NGỮ PHÁP TIẾNG ANH CĂN BẢN

The passive (Dạng bị động)

1. Cấu trúc biến đổi từ câu chủ động sang câu bị động

Chủ động: S + V + O

Bị động:       S +  be + V3/ed + (by + O)

-  Chủ động: They will sell their house next year.

                       S           V             O   

- Bị động: Their house will be sold by them next year.

                              S        be + V3    by + O

 Cách đổi câu chủ động sang câu bị động:

1. Lấy tân ngữ của câu chủ động làm hoặc biến đổi thành chủ ngữ của câu bị động.

 Nếu động từ có hai tân ngữ thì một trong hai tân ngữ có thể dùng làm chủ ngữ trong câu bị
động.
2. Biến đổi động từ của câu chủ động sang câu bị động theo từng thì thích hợp.
3. Lấy chủ ngữ của câu chủ động làm hoặc biến đổi thành tân ngữ cho câu bị động, sử dụng BY
trước tân ngữ mới.

 By me / him / her / them / us / people / someone, ... thường được lược bỏ.
 Nếu tân ngữ của câu bị động chỉ sự vật, sự việc thì dùng giới từ with thay by trước tân ngữ
ấy.
4. Vị trí của trạng từ:

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 Trạng từ chỉ nơi chốn + by O

e.g. The police found him in the forest.

 He was found in the forest by the police.

 by O + trạng từ chỉ thời gian

e.g. My parents are going to buy a car tomorrow.

 A car is going to be bought by my parents tomorrow.

 Trạng từ chỉ thể cách (carefully, luckily,...) đứng giữa be và quá khứ phân từ

e.g. The scientists have studied the problems carefully.

 The problem has been studied carefully by the scientists.

 Đối với câu có 2 tân ngữ

 Một số Động từ thường đi với dạng này:
 give (đưa, tặng): give sb sth/ give sth to sb (tặng, đưa ai cái gì)
 send (gửi): send sb sth/ send sth to sb (gửi ai cái gì)
 show (chỉ cho): show sb sth/ show sth to sb (chỉ cho ai cái gì)
 tell (kể, nói cho): tell sb sth/ tell sth to sb (kể ai chuyện gì)
 pay (trả): pay sb sth/ pay sth to sb (trả ai cái gì)
 bring (mang lại): bring sb sth/ bring sth to sb (mang cho ai cái gì)
 lend (cho mượn): lend sb sth/ lend sth to sb (cho ai mượn gì)
 borrow (mượn): borrow sb sth/ borrow sth from sb (mượn ai cái gì)
 offer (mời, đề nghị): offer sb sth/ offer sth to sb (mời ai cái gì)

CÔNG THỨC TỔNG QUÁT:

 S + V + SB + STH / S + V + STH + TO/ FOR +SB

(1) SB + BE (chia theo thì) + P.P + STH + BY + O

 S + V + SB + STH / S + V + STH + TO/ FOR +SB

(2) STH + BE (chia theo thì) + P.P + TO/ FOR + SB + BY + O

Vd: She gave me a book.

(1) => I was given a book (by her)
(2) => A book was given to me (by her)

He often offers me a cigarette.

(1) => I am often offered a cigarette. (by him)
(2) => A cigarette is often offered to me (by him)

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Các đại từ trong Tiếng Anh

Subjective Objective Possessive Possessive Reflexive

pronouns pronouns adjectives pronouns pronouns

I me my mine myself

You you your yours yourself

He him his his himself

She her her hers herself

It it its its itself

We us our ours ourselves

You you your yours yourself

They them their theirs themselves

2. Cấu trúc câu bị động với các thì trong tiếng anh

Các thì Chủ động Bị động

1. Hiện tại đơn S + V(s/es) + O       S+ is/am/are + V3/ed + (by + O)

Ví dụ: Ví dụ:

- Mary studies English every day. - English is studied by Mary everyday.

2. Hiện tại tiếp diễn S + is/am/are + V-ing + O S + is/am/are + being + V3/ed + (by + O)

Ví dụ: Ví dụ:

- He is planting some trees now. - Some trees are being planted (by him) now.

