PARTICIPLES

PHAN TU
Participles Form Usage Examples
Present Chủ động : V_ing Phân từ ở hiện tại VietNam is a
Bị động : Being + V PII được sử dụng như 1 developing
adjective (tính từ) country.
trong câu The book looks
interesting.
Dùng để nối những I knew Mika was
câu chủ động có good at English. I
cùng chủ ngữ. asked him for help
=> Knowing Mika
was good at
English, I asked
him for help.
Được sử dụng để The man who is
thay thế cho một sitting near me is
mệnh đề quan hệ my uncle
=> The man, sitting
near me is my
uncle
Được sử dụng để 1, When I entered
thay thế cho một the room, I found
mệnh đề, thời gian, her sleeping
câu điều kiện => Entering the
room, I found her
sleeping.
2, If you learn
harder, you will
pass the exam
=> Learning
harder, you’ll pass
the exam.
3, Although he
learnt hard, he
failed the exam.
=> Learning hard,
he failed the exam.
4, I am given a
newspaper
everyday I feel
 lucky.
=> Being given a
newspaper
everyday I feel
lucky
- Sau các động từ chỉ - She smells
giác quan: something burning
Các động từ chỉ giác in the kitchen.
quan gồm: see, hear, - I caught them
smell, watch, notice, stealing my books
observe, feel, nếu - I found him
hành động mang tính standing in at the
chứng kiến sự việc door.
đang xảy ra thì ta có - I left him talking
thể sử dụng Phân từ to Jerry.
hiện tại (V-ing). - They go
- Sau các động từ swimming
catch, find, leave, everyday.
keep: - He spends two
S+ hours a day
catch/find/leave/keep jogging.
+ O + V-ing - She is busy
- Sau các động từ: parking
go, come, spend, - You should wear
waste, be busy, gloves when using
worth detergents.
*Go + V-ing: nói
đến các hoạt động
thể thao
- S + spend/waste +
time/money + V-ing:
tiêu xài, lãng phí
- Be busy + V-ing:
bận rộn
- Dùng sau các liên
từ: when, if,
although, while,
once

Past V P.II Được sử dụng như 1 His broken leg

tính từ trong câu doesn’t matter to
him

Perfect Chủ động : Have + PII;
Having PII
Bị động: Having been PII
Được sử dụng để I like the poems
thay thế cho mệnh đề which were written
quan hệ trong câu bị by Nguyen Du
động ở thì quá khứ => I like the poems
written by Nguyen
Du
Sử dụng trong các She had her new
câu cầu khiến bị dress made.
động: I get my car fixed.
S + have/ get + O +
V3/-ed + by O
Được sử dụng như The secret of
past participle nhưng universe which
dung trong thì hoàn have fascinated
thành people for
centuries, are
slowly being
revealed
=> The secret of
universe, having
fascinated people
for centuries, are
slowly being
revealed

Reducing the adverbial clause to participle phrases

Mệnh đề phó từ là 1 mệnh đề đc bắt đầu bởi các từ phụ thuộc “ While, when, as, before,
since, after….”
Ex: While I entered the room, he was sleeping.
=> Entering the room, I found her sleeping
Cách chuyển đổi từ mệnh đề phụ thuộc sang 1 cụm phân từ
- Phải chắc chắn rằng chủ ngữ ở mệnh đề phụ thuộc và chủ ngữ ở mệnh đề độc lập
là giống nhau
Ex: While technology creates a new job in some sector of economy, it takes away jobs in
others.
=> Creating a new job in some sector of economy, it takes away jobs in others.
 - Xoá bỏ chủ ngữ ở mệnh đề phụ thuộc và nếu cần thì chuyển S đó sang mệnh đề
độc lập
- Sử dụng cụm phân từ để chuyển đổi mệnh đề phó từ
- Quy tắc xóa bỏ hay giữ lại những từ phụ thuộc:
 Giữ lại before, since khi chúng ám chỉ về thời gian nhưng xóa as
Ex: Carol hasn’t come back since she came to the USA 3 years ago.
=>> Since coming to to the USA 3 years ago Carol hasn’t come back
 Xóa bỏ cả before, since, as khi chúng ám chỉ vì lí do
Ex: As she felt tired, she didn’t finish the homeword
=>> Feeling tired, she she didn’t finish the homeword
 Giữ lại after, while, when khi cụm phân từ đi theo sau mệnh đề độc lập còn ngược
lại thì xóa bỏ.
Ex: When I entered the room, I found her sleeping
=>> Entering the room, I found her sleeping
=>> I found her sleeping when entering the room.
Types of participle (participial) phrases Examples
Reason Because the items were delivered by air,
they arrived quickly.
= (Being) Delivered by air, the items
arrived quickly.
Time When he got the job offer, he hesitated to
accept it.
= Getting the job offer, he hesitated to
accept it.
Condition If you follow the manual, you can see the
machine.
= Following the manual, you can see the
machine.
Concession Although he is physically challenged, he
is the best engineer in the company.
= Being physically challenged, he is the
best engineer in the company.
Entailment (2 hành động xảy ra đồng thời) As he
drank coffee, he wrote the report.
= Drinking coffee, he wrote the report.

