g b . vo
g i D n x n ru n g n h T r n m n c h t. V o g i m c ngu i
lm ru n g b n c n h lm c h n g . N h n g l i k h a i tr n n g h e th i th m
k h c . V vy, h d n trn h n g ay . C c q u a n v in , c h c s c , x
tr n g c a b n x . b n t n g th n c h in h n n g a y n i t th i b hi
l p b in b n g h i r c c th n g tch v th i h n h th e o p h p lut.

N gy, th n g , n m , tri u i...

T h n n h n n g i b h i, N g u y n m k,

Th' thc lp bin bn khm nghim t thi ca x trng

bn x

N gy, Ih n g . n m , tri u i...

423
 X tr n g N g u y n m x , huyn, p h , m . C n c v o li trn h
b o c a b n N g u y n m Ih n n h n n g i b h i th n x tr n xin
k h m n g h i m th n g tc h n n n h n b b n N g u y n m x th n
th u c b n x manh t m g ia n k', tc h o n t th tra n h g i n h ru n g
t. d n b n h u n g N g u y n m n tra n h c h p ru n g t r i m
n g i c h n g l T r n m tu i m b a o n h i u b tr n g th n g d n
c h t, li l Ih i th m k h c . n c h T r n m b n h c h t th y Ihi
th n m n g a h a y n m sp , u p h a n g c h n p h a T y h a y
u p h a N a m c h n p h a B c, m c o m u g . th t l n g g , n g i c a o
b a o n h i u tc, to b a o n h i u In, tr i b a o n h i u l n , p h i b a o n h i u
t c . T c e n h a y b c, m t n h m h a y m . 2 c h n 2 tay c o h a y d u i,
m m m i c m u k h n g . C c v t th n g u th v'l th n g c h y
m u n h v i m ; m i Ih m u c h y v s n g to , n c h , k h u u th
m u ch y , p h nc: c n h ta y p h i ih ... c n h ta y tri th ..., c h n ,
m n g b n tr i, bn p h i, tr n d i u c th n g lc h n h iu .
T h n g tc h d n g l n h i u . T r n m c h n g l d o c c v t thcm g.
X e m q u a li t u trn h tu y i n h i n k h n g c d u y n c g k h c .

N ay l p b i n bn.

G i k h m n g h i m thcm g tch .

X ir n g N g u y n m k " ...

N .N .N

T h e o b n d c h c a N g u y n T h T h o , N g u y n N g c N h n
tro n g M l s v n b n i n c h v p h p lu t V i t N a m ( l p II).

T h e o bn d c h c a L T u n A nh.

424
 PH LC 6

B N H N H Q U C N A M AN

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^ ^ 1* l t > I I I< :i -^T

ili s ^ ^ V ;
I'
E l . '^ T
" f '-* ^ :

l ]/# 1 . v ^ (;V
/ / & ! '* n i ^ '- c _

>
w A ^ X m -^ X r <i
^ : * T i- d *

'J ^
*4
' t .

425
 PH LC 7

B N C H I K I N

; \

428
1. G i p A i L a o

2. T y k in h

3. N i T i M

4. N g h A n

5. T h a n h H o

6. T h u n H o

7. N i H n g L n h

8. N i A n L n g

9. Q u n g N a m

10. Honh Scm

11. C h i m T h n h

12. T am s n (N i T am )

13. N i V oi (t n g s n )

14. C h a P h M in h

15. i H i (c a bin i H i)

16. Q u a n n g

429
 \

b n h n h t h
C )A TF

r -It '

^ i v

{t ,a ^ .f jn i % * J ^ 'T C
2 . 1 - ' l i # r S ! ^

V r - '' ^ ''' ; ^ '

430
 C8
6 P H 24 H U Y N
S N TY

______ ^ > 1 ^ v > w _ - **

''''
' ' " l^ ' . T-
s.
SL -
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- . V

l >
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t.

