_BFNGLY
 

Hlmuedde _bfnglr Snetls adfdg Hljnaupde

  _lrh
_lrhlgidemde
lgidemde neaustrn pbfnglr an Neabelsnd gdsnj tlremmdf
 kduj adrn elmdrd-elmdrd
elmdrd-elmdrd fdneeyd.
fdneeyd. Dadpue hlmuedde pbfnglr
sliledreyd sdemdt fuds.

Sdfdj sdtu cbetbj pbfnglr snetls dadfdj pfdsh. _fdsh

glrupd
glrupdhd
hde
e pbfngl
pbfnglrr yd
ydem
em adpdt
adpdt anclt
ancltdh
dh gle
glekda
kdann ilridm
ilridmdn
dn iletuh
iletuh
ydem ilrilad. Klens pfdsh ade plemmueddeeyd sdemdt fuds. _fdsh
ydem ideydh anmuedhde ilrupd flgplem, flgidrde ade `fg. Anekdu
adrn plemmueddeeyd pfdsh anmbfbemhde glekdan aud ydntu pfdsh
uetu
uetuh
h hlplr
lplrfu
fude
de ugug
ugug ade
ade pfds
fdsh uetuh
tuh idjd
idjde
e hbe
besstruh
truhsn
sn
(lemnellrnem pfdscs).
 

_fdsh glgpueydn ilridmdn sndt ydem glemuetuemhde, andetdrdeyd;

d. \gugeyd hudt edgue rnemde8

i. Slcdrd hngnd stdinf (adh ilrldhsn alemde uadrd, dnr, dsdg, dfhdfn
ade ilridmdn zdt hngnd fdne)8

c. Glrupdhde nsbfdtbr fnstrnh ydem idnh8

a. Guadj aniletuh, hjususeyd

h jususeyd alemde anpdedshde8

l. Indsdeyd trdespdrde ade klrenj8

. Adpdt anwdredn8

m. @flhsnilf/pfdss8

j. Adpdt ankdjnt8
n. Jdrmdeyd rlfd gurdj.
 

Ilil
Ililrrdp
dpd
d cbet
betbj pfds
fdsh
h yde
dem
m idey
deydh an
anmu
mued
edh
hde de
dettdrd
drd fdn
dne
e
pbfnl
pbfnlfle
fled,
d, pbfnvn
pbfnvnenf
enf hfb
hfbrna
rnad,
d, pbfnpr
pbfnprbpn
bpnfle
fled,
d, pbfns
pbfnsrle
rled,
d, pbf
pbfngl
nglf
f
pletled, ade pbfntltr
pbfntltrdubrblfled
dubrblfled dtdu tlbe.

d. _bfnlfled

_bfnlfled dadfdj idjde tlrgbpfdsh ydem hudt. Dad aud klens

pbfnlfled ydntu pbfnlfled
led alesn
lesnttds rle
lea
adj (fbw-al
-alesn
sntty
pbfy
pbfylt
ltj
jyfle
yflel/
l/FA
FA_L
_L)) ade
ade pb
pbfn
fnl
lfl
fled
ed alesn
alesntd
tdss e
emmn
mmn (j
(jnm
nmja
jale
lesnt
snty
y
pbfyltjyflel/JA_L). _bfnlfled alesntds rleadj rlfdvl flgds ade
hudt, anmuedhde detdrd fdne uetuh plgiudtde hdetbem hlgds, tds,
ibtbf, ade neaustrn idemuede. _bfnlfled alesntds emmn sndte
sndteyd
yd flinj
hlrds
lrds,, hurde
urdem
m trde
trdesp
spdr
drde
de ade
ade tdjd
tdjde
e pd
pded
edss sd
sdgp
gpdn
dn suju
suju 4?
4??
? C. √

Cdgpurde pbfnlfled alesntds rleadj ade pbfnlfled alesntds emmn

adpdt anmuedhde slidmdn idjde plemmde hdrlt, ade gdnede dedh-
dedh.

i. _bfnpr
_bfnprbpnfled
bpnfled

_bfnprbpnfled glgpueydn sndt sdemdt hdhu, ilrdt klens rleadj,

tdjde tlrjdadp idjde hngnd, dsdg, idsd, tdjde tlrjdadp pdeds, ade
adh guadj rltdh. _fdsh pbfnprbpnfled anmuedhde uetuh glgiudt
dfdt
dfdt-df
-dfdt
dt ru
rugd
gdjj sdhn
sdhnt,
t, hbgpb
bgpbel
ele
e gl
glsne
sne cucn
cucn,, hbgpb
bgpbele
ele gb
gbin
inf,
f,
plgi
pl giue
uemhmhus
us tlhs
tlhsf
f,, ibtb
ibtbf,
f, plrg
plrgda
dade
den,
n, tdfn
tdfn pf
pfds
dsh
h,, slrtd
slrtd id
idjd
jdee
plgiudt hdruem.

c. _bfnsrled

_bfnsrled dadfdj klens pfdsh tlrgbpfdst ydem tlrgurdj ade

pdfnem ilrmued slrtd ilrsndt klrenj, hlrds, jdfus, glemnfdp, adpdt
anplrbflj adfdg ilridmdn wdred, ade slcdrd hngnd adh rldh. Iusd
pbfn
pbfns
srl
rled
ed an
anmu
mued
edhd
hde
e ue
uetu
tuh
h glgi
glgiud
udtt ml
mlfd
fdss ad
ade
e hbt
btdh
dh tlgp
lgpdt
dt
 

gdhdede, pbfnsrled kumd aniudt uetuh plrdfdtde glans, gdnede, dfdt

bfdjrdmd, ade snhdt mnmn.

a. _bfnvnenf Hfbrnad (_PC)

_fdsh klens nen glgpueydn sndt hlrds, hudt, tdjde tlrjdadp

idjde
idjde hngnd
hngnd ade adpdt
adpdt anplrb
anplrbflj
flj adfdg
adfdg ilridm
ilridmdn
dn wdred
wdred.. Ide
Ideyd
ydh
h
idrrdem
id dem ydem
dem ad
adju
jufu
fu aniu
aniudt
dt adrn
adrn hdrl
hdrltt slh
slhdr
drde
dem
m an
aniu
iudt
dt adrn
adrn _P
_PC.
C.
_lemmu
lemmued
edde
de _PC
_PC tlru
tlruttdg
dgd
d uetu
uetuh
h glgiu
glgiudt
dt kds
kds ju
jukd
kde,
e, hdet
hdetbe
bem
m
hlgds, nsbfdtbr hdilf fnstrnh, uine fdetdn, pnrnemde jntdg, `ilr, hufnt
ngntdsn uetuh abgplt, ade plgidfut hdilf.

l. _bfntltrdubrblfled (Qlbe)

Qlbe glgnfnhn adyd tdjde hngnd ade adyd tdjde pdeds ydem
√

emmn (sdgpdn 90? C). Hlnsglwdde tlbe dadfdj sndteyd ydem fncne
slj
sljne
nemm
mmdd idjd
idjdee fdne
fdne aadh
dh gl
glfl
flh
hdt pda
pdadey
deyd. Qlbe
be ininds
dsde
deyyd
anmu
anmued
edhd
hde
e uetu
uetuh
h plemm
plemmbr
brle
lemd
mde
e sljn
sljnemm
emmd
d id
idjd
jde
e gd
gdhd
hded
ede
e ydem
dem
anmbrlem adh flemhlt.
fl emhlt.

. _bfnglf pletled (_G_)

_fdsh pbfnglf pletled dadfdj pfdsh ydem rnemde ade glfliur

pdad
pdad su
suju
ju 91?
91? C. Idrd
Idrdem
√

em ydem
dem tlri
tlriud
udtt adrn
adrn _G_
_G_ a
adh
dh il
ilru
ruid
idj
j
iletuheyd
iletuheyd infd anpdedshde jnemmd 9?? C ade adyd tdjdeeyd
√

tdjdeeyd tlrjdadp
ileturde flinj emmn adrnpdad idrdem ydem aniudt adrn pbfnsrled.
Idjd
Idjde
e nen
nen tdjd
tdjde
e tl
tlrj
rjda
dadp
dp zdt
zdt-zdt
-zdt hn
hngn
gnd
d yd
ydem
em hbrbs
brbsn
n ad
ade
e tdj
djde
de
tlrjdadp plfdrut brmdenh, hlcudfn plfdrut brmdenh ydem glemdeauem
hfbr, gnsdfeyd hfbrbbrg ade hdribe tltrdhfbrnad. _G_ cbcbh uetuh
glgiudt dfdt-dfdt fdibrdtbrnug ade hlabhtlrde ydem tdjde pdeds
ade tlhdede, tdepd glemdfdgn plruidjde. Idrdem-idrdem
Idrdem-idrdem adrn idjde
nen ilrsndt tdjde fdgd.
 

NFG\ _BFNGLY
_BFNGL Y & SN@D
SN@DQ
Q-SN@DQ
-SN@DQ IDJDE _BFNGLY
_BFNGL Y

4. GDSD KLENS

Gdsd klens pbfnglr kduj flinj rleadj adrnpdad fbmdg ( 9,= – > ) ade
hlrdgnh ( 9,4 – <,3 ), bflj hdrled ntu jdrmd plr sdtude gdsd klens
slrnem flinj ilsdr adrnpdad idjde fdne. Juiuemde detdrd gdsd klens
( p )ade hrnstdfnentds/alrdkdt plemnestdfde ( Z ) anhledf slidmdn ilrnhut
;

p 7 pc  p – pd
  Z pc - pd
Angded p dadfdj gdsd klens idjde p c  ade pd  dadfdj gdsnem-gdsnem
gdsd klen
lens idmnde Hrns
rnstdf ade dgbr, Z da
dad
dfdj hrnstdfnentds
( hrnstdfnentds ilrdt, ade Z v anadpdt adrn ;

Zv  7 p – pd
  pc - pd dadfdj hrnstdfnentds vbf

Qdilf Gdsd Klens Hrnstdf ade Slrdt Dgbr 

Slrdt Hrnstdf pc ( m/cg3 ) Dgbr` pd ( m/cg3

Slfufbsd 4,<:: 4,<4?
Enfbe 0 4,93 4,44
Enfbe 00 4,91 4,?>
_bfnlstlr 4,1<< 4,3?
Pnenfbe 4,31 4,9=
Pnenfnale 4,>< 4,00
_bfnprbpnfle ?,>3 ?,:0
_bfnlsfle 4,?? ?,:4 – ?,:<
 

9. SN@DQ-SN@DQ _BFNGLY
_bfnglr ydntu gdhrbgbflhuf ydem tlranrn dtds ideydh hlfds gdtlrndf
dfdgn ade snetltnh alemde sn`dt-sn`dt ydem sdemdt ilrdmdg. _lriladde
hlaud gdtlrndf tlrsliut tlrfltdh pdad guadj tnadheyd sliudj pbfnglr 
analmrdadsn dtdu anrbgidh bflj gnhrbid. Indsdeyd, pbfnglr idjde
snetlt
snetltnh
nh dhde
dhde fli
flinj
nj sufnt
sufnt anurdn
anurdnhde
hde bflj
bflj gnhrbb
gnhrbbrm
rmden
densgl
sgl anidea
anideanem
nem
 pbfnglr idjde dfdgn. _lriladde sn`dt-sn`dt pbfnglr tlrsliut
anplemdrujn bflj struhtur pbfnglreyd, ydem glfnputn ;
4. _dekde
_dekdem
m rdetdn
rdetdn pbfn
pbfnglr 
glr 

 Slgdhne pdekdem rdetdn pbfnglr, gdhd hlhudtde ade tntnh flflj

sleydwdeyd slgdhne tnemmn.
9. Mdyd
Mdyd detd
detdrr gbfl
gbflhuf
huf
Slgdhne ilsdr mdyd detdr gbflhuf pdad rdetdn pbfnglr gdhd
 pbfnglr dhde glekdan
glekdan hudt ade suhdr glflflj.
glflflj.
3. _lrc
_lrcdi
dide
demd
mde
e
Ydetdn pbfnglr ydem ilrcdidem ideydh glgpueydn adyd tlmdem

rleadj ade guadj glflflj.

