An Introduction to Tajwid

Masjid-ul-Imam-il-Bukhari
10 introductory points
‫َمَباِد ئ َعَش َرة‬
2
 ‫إن مبادئ كل فن عشرة ********* احلد واملوضوع مث الثمرة‬

‫وفضله ونسبة والواضع******** واالسم االستمداد حكم الشارع‬

‫مسائل والبعض بالبعض اكتفى******** ومن درى اجلميع نال الشرفا‬

‫‪Link with‬‬
‫‪Definition‬‬ ‫‪Subject Matter‬‬ ‫‪Purpose‬‬ ‫‪Merit‬‬
‫‪other Sciences‬‬

‫‪Chapters‬‬ ‫‪Legal Ruling‬‬ ‫‪Sources‬‬ ‫‪Name‬‬ ‫‪Codifier‬‬

‫‪Definition‬‬

‫‪• The literal meaning of tajwīd is to beautify, enhance, and improve.‬‬

‫‪• Tajwīd is that science in which the makhârij and sifât of the Arabic letters are discussed‬‬

‫• التجويد اصطالحا‪ :‬هو إعطاء احلرف حقه من املخرج ومستحقه من الصفات‪ ،‬وما ينشأ عن تلك‬
‫الصفات من ترقيق و تفخيم من غري إسراف وال تعسف‪ ،‬وال إفراط وال تكلف‪.‬‬
‫• و املقصود هو تلك اهليئة اليت نزل هبا الوحي‪ ،‬وتلقاها رسول اهلل صلى اهلل عليه وسلم عن جربيل عليه‬
‫السالم مشافهة عرضا ومساعا‪.‬‬
Subject Matter
‫• موضوع علم التجويد هو الكلمات القرآنية من‬
.‫حيث إعطاؤها حقها ومستحقها يف األداء‬
• The subject matter of tajwīd is the Arabic
letters, because in tajwīd, discussion is related
to the place of origin of the letters (makhârij)
and their attributes (sifât).

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 Benefit
‫ أي اخلطأ يف كتاب‬،‫• صون اللسان عن اللحن‬
.‫ والفوز برضاه سبحانه و تعاىل‬،‫اهلل عز و جل‬
• The benefit of tajwīd is to attain the pleasure of Allaah
‫جل جالله‬
• and the virtue and goodness of both worlds
• and to be able to recite the Qur`ān with correct
pronunciation.
• Also, to refrain from reciting incorrectly
• and to embellish and beautify the recitation.

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Link with other sciences

Knowledge/’Ilm
‫ِعْل‬
‫م‬
‫َعْق ِلَّية‬ Logical Narrated ‫ َنْق ِلَّية‬/‫الُعُلْو ُم الَّش ْرِعَّية‬/

Primary Primary ‫َعاِلَية‬

Auxiliary Auxiliary ‫آِلَية‬

Sciences of Shariah

Sciences of Shariah ‫ال ُل الَّش ِعَّية‬

‫ُع ْو ُم ْر‬
Primary Sciences Auxiliary Sciences

Arabic
Tafsir Hadith Fiqh Aqidah Language
Usool History
and
Grammar
 Virtue
‫• هو من أشرف العلوم وأفضلها لتعلقه‬
.‫بكتاب اهلل تعاىل الذي هو كالمه‬
• The science of tajwīd is the most virtuous,
because it relates directly to the Qur`ān,
which is the most benevolent and auspicious
book

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Codifier
Allah SWT
Jibreel AS

The Prophet
Muhammad
‫ﷺ‬
Sahaba

Tabi’un

The following
generations
Collators (1)

• Abu al-Aswad ad-Duali ‫رحمه هللا‬,

• passed away 69AH
• From the al-Mukhadramin
• born 16 years before Hijra
• accepted Islam during the Prophet’s lifetime, never met him.
• From Banu Dual ibn Bakr.
• Student of Ali ibn Abi Talib ‫رضي هللا عنه‬
• Accredited with compiling the rules of Nahw/Iraab
Collators (2)

• Abu ‘Amr ibn ‘Alaa ibn Abdillaah Al-Basri Al-Maazini ‫رحمه هللا‬
• passed away 154AH
• He was the Qaari of Basrah
• Studied under many Tabi’een including Hasan al-Basri
Collators (3)

• Abu Abdur-Rahmân Khaleel ibn Ahmed Farâhidee ‫رحمهه هللا‬

• passed away 170 AH.
• The teacher of Imaam Sibwayh
• First to describe the sifât
• The codifier of the science of ‘Urood.
Collators (4-6)

1. Amr ibn Uthmân ibn Qumbar ‫ رحمهه هللا‬,

• passed away 188 AH.
• Famously known as Sibwayh, the Imaam of Nahw.