3. Quá khứ đơn S + V-ed + O S + was/were + V3/ED + (by + O)

Ví dụ: Ví dụ:

- She wrote a letter yesterday. - A letter was written (by her) yesterday.

4. Quá khứ tiếp diễn S + was/were + V-ing + O S + was/were +being + V3/ed + (by + O)

Ví dụ: Ví dụ:

- They were buying a car at 9 am yesterday. - A car was being bought at 9 am yesterday.

5. Hiện tại hoàn S + have/ has + V3/ed + O S + have/ has + been + V3/ed + (by + O)
thành
Ví dụ: Ví dụ:

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- My parents have given me a new bike on - A new bike has been given to me by my parents
my birthday. on my birthday.

6. Hiện tại hoàn S + have/ has + been + V-ing + O S + have/ has + been + being + V3/ed +(by  + O)
thành tiếp diễn
Ví dụ:

Ví dụ: - This car has been being repaired by John for 2

hours.
- John has been repairing this car for 2
hours.

7. Quá khứ hoàn S + had + V3/ed + O S + had + been + V3/ed + (by O)

thành
Ví dụ: Ví dụ:

- He had finished his report before 10 p.m - His report had been finished before 10 p.m
yesterday. yesterday.

8. Quá khứ hoàn S + had + been + V-ing + O S + had + been + being + V3/ed + (by + O)
thành tiếp diễn
Ví dụ:

Ví dụ: - The essay had been being typed for 3 hours

before you came yesterday.
- I had been typing the essay for 3 hours
before you came yesterday.

9. Tương lai đơn S + will + V(nguyên thể) + O S + will + be + V3/ed + (by O)

Ví dụ: Ví dụ:

- She will do a lot of things tomorrow. - A lot of things will be done tomorrow.

10. Tương lai tiếp S + will + be +V-ing + O S + will + be + being + V3/ed + (by O)
diễn
Ví dụ: Ví dụ:

- She will be taking care of her children at - Her children will be being taken care of at this
this time tomorrow time tomorrow.

11. Tương lai hoàn S + will + have + V3/ed + O S + will + have + been + V3/ed + (by O)
thành
Ví dụ: Ví dụ:

-  She will have finished her studying by the - Her studying will have been finished by the end
end of this year. of this year.

12. Tương lai hoàn S + will + have + been + V-ing + O S + will + have +been + being + V3/ed + (by O)
thành tiếp diễn
Ví dụ: Ví dụ:

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- I will have been teaching English for 5 - English will have been being taught by me for 5
years by next week. years by next week.

13. Modal verbs S + modal verb + V1 + O S + modal verb + BE + V3/ed + O

(can, may, should, My friend can answer this question. This question can be answered by my friend.
have to, ought to, ...)

3. Các dạng bị động đặc biệt

Thể sai khiến (Causative form): Have & Get

Active: subject + have + object (person) + verb- bare infinitive + object

Passive: subject + have + object (thing) + past participle + by + object

e.g. I had him repair my bicycle yesterday.

 I had my bicycle repaired yesterday.

Active: subject + get + object (person) + to infinitive + object

Passive: subject + get + object (thing) + past participle + by + object

e.g. I get her to make some coffee.

 I get some coffee made.

Dạng verb + to-infinitive

Active: subject + verb + to + verb-infinitive + object

Passive: S + V + to + be + past partciple + (by Sb) (1)

S + V + O + to + be + past partciple + (by Sb) (2)

S* + be + past partciple + to-V + O (3)

* Cách 1: Nếu tân ngữ sau to-V trong câu chủ động cũng chính là chủ ngữ trong câu bị động à dùng mẫu
(1)
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Eg:       I want you to teach me
→ I want to be taught by you.

* Cách 2: Nếu tân ngữ sau to-V trong câu chủ động khác với chủ ngữ trong câu bị động ta dùng mẫu (2)
E.g.       I want him to repair my car  
→ I want my car to be repaired by him
* Cách 3: Có thể dùng tân ngữ trong câu chủ động làm chủ ngữ của câu bị động ta dùng mẫu (3)
E.g.       People don't expect the police to find out the stolen car. 
→ The police aren't expected to find out the stolen car.