1. Nhdtde
Nhdtde snf
snfdem
dem detdr
detdr rdetdn
rdetdn pbfngl
pbfnglrr
Slgdhne ideydheyd nhdtde snfdem gdhd pbfnglr slgdhne hdhu
ade
ade rdpu
rdpuj
j sljn
sljnem
emmd
md guad
guadj
j pdtd
pdtdj.
j. Jdf
Jdf tl
tlrs
rsli
liut
ut anhd
anhdrl
rled
edhd
hde
e
dadeyd Nhdtde snfdem detdr rdetdn pbfnglr  
glemdhnidthde tlrkdaneyd kdrnemde ydem hdhu ade glgiletuh 
 idjde ydem hlrds.
 

<. Sn`dt
Sn`dt hrnstdfn
hrnstdfnentds
entds rdetdn
rdetdn pbfngl
pbfnglr 
r 
 Slgdhne tnemmn sn`dt hrnstdfnentds, rdetdn pbfnglr dhde flinj hudt
ade
ade fl
flin
inj
j td
tdjd
jde
e tl
tlrj
rjda
dadp
dp id
idjd
jdde
de-i
-idj
djde
de hngn
hngndd ade
ade lezn
lezng.
g.
Indsdeyd ydem ilrsn`dt hrnstdfnentds tnemmn ydntu pbfnglr alemde
struht
struhtur
ur tlr
tlrdtu
dturr, sladem
slademhde
hde pbfngl
pbfnglrr ilrstr
ilrstruht
uhtur
ur tna
tnadh
dh tlrdtu
tlrdtur 
r 
clealruem
clealruem glgp
glgpueydn
ueydn hrnstdenfn
hrnstdenfntds
tds rleadj
rleadj ade sn`dteyd
sn`dteyd dgbr` 
dgbr` 
(tnadh hlrds).
Hlhrnstdfde

Hlhrnstdfde glemdcu pdad sn`dt hltlrdturde susuede gbflhuf adfdg

sudtu zdt. Dad tnmd hlguemhnede iletuh hlhrnstdfde pbfnglr ;
4. Dgbr
Dgbr ( tnadh
tnadh ilril
ilriletu
etuh
h ).

9. Slgn
Slgnhr
hrns
nstd
tdf.
f.
 

3. Hrn
Hrnstdf
stdf..
Jdf nen anslidihde uhurde gbflhufeyd ydem sdemdt ilsdr sljnemmd
susu
susued
ede
e gbfl
gbflhu
hufe
feyd
yd sdem
sdemdt
dt tn
tnad
adh
h tl
tlrd
rdtu
turr. Sn
Sn`d
`dtt hlhr
hlhrns
nstd
tdfd
fde
e nen
nen
glglemdrujn sn`dt tlrgdf ade sn`dt hbeauhtnvntds pbfnglr. _bfnglr 
dgbr` flinj fuedh ade flinj hbeauhtn` anideanemhde pbfnglr ydem
 ilrupd pbfnglr hrnstdf.
hrnstdf.

Sn`dt-Sn`dt _bfnglr Slcdrd \gug

4. Sn`d
Sn`dtt tlrg
tlrgdf
df
_bfn
_bfngl
glrr slid
slidmd
mdnn ns
nsbf
bfdt
dtbr
br glgp
glgpue
ueyd
ydnn sn
sn`d
`dtt tl
tlrg
rgdf
df ydem
ydem id
idnh 
nh 
wdfd
wdfdup
upue
ue pbfn
pbfngl
glrr iuhd
iuhdef
efdj
dj hbea
hbeauh
uhtb
tbrr. Infd
Infd antn
antnek
ekdu
du adrn
adrn
 klenseyd, pbfnglr ydem anpdedshde dad ydem glekdan fuedh 
edgu
edgue
e dad
dad pufd
pufd yd
ydem
em glek
glekda
dann hlrd
hlrds.
s. _l
_lru
ruid
idjd
jde
e nen
nen plet
pletne
nem
m
uetuh idjde hbgpbele tlrtletu.
9. Sn`dt
Sn`dt hlflet
hlfleturd
urde
e
Hdrled sn`dteyd fletur, pbfnglr guadj anbfdj glekdan prbauh 
ydem annemnehde. Qdpn, pbfnglr dfdg flinj uetuh anbfdj slsudn

hlnemnede anideanemhde pbfnglr snetltns.

3. Sn`dt
Sn`dt hltdjdede
hltdjdede tlrjdadp
tlrjdadp gnhrbbr
gnhrbbrmdens
mdensgl
gl
Sn`dt hltdjdede tlrjdadp gnhrbbrmdensgl nen indsdeyd anpueydn
bflj
bflj pbfngl
pbfnglrr snetlt
snetltns.
ns. Sla
Sladem
demhde
hde pbfngl
pbfnglrr dfdg
dfdg slplrt
slplrtnn sutrd,
sutrd,
wbf, ade pbfnglr dfdg fdneeyd tnadh tdjde tlrjdadp
gnhrbbrmdensgl.
1. Sn`d
Sn`dtt fdn
fdnee
eeyd
yd
 

Sn`dt fdne ydem anpueydn pbfnglr an detdrdeyd, ydhen slidmdn

 ilrnhut ;
◂ Ynemde, adfdg drtnde rdsnb ibibt/vbfugl hlcnf8
◂Qdjde hbrbsn ade hlrusdhde tlrjdadp fnemhuemde ydem dmrlsn`8
◂ Anglesneyd stdinf hdrled glgnfnhn ilrdt gbflhuf ilsdr8 ade
fdneeyd.

Hfdsns`nhdsn _bfnglr
Struht
Struhtur
ur pbfng
pbfnglr
lr anilad
aniladhde
hde ilrads
ilradsdrh
drhde
de plemmb
plemmbfbe
fbemde
mdeeyd
eyd.. _dad
_dad
 prnesnpeyd, plemmbfbemde
plemmbfbemde pbfnglr tlranrn
tlranrn dtds;
4. _lemmbfbe
_lemmbfbemde
mde pbfn
pbfnglr
glr ilradsdr
ilradsdrhde
hde dsdfeyd
dsdfeyd
Ilrads
Ilradsdrh
drhde
de dsd
dsdfey
feyd,
d, pbfng
pbfnglr
lr anilad
aniladhde
hde glekda
glekdann aud klens,
klens,
ydntu slidmdn ilrnhut ;
  _bfnglr dfdg, ydntu sliudj sleydwd ydem kugfdjeyd tlridtds
ade anjdsn
anjdsnfhd
fhde
e adrn
adrn sudtu
sudtu prbsl
prbslss gltdi
gltdibfn
bfnsgl
sgl gdjfu
gdjfuh
h jna
jnaup.
up.
Sn`dt pbfnglr nen ydntu ydem hurdem stdinf, guadj gleylrdp dnr,
tnadh stdinf
stdinf hdrled
hdrled plgdedsd
plgdedsde
e ade suhdr aniletuh.
aniletuh. Cbetbjeyd

 insd ilrupd prbtlne, dgnfug, mfnhbmle, slfufbsd, hdrlt dfdg

(pbfnnsbprled),, dsdg euhfldt.
(pbfnnsbprled)
  _bfnglr snetltnh , ydntu klens pbfnglr ydem tnadh tlradpdt an dfdg,
tltdpn ansnetlsns adrn gbebglr
gbebglr-gbebglreyd.
-gbebglreyd. _bfnglr nen slemdkd
aniudt an uetuh glgleujn sudtu hliutujde slhuealr ade tlrsnlr 
gdeus
deusnnd. Cbetbjeyd ydntu
ydntu ilrupd
ilrupd pbfnltled
pbfnltled,, pbfnvnenf
pbfnvnenfhfbr
hfbrnad,
nad,
 pbfnprbpnfled, tltrd`fbrbltnfled.
tltrd`fbrbltnfled.
 

9. _lemmbfbemde pbfnglr ilradsdrhde klens gbebglre

lreyd
Ilradsdrhde klens gbebglreyd, pbfnglr aniladhde glekdan aud
 klens, ydhen slidmdn ilrnhut
ilrnhut ;
  Jbgbpbfnglr , ydntu klens pbfnglr ydem tlranrn adrn gbebglr-
gbebglr slklens alemde struhtur ‑D – D – D – D – D ‑.
Cbetbjeyd ydntu adpdt ilrupd pbfnlt
ltnnfled, pbfnst
stnnrled,
 pbfnprbpnfled, _PC, dgnfug,
dgnfug, tl`fbe, slfufbsd ade pbfnnsbprled.
pbfnnsbprled.
  Hbpbfnglr , ydntu klens pbfnglr ydem tlranrn adrn aud dtdu flinj
gbebglr ydem tnadh slklens alemde struhtur ‑D – I – D – I – 
D – I ‑. _bfnglr klens nen sleanrn tlranrn dtds 1 klens, ydntu
slidmdn ilrnhut ;
b  Hbpbfnglr ilrmdetnde, ydhen klens hbpbfnglr ydem
glgpu
lgpuey
eyddn ilil
ililrrdpd
dpd hlsd
hlsdtu
tude
de ufd
fdem
em ydem
ydem ilril
lrila
ad
 ilrslfdem-slfnem dadeyd adfdg rdetdn pbfnglr.
pbfnglr. Struhtureyd
glfnputn …-D-I-D-I-D-…
…-D-I-D-I-D-…
b  Hbpbfnglr idfbh , ydntu klens hbpbfnglr ydem glgpueydn

sudtu hlsdtude ilrufdem ilrslfdem-slfnem alemde hlsdtude

 ilrufdem fdneeyd adfdg rdetdn pbfnglr.

