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ADHD და ენურეზი
ADHD და ენურეზი
მარიკა არევაძე
თბილისი 2024
1 . მოხსენების იდეა
2 . ტერმინთა განმარტება
3 . ეპიდემიოლოგია,
კომორბიდობა
4 . ლიტერატურული მიმოხილვა
5 . კომორბიდობის სავ.
შინაარსი მექანიზმის თეორიული ჩარჩო?
6 . საერთო ეტიოლოგიის
არგუმენტაცია
ფარმაკოლოგიური
ინტერვენციის გადასახედიდან
7 . რა იცვლება ჩემთვის,
ენურეზის მართვის და
ინტერვენციის თვალსაზრისით?
მოხსენების იდეა
• კლინიკური დაკვირვება
• ertain chromosomal loci (5, 13, 12, and 22) have been implicated in nocturnal
enuresis, of which suggestive linkage to chromosomes 12 and 13 were shown
in children with ADHD (KHAZAIE et al., 2018)
• study revealed a brainstem inhibition deficit in children with enuresis, which
could explain why they are unable to remain dry at night (KHAZAIE et al.,
2018)
• children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder of the predominantly
inattentive subtype, failed to optimize sensory gating. With respect to enuresis,
this could result in an identification problem of bladder signals, leading to an
inadequate or absent arousal effect in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
of the predominantly inattentive subtype (KHAZAIE et al., 2018)
• In children with primary NE, the presence of ADHD was associated
with more severe NE, voiding symptoms and constipation. The
severity of voiding symptoms and/or NE was unrelated to the use of
stimulant medication. The response to behavioral modification was
comparable in both groups. However, patients with ADHD were
significantly more responsive to medication for NE compared with
behavioral modification, indicating a possible benefit for earlier
pharmacological treatment for enuresis in this population subgroup (
Kovacevic et al., 2018)
• The presence of ADHD had a negative effect on the resolution of incontinence,
with 68% of the patients with ADHD becoming continent compared to 91% of
controls (p <0.01). Two factors impact the resolution of wetness in patients with
ADHD-treatment noncompliance and IQ. Treatment noncompliance was found in
48% of the patients with ADHD compared to 14% of controls (p <0.01). The IQ
of patients with ADHD affected success, with 32% of children with an IQ of less
than 84 achieving continence compared to 80% of those with an IQ of 84 or
greater (p <0.01). Patients with ADHD and NE responded similarly to controls
when using desmopressin and imipramine. However, they were less likely to
exhibit a durable response following management with an enuretic alarm (19% vs
66%, p <0.01) (Crimmins et al., 2003)
ენურეზის სავ. მექანიზმი: difficulties in arousal,
neuropsychological disorders, and mat urational delays of the
brain
• Children with nocturnal enuresis share the common feature that they are difficult to
wake up, which leads to the assumption that nocturnal enuresis may be caused by the
absence of arousal (Dang et al., 2021)
• Global central nervous system maturation delay is considered to be another
contributor to nocturnal enuresis, and neuroelectrophysiological evidence also
supports this hypothesis. Given that arousal and the micturition reflex are both
mediated by nuclei in the brainstem, Freitag et al. evaluated the brainstem deficits
underlying nocturnal enuresis by measuring evoked potentials and the pre-pulse
inhibition of the startle reflex. A Turkish group investigated the brainstem integrity in
children with nocturnal enuresis using auditory brainstem responses, blink reflex, and
exteroceptive suppression of the masseter muscle, and found that there were
brainstem dysfunctions based on S2 duration time changes (Dang et al., 2021)
• Recommendations for future research on enuresis pathogenesis:
New studies on objective arousal thresholds, including enuretic
children of both sexes and controls.
Neuroimaging studies on enuretic and dry children focusing on the
brainstem and the frontal lobe (Neveus, 2017)
• Based on the existing literature, most of the evidence seems to support the
view that the thalamus is a pivotal area involved in the patho genesis of
nocturnal enuresis.1,22,67 In the latest study, Zhang et al. investigated the
functional connectivity between the thalamus and other brain regions, and
noted that four brain regions had a decreased connection efficiency with the
thalamus, including the frontal lobe, parietal lobe, precentral gyrus, and
cerebellum posterior lobe. Dysfunctions in these areas may be associated
with an arousal disorder and may lead to nocturnal enuresis. It should be
noted that resting-state fMRI also has limitations, and the most important
issue is the test-retest reproducibil ity and inter-subject variability (Dang &
Tang,2021)
ლურიას თავის ტვინის ფუნქციონირების მოდელი