1 () = 1 ()

12
1
1.66 10-24 ()
12 C 1 ()
2. () = (A)(%)
100
A = , % =
1 ()
3. = 1 () =
12
1
1.66 10-24 ()
12 C 1 ()
1. =

4.

22.4 22400 ()
(STP) (dm3)
(cm3)

6.02 1023
22.4 dm3 22400 cm3
(mole

mol)
3
CV 3
(STP)
n
1000 cm CV dm
PV
PV = nRT
RT
6.02 1023

(P = , V = , T =
R = 0.0821 dm3 atm K-1 mol-1)
Note : =
M = DV M = SV (S = .) ppm =

mg kg-1 mg dm-3 ppb = g kg-1 g dm-3

2006

2006

_________________________ (113)

5.

()

22.4
(STP) (dm3)

6.02 1023

6.02 1023

+ e- + n

A
ZX

P+

A a+
ZX

e- = Z - a

A aZX

e- = Z + a

6.
pph = parts per hundred

6.1 A = A ()
()

100

6.2 A = A () 100
()
6.3 A =

8.

1000

ppm = parts per million

1000

7.

ppb = parts per billion

A ()
100
()

ppm () =

106

ppm () =

ppb () =

109

ppb () =

(114) _________________________

2006

2006

106

109

9. (Molarity) (Molar) M =

(mol)
(dm3 L)

1000 mol
V cm3
1 mol
=
V dm3
=

10. (molality) (molal) m

=

(mol)
(kg)

1000 W2
W1 M 2

W1 = , W2 = , M2 =
11. (mole fraction) X =

A = XA 100
12. (mol dm-3)
=

% 10 D ( S)

D = g cm-3

13. (mol dm-3)

=

% 10

14. C1V1 = C2V2 M1V1 = M2V2

% 10 D ( S)
V1 = C2V2

% 10
V1 = C2V2

15.

2006

(CV) = C1V1 + C2V2 + C3V3 + ...

(MV) = M1V1 + M2V2 + M3V3 + ...

2006

_________________________ (115)

16.
K b 1000 W2
W1 M2
K 1000 W
= Kf m = f W M 2
1
2

Tb

= Tb - Tb = Kb m =

...(1)

Tf

= Tf - Tf

...(2)

Tb = (Tb )
(Tb)
Tf = (Tf)
(Tf)
17. C6H12O6
CH2O
()n =

(CH2O)n = 180
(12 + 2 + 16)n = 30n = 180
n=6
(CH2O)6 = C6H12O6
18.
A =

A
100

19.
20.
(II) Cu : S = 2 : 1
21.
3

22. -

23.

(116) _________________________

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2006

24.
1.
2.
3Cu(s) + 8HNO3(aq)

3Cu(NO3)2(aq) + 4H2O(l) + 2NO(g)

Cu 10 NO STP ( Cu = 63.5)
NO = 32 mol Cu
x
22.4

10
= 32 63.5

10 22.4 = 2.35 dm3 at STP

NO = 32 63.5
3. 1

CH4(g) + 2O2(g)

CO2(g) + 2H2O(l)

CH4 8 O2 48 CO2
( H = 1, C = 12, O = 16)
mol CH 4
= 168 1 = 0.5 9

1
mol O2
= 3248 2 = 0.75 8
2

mol CO2 = mol CH4

x
8
44 = 16

8 44 = 22
CO2 = 16

4.

(2) 2 ;

4NH3(g) + 5O2(g)

4NO(g) + 6H2O(g)

...(1)

2NO(g) + 2CH4(g)

2HCN(g) + 2H2O(g) + H2(g)

...(2)

4HCN(g) + 4H2O(g) + 2H2(g)

...(3)

4NO(g) + 4CH4(g)

24.2 25.1 HCN

( H = 1, C = 12, N = 14, O = 16)

2006

2006

_________________________ (117)

mol NH3
= 1724.2
4
4 =
mol CH 4
= 1625.1
4
4 =
mol HCN = mol NH3

5.

x
27 =

24.2
17

0.36 9
0.39 8

HCN = 24.2
17 27 = 38.44

100

1. 1.0 10-6 Ne+

( Ne = 20.2)
23
1) 6.02 10-6
2) 1.0 10-6 6.02 1023
1.0 10
23
-6 6.02 1023
-6
3) 1.0 10 20.2
4) 1.0 10 6.024 10
9.65 10
2. 50
100 ( Ca = 40, Br = 80)
80
160
50 160
2) 50120
3) 50200
4) 50
1) 100
200
3. A 2 14.0 12.9 B 36.0 AB4
157 = 14.0
1) 9.09
2) 13
3) 90.91
4) 91.91
4. ( H = 1, C = 12, N = 14,
O = 16, P = 31)
1) P4O10 2.84
2) NO2(g) 2.24 dm3 STP
3) (C9H8O4) 0.01
4) (C2H5OH) 0.8 g cm-3 23 cm3
5. 99 : 1
y dm3 dm3