pbfnglr. Struhtureyd ilrupd
…-D-D-DD-I-I-I-I-D-D-D-D-…
b  Hbpbfnglr tnadh ilrdturde, ydntu klens hbpbfnglr alemde

 kugfdj sdtude ilrufdem ydem ilrilad ade tlrsusueslcdrd

dcdh adfdg rdetdn pbfnglr. Struhtureyd ilrupd …-D-I-D-
D-I-I-D-D…
b  Hbpbfnglr tlgplf/mrd`nt , yd
ydhe
henn kl
klen
enss hbpb
hbpbffnglr
nglr yd
yde
em
glgp
glgpue
ueyd
ydnn sdtu
sdtu gd
gdcdg
cdg hlsd
hlsdtu
tude
de ilru
ilrufd
fdem
em glel
glelgp
gplf
lf
 

 pdad pbfnglr tufdem puemmuem furus ydem glemdeauem

jdey
deyd sdt
sdtu gdcd
dcd hlsd
hlsdtu
tude
de ilruf
lrufde
dem
m adr
adrn sdt
sdtu klens
lens
gbebglr. Struhtureyd ydhen …D-D-D-D-D-D…
3. _lemmbfbemde pbfnglr ilradsdrhde sn`dt hlhleydfdeeyd
  Ilradsdrhde sn`dt hlhleydfdeeyd, pbfnglr aniladhde ;
  ◂ _bfnglr Qlrgbpfdstnh 
Qlrgbpfdstnh , ydhen klens pbfnglr ydem tnadh
tdjde pdeds sljnemmd dhde glfndt infd anpdedshde ade
 insd aniletuh slsudn alemde hlnemnede.
hlnemnede.
  ◂ _bfnglr Qlrgbslt , ydhen klens pbfnglr tdjde pdeds ydem
tnadh dhde glfndt (glflflj) infd anpdedshde. Ilrilad
alemde pbfnglr tlrgbpfdstnh, pbfnglr nen sdemdj guadj
aniletuh slsudn hlnemnede.
1. _lemmbfbemde _bfnglr ilradsdrhde
ilradsdrhde iletuh
iletuh susuede rdetdneyd
  Ilradsdrhde iletuh susuede rdetdneyd, pbfnglr aniladhde
glekdan ililrdpd klens ydntu ;
  ◂ _bfnglr Fnenlr , ydhen klens pbfnglr ydem tlrsusue sdtu
sdgd fdne glfdfun uent ufdem ydem sdgd sljnemmd

glgiletuh rdetdn pbfnglr ydem pdekdem. _bfnglr nen

 indsdeyd sn`dteyd pdadt pdad tlgplrdtur
tlgplrdtur ebrgdf
ebrgdf ade insd
fdrut adfdg ililrdpd plfdrut. Cbetbjeyd ydntu _PC,
 pbfnltlfled, eyfbe 00, asi.
  ◂ _bfnglr Ilrcdidem , ydhen klens pbfnglr ydem tlriletuh
 infd pbfnglr fnenlr glgiletuh cdidem.
  ◂ _bfnglr Ilrnhdtde Snfdem (Crbss-fnehnem), ydhen
_bfnglr Ilrnhdtde
 

 klens pbfnglr ydem tlriletuh hdrled ililrdpd rdetdn pbfnglr 

sdfnem ilrnhdtde sdt
dtu
u sdgd fdne pdad rdetdn utdgdeyd.
Infdd sdg
Inf sdgiue
iuemde
mde snfdem
snfdem pbfng
pbfnglr
lr tlrkda
tlrkdann alemde
alemde nhdtde
nhdtde hngnd
hngnd
detdrd rdetdneyd dhde tlriletuh sdgiuem snfdem tnmd anglesn
ydem
ydem slrn
slrnem
em ansl
ansliu
iutt pbfn
pbfngl
glrr kd
kdrn
rnem
emde
de tn
tnmd
md angl
angles
esnn (tjr
(tjrll
ll--
anglesnbe eltwbrh)

_BFNGLY QLYGB_FDSQNH

4. YLSNE
YLSNE \E
\EQ\H
Q\H _LEMM
_LEMM\ED
\EDDE
DE \G\G
\G\G

4.4 Ylsne \etuh _lemmuedde \gug

.
_bfnlfle
4 Klens ade cdrd prbauhsn
.  _bfnlfle aniudt alemde kdfde pbfnglrnsdsn mds lfle, ydem
adpdt anplrbflj alemde glgilrn jyarbmle mds pltrbflug
pdad
pdad plgl
plglcdcdjj gn
gney
eydh
dh (e
(ed
dd)
d),, mds df
dfdg
dg dtdu
dtdu dsnt
dsntlf
lfne
ne..
_bfnglrnsdsn antuekuhhde pdad rldhsn ;
  J J J J

  e.C 7 C C C

  J J J J e
9 Sndt-Sndt
. Slcdrd hngnd pbfnlfle glrupdhde pdrd`e ydem
glgpueydn ilrdt gbflhuf emmn. Hdrled ntu sndt-sndteyd
slrupd alemde sndt-sndt pdrd`e. Qlridhdr hdfdu aneydfdhde
ade dhde glecdnr, glekdan rdtd hdfdu ankdtujhde an dtds dnr.
d. Ju
Juiu
iuem
emde
de alem
alemde
de gdsd
gdsd kle
klens
ns
Alemde cdrd pbfnglrnsdsn lfle ydem ilrilad anadpdt
st
struh
ruhtur
tur gbf
gbflhu
lhuff ydem
ydem ilrila
ilriladd kumd.
kumd. _dad
_dad pbfnl
pbfnlfle
fle
gdsd klens rleadj, gbflhuf-gbflhufeyd adh
 

glemhrn
glem hrnst
stdf
df slcd
slcdrd
rd idnh
idnh tltd
tltdpn
pn glg
glgpu pue
eyd
ydnn idey
ideydh
dh
cdidem. An pnjdh fdne pbfnlfle tlhdede rleadj hurdem
ilrcdidem ade glrupdhde rdetdn furus, bflj hdrled ntu
gdsd
gds d klense
klenseyd
yd fli
flinj
nj ilsdr
ilsdr sli
slidi
di gle
glemhr
mhrnst
nstdf
df slcdr
slcdrd
d
idnh
idnh slj
sljnem
nemmd
md glgpue
glgpueyd ydnn hrnst
hrnstdfn
dfnent
entds
ds emm
emmn.
n. Hd
Hdrl
rled
ed

Hrnstdf ydem tlriletuh idnh ntu glgpueydn mdyd detdr

gbfl
gb flh
huf hudt,
udt, gdh
gdhd id
idjd
jdee ne
nenn glgn
glgnfn
fnhn
hn hlhud
lhudtdtdee
glhdenh ydem emmn ade h fuedh ydem emmn.
i Juiuemdeeyd alemde ilrdt gbflhuf
. Sn
Sndte
dteyd
yd cuhup
cuhup ilruid
ilruidjj bfl
bflj
j plr
plruid
uidjde
jde gdsgdsdd kle
klens.
ns.
Hdfdu gdsd klens (hrnstdfnentds) sdgd, sndt-sndt glhdenh
ade gdgpu bfdjeyd ilrilad gleurut uhurde gbflhuf.
Hdrled ilrdt gbflhuf hlcnf, hlcdnrdeeyd pdad wdhtu cdnr
flinj idnh, slademhde hltdjdede dhde zdt plfdrut ade
hlhudtdeeyd gleurue.
c. Sn
Sndt-s
dt-sn
ndt
dt fns
fnstrnh
trnh
_bfnl
bfnlf
fle
le gl glrurupd
pdhd
hdee pbfn
pbfnglr
glr ebe
ebe pb
pbfd
fdrr ydem
dem hjhjds
ds
glgpueydn sndt-sndt fnstrnh ydem idnh. Qlrugded sdemdt
idnh adfdg sndt hjds rlhwlesn emmn, ideydh anpdhdn
slidmdn idjde nsbfdsn uetuh rdadr, QP, ade ilridmdn dfdt
hbguenhdsn. Dhde ilrsndt flinj idnh fdmn hdfdu gdsd
 klenseyd flinj emmn.
emmn.
a Sndt-sndt hngnd
. _bfnl
bfnlf
fle
le dadfdadfdj
dj idjde
djde pbfn
pbfng
glr ydem
dem sn sndt-sn
-snd
dt

hngn
hngnde
deyyd cuhu
cuhupp st
stdi
dinf
nf td
tdjd
jdee il
ilri
ridmdmdn
dn id
idjd
jde e hn
hngn
gndd
hlcudfn hdfnad ade bhsnad hudt. Nd fdrut adfdg idjde
jnarb
jna rbhd
hdrib
ribee dr
drbgd
bgdc
c ade fdrut
fdrutde
de jna
jnarb
rbhd
hdrib
ribe e yd
ydem
em
tlrhfbrnedsn an dtds tlgplrdturl =??C tltdpn adh dad
pdfd
pd fdru
rutt ydem
dem adpddpdt glfd
glfdru
ruth
thde
de pbfn
pbfnl
lfle
fle sl slccdr
drd
d
slgpured pdad tlgplrdtur indsd.
l. _lrgl
lrgldi dinf
nfnt
ntds
ds m
mds
ds
@nfg
nfg pbfn
pbfnllf
fle
le sdem
sdemddt suh
suhdr ananttlgi
lgius dn dnrr, tltdp
ltdpnn
glgpuey
glgpu eydn
dn plrgldinfnt
plrgldinfntdsds cuhu
cuhupp emmn tlrj
tlrjdadpC
dadpCB9, B9,
plfdr
pl fdrut
ut brm
brmdenc,
denc, pdr
pdrug
ug,, asi.
asi. _bf
bfnl
nlf
fle
le gd
gdsd sd klen
klenss
emmn
emmn hu
hurd
rdem
em plrgld
plrgldifl
ifl adrnpd
adrnpdad
ad pbf
pbfnl
nlfle
fle alemd
alemde
e
 

gdsd klens rleadj.