2. Mohammed ibn Mustaneer ‫ رحمهه هللا‬,

• known as Qutroub
• passed away 209 AH.
• Student of Imaam Sibwayh

3. Abu Zakariya Yahyâ ibn Ziyâd Farrâ ‫ رحمه هللا‬,

• passed away 207 AH
• Student of Imaam Ali al-Kisai
Collators (7-9)

1. Abu ‘Amr Hafs ibn ‘Umar ibn Abdil Aziz ibn Sahbaan Al-Azdi ‫رحمه هللا‬,
• passed away 246AH
• Known as ad-Duri
• he was the student of the student of Imaam Abu Amr’ and is one of his narrators.

2. Abu Abbas Muhammad ibn Yazid al-Mubarrad ‫ رحمه هللا‬,

• passed away 286 AH.
• Was friends with al-Thalab

3. Abu Muzahim Musa ibn Ubaydullah al-Khaqaani ‫رحمه هللا‬,

• passed away 325AH
• Wrote the first poem on tajwīd, al-Khaqaaniyya
 The science of tajwīd has
been separated from nahw
and sarf due to need and
importance

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Name
• Tajwid

• ‫فن التجويد‬
• Adaa

• ‫فن األداء‬
• Qira’ah

• ‫فن القراءة‬

Sample Footer Text 17

‫‪Sources‬‬
‫• جاء من فعل النيب صلى اهلل عليه وسلم‬
‫وكيفية تلقينه للصحابة رضوان اهلل عليهم مث‬
‫أخذه عنهم التابعون وأتباع التابعني إىل أن‬
‫وصل إلينا متواترا عن أئمة القراءة‪.‬‬
‫‪• The method of the Prophet Muhammad’s‬‬
‫‪recitation.‬‬
‫‪• Mutawatir from the Imams of Qira’ah‬‬

‫‪18‬‬
Legal Status
• To acquire the knowledge and science of tajwīd is Fardh-e-
Kifâya i.e. in every community there should be at least one
person who is fully conversant and acquainted with the rules
of tajwid. If not, then the entire community will be sinful.
• To apply and recite the Qur`ān according to the rules of
tajwīd is Fardh-e-Aiyn (compulsory and obligatory) on
every baaligh (mature) male and female. This ruling will
apply whether the meaning of the Qur`ān is altered or not,
by the mere changing of the letters.
• The lesser rules are Mustahab.

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 The Sinner
• What type of reciter would be deemed a
sinner?
• To answer this, the types of errors need to be
discussed.
• Errors in recitation are of 2 types:

1. Lahn Jaliyy (clear errors)

2. Lahn Khafiyy (hidden errors)

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The Clear Error

• It takes place in 4 basic ways:

1. Adding a letter e.g. if the madd on ‫ هللا‬in‫ قل هو هللا أحد‬lengthened too long.
2. Omitting a letter e.g. not reading the wāw of ‫ يولد‬in ‫لم يلد و لم يولد‬
3. Changing a letter e.g. if the isti˘lā` and itbāq is not recited in the ‫ ظ‬of ‫( و ندخلهم ظال ظليال‬and We
shall admit them into bounteous shade) then it will be read as ‫ ذ‬i.e. ‫( و ندخلهم ذال ذليال‬and We shall
admit them into a wretched disgrace).
4. Changing a harakah e.g. if one “bounces” on certain letters like the ‫ ن‬of ‫ انعمت‬or exaggerate the
qalqalah of ‫ د‬the when stopping on ‫ أحد‬then they will be read as ‫ انعمَت‬and ‫ أحَد‬with a harakah on
the ‫ ن‬and the ‫د‬
• It is called lahn jaliyy (clear error) since it is clear to all that an error is being made, whether the
meaning is changed or not.
The Hidden Error

• It takes place when errors are made in the temporary attributes of the letters e.g. ikhfā`, idghām,
tafkhīm, tarqīq and so on.
• Scholars have further divided lahn khafiyy into 2 types:
1. Those errors which may be identified by one who has basic knowledge of tajwīd e.g. ikhfā`,
idghām, tafkhīm, tarqīq, madd, etc.
2. Those errors which are only perceived by experts in the field e.g. excessive takrīr of the rā`,
ikhfā` not being applied properly, and exaggeration in the tafkhīm of letters, among others.
• It is called lahn khafiyy (hidden error) since they are obscure to most.
‫‪Chapters‬‬

‫• أي قواعده كما سيأيت معنا يف هذه السلسلة املباركة‪.‬‬

‫…‪• To be continued‬‬