3
1) 2y - 0.01y
2) (2y - 0.01y) dm3
2 dm

3
3) y - 0.01y
4) (y - 0.01y) dm3
2 dm
(118) _________________________

2006

2006

6. (VII) C 2O 24- CO2

2MnO-4 (aq) + 5C 2O 24- (aq) + 16H+(aq)

2Mn2+(aq) + 10CO2(g) + 8H2O(l)

0.020 mol dm-3 (VII) cm3 KHC2O4 H2C2O4

1.0 10-3
2) 40 cm3
3) 50 cm3
4) 125 cm3
1) 20 cm3
7. 0.352 0.072
( H = 1, C = 12, O = 16)
1) CH2 CH2
2) CH2 CH CH CH2
CH CH2
3)
4)
8. x (C2H5)4N+Cl- x
25 cm3 0.1 mol dm-3 NaOH 24 cm3
20 cm3 0.1 mol dm-3 AgNO3 48 cm3
AgCl x
2) HCl 323) HCl 344) H 2Cl -3
1) HCl -2
9. (II)

HgCl2(aq) + 2KI(aq)
HgI2(s) + 2KCl(aq)
HgI2(s) + 2KI(aq)
K2HgI4(aq)

m V
m
m
1)
2)

3)

0
m

2006

4)

2006

0
m

_________________________ (119)

10.

46

342

62

60

10%
3 g 25 cm3
40%
4 g 15 cm3

(C)
a
b
c
d

1) a > b > c > d

2) b > a > d > c
3) c > d > a > b
4) d > c > b > a
11. SO24- HCO-3 96 183 ppm Ca2+
Ca2+ ppm ( Ca = 40, S = 32, O = 16, C = 12, H = 1)
1) 100
2) 160
3) 188
4) 279
2+
3
-3
12. 200
80 Hg 0.5 cm = 13.6 g cm
1) 5.69 1024
2) 5.73 1024
3) 1.14 1025
4) 1.15 1025
13. CH4 C2H2 1.0 213 kcal 310 kcal

CH4 + O2
CO2 + H2O ()
C2H2 + O2
CO2 + H2O ()

C2H2 4.48 dm3 STP CH4 kcal

1) 310 kcal
2) 213 kcal
3) 97 kcal
4) 19.40 kcal
14. 20.8 CH3Cl , CH2Cl2 CHCl3 5.05 ,
17.0 59.75 CCl4 CCl4
1) 30.8
2) 62.6
3) 77.0
4) 86.6
15. ( )

CH3OH + C7H6O3

C8H8O3 + H2O

80 30 g 140 g
( H = 1, C = 12, O = 16)
1) 114.0
2) 123.4
3) 142.5
4) 154.2

(120) _________________________

2006

2006

16.

SiO2(s) + C(s)
Si(s) + Cl2(g)
SiCl4(l) + H2(g)

Si(s) + CO(g)
SiCl4(l)
Si(s) + HCl(g)

100 ( H = 1, C = 12,
O = 16, Si = 28, Cl = 35.5)
1) 2.14 102 kg
2) 1.14 103 kg
3) 2.14 105 kg
4) 2.14 106 kg
17. 120 g 95
5 23
( C = 12, O = 16)
1) 114 g
2) 304 g
3) 1.3 103 g
4) 6.5 104 g
18. SO2 SO2 H2SO4
H2SO4 100 SO2 STP
1) 2.24 1010 dm3
2) 22.4 108 dm3
3) 2.29 107 dm3
4) 1.15 107 dm3
19. H2SO4 0.20 M H2S 34
KI + H2SO4

K2SO4 + I2 + H2S + H2O

( H = 1, O = 16, S = 32, K = 39, I = 127)

1) 5
2) 10
3) 15
4) 20
20. BaO BaO CaO 29 6 M HCl
100.8 cm3 ( Ca = 40, Ba = 137, O = 16)
1) 65.5
2) 50.3
3) 48.6
4) 34.5

1. 2)
11. 1)

2. 3)
12. 1)

2006

3. 1)
13. 4)

4. 4)
14. 3)

5. 1)
15. 1)

2006

6. 2)
16. 1)

7. 3)
17. 3)

8. 1)
18. 3)

9. 4)
19. 4)

10. 2)
20. 1)

_________________________ (121)


1. 1

Mg(s) + 2HCl(aq)
MgCl2(aq) + H2(g)

H2
Mg

2.

3. (Ea)
Ea , Ea Ea

Ea

Ea
Ea

(122) _________________________

2006

2006

4. (Exothermic reaction)

Et
Ea
Er

Ea

A+B

E = E p - E r

Ep

C+D

Ea Ea
E Ea
5. (Endothermic reaction)

Et

Ep
Er

Ea

Ea
E = E p - E r

R+S

P+Q

6. Ea
E Ea

T1 = 30C 3 1 + 2
T2 = 60C 3 + 5 2 + 4

1
2

5
3

Ea
2006

2006

_________________________ (123)

7.