3 _bfnlfle hlplrfude hjusus
.
d. _b
_bfnl
fnlfl
fle
e ilrilrd
ilrilrdtt gbflh
gbflhuf
uf rleadj
rleadj (4.??
(4.???-4
?-49.?
9.???)
??)
Adpd
Ad pdtt anpl
anplrb
rbfl
flj
j ilri
ilridm
dmdn
dn gutu
gutu gufd
gufdnn adrn
adrn plfu
plfugd
gdss
?
pdad tlgplrdtur sdgpdn idjde alemde h cdnr 4?? C
tlrm
tl rmde
detu
tuem
em pdad
pdad gdsd
gdsd klen
klenss ad
adee ilr
ilrdt
dt gbfl
gbflhuhufe
fey
yd.
Anplr
nplrmu
mued
edhhde uetu
uetuh h glgp
glgplr lrid
idnnhn gdgpu
dgpu cl clttdh
alem
al emde
de glec
glecdgdgpu purr dtdu
dtdu ananpd
pdhhdn ue
uetu
tuhh gl
glgigiud udtt
hlr
lrttds tdjde
djde dnrdnr, hdn
dne
e td
tdep
epd d tle
leue
uede
de,, pl
plfd
fdpn
pnss ast,
ast,
alemde kdfde plfdpnsde. Anpdhdn uetuh glgilidshde
cltdhde, plrgbfnsde, asi.
i _bfnlfle ilrilrdt gbflhuf sdemdt emmn (4-1kutd )
. Idjde nen suhdr anbfdj hdrled hlcdnrdeeyd sdemdt iuruh,
wdfdu
dfdupu
puee dmdh
dmdh fuedh
uedh ale lemmde gl gleenemh
emhdth
thde
dee eyd
tlgpl
tl gplrdrdtur
tur.. Qltdpn
ltdpn nd glgpue
glgpueyd ydnn hlt
ltdjd
djdede
ede ngpdh
ngpdh
ydem idnh, hltdjdede dirdsn sdemdt idnh, glgpueydn
sndt glhdenh ydem idnh ade plglfdrde ydem hlcnf pdad
tlgplrdtur
tlgplrdt ur slhntdr 4???C.
c. _bfnl
bfnlf
fle
le ilrnh
ilrnhdt
dtde
de sn
snfd
fdem
em
Hdfdu
dfdu slcslcdrd
drd det
detdr gbflgbflh
huf an annh
nhd
dt snfd
snfde
emhde
mhde bf bflj
lj
pleynedrde snedr rdanbdh lelrmn emmn slplr alemde
snedr lflctbr,
lflctbr, snedr iltd, snedr mdgd, ast, hlhudt
hlhudtde
de tdrnh,
hltdjdede rltdh-tlmdemde glekdan flinj idnh ade h
?

fuedheyd glenemhdt ( 9<? C ).

a _bfnlfle iusd
. Hdfdu pbfnlfle annhdt-snfdemhde ade aniusdhde, gdsd
 klenseyd ilrvdrndsn
ilr vdrndsn adrn adlrdj ydem cuhup flidr.
flidr. Gdhd
idjde nen adpdt anplrmuedhde uetuh nsbfdsn ade idjde
dhush. Idjde iusd rleadj anpdhdn slidmdn plemmde
idjde hdyu.
1 Gdgpu bfdj
. _bfnl
bfnlf
fle
le guad
guadj j anbf
anbfdj
dj,, gdh
gdhd adrn
adrn nt
ntu
u slrn
slrnem
em an
ancl
cltd
tdh
h
alemde plelhdede, neklhsn, lhstrusn plenupde ade alemde
jdgpd
jdgpd uadrd
uadrd.. _lrfu
_lrfu anplrj
anplrjdh
dhde
de idjwd
idjwd pleyus
pleyusut
utdee
deeyd
yd
 

emmn.
< _lemmuedde
. _dad tlgplrdtur rleadj ilrsndt lsnilf tdjde ngpdh ade
tdjd
tdjde
e id
idjd
jde
e hngn
hngnd.
d. Hdrl
Hdrled
ed nt
ntu
u an
anpd
pdhd
hdnn ue
uetu
tuh
h il
ilri
ridm
dmdn
dn
hlplrfu
lplrfude
de tl
tlrgd
rgdsuh
suh uetuh
uetuh plg
plgiudiudtd
tde
e ilr
ilridm
idmdn
dn wdadj
wdadj,,

dfdt
dfdt ad
adpu
purr, il
ilri
ridm
dmdn
dn id
idrrdem
dem hlcn
lcnf,
f, ibtb
ibtbf-i
f-ibt
btbf
bf,, tlgp
tlgpdtdt
gne
gn eydh tdedj
dedj,, `f
`fg,
g, pnpd
pnpd,, nsbf
nsbfdt
dtbr
br hdi
dilf
lf fn
fnst
strn
rnh,
h, slr
slrdt
dt,,
hdetbem
hdetbe m tlgpdt sdgpdj, asi.
_bfnprbpnfle

_BFNLQNFLE
_BFN_YB_NFLE
_BFNSQNYLE
_BFNGLQNF GLQDHYNFDQ / YLSNE GLQDHYNFDQ
_BFNPNENF HJFBYNAD
HJFBYNAD
HJFBYNA D _BFNPNENFNALE
_BFNPNENF DSLQDQ, _BFNPNENF DFHBJBF & _BFNPNENF DSLQDF
YLSNE HB_BFNGLY
Q\Y\EDE SLF\FBSD
SLF\FBSD
3. _FDSQ
_FDSQNH
NH NEA
NEA\SQ
\SQYN
YN
_BFNDGNAD / E^FBE
_BFNDSLQDF
_BFNHDYIBEDQ
_BFNHDY IBEDQ DYBGDQNH
DYBGDQNH

YLSNE _BFNLSQLY QLYGB_FDSQNH KLE\J

_BFNS\F@BE
_BFN@LENFLE BHSNAD / __B
1. _BFN
_BFNGL
GLY Y FDNE
FDNE
@F\BYB_BFNGLY
YLSNE SNFNHBE
 

AL@NENSN ADE GDE@DDQ YLSNE ADGDY

Hlhdydde `fbrd rngid Neabelsnd sdemdtfdj ilrdelhd rdmdg, slrtd dad

 ilrdmdg typl jdsnf rngid ebe hdyu sdtu andetdrdeyd ydntu adgdr.
adgdr.
@dladj adgdr dtdu ydem ugug km angdhsua rlsne, ydntu kumd slidmdn
 idjde idhu neaustrn. Hwdfntds rlsne adgdr ydem fbw anmuedhde pdirnh 
cdt ilrhudfntds rleadj an Neabelsnd sladem gutu ydem idnh anlhspbr 
tlrflinj hl Snemdpurd. Adrn Snemdpurd, slsuadj anbfdj fdfu anlhspbr 
 kumd slidmdn nesles dtdu idjde idsnc neaustrn cdt, tnetd, slrtd vlrens an
elmd
elmdrd
rd9
9 gdku
gdku.. Ilil
Ililrd
rdpd
pd slid
slidmd
mdnd
nde
e an
anlh
lhsp
spbr
br hl Neab
Neabel
elsn
sndd uetu
uetuh 
h 
neau
neaust
strn
rn idtn
idtnh
h sl
slrt
rtdd inhn
inhne
e nesl
nesles
es il
ilrh
rhwd
wdfn
fntd
tdss rlea
rleadj
dj.. Sddt
Sddt nen,
nen,
Hdfngdetde slrtd tlrflinj Sugdtlrd Slfdtde dadfdj plemjdsnf pdfnem
utdgd rlsne adgdr ydhen :?% ar hlslfurujde prbauhsn.
Adgdr ydntu rlsne ydem anadpdt adrn slidmnde typl pbjbe adrn gdrmd
Anpt
Anptlr
lrbc
bcdr
drpd
pdcl
cldl
dl sd
sdfd
fdj
j sdtu
sdtuey
eydd gl
glrd
rdet
etnn (Sjb
(Sjbrl
rldd spp)
spp).. Yl
Ylsn
sne
e nt
ntu
u
anpdele ame gleydadp idtdem pbjbe ydem gdsnj tltdp jnaup. An
Gdfuhu dad 1 typl adgdr ydhen adgdr gdtd hucnem, adgdr pnfdu,
adgdr
adgdr idtu
idtu slr
slrtd
td adgdr
adgdr admnem
admnem alemde
alemde pbtles
pbtlesnn rdtd9
rdtd9 slpdek
slpdekdem
dem <
tdjue pdfnem
pdfnem dhjnr
dhjnr sslhntd
lhntdrr pdad
pdad 9?. ???
??? hm - =4<. ?
???
?? hm (Debeng
(Debeng
9??=). _leylidrdeeyd anwnfdydj Slrdg Snsn Idrdt. Adgdr anjdsnfhde
ar tugiujde ydem sdhnt dtdu dfdgn rusdheyd pdad hdyu muidfeyd
(Dppdedj slrtd Qrugiuff, 4>>:).
Ylsne adgdr anmbfbemhde kdan rlsne cdnr slrtd rlsne pdadt. Ylsne cdnr 
glgnfnhn hdeauemde rlsne slrtd gneydh lslesndf (bflrlsne) ilrwukua
 

cdnr
cdnr slrt
slrtdd glgp
glgpue
ueyd
ydnn drbg
drbgdd ydem
ydem hjds
hjds.. Ylsn
Ylsne
e pdad
pdadtt ydnt
ydntu
u rlsn
rlsne
e
 ilrupd pdadt fdetdrde ililrdpd hlcnf gneydh lslesndfeyd suadj
glemud
glemudp.
p. Yls
Ylsne
ne pdadt
pdadt mdgpde
mdgpdem
m plcdj
plcdj dtdu
dtdu pdtdj
pdtdj (Dppde
(Dppdedj
dj slrtd
slrtd
Qrugiuff, 4>>:). Ylsne adgdr glgnfnhn hdeauemde dsdg murkuenh 
(C99J3
(C99J31B1
1B1)) slr
slrtd
td ililr
ililrdpd
dpd edptjd
edptjd ydem
ydem mdgpde
mdgpdem
m glemud
glemudp
p slrtd
slrtd
glemhr
glemhrnst
nstdf.
df.Hdr
Hdrdht
dhtlr
lr `ns
`nsnh
nh ydem
ydem uenh
uenh ar gneydh
gneydh adgdr
adgdr ydntu
ydntu pdad
pdad
suju 3?bC ilrdfnj kdan mlfdtne.
Afg hlindsdde brdem-brdem, rlsne adgdr kdanhde idjde idhdr fdgpu,
 pledgidf plrdju slrtd hlrdknede tdemde. Ylsne nen anpdhdn kumd
slidmd
slidmdnn hbg
hbgine
inedsn
dsn rlsne
rlsne drbgdt
drbgdtnh,
nh, ilrile
ilriletuh
tuh styrdx
styrdx ilezbn
ilezbne
e ydem
ydem
an
anmu
mued
edhd
hde
e kumd
kumd slid
slidmd
mdnn idjd
idjde
e id
idhu
hu hlgl
hlgley
eyde
de slrt
slrtdd ansn
ansne`
e`lh
lhtd
tde
e
`ugnmde. Anfudr Gdfuhu adfdg tdrd` neaustrn, rlsne adgdr anmuedhde
slidmdn idjde idhu slgnr, hlrtds hdribe, pntd glsne tufns, pfdstnh,
vlrens slrtd idetdfde biklh gnhrbshbpnh. Adgdr insd pufd anpdhdn
 kumd slidmdn idjde plfdpns
plfdpns aneanem, plrlhdt hdyu fd
fdpns
pns slrtd dsils.
Ylsne adgdr insd anpdhdn kumd slidmdn bidt trdansnbedf uetuh andrl
slrtd ansletrn, sdflp uetuh pleydhnt hufnt slrtd plembidtde gdsdfdj

