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სიცოცხლისუნარიანობით ხასიათდება.
Copper Transport: In plants, copper is primarily taken up from the soil into the root cells by
specific P-type ATPases known as copper transporters or copper ATPases. These copper
transporters use ATP (adenosine triphosphate) as an energy source to actively transport
copper ions across the plasma membrane of root cells, against the concentration gradient.
Once inside the root cells, copper can be further transported and distributed to different plant
tissues through the xylem and phloem. Copper transporters are essential for maintaining the
copper homeostasis and ensuring an adequate supply of copper for essential biochemical
processes, while preventing excessive copper accumulation, which can be toxic to plants.
Copper is involved in redox reactions and can participate in the formation of ROS as
a byproduct of its normal cellular metabolism. In particular, copper can participate in
the Fenton reaction, where it reacts with hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) to generate
highly reactive hydroxyl radicals (OH·). Additionally, copper can be involved in the
Haber-Weiss reaction, another source of hydroxyl radicals. These ROS can be harmful
to cellular components, such as lipids, proteins, and DNA.
1. Lead exposure can disrupt the electron transport chain (ETC) in mitochondria.
This disruption can lead to "electron leak," where electrons leak prematurely
from the ETC before reaching the final electron acceptor, oxygen. The leaked
electrons can react with molecular oxygen (O2) to form superoxide radicals
(O2·-). Superoxide is the primary ROS generated in the mitochondria.
2. Metal Ion Interactions: Lead can interact with other metal ions, such as iron and
copper, and indirectly promote the generation of ROS through redox reactions
between these metals. For example, lead can displace iron from iron-sulfur clusters in
proteins, leading to the release of free iron, which can participate in Fenton-like
reactions.
3. Lead Transport: Unlike copper, lead is not an essential element for plants, and its uptake and
transport are less well understood. However, there is evidence to suggest that certain P-type
ATPases may also be involved in the transport of lead in plants. Some studies have indicated
that P-type ATPases, specifically heavy metal ATPases (HMAs), are capable of transporting
lead ions in plant cells. These HMAs are involved in the transport of various heavy metal
ions, including lead, across cellular membranes. Mitochondrial Dysfunction: Lead
exposure can disrupt mitochondrial function, leading to an increase in ROS
production as a consequence of electron leakage from the electron transport chain.
Mitochondria are a significant source of cellular ROS production, and lead-induced
mitochondrial dysfunction can contribute to oxidative stress.
4. Lead exposure can disrupt the electron transport chain (ETC) in mitochondria.
This disruption can lead to "electron leak," where electrons leak prematurely
from the ETC before reaching the final electron acceptor, oxygen. The leaked
electrons can react with molecular oxygen (O2) to form superoxide radicals
(O2·-). Superoxide is the primary ROS generated in the mitochondria.
5.
6.
7. Complex I Dysfunction: Lead can specifically target and inhibit Complex I
(NADH-ubiquinone oxidoreductase) of the ETC. Complex I is a significant site
of ROS production within the mitochondria. Its inhibition can lead to increased
electron leakage and the generation of superoxide.
8. Impaired ATP Synthesis: As lead disrupts the electron transport chain and
decreases the proton gradient, ATP synthesis becomes less efficient. The
decreased ATP production can lead to an inadequate supply of energy for the
functioning of various cellular processes, including ATP-dependent antioxidant
defenses. A decrease in ATP levels can also impair the activity of ATP-
dependent ion pumps, leading to ionic imbalances that contribute to ROS
generation.