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TNG HP CHUYN BI DNG HSG HA 15,834

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QUC GIA
by TI LIU HA HC , Gio vin at Dy hc
on Nov 29, 2013
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Comment goes here. DNG HC SINH GII HA 10
12 hours ago Reply Edit Delete Spam Block 7433 views

Bai tap nang cao hoa 10

Hunh Thc , Teacher at Truong trung cap bach khoa sai gon 8237 views
chuot phai vao dau Nguyen Hao

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Chuyn phng php gii ton
cu to nguyn t 2014
leduc anh , gsgfsdfs 25665 views

ai ti h mnh vi
Chuyn tng hp ca ha hc
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hu c
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leduc anh , gsgfsdfs

tai the nao nhi Chuyen de boi dng hsg hoa 10
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Nguyn Ho at Tm li 1 cht bnh yn gia ng i sng gi 30 de-thi-hsg-co-dap-an

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chut phi ->chn in ->thay i -> lu di dng pdf -> lu
ok!!!!!

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20 chuyen de boi duong Hoa
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Duong Hung at Chuyn Thi Nguyn

mun ti ti liu ny lm th no mi ngi, xin gip
Tai lieu boi duong HSG phan lien ket
1 month ago Reply hoa hoc
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Lien Huong
Bi GIng Ha Hu C - TS Phan
Thanh Sn Nam
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L THUYT V BI TP CHN
Post Comment LC HA 10
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TNG HP CHUYN BI DNG HSG HA QUC GIA

Document Transcript Hoa 10 trong de thi olympic
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1. B GIO DC V O TO V GIO DC TRUNG HC CHNG TRNH PHT TRIN

GIO DC TRUNG HC K YU HI THO PHT TRIN CHUYN MN GIO VIN
210716429 chuyen--1-cu-to-
TRNG THPT CHUYN MN HA HC 1 nguyen-t-bng-tun-hoan-cac-
nguyen-t-hoa-hc
2. MC LC TT I NI DUNG TRANG Chuyn ging dy Ha hc TRNG THPT CHUYN 4869 views
LNG VN TY, NINH BNH Bi dng hc sinh gii v Vn dng l thuyt chun axit baz
Tailieu bdhs hoa
TRNG THPT CHUYN LAM SN, THANH HA 3 S dng phng php th xc nh bc 1428 views
phn ng v tnh hng s cn bng TRNG THPT CHUYN NGUYN HU, H NI 10 Bi dng
hc sinh gii v Nhit ha hc TRNG THPT CHUYN THI BNH Cu trc phn t v hc thuyt
VSEPR n gin TRNG THPT CHUYN L HNG PHONG, NAM NH - Ging dy chuyn Phng php gii bi tp tinh th
trong luyn thi hsg
v Nhit ng hc; TRNG THPT CHUYN L QU N, NNG - Bi tp chn lc v
1126 views
Danh php v Lp th ca Hirocacbon vng no TRNG THPT CHUYN HSP H NI Mt s
vn saccarit trong ging dy lp chuyn ha hc ph thng; TRNG THPT CHUYN L QU
Cac hieu ung trong hoa huu co bkhn
N, NNG - Xc nh cu trc peptit TRNG THPT CHUYN H NI-AMSTERDAM Kinh
4239 views
nghim ging dy v Tng hp hu c: Phn ng hu c km c ch TRNG THPT CHUYN L
QU N, BNH NH Kinh nghim ging dy ni dung Mi quan h cu trc-tnh cht (im si, tnh
axit, tnh baz); HA HC VI CUC SNG TRANG SC 23 56 100 104 126 150 PGS TS l thuyt hu c v bi tp quan
trng - hong thi vit
L Kim Long, i hc Quc gia H Ni 155 173 2
3053 views

3. 177 II Chuyn Th nghim thc hnh Ho hc TRNG THPT CHUYN KHTN- HKHTN
HQG H NI - Cc phng php Sc k trong thc hnh ha hc; TRNG THPT CHUYN L Ti liu n thi H mn Ha hay nm
2014
HNG PHONG, TP. H CH MINH 187 - Ging dy thc hnh v chun gin tip (chun
4135 views
ngc); 192 III Kinh nghim tuyn chn v bi dng hc sinh gii Ha hc TRNG THPT
CHUYN L HNG PHONG, NAM NH - Kinh nghim tuyn chn, bi dng hc sinh gii mn
Bai tap chon loc hoa 10 nang cao
Ha hc TRNG THPT CHUYN PHAN BI CHU, NGH AN Phn tch cc by thng gp 3196 views
trong qu trnh hng dn gii bi tp ha hc 205 TRNG THPT CHUYN H NI
AMSTERDAM Kinh nghim tuyn chn, bi dng hc sinh gii mn Ha 206 hc 218 IV Kinh
nghim qun l v xy dng i ng gio vin, i tuyn hc sinh gii Ha hc TRNG THPT Lin kt ha hc v cu to phn t
CHUYN NGUYN TRI, HI DNG Pht trin chuyn mn gio vin Ha trng THPT chuyn 20122 views

TRNG THPT CHUYN PHAN BI CHU, NGH AN Gii php nng cao cht lng dy hc, kt
qu thi HSG quc gia quc t 220 222 V i mi kim tra nh gi mn Ha hc trong trng THPT
Boi duong hsg hoa 10
chuyn TRNG THPT CHUYN HNG VNG, PH TH i mi kim tra nh gi mn Ha
847 views
hc trong trng chuyn TRNG THPT CHUYN NGUYN BNH KHIM, QUNG 3

4. NAM Phng php dy hc v kim tra nh gi mn ha hc 224 TRNG THPT CHUYN LAM
Thi hsg mn ha 10 hoa.
SN, THANH HA Ma trn thi chn i tuyn HSG v thi km Hng dn gii 227 229 VI
918 views
Ging dy mn Ha hc bng ting nc ngoi TRNG I HC KHTN HQG H NI Kinh
nghim t chc dy hc mn ha hc bng ting Anh cho 245 hc sinh THPT chuyn. I. Chuyn
ging dy Ha hc VN DNG L THUYT HA HC PHN TCH TRONG GING DY NI L THUYT V BI TP CHN
DUNG CHUN AXIT-BAZ TRNG CHUYN, PHC V BI DNG HC SINH GII LC HA 11
5111 views
QUC GIA, QUC T I. CHUN N AXIT- N BAZ . PGS.TS.o Th Phng Dip-
Khoa Ha hc, trng HSP H Ni Ths.on Th Kim Dung-Trng chuyn Lng Vn Ty, Ninh
bnh M U Ha hc phn tch ni chung v phn ng axt- baz ni ring c vai tr to ln, chim Bi tp trc nghim ha 10
5176 views
mt v tr quan trng trong qu trnh ging dy mn ho hc trng trung hc ph thng (THPT), c
bit i vi cc trng chuyn v luyn thi hc sinh gii Quc gia, Quc t. Trong nhng nm gn y
c mt s cng trnh nghin cu vic vn dng l thuyt ha hc phn tch [1], v phn ng oxi ha-
Bai tap chon loc hoa 10
kh [2], phn ng axit-baz [3], phn ng to thnh hp cht t tan [4] trong ging dy hc sinh trng 6507 views
chuyn v bi dng hc sinh gii Quc gia. Nhng cc cng trnh trn mi ch tp trung i su vo tnh
ton cn bng ion trong dung dch, m cha cp n chun dung dch, l mt trong nhng ni
dung c trong chng trnh thi hc sinh gii Quc gia [5], thi chn i tuyn Quc gia d thi Cac dang bai tap hoa lop 9 hay
3834 views
Olympic Ha hc Quc t ca cc nc trn th gii [6], [7], [8], [9], [10] v c c trong thi Olympic
ha hc Quc t 4

5. hng nm [11], [12]. Ni dung ny cng c a vo trong chng trnh sch gio khoa (SGK) Tai lieu boi_duong_hsg_hoa_hoc
2252 views
12 nng cao [13] nhng vi thi lng qu t v ni dung kin thc cng ht sc n gin. rt ngn
khong cch gia ni dung kin thc c hc cc trng chuyn v ni dung thi Olympic Quc gia,
Quc t, cn thit phi trang b cho c gio vin (GV) v hc sinh (HS) nhng kin thc nng cao ngang
Phn ng Oxi ha kh - in ha
tm chng trnh i hc, nhng vn m bo mc hp l, ph hp vi trnh hc sinh ph thng. hc
y chnh l mt trong nhng ni dung chng ti xin c trnh by trong thng bo ny vi phm vi 28805 views

v chun n axitn baz. NI DUNG T lu chun axit-baz c a vo trong mt s

thi HSG Quc gia v Quc t vi ni dung ht sc phong ph v a dng: T php chun n axit, Chuyn l thuyt nguyn t
n baz n cc php chun a axit, a baz; T ni dung tnh pH ti cc thi im chun , tnh 3649 views

nng cc cht tham gia phn ng chun v tnh th tch ca thuc th cn dng n yu cu tnh sai
s chun v chn ch th thch hp; T ni dung v ng cong chun n yu cu xc nh thnh
Phng php gii bi tp tinh th
phn hn hp phn tch trn c s dng ng cong chun v.vNh vy, ni dung thi Olympic Quc
trong luyn thi hsg
gia, Quc t c mt s chnh lch kh xa so vi chng trnh ha hc ca cc trng chuyn. Chnh v 969 views
th cn thit phi trang b kin thc chun axit-baz cho HS mt cch hp l cc em nm c bn
cht ca cc qu trnh ha hc xy ra trong dung dch, t gip cho cc em c phng php gii n Tai lieu on thi hsg ly thuyet + bai tap
gin ph hp vi trnh ca HS. Sau y l mt s v d minh ha v chun n axit, n baz. V 462 views
d 1: Chun 100,00 ml dung dch NaOH n mt mu ch th phenolphtalein th tiu th ht 48,00 ml
dung dch HCl 5,00.10 -3 M. Tnh chnh xc nng dung dch NaOH [14]. Phn tch: i vi hc sinh
ph thng (HSPT), khi nim v chun axit-baz cn kh mi m, v vy GV cn ging gii hc Cac bai tap kinh dien va cach giai
hno3
sinh (HS) thy c phn ng chun axit-baz thc cht l phn ng trung ha. V bi ton trn c 4456 views

th t vn nh sau: Nh vi git phenolphtalein vo 100,00 ml dung dch NaOH cha bit nng .
15 chuyen de bd hsg hoa 9
Thm tip dung dch HCl 5,00.10 -3M cho ti khi mt mu ca phenolphtalein th phi dng ht 48,00
1173 views
ml dung dch HCl. Tnh chnh xc nng dung dch NaOH. Trc ht GV cn phn tch HS thy
c nu lng axit cho vo trung ha va vi 100,00 ml NaOH th h t n im tng ng
(T) v pHT = 7,00. Nhng y php chun (hay qu trnh trung ha) li kt thc ti thi im 58 cng thc gii nhanh ha hc
ch th phenolphtalein i mu. Cn c vo khong chuyn mu ca ch th v da vo th t chun , 30376 views

GV hng dn HS xc nh c ti im cui chun , pH c = 8,00 > pHT = 7,00 (dng trc

im T), tc l sau phn ng cn d NaOH. tnh chnh xc CNaOH, HS c th s dng phng
Tai lieu-on-tap-hoa-11
trnh bo ton in tch, hoc nu c kin thc v ha hc phn tch ni chung hay kin thc v chun
9935 views
axit - baz ni ring [15], [16], th cc em c th tnh sai s ca php chun . Cn c vo gi tr sai s
tnh c (dng hoc m) hiu chnh, tnh chnh xc th tch tng ng (VT) l th tch dung
dch HCl cn dng trung ha ht 100,00 ml NaOH. T HS s tnh c chnh xc nng NaOH.
Chuyn kim loi tc dng vi
Tuy nhin i vi HSPT cha c khi nim v phng trnh sai s chun axit baz, v vy GV cn dung dch mui
vn dng kin thc v chun axit - baz mt cch hp l hng dn cc em gii bi ton ny m 67910 views

khng cn phi s dng n phng trnh sai s (qu nng i vi cc em), v cng khng nn dng
phng trnh bo ton in tch (nng v ngha vt l hn l t duy ha hc): t CNaOH = Co. V De cuong hoa 11 nang cao
2397 views
pHc = 8,00 > 7,00, do cn d NaOH theo phn ng: H+ + OH H2O 5

6. C 5.10 3.48 148 100.Co 148 100.Co 5.103.48 148 -6 + -8 pH = 8,00 [OH ] = 10 ? [H ] = 10
c th b qua s phn li ca nc [OH-] ; C 0 3 COH- (d), ngha l: 10-6 = 100.Co 5.10 .48 He thong kien thuc hoa hoc lop 10
chuong trinh coban va nang cao
Co = 2,4015.10-3 M . 148 Nh vy vi cch gii ny cc em hiu c bn cht ca cc qu trnh luyen thi da
xy ra trong dung dch, nm c hin tng ha hc, gip pht trin t duy ha hc. Cng cn lu 2049 views
rng: thng thng khi cn nh gi mc phn li ca nc, cc em thng so snh [H+] hoc [OH-]
7 phng php gii ha hc
vi gi tr 10-7. Trong bi ton ny ta khng th ni 10 -6 ? 10-7 v nh vy kh c th thuyt phc 2699 views
cc em chp nhn [OH -] ; COH- (d). Nhng nu so snh [OH-] = 10-6 ? [H+] = 10-8, c ngha l s
phn li ca H2O c th b qua, do s chp nhn [OH-] ; COH- (d) l hp l. Nh vy t gi tr pH
chuyn mu ca ch th khi thc hin phn ng trung ha cho php nh gi c nng ca cht tham Tng hp phng php gii Ha 12
gia phn ng. Trn c s ny gio vin c th nng mc phc tp ca bi ton nu s dng hai ch th n thi i Hc
16296 views
s cho php xc nh nng ca c cht phn tch v cht chun. V d 2: Chun 50,00 ml dung
dch HCl bng dung dch NaOH n i mu phenolphtalein (pT=9,00) th phi dng 25,00 ml NaOH.
Nu chun n xut hin mu vng ca metyl da cam (pT=4,40) th phi dng 24,50 ml NaOH. Tnh
nng HCl v NaOH [14]. Phn tch: Tng t v d 1 gio vin nn hng dn cho cc em phn tch
bn cht cc qu trnh xy ra trong dung dch: khi trung ha n pH = 9,00 > 7,00 mi trng baz
d NaOH; ngc li khi chun n pH = 4,40 < 7,00 mi trng axit d HCl, t cc em
d dng tnh c nng cc cht m khng phi s dng phng trnh bo ton in tch - ch thin
v cng c ton hc, nng v ngha vt l m khng ch n t duy ha hc. T 2 v d trn ta thy
cc bi ton u gii hn trong phm vi l php chun u kt thc cc gi tr pH m ti c th
b qua qu trnh phn li ca H 2O (pH = 8,00; 9,00; 4,40). Nhng trn thc t c th trung ha n gi
tr pH bt k, do gio vin cn khai thc thm trng hp nng cao ny. V d 3: Chun 100,00 ml
dung dch NaOH bng dung dch HCl 0,010 M. Nu lng HCl tiu th l 40,00 ml th pH ca dung dch
thu c bng 10,00. Tnh th tch dung dch HCl 0,010 M cn phi cho vo 100,00 ml dung dch NaOH
trn trong qu trnh chun pH ca hn hp thu c bng 7,50. Phn tch: tnh c th tch
dung dch HCl cn cho vo dung dch NaOH, trc ht cc em phi tnh c nng NaOH (CNaOH)
t d kin th nht ca bi. Ging nh v d 1, c rt nhiu cch tnh CNaOH, nhng GV nn
hng dn cc em xt cc qu trnh xy ra trong h trnh khng phi s dng phng trnh sai s
hoc phng trnh bo ton in tch: T gi tr pHh = 10,00 sau khi thm 40,00 ml HCl, cc em s
thy c sau khi trung ha, OH- cn d v [OH-] ; COH- (d). T cc em d dng tnh c
CNaOH = 4,14.10-3 (M) Sau khi tnh c CNaOH, cc em phi cn c vo gi tr pH ti thi im
dng chun xc nh thnh phn ca h: pH = 7,5 > 7,0 mi trng baz, d NaOH v [H +]
= 10-7,5 [OH-] = 10-6,5 S phn li ca H2O khng th b qua, do [OH-] = CNaOH d + [H+]
(tnh 6

7. theo cn bng phn li ca nc hoc tnh theo iu kin proton - KP). T s tnh c th tch
dung dch HCl: VHCl = 41,40 ml. V d 4: Chun 25,00 ml dung dch HCOOH ht 12,50 ml dung
dch NaOH 0,100 M. Tnh pH ca dung dch trc khi chun v sau khi thm NaOH vi th tch: 1/
10,00 ml; 2/ 12,45 ml; 3/ 12,50 ml; 4/ 13,00 ml. Phn tch: y l dng bi tp tnh pH ca dung dch
sau khi trung ha axit yu (hoc baz yu) bng baz mnh (hoc bng axit mnh). Dng ton ny c
s dng rt nhiu trong cc thi hc sinh gii v kt hp c nhiu tnh hung t n gin n phc
tp. a v dng bi quen thuc HS phi vit c phn ng chun v xc nh c thnh phn
gii hn mi thi im dng chun , t d dng tnh c pH ca h. V d 5: C th chn metyl
da cam, metyl hoc phenolphtalein lm ch th thch hp cho php chun HCl bng NaOH 0,10 M
c khng, bit rng trung ha ht 20,00 ml dung dch HCl trn cn 20,00 ml dung dch NaOH 0,10
M. Phn tch: Trc ht GV cn nu nguyn tc chung ca vic chn ch th sao cho pH chuyn mu r
nht ca ch th (hay cn gi l ch s chun pT ca cht ch th) cng gn vi pH T cng tt. Nh
vy HS cn xc nh c pHT cng nh ch s chun ca 3 cht ch th cho trong php chun
HCl bng NaOH. Nhng nu ch cn c vo nguyn tc trn, tc l nu so snh gi tr pTmetyl da
cam = 4,40; pTmetyl = 6,20 v pTphenolphtalein = 9,00 vi pHT = 7,00 th cng lm HS ch
dm chn metyl c pT = 6,20 7,00 lm ch th thch hp cho php chun trn. Chnh v vy
GV cn linh hot hng dn cc em da vo th tch thuc th (NaOH) tiu th khi s dng cc ch th
khc nhau chn ch th thch hp: Nu ti thi im chuyn mu ca ch th m th tch thuc th tiu
th xp x th tch tng ng (VT = VNaOH = 20,00 ml) th c th chn c ch th cho php
chun ang xt. Nh vy cn c vo gi tr pH chuyn mu ca cc ch th ti im dng chun ,
vi 0,10.20 = 0,10 M cc em d dng tnh c VNaOH dng: CHCl = 20 Vi ch th metyl da cam,
pT metyl da cam = 4,40 sau khi trung ha C H+(d) = [H+] = 104,40 . 0,1.20 0,1VOH= 104,40
VOH- = 19,984 (ml) VT dng c ch th metyl da 20 + VOHcam. Tng t c th chn
phenolphtalein cho php chun ny, bi v th tch thuc th tiu th l VOH- = 20, 004 (ml)
VT. Nu dng metyl , c pT = 6,20 7,00 ngoi lng d axit ti im cui chun , phi k
n lng H+ do nc phn li ra: [H+] = 10-6,20 = CH+(d)+ [OH-] 0,1.20 0,1VOH+ 107,80 =
106,20 VOH- = 19,9998 (ml) VT. Vy s dng ch th Hay: 20 + VOHmetyl l hon ton
hp l v cho sai s nh nht trong s 3 ch th trn. V d 6: C th dng phenolphtalein lm ch th cho
php chun 25,00 ml dung dch C6H5COOH 0,10 M bng dung dch NaOH 0,20 M c khng, nu
sai s cho php khng vt qu 0,1%? Phn tch: 7

8. So vi v d 5, bi ton ny phc tp hn do y l php chun n axit yu bng baz mnh, nn

pHT 7,00. c th chn ch th theo nguyn tc chung, cn tnh pH T. i vi HS trng
chuyn, vic xc nh pHT l hon ton c th thc hin c. Xut pht t phn ng chun :
C6H5COOH + OH- C6H5COO- + H2O, cc em d dng tnh c th 25.0,1 = 12,5 ml . T xc
nh c pHT theo cn bng tch NaOH tiu th ti T: VT = 0, 2 0,1.25 0,2 thu proton ca
C6H5COO- c nng C = 25 +12,5 = 3 M : pHT = 8,5 9,00. Do c th chn c
phenolphtalein lm ch th cho php chun trn. Tuy nhin khng phi lc no cng chn c ch th
c pT pH T, hn na khc vi v d 5, y vic chn ch th thch hp c khng ch bi sai s
cho php, do ngoi nguyn tc trn, GV cn gii thch HS nm c khi nim bc nhy chun
(BNC) v vi s xut hin BNC trn ng cong chun cho php m rng phm vi chn ch
th: c th chn bt k ch th no c ch s chun pT nm trong BNC ng vi sai s cho php.
Ngha l chn c ch th thch hp, c th tnh BNC ng vi sai s cho trc hoc tnh K w C +
C0 h ) sai s i vi tng ch th theo phng trnh sai s: q = - (h . h CC0 Ka + h Tuy nhin c hai
cch ny u khng ph hp vi HSPT do cc em khng bit phng trnh sai s. Chnh v vy GV cn
hng dn cc em tnh c gi tr pH u bc nhy (pH) v pH cui bc nhy (pHc) ng vi gi
tr th tch thuc th cho vo thiu (V: th tch u bc nhy) v tha (Vc: th tch cui bc nhy)
0,1% so vi th tch tng ng, t chn nhng ch th c pH < pT < pHc. u bc nhy: V =
VT.99,9% = 12,5.99,9% = 12,4875 ml Cui bc nhy: Vc = VT.100,1% = 12,5.100,1% =
12,50125 ml T hai gi tr th tch ny cc em s tnh c gi tr pH v pHc tng ng: Ti V
=12,4875 ml d C6H5COOH: C6H5COOH + OH C6H5COO- + H2O C 25.0,1 34,4875 12,4875
37,4875 C 6,67.10-5 _ 0,0666 -5 tnh pH theo h C6H5COOH 6,67.10 M v C6H5COO- 0,0666
M: pH = 4,2 + lg 0,0666 7,20. Nhng vi pH = 7,20 7,00 cn phi nh gi 6,67.10 5 chnh
xc theo KP v phi k n cn bng phn li ca H2O. Nhng nu ch cn so snh pH vi
pTphenolphtalein = 9,00 th c th chp nhn c gi tr gn ng ny. Tng t vi Vc = 12,5015 >
VT d OHCOH- = 12,50125.0,2 25.0,1 = 6,666.10 6 pHc = 9,80 37,50125 Vy BNC =
7,20 9,80 c th chn c phenolphtalein lm ch th cho php chun trn v 7,20 < 9,00 <
9,80. V d 7: Chun 50,00 ml dung dch NH3 ht 30,00 ml dung dch HCl 0,25 M 1/ Tnh nng
dung dch NH3. 2/ Tnh pH ti thi im chun c 50% cht phn tch (pH1/2) v pHT. 3/ Cn c
vo pHT, c th chn c phenolphtalein, metyl da cam, metyl lm ch th thch hp cho php
chun trn khng? 4/ C th chn nhng ch th c gi tr pT bng bao nhiu cho php chun ny
vi sai s cho php l 0,1%. 8