 plealemdrde, rusdheyd mnmn, sdhnt gdtd, insuf slrtd fuhd (Dppdedj

slrtd Qrugiuff, 4>>:). Alemde cdrd tljens, insd anpdhdn kumd slidmdn
 idjde cdt, clfupde idtnh, fnfne, tnetd inhne, fnebflug slrtd hbsgltnh.
Qrntlrplels
Qrntlrplels ydem an nsbfdsn ar adgdr suadj anpdhdn kumd slidmdn gland
detnvnrus pa iuanadyd ne vntrb uetuh pleydhnt Jlrpls sngpflx vnrus
 klens N slrtd NN (_bljfdea
(_bljfdea lt df, 4>>0).
Dadd Brde
Da Brdem-
m-br
brde
dem
m ydem
ydem ilfu
ilfug
g tdju
tdju plgd
plgdhd
hdnd
nde
e rlsn
rlsne
e adgd
adgdrr kumd
kumd

slidmdn idjde idhu neaustrn, tlrhlcudfn cugd alemde cdrd hlindsdde

 

anpdhdn uetuh plelrdemde sdtu jdrn jdrn. Ylsne adgdr ankudf gdsnj
 kumd adfdg iletuh idjde gletdj slrtd ilfug anprbsls slfdekuteyd.
Qlj
ljen
enh
h glgd
glgdel
ele
e slrt
slrtdd glem
glembf
bfdj
djey
eydd gdsn
gdsnj
j tl
tltd
tdp
p al
alem
emde
de cdrd
cdrd
hbevlesnbedf, jnemmd jdrmd kudfeyd tdh uetuem tlrhlcudfn ilfug dad
 pdsdr uetuh gledgpuemeyd. indsdeyd slidmdnde  kudf rlsne
rlsne   uetuh 
 idjde cdt sdifbe, tdpn gdsnj sdemdt
sdemdt ilfug ugug slhdfn.
slhdfn.
Sbsn
Sbsndf
dfns
nsds
dsnn pdad
pdad ydem
ydem glgn
glgnfn
fnhn
hn tlgp
tlgpdt
dt adgd
adgdrr plrn
plrnjd
jdff rlsn
rlsne
e slrt
slrtdd
tljenh glgdele, slflhsn slrtd mrdanemeyd sdemdtfdj iutuj anhlrkdhde.
Hursus slrtd gdmdem hl Sugdtlrd Slfdtde kumd slidmdn fbhdsn ydem
suhsls afg glgiudjhde rlsne adgdr insd ilrnhde gbtnvdsn ililrdpd
 pltden uetuh glemlfbfd adgdreyd tdgidj idnh slrtd ilrhwdfntds. Kumd
slidmdn sdfdj jdsnf rngid iuhdefdj hdyu, kdan sugilr adyd rngid ntu
glstn anflstdrnhde flwdt plededgde hlgidfn pbjbe adgdr tlrhlcudfn
cdrd
cdrd glgde
lgdele
le yde
ydem plrf
plrfu
u glem
lemjn
jnea
eadr
dr hlg
hlgdt
dtnnde pbjb
bjbe ydem
dem
 ilrhdntde.
 

_rbauh adrn idjde rlsne

Qnps Dgde Glemmuedhde Ylsne

Ylsne dadfdj idjde plrlhdt uetuh `nilrmfdss, knhd anugpdgdhde idjde
 idemuede, `nilrmfdss
`nilrmfdss dadfdj pdsnr,
pdsnr, rlsne dadfdj slgleeyd. An inadem
neaustrn, plemmuedde rlsne suadj sdemdt ugug. An inadem btbgbtn` 
rlsn
rlsne
e anmu
anmued
edhd
hde
e slid
slidmd
mdnn idjd
idjde
e adsd
adsdrr ue
uetu
tuh
h glgi
glgiud
udtt ilgp
ilgplr
lr,,
adsjibdra ade spnbe. Hdfdu inadem `dsjnbe, rlsne anmuedhde uetuh 
glgiudt ibelhd plrdmd pdhdnde (gdelqune).
Ilrnhut dadfdj tnps glemmuedhde rlsne ydem dgde ;
 Glemmuedhde rlsne jdrus ilrjdtn-jdtn, rlsne dadfdj idjde hngnd.
Sddt glecltdh, kdujhde jnauem adrn idjde tlrsliut, hdrled rlsne
hdfdu
hdfdu anc
ancdgp
dgpur
ur alemde
alemde hdtdfn
hdtdfnss dhde
dhde glemlf
glemlfudr
udrhde
hde idu ydem
ydem
gleylemdt.
 

 Slilfug glecltdh, slidnheyd fugurn tdemde alemde iladh, dmdr 

glecl
leclm
mdj cd
cdnnrde rlsn
sne
e flem
lemhl
hltt an td
tde
emde
mde slj
sljnemm
nemmdd tn
tnad
adh 
h 
glem
glemmd
mdem
emmu
mu prbs
prbsls
ls hlrk
hlrkd.
d. Slfl
Slflsd
sdnn glec
gleclt
ltdh
dh,, td
tdem
emde
de ydem
ydem
tlrhle
tlrhledd cdnrde
cdnrde rlsne
rlsne jleadh
jleadheyd
eyd anc
ancucn
ucn alemde
alemde glemmu
glemmuedh
edhde
de
sdiue.
 Knhd
Knhd cdnr
cdnrde
de rl
rlsn
sne
e ydem
ydem glel
gleltl
tlss hl fd
fdet
etdn
dn ilfu
ilfug
g ilrc
ilrcdg
dgpu
pur 
r 
alem
alemde
de hdtd
hdtdfn
fns,
s, slml
slmlrd
rd ilrn
ilrnhd
hde
e il
ilil
ilrd
rdpd
pd tl
tltl
tlss hdtd
hdtdfn
fnss ade
ade
andg
andghd
hde
e jnem
jnemmd
md gl
glem
emlr
lrds
ds.. Sltl
Sltlfd
fdj
j glem
glemlr
lrds
ds,, rlsn
rlsne
e insd
insd
ancbemhlf alemde glemmuedhde bilem.
 Gleyngpde idjde nen slidnheyd an adfdg wdadj ydem tlrtutup

rdpdt, tnadh ibflj tlrhled snedr gdtdjdrn slcdrd fdemsuem ade

 kdujhde adrn kdemhdude
kdemhdude dedh hlcnf.
Ylsne ydem dad an pdsdrde jdeyd anhledf aud klens rlsne, ydntu plhdt
ade ilenem. Ylsne plhdt tnadh adpdt antlgius cdjdyd, sladem rlsne
 ilenem tlgius cdjdyd. Jdrmd rlsne ilenem flinj gdjdf adrnpdad rlsne
 plhdt.

HDYLQ
 

Nstn
Nstnfd
fdj
j hdrl
hdrltt anmu
anmued
edhd
hde
e ue
uetu
tuh
h gley
gleydt
dtdh
dhde
de ilri
ilridm
dmdn
dn kl
klen
enss idjd
idjde
e
alemde hlhleydfde slplrtn hdrlt ade ilrsn`dt fletur, adpdt
anal`brgdsnhde ililrdpd hdfn flinj pdekdem ade adpdt anhlgidfnhde
hl iletuh slgufd.
4. HDYLQ DFDG
Hdrlt dfdg aniudt adrn mltdj pbjbe. Sdrn ydem ilrupd susu anpdedshde
sdgpdn
sdgpdn hlr
hlrnem
nem uetuh
uetuh aniudt
aniudt hdr
hdrlt
lt gletd
gletdj.
j. Hlguan
Hlguande
de ang
angdst
dstn`n
n`nhds
hdsnn
(aniletuh), anpfdstnshde (hldadde dwdf ) dmdr adpdt anprbsls alemde
flinj guadj, ade ancdgpur plemnsn slplrtn hdribe jntdg, zdt plwdred,
 ilflrdem, aniudt cdgpurde, aniletuh alemde tlhdede, ade
an
anvu
vufh
fhde
dens
nsds
dsnn bf
bflj
lj rldh
rldhsn
sn pley
pleynf
nfde
demd
mde
e sdgi
sdginf
nf anpd
anpded
edsh
shde
de uetu
uetuh 
h 
gleadpdthde ilead cltdhde.
Hdrlt dfdg andemmdp pbfnglr adrn pbfnnsbprle
  CJ3

  CJ9‑C 7 CJ‑CJ4 (cns-4,1 pbfnnsbprle)

  C7C C C C7C (hbe`nmurdsn cns)

  C C C7C C

4) Sn`dt-sn`d` 
]dredeyd
dredeyd dmdh hlcbhfdt-cbh
hlcbhfdt-cbhfdtde
fdtde,, tlgius
tlgius cdjdyd sltlemdj
sltlemdj tlgius
cdjdyd, alemde ilrdt klens ?,>4-?,>3.
 Sn`dt glhdenheyd tlrmdetuem pdad alrdkdt vufhdensdsn, sljnemmd adpdt
anjdsnfhde ideydh klens sdgpdn klens ydem hdhu slplrtn libent.
Qlgplrdtur plemmuedde dadfdj slhntdr >> ?C pdfnem tnemmn, glfuedh 
 pdad 43??C ade glemurdn pdad hnrd-hnrd 99??C.
 

Sn`dt
Sn`dt nsb
nsbfds
fdsnn fns
fnstrn
trnhey
heydd ilrila
ilriladd hdrled
hdrled plride
plrideane
anemde
mde plecdg
plecdgpur
purde
de
alem
alemde
de da
dant
ntn`
n`,, tl
tltd
tdpn
pn pdad
pdad ugug
ugugey
eydd glem
glemue
uetu
tuem
emhd
hde.
e. Edgu
Edgue
e
algnhnde hdrdhtlrnstnh fnstrnh pdad `rlhulesn tnemmn, klflh.
Sn`d
Sn`dtt hngn
hngnde
deyd
yd klfl
klflh
h tlrj
tlrjda
dadp
dp hltd
hltdjd
jded
ede
e gney
gneydh
dh ade
ade hltd
hltdjd
jded
ede
e
 plfdrut. [dt tlrsliut jdgpnr-jdgpnr
jdgpnr-jdgpnr tdh tdjde plfdrut jnarbhdribe.
Lstlr, dsdg dsltdt, asi. Hdrlt ydem hleydf dmdh guadj analmrdadsn
bflj snedf \P ade bzbe. Slkdh anmuedhde slfdgd nen, tdh dad gdsdfdj
adfdg hlgdgpude cltdheyd.
9) _lemmuedde
Idjde hdrlt anmuedhde slcdrd fuds uetuh ide gbinf, plemlgds hdrlt,
 pleutup nsbfdsn fnstrnh,
fnstrnh, sbf slpdtu, aff.

