COURSE: HUMAN ANATOMY 1

CODE: NURS 101

TOPICS: SKELETAL SYSTEM

(BONES AND JOINTS)

CLASS: LEVEL 100/200 GN//MIDW &

CHN
BY
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 OBJECTIVES (SKELETON)
By the end of the topic c students will be able to:
▪ List the composition of the skeletal system
▪ List the two main divisions of the skeleton
▪ List/describe the bones that form axial and appendicular
skeleton
▪ List the three types of bone cells, 2 types of bone tissues and
5 types of bones
▪ Explain the sources (development) of bones and describe the
development of a long bone
▪ Describe the general structure of a mature long bone
▪ Define a fracture and list types of fractures
▪ Explain factors that enhance and delay healing of fracture
▪ Outline six functions of skeleton
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MUMUNI HADIRU IDDRIS 3
COMPOSITION/PART OF SKELETAL SYSTEM
• Bones (skeleton)

• Joints

• Cartilages

• Ligaments ( binds bone to bone)

• Tendon (binds bone to muscle)

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 DIVISION OF THE SKELETON
1. AXIAL SKELETON- consist of the bones of
the head, neck and trunk (skull, vertebral
column, sternum and ribs)

2. APPENDICULAR SKELETON – consists of

the bones of the upper limbs, lower limbs,
pectoral girdle (clavicle and scapula) and
pelvic girdle (hip bones)

NB: There are 206 bones in the adult human body

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DIVISION OF THE SKELETON

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 NUMBER OF AXIAL SKELETON = 80
NUMBER OF BONES
• Skull: 22
• Vertebral column: 26
• Ribs: 24
• Sternum: 1
• Middle ear bones: 6
• Hyoid bone: 1

TOTAL NUMBER OF BONES OF AXIAL

SKELETON 80 MUMUNI HADIRU IDDRIS 7
NUMBER OF APPENDICULAR SKELETON= 126

NUMBER OF BONES
•Upper limbs: 60

•Lower limbs: 60

•Pectoral girdle: 4

•Pelvic girdle: 2

TOTAL NUMBER OF BONES OF

APPENDICULAR SKELETON MUMUNI HADIRU IDDRIS
126 8
 TYPES OF BONE CELLS
1. Osteoblasts: Bone-forming cells

2. Osteocytes: Mature bone cells

3. Osteoclasts: Bone modeling/resorbing/

digesting/destroying cells (Break down
bone matrix for remodeling and release of
calcium
NB: Osteoprogenitor cells (READ ON THIS)
ne
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 TYPES OF BONE TISSUES
Two basic types:
1. Compact
(dense/cortical) bone:
homogenous

2. Spongy
( cancellous/trabeculae)
bone: Small needle-like
pieces of bone with
many open spaces

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 CLASSIFICATION/TYPES OF BONES
1. LONG BONES- Example: femur, tibia, fibula,
hemerus, radius, ulna, metatarsals, metacarpals, clavicle,
and phalanges.

2. SHORT BONES- Example: carpals) and tarsals

3. FLAT BONES- Example: sternum, scapula, ribs,

frontal, parietal, temporal and occipital bones.

4. IRREGULAR BONES- Example: mandible, vertebrae,

ear ossicles, hip bones, cheek, maxillary, nasal and
sphenoid bones.
5. SESMOID BONES : Example patella (knee cap)
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CLASSIFICATION/TYPES OF BONES

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 BONE FORMATION/DEVELOPMENT
(OSSIFICATION/OSTEOGENESIS)
•Bones develop from either cartilage model
(Endochondral Ossification), membrane model
(Endomembranous Ossification or tendon model.

•Long, short and irregular bones develop from rod of

cartilage (cartilage model)

•Flat bones develop from membrane models

•Sesamoid bones (patella) develop from tendon

model MUMUNI HADIRU IDDRIS 13
STAGES OF DEVELOPMENT OF A LONG BONE

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MATURED/TYPICAL LONG BONE

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AXIAL SKELETON

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THE SKULL: ANTERIOR VEIW

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THE SKULL: LATERAL VEIW

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BONES OF THE SKULL = 22

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 PARANASAL SINUSES : 4
• Cavities located in certain bones near the nasal cavity.
• lighten the skull, amplifies voice and produce mucus
• Inflammation of sinuses is sinusitis

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THE FOETAL SKULL

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 FOETAL SKULL
•Divisions of the foetal skull
1. The Vault

2. The Face

3. The Base.

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 THE VAULT OF THE FOETAL SKULL
• The vault is made up of 5 bones, 4 sutures and 2 fontanelles.
The bones forming the vault are:
• 2 frontal bones
• 2 parietal bones
• 1 occipital bone

The four (4) main sutures are:

▪ The frontal suture
▪ The coronal suture
▪ The sagittal suture
▪ The lambdoidal suture