431
 1. B ch T h n h (th n h tr n g ) 2 2 . L n g Sn

2. V n N am 2 3 . C h u N a m X n g

3. T h p chu 2 4 . K in h bc

4. N i 2 5 - 26. S n g T h i n c

5. H n g H o 2 7 . N i K im N g u u
6. T uyn Q uang 2 8 . N i T n D u
7 . n g N g u D cm g ( n g
2 9 . Xcmg G ia n g
T r u d )
3 0 . N i N h c lu
8 . N i T n V i n
31. H i D n g
9 . N i P h t T c h (d u P h t)
32. C h a P h L i (P h L i)
10. S n T y
3 3 . L c u g ia n g
11. N i
3 4 . N i Y n
2 . N i H n g V cm g
3 5 . C h a Q u n h L m
13. N i A m
3 6 . C n Sn
14. T h i N g u y n
37.
15. S n N am

16. T ru n g 3 8 . M u Sn

17. H T y (t y h ) 39. N i Y n T

18. M i u L n g T r n g 40. H ng m

19. N i L c h 4 1 . A n B ang

2 0 . N i 4 2 . N i V n n

2 1 . N i C n h P li n g 4 3 . i V i n (v n l n )

426
44. Q u n g ng

4 5 . Q u n g T y

4 6 . P h n m a o nh (N i c R )

427
 PH LC 7
B N C H I K I N

V' m .

428
1. G i p A i L ao

2 . T y k in h

3. N i T i M

4. N gh A n

5. T h a n h H o

6. Thun Ho

7. N i H n g L n h

8. N i A n L n g

9 . Qung N am

10. H o n h Sn

11. C h i m T h n h

12. Tam s n (N i T am )

13. N i V oi (t n g scm)

14. C h a P h M in h

15. i H i (c a b i n i H i)

16. Q u a n n g

429
 P l

B N H N H T H 1
CUA T I

:
* i* i-: % ' 1 ir^ ^ 2 1 1 -

S-
^0 . ' ' N 1^:
430
c8
^ 6 P H 24 H 13Y N
IN S N T Y

~i

l l l ' '
if' I

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fe .

43
 1. ch T h n h (th n h tr n g ) 2 2 . L n g Sn

2. V n N am 23. C h u N a m X n g

3. T h p c h u 2 4 . K in h b c

4. N i 2 5 - 2 6 . S n g T h i n c

5. H n g H o 2 7 . N i K im N g u
6. T uyn Q uang 2 8 . N i T i n D u
7 . n g N g u D cm g ( n g
2 9 . X n g G ia n g
T r u d )
3 0 . N i N h c lu
8 . N i T n V i n
3 1. H i D n g
9 . N i P h t T c h (d u P h t)
32. C h a R i L i (P h L i)
10. Scm T y
33. L c d u g m n g
11. N i
34. N i Y n
12. N i H n g V n g
3 5 . C h a Q u n h L m
13. N i A m
3 6 . C n Sn
14. T h i N g u y n
37.
15. S n N a m

16. T ru n g d 3 8 . M u Sn

17. H T y (l y h ) 3 9 . N i Y n T

18. M i u L n g T r n g 40. H ng m

19. N i L c h 4 1 . A n B ang

20. N i 42. N i V n n

2 1 . N i C n h R i n g 4 3 . i V i n (v n l n )

426
44. Q ung ng

4 5 . Q u n g T y

4 6 . Phn m a o ln h (N i c R )

427
 . T y g i p T u y n Q u a n g , 20. H u y n Y n L ng
H ng H o
21. N i H n g V n g
2 . B c g i p T h i N g u y n 22. B ch H c , T am K
3. ng g i p T r u n g . 2 3 . P h T am i
K in h Bc
24. Sng P hc Lc
4. N am g i p T h a n h H oa,
2 5 . C h u V n B o
Sn N am
26. Sng chy th n g l i
5 . G i p T h i N g u y n
Sng N h
6 . N i T am o
27. T u n q u n
7. H u y n ng o
28. H u y n T h a n h Ba
8 . N i C h n h
2 9 . H u y n S n Vi
9 . N i T am K
30. H u y n T i n P h o n g
10. H u y n S n D n g
31. H u y n P h c L c
11. H u y n T am D n g 32. H u y n T L im
12. I ^ o a n H n g 33. H u y n H H oa
13. H u y n n g L a n 34. H u y n T am N n g
14. H u y n L p T h c h 35. H uyn an Phng