4.
4.4.
4. Qurue
uruede
de ade
ade hdr
hdrlt
lt df
dfdg
dg
(4) Libent
Libent dadfdj hdrlt hdhu ydem aniudt adrn hdrlt dfdg
ydem
ydem antdg
antdgidj
idj alemde
alemde ilflr
ilflrdem
dem (3?-1?
(3?-1?%),
%), hlguan
hlguande
de
anpded
anpdedshd
shde
e dmdr
dmdr tlrkda
tlrkdann nhdtde
nhdtde snfdem
snfdem detdrd
detdrd gbflhu
gbflhuff

alemde ilflrdem. Qlriletuheyd

Qlriletuheyd idjde slplrtn rlsne ydem
hdhu ade jntdg. Idjde libent anmuedhde slcdrd fuds
slidmdn hbgpbele adrn dfdt fnstrnh dtdu uetuh neaustry
hngnd, tltdpn slhdrdem hlideydhde adrn idjde tlrsliut
adpdt anmdetn bflj snetltnh ydem idru.
(9) Hdrlt jna
jnarbhfbrnad
\ettuh glgiu
\e lgiudt
dt hdr
hdrlt jnar
jnarbh
bhfb
fbrrnad hdr
hdrlt glet
letdj

anplrfuhde alemde dsdg jnarnhfbrnad. Hdrled

 

tdjded
tdjdedeey
eeydd ilsdr
ilsdr tlrjda
tlrjdadp
dp dsdg,
dsdg, dfhdfn
dfhdfn ade gneyd
gneydh,
h,
gdhd
gdhd idjd
idjde
e nen
nen anmu
anmued
edhd
hde
e uetu
uetuh
h `nfg
`nfg plgi
plgiue
uemh
mhus
us
alemde sn`dt tdjde dnr, hltdjdede gneydh ade hltdjdede
flgidide.

9. HDYLQ I\
I\QDANLE
9.4. Hbpbfnglr Stnrle-Iutdanle (SIY)
Hbpb
Hbpbfn
fngl
glrr Stnr
Stnrle
le-I
-Iut
utda
danl
nle
e dadf
dadfdj
dj idjd
idjde
e hl
hley
eydf
df ydem
ydem an
aniu
iudt
dt
slcdrdd hbpbfnglr
slcdr hbpbfnglrnsdsn
nsdsn iutdanlel
iutdanlel ade stnrle.
stnrle. Sn`d
Sn`dteyd
teyd ilrvdrnds
ilrvdrndsn,
n,
 ilrmdetuem
 ilrmdetuem hlpdad plrideanemde gbf hlaud idjde ntu. Indsdeyd
ydem ancdgpu
ancdgpurr dadfdj <-0 gbf
gbf iutdan
iutdanlel
lel ade 4 gbf stnrle.
stnrle. Infd
stnrle
stnrle glflin
glflinjn
jn <?% hlhley
hlhleydfd
dfdeey
eeydd jnfdem
jnfdem ade idjde
idjde glekda
glekdann
hdhu
hdhu.. Il
Ilfl
flrd
rdem
em (S)
(S) anmu
anmued
edhd
hde
e sl
slid
idmd
mdnn zdt
zdt vufh
vufhde
dens
nsdd uetu
uetuh 
h 
glgiudt kdrnemde tnmd anglsn.
4) Sn`dt-sn`dt
Idjde tdh ilrwded ade tlgius cdjdyd. Ilrdteyd klens ?,>9.
Sn`d
Sn`dtt gl
glhd
hden
enhe
heyd
ydey
eydd adpd
adpdtt anhd
anhdtd
tdhd
hde
e idjd
idjde
e uemm
uemmuf
uf adfd
adfdg
g

hltdjdede dirdsn ade hdrdhtlrnstnheyd pdad tlgplrdturl rleadj

ade tnemmn anideanemhde alemde hdrlt dfdg. Indsdeyd anmuedhde
 idjde anmuedhde uetuh alrdkdt -3??C sdgpdn 4<??C. Hltdjdede
gneydheyd flinj idnh adrn pdad hdrlt dfdg, tltdpn idjde fdrut
adfdg jnarbhdribe drbgdtnc ade plfdrut tlhfbrnedsn.
9) _lemmuedde
Idjde nen anmuedhde flinj ideydh adrn pdad hdrlt dfdg

uetu
uetuh
h plem
plemlg
lgds
ds tdjd
tdjde
e pded
pdeds,
s, ide
ide gbin
gbinf,
f, ide
ide glsn
glsne,
e, hdil
hdilff
 

`rlhulesn tnemmn, hdilf ydem tdjde pdeds ade anemne, sbf slpdtu,
asi.
9.9. Hdrlt Entrnf
Entrnf (Iutda
(Iutdanle
nle dhrnf
dhrnfbentr
bentrnf
nf hbpbfn
hbpbfnglr
glr,, I\ED E, EIY)
EIY)
Iutdanle ade dhrnfbentrnf anhbpbfnglrnsdsn gleurut
 plrideanemde ydem sn`dteyd ilrvdrndsn. Infd dhrnfbentrnf
antdgidj, idjde ilrtdgidj hdhu, gdhne tnemmn hlhleydfde ade
hlhudtde tdrnheyd, ade gdhne rleadj plrpdekdemeyd.
4) Sn`dt-sn`dt
Idjd
Idjde
e ilr
ilrwd
wdre
redd hlcb
hlcbhf
hfdt
dt-c
-cbh
bhfd
fdtd
tde
e ade
ade trde
trdesp
spdr
drde
de.. Ydpd
Ydpdtt
gdss
gdssde
deyd
yd ?,>9
?,>9 ad
ade
e hltd
hltdjd
jded
ede
e dird
dirdsn
sney
eydd idnh
idnh.. Idjd
Idjde
e fl
flin
inj
j
glemuetuemhde pdad suju rleadj, suju hlrdpujdeeyd hnrd-hnrd
-3??C. Hdrledeyd glgpueydn mumus pbfdr (-CE), gdhd zdt nen
fdru
fdrutt adfd
adfdg
g pl
plfd
fdru
rutt pbfd
pbfdrr, tl
tltd
tdpn
pn tn
tnad
adh
h fd
fdru
rutt adfd
adfdg
g pl
plfd
fdru
rutt
ebepbfdr ade ilesne. Idjde nen glgpueydn sn`dt fnstrnh flinj
uemmuf adrn pdad hdrlt dfdg.
9) _lemmuedde
Idjde nen anmuedhde uetuh slfdem ydem tdjde gneydh, ide ade

slpdtu. Alemde pledgidjde ililrdpd idjde plemjdetdr fnstrnh,

adpdt aniudt hdrlt ydem adpdt glemjdetdrhde fnstrnh ade ydem
 kumd adpdt anmuedhde uetuh plrlhdt. _lecdgpurde alemde rlsne
`lebf glenemhdthde hlhudtde ngpdheyd.

9.3. HDYLQ _BFNS\F@NAD / QNBHBF anglsn

 

1. HDYLQ \YLQDE

<. HDYLQ \YL@NE

0. HDYLQ LQNFLE _YB_NFLE

IDJDE QDGIDJDE
Idjd
Idjde
e tdgi
tdgidj
djde
de anmu
anmued
edhd
hde
e uetu
uetuh
h glen
glenem
emhd
hdth
thde
de hlgd
hlgdgp
gpud
ude
e
 plgrbslsde dtdu uetuh glemuidj hudfntds ade sn`dt prbauh alemde
gledgidj idjde tlrsliut hlpdad idjde pbhbh ydntu pbfnglr. Adfdg
glfdhu
glfdhuhde
hde plh
plhlr
lrkdd
kdde
e nen plrfu
plrfu ilrjdt
ilrjdtn-j
n-jdtn
dtn,, slfdne
slfdne glgplr
glgplrjdt
jdtnhd
nhde
e
 plr`brgdeeyd kumd
kumd plrfu glgplrj
glgplrjdtnhde
dtnhde idmn hlslfdgdtde.
hlslfdgdtde.
4. IDJDE _LGFDSQNS
_lgfds
_lgfdstns
tns,, pdfnem
pdfnem slr
slrnem
nem anmued
anmuedhde
hde uetuh
uetuh rls
rlsne
ne vnenf
vnenf hfbrna
hfbrnad,
d, ade
adfdg kugfdj hlcnf uetuh vnenf dsltdt.
[dt plgfdstns glgplridnhn hlcbcbhde alemde rlsne. Infd tlranstrniusn
 idnh andetdrd rdetdn gbflhuf adrn pbfnglr gdhd kdrdh adrn gbflhuf
rdetdn anplridnhn ade rlsne flinj fuedh alemde ilrtdgidjeyd ilide.
[dt plgfdstns ydem slrnem anmuedhde dadfdj AB_, AI_ ade ABD.
AB_
AB_ sl
slea
eanr
nrne
nedh
dhde
de dadf
dadfdj
dj AB_
AB_, AI_
AI_ ad
ade
e AB
ABD.
D. AB_
AB_ slea
sleanr
nrnn
gleu
gleuek
ekuh
uhhd
hde
e plem
plemdr
druj
uj plgf
plgfds
dstn
tnsd
sde
e cuhu
cuhup
p id
idnh
nh.. Slid
Slidmd
mdnn neal
nealhs
hs
hlfdrutde alemde rlsne, adpdt anm nealhs hlfdrutde alemde rlsne, adpdt
anmuedhde pdrdgltlr hlfdrutde.

Sn`dt-sn`dt ydem anplrfuhde uetuh gleletuhde hlmuedde adr hlmuedde

adrn zdt plgfdstns dadfdjn zdt plgfdstns dadfdj slidmdn ilrnhut ;
4. Glgp
Glgpue
ueyd
ydnn adyd
adyd cdgpu
cdgpurr yd
ydem
em flinj
flinj idnh
idnh ade
ade plrl
plrlgi
gils
lsde
de ydem
ydem
 

hurdem, glrupdhde klens ebegnmds.