8.
1.
2.
3.
4. ()
5. ()
6.
7.
8.
9.
MgCl2(aq) + H2(g)
1. Mg(s) + 2HCl(aq)
> >
2. Na2S2O3(aq) + 2HCl(aq)

2NaCl(aq) + H2O(l) + SO2(g) + S(s)

milk of colloidal sulfur

3. 2KMnO4(aq) + 3H2SO4(aq) + 5H2C2O4(aq)
()
MnSO4
K2SO4(aq) + 2MnSO4(aq) + 8H2O(l) + 10CO2(g)

()
CoCl2

4. 2H2O2(aq)

2H2O(l) + O2(g)

5.

(1) + (2) ;

D +

...(1)

...(2)
...(3)

B (1) (2)
D
(124) _________________________

2006

2006

10.

= k[A]x
k = (rate constant) , x =
P + Q

= k[P]x[Q]y
x P y Q
x + y
Ea
2A + B
3C + D
()
2P + 3Q
R
()
2
3
= k[P] [Q]

1. I2 [I2]
[I2]
[I2]
1)
2)

3)

[I2]

4)

[I2]

2. -238
-238 1 4.5 109
1 : 3
1) 1.5 109
2) 2.25 109
3) 9.0 109
4) 13.5 109

2006

2006

_________________________ (125)

3. 1

[]
[]
1)
2)

3)

0
[]

4.

4)

T1

0
[]

T2 (T2 > T1)

P

R
Q

T2
2) Q P+ R
1) QP
3) QP ++ QR
4) P Q+ Q+ -R R
5. 10C
1) 10C
2) 10C
3) 10C
4) 10C
0

(126) _________________________

2006

2006

6. 2XO + O2

XO
O2

100
100
1.0

x
1) 12.5
2) 25
7.

A+B

2XO2
100
25
0.25
3) 50

Ea1 = 20 kJ

50
100
0.50

25
x
0.125
4) 100

E a 2 = 40 kJ

90 kJ

. Ea1
. Ea2
. X CX
. X 90 kJ
1) . .
2) . .
3) . .
4) . .
8.
(kJ mol-1)
220
150
A

1)
2)
3)
4)

260

240

B 120

D 160
50 E + F

3
1 > 3 > 2
100 kJ mol-1
B D E F

2006

2006

_________________________ (127)

9. A + B + 2C

1
2
3
4
5

[A]
0.01
0.02
0.01
0.01
0.03

[B]
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.02
0.01

[C]
0.001
0.001
0.002
0.002
0.003

D + 2E
mol dm-3 s-1
0.24
0.48
0.24
0.48
0.72

1) A B 2) B C 3) A C 4) A, B C
10. CaCO3(s) + 2HCl(aq)
CaCl2(aq) + H2O(l) + CO2(g)

1)
2)
3)
4)
11. N2O5 2N2O5
4NO2 + O2 N2O5
-5
1.8 10 5
1) NO2 = 9.0 10-5
2) NO2 = 4.5 10-5
3) O2 = 18 10-5
4) O2 = 4.5 10-5
12.

(g) (g)
1
1
2
1
3
1
4
1
5
2

1 M HCl (cm3)
10
10
10
10
10

H2O (cm3)
10
100
10
100
100

.
.
.

1) . . 2) . . 3) . .
(128) _________________________

25
0.25
5
0.05
0.1

4) ., . .

2006

2006

13.
I. CaCO3 10 g 100 cm3 0.1 M HCl
II. 10 g 100 cm3 0.1 M HCl
( Ca = 40, C = 12, O = 16)
CO2
CO2
2)
1)
I
II

II
I

3)

CO2

4)

CO2
I

II

II

14.
.
.
.

1) .
2) . . 3) . . 4) ., . .
15. 10 g
( Cu = 63.5, Zn = 65.5)

1)
2)
3)
4)

O2

1. 2)
11. 4)

2. 3)
12. 4)
2006

3. 2)
13. 4)

4. 3)
14. 4)

5. 4)
15. 2)

2006

6. 3)

7. 4)

8. 4)

9. 1)

10. 2)

_________________________ (129)


1.
=

2.

...(1)

B
[B]
[A]

(1) = (2)

t
...(2)

3. (Law of Chemical Equilibrium) (K)

aA +
bB
cC +
dD

c d
K = [C]a [D]b
[A] [B]

activity = 1
CaCO3(s)

N2(g) + 3H2(g)

CaO(s) + CO2(g)

2NH3(g)

Kc = [CO2]
KP = PCO2

Kc =

KP =

(130) _________________________

[NH 3 ]2
[N 2 ][H 2 ]3
2
PNH
3

PN PH3
2
2

2006

2006

4.
1. K = K 1

2. n K = K n
1

3. n K = Kn = n K
4. K = K
CaCO3(s)
CaO(s) + CO2(g) 800C CO2 = 0.236 atm
CaCO3(s)
K CaO(s) + CO2(g)
1
K = K 1 = 0.236
= 4.24 atm-1

H2(g) + Cl2(g) K = 4.17 10-34 at 25C

K 12 H2(g) + 12 Cl2(g)
HCl(g)

2HCl(g)

1
K

K =

1
4.17 10-34

= 4.897 1016

5. (Le Chateliers principle)

6.