9. 5/ Nu chn ch th metyl da cam th sai s chun l bao nhiu? Phn tch: y l bi ton tng hp
gm tt c cc dng: Tnh nng cc cht phn ng; Tnh pH ti cc thi im chun ; Chn ch th
thch hp cho php chun ; Tnh sai s chun v tnh BNC. Da vo phn ng chun , HS d
dng tnh c CHCl = 0,15 M. Trn c s , khi chun c 50% lng NH3, HS s tnh c
pH1/2 l pH ca h m. T thnh phn ti T l NH + vi C = 4 0,15.50 , HS d dng tnh c
pHT = 5,134 50 +30 t c th chn metyl c pT = 5,00 5,314 lm ch th cho php chun
ny. tr li c cu 4, cc em phi tnh c BNC, tc l tnh khong pH ng vi th tch thuc th
cho vo thiu v tha so vi VT l 0,1% tng t nh v d 6. nh gi sai s ca ch th metyl da
cam, GV cn hng dn cho HS phi tnh VHCl cn dng chun 50,00 ml NH3 trn n i mu
metyl da cam ti pH = 4,00, t tnh c sai s theo s sai lch gia VHCl tiu th v VT m
khng cn phi tnh theo phng trnh sai V VT s: q = VT 0,15.50 T thnh phn ca h ti pH =
4,00 gm NH + to thnh vi CNH+ = M v H+ 4 4 50 +V 0, 25V 0,15.50 M, cc em s tnh c
VHCl = 30,03 ml. 50 + V V VT 30, 03 30 = .100 = 0,10% Vy q = VT 30 d vi CH + = Tuy
cch gii ny di hn nhng ph hp vi trnh ca HS, gip cc em pht trin c t duy ha hc.
KT LUN Trn c s phn tch ni dung chun axit baz ca chng trnh chuyn ho chng ta
thy c v tr, vai tr ca Ha hc phn tch trong vic hnh thnh kin thc c bn v chun axit-
baz cho hc sinh trng chuyn, cng nh thy c mi quan h mt thit, hu c gia chng trnh
chuyn ha, chng trnh thi hc sinh gii Quc gia, Quc t vi Ha hc phn tch. T vn dng
linh hot, hp l l thuyt Ha hc phn tch ni chung v l thuyt chun axit-baz ni ring trong
ging dy ha hc trng chuyn, phc v bi dng hc sinh gii Quc gia, Quc t. TI LIU
THAM KHO [1] Dng Th Lng. Vn dng l thuyt ha hc phn tch gii cc bi ton cn
bng ion trong dung dch-Bi dng hc sinh gii chuyn ha. Lun vn thc s khoa hc ha hc. Thi
nguyn, 2007. [2] L Th Ngc H. Tm hiu vic vn dng l thuyt phn ng oxi ha kh trong
ging dy ha hc ph thng qua h thng bi tp, thi i hc, thi hc sinh gii quc gia . Lun
vn thc s khoa hc ha hc. H Ni, 2003. [3] Nguyn Th Hin. Phn loi, nh gi tc dng, xy
dng cc tiu ch, cu trc cc bi tp v phn ng axit-baz phc v cho vic bi dng hc sinh gii
quc gia. Lun vn thc s khoa hc ha hc. H Ni, 2003. 9

10. [4] Vng B Huy. Phn loi, xy dng tiu ch cu trc cc bi tp v hp cht t tan phc v cho
vic bi dng hc sinh gii quc gia. Lun vn thc s khoa hc ha hc. H Ni, 2006. [5] thi HSG
Quc gia bng A, bng B t nm 1994 n nm 2009. [6] thi chn i tuyn thi Olympic quc t
vng 2 t nm 2005 n nm 2009. [7] Bi tp chun b Olympic Quc t t nm 2002 n nm 2006.
[8] Trn Thnh Hu, Nguyn Trng Th, Phm nh Hin. Olympic Ha hc Vit Nam v Quc t, tp II.
NXB Gio dc, 2000. [9] Nguyn Trng Th. Olympic Ha hc Vit Nam v Quc t, tp III. NXB Gio
dc, 2000. [10] o Qu Triu, T B Trng (Hong Minh Chu, o nh Thc hiu nh). Olympic
Ha hc Vit Nam v Quc t, tp IV. NXB Gio dc, 2000. [11] Hong Minh Chu, Ng Th Thn, H
Th Dip, o nh Thc (hiu nh ting c), Trn Thnh Hu, Nguyn Trng Th, Phm nh Hin.
Olympic Ha hc Vit Nam v Quc t, tp V. NXB Gio dc, 2003. [12] thi Olympic Quc t t
nm 2002 n nm 2009. [13] L Xun Trng, Nguyn Hu nh, T Vng Nghi, nh Rng, Cao
Th Thng. Ha hc 12 nng cao. NXB Gio dc, 2008. [14] Nguyn Tinh Dung. Bi tp ha hc phn
tch. NXB Gio dc,1982. [15] Nguyn Tinh Dung. Ha hc phn tch phn III. Cc phng php nh
lng ha hc (ti bn ln th 4). NXB Gio dc, 2007. [16] o Th Phng Dip, Vn Hu. Gio
trnh Ha hc phn tch. C s phn tch nh lng ha hc. NXB i hc S phm, 2007. S DNG
PHNG PHP TH XC NH BC PHN NG V TNH HNG S CN BNG Mai
Chu Phng THPT Chuyn Lam sn-Thanh Ha I.1. C s l thuyt. I.1.1. Phn ng bc mt. A
sn phm Phng trnh ng hc dng tch phn: C = Co.e-kt (1) kt=ln Co (2) C Trong : k: hng s
tc phn ng Co: nng ban u ca cht tham gia phn ng A. C : nng cht A ti thi im t.
t : thi gian phn ng. T phng trnh (1) v (2) nhn thy nu ta kho st s ph thuc nng cht
phn ng theo thi gian nh phng trnh (1) th vic xc nh hng s tc phn ng k l kh khn v
y l hm m, cn nu kho st phng trnh (2) th thy phng trnh (2) chnh l phng trnh tuyn
tnh bc nht dng y=ax, trong y=ln Co , a=k, x=t. Do , da vo s liu thc C Co =f(t) ph thuc
tuyn tnh theo thi gian vi dc ca th C xc nh c hng s tc phn ng k=tg nghim
ta kho st hm ln 10

11. ln
t 0 Hnh 1: th biu din s ph thuc logarit nng cht tham gia phn ng theo thi gian.
I.1.2. Phn ng bc hai. I.1.2.1. Trng hp 1: Nng ban u ca hai cht tham gia phn ng khc
nhau. A + B sn phm 0 C1 C0 t=0 0 2 t C1 C2 x Phng trnh tc phn ng dng tch phn: kt=
1 C0 .C ln 10 2 0 C0 -C1 C2 .C1 2 (3) C2 C0 =(C0 -C10 )kt+ln 2 (4) 2 0 C1 C1 C2 T phng trnh (4)
c ln ph thuc tuyn tnh vo thi gian v ng biu din s ph C1 0 0 thuc ny c dng y=ax + b
vi dc ca th bng tg =(C2 -C1 )k v ct trc tung ti C0 2 ln 0 . C1 tg k= 0 0 Suy ra: C2 -C1
Suy ra: ln 11

12. ln
ln
t 0 Hnh 2: th biu din s ph thuc logarit nng hai cht tham gia phn ng theo
thi gian. I.1.2.2. Trng hp hai: Nng ban u ca hai cht tham gia phn ng bng nhau a=b hay
C0 =C10 . 2 Phng trnh tc phn ng dng tch phn: 1 1 = +kt (5) C C0 Phng trnh (5) biu
din nghch o ca nng cht tham gia phn ng ti thi im t ph thuc tuyn tnh theo thi gian.
ng biu din k=tg , ct trc tung ti 10 C 1 =f(t) c dng y=ax+b, c dc bng C 1 C 1 C0 0 t
Hnh 3: th biu din s ph thuc nghch o nng cht tham gia phn ng theo thi gian. Nh
vy, trong phng php th ngi ta th cc s liu thc nghim vo dng tch phn ca phng trnh
ng hc tm s ph hp. Trc ht gi nh phn ng c bc n. Sau t dng tch phn ca
phng trnh ng hc tm mt hm ca nng cht tham gia phn ng ph thuc tuyn tnh theo thi
gian. V ng biu din ca hm ny da vo cc kt qu thc nghim. S thng hng ca cc im
biu din chng t tnh ng n ca bc phn ng gi nh, t cng xc nh c hng s tc
phn ng da vo dc ca th 12

13. I.1.3. Cch dng th biu din s ph thuc tuyn tnh. C th xy dng th dng y=ax,
y=ax+b da trn phn mm Microsoft Office Excel, hoc dng th trn giy li. I.1.3.2. Dng th
trn phn mm Microsoft Office Excel. Bc 1: M mn hnh Microsoft Office Excel. Bc 2: Nhp s
liu theo ct cc gi tr x, y tng ng ca phng trnh dng y=ax hay y=ax+b. Bc 3: Bi en hai ct
s liu, sau ln lt vo Insert/Chart/XY(Scatter)/Chart subtype/Next/Next/Finish. Bc 4: Tch phi
chut vo vng khng gian trng trong th, vo Chart Options, nhp cch biu din trc honh Value
(X) axis, cch biu din trc tung Value (Y) axis. Bc 5: Tch phi chut vo mt im thc nghim,
vo Add Trendline/Linear/Display equation on chart/Ok c ng thng biu din hm ph thuc v
phng trnh hi quy. T thu c h s gc ca th, do tnh c hng s tc phn ng.
Vic dng th trn phn mm Microsoft Office Excel, sau my tnh hi quy li thu c ng
chun trn c s phng php bnh phng ti thiu. I.1.3.1. Dng th trn giy. Bc 1: Gi thit
phn ng tun theo ng hc bc no . Bc 2: Chuyn sang phng trnh ng hc dng tch phn.
Bc 3: K bng tnh s liu biu din s ph thuc thch hp ca nng theo thi gian. Bc 4: Dng
th biu din s ph thuc dng thch hp ca nng theo thi gian bng cch v cc im thc
nghim. Sau k ng chun. Ch : i vi dng th trn giy li cn ch chn t l xch trn
giy sao cho ph hp, gc to khng nht thit phi l im khng. Sau khi dng c cc im thc
nghim th dng ng chun khng phi l ng i qua nhiu im thc nghim, m ng chun l
ng ti u khi tng bnh phng khong cch t cc im thc nghim n ng chun l nh nht,
nn k ng chun da vo khong cch ti cc im thc nghim. Bc 5: Dng mt tam gic vung
bt k c cnh huyn nm trn ng chun (u mt ca cnh huyn tam gic ny khng nn trng vi
bt c im thc nghim no cho kt qu thu c khch quan). Bc 6: Tnh h s gc tg da trn
vic o di hai cnh gc vung. Ch : di hai cnh gc vung ny phi tng ng vi t l xch
c chia trn trc honh v trc tung, khng phi l di o c trn thc hay trn giy li.
Ngoi cch dng th c th kim tra li tnh ng n ca phng php bng cch so snh vi cch
tnh theo phng php bnh phng ti thiu hay phng php trung bnh. Phng php ny c th p
dng v m rng cho vic xc nh cc thng s khc nh nng lng hot ho, cc gi tr nhit ng,
h s hp th trong o trc quang. II.2. Bi tp vn dng. Bi 1: (Trch thi Olympic ho hc quc
t ln th 41-Anh 2009)[8] Bin tnh protein. i vi cc phn t protein nh, phn ng khng bin tnh
c th biu din theo cn bng sau: Protein bin tnh Protein khng bin tnh Ta c th gi s rng cc
phn ng bin tnh protein ch xy ra qua mt giai on. Phn ng bin tnh protein l phn ng bc
nht, hng s tc ca phn ng ny c th xc nh bng 13

14. cch theo di cng hunh quang khi lm bin tnh mt mu protein khng bin tnh ban u
(thng thng bng cch thay i pH ca dung dch). Bt u t dung dch protein khng bin tnh c
nng 1,0 M, ngi ta lm bin tnh protein v o c nng ca cc protein khng bin tnh
25 oC theo thi gian: Thi gian (ms) 0 10 20 30 40 Nng ( M) 1 0,64 0,36 0,23 0,14 V mt th
thch hp, t tnh hng s tc ca phn ng bin tnh protein k 250C Bi gii: Do phn ng bin
tnh ca protein l phn ng bc nht nn c phng trnh ng hc dng tch phn l: kt=ln Co C Trong
: k l hng s tc phn ng bin tnh protein. C0: nng protein khng bin tnh ban u. C:
nng protein khng bin tnh ti thi im t. T s liu thc nghim ta c bng s liu sau: Thi
gian(ms) 0 10 20 30 Nng ( M ) 1,00 0,64 0,36 0,23 0,446 1,022 1,470 o ln C C o 40 0,14 1,966
Dng cc im thc nghim c to (t, ln C ), sau k ng chun. C 14

15. ln(Co/C) 2,0 C 1,5 1,0 B A 0,5 0 20 10 30 40 t(ms) Dng tam gic vung bt k ABC. Da vo t l
xch chia trn trc honh CB 0,975 = = 0, 0505 v trc tung tnh c tg= AB 19,3 Kim tra li kt
qu dng th trn giy vi kt qu dng th trn phn mm Microsoft Office Excel 2.5 ln(C/C) 2 y
= 0.0501x - 0.026 R2 = 0.9975 1.5 1 0.5 0 0 10 20 30 40 50 t(ms) 15

16. T th ta thy h s gc k=0,0501 ms -1 hay k=50s-1. Nh vy kt qu thu c bng cch dng

th trn giy hon ton ph hp. Bi 2: (Trch trong bi tp chun b Olympic ho hc quc t ln th
40 Hungari 2008)[7] Phn ng ca axeton vi brom sinh ra bromaxeton. a) Vit phng trnh ha hc
ca phn ng nu nh axeton d. Khi nghin cu c ch phn ng th ngi ta thc hin mt s th
nghim ng hc sau 25 C trong dung dch nc bng cch o nng ca Br 2 bng phng php
trc quang. ng cong ng hc tng ng c ghi li khi nng u ca cc cht l [Br 2]0 =
0.520 mmol/dm3, [C3H6O]0 = 0.300 mol/dm3, v [HClO4]0 = 0.050 mol/dm3. t (min) 0 2 4 6 8 10 12
14 3 [Br2] (mol/dm ) 52 47 41 37 32 26 22 0 1 5 7 2 9 3 173 t (min) 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 3 [Br2]
(mol/dm ) 12 4 69 20 0 0 0 0 0 b) Tc nhn phn ng ht trong th nghim ny l? c) Bc ca phn
ng i vi tc nhn ny l? Thi im m xy ra bc gy v tnh cht (characteristic break point)
trn ng cong ng hc c gi l thi gian phn ng v n c o trong dung dch nc 25 C.
Bng sau cho ta mt vi gi tr thi gian phn ng trong mt vi th nghim khc nhau ( ch pht, ch
giy) thi gian phn ng [Br2 ]0 [C3 H6 O]0 [HClO4 ]0 mmol/dm3 mmol/dm3 mmol/dm3 0.151 300
50 556 0.138 300 100 244 0.395 300 100 732 0.520 100 100 3037 0.520 200 100 1513 0.520
500 100 609 0.520 300 200 455 0.520 300 400 228 d) Xc nh bc phn ng ng vi ba cht tham
gia. e) Vit biu thc tc tng qut. Mt phng php in ha khc cho php ta s dng nng Br
2 b hn. mt ng cong ng hc vi nng cc cht u [Br 2]0 = 1.80 mol/dm3, [C3H6O]0 =
1.30 mmol/dm3, v [HClO4]0 = 0.100 mol/dm3 c cho bng sau: t (s) 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
[Br2] (mol/dm3) 1.8 1.5 1.3 1.2 1.0 0.9 0.8 0 7 9 7 6 7 2 0.73 t (s) 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 150
[Br2] (mol/dm3) 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.4 0.3 0.3 0.3 6 8 9 5 9 4 0 0.26 f) Tc nhn phn ng ht trong th
nghim ny l? g) Bc ca phn ng i vi tc nhn ny l? Bi gii: a) Phn ng b) Br2 l tc nhn
gii hn (cht phn ng ht) 16

17. c) th ng hc ca phn ng (ng cong ng hc) ng cong ng hc lc ny l mt

ng thng nn qu trnh ny l qu trnh bc 0 ca brom d) Do qu trnh l bc 0 i vi Br2 v tt c
cc cht tc nhn khc u lng d nn gi tr tc l mt hng s trong mi th nghim. N c th
c tnh mt cch n gin: v = [Br 2]o/ tphn nn Vi tphn ng l thi gian phn ng. S ph thuc
gia tc phn ng vo tc nhn phn ng ht c th c kho st trc tip t cng thc. V th
vn tc nh l mt hm ca nng axeton trong mi trng axit (nng khng i 0,100 mol/dm3)
cho: th l mt ng thng, phn ng c bc 1 ng vi axeton. V th nh l mt hm ca nng
axit vi nng axeton gi khng i (0,300 mol/dm 3) cho: 17

18. th l mt ng thng, phn ng c bc 1 i vi [H+] e) v= ka[C3H6O][H+] f) Br2 l tc nhn

gii hn (cht phn ng ht) g) ng cong ng hc: ng ny khng hn l ng thng nn qu
trnh ny khng phi bc 0. Kim tra vi phn ng bc 1 th thy c kh nng bng cch xy dng mt
s ph thuc vo logarit. th c dng iu nh sau: Cc im c th thng hng vi nhau. Nh vy
qu trnh ny l bc 1 vi brom Mt phng php khc l xc nh thi gian bn hu t nhng cp gi
tr nng cho. T rt ra c s phn hu Br2 tun theo quy lut phn ng bc 1. Bi 3:
nghin cu ng hc ca cc phn ng gia ion Br- v ClO-: 18

19. Br- + ClO- BrO- + Clngi ta trn ln 100 ml dung dch NaClO 0,1M vi 48 ml dung dch
NaOH 0,5M v 21 ml nc ct. Hn hp ny c t vo my iu nhit 298K. Sau cho 81ml
dung dch KBr 1% (cng 298K) vo hn hp trn. Sau mi khong thi gian xc nh (t) ngi ta ly
mu v xc nh lng BrO- trong mu. Kt qu thu c nh sau: t(pht) 0 3,65 7,65 15,05 26,00
47,60 90,60 2 0 0,0560 0,0953 0,1420 0,1800 0,2117 0,2367 C - .10 (M) BrO Nng ca NaClO v
KBr trong hn hp phn ng t=0 ln lt bng 0,003230M v 0,002508M. pH cu dung dch l 11,28.
Xc nh bc v hng s tc phn ng. Bi gii: Gi s phn ng c ng hc bc hai. Phng trnh
ng hc ca phn ng l: v=k.CBr- .CClOBr- + ClO- BrO- + Cl0 C1 C0 0 0 2 C1 C2 x x t=0 t CBr
=C0 -CBrO Br - Ta c bng s liu sau: t(pht) 0 3 2,508 CBr- .10 CClO .103 C ln ClO CBr - - 0 CClO
=CClO -CBrO - - - - 3,65 1,948 7,65 1,555 15,05 1,088 26,00 0,708 47,60 0,391 90,60 0,141 3,230
2,670 2,227 1,810 1,430 1,113 0,863 0,253 0,315 0,381 0,509 0,703 1,046 1,812 - Dng th c to
cc im l (t, ln C ln ClO CBr- CClO ) CBr - - 2, 0 1, 6 C 1, 2 0, 8 B A 0, 4 t(pht) 0 20 40 60 80
10 Dng tam gic vung bt k ABC. Da vo t l xch chia trn trc0honh v trc tung tnh c
tg= CB 0, 66 = = 0, 0174 AB 38 19

20. k= tg 0, 0174 = = 24,100( M 1. ph 1 ) 0 0 3 CClO- -CBr - (3, 230 2,508).10 C th kim tra
li kt qu da vo dng th trn Microsoft Office Excel hoc gii theo phng php trung bnh thy
kt qu hon thon ph hp. Bi tp vn dng. 1. thu c oxi ngi ta phn hu 15cm 3 dung dch
H2O2 vi s c mt ca cht xc tc. Th tch oxi thu c theo thi gian nh sau: t(pht) 2 4 6 8
V(ml)O2 1,3 2,36 3,36 3,98 6,18 p s: Bc nht, k=0,124 ph-1 2. ng hc ca phn ng gia natri
thiosunfat vi propylbromua: 2S O2- +RBr RS O- +Br - , c nghin cu 37,30C. Nng ca
S2O3 sau mi 2 3 2 3 khong thi gian t c xc nh bng phng php chun th tch. Th tch
dung dch I 2 nng 0,02572N dng chun hn hp phn ng (10,02ml) cc thi im khc
nhau c cho di y: t(s) 0 1110 2010 3192 5052 7380 11232 37,63 35,20 31,90 29,86 28,04
26,01 22,24 v I2 (ml) 0 2Nng ca S2O3 ban u l 0,100M. Xc nh hng s tc phn ng. p
s: k=0,001636M-1.s-1 3. Etylen oxit b nhit phn theo phng trnh: CH4(k) + CO(k) 687,7K p
sut chung ca hn hp trong phn ngbin i theo thi gian nh sau: t(pht) 0 5 7 9 12 18
P.105(N.m-2) 0,155 0,163 0,168 0,172 0,178 0,188 P(mmHg) 116,51 120,56 125,72 128,74 133,23
141,37 Hy chngt rng phn ng phn hu etylen oxit l bc nht v tnh hng s tc ca phn
ng. 4. Dng phng php th hy xc nh bc ca phn ng: (CH3)3CBr(aq) + H2O(l)
(CH3)3COH(aq) + H+ + Brt cc d kin thc nghim sau y 298K t(s) 0 15000 35000 55000 95000
145000 [(CH3)3CBr] 0,0380 0,0308 0,0233 0,0176 0,0100 0,00502 (mol.l-1) p s: bc nht. 5. i
vi phn ng x phng ho etyl axetat CH3COOC2H5 + OH- CH3COO- + C2H5OH thi im ban
u t=0 hn hp phn ng cha este v xt vi nng bng nhau 0,05M. Phn ng c theo di bng
cch mi thi im t ngi ta ly 10ml hn hp phn ng ri chun lng xt cn li bng dung
dch HCl 0,01M. Kt qu thu c nh sau: t(pht) 4 9 15 24 37 53 VHCl(ml) 44,1 38,6 33,7 27,9 22,9
18,5 Xc nh bc phn ng, hng s tc phn ng v thi gian na phn ng. p s: Bc hai,
k=0,647M-1.pht-1 6. Styren phn ng vi axit hipoclor cho ta clohirin C6H5-CHOH-CH2Cl. Cht
ny chuyn thnh epoxit trong mi trng kim: O (k) 20

21. C6H5 O + Cl- + H2O C6H5-CHOH-CH2Cl + OH- l mt phn ng bc hai. Hy gii thch ti
sao trong mi trng m phn ng l bc mt. 180C v trong mi trng m ngi ta o nng
Cl -(k hiu l x) theo thi gian v thu c kt qu sau: t(pht) 180 360 480 1140 1260 3 10 x(mol/l)
1,15 2,10 2,70 4,88 5,21 Nng ban u ca clohirin l 6,86.10-3 mol/l. Sau khi kim tra li bc
phn ng hy tnh hng s tc ca phn ng ny. p s: k=1,05.10-3 pht-1 7. Trong dung dch axit
yu, H2O2 tc dng vi ion thiosunfat theo s sau: 22H 2 O 2 + 2S2O3 + 2H+ 2H2O + S4 O 6
Tc phn ng khng ph thuc vo nng ion H + trong khong pH t 4-6. Vi nng 2ban u
[H2O2]=0,03680M; [ S2 O3 ]=0,02040M. 25oC v pH=5 ta thu c nhng s liu sau: t(pht) 16 36
43 52 23 5,18 4,16 3,13 [ S2O3 ].10 10,30 Xc nh bc phn ng v tnh hng s tc ca phn ng.
p s: Bc hai, k=3,17.10-2lit.mol-1.giy-1 OH8. Cho phn ng sau: CH 3COCH2C(CH3)2OH
2CH3COCH3 c km theo mt s tng th tch kh ln. Lng CH3COCH2C(CH3)2OH t l
thun vi vic tng th tch. T cc s liu sau: t(pht) 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 S gin n 0 60,8 97,7
119,9 133,4 141,4 146,1 153,8 th tch p s: Bc nht. TI LIU THAM KHO 1. Trn Th ,
ng Trn Phch, C s l thuyt cc phn ng ho hc, Nh xut bn gio dc. 2. Nguyn Vn Du,
Trn Hip Hi, Lm Ngc Thim, Nguyn Th Thu, Bi tp ho l, Nh xut bn gio dc. 3. Trn Vn
Nhn, Ho l tp 3, Nh xut bn gio dc. 4. V ng , C s l thuyt cc qu trnh ho hc, Nh
xut bn gio dc. 5. Ren. DIDIER, Ho hc i cng tp 2, Nh xut bn gio dc. 6. Ren.
DIDIER, Bi tp ho hc i cng tp 2, Nh xut bn gio dc. 7. Bi tp chun b Olympic ha hc
quc t ln th 40-Hungari 2008. 8. Bi thi l thuyt Olympic ho hc quc t ln th 41-Anh quc
2009. 21

