1.

, , C 60
2. (metal carbide) Ca 2 C, Mg 2 C
3. CO, CO 2
4. (carbonic acid, bicarbonate salt, carbonate salt)
H 2 CO 3 , NaHCO 3 , CaCO 3
5. cyanide, cyanate thiocyanate KCN, NaOCN, NH 4 SCN

H H H H
H C C C C X
H H H H

residue functional
groupgroup

functional group
1. Hydrocarbon
1.1. Alkane
1.2 Alkene
1.3 Alkyne
1.4 Benzene aryl group
2. Alcohol ROH hydroxyl group
3. Ether ROR oxy group
4. Amine RNH 2 amino group
5. Carboxylic acid RCOOH carboxylic group
6. Ester RCOOR oxycarbonyl group
7. Amide RCONH 2 amide group
8. Aldehyde RCHO carboxaldehyde group
9. Ketone RCOR carbonyl group
10. Alkyl Halides R-X ( X F, Cl, Br, I)

1
Isomerism
(Isomerism)
(Isomer)

1.
2.
Double bond equivalent (DBE)
degree of unsatturation

H X N
DBE = C + +1
2 2 2
1DBE 1 1

3

1. : amide > carboxylic > alcohol > amine

2. : ketone > aldehyde > ester > ether

3. : alkyne > alkane > alkene

1 2

2





Alkane C n H2n+2 -ane

Cycloalkane C n H2n Alkane Cyclo- -ane

1.

Alkene C n H2n -ene

2. KMnO 4

Cycloalkene C n H2n-2 Alkene Cyclo- -ene

1.

Alkyne C n H2n-2 -yne

2. KMnO 4
MnO 2
Cyclolkyne - Alkyne Cyclo- -yne Alkene

Aromatic Ar- -

3
 //
1.


(alcohols) (hydroxyl) 2.
ol
R-OH (Na)

1.

2.
3. Na NaHCO 3

(carboxylic
(carboxyl)
acid) - oic acid
R-COOH

4. (Esterification)

1.
alkyl


2.
(ester) (oxycarboxyl)

R-COO-R
oate

alkyl

(ether) (oxy)

R-O-R - ether

1.
alkane
(aldehyde) (carboxaldehyde) Cu 2 O
e
R-CO-H 2.
- al

4


alkane
(ketone) (carbonyl)
e
R-CO-R
- one

1.
amino
2. ( )
(amino)
(amine) R--NH2
3.





1.

(amide) 2.
oic acid
(amide) R-CONRR

3.

amide

1.
1

1.

2.

3.

4.

5
2. C 3 H 6 O Na

1. 2 2. 3 3. 4 4. 5

3. Br 2 Br 2
UV

1. 2.

3. 4.

4.
1. NaHCO 3
2. NaHCO 3
3. Na
4. 1

5.

NaHCO 3 Na NaOH() Br 2 CCl 4
()
A CO 2 H 2 Br 2
B CO 2 H 2
C CO 2 H 2
D CO 2 H 2

A B C D
1. Cyclohexane Propanoic acid Ethanol Methyl ethanoate
2. Cyclohexane Propanol Ethane Propene

6
3. Hexanoic acid Propane Ethanoic acid Propanol
4. Hexanol Propene Ethyl acetate Propanoic acid