Dạng verb + gerund (V-ing)

S + V1 + V-ing + O  + …   →  S + V + (that) + O + should be + P.P2 + …

E.g.       She suggests drinking beer at the party. 
→  She suggests that beer should be drunk at the party.
S + V1 + Sb + V-ing + O…   →   S + V + being + P.P2 + …
E.g.       She remember people taking her to the zoo.  
→ She remember being taken to the zoo.

Câu tường thuật với động từ chỉ ý kiến:

Các động từ tường thuật thường gặp:

Think, consider, know, believe, say, suppose, suspect, rumour,...                  
* Đối với loại câu này, S thường là People/They …và thường được dịch là “Người ta ….”
Có thể biến đổi câu chủ động này theo các trường hợp sau:
a. V1  ở Hiện Tại Đơn – V2 sau That cũng ở Hiện Tại Đơn

S1 + V1-s/es + that + S2 + V-s/es + O + ….

Active

It + is + P.P + that + S2 + V-s/es + O + ….

Passive

S2 + am/is/are + P.P + to + V + …..

Eg:       People say that he always drink a lot of wine. 

→ It is said that he always drink a lot of wine. 
Or:  He is said to always drink a lot of wine.

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b. V1  ở Hiện Tại Đơn – V2 sau That ở Quá Khứ Đơn

S1 + V1-s/es + that + S2 + V-ed/2 + O + ….

Active

It + is + P.P + that + S2 + V-ed/2 + O + …..

Passive
S2 + am/is/are + P.P + to + have + P.P + O + ….

Eg:       Villagers think that he broke into her house. 

→ It is thought that he broke into her house. 
Or: He is thought to have broken into her house.

c. V1  ở Quá Khứ Đơn – V2 sau That cũng ở Quá Khứ Đơn

S1 + V-ed/2 + that + S2 + V-ed/2 + O + ….

Active

It + was + P.P + that + S2 + V-ed + O + …..

Passive
S2 + was/were + P.P + to + V + O + ….

Eg:       The police believed that the murderer died. 

→ It was believed that the murderer died.  
Or:  The murderer was believed to die.

* Ngoài ra, còn có thể gặp một số trường hợp khác của mẫu câu này:
d. V1  ở Hiện Tại Đơn – V2 sau That  ở Hiện Tại Tiếp Diễn

S1 + V1-s/es + that + S2 + am/is/are + V-ing + O + ….

Active

It + is + P.P + that + S2 + am/is/are + V-ing + O + …..

Passive
S2 + am/is/are + P.P + to + be + V-ing + O + ….

Eg:       They think that she is living in London

→ It is thought that she is living in London.  
Or: She is thought to be living in London.

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e. V1  ở Hiện Tại Đơn – V2 sau That  ở Quá Khứ Tiếp Diễn

S1 + V1-s/es + that + S2 + was/were + V-ing + O + ….

Active

It + is + P.P + that + S2 + was/were + V-ing + O + …..

Passive
S2 + am/is/are + P.P + to + have + been + V-ing + O + ….

Eg:       We think that they were doing homework.

→ It is thought that they were doing homework.  
Or:   They are thought to have been doing homework.

BÀI TẬP

I. Chuyển các câu sau sang câu bị động

1. Mary types letters in the office.

 ......................................................................................
2. His father will help you tomorrow.
 ......................................................................................
3. Science and technology have completely changed human life.
 ......................................................................................
4. Peter broke this bottle.
 ......................................................................................
5. They are learning English in the room.
 ......................................................................................
6. Nothing can change my mind.
 ......................................................................................
7. No one had told me about it.
 ......................................................................................
8. I don’t know her telephone number
 ......................................................................................
9. My students will bring the children home.
 ......................................................................................
10. They sent me a present last week.
 ......................................................................................
11. She gave us more information.
 ......................................................................................