The two most important fontanelles are: Anterior fontanelles (bregma)

and Posterior fontanelles (lambda)
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SUTURES AND FONTANELS

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THE BASE AND THE FACE OF THE FOETAL SKULL
THE BASE
• The bones forming the base include:
• Temporal bones
• Sphenoid bone
• Ethmoid bone

THE FACE
• The area extending from the orbital ridges to the junction
of the chin and neck. It is composed of the 14 bones as in the
adult skull and firmly united.
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FOETAL SKULL

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THE VERTEBRAL COLUMN

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THE RIBS

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HYOID BONE

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EAR/AUDOTORY OSSICLES

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APPENDICULAR SKELETON

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APPENDICULAR SKELETON – GREEN COLOURED BONES

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DIAGRAM OF THE PELVIS

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A. FEMALE PELVIS AND B. MALE PELVIS

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 FUNCTIONS OF THE SKELETAL
SYSTEM (SKELETON /BONES)
•Support
•Protection
•Attachment
•Body movement
•Formation of blood cells
•Storage of minerals
• Sound transduction
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ARTICULATION/JOINT

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 OBJECTIVES (JOINTS)
By the end of this chapter students will be able to:
▪Define a joint
▪State the two main classifications of joints
▪Describe immovable joints, slightly movable joints, freely
movable joints, cartilaginous joints, fibrous joints and
synovial joints
▪Describe the basic structure of the synovial joint
▪List five types of synovial joints and two examples of each
type
▪State 5 examples of synovial joints of the lambs
▪Describe shoulder, elbow, wrist, hip, knee and ankle joints
▪State two functions of joints
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 ARTICULATION/JOINT
•Articulation is a place OR site where
two or more bones come together

•The study of joints is called arthrology

•Inflammation of a joint is known as

arthritis.

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 CLASSIFICATION OF JONITS
STRUCTURAL CLASSIFICATION
•Fibrous joints: immovable
•Cartilaginous joints: slightly movable
•Synovial joints: freely movable

FUNCTIONAL CLASSIFICATION
Synarthroses – immovable joints
Amphiarthroses – slightly moveable joints
Diarthroses – freely moveable joints

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a. FIBROUS JOINTS

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CARTILAGINOUS JOINTS

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SYNOVIAL JOINTS

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BASIC STRUCTURE OF A SYNOVIAL JOINT

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 BASIC STRUCTURE OF SYNOVIAL JOINTS
▪ Articular/hyaline cartilage: cover articular surfaces of the bones

▪ Articulalar capsule and capsular ligament: fibrous tissues that unite the bones
(hold the bones together)

▪ Articular/joint cavity: space in the joint containing synovial fluid

▪ Synovial membrane: a membrane with epithelial cells that lines the joint cavity
(capsule/bone parts not covered by articular cartilage)

▪ Synovial fluid: viscous fluid that lubricates the joint, provide nutrient for the joint
structures and contain phargocytes

▪ Muscles and their tendons: provide stability/movement at joint.

▪ Nerve and blood vessels: supply the muscles/capsule of the joint

▪ Other intracapsular structures: fat pad and menisci within the capsule, outside
the membrane to maintain stability of the joint
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 TYPES OF SYNOVIAL JOINTS
1. Ball and Socket Joints: Examples are shoulder and hip joints.

2.Hinge Joints: Examples include elbow, knee, ankle and

interphalangeal joints.

3. Pivot Joints: Examples are the joint between the atlas and radio-ulna
joint.

4. Gliding Joints: Examples include the joints between the carpal bones
and joints between the tarsal bones.

5. Saddle Joints: Example include carpo-metacarpal joint (knuckle) of

the thumb.
6. Condyloid Joint: :Examples are joints between metacarpal and
phalanges & metatarsal and phalanges, mandible and temporal bones.
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TYPES OF SYNOVIAL JOINTS

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TYPES OF SYNOVIAL JOINTS CONT’D

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TYPES OF SYNOVIAL JOINTS CONT’D

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TYPES OF SYNOVIAL JOINTS CONT’D

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 SHOULDER JOINT

-Most mobile but least stable joint

-formed by head of humerus and glenoid cavity of scapula

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 ELBOW JOINT
formed by trochlea and capitulum of humerus and
trochlear notch of ulna and the head of the radius.

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 HIP JOINT
(formed by the head of femur and acetabulum of hip
bones)

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 KNEE JOINT
-Most complex joint in the body
-formed by the condyles of the femur, condyles of tibia
and posterior surface of the patella

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 SOME DISORDERS OF JOINTS
• Arthritis: Inflammation of joints

• Osteoarthritis: Most common chronic arthritis related to

normal aging processes

• Rheumatoid arthritis: An autoimmune disease (immune

system attacks some bilateral joints and often leads to
deformities

• Gouty Arthritis: caused by a deposition of urate crystals

from the blood. Can usually be controlled with diet

 Dislocation: displacement of bone from a joint

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THANKS

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