15. H u y n A n L c 3 6 . S n g T L ch

16. S n g T h i n c 37. P h P h n g T h i n

17. H u y n T y L a n 38. H u y n H o a K h

18. H u y n P h K h a n g 3 9 . P h D ng

19. H u y n B ch H c 40. Ph L m T hao

432
 4 1 . H u y n Bi Bi

4 2 . N i T n V in

43. H uyn T hch T ht

4 4 . H u y n M in h N g h a

4 5 . C h a T h i n P h c
(c h a T h y )

4 6 . R i Q u c O a i

4 7 . P h Q u n g O ai

4 8 . N i P h t T c h

4 9 . H u y n Y n Sn

5 0. H uyn M Lng

5 . G i p T h a n h H o a

52. Sng o

433
 p
B!

434
C9
N G f)

435
 1. N i K h n S n 21. H u y n T h X ng

2 . n L in h L a n g 2 2 . i n N a m G ia o

3. H T y

4 . T r n V q u a n

5. T h n h T h n g L o n g

6 . i n V n T h

7. n g C ung

8. Huyn Q u n g c

9 . i n G i n g V

10. T r n g th i hi

11.

12. T h i M iu

13. n g M n (c a n g )

14. S n g T L c h

15. n B ch M

16. B o K h n h M n

17. Q u c T G i m

18. P h P h n g T h i n

19. T h p B o T h i n

20. T u th i n g i m (T o
th i n v n )

436
 B N H N H T H
2 CHU CA T

^ v v T M y T

438
CIO
IG 9 P H 2 5 H U Y N
' N N G H A N
: 7K - - ^

> - ;:< p '> " : ^ ^

439
 1. T y g i p A i L a o 24. H uyn H ng N guyn

2. Bc g i p T h a n h H o a 25. Ca X

3. N a m g i p T h u n H o 2 6 . R i c Q u a n g
4. n g g i p b in 2 7 . N i H n g L n h
5. P h T r L n 28. H uyn N ghi X un
6 . P h T r n N in h
2 9 . H u y n C h n P hc
7. C a C n
30. C a H i T h n g
8 . C n M iu
31. N i Song N g
9. Ph N gc M a
3 2 . H u y n H n g Sn
10. H u y n Q u n h Lu
3 3 . H u y n L a Sn
u . Ca Q uyn
3 4 . H u y n T h i n L c
12. P h Q u C h u
3 5 . C a C n g T i t
13. P h D in C hu
3 6 . H u y n T h a c h H
*

14. C a i
3 7 . C a N a m G i i
15. P h L m A n
38. Ph H H oa
16. H u y n T h a n h C h n g
3 9 . H u y n K H oa
17. H u y n n g T h n h
40. Ca K La
18. C a B ch

19. H u y n N a m n g 41. C u D oanh

2 0 . C a H i n 4 2 . N i T am

21. 43. Ca H i K hu

22. Ph A nh 4 4 . C h u B' C h n h

2 3 . i n H i n Q u a n g 4 5 . H o n h Sn

440
 TI LIU THAM KHO

1. V n k i n H i n g h ln Ih n m B an C h p h n h T ru n g cfng
n g C n g sn V i t N a m , k h o V II. n g y 0 3 /6 /1 9 9 3 .

2. V n k i n i h i i biu to n q u c n g C n g s n V it
N a m l n th V II. V III. IX v X.

3. T u y n n gn E>c lp 1945 ca nc V it N a m D n ch c n g h c.

4 . T u y n n g n c lp nc M 17^76.

5. T u y n n g n N h n q u y n v d n iq u y n C n g h o P h p 1789.

6 . T u y n n g n t h g i i v n h n q u y n c a i h i d n g L in
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7 . H i n p h p H p c h n g q u c H oa K 1 787

8 . H i n ch n g L i n h c ^ q u c 1945.

