Fundamental of Chemistry

1 (Stoichiometry)
1.1
(atom)
(nucleus) (proton) (neutron)
(electron)
(atomic number) Z
(mass number) A

A
ZX

A = Proton + Neutron P + N

27
13

Al 13 = 27 13 = 14

(isotope) 126C, 136C, 146C

(molecule)

(monoatomic molecule) (inert gas noble gas) He, Ne, Ar, Kr,
Xe Rn
(diatomic molecule) 2
1. Homonuclear molecule H2, O2 N2
2. Heteronuclear molecule HCl, CO, HF ClF
1 2 (polyatomic molecule)
2
1. Homonucleus molecule P4 S8
2. Heteronucleus molecule H2O, CH4, C6H12O6 KMnO4
(ion) 2
1. (negative ion anion)
(e- > P) F-, Cl-, Br- O22. (positive ion cation)
(e- < P) Li+, Na+ Ca2+
Edited by N. Sosa

Fundamental of Chemistry
(chemical formula) 1
H2O, H2SO4, K2Cr2O7, CuSO45H2O CH3COOH
2
1. (empirical formula) 1 HO
H2O2
2. (molecular formula) 1 H2O2, Cl2, C6H6
C2H6

Molecular formula = (Empirical formula)n
n = 1, 2, 3,
3. (structural formula)
C4H10O butanol diethylether

1.2
(atomic weight) (atomic mass)

12C
atomic mass unit (amu) Dalton (D)
1 D = 12C
12C 1

= 12.00 D

1 amu 1 D

= 1.66053 x 10-24 g

Edited by N. Sosa

Fundamental of Chemistry
1 2 1H 2H
99.985% 0.015% 1.0078 D 2.0141 D

=
= 1.0076 D + 0.0003 D
= 1.0079 D

1.0079 D
2 35Cl 34.969 amu 75.53% 37Cl
36.966 amu 24.47%

=
= 26.41 amu + 9.05 amu
= 35.46 amu

35.46 amu
(molecular weight formula weight)

1 C6H12O6
C

6 x 12.01 amu

= 72.06 amu

12 x 1.0080 amu

= 12.096 amu

6 x 16.00 amu

= 96.00 amu

72.06 amu + 12.096 amu + 96.00 amu

=180.156 amu 180.16 amu

180.16 amu

Edited by N. Sosa

Fundamental of Chemistry
2 Na2S
Na =
S

2 x 22.99 amu

= 45.98 amu

1 x 32.06 amu

= 32.06 amu

45.98 amu + 32.06 amu = 78.04 amu

Na2S 78.04 amu

1.3







Molecular formula = (Empirical formula)n
1
50.05 49.95 64
(S = 32, O = 16)

S:O =
S:O =

50.05 : 49.95
=

1.56 : 3.12

1.56
=

1:2

SO2
(SO2)n
Edited by N. Sosa

Fundamental of Chemistry
(SO2)n =

64

(32 + 16x2)n

64

64n

64

SO2
1.4
(mole) 1 6.02 x 1023 6.02 x 1023
(Avogadros number)
1 mole O atom
1 mole CO2 atom

1 mole electron

6.02 x 1023 atoms

16 g

1 x 6.02 x 1023 molecules

3 x 6.02 x 1023 atoms

44 g

6.02 x 1023 electrons

1 mole O atom 6.02 x 1023 atoms 16
1 mole O2 atom 2 x 6.02 x 1023 atoms 1 x 6.02 x 1023 molecules 32
1 CaF2
CaF2 1 x 6.02 x 1023 molecules
Ca2+ 6.02 x 1023 ions
F- 2 x 6.02 x 1023 ions

Edited by N. Sosa

Fundamental of Chemistry
1 Calcium carbonate (CaCO3) CaCO3
CaCO3 44.8
(M) CaCO3

M = (40 + 12.01 +3(16)) g/mol = 100.09 g/mol

n=

n=

= 0.148 mol

CaCO3 0.148 mol

2 Acetylsalicylic acid (C9H8O4) C9H8O4 0.287 mol
C9H8O4
(M) C9H8O4

M = ((9 x 12.01) + (8 x 1.008) + (4 x 16))g/mol = 180.15 g/mol

m = nM

m = 0.287 mol x 180.15 g/mol = 51.07 g

C9H8O4 51.07 g

Edited by N. Sosa