9. Dmd
Dmdrr hurdem
hurdem glemu
glemudp,
dp, ilrdr
ilrdrtn
tn tlhded
tlhdede
e udpeyd
udpeyd rleadj
rleadj..
3. Dmd
Dmdrr glgpuey
glgpueydndn hdrdhtl
hdrdhtlrns
rnstnh
tnh tlrgdf
tlrgdf ydem
ydem glemuetu
glemuetuemh
emhde,
de, ade
dmdr hurdem tlrurdn bflj pdeds, hurdem rdpuj glshn pdad suju

rleadj,
1. Dmd adepueydn
Dmdrr glgpue
glg hurdemsntlridhdr.
ydn sn`dt
`dt nsbfd
nsbfdsn
sn fnstrn
fnstrnh
h ydem id
idnh
nh ade uemmu
uemmuff adfdg
adfdg
sn`dt anlflhtrnh ilr`rlhulesn tnemmn.
<. Qdh adpdt
adpdt tlrfdru
tlrfdrutt bflj dnr,
dnr, dsdg, dfhdfn
dfhdfn dtdu plfdr
plfdrut
ut brmdenc
brmdenc..
0. Stdi
Stdinf
nf tlr
tlrjd
jdad
adpp sned
snedrr \P.
\P.
=. Dmdr
Dmdr tdh ilrwd
ilrwdre
red,d, tdh ilridu
ilridu ade tdh ilrdcu
ilrdcue,
e, nen ilrdr
ilrdrtn
tn sudtu
sudtu
hljdrusde uetuh plgrbslsde gdhdede.

9. IDJDE _LE^LQDINF

9.4. IDJDE _LE^LQDINF _DEDS

_DEDS

_bfn
_bfnvn
vnen
enff hf
hfbr
brna
nadd aljn
aljnar
arbh
bhfb
fbrn
rned
edsn
sn glek
glekda
dann st
stru
ruht
htur
ur pbfn
pbfnle
le ade
ade
hljnfdemde wdred infd anpdedshde sdgpdn 4<? ?C dtdu an dtdseyd dtdu
ansnedrn
ansnedrn \P.
\P. \etuh
\etuh glemjnea
glemjneadrn
drn hljnfdemde
hljnfdemde wdred
wdred plrfu
plrfu antdgidj
antdgidj
 idjde pleyltdinf. Glhdensgl
Glhdensgl idjde pleyltdinf da
dadfdj
dfdj slidmdn ilrnhut

4. Sli
Slidmd
dmdnn tntnh
tntnh plgufd
plgufd aljnarb
aljnarbhfb
hfbrne
rnedsn
dsn glemur
glemurdem
demnn hldhtn
hldhtn`de
`de hfbr 
ydem hurdem stdinf alemde cdrd hbbranedsn ade rldhsn.
9. Gle
Gleltr
ltrdfh
dfhde
de dsdg hfbrnad
hfbrnad ydem
ydem anjdsnfh
anjdsnfhde
de bflj aljnarb
aljnarbhfb
hfbrne
rnedsn
dsn
ade glemjnfdemhde wdred.
3. Gl
Glem
emur
urde
demn
mn plr
plrbh
bhsn
snad
ad..
 

Qdilf _leyltdinf

_leyltdinf pdeds Hlstdinfde pdeds Sn`dt rdcue Hltlrdemde

Qngidf stldrdt Flinj idnh Ydcue Insd anpdhdn

Qngidf stldrdt anidsd Flinj idnh Ydcue
Qngidf stldrdt trnidsd Flinj idnh Ydcue
Qngidf hdribedt Flinj idnh Ydcue
Qngdj anfdurdt aniutnf Flinj idnh Slrnem anpdhdn
Qngdj fdurdt trnilesnf Qlridnh  
Hdagnug stldrdt Flinj idnh Ydcue
Hdagnug fdurdt Flinj idnh Ydcue
Slem stldrdt Idnh Qnadh  
Slem bhtbdt Idnh Qnadh  
Idrnug stldrdt Idnh Qnadh  
Idrnug fdurdt Idnh Qnadh  
Idrnug rnhnebfdt Idnh Qnadh  
Strbetnug stldrdt Flinj idnh Ydcue

9.9. DEQNBHSNADE
Idjde pbfnglr anbhsnadsn bflj bhsnmle ade bzbe adfdg uadrd, ydem

gleylidihde ilrhurdemeyd hlhudtde, plglcdjde, hljnfdemde wdred

ade
ade ilrh
ilrhur
urde
deme
meyd
yd sn
sn`d
`dtt ns
nsbf
bfds
dsnn fn
fnst
strn
rnh.
h. Slcd
Slcdrd
rd hjus
hjusus
us almr
almrda
dads
dsnn
anpl
anplrc
rclp
lpdt
dt bflj
bflj pded
pdedss sn
sned
edrr \P
\P,, dn
dnrr, asi,
asi, slfd
slfdgd
gd plgr
plgrbs
bsls
lsde
de..
_bfnprbpnfle ade pbfnltnfle hjusueyd guadj tlrbhsnadsn. Ylsne fdne
ydem anmuedhde kumd tnadh cuhup stdinf.
Dhtnbhsnad ilhlrkd slidmdn ilrnhut;

4. \etuh glemdhjnrn rldhsn rdetdn rdanhdf.

9. \etuh glemurdnhde plrnbhsnad.

 

3. \etuh glemjnfdemhde fbmdg ilrdt.

 

9.3. _LE^LYD_ \FQYD FLGID^\EM

FLGID^\EM ( \P )

Snedr \P, ydem glgpueydn lelrmn ilsdr, glgnsdjhde nhdtde ydem

gleylidihde almrdadsn fdemsuem pdad idjde pbfnglr.
Dadeyd bhsnmle glgplrclpdt almrdadsn slcdrd bhsnadsn. _leylidi
\P gleylrdp
gleylrdp lelrmn \P ade glemmuedhde
glemmuedhde lelrmn
lelrmn ydem sdgd uetuh 
 plruidjde adfdg gbflhuf pleylrdp dmdr tdh antlrushde hl idjde
 pbfnglreyd.

9.1. _LFDGIDQ
_LFDGIDQ D_N
Idjde
Idjde nsbfds
nsbfdsnn pfdstn
pfdstnh,
h, idjde
idjde hbestr
hbestruhs
uhsnn ade hbgpbe
hbgpbele
le hlrltd
hlrltd dpn
adfd
adfdg
g idey
ideydh
dh jd
jdff glgl
glglrf
rfuh
uhde
de sn
sn`d
`dtt td
tdh
h adpd
adpdtt tl
tlri
ridh
dhdr
dr.. \etu
\etuh 
h 
glgiudt idjde pbfnglr dmdr tdh tlridhdr,
tlridhdr, ililrdpd zdt ydem jdgpr r-
jdgpnr tdh tlridhdr, antdgidjhde. ^dem jdrus anplrjdtnhde dadfdj
3. _LEMNSN

1. FDNE-FDNE

YLSNE QLYGBSLQ

4. YLSNE @LEBF

@lebf-
@lebf-`le
`lebf
bf slplrt
slplrtnn `lebf,
`lebf, hrlsbf
hrlsbf,, hsnfle
hsnfleba,
ba, asi
asi,, anhbea
anhbeales
lesdsn
dsnhde
hde
alemde
alemde `brgdf
`brgdfalj
aljnad
nad uetuh
uetuh glemjd
glemjdsnf
snfhde
hde rlsne
rlsne tlrgbs
tlrgbslt.
lt. Slplrt
Slplrtnn
an
antu
tuek
ekuh
uhhd
hde
e pdad
pdad mdgi
mdgidr
dr an idwd
idwdj,
j, infd
infd sudt
sudtu
u dsdg
dsdg anmu
anmued
edhd
hde
e
slidmdn hdtdfns pdad rldhsn `lebf ade `brgdfaljnad, dhde anjdsnfhde
 

sudtu
sudtu ebvbfd
ebvbfdh
h tlrgbp
tlrgbpfds
fdstnh
tnh ydem
ydem fdrut
fdrut adfdg
adfdg dfhbjb
dfhbjbff ade dsltbe
dsltbe..
Idjde nen anrldhsnhde alemde plemlrds, jlhsdgltnfletltrdgne, uetuh 
glgiudt rlsne ydem tnadh fdrut ade tdh adpdt anflfljhde. Nen ansliut
cdrd hlrnem dtdu prbsls aud tdjdp. An fdne `njdh alemde hdtdfns idsd
anjdsnfhde sudtu idjde snrbp ydem ansliut rlsbf, ydem tlrmbfbem rlsne
ydem tdh fdrut ade tdh adpdt anflfljhde. Nen ansliut cdrd idsdj dtdu
 prbsls sdtu tdjdp.

@lebf   + @brgdfal

  Hdtdfns dsdg Hdtdfns idsd

(Hlflinjde `lebf) (Hlflinjde `brgdfaljna)

Ebvbfdh Ylsbf
_deds, tlhdede
(Hdtdfns dsdg)

Ylsne hlrds
Ylsne aud tnemhdt Ylsne sdtu tnemhdt
  (Cdrd hlrnem) (Cdrd hlrds)
Mdgidr Yldhsn Ylsne @lebf

Sn`dt Ylsne @lebf

 

Sn`dt
n`dt prbau
bauh dhjn
dhjnrr ilr
ilrilad
lad tlr
lru
utd
tdg
gd hdr
hdrle
ledd rugus
ugusde
de idjd
idjde
e
glet
gletdj
djey
eyd,
d, klen
klenss ade
ade idey
ideydh
dhey
eydd hd
hdtd
tdfn
fns,
s, plem
plemns
nsnn ade
ade plgn
plgnfn
fnjd
jde
e
glanug adfdg jdf rlsne `lebf.

Hluetuemdeeyd dadfdj slidmdn ilrnhut ;

d. Guadj
Guadj anilet
aniletuh,
uh, ade glemu
glemuetu
etuemh
emhdede adfdg
adfdg hlstdin
hlstdinfde
fde angle
anglesn.
sn.
Hurdem plemusutdeeyd ade hurdem hlrltdhdeeyd.
 i. \emmuf adfdg sn`dt nsbfdtbr
nsbfdtbr fnstrnh.
c. Ylfdtn
Ylfdtn`` td
tdjde
jde pdeds
pdeds a
ade
de adpd
adpdtt pdadg
pdadg sleanr
sleanrn.
n.
a. \emm
\emmuf
uf adfd
adfdg
g hlt
hltdj
djde
dede
de dsdg
dsdg

Hlrumnde dadfdj slidmdn ilrnhut ;

d. Hurd
Hurdem
em tdjd
tdjde
e tlr
tlrjd
jdad
adp
p dfh
dfhdf
dfn.
n.
 i. Dsfneyd dmdh ilrwdred,
ilrwdred, tnadh ilids adfdg plwdredde.
plwdredde.
c. Klfl
Klflh
h hl
hltd
tdjd
jded
ede
e iusu
iusurr fn
fnst
strn
rnhe
heyd
yd..
_lemmuedde

Iletuh ydem cuhup rugnt adpdt ancltdh. Anmuedhde uetuh hbgpbele

adfdg fnstrnh ade hbguenhdsn. Qdilf an idwdj nen gleuekuhhde klens,

hdrdhtlrnstnh ade plemmuedde.

Qdilf Klens, hdrdhtlrnstnh ade plemmuedde idjde cltdhde rlsne `lebf

Klens Adsdr Hdrdhtlrnstnh _lemmuedde

\gug Iuiuh hdyu/tdedgde Gurdj, nsbfdsn fnstrnh   Dfd
fdtt fnst
fnstrn
rnh
h sl slcdcdrd
rd
ydem idnh. ugug sbhlt, ast.
Nsbfdsn fnstrnh Iuiuh hdyu/tdedgde Sn`dt fnstrnh & tdjde dnr   Hbgpbele ydem
sdemdt idnh, kumd sn`dt nsbfdsn fnstr
strnheyd
glhdenseyd. anplrfuhde
anplr fuhde,, uet dfdt
hdilf, kdrnemde fnstrnh 
`rlhulesn tnemmn.
Nsbfdsn `rlhulesn Debrmdenh Sn`dt fnstrnheyd ym Hbgp
Hb gpbebele
le ue uett dfdt
dfdt
tnemmn sdemdt
sdemdt idnh,
idnh, tlrutdg
tlrutdgdd hbgue
bguenhnhds
dsnn td
tde
epd
uet `rlhulesn tnemmn. hdilf, kdrnemde fnstrnh 
 

`rlhulesn tnemmn.
Glsne-glsne fnstrnh Iuiuh hlrtds &Sn`dt fnstrnh & Hbgp
Hb gpbe
bele
le glsn
glsne-
e-
 idjde glhdenheyd
ilrslrdf idnh, glsne fnstrnh
fdneeyd tlrutdgd hlhudtde
ngpdheyd.
Qdjde pdeds Disls & idjde Qdjde
djde pdeds, idnh uet Hbgpbele uet hdpdf
pdeds, idnh
brmdenh fdneeyd  plemmuedde hbgpbele fdut, hlrltltdd dpn &

tdjd
tdjde
e id
idhd
hdrr & td tdjd
jde
e  plrdfdtde fnstrnh 
 iusur fnstrnh   ilrdt.
Glhdenh _btbem hdne & idjde Sn`dt
Sn`dt glhd
glhdenenhe
heyd
yd ym Hbgp
Hb gpbebele
le dfdfdt
dt ue
uett
slrdtfdn idnheeyd  idnh, tlrutdgd trde
trdesp
spbr
brtds
tdsn,
n, glsne
glsne
hltdjdede ngpdheyd  pnetdf, glsne
 plrtdende.

Qdjde dsdg Iuiuh hdyu, Qdjdede dsdgeyd idnh  Hbgpbele uet

 pbtbemde hdne & & glgp
lgpueydn sn`d `dtt  plrdfdtde plgiudt
 idjde ilrslrdt glhdenh ydem idnh. slrdt iudtde, uet
fdneeyd neaustr
stry hngnd &
glsne plrtdende.

9. YLSNE \YLD-@BYGDFALJNF
\YLD-@BYGDFALJNF (YLSNE \YLD)

3. YLSNE GLFDGNE

1. YLSNE _BFNLSQLY QDH KLE\J

<. YLSNE L_BHSN

Ylsne lpbhsn glgpueydn hlmuedde ydem fuds adfdg neaustry tlhenh 

hngn
hngnd,
d, fnst
fnstrn
rnh,
h, glhd
glhden
enh
h ade
ade sn
snpn
pnff slid
slidmd
mdnn plrl
plrlhd
hdt,
t, cdt
cdt plfd
plfdpn
pns,
s,
 plecltdhde cbra de ilead-ilead
ilead-ilead cltdhde.

_rbauhsn

_dad sddt nen prbauhsneyd dadfdj hlideydhde glrupdhde hbealesdt

adrn
adrn ins`
ins`le
lebf
bf D ( 1-1„
1-1„ an
anjn
jnar
arbh
bhsn
snan
an``le
lenf
nf 9,9-
9,9-pr
prb
bpde
pdebe ) ade
ade
lpnhfbrjnarne.

[dt plemdwlt dgne

_bfndgne
_bfndg ne dfn`dt
dfn`dtnh,
nh, gnsdfe
gnsdfeyd
yd anltnf
anltnflet
letrnd
rndgn
gne, e, trnltn
trnltnfle
fletlt
tltrdg
rdgne,
ne, ast,
ast,
anmu
anmued
edhd
hdee sl
slid
idmd
mdnn zdt
zdt plem
plemdw
dwlt
lt anem
anemnene,, tl
tltd
tdpn
pn zdt-
zdt-zd
zdtt tl
tlrs
rsli
liut
ut
 

 ilrdcue. Adfdg ideydh jdf sleydwd fdne, slplrtn dhrnfbentrnf, ltnfle

bhsnad, asi, antdgidjhde ade anmuedhde slidmdn sleydwd tdgidjde
ydem glgpueydn mumus dgne pdad ukuem.

_lemlrds dejnarnad

Dejnarnad `tdfdt, dejnarnad tltrd ade jlhsdjnarb`tdfdt, asi, anmuedhde.

Sn`dt-sn`dt
d. Ylsne in
ins`lebf D

Hlflhdtdeeyd tlrjdadp idjde fdne idnh slhdfn. Idjde nen ideydh 

anmuedhde adfdg cdt uetuh fbmdg, plrlhdt, plfdpns alemde slrdt
mlfds,
mlfds, asi.
asi. _dad
_dad plemdw
plemdwltd
ltde
e tdh anjdsn
anjdsnfhd
fhde
e prbauh
prbauh tdgidj
tdgidjde
de

slplrtn dnr, ade pleyusutde vbfugl hurdem. Hlstdinfde anglesneyd

 idnh. Sdemdt tdjde tlrjdadp zdt hngnd ade stdinf tlrjdadp ideydh 
dsdg
dsdg,, hlcu
hlcudf
dfnn dsdg
dsdg plem
plembh
bhsn
sna
a ydem
ydem hu
hudt
dt,, ade
ade dsdg
dsdg df
dfn`
n`dt
dtnh 
nh 
rleadj, dfhdfn ade mdrdg. Hdrled tdh anslrdem bflj jdgpnr slgud
 plfdrut, idjde nen idnh anmuedhde
anmuedhde slidmdn idjde ydem e
ebe
be hbrbsn`.
 i. Ylsne Snhfbdfn`dtnh 

Idjde nen vnscbsntdseyd rleadj ade lhnvdflesn lpbhsneyd hlcnf.

Idjd
Idjde
e ilrmu
lrmued
ed sl
slid
idm
mdn plem
plemllec
ecllr ins`
ins`le
leb
bf hdr
hdrle
ledd guadj
adj
 pledemdedeeyd. Hdrled hdhu ade rdpuj, idjde tlrutdgd
anmuedhde uetuh dfdt nsbfdsn fnstrnh ydem anplrhudt alemde slrdt
mlfds. Hltdjdede iusur ade sn`dt detn dfureyd idnh.
_lrcltdhde
d. _lemlcbrde

Anmuedhde uetuh prbauhsn plrhdhds ade plgiledg hbgpbele

fnstrnh.
 

 i. _lrcltdhde fdpnsde

Anmuedhde uetuh prbauhsn plfdpns rlsne lpbhsn-slrdt mlfds.

0. YLSNE _BFN\YLQDE

=. FDNE-FDNE

 IDJDE _BFNGLY ^DEM QDJDE _DEDS

4. _BFNGNAD

  d. Lgdnf pyfl GF

  i. @nfg pbfndgnad (hdptbe)

(hdptbe)

  c. Idjde cltdhde
9. FDNE-FDNE

YLSNE _LE\HDY NBE

_lemmuedde idjde pbfnglr slidmdn slrdt, `fg, idjde hbgpb

hbgpbsnt
snt ade

fdneeyd
fdneeyd an idwdj nen anklfdshde.

4. SLYDQ & @NFG

Ideydh klens slrdt idnh slrdt dfdg gdupue slrdt snetlh. Slrdt dfdg

ydem utdgd dadfdj hdpds, wbf, sutlrd ade rdgn (jlgp), slademhde

slrdt
slrdt snetl
snetlh
h dadfdj
dadfdj rd
rdyb
ybe,
e, pbf
pbfyl
ylst
stlr
lr,, dhrnf
dhrnf ade enf
enfbe,
be, ade gds
gdsnj
nj

ideydh klens fdneeyd.

 

Ilri
Ilridm
dmdn
dn gdcd
gdcdg
g `f
`fg
g aniu
aniudt
dt adrn
adrn id
idjd
jde
e pb
pbfn
fngl
glrr gleu
gleuru
rutt klens
klens

pbfn
pbfngl
glrr, hltli
ltlidf
dfde
de,, wdre
dred, plrfd
lrfdh
hude plrg
lrguhdd
uhdde
e, fdgne
dgned
dsn
sn,,

plfdpnsde, afsi. Alemde glgplrmuedhde klens pbfnglr ydem sdgd,

sn
sndt yde
dem
m cuh
cuhup il
ilri
rila
lad
d anad
anadpd
pdtt gleu
gleuru
rutt cdr
drd
d ad
ade
e hld
ldad
adde
de

idmdngded `fg ancltdh.

Hlideydhde adrn `fg indsd aniudt adrn pbfnglr tlrgbpfdh ydntu ;

pbfnlfle, pbfnprbpnfle, pbfnvnenf hfbrnad, pbfylstlr, ast. @nfg pbfylstlr

aniudt uetuh pntd vnalb, pntd gdmelt uetuh cbgputlr, hdslt, ast.

9. IDJDE HBG_BSNQ

 Suadj ugug idjwd rlsne lebf, rlsne urld, rlsne glfdgne, ade rlsne

tlrg
rgb
bslt
slt fdneeyd ydem suhdr ancltdh ade hurde
dem
m hudt pdad

plemmuedde
plemmuedde tuemmdfey
tuemmdfeyd,
d, anpdhdn
anpdhdn uetuh
uetuh glekleujhd
glekleujhde
e iuiu
iuiuh
h hd
hdyu,
yu,

pufp, hlrtds, hdne hdpds, ast, uetuh glgplrhudt ade slcdrd prdhs

anplrmuedhde uetuh plfdpnsde idjde adfdg plemmuedde ydem fuds.

Slidmdn idjde hbgpbsnt ade pfdsc ydem anplrhudt ydem slhdrdem

ideydh anpdhdn dadfdj; slrdt mlfds, slrdt hdribe. ]jnshlr, dsils, ast8

glrupdhde hbgpbsnt ydem tlrhudt detdrd rlsne ade slrdt. Adfdg jdf

nen jdgpnr slgud idjde pbfnglr anplrmuedhde adrn rlsne tlrgbslt

ydntu pbfylstlr, lpbhsn, lebf. Ast, sdgpdn rlsne tlrgbpfdsh, ydntu

pbfndgna, pbfnhdribedt, pbfnlfle,

3. _LECLQDHDE