9 . C n g c q u c t v x o b m i h n h th c p h n b it d i x
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n q u n . Si G n . 1959.

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20. P h an n g T h a n h - T r n g T h H o : L c h s c c h c h

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44 3
 MC LC
T rang

Li gii thiu 5
M u i

T N H H N H I V I T T R C K H I
L THNH TNG c TN LN NGI VUA 3

P hn m t

L T H N H T N C.
N H C C H T N H N H C H N H
Y Q U Y TON V S N G T O 2 !

I. C c h t n c u t o t c h c v p h n n h r c h c
n n g, n h i m v c a b m y vng q u y n 23
1. C c h t n c u t o t c h c V p h n n h c h c n n g ,

n h i m v c a b m y c h in h q u y n c p ir iin g n g 23

2. Cch tn cu ro t chc v phn nh r chc nng,

n h i m v c a c c c q u a n c h n h q u y n a p h n g 38

II. C c h t n v c h tu y n c h n , s d n g q u a n li 44
1. T h i lu y n d i th i Ir v c a L T h n h T n g 46

2 . L b o c d i th i tr v c a L T h n h T n g 6

3 . L l p m d i th i ir v c a L T h n h T n g 65

444
 III. C c h l n v c h d kim tra , g i m s t q u a n , l 66

/. L k h o I h i d i t h i t r v i c ii L T h n h T n g 68

2. L k h o k h o d i th i ir v c L T h n h T n g 69

IV . K h e n th n g , x p h t q u a n l i 73

V . B n lu n v n h n g cch t n nn h n h c h tih
q u c g ia c a n h V u a L T h n h T n g 91

P h n hai

L THNH TNG
NH C CH TN PH P LUT
N H Y BN V S N G T O 107
L V i t N a m q u c g a s m c n c n i p h p lu t t h n h v n 109

I I . th c p h p l u t c a n h V u a L T h n h T n g 7

III. Q uc tri u H n h lu t - di s n v an h o p h p l
c s c c a V l N a m 126

. i n c p h i lu n c n h g i c v i h o n g o i x m 129

2 . G i n g h i m k c n g , p h p n c 135

3 . C h n iim g n n g n g h i p , c o i n n g n g h i p l n n t n g

ca x hi 152

4 . M rng g ia o I if 4 , khuyn k h c h th n g n g h i p

l n h m n h 166

5 . P h t tr i n , b o v q u y n s h u c n g i n , c n g th

v i i n , t h 190

445
 6 . K h u y n k h c h n u i d n g lH t n p h o n g , m l c 215

7. B nh vc, b o v p h n 226

8 . C h n h s c h h n h s n g h i m \ khoan dung 238

IV. nh hng, t c d n g c a n h n g ci cch tu

p h p ca n h V ua L T hnh T ng 249

. H c ih u y i c a i ir k h n g c n p h p lu i 249

2 . H c th u y t c tr 251

3 . H c th u y t p h p ir 252

4 . H c th u y t k tr 254

Phn ba

L TH N H T N G

N G I T N N M N G V O G C H C
V XY DNG TH N H C N G NN q u c p h n g

V CC L C LNG v c T R A N G D A V O sc D N 263

I. L T h n h T n g n h ch in ic q u n s sc so
v uyn bc 266

I I . L T h n h T n g - n g i h i u r v t h i t i p c

c c m ' q u a n h d n g n g i a k i n h t , q u c p h n g v

q u n i 274

1. C h u n b s n s n g v n h n l c 277

2. C hun b v vi cht 291

446
 l l . L T h n h T n g n h v u a c b i t t i v t c h c ,
r n lu y n v c h h u y q u n i 299

y. H o n ii n t ' c h c q u n i 300

2. H un lu y n nng cao s c c h i n u , s c c d n g

ca qun i 3 I

3 . R n lu y n k lu l q u n i 3 7

4. L T hnh T ng - v t n g c h i n tr n g k i t x u t 332

LI KT 353

PH L C 373

T I L I U T H A M K H O 4 4

447