(Một hành động xảy ra sau hành động

khác) I turned on the computer and
checked my e-mail first.
= Turning on the computer, I checked my
e-mail first.
TIP:
Dựa trên quan hệ giữa chủ ngữ của mệnh đề chính và động từ trong mệnh đề trạng ngữ,
chúng ta có thể tạo thành participial phrase chính xác. Nếu đó là một quan hệ chủ động,
dùng một present participial phrase. Nếu là một quan hệ bị động, dùng một past
participial phrase.

Exercise 1: Choose the correct answer:

1. _____their work, they went home.
a. Finishing b. Having finished c. Had finished d. Finished
2. The girl_____ behind you is naughty.
a. stands b. stood c. is standing d. standing
3. _____ their farm work, the farmers returned home.
a. Finishing b. Finish c. Having finished d. Being finished
4. _____by the visitor, the clavichord could not be used.
a. Broken b. Break c. Breaking d. Broke
5. After_____ dinner, I watches television.
a. eat b. eating c. eaten d. ate
6. When_____ in international trade, letters of credit are convenient.
a. used b. are used c. using d. they used
7. She swam to the shore_____ the night in the water.
a. having pent b. having spending c. when spending d. had spent
8. I believe here is somebody_____ on the door.
a. to knock b. knock c. knocked d. knocking
9. The lady_____ in blue is her aunt.
a. dressed b. dressing c. is dressing d. in dress
10. _____ from what you say, you are innocent.
a. To judge b. Judging c. Judge d. To be judged
11. _____ you to the job, he felt calm.
a. Appointed b. Appoint c. Having appointed d. To appoint
12. _____ so much, the doll is still on the shelf.
a. Cost b. Costs c. To cost d. Costing
13. _____ at by everyone, he was disappointed.
a. laughed b. Laugh c. Laughing d. In laugh
14. _____ anxious to please us, they told us all we wanted to know.
a. Be b. To be c. Being d. In being
15. Weather_____, we will start tomorrow.
a. permits b. will permit c. is permitting d. permitting
16. Dinner_____ over, they returned home.
a. being b. be c. is d. was
17. Since_____ his new business, Bob has been working 16 hours a day.
a. open b. opening c. opened d. of opening
18. After _____the fight, the police arrested two men and a woman.
a. stopping b. stop c. to stop d. stopped
19. ____ one hand on the steering wheel, Ann opened a can of soda pop with her
free hand.
a. To keep b. Keep c. In keeping d. Keeping
20. When ____ to explain his mistake, the new employee cleared his throat nervously.
a. asking b. asked c. to be asked d. to be asking
Exercise 2: Complete the sentences using the correct form of the word in brackets.
1. A woman ………………. (wear) a blue hat opened the door.
2. Champagne, ……………..(produced) in France, is exported all over the world.
3. My sister works in a bakery ……………………(make) cakes.
4. A million dollars worth of jewellery………………. (belong) to the President's
wife has been stolen.
5. Pictures…………………. (paint) by Picasso usually sell for millions of
pounds.score
6. A lorry………………… (carry) fruit crashed on the motorway.
7. This is a vegetarian restaurant. None of the dishes……………….. (serve) here
contain meat or fish.
8. The Harry Potter books, ……………….(write) by JK Rowling, have all been
made into films.
Exercise 3: Choose the correct word

1. I was disappointing/disappointed with the film. I had expected it to be better.

2. Are you interesting/interested in football?
3. The football match was very exciting/excited. I enjoyed it.
4. It's sometimes embarrassing/embarrassed when you have to ask people for money.
5. Do you easily get embarrassing/embarrassed?
6. I had never expected to get the job. I was really amazing/amazed when I was offered
ot.
7. She has really learnt very fast. She has made astonishing/astonished progress.
8. I didn't find the situation funny. I was not amusing/amused.
9. It was a really terrifying/terrified experience. Afterwards everybody was very
shocking/shocked.
10. Why do you always look so boring/bored? Is your life really so boring/bored?
11. He's one of the most boring/bored people I've ever met. He never stops talking and he
never says anything interesting/interested.
Exercise 4: Rewrite these sentences
1.Nam won a scholarship. We are excited about that fact
-> We’re ………………………………………………………………
2. Entering the room, I was surprised at what I saw.
-> When ………………………………………………………………
3. The volunteers couldn’t mow the old lady’s lawns because of the rain.
-> The rain prevented …………………………………………………
4. David did his homework and the went to bed.
-> After having ………………………………………… ……………
5. It is easy for anyone to learn how to cook.->
Learning…………………………………………………………….
6. I told him off. Then I realized I was wrong.
->
7. I worked very hard for the exam. Then I passed it.
-> Before…………………………………………………………….
8. First I considered what to study. Then I decided to major in Maths.->
After………………………………………………………………..
9. She wrote a letter. Then she went to bed.
-> After……………………………
10. He bought a radio. First he checked the price.
-> After…………………………………
11. They argued. Then they fought.
-> After……………………………………………
12. She went out for a walk. Then she had a fatal accident.
-> Before…………………………………………………
13. She decided to go away. First she faced the matter.
-> After…………………………….
14. We read the book, then we wrote the assignment.
-> Before………………………………………………..
15. She watched the film, then she wrote a report
-> After…………………………………
16. A good way of keeping fit is to swim everyday .
->Swimming everyday is a good way of keeping fit.
17. It takes a long time to learn a foreign language.
->………………………………………………………
18. Grow your own food. It’s less expensive.-
>…………………………………………………………
19. It is uncomfortable to sit in one place for so long.-
>…………………………………………………
20. You are not allow to smoke here->…………………………………………………