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12. The chief engineer was instructing all the workers of the plan.
 ......................................................................................
13. They can’t make tea with cold water.
 ......................................................................................
14. Somebody has taken some of my books away.
 ......................................................................................
15. They will hold the meeting before May Day.
 ......................................................................................
16. They have to repair the engine of the car.
 ......................................................................................
17. The boys broke the window and took away some pictures.
 ......................................................................................
18. People spend a lot of money on advertising every day.
 ......................................................................................
19. Teacher is going to tell a story.
 ......................................................................................
20. Mary is cutting a cake with a sharp knife.
 ......................................................................................
21. The children looked at the woman with a red hat.
 ......................................................................................
22. They have provided the victims with food and clothing.
 ......................................................................................
23. People speak English in almost every corner of the world.
 ......................................................................................
24. You mustn’t use this machine after 5:30 p.m.
 ......................................................................................
25. After class, one of the students always erases the chalk board.
 ......................................................................................

26. My father waters this flower every morning.

 ......................................................................................
27. John invited Fiona to his birthday party last night.
 ......................................................................................
28. Her mother is preparing the dinner in the kitchen.
 ......................................................................................
29. We should clean our teeth twice a day.

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 ......................................................................................
30. Our teachers have explained the English grammar.
 ......................................................................................
31. Some drunk drivers caused the accident in this city.
 ......................................................................................
32. Tom will visit his parents next month.
 ......................................................................................
33. The manager didn’t phone the secretary this morning.
 ......................................................................................
34. Did Mary buy this beautiful dress?
 ......................................................................................
35. I won’t hang these old pictures in the living room.
 ......................................................................................
36. The German didn’t build this factory during the Second World War.
 ......................................................................................
37. The Greens are going to paint this house and these cars for Christmas Day.
 ......................................................................................
38. Ann had fed the cats before she went to the cinema.
 ......................................................................................
39. The students have discussed the pollution problems since last week.
 ......................................................................................
40. Have the thieves stolen the most valuable painting in the national museum?
 ......................................................................................
41. Some people will interview the new president on TV.
 ......................................................................................
42. How many languages do they speak in Canada?
 ......................................................................................
43. Are you going to repair those shoes?
 ......................................................................................
44. He has broken his nose in a football match.
 ......................................................................................
45. Have you finished the above sentences?
 ......................................................................................

II. Chuyển các câu sau sang dạng bị động

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a) Yes – No questions
1. Do they teach English here?
 ......................................................................................
2. Will you invite her to your wedding party?
 ......................................................................................
3. Did the teacher give some exercises?
 ......................................................................................
4. Is she going to write a poem?
 ......................................................................................
5. Have they changed the window of the laboratory?
 ......................................................................................
6. Is she making big cakes for the party?
 ......................................................................................
7. Has Tom finished the work?
 ......................................................................................
8. Must we finish the test before ten?
 ......................................................................................
9. Will buses bring the children home?
 ......................................................................................
b) Wh-questions
1. Why didn’t they help him?
 ......................................................................................
2. How many games has the team played?
 ......................................................................................
3. Where do people speak English?
 ......................................................................................
4. Who are they keeping in the kitchen?
 ......................................................................................
5. How did the police find the lost man?
 ......................................................................................
6. Who looked after the children for you?
 ......................................................................................
7. How long have they waited for the doctor?
 ......................................................................................
8. What time can the boys hand in the papers?
 ......................................................................................
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c) Câu có 2 tân ngữ
1. The teacher gave each of us two exercise books.
 ......................................................................................
 ......................................................................................
2. Someone will tell him that news.
 ......................................................................................
 ......................................................................................
3. They have sent enough money to these poor boys.
 ......................................................................................
 ......................................................................................
4. They have given the women in most countries in the world the right to vote.
 ......................................................................................
 ......................................................................................
5. They paid me a lot of money to do the job.
 ......................................................................................
 ......................................................................................
d) Câu có động từ chỉ ý kiến
1. People believe that 13 is an unlucky number.
 ......................................................................................
2. They rumored that the man was still alive.
 ......................................................................................
3. They declared that she won the competition.
 ......................................................................................
4. They know that English is an international language.
 ......................................................................................
5. They say that John is the most intelligent student in the class.
 ......................................................................................
6. They reported that the President had suffered a heart attack.
 ......................................................................................
7. They reported that the troops were coming.
 ......................................................................................
8. People believed that the Earth stood still.
 ......................................................................................

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