[H2]
H 2 (g)

I 2 (g)

2HI(g)

[H2]
PCl 3 (g) + Cl 2 (g)

PCl 5 (g)

PCl3

[PCl3]

2006

2006

_________________________ (131)

7.

K T
A 2 (g)

3B 2 (g)

2AB3 (g)

= +90 kJ mol-1

K T1
2SO 2 (g) +

O 2 (g)

2SO3 (g)

= -80 kJ mol-1

H = O ( = )
8. K T1
K

K T
K

(132) _________________________

2006

2006

9.


3Fe(s)

4H2O(g)

Fe3O4(s)

4H2(g)
4

(P) :
(P) :
:
P

H2O(l)
0

+
+

CO2(g)
1

H2CO3(aq)
0

10.
(Habers process)
N 2 (g)

3H 2 (g)

T
P

1 + 3 = 4 mol

2NH 3 (g) +

92 kJ

2 mol

500C 350 Fe
11.
1.
2.
3. (K) 1 2
4. , ,
2
ax + bx + c = 0

2006

2006

b2 - 4ac
x = -b 2a

_________________________ (133)


1. ()-1
1) H2(g) + I2(g)
2HI(g)
2) H2O(l) + CH3CO2C2H5(aq)
C2H5OH(aq) + CH3CO2H(aq)
3) 2NO2(g)
N2O4(g)
4) CH4(g) + H2O(g)
CO(g) + 3H2(g)
2. N2(g) H2(g) 1 : 3 NH3(g) N2(g)
50 P

2) 16 P
3) 14 P
4) 13 P
1) 18 P
3. 444C 1 atm H2(g) + I2(g)
2HI(g) KP = 50 KP
444C 2 atm
1) 25
2) 50
3) 100
4) 200
4. Ag2CO3(s)
Ag2O(s) + CO2(g) KP 3.16 10-3 atm at 298 K
1.48 atm at 5000 K
1) CO2
2) CO2
3)
4) KP Ag2CO3
5. V2+ + H2O
V3+ + 12 H2 + OH V2+
1)
2) V3+
3)
4)

(134) _________________________

2006

2006

6. 1 V
K

1)

2)

3)

4)

7. NH3 400C
500C
% NH3

1) 40

% NH3

400C

2) 40

500C

20
0

10

20

% NH3

10

10

20

/103 kPa

% NH3

3) 40
20

400C

20

/103 kPa

500C

4) 40
400C
500C
/103 kPa
20

20
0

10

500C
400C
/103 kPa
20

8.
1) H2(g) + I2(g)
2HI(g) ; H = +53 kJ mol-1
2) 4NH3(g) + 5O2(g)
4NO(g) + 6H2O(g) ; H = -950 kJ mol-1
3) N2(g) + 3H2(g)
2NH3(g) ; H = -92 kJ mol-1
4) N2O4(g)
2NO2(g) ; H = +57 kJ mol-1
2006

2006

_________________________ (135)

9. SO2 NO2 1 dm3

SO2(g) + NO2(g)

SO3(g) + NO(g)

SO3, NO, NO2 SO2 0.60, 0.40, 0.10 0.80 mol

NO2 0.30 mol NO

SO2(g) + NO2(g)
SO3(g) + NO(g)
1. ...............
...............
...............
............... mol dm-3
2. (+)
...............
...............
...............
............... mol dm-3
3. ...............
...............
...............
............... mol dm-3
4.

...............

...............

...............
[SO ][NO]
K = K = [SO 3][NO ]
2
2

...............

mol dm-3

NO = 2.05
2C A B 1.0 1 dm3

10. A + B

C 0.4 mol dm-3

1A + 1B
C
2
2
1) 1.3

2) 2.0

3) 4.0

4) 16.0

1.
2.

A +
...............
...............

B
...............
...............

2C
...............
...............

mol dm-3
mol dm-3

3.

...............

...............

...............

mol dm-3

[C]2
K = [A][B]

(136) _________________________

2006

2006

11. 25C (K25) 100C (K100)

.
.
.

A
X
2P

C
2Y
3Q

K25
0.025
25
4000

K100
500
100
0.55

1)
2) 100C 4 25C
3) A 1000 K25
4) 25C

12.
K1
2NH3(g)
. N2(g) + 3H2(g)
K2
NH3(g)
. 12 N2(g) + 32 H2(g)
K3 2
. 13 N2(g) + H2(g)
3 NH3(g)
K1, K2 K3
1) K1 = K 2K 3

2) K2 =

K 1 K 33

3)

3
K1 = K2K32

4) K1 = K 2K 33

13. (kJ mol-1) Cl Cl = 242 , C Cl = 339 , C H = 413 , H Cl = 431

CH4(g) + 2Cl2(g)
CH2Cl2(g) + 2HCl(g)

1)
2)

3)

4)

2006

2006

_________________________ (137)

14.
2CO(g) + O2(g)
. 2CO2(g)
. 2NO2(g)
2NO(g) + O2(g)
2SO2(g) + O2(g)
. 2SO3(g)
12 g 2 dm3
1.12 dm3 STP
1) . < . < .
2) . < . < .
3) . < . < .
4) . < . <
15.

AgCl
Ag2CO3
Ag3PO4

1.0 10-10
6.3 10-12
2.0 10-21

1) Ag2CO3 > AgCl > Ag3PO4

3) AgCl > Ag2CO3 > Ag3PO4

2) Ag3PO4 > Ag2CO3 > AgCl

4) Ag2CO3 > Ag3PO4 > AgCl

1. 3)
10. 2)

2. 4)
11. 4)

3. 2)
12. 3)

4. 3)
13. 1)

5. 4)
14. 1)

6. 2)
15. 1)

(138) _________________________

7. 1)

8. 4)

2006

9. 2.05

2006

-
1. -
(H+) (H3O+)
HCl + H2O
H3O+ + Cl (OH-)
HO
NaOH 2
Na+(aq) + OH-(aq)
(H+ H3O+ = )
1.
2.
3.
4.
5. ()
6. (CO 32- ) (HCO-3 ) CO2
7. ()

(OH- = )
1.
2.
3.
4.
5. (NH3)
6. Al Zn


(non-electrolyte)

2006

2006

_________________________ (139)

2. - -
(H+) (Proton donor)
(H+) (Proton acceptor)
H+
Base1

Acid1
+
H
Base2
Acid2

Acid1 + Base2

...(1)
...(2)

Acid2 + Base1

Protolytic reaction
Acid1 - Base1
Acid2 - Base2

-
-

Amphoteric or Amphiprotic substances

HCO-3 (aq)
1

H 2O(l)
2

H 3O +
2

1
NH +4 (aq) +
1

CO32- (aq)
1
1

HPO24- (aq)
2

H 2 PO-4 (aq)
2

+ NH 3 (aq)
1

3.

HCl
+ NaOH
NaCl
+ H2O
K2SO4
+ 2H2O
H2SO4 + 2KOH
HNO3 + NH4OH
NH4NO3 + H2O
H3O+(aq) + OH-(aq)
2H2O(l)
BaSO4(s) + 2H2O(l)
Ba(OH)2(aq) + H2SO4(aq)

(140) _________________________

2006

2006

4.
CH3COOH(aq) + H2O(l)
Ci - x

Ka =

CH3COO-(aq) + H3O+(aq)
x
x mol dm-3

[CH 3COO- ][H 3O+ ]

[H 3O+ ]2
=
[CH 3COOH]
[Ci - x]

[H3O+] =

K a (C i - x)

...(1)

[H3O+] Ci = (initial concentration)

pH
pH = -log[H3O+]

[H 3O+ ]
=
Ci 100

5.
NH3(aq) + H2O(l)
Ci - x

Kb =

...(2)
...(3)

NH+4 (aq) + OH- (aq)

x
x mol dm-3

[NH +4 ][OH- ]
[OH- ]2
=
[NH3 ]
[Ci - x]

[OH-] =

...(4)

K b (Ci - x)

[OH-] pH
pOH = -log[OH-]
pH + pOH = 14

2006

-]
= [OH
Ci 100
2006

...(5)
...(6)

_________________________ (141)

6.
H2O(l) + H2O(l)
.

H3O+(aq) + OH-(aq)

Kw = [H3O+][OH-] = 1.0 10-14 25C

Kw T ( Kw )
7.

+
+
+

(Ka > Kb)

(Ka < Kb)
(Ka = Kb)

8. -


aA + bB
cC + dD
mol A = a
mol B
b
b mol A = a mol B

bCAVA = aCBVB
9. - pH pH


1. pH 7
2. pH 7
3. pH 7
4. pH 7
7 Ka Kb

(142) _________________________

2006

2006

10. pH
HCl NaOH
pH
CK
M
D
12
10
8
6

O Y

2
0

NaOH (cm3)

10 20 30 40 50

11. CH3COOH NaOH pH > 7

pH pH > 7
pH
M D
12
K
10 C
O Y

8 X
B
6
N
A
4
L
2
0

NaOH (cm3)

10 20 30 40 50

12. HCl NH3 pH < 7

pH pH < 7
pH
12
10
M
8 C
6 X
4 A
2 N
0

2006

K
O

10 20 30 40 50

2006

HCl (cm3)

_________________________ (143)

13. (Buffer solution)

14. -
1. pH = -log[H3O+] = log[H3O+]-1 = log 1 +
[H 3O ]
2. pOH = -log[OH-] = log[OH-]-1 = log 1 [OH ]
3. pH + pOH = 14
4. Kw = [H3O+][OH-] = 1.0 10-14 at 25C
5. [H3O+] = 10-pH ... antilog
6. [OH-] = 10-pOH ... antilog
7. 100%
[H3O+] = [HCl]
[H3O+] = 2[H2SO4]
8. 100%
[OH-] = [NaOH]
[OH-] = 2[Ba(OH)2]

9. Ka
[H3O+] =
=

K a (C i - x)
[H 3O+ ]
Ci 100

10. Kb
[OH-] =

K b (Ci - x)

-]
= [OH
Ci 100

11. pH Kb K1
a
12. Ka Kb = Kw -
[In- ]
HIn + H 2O
13. pH = pKI + log [HIn]

14. pH = pKI 1
(144) _________________________

H 3O +

In -

2006

2006

[Salt]
pH = pKa + log [Acid]

15.

Ka
[Salt]
[Acid] = [H O+ ]
3

16.

[Salt]
pOH = pKb + log [Base]
[Salt] = K b
[Base]
[OH- ]

17. [H3O+] =

K w (Ci - x)
Kb

18.

K w (Ci - x)
Ka

[OH-] =

19. [H3O+] =

K w Ka
Kb

20. C1V1 = C2V2

21. (CV) = C1V1 + C2V2 + ...
% 10 D % 10 S
22. = =
(D = (g/cm3), S = )
% 10
23. =
24. [H3O+] [OH-] 10-7 10-9 pH
[H3O+] [OH-] = 1.0 10-7 mol dm-3
25. pH
1.
2.
3.
4. H3O+ OH- pH pOH

2006

2006

_________________________ (145)


1. pH pH

1) NaHCO3(s)
Na+(aq) + HCO-3 (aq)

2) HCO-3 (aq) + H2O(l)

3) HCO-3 (aq) + OH-(aq)
2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

CO32- (aq) + H3O+(aq)

CO32- (aq) + H2O(l)

H2CO3(aq) + OH-(aq)
4) HCO-3 (aq) + H2O(l)
HA 1 10-4 HA 1.0 mol dm-3

1) 1
2) 2
3) 4
4) 10
HCl 0.1 mol dm-3 45 cm3 NaOH
1.0 mol dm-3 x cm3 pH = 12 x
1) 3
2) 5
3) 8
4) 10
NaOH 0.1 mol dm-3 cm3 HNO3
0.1 mol dm-3 25 cm3 pH = 3
1) 24.00 cm3
2) 24.25 cm3
3) 24.50 cm3
4) 24.75 cm3
pH 2.00 mol dm-3 NaOH 25.00 cm3
0.30 mol dm-3 HCl 175.00 cm3 ( log 1.25 = 0.10)
1) 0.95
2) 1.90
3) 3.80
4) 4.00
pH 2.45 1.09 g cm-3
( Ka = 1.8 10-5 ,
log 3.55 = 0.55 , H = 1, C = 12, O = 16)
1) 7.0
2) 4.2
3) 3.5
4) 0.07
NaOH pH = 12 cm3 NaOH pH = 10
100 cm3 pH = 11
1) 30 cm3
2) 20 cm3
3) 10 cm3
4) 5 cm3

(146) _________________________

2006

2006

8.
14

(a)

pH

pH

14

0 Amount of acid added

7
0 Amount of acid added

14

(b)

pH

pH

14

(c)

0 Amount of acid added

(d)

7
0 Amount of acid added

1) (c)
2) (c) (d)
3) (b)
4) (a), (b), (c) (d)
9. 1.0 1.0
100 mL pH pH meter

1)

pH

pH

2)

100
mL acid

200

200

100
mL acid

200

2006

pH

4)
pH

3)

100
mL acid

100
mL acid

200

2006

_________________________ (147)

10. (Ka)

Fe(H 2 O) 36+
Al(OH)36+
H2S
HClO
HCN
HS-

Ka

10-2.4
10-4.9
10-7.0
10-7.5
10-9.3
10-12.9

1) HS-
2) HClO H2S
3) HCN HClO
4) Fe(H 2 O) 36+ Al(OH)36+ 2

11. -

pH
pH

pH
1.2-2.8
3.1-4.4
3.8-5.4
4.4-6.2
5.2-6.8
6.0-7.6
7.2-8.8
8.3-10.0
10.1-12.0

pH

10.0
8.0
pH

1)
2)
3)
4)

6.0
4.0
2.0
14

18
22
Volume of HCl added (mL)

26

(148) _________________________

2006

2006

12.
14.0
12.0
10.0
pH

8.0
6.0
4.0
2.0
0.0 0

20
30
10
Volume of acid added (mL)

+
+
+
+

1)
2)
3)
4)

40

+
+
+
+

13.
2.316 50 cm3
38.7 cm3
( H = 1, C = 12, O = 16, Na = 23, S = 32)
1) 0.178
2) 0.356
3) 0.712
4) 0.890
14.
. KCl 1 mol HCl 1 mol 1 dm3
. NaOH 0.5 mol CH3COOH 1 mol 1 dm3
. HCl 1.00 mol dm-3 40.00 cm3 KOH 2.00 mol dm-3
20.05 cm3
. HCl 1.00 mol dm-3 50.00 cm3 CH3COONa 1.00 mol dm-3
25.00 cm3

1) . . 2) . . 3) ., . .
4) ., . .
2006

2006

_________________________ (149)

15. 20.0 cm3 0.10 mol dm-3 NH3 20.0 cm3 0.10 mol dm-3 HCl
pH (Kb NH3 = 2.0 10-5 , log 5 = 0.699)
1) 9.450
2) 8.699
3) 6.699
4) 5.301
16. pH = 8 40 cm3 0.05 mol dm-3
20 cm3 5.0 20 cm3
( Kb = 1.0 10-6)
1) 50
2) 500
3) 1000
4) 5000

1. 4)
11. 3)

2. 1)
12. 1)

3. 2)
13. 2)

4. 3)
14. 2)

5. 2)
15. 4)

6. 2)
16. 4)

(150) _________________________

7. 3)

8. 3)

2006

9. 3)

2006

10. 2)

1. (Isomer)
C 4 H 10
CH 3 CH 2 CH 2 CH 3
CH 3 CH CH 3
CH 3
C 2 H 6O

CH 3 O CH 3
CH 3 CH 2 OH

2.
1. (R) = CnH2n+1
2.
= CnH2n+2
3.
= CnH2n
4.
= CnH2n-2
5. = CnH2n
6.
= CnH2n-2
7.
= ROH
8.
= R O R
9.
= RCOOH
10.
= RCOOR
11.
= RCHO
12.
= RCOR
13.
= RNH2
14. = RCONH2

(Structural isomers)

(Functional isomers)

(Functional group)
( OH = )
( O = )
O
( C OH = )
O
( C O = )
O
( C H = )
O
( C = )
( NH 2 = )

3. ()

CH3 CH3 + Br2

CH3 CH2Br + HBr
2006

2006

_________________________ (151)

4. (C C) (C C)

CH2 CH2 + Br2

CH 2 CH 2
Br Br
Br2 1 mol Br2 2 mol
5. H2SO4

O
O
18
18
H 2 SO 4
R C OH + H OR
R C OR + H 2O
reflux

()

6. CO2 H2O

CxHy + x + 4y O 2
x CO2 + y2 H2O + Energy

CxHy + x2 + 4y O 2
x CO + y2 H2O + Energy +
C

C
H

Aromatic > Alkyne > Alkene > Alkane and Alcohol

7. (Saponification reaction)
()

+ 3
O
HO C R
CH 2 O H
O
CH O H + HO C R
O
HO C R
CH 2 O H

+ 3
O
CH 2 O C R
O
CH O C R
O
CH 2 O C R

...(1)

3H 2O

2006

2006

(152) _________________________

 + 3

3 +
()

O
CH 2 O C R
O
CH O C R + 3NaOH
O
CH 2 O C R

...(2)

CH 2 OH
3RCOONa + CH OH
CH 2 OH

8.

1 + 2

+ 3

Homopolymer

Copolymer

(C C) (C C)
nCH2 CH2

[ CH2 CH2 ] n
OH, COOH, NH2 etc.
H2O, NH3, HCl, CH3OH etc.
Polyester Polyamide (Nylon)

O
9. ( C NH ) 2 Biurets Test (CuSO4 )

10. +

Cu2O ( (I) )

11. (DO) =

2006

8000 [Na2S2O3] V cm3 Na2S2O3

(cm3)

2006

_________________________ (153)


1.
W. CH3CH2CH2CH2CH3
X. CH3CH2OCH2CH3
Y. CH3 CH CH2 CH3
Z. CH3 CH CH2 OH
OH
OH

1) Z, Y, X, W
2) X, Z, Y, W
3) X, Y, Z, W
4) Y, Z, X, W
2. C14H30
2
. C4H10 + C10H20
. C6H11 + C8H19
. C7H14 + C7H16
. C10H12 + C4H18
2
1) .
2) . . 3) . . 4) ., . .
3.
. CH4 + Cl2
CH3Cl + HCl
. C3H6 + Br2
C3H6Br2
. C2H4 + 3O2
2CO2 + 2H2O
. C2H4 + H2O
C2H5OH
1) .
2) . . 3) . . 4) ., . .
4.
.
.
.
1) .
2) .
3) . . 4) . .
5. 1 1

1)
2) , ,
3)
4) ,
6.
. C2H5COOH . C2H5COONa
. CH3OH
. CH3ONa
1) . . 2) . . 3) . . 4) . .

(154) _________________________

2006

2006

7. 2 2 CH2ClCHClCH3

1) 2
2) 3
3) 4
4) 5
8. X X

X
.
.
.
1) .
2) .
3) . . 4) ., . .
9. RCO2CH2R 3.26 R CnH2n+1
NaOH 2.00 25 cm3
HCl 0.50 26.0 cm3
RCO -2 + RCH2OH
RCO2CH2R + OH n ( H = 1, C = 12, O = 16)
1) 0
2) 1
3) 2
4) 3
10. nCH2 CH2
[ CH2 CH2 ] n

1)
2)
3)
4) n
11.

1)
2)
3)
4)

2006

2006

_________________________ (155)

12.
H
CH 3
C
C
COOCH 3 H

H
CH 3
C
C
COOCH 3 H

.
.
.
1) .
2) . . 3) . .
13. X Y
H
H

N
(X)

HO

4) ., . .

C
(Y)

O
HO

X Y
1) X X X X X X
2) Y X Y X Y X
3) X X Y X X Y
4) X X Y Y X X
14. (3)

(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)

1)
2)
3)
4)

(C)
200-300
50-200
300-400
400

(156) _________________________

2006

2006

 15-17
. CH 3 ( CH CH 2 ) 6 COO-Na +
CH 3
. CH 3 ( CH 2 )12 COO-Na +
. CH 3 ( CH CH 2 )6
CH 3
. CH 3 ( CH 2 )14 OSO-3 Na +

SO-3 Na +

15.
1) . .
2) . .
3) . .
16.
1) . .
2) . .
3) . .
17.
1) .
2) .
3) .

4) . .
4) . .
4) . .

18-21
X

C, H, O

KMnO 4
H+

KOH

18. X 1 CO2 8 H2O 9 X

2) C7H15COOH
3) C8H17OH
4) C8H17COOH
1) C7H15OH
19. Y Y
1) C7H15OH
2) C7H15COOH
3) C8H17OH
4) C8H17COOH
20. Z
1) C7H15OK
2) C7H15COOK
3) C8H17OK
4) C8H17COOK
21. Z
1)
2)
3)
4)
22. CH3(CH2)10COOH, CH3(CH2)8COOH

1) 3
2) 4
3) 5
4) 6

2006

2006

_________________________ (157)

23. ., . .

H2N CH2 COOH

.

CH 3
H 2 N CH COOH
.

CH 2C 6 H 5
H 2 N CH COOH
.

1) 3
2) 4
3) 5
4) 6
24. 100 3
CO2 + 2NO-3 + 2H+ + H2O
(NH2)2CO + 4O2
BOD ( H = 1, C = 12, N = 14, O = 16)
2) 64 mg dm-3
3) 80 mg dm-3
4) 90 mg dm-3
1) 32 mg dm-3
25. Y C6H14 C6H13Cl
Y
1)

2)

3)

4)

26.

.
.

NaHCO3
Br2
Br2

., . .
1) CH2 CHCOOH
CH3CH2CH2OH
2) CH3CH2COOH
CH2 CHCH2OH

CH2 CH CH CH2
CH3CH2CH2CH3

3) CH3CH2CH2OH

CH3CH2COOH

CH 2CH 3

4) CH2 CHCH2OH

CH3CH2CH2COOH

CH CH 2

(158) _________________________

2006

2006

27.

1)

2) CH3CH CH2 + CH3CH(CH3)2

H2SO4

CH 3CHCH 2CH CH 3
CH 3 CH 3

3) CH3(CH2)4CH3 CH3CH3 + CH2 CH2 + CH3CH CH2 + CH3(CH2)3CH CH2

H2|Pt

4)
28.

B
O

D
n

Cl n

1)
2)
3)
4)

A
B
C
D

29. C5H11CONHC2H5 A B A
KOH Z B H2SO4 D
. A
. B
. Z
. Z HCl A

1) . .
2) . .
3) . .
4) . .
2006

2006

_________________________ (159)

30.

2E + 2Na
2CH3CH2ONa + H2
2D + Mg(OH)2
(C4H7O2)2Mg + 2H2O
E+D
X + H2O
E, D X
E

1)
2)
3)
4)

CnH2n+2O
CnH2n+2O
CnH2nO2
CnH2n+1O

D
CnH2n+1O
CnH2nO2
CnH2nO2
CnH2nO2

X
CnH2n+1O
CnH2nO2
CnH2n+2O
CnH2n+2O

1. 1)
11. 2)
21. 3)

2. 2)
12. 4)
22. 4)

3. 3)
13. 2)
23. 4)

4. 3)
14. 1)
24. 2)

5. 2)
15. 4)
25. 2)

6. 3)
16. 2)
26. 1)

7. 4)
17. 4)
27. 1)

8. 3)
18. 3)
28. 3)

9. 2)
19. 2)
29. 4)

(160) _________________________

2006

2006

10. 3)
20. 2)
30. 2)