22. XY DNG H THNG CU HI V BI TP PHN NHT HO HC DNG CHO HC

SINH CHUYN HO Trng THPT chuyn Nguyn Hu - H Ni I. M U Trong qu trnh ging
dy trng ph thng nhim v pht trin t duy cho hc sinh l nhim v rt quan trng, i hi tin
hnh ng b cc mn, trong Ha hc l mn khoa hc thc nghim cp n nhiu vn ca
khoa hc, s gp phn rn luyn t duy cho hc sinh mi gc c bit l qua phn bi tp ha hc.
Bi tp ha hc khng nhng c tc dng rn luyn k nng vn dng, o su v m rng kin thc
hc mt cch sinh ng, phong ph m cn thng qua n tp, rn luyn mt s k nng cn thit
v ha hc, rn luyn tnh tch cc, t lc, tr thng minh sng to cho hc sinh, gip hc sinh hng th
trong hc tp. Qua bi tp ha hc gio vin kim tra, nh gi vic nm vng kin thc v k nng ha
hc ca hc sinh. gio vin bi dng hc sinh kh, gii trng chuyn d thi hc sinh gii cp
Tnh v cp Quc gia c tt th nhu cu cp thit l cn c mt h thng cu hi v bi tp cho tt c
cc chuyn nh : cu to cht, nhit ho hc, ng ho hc, cn bng ho hc,.... V vy , trong qu
trnh ging dy i tuyn hc sinh gii Tnh v Quc gia ti su tm v tp hp li mt s cu hi v
bi tp theo mt s chuyn , trong c phn dng luyn tp cho hc sinh phn Nhit ho hc II.
MC CH CA TI Xy dng h thng cu hi v bi tp phn Nhit ho hcdng cho hc
sinh lp chuyn Ho hc bc THPT gip hc tr hc tt hn v chun b tt hn cho cc k thi hc
sinh gii Ha hc c v l thuyt bi tp phng php gii, gp phn nng cao cht lng ging dy
v hc tp mn Ha hc. III. NI DUNG A- C S L THUYT : Trc khi a ra h thng bi tp
cho hc tr luyn tp th gio vin cn phi yu cu hc tr nh li mt s khi nim v ni dung l
thuyt c bn ca phn Nhit ho hc nh sau: 1) KH L TNG: * Kh l tng l cht kh m
khong cch gia cc phn t kh xa nhau, c th b qua tng tc gia chng. * Vi kh l tng th c
th p dng : - Phng trnh trng thi: P.V = nRT (R = 8,314 J/mol.K = 0,082 l.atm/mol.K) - Trong
b c hn h p khth P = Pi = nh : cn P = N .P = ni .P i i ni ni .RT V 2) H V MI
TRNG: - H m: h trao i cht v nng lng vi mi trng. - H kn: H ch trao i nng
lng vi mi trng. - H on nhit: H khng trao i nhit vi mi trng. * Quy c: H nhn
nng lng ca mi trng nng lng mang du + H nhng nng lng cho mi trng nng
lng mang du 3) BIN I THUN NGHCH: Nu h chuyn t trng thi cn bng ny sang trng
thi cn bng khc mt cch v cng chm qua lin tip cc trng thi cn bng th s bin i ny c
gi l thun nghch. y l s bin i l tng khng c trong thc t. 22

23. 4) S BIN I BT THUN NGHCH: l s bin i c tin hnh vi vn tc ng k.

Nhng phn ng trong thc t u l bin i bt thun nghch. 5) HM TRNG THI: l hm m gi
tr ca n ch ph thuc vo cc thng s trng thi ca h, khng ph thuc vo nhng s bin i
trc . V d: P.V = hm trng thi P1.V1 = n.RT1 ; P2.V2 = n.R.T2 6) CNG (W) V NHIT (Q)
- L 2 hnh thc trao i nng lng. - W, Q khng phi l hm trng thi v gi tr ca chng ph thuc
vo cch bin i. V d: Cng ca s gin n kh l tng t th tch V 1 n V2 to = const trong 1
xilanh kn nh 1 pittng c tnh bng cng thc: 2 W=- P n .dV (Pn : p sut bn ngoi) 1 * Nu s
bin i l BTN th Pn = Pkq = const 2 WBTN = - Pkq . dV = - Pkq . V = - Pkq .(V2 - V1) 1 * Nu
s bin i l thun nghch: Gim P n nhng lng v cng b th tch kh tng nhng lng v cng
b. Khi Pn mi lc thc t = P bn trong xi lanh = Pk Pn = Pk = n.RT/V 2 2 V2 dV WTN = -
Pn .dV = - nRT . = - nRT .ln V WBTN WTN V 1 1 1 * Cc qu trnh thun nghch sinh cng ln
nht khi h bin i t trng thi 1 sang trng thi 2. Lng cng ny ng bng lng cng cn thit
a h v trng thi ban u mt cch thun nghch. 7) NI NNG U: - U ca mt cht hay mt h
gm ng nng ca cc phn t v th nng tng tc gia cc phn t trong h . - U l i lng
dung v l hm trng thi - U ca n mol kh l tng ch ph thuc vo nhit . 8) NGUYN L I
CA NHIT NG HC: (S BIN I NI NNG CA H). U = U2 - U1 = W + Q - i vi
s bin i v cng nh: dU = W + Q (: Ch nhng hm khng phi l hm trng thi) - Thng gp
cng c thc hin ch do s bin i th tch nn: W = -P.dV dU = Q - dU = Q = P .dV 2
P.dV 2 U = Q - 1 P.dV 1 * Nhit ng tch: Nu h bin i V = const dV = 0 U = QV
QV l 1 hm trng thi. * Nhit ng p: Nu h bin i P = const th: 2 P.dV = P . 1 2 dV =
P. V2 - P. V1 1 U = U2 - U1 = QP - P. V2 + P .V1 QP = (U2 + P.V2) - (U1 + P .V1) t U +
P.V = H = entanpi = hm trng thi QP = H2 - H1 = H = s bin thin entanpi ca h. * Nhit phn
ng: Xt 1 h kn trong c phn ng: aA + bB cC + dD Nhit phn ng ca phn ng ny l nhit
lng trao i vi mi trng khi a mol A phn ng vi b mol B to ra c mol C v d mol D T = const.
23

24. - Nu phn ng c thc hin P = const th nhit phn ng c gi l nhit phn ng ng p

QP = H - Nu phn ng c thc hin V = const th nhit phn ng c gi l nhit phn ng
ng tch QV=U * Quan h gia QP v QV QP = H = (U + PV)P = U + P. V H = U + P .
V = U + n .RT QP = QV + n .RT ( n = n kh sp - n kh p ) Khi n = 0 QP = QV hay
H = U U = QV = n .CV . T H = QP = n .CP . T * Nhit dung mol ng p (C P) l nhit lng
cn cung cp lm 1 mol cht nng thm 1 o trong iu kin ng p (m trong qu trnh khng c s
bin i trng thi). T2 T2 T1 T1 * Tng t vi CV: H = C P .dT ; U = C T .dT CP, CV l hm
ca nhit . H U ; CV = T T H U P.V M U = H - P. V CP = = + = CV + R T T
T Q, W: Khng phi l hm trng thi QV = U; QP = H QV, QP l hm trng thi ch ph
thuc vo trng thi u v trng thi cui ca h m khng ph thuc vo qu trnh bin i l thun
nghch hay khng thun nghch. 9) NH LUT HESS: H (U) ca 1 qu trnh ch ph thuc vo
trng thi u v trng thi cui ca h m khng ph thuc vo ng i. Hp = Hs (sn phm) -
Hs (cht u) = Hc (cht u) - Hc (sn phm) 10) NH LUT KIRCHHOFF: H2 n1 A +
n2 B n3C + n4 D T2 Vi 1 mol kh l tng: CP = Hb Ha H1 n3C + n4 D T1 Theo nh lut Hess:
H2 = Ha + H1 + Hb M: n1 A + n2 B T2 Ha = (n1.C PA +n2 .C Pb ).dT = T1 T2 Hb = (n
.C 3 PC T2 (n .C 1 PA +n2 .C PB ).dT T1 +n4 .C PD ).dT T1 T2 T2 T1 T1 H2 = H1 + [(n3
.C PC +n4 .C PD ) (n1C PA + n2 C PB )].dT = H1 + C P .dT T - H1 thng c xc nh
iu kin chun: H T = H 298 + o o C 298 24 o P .dT

25. Vi CoP = CoP(sp) - CoP(tham gia) CoP l nhit dung mol ng p iu kin chun (1atm). -
Trong khong hp ca nhit c th coi CoP = const Th: H2 = H1 + CP.(T2 -T1) HoT =
Ho298 + CoP (T - 298) 11) ENTROPI (S) - Trong s bin i thun nghch v cng nh T = const
h trao i vi mi trng mt QTN lng nhit QTN th s bin thin entropi trong qu trnh ny l:
dS = T S l hm trng thi (J/mol.K) QTN - Nu s bin i l bt thun nghch th dS > T - V l hm
trng thi nn khi chuyn t trng thi 1 sang trng thi 2 bng bin thin thun 2 Q nghch hay bt
thun nghch th S2 - S1 = S = TN T 1 (STN = SBTN) 12) NGUYN L II CA NHIT NG
HC: Q dS T - Trong h c lp Q = 0. nn: + dS = 0: trong h c lp entropi ca h khng i nu
xy ra qu trnh thun nghch. + dS > 0 : trong h c lp, qu trnh t xy ra (BTN) theo chiu tng
entropi ca h v tng cho ti khi t gi tr max th h s t trng thi cn bng. * Entropi l thc o
hn n ca h: hn n ca 1 h hay 1 cht cng ln khi h hay cht gm nhng ht v s
dao ng ca cc ht cng mnh (khi lin kt gia cc ht cng yu). VD: S H2O(r) < S H O (l) < S 2 S
H (k) < S O (k)< SO 2 2 3 H2O (h) (k) S l 1 i lng dung . 13) S BIN THIN S TRONG
QU TRNH BIN I TRNG THI CA CHT: Khi cht nguyn cht nng chy hoc si P =
const th: 2 Q H T = const S = = T T 1 H = nhit bin thin trng thi = Ln/c hoc Lh 14) S
TRONG QU TRNH GIN N NG NHIT KH L TNG: Xt n mol kh l tng gin n th
tch t V 1 V2 to = const. V ni nng ca kh l tng ch ph thuc nhit nn trong s bin i
ny: U = QTN + WTN = QBTN + WBTN = 0 2 V2 nRT .dV ). QTN = - WTN = nRT. ln ( = -(- P.
V) = V1 V 1 V P QTN = nRln 2 = n.R.ln 1 V1 P2 T 15) S BIN THIN ENTROPI CA CHT
NGUYN CHT THEO NHIT . - Qu trnh P = const: un nng 1 cht nguyn cht t T1 T2,
khng c s chuyn pha: T = const S = 25

26. T2 S = QTN T T1 T2 S = n.C T1 P . Vi Q = QP = dH = n.CP.dT dT T * Trong khong

nhit hp, coi CP = const S = n.CP.ln - Qu trnh: V = const S = n .CV.ln T2 T1 T2 T1 16)
ENTROPI TUYT I * Nguyn l III ca nhit ng hc: - Entropi ca cht nguyn cht di dng
tinh th hon chnh 0(K) bng 0: S(T = 0) = 0 * Xut pht t tin trn ta c th tnh c entropi
tuyt i ca cc cht cc nhit khc nhau. VD: Tnh S ca 1 cht nhit T no , ta hnh dung
cht c un nng t 0(K) T(K) xt P=const. Nu trong qu trnh un nng c s chuyn pha
th: S = ST - S(T = 0) = ST = Tnc 5 S i =1 i T Lnc S LS T dT dT dT +n. + n.C P ( l ) . +n.
+ n.C P ( h ) . ST = n.C P ( r ) . T Tnc Tnc T TS TS T 01 Gi tr entropi c xc nh P = 1
atm = const v nhit T no c gi l gi tr entropi chun, k hiu l S0T, thng T = 298K
S0298 17) S BIN THIN ENTROPI TRONG PHN NG HO HC: + Khi phn ng thc
hin P = const, T = const th: S = S(sp) - S(t/g) 0 0 0 + Nu iu kin chun v 25 C th: S
298= S 298(sp) - S0298(t/g) + V S ca cht kh >> cht rn, lng nn nu s mol kh sn phm (sp)
> s mol kh tham gia th S > 0 v ngc li. Cn trong trng hp s mol kh 2 v bng nhau hoc
phn ng khng c cht kh th S c gi tr nh. 18) TH NHIT NG Sc lp = S h + S mt
0 a)Th ng p G: Xt h xy ra s bin i P, T u khng i trong qu trnh ny mi trng nhn
ca h mt nhit lng Hmt do h to ra Hmt = - H h = - H H S mt = T + iu kin t
din bin ca h: H S c lp = S h > 0 H T. S < 0 T + H trng thi cn bng khi H
T. S = 0 + t G = H TS nhit , P khng i th qu trnh xy ra theo chiu c G = H
T. S < 0 V t ti trng thi cn bng khi G = 0. b) Th ng tch: (Nng lng Helmholtz) Nu h
bin i iu kin T, V khng i nhit ng tch m mi trng nhn ca cc h U mt l Umt
 Smt = T iu kin t din bin ca h trong qu trnh ng nhit, ng tch l 26

27. F = U T. S < 0 V t trng thi cn bng khi F = 0 Trong : F = U TS V H = U + PV

G = H TS = U TS + PV G = F + PV + i vi qu trnh T,P = const G = Wmax + i
vi qu trnh T, V = const S = Wmax TM LI : * Qu trnh ng p: P = const - Cng: WP = -
P.dV = -n.R.dT WP = - P. V = - nRT T2 QP = H = n. C P .dT - Nhit: QP = dH = n. C P
.dT T1 - Ni nng: dU = Q + W - Entropi: QTN dS T U = H P. V = H n.R. T T2 2
dT QTN S STN = n.C P . = T T T1 1 Nu C P = const STN = n. C P .ln * Qu
trnh ng tch: - Cng: WV = - P.dV = 0 T2 n.C P .d ln T T1 T2 T1 WV = 0 T2 - Nhit: QV =
dUV = n. CV .dT QV = UV = C V .n.dT T1 Nu CV = const QV = n. CV .T - Ni nng: UV
= QV + W T2 T2 dT QV = n.CV .d ln T - Entropi: S = n.CV . T T T1 T1 - Entanpi: H = U +
PV S n. CV .ln dH = dU + P.dV + V.dP = dU + V.dP H = U + V . P T2 ( CV = const)
T1 (dV = 0) * Qu trnh ng nhit: nRT .dV V V2 V V P dV = nRT ln 2 = nRT ln 1 = nRT ln 2
WT = - n.RT . V V1 V2 P1 V1 - Cng: WT = - PdV = - - Nhit: UT = QT + WT = 0 QT = -
WT = nRT ln V2 V1 - Ni nng: UT = 0 - Entanpi: HT = UT + (PV)T = UT + nR. T = 0
QTN Lnc Lh = - Entropi: S TN = hoc = T Tnc TS * Vi qu trnh dn n kh l tng thun nghch
V2 QTN U W T2 dT nRT = = n.CV . + dV S = T T T V T1 V1 Nu CV = const S = n. CV
ln T2 V2 + nRT ln T1 V1 27

28. V T = const S = nRT ln V2 P1 = nRT.ln V1 P2 * Qu trnh on nhit: - Nhit: Q = 0 T2 - Ni

nng v cng: dU = Q + W = W = -PdV = n.C T1 V . dT T +Qu trnh bt thun nghch: dUBTN
= WBTN = -Png .dV = -P2.dV UBTN = WBTN = -Png.(V2 V1) = n.CV. T * PT Poisson: (Dng
cho qu trnh thun nghch) T . V 1 = const P.V = const C = P CV nRT2 nRT1 ) = nCV (T2
T1 ) T2 U = W = .... V2 P2 P1 * Qu trnh thun nghch: W = U = n.CV(T2- T1) V1 T1.
V 1 1 = T2 . V 1 T2 = T1.( )-1 2 V2 - Entanpi: H = n .CP(T2 T1) Q - Entropi: STN =
TN = 0 T * G = H TS = U + PV TS G G = - S ; = - V T P
P T Vi phn ng oxi ho kh c th din ra trong pin in: G = - nEF dG dE dE = - nF. = - S
S = nF. dT dT dT dE H = G + T. S = nF( T. - E) dT 19) NGHA VT L CA G: G =
H TS = U + PV TS dG = dU + P.dV + V.dP T.dS SdT = (W + Q) + PdV + VdP T.dS
SdT V W = W + (-PdV) Q T.dS dG W + VdP SdT Du = ng vi qu trnh thun
nghch v cng ln nht. dG = Wmax + VdP SdT * i vi qu trnh ng nhit, ng p dP =
dT = 0 dGT,P = W max G = W max * i vi qu trnh BTN: W gim; Q tng khi hon
ton BTN W = 0 20) MT S TNH CHT CA HM G: dG = V.dP SdT ( coi W = 0) a) S
ph thuc ca G vo T: G G =-S = - S - Khi P = const T P
T P * WBTN = -P2(V2 V1) = - P2.( 28

29. G G = H T. S = H + T. T P G - G = -H T. T
P G T. G H T P = 2 2 T T G H T P = 2 T T GT
2 T2 T 2 G H = 2 .dT d. T GT 1 T1 T GT2 T2 = GT1 T1 T2 G .dT 2 T1 T =
T1 o GT G298 1 1 = H o T 298 T 298 Nu coi Ho khng ph thuc vo
nhit th: b) S ph thuc vo P: G =V Khi T = const P T 2 P2 P2 1 P 1 P 1
dG = V .dP GT ( P2 ) GT ( P1 ) = V .dP - Vi cht rn, lng coi V = const khi P bin thin
(tr min p sut ln) th: GT ( P2 ) = GT ( P1 ) +V ( P2 P 1 ) P nRT GT ( P2 ) = GT ( P1 )
+nRT . ln 2 P1 P o o Nu p sut bnh thng: P1 = P = 1bar (1 atm) GT(P) = G T + nRT.lnP (P tnh
bng bar (atm)). 21) TNH G CA MT S QU TRNH: a) Gin nn ng nhit kh l tng P2 V1
G = nRT.ln = nRT.ln P1 V2 b) Trn ln ng nhit, ng p 2 kh l tng: G = nA.RTlnxA +
nB.RTlnxB c) Qu trnh chuyn pha thun nghch (ti nhit chuyn pha): Gcf = 0 d) Qu trnh
chuyn pha thun nghch T Tcf Nguyn tc: p dng chu trnh nhit ng. V G l hm trng thi
nn G ch ph thuc trng thi u, trng thi cui, khng ph thuc vo qu trnh bin thin. e) G
ca phn ng ho hc: Gop = GoS(sn phm) - GoS(tham gia) - Vi cht kh l tng V = B
- H THNG CC CU HI V BI TP PHN NHIT HA HC : Bi 1: Cho 100 g N2 0oC,
1atm. Tnh Q, W, U, H trong cc bin i sau y c tin hnh thun nghch nhit ng: a) Nung
nng ng tch ti P = 1,5atm. b) Gin ng p ti V = 2V ban u. c) Gin ng nhit ti V = 200l d)
Gin on nhit ti V = 200l Chp nhn rng N2 l kh l tng v nhit dung ng p khng i trong
qu trnh th nghim v bng 29,1J/mol.K 29

30. Gii a) V = const W = P.dV = 0 U = QV = n CV .T = ( C P - R).(T2 T1) .n P2 1,5 1)

.273,15 = 14194,04(J) = ( C P - R).( -1).T1.n = (29,1 - 8,314).( P1 1 100 .22,4 = 80(l ) V= 2Vo =
160 (l) b) Vo = 28 W = -P. V = -1(160 80) = -80 (l.at) = -80 .101,33 = -8106,4(J) V 100 100
.29,1. 2 .T1 T1 = 29,1. QP = H = C P .n .T = (2.273,15 273,15) = 28388,1(J) V 28 28
1 U = Q + W = 28388,1 = 8106,4 = 20281,7(J) c) T = const U = 0; H = 0 2 V2 dV W = -
nRT . = - nRT.ln V1 V 1 100 200 W=.8,314 .273,15.ln = -7431,67(J) 28 80 U = Q + W = 0 Q = -
W = 7431,67(J) d) Q = 0 (S = const) Theo PT poisson: T1. V 1 1 = T2 . V 1 2 T2 = T1.( V1
-1 ) V2 W = U = n. CV (T2 T1) = H = n C P .T = Vi = CP CV = CP R + CP = 29,1
1,4 29,1 8,314 100 (29,1-8,314).(189,33 -273,15) = 6222,4(J) 28 100 .29,1(189,33 273,15)= -
8711,3(J) 28 Bi 2: o Tnh H S , 298 ca Cl-(aq). Bit: 1 1 o H S , 298 = -92,2(kJ) (a): H2 + Cl2(k)
HCl(k) 2 2 o (b): HCl(k) + aq H+(aq) + Cl-(aq) H S , 298 = -75,13(kJ) 1 o H S , 298 = 0 (c):
H2 + aq H+(aq) + e 2 Gii: 1 o Ly (a) + (b) (c) : Cl2 + e + aq = Cl-(aq) H S , 298 = -
167,33(kJ) 2 Bi 3: Tnh hiu ng nhit ca phn ng: 3Fe(NO3)2(aq) + 4HNO3(aq) 3Fe(NO3)3(aq)
+ NO(k) + 2H2O (l) Din ra trong nc 25oC. Cho bit: Fe2+(aq) Fe3+(aq) NO3-(aq) NO(k) H2O(l)
o H S , 298 (kJ/mol) -87,86 - 47,7 -206,57 90,25 -285,6 Gii: Phng trnh ion ca phn ng: 3Fe2+
(aq) + 4H+(aq) + NO3-(aq) 3Fe3+(aq) + NO(k) + 2H2O (l) 30

31. o o o o o H=3. H S , 298 (Fe3+,aq)+ H S , 298 (NO)+2. H S , 298 (H2O(l))3. H S , 298

(Fe2+,aq)- H S , 298 (NO3-, aq) = 3.(-47,7) + 90,25 + 2.(-285,6) + 3.87,6 + 206,57 = -153,9(kJ) Bi
4: 1) So snh H, U ca cc phn ng: CnH2n + H2 CnH2n+2 2) Khi t chy hon ton 2 anome
v ca D glucoz mi th 1 mol p sut khng i, ngi ta o c hiu ng nhit ca cc
phn ng 500K ln lt bng: -2790,0kJ v - 2805,1kJ a) Tnh U i vi mi phn ng. b) Trong 2
dng glucoz, dng no bn hn? Gii: 1) H = U + P. V = U + n.RT Phn ng trn c: n = 1-2
= -1 H = U RT H < U 2) C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H2O U() = H() - n.RT = -
2799 6.8,314.10-3.500 = -2824(kJ) U() = H() - n.RT = - 2805,1 6.8,314.10-3 .500 = -2830
(kJ) o o o o H = 6. H S ( CO2 ) + 6. H S ( H 2O ) - H S ( ) o o o o H = 6. H S ( CO2 ) +
6. H S ( H 2O ) - H S ( ) o o o o H S ( ) - H S ( ) = H - H = -2805,1 + 2799 =
-6,1(kJ) o o H S ( ) < H S ( ) o Dng - glucoz c H S nh hn nn bn hn. Bi 5: o o
1) Th no l entanpi sinh ca n cht? Tnh H S ( O3 ) v H S ( kimcuong ) v d on hot tnh
ho hc ca chng t cc d kin sau: o H 298 = -393,14(kJ) (a): C than ch + O2(k) CO2(k) (b): C
kim cng + O2(k) CO2(k) (c): 3As2O3 (r) + 3O2(k) 3As2O5(r) o H 298 = -395,03(kJ) o H
298 = -811,34(kJ) o (d): 3As2O3 (r) + 2O3(k) 3As2O5(r) H 298 = -1090,98(kJ) 2) T kt qu trn
v cc d kin sau: H(O O) tnh t O2 = - 493,24kJ/mol; H(O O) tnh t H2O2 = - 137,94kJ/mol
Chng minh rng: Khng th gn cho O3 cu trc vng kn. Gii: 1)- Entanpi sinh ca cc n cht bn
iu kin chun = 0 - i vi nhng nguyn t c nhiu dng th hnh th khi chuyn t dng ny sang
dng khc bao gi cng km theo 1 hiu ng nhit. Hiu ng nhit ca qu trnh hnh thnh n cht
(dng th hnh km bn) t dng th hnh bn iu kin nht nh c coi l nhit sinh ca n cht
trong nhng iu kin . o H S ca O3 v kim cng l hiu ng nhit quy v iu kin chun ca
cc qu trnh: 3 O2 O3(k) ; C than ch C kim cng 2 - Ly (a) (b): o C than ch C kim cng
H S ( kc ) = 1,89 kJ/mol - Ly (c) - (d): 3 o O2(k) O3(k) H S ( O3 ) = 139,82 kJ/mol 2 2) Nu coi
O3 c cu trc vng kn: 31

32. 3 o H lk ( O2 ) 2 3 = 3.(-137,94) - .(- 493,24) = 326,04 (kJ/mol) > 139,82(kJ/mol) 2 O3 c cu

trc vng kn rt khng bn cu trc ny khng chp nhn c. o o H S ( O3 ) = H lk ( O3 ) -
Bi 6: Entanpi sinh tiu chun ca CH4(k) v C2H6(k) ln lt bng -74,80 v -84,60 kJ/mol. Tnh
entanpi tiu chun ca C4H10 (k). Bin lun v kt qu thu c. Cho bit entanpi thng hoa ca than
ch v nng lng lin kt H- H ln lt bng: 710,6 v - 431,65 kJ/mol. Gii: o * (1) C than ch + 2H2
(k) CH4(k) H S ,CH 4 =-74,8kJ (2) C than ch C (k) o H th = 710,6 kJ H lk = 431,65 kJ (3)
H2 (k) 2H (k) Ly (1) [(2) + 2.(3)] ta c: o C(k) + 4H(k) CH4(k) H S ,ng / tu ,CH 4 =
-1648,7(kJ/mol) 1 Nng lng lin kt trung bnh ca lin kt C H l: (-1648,7) = - 412,175
(J/mol). 4 o * (4) 2C than ch + 3H2 C2H6(k) H S ( C2 H 6 , K ) = -84,6 (kJ/mol) Ly (4) [2 .(2)
+ 3.(3)] ta c: o 2C(k) + 6H (k) C2H6 (k) H S ,ng / tu ,C2 H 6 = -2800,75 (kJ/mol) Coi EC H
trong CH4 v C2H6 nh nhau th: E C- C = =1800,75 6(- 412,175) = -327,7(kJ/mol) * Coi EC-H;
EC- C trong cc cht CH4, C2H6, C4H10 u nh nhau th: o H S ,ng / tu ,C4 H 10 = 3. EC- C +
10.EC- H = 3.(- 327,7) + 10( -412,75) = -5110,6 (kJ/mol) * (5) 4C(k) + 10 H(k) C4H10 (k) H S
,ng / tu ,C4 H 10 = -5110,6 (kJ/mol) Ly (2). 4 + (3).5 + (5) ta c: o 4Cthan ch + 5H2(k)
C4H10(k) H S ,C 4 H 10 = -109,95(kJ/mol) * Kt qu thu c ch l gn ng do coi Elk(C C),
Elk(C- H) trong mi trng hp l nh nhau. o V v vy s khng tnh r c H S ca cc ng
phn khc nhau. o Bi 7: Tnh Ho ca cc phn ng sau: 1) Fe2O3(r) + 2Al(r) 2Fe(r) + Al2O3(r) (
1) o Cho bit H S , Fe2O3( r ) = -822,2 kJ/mol; 2) S(r) + 3 O2(k) SO3(k) 2 Bit (3) : S(r) + O2(k)
SO2(k) o H S , Al2O3 ( r ) = -1676 (kJ/mol) (2) o H 298 = -296,6 kJ o (4): 2SO2(k) + O2(k)
2SO3(k) H 298 = -195,96 kJ T kt qu thu c v kh nng din bin thc t ca 2 phn ng trn c
th rt ra kt lun g? Gii: o o o 1) H pu (1) = H S , Al2O3 ( r ) - H S , Fe2O3( r ) = -1676 +
822,2 = - 853,8(kJ) 32

33. 1 1 o H pu ( 4 ) = -296,6 - .195,96 = -394,58 (kJ) 2 2 KL: Hai phn ng (1), (2) u to nhit
mnh. Song trn thc t 2 phn ng khng t xy ra. Nh vy, ch da vo H khng khng
nh chiu ca 1 qu trnh ho hc (tuy nhin trong nhiu trng hp, d on theo tiu chun ny l
ng). o o 2) H pu ( 2 ) = H pu ( 3) + Bi 8: 1) Tnh hiu ng nhit ng tch tiu chun ca cc
phn ng sau 25oC. o a) Fe2O3(r) + 3CO(k) 2Fe(r) + 3CO2(k) H 298 = 28,17 (kJ) b) Cthan ch +
O2(k) CO2 (k) o H 298 = -393,1(kJ) o c) Zn(r) + S(r) ZnS(r) H 298 = -202,9(kJ) o d)
2SO2(k) + O2(k) 2SO3(k) H 298 = -195,96 (kJ) 2) Khi cho 32,69g Zn tc dng vi dung dch
H2SO4 long d trong bom nhit lng k 25oC, ngi ta thy c thot ra mt nhit lng l 71,48
kJ. Tnh hiu ng nhit nhit . Cho Zn = 65,38 Gii: 1) H = U + n.RT Do cc phn ng a),
b), c) c n = 0 nn Uo = Ho Phn ng d): Uo = Ho - n.RT = -195,96 + 1.8,314. 298,15. 10-3
= -193,5 (kJ) 2) Zn(r) + H2SO4 (dd) H2(k) + ZnSO4(dd) Trong bom nhit lng k c V = const. 1
U = - 71,48. = -142,96 (kJ/mol) 32,69 / 65,38 H = U + n.RT = - 142,96 + 1. 8,314 .298,15
.10-3 = - 140,5 (kJ/mol) Bi 9: Tnh Ho ca phn ng tng hp 1 mol adenine C5H5N5(r) t 5 mol
HCN(k). o o o Cho bit H S ,CH 4 ,k ) = - 74,8 (kJ/mol); H S , NH 3 ,k = -46,1kJ/mol; H S
,adenin ( r ) = 91,1 kJ/mol V CH4(k) + NH3(k) HCN(k) + 3H2(k) Ho = 251,2 kJ.mol-1 Gii: o (a)
: Cgr + 2H2(k) CH4 H S ,CH 4 ,k ) = -74,8 (kJ/mol) 1 3 o N2(k) + H2(k) NH3(k) H S , NH 3
,k = - 46,1kJ/mol 2 2 5 5 o (c) : 5Cgr + H2(k) + N2(k) C5H5N5(r) H S ,adenin ( r ) = 91,1 kJ.mol-
1 2 2 (d) : CH4(k) + NH3(k) HCN(k) + 3H2(k) Ho = 251,2 kJ.mol-1 Ta ly: -5 .(a) + [-5 .(b)] + (c)
+ [-5.(d)] ta c: 5HCN(k) C5H5N5(r) Ho(4) = 251,2 kJ/mol (b) : Bi 10: o Tnh nhit thot ra
khi tng hp 17kg NH3 1000K. Bit H S , 298( NH 3 ,k ) = -46,2 kJ.mol-1 C P ( NH 3 ,k ) = 24,7 +
37,48.10-3 T Jmol-1K-1 C P ( N 2 ,k ) = 27,8 + 4,184.10-3 T Jmol-1K-1 C P ( H 2 ,k ) = 286 +
1,17.10-3 T Jmol-1K-1 Gii: 33

34. 1 3 o N2(k) + H2(k) NH3(k) H S , NH 3 ,k = - 46,2kJ/mol 2 2 1 3 CP = C P ( NH 3 ,k ) - C

P ( N 2 ,k ) - C P ( H 2 ,k ) 2 2 1 3 = - 24,7 + 37,48.10-3T - [27,8 + 4,184.10-3] - [28,6 + 1,17 .10-3T]
2 2 = - 32,1 + 31,541.10-3 T o o H 1000 = H 298 + 1000 C P , dT o = H 298 + 298 1000 (
32,1 +31,541.10 3 T )dT 298 1000 T2 ( 32,1T +31,541.10 2 ) 298 1 = - 46,2.103 +31,541 .10-3.
(10002 -1982) 32,1(1000 298)= - 54364,183 (J/mol) 2 Khi tng hp 17 kg NH3 th nhit lng
to ra l: 17000 Q= .(-54364,183 .10-3) = -54364,183 (kJ) 17 o = H 298 + 3 Bi 11: Tnh nng
lng mng li tinh th BaCl2 t 2 t hp d kin sau: 1) Entanpi sinh ca BaCl2 tinh th: - 859,41
kJ/mol Entanpi phn li ca Cl2: 238,26 kJ/mol Entanpi thng hoa ca Ba: 192,28 kJ/mol Nng lng ion
ho th nht ca Ba: 500,76 kJ/mol Nng lng ion ho th hai ca Ba: 961,40 kJ/mol i lc electron
ca Cl : - 363,66 kJ/mol 2) Hiu ng nhit ca qu trnh ho tan 1 mol BaCl2 vo mol H2O l:
-10,16kJ/mol. Nhit hirat ho ion Ba2+ : - 1344 kJ/mol Nhit hirat ho ion Cl- : - 363 kJ/mol Trong
cc kt qu thu c, kt qu no ng tin cy hn. Gii: o Ba(r) + Cl 2(k) Hth(Ba) Ba(k) HS(BaCl
2, tt) H 2) pl(Cl + 2Cl (k) o BaCl 2 (tt) Uml I 1(Ba) + I 2(Ba) 2+ Ba + 2Cl 2. A Cl Uml = H - Hth
(Ba) - Hpl(Cl ) - I 1(Ba) - I 2(Ba) - 2A Cl S(BaCl 2, tt) 2 = - 859,41 - 192,28 - 238,26 - 500,76 -
961,40 + 2 .363,66 = - 2024,79 (kJ/mol) 2) BaCl 2 (tt) - Uml Hht(BaCl 2) O + H2 H Ba2+ + 2Cl -
34 1 - 2+ Ba(aq) + 2Cl (aq) H2

35. Uml = H1 + H2 - Hht(BaCl 2) = -1344 - 2.363 + 10,16 = -2059,84 (kJ/mol) Kt qu 1) ng

tin cy hn, kt qu tnh theo m hnh 2) ch l gn ng do m hnh ny khng m t ht cc qu trnh
din ra trong dung dch, cc ion nht l cation t nhiu cn c tng tc ln nhau hoc tng tc vi
H2O. Bi 12: Cho gin n 10 lt kh He 0oC, 10atm n p sut l 1atm theo 3 qu trnh sau: a) Gin
ng nhit thun nghch. b) Gin on nhit thun nghch. c) Gin on nhit khng thun nghch. 3 Cho
nhit dung ng tch ca He C V = R v chp nhn khng i trong iu kin cho ca 2 bi ton.
Tnh th tch cui cng ca h, nhit Q, bin thin ni nng U v cng W trong mi qu trnh ni trn?
Gii: a) T = const U = 0; H = 0 U = Q + W = 0 Q = -W 2 2 V2 dV W = - P.dV = nRT =
- nRTln V1 V 1 1 Vi kh l tng: P1.V1 = P2 .V2 V2 P1 = V1 P2 V2 = P1 10 . V1 = . 10 =
100(l) P2 1 P1 = -10.10 .ln 10 = 230,259 (l.at) P2 W = 230,259 .101,33 .10-3 = 23,332 (kJ) Q = - W
= -23,332 (kJ) W = -(nRT).ln b) Q = 0 U = W = n. CV . T = P1 .V1 3 . .R(T2 T1) R.T1 2 P1
.V1 3 . (T2 T1) T1 2 Theo PT poisson: T.V- 1 = const 1 nRT nRT M V = T. =
const P P U = W = 1- 1- T1 .P1 = T2 .P2 T1 = P2 P1 T2 T .P- 1 = const 1- T1 P2
= T2 P1 3 C = P = CV + R= 2 R + R = 5 CV 3R CV 3 2 1- T2 = T1 . P1 P2 1- = 273,15 . 10 1
1- 5 1- 1 - 3 = - 0,4 = 5 3 T2 = 273,15 .(10)-0,4 = 108,74 (K) U = W = 3 . 10 .10 (108,74 -
273,15) .101,33 = 9148,6(J) 2 273,16 35

36. P1 .V 1.T2 10.10.108,74 ~ = ~ 39,81 (l) 1 .273,15 P2 .T1 c) Q = 0 U = W nRT2 nRT1 n.

CV (T2 T1) = -Png .(V2 V1) = -P2 . PP 21 3 T2 T1 n. R(T2 T1) = -
nR.1 T2 = 0,64T1 2 1 10 P .V T 10.10.0,64T1 V 2 = 1 1. 2 = = 64(l) T1 . 1 P2 .T1
U = W = -Png(V2 V1) = -1(64 10) = -54(l.atm) = -54(l.atm) .101,33 .J/l.atm = - 5471,82 (J) Bi
13 : 1 Phn ng sau: Ag + Cl2 = AgCl 2 Xy ra di p sut 1 atm v 25oC to ra 1 nhit lng l
126,566 kJ. Nu cho phn ng xy ra trong 1 nguyn t ganvani P, T = const th ho nng s c
chuyn thnh in nng v sn ra cng W = 109,622 kJ. Hy chng t rng trong c 2 trng hp trn,
bin thin ni nng ca h vn ch l mt, cn nhit th khc nhau v tnh gi tr bin thin ni nng .
Gii: - Do U l hm trng thi nn U = U2 U1 = const, cho d s bin i c thc hin bng cch
no. V vy U trong 2 trng hp trn ch l mt. - V U = Q + W = Q + W - PV = Q + W -
n.RT Do nRT = const; U = const Nn khi W (cng c ch) thay i th Q cng thay i 1 - U =
H - nRT = -126,566 + . 8,314 .298,15.10-3 = - 125,327 (kJ) 2 Bi 14: Tnh cng ca s bin i
ng nhit thun nghch v bt thun nghch 42g kh N2 300K khi: a) Gin n t 5atm n 1atm. b)
Nn t 1atm n 5atm. (Kh c coi l l tng). So snh cc kt qu v rt ra kt lun. Gii: 2 2 V P
dV PdV = nRT = nRT ln 2 = nRT ln 2 a) * WTN = - V V1 P1 1 1 42 1 WTN = .8,314 .300. ln =
-6201,39(J) 28 5 P1V1 P V1 = - P2.V1 1 1 *WBTN = - Png . V = -Png(V2 V1)
= -Png P P 2 2 V2 = P nRT P1 42 1 . 1 = nRT 12
= .8,314 .300 1 = -2993,04 (J) P P1 2 P1 28 5 P2 42 5 b) WTN =
nRTln = .8,314 .300.ln = 6201,39(J) P1 28 1 = - P2. nRT nRT WBTN = - Png. V= -Png(V2
V1) = -Png PP 21 36

37. 1 P2 1 42 5 = -nRT.P2 = -nRT 1 = .8,314 .300 1 = 14965,2 (J)

PP P1 28 1 21 KL: - Cng m h thc hin (sinh) trong qu trnh bin thin
thun nghch t trng thi 1 n trng thi 2 bng cng m h nhn khi t trng thi 2 v trng thi 1.
Cn trong qu trnh bin thin bt thun nghch th cng h sinh nh hn cng h nhn. - Trong s bin
thin thun nghch th h sinh cng ln hn trong qu trnh bin thin bt thun nghch. 15 O2(k)
6CO2(k) + 3H2O 2 300K c QP QV = 1245(J). Hi C6H6 v H2O trong phn ng trng thi lng
hay hi? Gii: 1245 QP QV =nRT = 1245(J) n = = 0,5 8,314.300 H2O v C6H6 phi th
hi th n = 0,5 Bi 15: Phn ng: C6H6 + Bi 16: Tnh nhit lng cn thit nng nhit ca 0,5
mol H2O t -50oC n 500oC P = 1atm. Bit nhit nng chy ca nc 273K l Lnc = 6004J/mol,
nhit bay hi ca nc 373K l Lh = 40660 J/mol. o o o C P ( H 2O ,h ) = 30,2 + 10-2T(J/molK) ; C
P ( H 2O ,r ) = 35,56(J/molK); C P ( H 2O ,l ) = 75,3(J/molK) Gii: H1 H H3 H4 H2O(r)
H2O(r) H2 H2O(l) H2O(l) H2O(h) 5 H2O(h)(500oC) 100oC 100oC -50oC 0oC 0oC 5 273 1 Ho =
223 H = 373 o o n.C P ( r ) .dT +n.Lnc + n.C P(l ) .dT +n.Lh + 273 773 n.C o P(h) .dT 373 =
0,5 .35,56(273 223) + 0,5 .6004 + 0,5 .75,3 .(373 273) + 0,5 .40660 + 10 2 + 0,5.30,2 .(773
373) + .0,5 (7732 3732) = 35172(J) 2 Bi 17: Tnh s bin thin entropi ca qu trnh un nng 0,5
mol H 2O t 50oC n 500oC P = 1atm. Bit nhit nng chy ca nc 273K = 6004J/mol; nhit
bay hi ca nc 273K o = 40660J/mol. Nhit dung mol ng p C P ca nc v nc lng ln
lt bng 35,56 v o 75,3J/molK; C P ca hi nc l (30,2 + 10-2T) J/molK Gii: o H2O(r) 223K
S1 o o S So3 So4 H2O(r) S2 H2O(l) H2O(l) H2O(h) 5 H2O(h) 773K 373K 373K 273K 273K o
o o o S = S1 + S2 + So3 + S4 + So 5 373 773 273 dT Lnc dT Lh dT + + C P (l ) .
+ + C P(h) . = n. C P ( r ) . T 273 273 T 373 373 T 223 273 6004 373 40660 773 2
=0,5. = 35,56. ln 223 + 273 + 75,3. ln 273 + 373 +30,2. ln 373 +10 (773 373) 93,85(J/K)
Bi 18:Tnh s bin thin entropi khi trn ln 200g nc 15 oC vi 400g nc 60oC. Bit rng h l
c lp v nhit dung mol ca nc lng l 75,3 J/mol.K 37

38. Gii: Gi T l nhit ca h sau khi pha trn. Do Q thu = Q to nn: 200 400 . C P (T 288) = . C
P (333 T) 18 18 2.333 +288 = 318(K) 3 318 318 200 dT 400 dT .75,3. .75,3. S h = S1 + S2 =
+ 18 T 18 T 288 333 200 318 400 318 = .75,3 ln + .75,3 ln = 5,78 (J/K) > 0 18 288 18 333 Qu
trnh san bng nhit ny t xy ra. Bi 19: Tnh s bin thin entropi v G ca s hnh thnh 1 mol
hn hp kh l tng gm 20% N2; 50%H2 v 30%NH3 theo th tch. Bit rng hn hp kh c to
thnh do s khuch tn 3 kh vo nhau bng cch ni 3 bnh ng 3 kh thng vi nhau. Nhit v p
sut ca cc kh lc u u kc (273K, 1atm). Gii: V kh l tng khuch tn vo nhau nn qu trnh
l ng nhit. Gi th tch ca 1 mol hn hp kh l V th tch mi kh ban u ( cng iu kin) l
V N 2 = 0,2V; V NH 3 = 0,3V; V H 2 = 0,5V. T 288 = 2.333 2T T = Do %V = %n n N 2 =
0,2 mol; n H 2 = 0,5 mol; n NH 3 = 0,3mol. V2 - S bin thin entropi c tnh theo CT: S = nRln
V1 V S N 2 = 0,2 .8,314.ln = 2,676J/K 0,2V V S H 2 = 0,5.8,314.ln = 2,881J/K 0,5V V S NH 3 =
0,3.8,314.ln = 3,003J/K 0,3V S = S N 2 + S H 2 + S NH 3 = 8,56(J/K) * Qu trnh khuch tn
kh l tng l ng nhit nn H = 0 G 273 = H T. S = -273.8,56 = -2336,88(J) Bi 20:
Trong cc phn ng sau, nhng phn ng no c S > 0; S < 0 v S 0 t. C(r) + CO2(k)
2CO(k) (1) 1 CO(k) + O2(k) CO2(k) (2) 2 H2(k) + Cl2(k) 2HCl(k) (3) S(r) + O2(k) SO2(k)
(4) Gii: Phn ng (1) c n kh = 2 -1 = 1 > 0 S > 0 1 Phn ng (2) c n kh = 1 -1< 0 S
<0 2 Phn ng (3), (4) c n kh = 0 S 0 t. Bi 21: Cho bit p: C2H4(k) + H2O(h) v c c s
li sau: u 38 C2H5OH(h)

39. G o S , 298 C2H5OH (kJ / mol ) 168,6 C2H4(k) 68,12 H2O(h) - 228,59 o S 298 (kJ / mol ) 282,0
219,45 188,72 a) Hi iu kin chun ca phn ng ny l iu kin nh th no? b) iu kin chun
v 25oC phn ng i theo chiu no? o c) Tnh H 298 ca phn ng. Phn ng to nhit hay thu nhit?
Gii: a) iu kin chun: PC2 H 4 ( k ) = PH 2O ( h ) = PC2 H 5OH ( h ) = 1atm v phn ng c
thc hin t o, P khng i. b) Go = Go - Go - Go p- S ,298(C2H4k) S,298(C2H5OHh)
S,298(H2Oh) = 168,6 - 68,12 + 228,59 = - 8,13 (kJ) = -8,13kJ < 0 Phn ng xy ra theo chi thu u n
o Gp- (298) c) o o S298,p- = So 298(C H OH) - S 2 5 298(C2H4) o - S298(H O) 2 = 282 - 219,45 -
188,72 = - 126,17(J/K) G = H - T. S o o H298,p- = Go 298,p- + T. S 298,po H298,p- =
-8,13 + 298(- 126,17 .10-3) = - 45,72866(kJ) <0 phn ng to nhi t Bi 22: Mt mol kh l tng n
nguyn t 300K v 15atm gin n ti p sut 1atm. S gin n c thc hin bng con ng: a)
ng nhit v thun nghch nhit ng. b) ng nhit v khng thun nghch. c) on nhit v thun
nghch. d) on nhit bt thun nghch. Trong cc qu trnh bt thun nghch, s gin n chng li p
sut 1atm. Tnh Q, W, U, H, Stp cho mi trng hp. Gii: a) T = const U = 0 ; H = 0 2 V2
P1 WTN = - PdV = - nRTln = -nRTln V1 P2 1 15 WTN = -1(mol).8,314 (J.mol-1K-1) .ln .300(K) =
-6754,42(J) 1 Q = -W = 6754,42(J) Qu trnh gin n thun nghch: Stp = Smt + Sh = 0 b) T =
const U = 0 ; H = 0 nRT nRT P2 1 WBTN = -Png(V2 - V1) = -P2( ) = nRT( - 1) = 1. 8,314.300.(
- 1)= -2327,92(J) P2 P1 P1 15 QBTN = -W = 2327,92(J) Stp = Smt + Sh 2 2 V2 P1 U W
dT nR Q = nCV Sh(BTN) = Sh(TN) = TN = + dV = nRln = nRln V1 P2 T T V T 1 1 39

40. = 1.8,314 .ln 15 = 22,515(J/K) 1 2327,92 Qmt Q = - he = = -7,76(J/K) Stp = 22,515 - 7,76 =
14,755 (J/K) 300 T T ( Qu trnh gin n ny t xy ra) c) on nhit Q = 0 on nhit thun
nghch Theo Poisson T.V- 1 = const 1 nRT nRT M V = T. T .P1- = const =
const P P Smt = 1- 1- T1 .P1 = T2 .P2 T1 = P2 P1 T2 1- 1- T1 P2 = T2 P1 1- T2 =
T1 . P1 P2 Vi kh l tng n nguyn t th CV = 3 5 R; CP = R 2 2 = CP = 5 CV 3 1- 5 1- 3 =
= -0,4 5 3 -0,4 T2 = 300. 15 = 101,55(K) 1 U = W = nCV(T2 - T1) = 1. H = nCP(T2 - T1) = 1.
3 .8,314.(101,55 - 300) = -2474,87(J) 2 5 .8,314 .(101,55 - 300)= - 4124,78(J) 2 Q =0 T d) on nhit
Q = 0 on nhit, khng thun nghch khng p dng c PT poisson U = W nCV. T = -
Png. V nRT2 nRT1 3 n. .R(T2 - T1) = -P2( ) P2 P1 2 P2 3 (T2 - 300) = -( T2 .T1) P1 2 3 1
T2 - 450 = -T2 + .300 2 15 nRT2 1.0,082.188 V2 = = = 15,416(l) P2 1 STN = 40

41. V1 = nRT2 = 1,64(l) P2 U = W = 1. 3 .8,314.(188- 300) = -1396,752(J) 2 T 2 dT U W

QTN = nCV Stp = Sh = = + T T T T1 = nCVln T2 V2 + nRln T1 V1 = 1. V2 P T dV V1 T2 V2
T1 V1 = nCV d ln T + nR V dV 15,416 3 188 .8,314.ln + 1. 8,314 .ln = 12,801(J/K) > 0 1,64 2 300
0 Bi 23: Tnh G273 ca phn ng: CH4(k) + H2O (k) CO(k) + 3H2(k) Bit: CH4(k) H2O (k)
CO(k) H2(k) 0 H S , 298 (kJ/mol) - 74,8 - 241,8 -110,5 0 0 S 298 (J/molK) 186,2 188,7 197,6
130,684 a) T gi tr G0 tm c c th kt lun g v kh nng t din bin ca kh nng phn ng
373oK? b) Ti nhit no th phn ng cho t xy ra iu kin chun? (Coi H0, S0 khng ph
thuc T) Gii: 0 H pu = 3.0 + 1(-110,5) -(-74,8) -(-241,8) = 206,1(kJ) 0 S pu = 3.(130,684) + 197,6
- 188,7 - 186,2 = 214,752 (J/K) Do H0, S0 khng ph thuc vo T nn: 0 G273 = H0 - T. S0
= 206,1 = 373.214,752.10-3 =125,9975(kJ) > 0 kc v T = 373K Phn ng khng th t din
bin. 0 b) phn ng t din bin nhit T(K) th: GT < 0 H0 - T. S0 < 0 3 H 0
206,1.10 = = 959,71(K) 214,752 S 0 Bi 24: Entanpi t do chun ca phn ng to thnh H 2O t cc
n cht ph thuc vo T 0 G S ,T = -240000 + 6,95T + 12,9TlgT (J/mol) theo phng trnh sau:
Tnh G0, S0 v H0 ca phn ng to thnh H2O 2000K Gii: 0 G S , 2000 = -240000 +
6,95.2000 + 129.2000lg2000= -140933,426(J/mol) T> G = -S dG = VdP - SdT T
P G 0 1 12,9 0 S 2000 = - T = 6,95 + 12,5.lgT + 12,9T. T . ln 10 = 6,95 +
12,9lgT + ln 10 P 12,9 = 6,95 + 12,9lg2000 + = 55,1357(J/molK) ln 10 0 0 0 H 2000 =
G2000 + T. S 2000 = -140933,426 + 2000. 55,1357 = -30662,054 (J/mol) Bi 25: Mt Hc sinh khi
lm bi tng trnh th nghim o nhit t chy mt hp cht hu c cho rng: H = U + P. V.
S t chy trong bom nhit lng k lm cho V = 0, do H = U. Kt lun ny sai u? Gii: H
= U + P.V H = U + (PV) = U + P. V + V. P 41

42. Hay H = U + (nRT) Trong bom nhit lng k th: V = 0 nn: H = U + V. P = U +

(nRT) Bi 26: Hy ch ra nhng mnh sai: a) i vi 1 h kn, qu trnh gin n kh l on nhit
h l c lp Q = 0; S = 0. b) Mt h bt k c th t din bin ti trng thi c entanpi thp
hn (H < 0) v entropi ln hn (S > 0). Hay h c th din bin theo chiu gim entanpi t do (G <
0). 0 0 0 c) GT = H T - T. S T 0 Vi phn ng ho hc T = const. Nu G > 0 Phn ng t
din bin theo chiu nghch. G 0 = 0 : Phn ng trng thi cn bng. G 0 < 0 : Phn ng t xy ra
theo chiu thun. Gii: a) Sai . Do S = 0 ch khi qu trnh bin i thun nghch. Q Cn vi qu trnh
bin i bt thun nghch th S > S > 0. T b) Sai . Do mnh ny ch ng trong iu kin T, P
= const. Cn vi qu trnh bin i m V, T = const th phi xt F. c) Sai. Do vi qu trnh ho hc th
phi xt gi tr: G = G0 + RTlnQ ch khng phi da vo G0. 0 (Tuy nhin, c th coi rng GT
<< 0 th qu trnh c th xy ra c c iu kin chun 0 v iu kin thc. Khi GT << 0 th v
nguyn tc ch c qu trnh ngc li mi xy ra, 0 khng th xc nh c chnh xc gii hn ca GT
m theo qu trnh xy ra theo chiu ny hay chiu khc. Mt cch gn ng c th coi rng cc gii
hn ny khong chng 40 kJ/mol). Bi 27: Mt kh l tng c C V = 3R khng ph thuc T c
gin n on nhit trong chn khng ti th tch gp i. Hc sinh A l lun rng i vi qu trnh on
nhit th 1 T1 4 T2 V1 = vi = do T2 = 1 3 T1 V2 23 Hc sinh B cho rng:
U = Q + A = 0 + 0 = n.CV. T T = 0 T2 = T1 Hc sinh no ni ng? Hy ch ra li sai ca
Hc sinh kia. Gii: - Hc sinh B ni ng. - Hc sinh A ni sai : V qu trnh gin n trong chn khng
l qu trnh bt thun nghch nn khng s dng c phng trnh poisson. Bi 28: nh sau: Tnh cht
nhit ng ca mt s phn t v ion trng thi tiu chun ti 25 oC C3H8(k) O2(k) CO2(k) H2O(l)
CO32 (aq) OH-(aq) 0 H S (kJ/mol) -101,85 0 - 393,51 - 285,83 - 677,14 - 229,99 0 S (J/molK)
269,91 205,138 213,74 69,91 - 56,9 - 10,75 Xt qu trnh oxi ho hon ton 1 mol C3H8(k) vi O2(k)
to thnh theo 2 cch : a) Bt thun nghch b) Thun nghch (trong 1 t bo in ho) 1) Tnh H0,
U0, S0, G0 ca phn ng trong mi cch ni trn? 2) Tnh nhit, cng th tch, cng phi th tch
(tc l cng hu ch) m h trao i vi mi trng trong mi cch? 42

43. 3) Tnh S ca mi trng v S tng cng ca v tr khi tin hnh qu trnh theo mi cch. 4)
Mt m hnh t bo in ho khc lm vic da trn phn ng oxi ho C 3H8(k) bi O2(k) khi c mt
dung dch KOH 5M vi in cc Pt. Cc loi phn t v ion (tr KOH) u trng thi tiu chun. Hy
vit cc na phn ng catot v anot v phn ng tng cng trong t bo in ho. Nu t t bo in
ho , 25 oC, ta thu c dng in 100mA. Hy tnh cng sut cc i c th t c. Gii:
C3H8(k) + 5O2(k) 3CO2(k) + 4H2O(l) 1) Do cc hm H, U, S, G l hm trng thi nn d tin hnh
theo cch no th cc gi tr U, H, S, G cng nh nhau vi cng trng thi u v cui. Vy: 0 0 0
0 0 H pu = 3 H S ,CO2 ( k ) + 4. H S , H 2O ( l ) - H S ,C3 H 8 ( k ) - 5. H S ,O2 ( k ) = -3.
393,51 - 285,83 .4 + 103,85 = -2220 (kJ) H = 213,74. 3 + 4.69,91 - 269,91 - 5. 205,138 = -374,74
(J/K) 0 pu G 0 = H0 - T. S0 = -2220 + 298,15 .374,74.10-3 = -2108,27 (kJ) pu 0 U = H0 -
(PV) = H0 - nRT = -2220 - (-3).8,314.298,15.10-3 = -2212,56(kJ) 2) a) Qu trnh bt thun
nghch: - Nhit m h trao i vi mi trng l QBTN = H0 = -2220 (kJ) 2 - Wtt = - P.dV = -P. V
= -n (k) .RT 1 = 3. 8,3145.298,15 = 7436,9(J) - W = 0 b) Qu trnh thun nghch: - QTN = T. S =
298,15 (-374,74) = - 111728,731(J) - Wmax = G = -2108,27(kJ) < 0 : H sinh cng - Wtt = - n(k)
.RT = 7436,9(J) > 0: h nhn cng 3) a) Qu trnh bt thun nghch: 2220.10 3 Q Q H 0 Smt = mt =
- BTN = == 7445, 916 (J/K) 298,15 T T T S v tr = Smt + S h = 7445,916 - 374,74 =
7071,176(J/K) b) Qu trnh thun nghch: 111728,731 Q Q = 374,74( J / K ) Smt = mt = - TN =
298,15 T T S v tr = Smt + S h = 0 4) Cc na phn ng: 2 Anot: C3H8 + 26OH- 3 CO3
+ 17H2O + 20e Catot: O2 + 2H2O + 4e 4OHPhn ng tng cng: 2 C3H8(k) + 5O2(k) + 6OH-(aq)
3 CO3( aq ) + 7H2O(l) S pin: (-) Pt, C3H8(1atm)/KOH(5M), K2CO3(1M)/ O2(1atm), Pt (+)
0 H pu = 3(-677,14) + 7.(-285,83) + 103,85 - 5.0 - 6(-229,99) = -2548,44(KJ) 0 S pu = 3.(-56,9) +
7.69,91 - 269,91 - 5.205,138- 6(-10,74) = -912,43(KJ) 0 0 G 0 = H pu = T. S pu = -2548,44 +
298,15.912,43.10-3 = - 2276,399(KJ) pu 0 E pu = - 2276399 G 0 = = 1,18(V) 20.96485 nF 43

44. [CO32 ]3 0,0592 0,0592 lg E=E lg(5)-6 = 1,19(V) 6 5 = 1,18 20 [OH ] .PC3 H 8 .PO2 20 0
P = E .I = 1,19 .0,1 = 0,119(W) Bi 29: Tnh bin thin entropi khi chuyn 418,4J nhit t vt c t 0
= 150oC n vt c t0 = 50oC. Gii: Qu trnh bin i trn l khng thun nghch c coi nh gm 3
qu trnh bin thin thun nghch: 1) Vt 150oC truyn nhit thun nghch T = const. 418,4 Q S1
= = = - 0,989(J/K) T 150 +273,15 2) H bin thin on nhit t 150oC n 50oC S2 = 0 3) Vt
50oC nhn nhit thun nghch T = const 418,4 Q S3 = - = = 1,295(J/K) 50 +273,15 T Do S l hm
trng thi nn: SBTN = STN = S1 + S2 + S3 = 0,306(J/K) Bit -15oC, Phi(H2O, l) = 1,428
(torr) -15oC, Phi (H2O,r) = 1,215(torr) Hy tnh G ca qu trnh ng c 1 mol H2O(l) thnh
nc -15oC v 1atm. Gii: Bi 30: o 15 C, 1 mol H2O l (1) GBTN = ? -15oC, 1mol H2O(r) (Qu
tr TN do nh H2O hi, b o ho nm c bng v i H2O(l)) n - 15oC, 1mol H2O 1,428 Torr (2) (3)
-15oC, 1mol H2O (h) 1,215 Torr (1), (3) l qu trnh chuyn pha thun nghch G1 = G3 = 0 P2
1,215 G = G2 = nRTln = 1.8,314. 258,15 ln = -346,687(J) P1 1,428 Bi 31: C 1 mol O2 nguyn
cht 25oC, 2atm, 1 mol O2 nguyn cht 25oC, 1atm 1 mol O2 25oC trong khng kh trn mt t
(P = 1atm, O2 chim 21% V khng kh) - So snh gi tr hm G ca 1 mol O 2 trong 3 trng hp trn
hn km nhau bao nhiu J?. T rt ra kt lun: Kh nng phn ng ca O 2 trong mi trng hp
trn cao hay thp hn so vi trng hp khc? Gii: * G0 l hm Gibb ca 1 mol O2 1atm - 1 mol O2,
1atm, 25oC 1 mol O2, 2atm, 25oC (G0) (G1) P2 2 G1 = G1 - G0 = nRTln = 1. 8,3145 .298,15.ln =
1718,29(J) 1 P1 44

45. G1 > G0. - Gi G2 l hm Gibb ca 1mol O2 25oC trong khng kh (0,21 atm) 1mol O2,
25oC, 1atm 1 mol O2, 25oC, 0,21atm (G0) (G2) G2 = G2 - G0 = 1. 8,3145 .298,15.ln 0,21 1 =
-3868,8(J) G2 < G0. Vy: G2(1mol O2, 25oC, 0,21atm) < G0(1 mol O2, 25oC, 1atm) < G1(1 mol
H2O, 25oC, 2atm) - 1 cht c hm G cng cao th cng km bn 1 mol O2 25oC, 2atm c kh nng
phn ng cao nht cn 1 mol O2 nm trong khng kh th b nht c kh nng phn ng km nht. Bi
32: Nhit ho tan (Hht) 0,672g phenol trong 135,9g clorofom l -88J v ca 1,56g phenol trong
148,69g clorofom l -172J. Tnh nhit pha long i vi dung dch c nng nh dung dch th 2
cha 1 mol phenol khi pha long n nng ca dung dch th nht bng clorofom. Gii: 94g phenol +
CHCl 3 Hht (2) Hht(1) dd 2 + CHCl 3 H pha lo ng dd 1 H pha lo ng = Hht(1) - Hht(2) = -
94 .(-172) + 94 (-88) = - 2004,87(J) 0,672 1,569 Bi 33: Nhit ho tan 1 mol KCl trong 200 ml nc
di p sut P = 1amt l: 0 tC 21 23 H 18,154 17,824 (kJ) Xc nh H298 v so snh vi gi tr thc
nghim l 17,578 (kJ) Gii: Theo nh lut Kirchhoff: H294 = H298 + CP.(294 - 298) = 18,454
(kJ) H286 = H298 + CP.(296 - 298) = 17,824(kJ) H298 = 17,494 (kJ) CP = -0,165 (kJ/K)
H298(LT) - H298(TN) ~ 0,48% ~ H298(TN) Vy H298 tnh c theo l thuyt sai khc vi gi
tr TN l 0,48%. Bi 34: Tnh S ca qu trnh ho hi 3 mol H2O (l) 25oC, 1atm. Cho: Hhh,
H2O(l) = 40,656 kJ/mol; C P , H 2O ( l ) = 75,291 (J/K.mol); C P , H 2O ( h ) = 33,58 (J/molK) Gii:
Xt chu trnh: 45

46. 25oC, 3 mol H2O (l), 1atm S 25oC, 3 mol H2O(r), 1atm S1 100oC, 3mol H2O(l),1atm Q S1 =
1 = T T2 n.C P (l ) . T1 S3 S2 100oC, 3mol H2O (h), 1atm T2 dT 373,15 = nCP(l)ln = 3.
75,291.ln = 50,6822(J/K) T T1 298,15 40,656,10 3 Q2 n.H hh.l S2 = = = 3. = 326,8605(J/K) 373,15
T T Q S3 = 3 = T T1 n.C T2 P(h) . T2 dT 298,15 = nCP(h)ln = 3. 33,58.ln = - 22,6044(J/K) T T1
373,15 S = S1 + S2 + S3 = 354,9383 (J/K) Bi 35: a) Tnh cng trong qu trnh t chy 1
mol ru etylic kc v 25oC. b) Nu H2O dng hi th cng km theo qu trnh ny l bao nhiu?
Gii: a) C2H5OH(l) + 3O2 (k) 2CO2 (k) + 3H2O (l) n = -1 n.RT W = -Png . V = -Png. =
R.T = 8,314.29815 = 2478,82 (J) Png b) Nu H2O dng hi th: n = 2. W = - n. RT = -2 .8,314
.298,15 = - 4957,64(J) Bi 36: Tnh S, G trong qu trnh gin khng thun nghch 2 mol kh l tng
t 4lt n 20 lt 54oC. Gii: V S, G l cc hm trng thi nn S, G khng ph thuc vo qu trnh
bin thin l thun nghch hay bt thun nghch m ch ph thuc vo trng thi u v trng thi cui.
V vy: V2 20 S = nRln = 2. 8,314.ln = 26,76 (J/K) V1 4 T = const H = 0; U = 0 G = H -
T. S = 0 -(273,15 + 54) .26,76 = - 8755,1 (J) Bi 37: Mt bnh c th tch V = 5(l) c ngn lm 2
phn bng nhau. Phn 1 cha N 2 298K v p sut 2atm, phn 2 298K v p sut 1atm. Tnh G,
H, S ca qu trnh trn ln 2 kh khi ngi ta b vch ngn i. Gii: 5 T = 298K ; Vb (N2) =
Vb(O2) = (l) 2 V2 V2 PN .V N 5 PO .VO 5 S = S(N2) + S(O2) = n N 2 .Rln + nO2 Rln = 2 2
Rln + 2 2 Rln V1 V1 2,5 2,5 RT RT PN .V N + PO2 .VO2 = 2 2 ln 2 = 0,0174(l.at/K) = 0,0174
.101,325 = 1,763 (J/K) T - Qu trnh ng nhit H = 0 46
47. G = H - T. S = - 298 .1,763 = - 525,374 (J) Bi 38: Cho cc d liu sau y 298K 0 H S
(kJ/molK) Cht S0(J/molK) V(m3/mol) Cthan ch 0,00 5,696 5,31.106 Ckim cng 1,90 2,427
3,416.10-6 1) 298K c th c mt phn rt nh kim cng cng tn ti vi than ch c khng? 2)
Tnh p sut ti thiu phi dng c th iu ch c kim cng 298K? Gii 1) Ckim c- ng Cthan
ch G0 = ? 298 Ho = Ho than ch - Ho kim cng = 0 - 1,9 = -1,9 (kJ) So = So than ch -
Sokim cng = 5,696 - 2,427 = 3,269 (J/K) 0 G298, pu = Ho - T. So = -1900 - 298.3,269 =
-2874,162(J) Go < 0 (Tuy nhin Go khng qu m) Phn ng t xy ra theo chiu thun khng
tn ti mt lng nh kim cng cng vi than ch. 2) Cthan ch Ckim c- ng G0 = +2874,162 (J)
298 V = VKC - VTC = 3,416.10-6 - 5,31.10-6 = 1,894.10-6 (m3/mol) Ta c: dG = VdP - SdT G
G =V = V P T P T G P2 - G P1 = V(P2 - P1) iu
ch c kim cng t than ch th: G P2 0 G P1 + V(P2 - P1) 0 G P1 P2 - P1 (Do V
< 0) V G P1 2874,162 P2 P1 =1+ 1,894.10 3.101,325 V P2 14977,65 (atm) Vy p sut
ti thiu phi dng iu ch c kim cng t than ch l 14977,65atm. Nh- v 25oC, c bng
than ch y n kim c- ng tn t i p su khong t 15000 atm. p sut cao hn qu trnh chuyn than
ch thnh kim cng l t din bin, mc du vi tc rt chm. Mun tng tc phi tng nhit
v p sut, trong thc t qu trnh chuyn than ch thnh kim cng c tin hnh khi c xc tc (Ni +
Cr + ) nhit trn 1500oC v P 50000atm. Bi 39: Phn ng gia Zn v dd CuSO 4 xy ra trong
ng nghim to ra lng nhit 230,736kJ. Cng phn ng trn cho xy ra trong pin in th mt phn
ho nng chuyn thnh in nng. Cng in ca pin l 210,672kJ. Chng minh rng: U ca 2 qu
trnh khng i, nhng nhit to ra thay i. Tnh S ca phn ng, Smt v Stp? Cho T = 300K
Gii: Zn + CuSO4 = ZnSO4 + Cu - Khi thc hin trong ng nghim: (Tin hnh bt thun nghch) 47

48. VZn VCu Wtt = 0 ; W = 0 UBTN = QBTN = H = -230,736kJ - Khi thc hin phn ng
trong pin in (qu trnh thun nghch) Wmax = - 210,672 (kJ) G = Wmax = -210,672(kJ) HTN
= HBTN = - 230,736(kJ) QTN = T. S = H - G = -230,736 + 210,672 = -20,064(kJ) UTN
= Q + W + P. V = -20,064 = 210,672 + 0 = -230,736 (kJ) = UBTN Q 20,064.10 3 - Sh = TN = =
66,88(J/K) T 300 Q 230,736.10 3 SmtBTN = - BTN = = 769,12(J/K) T 300 Stp(BTN) =
702,24(J/K) Q Smt(TN) = - TN = -Sh Stp(TN) = 0 T Bi 40: - Gp = Wmax Xt 1 phn ng
thun nghch trong pin in th Gp = Wmax < 0 - Nhng mt hc sinh vit rng: Trong mi qu trnh
lun c: S v tr = Smt + S h (1) Hmt = - H h (2) H mt H he H he Smt = = S v
tr = + S h T T T T. S v tr = - H h + T. S h = -G h Vi qu trnh thun nghch th S
v tr = 0 G h = 0 Gp = 0 Hy gii thch mu thun ny. Gii: (2) ch ng khi ngoi cng
gin n h khng thc hin cng no khc: H = U + P. V U = H - P. V Q = U - W = (H
- P. V) - (-P. V + W) Q h = H h - W = - H mt Ch khi W = 0 th Hmt = - H h *
Trong pin: Wmax = G < 0 nn Hmt H h. Bi 41: Xt phn ng: Zn(r) + Cu2+(aq) Zn2+(aq)
+ Cu(r) din ra trong ktc 25oC. a) Tnh W, Q, U, H, G, S ca phn ng iu kin trn. Bit:
Zn2+(aq) Zn(r) Cu(r) Cu2+(aq) 0 H S , 298 (kJ/mol) -152,4 0 0 64,39 0 S 298 (J/mol.K) - 106,5 41,6
33,3 - 98,7 b) Xt kh nng t din bin ca phn ng theo 2 cch khc nhau. c) Nu thc hin phn
ng trn 1 cch thun nghch trong pin in th cc kt qu trn c g thay i? Tnh Epin? Gii: 0 0 0 0
0 a) H pu = H S , Zn 2+ + H S ,Cu - H S ,Zn + H S ,Cu 2+ = -152,4 - 64,39 = -216,79 (kJ) 0 0
0 0 0 S pu = S Zn 2 + ( aq ) + S Cu (r ) - S Zn (r ) - S Cu 2 + ( aq ) = -106,5 + 33,3 - 41,6 + 98,7 =
-16,1 (J/K) G 0 = H 0 - T. S 0 = -216,79 + 298,15 .16,1.10-3= -211,99(kJ) pu 0 Uo = QP = H
pu = -216,79 (kJ) 48

49. W = 0; qu trnh BTN; W = 0 0 b) * G pu = -211,99 (kJ) << 0 ( - 40 kJ) Do G pu rt m nn

phn ng t xy ra khng nhng kc m cn c cc iu kin khc na. 0 Q H he 216,79.10 3 *
Smt = mt = = = 727,12 (J/K) 298,15 T T S v tr = S h + Smt = -16,1 + 727,12 = 711,02
(J/K) V S h c lp = S v tr = 711,02 (J/K) > 0 Qu trnh l bt thun nghch phn ng t
xy ra. c) Khi thc hin phn ng trn TN trong pin in th cc gi tr H0, S0, G0, U0 khng
thay i do H, S, G, U l cc hm trng thi nn khng ph thuc qu trnh bin i l thun nghch hay
bt thun nghch nhng cc gi tr Q, W th thay i. C th: Wtt = 0; Wmax = G0 = -211,99(kJ) Q =
T. S = 298,15 .(-16,1) = - 4800,215 (J) Q Qhe Smt = mt = = 16,1 (J/K) S v tr = Smt +
Sh = 0 T T 211990 G 0 Epin = = 1,1(V) 2.96485 nF Bi 42: i vi nguyn t anien 15oC
ngi ta xc nh c sc in ng E = 1,09337V v E h s nhit ca sc in ng = 0,000429
V/K. Hy tnh hiu ng nhit ca phn ng T ho hc? Gii: G E E G = - nEF = - nF. = - S
S = nF . T T T E H = G + T. S = nF.(T. - E) T H = 2. 96485 .(298,15.0,000429
- 1,09337) - - 187162,5(J) Bi 43: Cho phn ng ho hc: Zn + Cu2+ Zn2+ + Cu xy ra mt cch
thun nghch ng nhit, ng p 25oC trong nguyn t Ganvani. Sc in ng ca nguyn t o
c l 1,1V v h s nhit ca sc in ng l E = 3,3.10-5 (V/K). T P a) Tnh
hiu ng nhit Q, bin thin Gipx G v bin thin entropi S ca phn ng ho hc cho. b) Tnh
Qtn ca qu trnh? c) Nu cng phn ng ho hc trn thc hin cng nhit v cng p sut nhng
trong mt bnh cu thng th cc gi tr ca G, S s l bao nhiu? Gii: a) G = - nEF = - 2 .1,1
.96485 = - 212267(J) G E S = = n.F . = 2 .96485 .3,3 .10-5 = 6,368 (J/K) T T H = G + T.
S = 212267 + 298,15 .6,368 = -210368,4(J) b) Qtn = T . S = 298,15 .6,368 = 1898,62 (J) 0 49

50. c) Nu phn ng ho hc thc hin cng nhit , p sut nhng trong 1 bnh cu thng tc l
thc hin qu trnh mt cch bt thun nghch th G, S ca phn ng vn nh cu (a). Do G, S l
cc hm trng thi gi tr ca G, S khng ph thuc vo qu trnh bin thin. Bi 44: Tnh cng
ca s bin i ng nhit thun nghch v bt thun nghch ca 48 gam kh O2 c coi l l tung
nhit 250 C khi: a. Gin n t 10atm xung 1atm b. Nn t 1atm n 10atm p s: Wtn = -8,6.10-
3J; Wbtn =-3,3.103J b. Wtn = 8,6.10-3; Wbtn = 3,3.104 J. IV- KT LUN - KIN NGH : Trn y
l h thng cu hi v bi tp phn Nhit ho hc m ti p dng trong ging dy. N tng i
ph hp vi yu cu v mc ch ging dy, bi dng hc sinh kh, gii trng chuyn chun b d
thi hc sinh gii cc cp . N c th dng lm ti liu hc tp cho hc sinh cc lp chuyn Ho hc v ti
liu tham kho cho cc thy c gio trong ging dy v bi dng hc sinh gii Ho hc bc THPT
gp phn nng cao cht lng ging dy v hc tp mn Ho hc. Tuy nhin, y ch l mt phn rt
nh trong chng trnh n luyn cho hc sinh chun b tham gia vo cc k thi hc sinh gii cc cp. V
vy, ti rt mong cc Thy , C ng nghip gp kin cho ti v chuyn ny v cng nhau pht
trin sang cc chuyn khc hc tr chuyn Ho ngy cng c nhiu ti liu hc tp mt cch h
thng hn. PHN CU TO CHT Trng THPT chuyn Thi Bnh A- MT S VN CHUNG
V L THUYT I. cc c trng v cu to phn t: Mt phn t hnh thnh c v tn ti bn nh kt
qu ca tng tc gia cc ht nhn v electron dn n mt nng lng h cc tiu (nng lng ny ca
phn t phi thp hn nng lng ca h ban u). Trong phn t c s phn b v tr tng i gia
cc ht nhn nguyn t nn c c hnh dng khng gian ca phn t vi di lin kt v gc xc
nh. 1) Nng lng lin kt Nng lng lin kt gia hai nguyn t A v B l nng lng cn thit
va ph v lin kt hay nng lng to ra khi hai nguyn t A v B trng thi c bn kt hp
vi nhau. Tuy nhin nng lng lin kt l su ca cc tiu nng lng trn c cong th nng Th
d: phn ng H2 2 H cn nng lng bng 436 kJ.mol-1. Phn t H2 bn vng nn khi cho hai
nguyn t H kt hp vi nhau: 2 H H2 to ra mt nng lng bng 436 kJ.mol-1. Nh vy hai gi tr
nng lng bng nhau v gi tr v ngc nhau v du. Quy c rng nng lng lin kt c du dng
bin lun rng lin kt cng bn th nng lng lin kt cng ln??? nn EH-H = 436 kJ.mol-1. Trong
phn t c nhiu lin kt th nng lng lin kt c tnh trung bnh. 2) di lin kt di ca mt
lin kt trong phn t l khong cch trung bnh gia hai ht nhn nguyn t to ra lin kt khi phn
t trng thi nng lng thp nht. di lin kt thng c k hiu l d. Phng php ph vi sng
hay phng php nhiu x electron thng c dng xc nh di lin kt. Tr s di lin kt
trong khong t 0,74 (phn t H 2) n 4,47 (phn t 50

51. CS2); thng thng trong khong 1,0 2,0 i vi lin kt gia hai nguyn t ca cc nguyn t
chu k 2, 3, 4. di ca mt lin kt no thng gn ng l mt hng s trong cc phn t khc
nhau. Chng hn lin kt n C-C trong hu ht cc phn t hirocacbon khng lin hp vo khong
1,53-1,54. Trong C6H6 (benzen) di lin kt gia hai nguyn t C cnh nhau bng 1,40 . Tr s
ny nm trong khong di mt lin kt C-C l 1,54 v di mt lin kt i C=C l 1,34. di
lin kt cng nh, lin kt cng bn. Bn knh lin kt: T cc s liu c th thy rng di lin kt d
AB xp x bng 1/2(dAA + dBB) vi dAA, dBB l di lin kt A-A, B-B tng ng. Chng hn, coi
A l Cl, B l Cl; bit dCl-Cl = 1,99A, vy dC-Cl = 1/2(dC-C + dCl-Cl) = 1/2(1,54 + 1,99) = 1,765.
Tr s thc nghim cho bit dC-Cl = 1,766. Do ngi ta coi 1/2d AA l bn knh lin kt hay bn
knh cng ho tr r A ca nguyn t . 3) Gc lin kt : Gc lin kt l gc to bi hai na ng thng
xut pht t mt ht nhn nguyn t i qua hai ht nhn ca hai nguyn t lin kt vi nguyn t .
Cc trng hp in hnh v gc lin kt theo nh ngha trn l: - Phn t thng, gc lin kt bng 180o
(2); chng hn C2H2, CO2, - Phn t c gc, gc lin kt khc 180 o, chng hn BF3 hay C2H4 c
gc 120o, H2O c gc 104,5o, - Phn t t din, gc lin kt bng 109o28, chng hn CH4, Trong
mt s trng hp, ngi ta ch n gc c to ra t 4 nguyn t hay 2 mt phng, l gc nh din
hay gc xon (hay gc vn). Di y l hnh nh mt s phn t cho thy chng c kch thc ring. 4)
Cc dng lin kt ho hc Xt mt cch i cng, lin kt ho hc c bn dng: - Lin kt cng ho tr
(hay lin kt nguyn t) - Lin kt ion (hay lin kt in ho tr) - Lin kt kim loi - Lin kt hiro,
tng tc Van de Van; gi chung l tng tc yu. Thc t khng c ranh gii r rt gia cc dng lin
kt . Tuy nhin, thun li khi xem xt, ngi ta vn cp ring tng dng , hai dng u
thng c cp n nhiu hn. 51

52. II. Quy tc bt t (Octet): T s phn tch kt qu thc nghim v cu to ho hc ca cc phn t,

nm 1916 nh ho hc Cxen (Kossel) v Liuyx (Lewis) a ra nhn xt m ngy nay gi l quy tc
bt t (hay quy tc octet): Khi to lin kt ho hc, cc nguyn t c xu hng t ti cu hnh lp ngoi
cng bn vng ca nguyn t kh tr vi 8e. Cn lu l quy tc ch p dng c cho mt s gii
hn cc nguyn t, ch yu l cc nguyn t chu k 2. Quy tc bt t (octet) th hin trong tng dng
lin kt c th. Thng thng trong lin kt ion, sau khi cho nhn electron lp v ngoi cng c s
electron nh cc nguyn t kh him. Thc t quy lut y ch ng cho a s cc trng hp nguyn t
nhm A. (Hc vin ly th d v nhng trng hp khng tun theo quy tc bt t). III. Thuyt liuytx
(Lewis) (nm 1916): 1. Ni dung ca thuyt: Trong phn t c to ra t nguyn t cc nguyn t phi
kim, lin kt ho hc gia hai nguyn t c thc hin bi cp (i) e dng chung, nh m mi
nguyn t u c c cu hnh lp ngoi cng bn vng ca nguyn t kh tr vi 8e. Electron ca mi
nguyn t c th tham gia c lin kt l e ho tr. i e to lin kt phi c spin i song. V d: Phn
t Cl2 c lin kt gia hai nguyn t Cl c thc hin nh cp e gp chung. cp e ny l cp e lin kt,
c k hiu hay , cc e cn li c gi l e khng lin kt. a) Phn loi lin kt cng ho tr Cn
c vo v tr cp e dng chung so vi ht nhn nguyn t tham gia lin kt, ngi ta chia lin kt cng
ho tr thnh hai loi: - Lin kt cng ho tr khng phn cc (hay khng c cc): i e dng chung
gia khong cch hai ht nhn nguyn t. l lin kt trong cc phn t n cht nh Cl 2, Br2...
(trng hp hiu m in 0,4). - Lin kt cng ho tr c cc (hay phn cc): i e dng chung
lch v pha nguyn t ca nguyn t c tnh phi kim mnh hn (hay c m in ln hn). l lin
kt ho hc trong cc phn t hp cht nh H2O, NH3, CH4,... (hiu m in trong khong 0,40
1,70). b) Tnh nh hng khng gian ca lin kt cng ho tr Lin kt cng ho tr c tnh nh hng
khng gian. Trong lin kt cng ho tr, cp e dng chung (hay cp e lin kt) c phn b khong
khng gian gia hai ht nhn tham gia lin kt. Lin kt cng ho tr c tnh cht bo ho. Chng hn
trong hp cht gia Cl vi H, ch c 1 nguyn t H lin kt vi 1 nguyn t Cl to thnh HCl; khng th
c nhiu hn mt nguyn t H lin kt vi mt nguyn t Cl. Do vy s nguyn t lin kt vi mt
nguyn t cho trc b hn ch bi ho tr ca nguyn t . Bi tp: Cho cc nguyn t H, F, Cl, Br, I.
1) Hy vit CTPT ca cc cht c to ra t cc nguyn t cho. 2) Trong s cc cht nu cht no
c lin kt khng c cc, c cc? Hy ch r v tr ca cp electron lin kt trong mi cht. 2. Cng thc
cu to Liuytx (Lewis): Biu din lin kt v cu to phn t kh trc quan 1. Cng thc: Mi du
chm biu th mt electron. Hai chm hay mt vch ch mt cp electron trong nguyn t hay phn t.
Cc electron ny l cc electron ho tr. Cng thc ho hc ch r th t lin kt gia cc nguyn t v
cc k hiu ch s phn b electron ho tr c gi l cng thc Lewis (do Lewis xng). Thng
thng cc cp electron lin kt vit bng du vch, electron khng lin kt biu din bng chm. Cng
thc Lewis khng ch dng cho cc hp cht c lin kt cng ho tr m dng c cho cc hp cht c lin
kt ion. 52

53. Bi tp: Vit cng thc Lewis cho cc phn t : a) nit, b) nc, c) Canxi clorua. 2. Cch vit cng
thc Lewis: a) Cc khi nim cn dng: + Nguyn t trung tm v phi t: Trong mt cng thc ho
hc, c nguyn t trung tm l nguyn t cn nhiu e nht to c cu hnh tm electron (octet)
lp ngoi cng ca n (hay nguyn t c s oxi ho cao nht); cc nguyn t khc v c cp electron
khng lin kt ca nguyn t trung tm c gi l phi t. V d: trong phn t NH 3, nguyn t trung
tm l N, phi t gm 3H v 1 cp e khng lin kt ca N ( v ho tr). Trong phn t HCN, nguyn
t trung tm l C, phi t gm 1H v 1N ( y khng c cp e khng lin kt v ho tr). + Li ca
nguyn t: Phn li ca mt nguyn t (khi nguyn t ny l thnh phn ca mt cng thc ho hc
c xt) gm ht nhn v cc electron cc lp bn trong. V d: Xt li nguyn t ca cc nguyn t
trong HCN ta c: li nguyn t N gm ht nhn v hai e phn lp 1s2; li nguyn t C gm ht nhn
v 2 electron phn lp 1s 2; li nguyn t H ch gm ht nhn, thc t H thng c coi l trng
hp ngoi l. + in tch: - in tch li nguyn t: l s n v in tch ca nguyn t khi ta b cc
electron lp ho tr i nn l mt s nguyn dng, c tr s bng s e ho tr vn c ca nguyn t
. - in tch hnh thc ca mt nguyn t = (in tch ca li nguyn t - tng s e ring ca nguyn
t tng s e to lin kt c nguyn t tham gia/2). V d: Xc nh in tch hnh thc ca N trong
NH3, NH4+ - Trong NH3: T cu to Lewis, ta thy: in tch li ca N l 5 S e khng lin kt ca N
l 2 Tng s e to lin kt c N tham gia l 6 (hay c 3 lin kt) Vy in tch hnh thc ca N = 5 2
6/2 = 0 - Trong NH4+: Xt tng t nh trn, ch N khng cn e khng lin kt v N tham gia 4 lin
kt vi 4 H. Vy in tch hnh thc ca N = 5 0 8/2 = +1 y chnh l in tch ca c nhm
NH4+. b) Cc bc vit cu to Lewis: HCN Bc 1: Vit cng thc cu to s b ca cht da vo
ho tr ca cc nguyn t v gi thit rng ch c lin kt n c hnh thnh. Nu cha bit th t lin
kt gia cc nguyn t, hy dng gi thit vit th t . y ta c: H:C:N (a) hay H : N : C (b)
Bc 2: gi n1 l tng s e ho tr ca cc nguyn t. - Thng thng da vo cu hnh e ca cc
nguyn t H: 1s2 1e C: 1s2 2s2 2p2 4e N: 1s2 2s2 2p3 5e Vy n1 = (1 + 4 + 5) e = 10 e Ch :
Nu cng thc l: + Ion m: 1 n v in tch m do c cng thm 1e vo tng trn. + Ion dng:
1 n v in tch dng do tr i 1e t tng trn. HCN l phn t trung ho nn khng p dng phn
ny. Bc 3: Tm cng thc Lewis (gn ng) - gi n2 l tng s e to lin kt trong cng thc a
ra bc 1. S e cn li khng tham gia lin kt n3 = n1 n2 - S e cn ly to bt t cho nguyn t
m in nht trong cng thc ban u bng n4. Khi p dng ba bc trn cho HCN. n2 = 4e, vy n3 =
n1 n2 = 6e. 53

54. Trong (a), N m in hn C nn phi to bt t cho N. Trong cng thc ban u N mi c 2e, n
cn 6e na mi thnh 8 e. Nh vy n4 = 6e. Bc 4: Tm cng thc Lewis ng - Tm s e cn li, k
hiu n5 = n3 n4 + Nu n5 = 0: tnh in tch hnh thc mi nguyn t trong cng thc va vit
bc 3. + Nu n5 0: chnh l s e cn dng to bt t cho nguyn t trung tm. Ch : Vic ny ch
c thc hin khi nguyn t trung tm l nguyn t ca nguyn t thuc chu k 3 tr i. Sau tnh li
in tch hnh thc cho mi nguyn t trong cng thc va vit. p dng: Vi HCN c n3 = n4 = 6e nn
n5 = 0. .. Do tnh in tch hnh thc cho cc nguyn t trong phn t H : C : N : (c) .. H: 1 - 1 = 0
C: 4 2 = 2 N: 5 6 1 = -2 - Sau khi thc hin nh trn, nu nguyn t trung tm l nguyn t ca
nguyn t chu k 2 cha t c bt t, ta phi chuyn mt hay mt s cp e khng lin kt ( nguyn
t m in hn) thnh cp e lin kt, sao cho c c bt t i vi nguyn t trung tm . T (c) ta
thy nguyn t trung tm C cn thiu 4e mi c c bt t. Vy ta phi chuyn 4e (2 cp e) khng lin
kt ca N thnh 4e (2 cp) lin kt: .. H:C: N: .. .. H: CN: .. (f) Tnh li in tch hnh thc ca cc
nguyn t trong (f): H: 1 1 = 0 C: 4 4 = 0 N: 5 2 3 = 0 Kt lun: (f) l cng thc Lewis cn tm
cho HCN. (Hc vin t xc nh loi b cng thc (b). Bi tp p dng: Tm cng thc Lewis ca
PCl3. c) Xc nh cng thc Lewis ca CO32-. + Cng thc gi nh l: (a) O : .. : O C O + Khi tnh s
e ho tr, cn ch y l mt anion c in tch 2: n1 = (6 x 3 + 4 x 1 + 2) e = 24 e T (a) c n2 = 6e
n3 = n1 n2 = (24 6) e = 18e + S e cn to bt t cho 3 O l n4 = 6e. 3 = 18e Vy n5 = n3
n4 = 0. .. .. + Tnh in tch hnh thc cho tng nguyn t trong : (b) : O : C : O: .. .. .. : O: .. C: 4 3
= +1 O: 6 6 1 = -1; Nh vy nguyn t cacbon cha t bt t. + T (b) c 3 kh nng chuyn 2
electron t mt trong ba nguyn t O cho nguyn t C C c 8 electron v thu c 3 cng thc cu
to tng ng nhau vi 1 lin kt i C = O v mt in tch hnh thc cho mi nguyn t oxi: .. .. :
O: : C: O: .. .. :O: .. 54 .. .. : O : C : :O .. .. .. :O: .. : O : C :O : .. .. .. .. : O:

55. (I) (II) (III) Tnh in tch hnh thc trn mi nguyn t. C: 4 4 = 0 O: 6 6 1 = -1 (c 2 O) O:
6 4 2 = 0 Vy 3 cng thc Lewis u ng cho CO32-. + Thc nghim cho bit ion CO32- c
cu to phng, 3 nguyn t O 3 nh ca tam gic u, gc OCO 120o, 3 lin kt C-O c di u
bng nhau, l 131 pm. gii thch kt qu ny, ngi ta gi thit rng c s cng hng gia 3 cu
to (I), (II), (III) vi nhau. Ba cng thc Lewis tng ng nhau; chng c gi l cc cng thc
cng hng ca CO32-. Gi thuyt v s cng hng cc cu to c th p dng cho cc trng hp ion
v phn t khc nh NO3-, SO42-, PO43-, C6H6,... + p dng gi thuyt ny ta tnh c in tch trn
mi nguyn t oxi trong CO 32- theo cng thc: in tch hnh thc trn mi nguyn t xc nh =
in tch ton nhm/ S cu to cng hng. C th: in tch hnh thc trn mi nguyn t oxi = - 2/3
Kt qu ny cho thy: in tch trong ion CO32- khng c nh trn mt nguyn t oxi no, in tch
c phn b cho cc nguyn t oxi trong nhm. Ngi ta ni: c s gii to in tch. Thc cht s
gii to in tch ny l gii to electron. Bng cch tm cu to Lewis cho cng thc ho hc vi quan
nim gii to electron gp phn khng nh vai tr ng ch ca cng thc cu to Lewis trong nghin
cu v ging dy ho hc. + Bc ca mt lin kt c xc nh bng tng s cc cp electron to ra lin
kt . T ta c: bc bng 1 i vi mt lin kt n C - C; bc bng 2 i vi mt lin kt i C =
C; bc bng 3 i vi mt lin kt ba C C; + Khi c cu to cng hng th: Bc ca mt lin kt bng
tng cc bc lin kt thuc v hai nguyn t ang xt trong cc cu to cng hng chia cho s cu to
cng hng. p dng cho CO32-: Chn bt c mt lin kt no trong ba lin kt gia C vi O, ta u
thy tng bc ca lin kt l: 2 + 1 + 1 = 4. Ta c 3 cu to cng hng ((I), (II), (III)). Vy bc ca
lin kt gia C vi O trong CO32- bng: 1 4/3 = 1 (*) 3 Kt qu ny cho thy lin kt gia C vi O
trong CO 32- c bc trung gian gia lin kt i C = O (bng 2) vi lin kt n C - O (bng 1). Tr s
v di lin kt ph hp vi kt qu : Lin kt C = O trong H2C = O bng 121 pm. Lin kt C - O
trong H3C OH bng 143 pm. Nh trn bit, thc nghim xc nh c di lin kt gia C vi
O trong CO32- bng 131 pm. Bi tp: Hy vit cu to Lewis cho NO3- (ch trnh by r cc bc,
cc cu to cng hng, xc nh bc lin kt gia N vi C). IV. Thuyt sc y gia cc cp electron:
1. M hnh s y gia cc cp electron v ho tr: Mi lin kt cng ho tr gia hai nguyn t c
to thnh nh cp electron lin kt hay cp electron dng chung. i e lin kt phn b trong khong
khng gian gia hai ht nhn 55

56. nguyn t to ra lin kt . Lin kt cng ho tr l lin kt c nh hng khng gian lm cho
phn t c hnh dng nht nh c trng cho phn t v cho cht cho. Nhiu nguyn t sau khi gp
chung e to lin kt cn c cc e khng lin kt. Chng hn trong N NH3 ngoi 3 cp electron lin
kt vi 3 nguyn t H, cn c 1 cp e khng lin kt. Cc cp electron d lin kt hay khng lin kt ny
s y nhau do cng tch in m. Trong phn t AXn, A l nguyn t trung tm, X l phi t; n l s
phi t X c trong AX n. Nu A cn c m cp e khng lin kt, mi cp c k hiu l E, ta c k
hiu AX nEm. M hnh VSEPR xt s phn b khng gian gia A vi X, vi E. Coi nguyn t trung
tm A c dng cu. Tm ca hnh cu l ht nhn nguyn t A v cc electron phi ho tr bn trong (li),
v qu cu l cc e lp ngoi cng (e ho tr). Mi cp e ho tr chim mt khong khng gian no
ca qu cu. Nh vy, mt mc nht nh, hnh dng ca phn t ph thuc vo khong khng gian
chim bi cc e ho tr ca nguyn t trung tm A. Hnh dng phn t ph thuc ch yu vo s phn b
cc cp e hay cc m my e ho tr ca nguyn t A. 2. Ni dung ca thuyt sc y gia cc cp e ho
tr (VSEPR) Vo nhng nm 1940, N. Sidgwick, H. Powell a ra thuyt sc y gia cc cp electron
ho tr v sau c cc nh bc hc khc, trong c R. Gillespie, b sung v hon chnh. + Cu
hnh cc lin kt ca nguyn t (hay ion) ph thuc vo tng s cp electron ho tr lin kt hay khng
lin kt ca nguyn t. + Cc obitan c cc cp e ho tr c phn b u nhau v cch nhau xa nht
c lc y nh nht gia chng. C s khng tng ng gia cp e lin kt v cp e khng lin kt.
i e lin kt chu lc ht ng thi ca hai ht nhn nguyn t A v X to ra lin kt nn chuyn
ng ch yu vng khng gian gia hai ht nhn. Trong khi , cp e khng lin kt ch chu lc ht
ca ht nhn A nn c th chuyn ng ra xa hn. Kt qu l cp e khng lin kt chim khong khng
gian rng hn so vi khong khng gian chim bi cp e lin kt. + Obitan c cp electron khng lin
kt chim khng gian ln hn so vi obitan cha cp electron lin kt v th sc y gia cc cp
electron lin kt gim hn so vi cp khng lin kt. Th d gc lin kt trong cc phn t CH 4, NH3
v H2O tng ng bng 109o28, 107o v 104,5o do cc phn t c s cp electron khng lin kt bng
0, 1 v 2. + Khng gian ca cp electron lin kt s gim nu m in ca cc nguyn t lin kt ln.
gc lin kt trong NF3 ch l 102o so vi 107o ca NH3. Tng t gc lin kt tgim trong dy: PI3
(102o), PBr3 (101,5o), PCl3 (100,3o) v PF3 (97,8o). a) M hnh s y gia cc cp electron lin kt:
AXn vi n = 2 6 n=2: hai cp e c phn b trn ng thng. Phn t thng nh BeH 2. Gc lin
kt XAX bng 180o. n=3: ba cp e c phn b trn ba nh ca tam gic u. Phn t c hnh tam
gic u, phng. Gc XAX bng 120o. V d: BF3, AlCl3,... n=4: bn cp e c phn b bn nh t
din u, tm l A. Phn t c hnh t din u. Gc XAX bng 109o28. V d: CH4, NH4+,... n=5: c
s phn b ng u 5 cp e trn mt cu. Khi k cc ng ni cc nguyn t X vi nhau ta c hnh
lng thp tam gic. V d minh ho: phn t PCl 5 c phn b lng chp tam gic nn trong phn t
c ba loi gc lin kt: trong mt phng c gc ClPCl bng 120o, trong khi cn c gc ClPCl bng 90o
v gc 180o. Theo m hnh VSEPR, nm cp e c phn b trn mt cu v ho tr nh sau: Ba cp
cng vi ht nhn A trong 1 mt phng, ba cp ny ba nh tam gic u tm A. Cc lin kt c
to ra trong mt phng ny c gi l lin kt ngang. Hai cp e cn li c phn b trn hai u ca
on thng vung gc vi mt phng tam gic u ti A. Hai cp e ny to ra hai lin kt trc. Do s
phn b nn di lin kt ngang ngn (2,02 nm) hn di lin kt trc (2,14 m). Kt qu s sp
xp trn a ti mt lng thp tam gic y chung l tam gic u tm A, hai nh l hai cp e to ra
hai lin kt trc. 56

57. n = 6: AX6. vi s phn b 6 cp e trn mt cu v ho tr. Khi k cc ng ni cc nguyn t X

vi nhau ta c hnh bt din.V d minh ho: phn t SF 6. Su cp e ca phn t ny c phn b trn
v ho tr ca nguyn t A su nh ca mt hnh bt din u. Trong trng hp ny khng c s
phn bit gia lin kt ngang vi lin kt trc v di. V d minh ho ca trng hp ny l phn t
SF 6. Trong phn t ny, gc gia hai trc lin kt cnh nhau bng 90o. b) M hnh s y gia cc cp
e lin kt v khng lin kt: AXnEm n + m 6 Nguyn t trung tm A va c n cp e lin kt, va c
m cp e khng lin kt (k hiu l E). Do khng c s tng ng gia cp e lin kt vi cp e khng
lin kt, hai trng hp AXn vi AXnEm c cng s cp e nhng hnh dng hai phn t khng hon
ton ging nhau. Xt mt s trng hp thng gp: 1) (n + m) 4 * AX2E: Ba nguyn t A, X, X
khng cn nm trn cng ng thng nh trong trng hp AX 2. Lc ny phn t c dng gp khc.
V d: SnCl2, gc ClSnCl 120o. C th dng phn t SO2 lm th d vi s y ca hai cp electron
lin kt S = O vi 1 cp electron khng lin kt ca nguyn t S. * AX3E: Nguyn t trung tm A c
tng cng 4 cp e nhng phn t khng c dng t din u nh AX4 m c hnh tam gic. V d in
hnh l NH3, gc HNH 107o. * AX2E2: Nguyn t trung tm A cng c 4 cp e nhng do c 2 cp e
khng lin kt nn hnh dng phn t khc vi AX4 hay AX3E. Phn t ny c gc gn vi gc t din.
V d: H 2O c gc HOH 104o. Bi tp: Dng m hnh VSEPR hy d on hnh dng phn t
AXE3. 2) (n + m) = 5 (nguyn t trung tm A c 5 cp e). Nu AX5 th phn t c hnh lng thp tam
gic. Song s c mt ca cp e khng lin kt s lm bin dng hnh . *AX4E: S phn b E v 4 cp
e lin kt c m t nh hnh trn. Kt qu phn t c hnh ci bp bnh. V d: phn t SF4.
*AX3E2: Ba cp e lin kt to 3 lin kt A-X; s y tng h gia 3 cp e ny vi nhau v vi 2 cp e
khng lin kt (E), kt qu to ra phn t hnh ch T. V d: ClF3, HClO2. 3) (n + m) = 6 (nguyn t
trung tm A c 6 cp e). * AX5E: Bn trong nm cp e lin kt c phn b trong mt phng; 1 cp e
lin kt cn li c phn b trong trc gn vung gc vi mt phng trn. Do 5 cp e lin kt (hay
phn AX 5) to ra hnh thp vung. Trong cu to ny, lin kt ngang v lin kt trc khng tng
ng hnh hc. Chng hn trong BF5, lin kt trc c di 169 pm cn lin kt ngang c di ti
177 pm. * AX4E2: Theo m hnh VSEPR, 2 cp e khng lin kt (E) c phn b trans so vi 4 cp e
lin kt; m 4 cp e lin kt ny c phn b trong mt phng to ra hnh vung phng. V d: phn t
XeF4. Vic p dng m hnh VSEPR gii thch c hnh dng ca cc hp cht c lin kt bi (C2H2,
C2H4,...); m in ca cc nguyn t l phi t cng c nh hng n hnh dng phn t. Hnh
dng phn t cng gn lin vi tnh cht ho hc ca phn t. Nhc im: kh khn khng th vt l
cc halogenua kim loi kim th dng MX 2 ch c cu hnh thng i vi hp cht ca Be cn i vi
hp cht ca Ba u c cu to gp khc. Nguyn nhn l do nh hng ca cc obitan khc trong
nguyn t Bari. V. Thuyt lin kt ho tr (VB): 57

58. 1. Nhng lun im chnh ca thuyt lin kt ho tr a) Lin kt ho hc c to nn bi cp

electron c spin ngc chiu nhau ca hai nguyn t. Trong c s che ph gia nhng obitan ca hai
nguyn t to nn mt vng c mt in tch cao dn n vic gim th nng ca h, ngha l lin kt
c hnh thnh. b) Lin kt c hnh thnh theo phng trong khng gian m kh nng che ph gia
cc obitan nguyn t l cc i (thng gi gn l nguyn l che ph cc i). c) Hai obitan nguyn t
che ph nhau cng nhiu, lin kt c to nn cng bn. + Theo quan nim ca thuyt VB, lin kt ho
hc gia 2 nguyn t hnh thnh c l do s xen ph 2 AO ho tr, mi AO c 1 e c thn. C th
hnh dung r hn khi xt mt s giai on trong s hnh thnh phn t H 2 t 2 nguyn t H. Mc
xen ph 2 AO hay 2 m my e ca 2 nguyn t tham gia lin kt c trng cho bn ca lin kt.
Lin kt ho hc c to ra cng bn nu s xen ph 2 AO cng mnh. + Lin kt ho hc gia 2
nguyn t s c phn b theo phng no m c s xen ph ln nht (cc i) ca 2 AO tham
gia lin kt (2 my electron ca 2 AO tham gia lin kt). S nh hng ho tr ca nguyn t tham gia
lin kt th hin s c tr s xc nh ca gc lin kt (gc ho tr) trong phn t nhiu nguyn t.
xc nh c s lin kt CHT ta cn xt n phn b electron trn cc lng t trng thi c bn v
kch thch. gii quyt vn hnh dng phn t cn dng n hnh dng obitan nguyn bn ca
nguyn t hay cc obitan lai ho ca n. a) Mt s p dng Gc lin kt (gc ho tr) l mt trong s cc
tnh cht phn t c thc nghim pht hin. Da vo thuyt ho tr nh hng (VB), ta c th gii
thch c kt qu . - Phn t H2S + Thc nghim cho bit, trong H2S c gc HSH 92o. + Ta bit
S c cu hnh e l [Ne] 3s 2 3p4. Nh vy S c 6e ho tr phn b trong 4 AO: 4p x, 4py v 4pz. H c
mt electron duy nht trn obitan 1s 1. Theo thuyt VB, 2e c thn ca S to 2 lin kt S-H vi 2e
ca 2 nguyn t H. 2 AO c 2 e c thn ny (chng hn l AO3px, AO-3py) c trc vung gc vi
nhau, tc l gc gia hai trc ca 2 AO l 90o. V AOs c i xng cu nn vng c s xen ph ca
1 AO-s vi 1 AO-3p s phn b trn trc ca AO-3p tng ng. iu ny c ngha l thng thng gc
ca phn t H 2S, tc HSH bng 90o. Tuy nhin hai vng c mt e cao cnh nhau s c s y
nhau. S y ny lm cho gc HSH m rng ra. Kt qu l gc bng 92o nh kt qu thc nghim. +
Cng phn nhm chnh th 6 vi S cn c Se, Te u to hp cht vi H 2 c gc tng t nh trn,
c th l H2Se c gc HSeH 91o, H2Te c gc HTeH 90o. - H2O Thc nghim thu c gc HOH
104,5o + O cng nhm chnh th 6 vi S. Cc e ho tr v cc AO tng ng: R rng y khng
th cho rng O dng 2 AO-p nguyn cht xen ph vi 2 AO-1s ca 2 H nh trong H2S c. Mun
c s che ph cc i gia cc obitan 1s ca H v 2p y, 2pz ca O th cc nguyn t H phi tin li
nguyn t O theo phng ca trc y v trc z. Nh vy th gc ho tr HOH phi l 90o. Gc thc
nghim thu c 104,5o ln hn gc l thuyt 90o rt nhiu. + Theo s liu trn, gc t din l 109
o29 rt gn vi tr s 104,5o. Do ngi ta gi nh rng O trong H2O trng thi lai ho sp 3.
Trong 4 AO-sp3 c 2 AO m mi AO c 2e (1 cp) c gi l cp e khng lin kt ca O, 2 AO-sp 3
cn li th mi AO ch c 1e. Theo thuyt VB, to 2 lin kt O-H cn c s xen ph 2 AO-1s ca H
vi 2 AO-sp 3 m mi AO mi c 1e. Vy th gc lin kt (gc ho tr) HOH phi ng bng gc t
din 109 o29. Ngi ta cho cho rng 2 AO-sp3 c 2 cp e khng lin kt to ra 2 vng c mt e cao,
s 58

59. y nhau. S y ny lm hp gc to bi 2 trc ca 2 AO-sp3 cn li, kt qu ta quan st c gc

l 104,5o. Nh vy mc d cn rt nh tnh, thuyt ho tr nh hng gii thch c kt qu
thc nghim v gc lin kt ca H 2O.Theo thuyt lin kt ho tr, lin kt cng ho tr c hnh dung
l s ghp i electron ca hai nguyn t lin kt v lin kt s nm theo phng m cc obitan nguyn
t che ph nhau nhiu nht. Vy c th xc nh phng ca lin kt da vo ch tiu che ph cc i
gia cc obitan nguyn t, ngha l theo gi tr cc i ca cc obitan nguyn t. Xc nh c phng
ca lin kt l c th xc nh c hnh dng ca phn t. y l mt trong nhng thnh tu ln nht
ca c hc lng t p dng vo l thuyt v cu to phn t. b) Lp lun tng t nh trn c th gii
thch hnh dng ca cc phn t XH3: NH3 PH3 AsH3 SbH3 <HXH = 107o3 93o3 91o8 91o3 Vy
da vo s che ph cc i gia cc obitan nguyn t s v p, c th gii thch c hnh dng ca nhiu
phn t nhng cch gii thch hon ton khng th p dng cho nhng hp cht ca cc nguyn t C,
Si, B, Be, Hg... 2. Khi nim lai ho ca thuyt lin kt ho tr: Mt trong cc cn c xy dng
thuyt VB l kt qu gii bi ton H 2 ca Heitle -London. H2 l trng hp n gin nht v nguyn t
H ch c AO ho tr 1s. c c s l gii ph hp thc nghim cho cc phn t phc tp, bt buc
phi m rng ti cc AO ho tr ns, np,... m n 2. Thuyt lai ho nhm gii quyt vn . Lai ho
l s t hp cc AO ho tr c s lng t l khc nhau ca cng mt nguyn t to ra cc AO mi c
cng nng lng. - iu kin cc AO ho tr tham gia lai ho c l phi c nng lng gn nhau. -
S AO tham gia t hp bng tng s cc lai ho thu c. - Cc AO lai ho l cc AO suy bin, ngha l
cc AO c nng lng v kch thc hon ton nh nhau nhng khc vi nhau v s nh hng
(phng) trong khng gian.. - c im hnh hc ca AO lai ho l c mt u (hay mt phn) n
rng cn u kia b thu hp. - S nh hng cc AO lai ho trong khng gian th hin s phn b mt
electron trong khng gian. Lai ho l khi nim thun tu ton hc. V nguyn tc, cc AO tham gia
t hp l cc nghim ca phng trnh Schrodinger, l hm ring ca ton t Hamilton ca h H, vy
theo nguyn l chng cht trng thi, t hp tuyn tnh ca cc hm cng l nghim ca phng trnh
Schrodinger. Lai ho c th coi l mt khi nim gi nh c dng gii thch cc kt qu thc
nghim. Xt phn t CH4 : Nguyn t C c cu hnh electron trng thi c bn 1s 2 2s2 2px1 2py1 v
trng thi kch thch 1s2 2s1 2px1 2py1 2pz1... Theo cch lp lun nh trn, phn t CH 4 c hnh
dng nh sau: che ph cc i gia cc obitan nguyn t 1s ca H vi cc obitan 2s v 2p ca C th
ba nguyn t H tin li nguyn t C theo phng ca cc trc x, y, z cn nguyn t H th t tin li che
ph vi obitan 2s ca C lm vi ba lin kt C- H trn nhng gc nh nhau v bng 125o (v chu lc y
nh nhau ca ba cp electron lin kt ). Nhng trn thc t phn t CH4 l phn t t din u, ngha
l c 4 lin kt C-H u nh nhau v lm vi nhau nhng gc nh nhau bng 109o28. Pauling cho rng
trong phn t CH4, mt obitan 2s v 3 obitan 2p ca C trn ln vi nhau, hay ni theo ngn ng ton
hc, chng t hp vi nhau to nn nhng t hp mi tng ng nhau v c gi l cc obitan lai
ho. Bn obitan lai ho mi, mi obitan mang 1/4 tnh cht ca obitan 2s v 3/4 tnh cht ca obitan 2p
ca nguyn t C hng v 4 nh ca 1 t din u. y l nh hng tt nht cho s xen ph vi 4
obitan 1s ca 4 nguyn t H c th to thnh 4 lin kt C H bn vng v to ra phn t CH4 t
din. 3. Kiu lai ho v hnh dng ca phn t 59

60. Thc t thng xt hp cht ca cc nguyn t chu k 2. Cc AO ho tr ca mi nguyn t ca

nguyn t chu k 2 l 2s, 2px, 2py, 2pz. Ta s xt cc dng lai ho c cc AO ho tr ny tham gia. b)
Lai ho sp - Lai ho sp l lai ho trong AO 2s t hp tuyn tnh vi 1 AO 2p z (thng dng AO
z) to ra 2 AO lai ho sp. - C th hnh dung qu trnh lai ho xy ra nh sau: 1AOs + 1AOp Lai
ho sp: 1AO-s+1 AO-pZ = 2AO-sp 2AO-sp l: d1 = 1 2 (s+pZ) d2 = 1 2 (s-pZ) + AO 2pz c i xng
i vi trc z. AO - 2s c i xng cu. T hp tuyn tnh 2 AO to ra 2 AO mi cng nm trn trc
z; mi AO mi ny c phn m rng, phn b thu hp. C 2 AO lai ho sp u nm trn cng mt ng
thng: trc z. Do ngi ta gi lai ho sp l lai ha thng, k hiu l h i. Vy ta c 2 AO lai ha sp l h
i1, hi2. Gc gia 2 trc 2 AO - sp l 180o. - Biu thc ca 2 AO lai ho sp l: hi1 = (2s + 2pz)/ 2 hi2 =
(2s - 2pz)/ 2 - Lai ho sp c dng gii thch lin kt ho hc trong phn t BeH 2, C2H2 (ankin)
. Cc phn t u c dng thng. Lai ho sp2: 1AO-s+2 AO-p = 3AO-sp2 3AO-sp2 l: t1 = t2 = t3 =
1 3 1 6 1 6 (s+ 2 px) ( 2 s-px+ 3 py) ( 2 s-px- 3 py) c) Lai ho sp2 - Lai ho sp2 l lai ho trong AO
- 2s t hp tuyn tnh vi 2 AO - 2p (thng chn l AO 2pz, AO 2py) to ra 3 AO mi c cng
nng lng. Tng t nh AO lai ho sp, AOsp2 cng b bin dng so vi AO c bn, c phn m rng
v phn b thu hp. - Hnh dung qu trnh lai ho v s nh hng cc AO trong khng gian c m t
nh sau: 60

61. Ba AO-sp2 cng nm trong mt mt phng, gc to bi hai trc ca hai AO cnh nhau l 120o. Do
lai ho sp2 c gi l lai ha tam gic. K hiu AO-sp2 l t, km theo s th t: t1, t2, t3. Lai ho
sp3: 1AO-s+3 AO-p = 4AO-sp3 4AO-sp3 l: s = 1 (s+px+py+pZ) 2 1 te2 = (s + px - py - pZ) 2 1 te3 =
(s - px+ py - pZ) 2 1 te4 = (s - px - py + pZ) 2 3 px = cos cos ; 4 te1 = 1 ; 4 3 py = cos sin ;
pZ = 4 3 cos 4 - Lai ho sp2 c p dng gii thch lin kt ho hc trong cc anken C nH2n
(n2), benzen, ... Cc phn t c gc lin kt bng 120o. d) Lai ho sp3 - Lai ho trong AO - 2s t
hp tuyn tnh vi 3 AO - 2p to ra 4 AO mi c cng nng lng c gi l lai ho sp3. - C th hnh
dung qu trnh lai ho sp3 nh sau: - Hnh dng ca mi AO lai ho sp3 cng tng t nh hnh dng
AO lai ho sp, sp2 va xt. 4 AO-sp3 hng ra 4 nh ca t din u m tm ca t din l nguyn t
(chnh xc l ht nhn nguyn t) c cc AO lai ho. Do lai ho sp 3 c gi l lai ha t din. AO-
sp 3 c k hiu l te. Vy ta c 4 AO-sp3 l te1, te2, te3, te4. - Lai ho sp3 c p dng gii thch
lin kt ho hc trong cc ankan C nH2n+2 (n1), in hnh l trong CH4. Ngoi ra n cng c p
dng trong cc trng hp khc nhau H2O, NH4+,... cc phn t c gc lin kt gn bng 109o28
Ngoi ra cn c cc kiu lai ho sp3d2 hay sp2d vi s tham gia ca cc obitan d. S dng quan nim
lai ho c th gii thch v hnh dng cc phn t kh ng. Kiu lai Gc gia cc obitan lai ho ho sp
180o sp2 120o 3 sp 109o28 dsp2 90o 3 2 sp d 90o Dng phn t V d ng thng Tam gic u T
din u Hnh vung Bt din u BeH2, BeCl2, ZnCl2, CO2 BF3, NO3-, CO32CH4, CCl4, NH4+,
ClO4-, SO42-, PO43PtCl4, CuCl42-, Ni(CN)42SF6, AlF63-, SiF62- 61

62. Kiu lai ho cc obitan ca nguyn t cho thy s obitan lai ho c to nn ng thi l s phi tr
ti a ca nguyn t . Bng di y h thng li kh nng lai ho cc obitan ca nguyn t cc
nguyn t v s phi tr ti a m nguyn t c: Nguyn t chu k Kiu lai ho v s phi tr (vit trong
du ngoc) II sp(2), sp2(3), sp3(4) III sp3(4), dsp3(5), d2sp3(6), sp3d2(6) IV sp3(4), dsp3(5), d2sp3(6),
sp3d2(6) V v VI d2sp3(6), d2sp3(7) Da vo bng , c th hiu c cng thc cc dy hp cht v
anion sau y ca cac nguyn t thuc cng nhm trong bng tun hon: Nhm IVA CH4 SiF62-
GeF62- SnF84- PbF84CO32- SiO44- GeO44- SnO68- PbO68Nhm VIA H2SO4 H6TeO6 Nhm VIIA
HClO4 H5IO6 Tuy nhin, gii thch hnh dng ca phn t, ngoi s lai ho, cn vn dng thm mt
s gi thit khc na. V d nh i vi nhng phn t sau y, cc nguyn t trung tm u cng mt
kiu lai ho sp3 ca cc obitan, s bin i ca gc ho tr c gii thch nh sau: Gc ho tr gim
xung v vai tr ca s trong s lai ho sp3 gim xung Gc lin H2O (105o) kt trong NH3 (107o) cc
phn t CH4 (108o28) H2S (92o) PH3 (94o) H2Se (91o) AsH3 (92o) H2Te (90o) SbH3 (90o) B. Cu
to cc phn t n gin 1. Phn t O2 Nguyn t O c cu hnh electron: 2s2 2p4 Hai nguyn t O lin
kt vi nhau bng hai cp electron chung: Cng thc cu to phn t vi lin kt cp gia hai nguyn t
O ph hp nng lng ca lin kt l 494 kJ/mol v di ca lin kt l 1,21A v gii thch c hu
ht tnh cht ca oxi tr t tnh. Oxi trng thi kh, lng hay rn u c tnh thun t. T tnh o c
cho thy s c mt ca hai electron c thn trong phn t O 2. Bi vy gii thch tnh cht ngi
ta buc phi gi thit thm rng lin kt cng ho tr cng c th c to nn nh 3 electron gi l lin
kt ba electron, ngha l phn t O2 c cu to: Trong ngoi lin kt cng ho tr bnh thng c
to nn bng cp electron (vch lin) cn c hai lin kt c to nn nh ba electron (vch ri). Lin
kt ba electron cn c gi l lin kt mt electron v thc t trong ba electron ch c mt electron
c dng chung gia hai nguyn t: Tuy nhin s lin kt gia hai nguyn t O cng ch l hai.
(Thuyt obitan phn t gii thch mt cch n gin tnh thun t ca O2 bng s tn ti ca hai electron
c thn trn hai obitan phn t phn lin kt) 2. Phn t N2 Nguyn t N c cu hnh electron 1s2
2s2 2p3 Hai nguyn t N lin kt vi nhau bng ba cp electron chung: 62

63. Hai obitan 2px ca hai nguyn t N che ph nhau to thnh lin kt . Cp obitan 2py v cp obitan
2pz ca hai nguyn t N che ph nhau, theo tng cp mt, to thnh hai lin kt . Nh vy, lin kt
trong phn t l lin kt ba. Lin kt ba ny c nng lng rt ln (942 kJ/mol) nn phn t N2 rt bn.
Nit kh tham gia phn ng nhit thng. 3. Phn t NO Trc y ngi ta cho rng phn t NO
c cu to: Ngha l trong phn t c lin kt i. Nhng thc nghim cho thy rng phn t ny c
mmen lng cc rt b ( = 0,15D) v di ca lin kt N-O l 1,44A, ngha l trung gian gia
di lin kt i trong ion NO (1,18A) v ca lin kt ba trong ion NO+ (1,06A). Vy bc ca lin kt
trong NO khng th bng 2 m bng 2,5, ngha l phn t c cu to: Trong ngoi hai lin kt cng
ho tr bnh thng (c to nn nh cp electron chung) cn c mt lin kt ba electron na (ion NO
+ c mt trong cc hp cht NOCl, NOClO 4, ion NO- c mt trong NaNO). 4. Phn t CO Trc y
ngi ta cho rng phn t CO c cu to: ngha l trong phn t c lin kt i. Nhng thc nghim cho
thy rng phn t c mmen lng cc rt b ( = 0,1118D), mt phn t gn nh khng c cc, v
nng lng ca lin kt rt ln (1070 kJ/mol), ln hn c nng lng ca lin kt ba trong N2. Bi vy,
ngy nay ngi ta cho rng nguyn nhn lm gim mnh phn cc ca CO l nguyn t O a ra
mt cp electron ca mnh dng chung vi nguyn t C, ngha l to thnh mt lin kt cho - nhn
ngoi hai lin kt cng ho tr bnh thng: 63

64. Nh vy, lin kt C-O l lin kt ba. Tht vy, lin kt ny c nng lng rt ln so vi cc lin kt
ho hc. Qua cu to ca cc phn t xt trn y, ta thy i vi phn t ch c hai nguyn t, hnh
dng ca phn t lun lun l ng thng ni lin hai ht nhn nguyn t. Nhng i vi nhng phn
t gm ba nguyn t hay hn na, gii thch hnh dng ca chng, cn vn dng s lai ho cc obitan
ca nguyn t trung tm. 5. Than ch Nh bit, tinh th than ch c cu to lp. Cc lp lin kt vi
nhau bng lc Van de Van, lc ny rt yu hn lc ca lin kt ho hc cho nn cc lp d tch ri nhau
v than ch mm trong khi kim cng l cht cng nht. Trong lp than ch, mi nguyn t C trng
thi lai ho sp 2 lin kt cng ho tr vi ba nguyn t C bao quanh cng nm trong mt mt phng to
thnh vng 6 cnh. Nhng vng ny lin kt vi nhau to thnh mt lp v tn. Sau khi to thnh nhng
lin kt nh vy, mi nguyn t C cn c mt electron c thn trn obitan 2p c trc vung gc vi
mt phng ca lp. Nhng obitan khng lai ho che ph nhau to nn lin kt vi mt trong ba
nguyn t C bao quanh: di ca lin kt C-C trong cc lp l 1,415A, hi ln hn di ca lin kt
C-C trong vng benzen (1,39A) c bi l 1,5, ngha l bi ca lin kt C-C trong lp than ch ~
1,33. Nhng khc vi benzen, lin kt trong lp tinh th than ch l khng nh ch trong ton lp.
Bi vy khc hn vi kim cng, than ch c mu xm, c nh kim, dn in v dn nhit. 6. Phn t
O3 Phn t O3 c dng ng gy vi gc <OOO l 117o: Nguyn t O trung tm (nguyn t O gia)
trng thi lai ho sp2: Mt obitan lai ho c mt electron c thn cn hai obitan lai ho na, mi mt
c mt cp electron: 64

65. Mt obitan lai ho c mt cp electron che ph vi mt obitan 2p ca nguyn t O ( bn tri ca

hnh v) to thnh lin kt cho nhn, mt obitan lai ho khc c electron c thn che ph vi obitan 2p
ca nguyn t O khc ( bn phi ca hnh v) c electron c thn to thnh lin kt cng ho tr : hay
Mt obitan 2p cn li khng lai ho ca nguyn t O trung tm c electron c thn che ph vi obitan
2p khc ca nguyn t O (bn phi) cng c electron c thn to thnh lin kt : ( n gin, trong
hnh khng biu din s che ph ca cc obitan to thnh lin kt ) Vy cng thc cu to ca phn t
O3 l: Ngy nay n gin, ngi ta hay dng mt cng thc linh hot hn, trong lin kt c
chia i cho c hai lin kt ( hai bn), ngha l mt lin kt khng nh ch c k hiu bng vch
ri: 7. Phn t SO2 Phn t SO2 c dng ng gy ging nh O3 vi gc <OSO l 120o: 65

66. Nu mt cch gn ng ngi ta tha nhn rng trong phn t SO 2 ch nhng obitan 3s v 3p ca S
tham gia to thnh lin kt th cch m t s to thnh cc lin kt s tng t nh i vi phn t O3,
ngha l phn t SO2 c cng thc cu to: hay cng thc linh hot hn vi mt lin kt khng nh
ch: bi ca lin kt S-O l 1,5 Nhng vic rt ngn mnh di ca lin kt S-O (1,43A) trong SO
2 so vi di ca lin kt n (1,55A) ni ln rng lin kt l lin kt i v phn t SO2 c cu
to: c ho tr bn, nguyn t S phi trng thi lai ho sp 2 v c cu hnh electron trng thi
kch thch, ngha l mt electron 3p chuyn sang obitan 3d: Mt obitan lai ho c mt cp electron t do
v mi mt obitan lai ho cn li c mt electron c thn che ph vi obitan 2p ca hai nguyn t O
cng c electron c thn to thnh lin kt : Obitan 3p khng lai ho ca S c electron c thn che
ph vi obitan 2p khc ca nguyn t O (gi s bn tri ca hnh v) c electron c thn to thnh
mt lin kt v mt obitan 3d khng lai ho ca S c electron c thn che ph vi obitan 2p khc ca
O (gi s bn phi hnh v) c electron c thn to thnh mt lin kt na. 8. Phn t NO2 Phn t
NO2 c dng gp khc gn ging nh O3 v SO2 66
67. S to thnh cc lin kt trong phn t c m t tng t nh i vi phn t O3 v SO2, ngha
l NO2 c cng thc cu to: hay cng thc vi lin kt khng nh ch 9. Phn t SO3 Phn t SO3
c dng hnh tam gic u, nguyn t S nm trng tm ca tam gic v ba nguyn t O nm nh:
Nu mt cch gn ng ngi ta tha nhn rng trong phn t SO 3 ch nhng obitan 3s v 3p ca S
tham gia to thnh lin kt th cch m t s to thnh lin kt gn tng t nh i vi phn t O3. hay
mt cng thc lin kt khng nh ch: bi ca lin kt S-O l 1,33 v S c ho tr 4. 67

68. Nhng vic rt ngn di ca lin kt S-O (1,43A) trong SO 3 cng ging nh trong SO2 l lin
kt i v phn t SO3 c cu to: c ho tr su, nguyn t S phi trng thi lai ho sp 2 v c cu
hnh electron trng thi kch thch, ngha l mt electron 3s v mt electron 3p chuyn sang cc obitan
3d: Ba obitan lai ho ca S, mi obitan c mt electron c thn che ph vi obitan 2p electron c thn
ca ba nguyn t O to thnh ba lin kt cng ho tr. Ngoi ra mt obitan 3p v hai obitan 3d khng lai
ho ca S, mi mt c mt electron c thn che ph vi obitan 2p cn li c electron c thn ca ba
nguyn t O to thnh ba lin kt . Nh vy trong phn t SO3, nguyn t S c ho tr su. 10. Phn
t NH3 Phn t NH3 c dng hnh chp tam gic, nguyn t N nh v ba nguyn t H nh ca tam
gic u: Trong phn t NH3, nguyn t N trng thi lai ho sp3: Mt obitan lai ho c cp electron
khng lin kt, cn ba obitan lai ho khc, mi obitan c mt electron c thn che ph vi obitan 1s c
electron c thn ca ba nguyn t H to thnh ba lin kt cng ho tr: Vy phn t NH3 c cng thc
cu to: 68

69. 11. Ion NH4+ Ion NH4+ c dng hnh t din u, nguyn t N nm trung tm v bn nguyn t
H nm nh ca t din: Trong ion NH4+, s to thnh ba lin kt cng ho tr bi ba cp electron
chung gia N v H xy ra tng t nh trong phn t NH 3. Ch khc y l obitan lai ho c cp
electron che ph vi obitan 1s trng electron ca H + to thnh lin kt cho nhn. Tuy nhin c bn lin
kt N - H u ging nhau v u l lin kt cng ho tr to nn bi cp electron: 12. Phn t H2S Phn
t H2S c dng gp khc ging cc phn t O3, SO2: Trong phn t H2S, nguyn t S trng thi lai
ho sp3. Hai obitan lai ho, mi obitan c mt cp electron khng lin kt cn hai obitan lai ho cn li,
mi mt c mt electron c thn che ph vi obitan 1s c electron c thn ca hai nguyn t H to
thnh hai lin kt cng ho tr : 13. Phn t CO2 Phn t CO2 c dng ng thng, nguyn t C gia
hai nguyn t O: trong phn t CO2, nguyn t C trng thi lai ho sp v c cu hnh electron trng
thi kch thch: 69

70. Hai obitan lai ho sp, mi mt c mt electron c thn, che ph vi obitan 2p c electron c thn
ca hai nguyn t O hai nm to thnh hai lin kt cng ho tr: Hai obitan khng lai ha ca C, mi
mt c electron c thn che ph vi obitan 2p khc c electron c thn ca hai nguyn t O to thnh
lin kt : v phn t c cng thc cu to: trong C c ho tr 4. C- BI TP P DNG I- BI TP
C HNG DN GII Cu 1: 1. So snh, c gii thch. a. ln gc lin kt ca cc phn t: CH4;
NH3; H2O. H2O; H2S. b. Nhit nng chy ca cc cht : NaCl; KCl; MgO c. Nhit si ca cc
cht : C2H5Cl; C2H5OH; CH3COOH 2. i vi cc phn t c cng thc tng qut AXn (n 2 ), lm
th no xc nh phn t phn cc hay khng phn cc ? 3.Hy gii thch ti sao PbI2 ( cht rn
mu vng) tan d dng trong nc nng, v khi ngui li kt ta di dng kim tuyn ng nh ? Cu
2 : Xt cc phn t BF3, NF3 v IF3. Tr li cc cu hi sau : 1. Vit cng thc chm electron Lewis
ca cc cht trn 2. Da vo thuyt lai ha obitan nguyn t hy cho bit tr ng th i lai ha ca nguyn
t trung tm v dng hnh hc ca mi phn t 3. Xc nh xem phn t no l phn cc v khng phn
cc. Gii thch kt qu chn Cu 3:Cho hai nguyn t A v B c tng s ht l 65 trong hiu s
ht mang in v khng mang in l 19. Tng s ht mang in ca B nhiu hn ca A l 26. a) Xc
nh A, B; vit cu hnh electron ca A, B v cho bit b 4 s lng t ng vi electron sau cng trong
nguyn t A, B. b) Xc nh v tr ca A, B trong HTTH. c) Vit cng thc Lewis ca phn t AB2, cho
bit dng hnh hc ca phn t, trng thi lai ho ca nguyn t trung tm? d) Hy gii thch ti sao
phn t AB2 c khuynh hng polime ho? CU 4 1. Vit cng thc cu to Lewis, nu trng thi lai
ha v v dng hnh hc ca cc phn t sau: (a) B2H6 (b) XeO3 (c) Al2Cl6 70

71. Gii thch v sao c Al2Cl6 m khng c phn t B2F6? 2. Trnh by cu to ca cc ion sau: O + ,
O 2 theo thuyt MO (cu hnh electron, cng 2 2 thc cu to). Nhn xt v t tnh ca mi ion trn.
3. So snh v gii thch ngn gn phn cc (momen lng cc) ca cc cht sau: NH3, NF3, BF3. 4.
Ha tan 2,00 gam mui CrCl3.6H20 vo nc, sau thm lng d dung dch AgNO3 v lc nhanh
kt ta AgCl cn c 2,1525 gam. Cho bit mui crom ni trn tn ti di dng phc cht. 4.1. Hy
xc nh cng thc ca phc cht . 4.2. Hy xc nh cu trc (trng thi lai ha, dng hnh hc) v
nu t tnh ca phc cht trn. CU 5: Cho bit trng thi lai ho ca ngt trung tm v dng hnh hc
ca cc phn t sau : H2O , H2S , H2Se , H2Te . - Hy sp xp theo chiu tng dn ln gc lin kt
v gii thch s sp xp . - Ti sao iu kin thng H2O th lng,cn H2S , H2Se , H2Te th
kh? - Hy sp xp theo chiu tng dn tnh kh ca cc cht trn.Gii thch. Cu 6 1. X, Y l hai phi
kim. Trong nguyn t X, Y c s ht mang in nhiu hn s ht khng mang in ln lt l 14 v 16.
Hp cht A c cng thc XYn, c c im: - X chim 15,0486% v khi lng - Tng s proton l 100
- Tng s ntron l 106 a. Xc nh s khi v tn nguyn t X, Y. Cho bit b bn s lng t ca e
cui cng trn X, Y b. Bit X, Y to vi nhau hai hp cht l A, B. Vit cu trc hnh hc v cho bit
trng thi lai ho ca nguyn t trung tm ca A, B. c. Vit cc phng trnh phn ng gia A vi P2O5
v vi H2O Vit cc phng trnh phn ng gia B vi O2 v vi H2O 2. Cho bit tr s nng lng ion
ho th nht I1(eV) ca cc nguyn t thuc chu k II nh sau: Chu k II Li I1 (eV) 5,39 Be 9,30 B
8,29 C 11,2 6 N 14,54 O 13,6 1 F 17,41 Ne 21,55 Nhn xt s bin thin nng lng ion ho th nht
ca cc nguyn t trn. Gii thch. Cu 7 Nguyn t C c electron cui cng ng vi 4 s lng t: n =
3, l = 1, m = 0, ms = -1/2 Hai nguyn t A, B vi ZA < ZB < ZC ( Z l in tch ht nhn ). Bit rng: -
tch s ZA. ZB. ZC = 952 -t s ( ZA + ZC ) / ZB = 3. 1. Vit cu hnh electron ca C, xc nh v tr
ca C trong bng H thng tun hon, t suy ra nguyn t C? 2. Tnh ZA, ZB. Suy ra nguyn t A,
B? 3. Hp cht X to bi 3 nguyn t A, B, C c cng thc ABC. Vit cng thc cu to ca X. trng
thi lng, X c tnh dn in.Vy X c hnh thnh bng cc lin kt ha hc g? Cu 8 71

72. 1) Cho X, Y l 2 phi kim trong nguyn t X v Y c s ht mang in nhiu hn s ht khng mang
in ln lt l 14 v 16. bit trong hp cht XYn . X chim 15,0486 % v khI lng . Tng s proton
l 100 . Tng s ntron l 106 a. Xc nh s khi v tn X, Y b. Xc nh CTCT XYn v cho bit kiu
lai ha ca nguyn t X dng hnh hc ca XYn. c. Vit phng trnh phn ng gia XYn vi P2O5 v
vi H2O 2) a. Ti sao SiO2 l mt cht rn nhit phng nng chy 1973K trong khi CO2 li l
cht kh nhit phng nng chy 217K b. Cht dicloetilen (C2H2Cl2) c ba ng phn k hiu
X,Y,Z - Cht X khng phn cc cn cht Z phn cc - Cht X v cht Z kt hp vi Hidro cho cng sn
phm X (hc Z) + H2 Cl - CH2 - CH2 Cl . Vit cng thc cu to X, Y, Z . Cht Y c momen
lng cc khng ? Cu 9: 1. Silic c cu trc tinh th ging kim cng vi thng s mng a = 0,534
nm.Tnh bn knh nguyn t cng ha tr ca Silic v khi lng ring (g.cm -3) ca n. Cho bit MSi=
28,086 g.mol-1. Kim cng c cu trc lp phng tm din, ngai ra cn c 4 nguyn t nm 4 hc
t din ca mng c s. 2. C cc phn t XH3 2.1. Hy cho bit cu hnh hnh hc ca cc phn t
PH3 v AsH3. 2.2. So snh gc lin kt HXH gia hai phn t trn v gii thch. 2.3. Nhng phn t
no sau y c moment lng cc ln hn 0 ? BF 3, NH3, SiF4, SiHCl3, SF2, O3. Cho bit Zp = 15,
ZAs = 33, ZO = 16, ZF = 9, ZCl = 17, ZB = 5, ZN = 7, ZSi = 14, ZS = 16. Cu 10 Cho b bn s
lng t ca electron cht cng trn nguyn t ca cc nguyn t A, X, Z nh sau: A: n = 3, l = 1, m =
- 1, s = -1/2 X: n = 2, l = 1, m = - 1, s = -1/2 Z: n = 2, l = 1, m = 0, s = +1/2 1 Xc nh A, X, Z. 2 Cho
bit trng thi lai ho v cu trc hnh hc ca cc phn t v ion sau: ZA 2, AX2, AX32-, AX42-. 3
Bng thuyt lai ho gii thch s to thnh phn t ZX. Gii thch v sao ZX c moment lng cc b.
Gii thch s hnh thnh lin kt trong phn t phc trung ho Fe(CO) 5 bng thuyt VB. 4 Gii thch v
sao AX32- li c kh nng ho tan A to thnh A2X32-. CU 11 (1) Cho bit s bin i trng thi lai
ho ca nguyn t Al trong phn ng sau v cu to hnh hc ca AlCl3, AlCl . 4 AlCl3 + Cl
AlCl 4 (2) Biu din s hnh thnh lin kt phi tr trong cc trng hp sau: (o): Sn phm tng tc
gia NH3 v BF3. (b): Sn phm tng tc gia AgCl vi dung dch NH3. (3): Gii thch s khc nhau
v gc lin kt trong tng cp phn t sau: (a) S O v Cl 103o Cl Cl 111o Cl 72

73. (b) O F 103 15 F o Cu 12 1. 2. 3. v O Cl 111o Cl Cu hnh electron ngoi cng ca nguyn t X

l 5p 5. T s ntron v in tch ht nhn bng 1,3962. S ntron ca X bng 3,7 ln s ntron ca
nguyn t thuc nguyn t Y. Khi cho 4,29 gam Y tc dng vi lng d X th thu c 18,26 gam sn
phm c cng thc l XY. Hy xc nh in tch ht nhn Z ca X v Y v vit cu hnh electron ca Y
tm c. Hy cho bit trng thi lai ha v dng hnh hc ca hp cht XCl3. Bn knh nguyn t
Cobalt l 1,25. Tnh th tch ca n v ca tinh th Co nu trong 1 trt t gn xem Co kt tinh dng
lp phng tm mt. Cu 13 A, B l 2 nguyn t k tip nhau trong cng mt chu k ca bng tun hon
trong B c tng s lng t ( n + l ) ln hn tng s lng t ( n + l ) ca A l 1. Tng s i s ca
b 4 s lng t ca electron cui cng ca cation A a + l 3,5. a)Xc nh b 4 s lng t ca electron
cui cng trn A, B. b)Vit cu hnh electron v xc nh tn ca A, B. Cu 14: 1) Cho cc cht sau y:
CO2 , SO2 , C2H5OH, CH3COOH, HI Hy cho bit cht no c nhit si cao nht? Gii thch? 2)
Dng thuyt ni ha tr, hy cho bit c cu lp th (biu din bng hnh v) v trng thi lai ha ca
nguyn t trung tm ca cc phn t v ion sau: H2SO4 , [Ni(CN)4]2- , ICl3 , XeF4 Cu 15: a. Hy cho
bit cu trc hnh hc , kiu lai ha ca cc phn t : SF6 , XeF2 , OF2 b. Da vo cu hnh electron ca
uran [Rn]5f36d17s2. Hy cho bit hai hp cht X,Y ca uran vi flo , cho bit ti sao c c 2 hp cht
ny . Hon thnh phn ng sau ClF3 + A B + Cl2 c. Ti sao ozon tan nhiu trong nc , nhng oxi t
tan trong nc Cu 16: Nguyn t ca nguyn t phi kim A c electron cui cng c b 4 s lng t
tha mn m + l = 0 v n + ms = 3/2 ( quy c cc gi tr m t thp n cao ) 1. Xc nh s hiu nguyn
t, gi tn nguyn t A. Vit cng thc electron, cng thc cu to ca phn t A2. Kim chng s lin
kt v tnh cht thun t ca A2 bng cu hnh electron ca phn t. 2. Ion A3B2- v A3C2- ln lt c
42 v 32 electron 2.1. Tm 2 nguyn t B v C ( s hiu nguyn t, tn, k hiu ) 2.2. Dung dch mui
ca A3B2- v A3C2- khi tc dng vi axit clohidric cho kh D v F tng ng. - M t dng hnh hc
ca phn t D v E. - Nu phng php ha hc phn bit D v E. - Kh no trong 2 kh c th kt
hp vi O2 ? Ti sao? Cu 17 1. So snh bn knh ca cc ht sau: Al, Al3+, Na, Na+, Mg, Mg2+, F-,
O2-. 2. Trong s cc cu trc c th c sau y: a) Ca ICl4(-): 73

74. .. Cl Cl .. Cl Cl I Cl .. I Cl Cl Cl .. (a) (b) b) Ca TeCl4: Cl Cl Cl . . Cl Cl Te Te .. Cl Cl (c) Cl (d)

c) Ca ClF3: F .. .. .. Cl F F F Cl .. F () F .. F F Cl .. (e) F (g) nhng cu trc no c kh nng tn ti
u tin hn? V sao? 3. Ti sao nc nh hn nc lng? (c v hnh minh ha) Cu 18. 1. Hy cho
bit dng hnh hc v trng thi lai ha ca nguyn t trung tm i vi phn t H2O v H2S. So snh
gc lin kt trong 2 phn t v gii thch. 2. Bn knh nguyn t ca cc nguyn t chu k 3 nh sau,
hy nhn xt v gii thch: Nguyn Na Mg Al Si P S Cl t o Bn knh ( A ) 1,86 1,60 1,43 1,17 1,10
1,04 0,99 3. Kh N2 v kh CO c mt s tnh cht vt l ging nhau nh sau: Nng lng phn ly
Khong cch gia cc Nhit nng chy o phn t (kJ/mol) ht nhn ( A ) (oC) N2 945 1,10 210 CO
1076 1,13 205 Da vo cu hnh MO ca phn t N2 v phn t CO gii thch s ging nhau . 4.
Gii thch bn phn t v tnh kh ca cc hp cht hydrohalogenua. HNG DN GII Cu 1. 1.
a. CH4 > NH3 > H2O Gii thch: H | C 74 N H O

75. H | H H H H H H S cp e cha tham gia lin kt cng nhiu cng y nhau, gc lin kt cng nh.
b. H2O > H2S Gii thch: V m in ca O > S, m in ca nguyn t trung tm cng ln s ko
my ca i e- lin kt v pha n nhiu hn lm tng ln gc lin kt. c. So snh nhit nng chy
ca cc cht: MgO > NaCl > KCl Gii thch: bn knh ion K+ > Na+ in tch ion Mg2+ > Na+ v O2-
> Cl(Nng lng phn li t l thun vi in tch ion v t l nghch vi bn knh ion) 3.So snh nhit
si ca cc cht: C2H5Cl < C2H5OH < CH3COOH Gii thch: -C2H5Cl khng c lin kt hiro -Lin
kt hidro gia cc phn t axit bn hn lin kt hidro gia cc phn t ru. C2H5 O H O H
C2H5 OHO CH3 C C CH3 OHO 2. Mun xc nh mt phn t c cc hay khng, trc ht
cn phi bit s sp xp ca cc nguyn t trong phn t(dng hnh hc ca phn t) Momen lng cc
(o phn cc) l mt i lng c ln v c chiu. Trong phn t, nu cc lin kt phn cc c
sp xp i xng nhau, momen lng cc c cng ln v ngc chiu.Chng s trit tiu nhau v
phn t khng phn cc. Ngc li nu cc lc khng cn bng, phn t s c cc. 3. PbI2 d tan trong
nc nng v qu trnh ha tan PbI2 thu nhit ln: PbI2 Pb2+ + 2IH > 0 Cn khi ngui th xy
ra qu trnh ngc li, ta nhit ( H < 0). V qu trnh ngui t t, s mm kt tinh t, nn tinh th
c to thnh d dng. Nu lm ngui nhanh s thu c dng bt vng PbI2. Cu 2 : F S F F Lai ha
sp2 Tam gic phng Khng cc v momen lng cc lin kt b trit tiu F N F F Lai ha sp3 Thp y
tam gic C cc v lng cc lin kt khng trit tiu F I F F Lai ha sp3d Hnh ch T C cc v lng
cc lin kt khng trit tiu Cu 3 a) Gi ZA, ZB ln lt l s proton trong nguyn t A, B. