(Stoichiometry)

1.

2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

 (Stoichiometry)

(Atomic mass)
1
1
(atomic mass unit, amu)

: amu (atomic mass unit)

1 C-12 ( 6 6 ) 12 amu
1 amu = 1/12 C-12 1
= 1.66 x 10-24 g

1
1/12 C-12 1
=

1
1/12 C-12 1

(Au) 16.4 12C amu

1 atom Au
1 atom

= 16.4

12C

1 atom 12C = 12 amu

1 atom Au
12 amu.

= 16.4

1 atom Au = 16.4 x 12 amu = 197 amu

: 183.84 amu
25
: 1 = 183.84 amu
25 = 183.84 x 25 amu
= 4.596 x 103 amu
amu g

1
amu = 1.66 x 10-24 g
4.596 x 103 amu = 7.629 x 10-21 g

: 25 7.629 x 10-21 g


1 64.74x10-24
=

1
1.66x10-24

K =

K =

64.74x10-24

1
1.66x10-24

1.66x10-24

K =

39

(Average atomic mass)

:
=( % )
100
(% )

=
100

2
63 Cu (69.09%) 65 Cu (30.91%) 62.93
29
29
64.9278 amu
=( % )
100
(% )

=
100

69.09 62.93 30.9164.9278

=
+
100
100
= 63.55 amu

2 2
10 B (19.78 %) 11 (80.22 %) 10.0129 11.0093 amu
5B
5

(
%

=
100
(% )

=
100

19.78 10.0129 80.2211.0093

=
+
100
100
= 10.81 amu

(Molecular Weight)

C-12
1
1/12 C-12 1

1
1/12 C-12 1



SO2 = 1 S + 2 O
= (32 x 1) + (16 x 2)
= 64

H2SO4 = 2 H + 1 S + 4 O
= (2 x 1) + (1 x 32) + (4 x 16)
= 98

CH3COOH = 2 C + 2 O + 4 H
= (2 x 12) + (2 x 16) + (4 x 1)
= 60

C6H12O6
6 x C = 6 x 12.01 = 72.06

12 x H = 12 x 1.008 = 12.00
6 x O = 6 x 16.00 =

96.00

= 72.06 + 12.00 + 96.00

= 180.06

: C-12
12 6.02 x 1023

6.02 x 1023
(Avogadros number)
Lorenzo Romano Amedeo Carlo Avogadro di Quaregna di Cerreto

1 6.02 x 1023

1 22.4 STP 6.02 x 1023

(Standard Temperature Pressure; 0 C 1 )
=

= x 6.02 x 1023
STP

= x 22.4

 (mole)

1 mole = 6.02 x1023
n =
NA
n = mole
NA = Avogadros number
(6.02 x1023 /mol)
17



n =

m
MW

n =mol; m =mass
MW = molecular weight

18



n = V at STP
22.4

(Standard Temperature and Pressure, STP)

0oC (273 K)
1 (760 mmHg)
19



n = CV
1000
n = mol; C = molarity (M)
V = volume (mL cm3)

20

( C = 12, O = 16, Na = 23, Ca = 40, Cl = 35.5, Cu = 63.5)

) C 36 g
36 g 1 mol
12 g

) CO2 88 g

) Na2CO3 0.5 mol

Na2CO3 159 g
159 g 1 mol
106 g

88 g 1 mol
44 g

= 3 mol

= 1.5 mol

0.5 mol

106 g
1 mol

= 53 g

= 2 mol

 : 15.35
STP
NH3 = 17

NH3 = 15.35 = 0.90

17

= x 6.02 x 1023
= 0.90 x 6.02 x 1023
= 5.42 x 1023
STP = x 22.4
= 0.90 x 22.4
= 20.16

 (Chemical formula)


Empirical formula

Molecular formula

Structural formula

MW molecular formula

23



CH4 C H
1:4
C H CH4 1:4
1

CH2
C2H4 C3H6 C4H8 C5H10

= ( )n

1.

2. (mole ratio)

1
3.

4.

= ( )n n = 1, 2, 3, ..

0.1 0.2
0.3 0.7

0.8 0.9 1

25

 . S 50.05% O 49.95%
64

S : O = 50.05 : 49.95
S : O = 50.05 : 49.95
32 16
= 1.56 : 3.12
1.56
= 1.56 : 3.12
1.56 1.56
= 1:2
SO2

(SO2)n = 64
[32 + (16 x 2)]n = 64
n =1
SO2

()
(C) 40.92 % (H) 4.58 %
(O) 54.50 %

( 176)
C : H : O = 40.92 : 4.58 : 54.50
4.58 : 54.50
:
C : H : O = 40.92
1
12
16
= 3.41 : 4.58 : 3.41
4.58 : 3.41
:
= 3.41
3.41
3.41 3.41
= 1.0 : 1.3 : 1.0
C1H1.3O1

1.3
2 C2H2.6O2

3 C3H3.9O3

C3H4O3

( )n =
(C3H4O3 )n
= 176
(3(12) + 4(1) + 3(16))n
= 176
88 n
= 176
n = 176
88
= 2
(C3H4O3 )2 = C6H8O6

-
-

1.

2.
3. ( H O)
4. H O
5.

1.

CH4 + O2 -----> CO2 + H2O
2.

2 CH4
C2H8

3. (
)
C 1
CH4 + O2 -----> CO2 + 2 H2O H 2 H2O
4.
CH4 + O2 -----> CO2 + 2 H2O
1x2 = 2 1x2 + 2x1 = 4
2
O2
CH4 + 2 O2 -----> CO2 + 2 H2O

1. _ H2 + _ O2 ----> _ H2O
2H2 + O2 ----> 2H2O
2. _ C3H8 + _ O2 ----> _ CO2 + _ H2O
C3H8 + 5O2 ----> 3CO2 + 4H2O
3. _ Na2O2 + _ H2O ----> _NaOH + _O2
2Na2O2 + 2H2O ----> 4NaOH +O2
4. _ KClO3 ----> _ KCl + _ O2
2KClO3 ----> 2KCl + 3O2

5. _ KClO3 + _ C12H22O11 ----> _ KCl + _CO2 + _H2O

8KClO3 + C12H22O11 ----> 8KCl + 12CO2 + 11H2O

-
-

Ex :
0.224 STP
Zn + 2HCl ----> ZnCl2 + H2
STP H2 22.4 (1 mol) 65.4 g (1 mol)
H2 0.224

= 0.654 g

= 0.654 g = 0.01 mol

(Limiting reagent)

Ex : H2O 11.2
11.2 STP
2H2(g) + O2(g) -----> 2H2O(g)
H2 11.2 = 0.5 mol
O2 11.2 = 0.5 mol
;
H2 = = 0.25 mol
O2 = = 0.5 mol
H2
H2 2 mol
H2 0.5 mol

9.0 g.

2 x 18 g
9.0 g

 (Theoretical yield)

(Actual yield)

(Percentage yield)

X 100

Ex : ( )
(I) (Cu2S) 1590 g.
Cu2S + O2 ----> 2Cu + SO2
1,200 g.
1200
Cu2S 1590 g. = 1590
159

= 10 mol

Cu2S 1 mol Cu 2 mol

= 2 x 63.5 g.
Cu2S 10 mol Cu 2 x 63.5 x 10 = 1270 g.

= 1200 x 100 = 94.5

1270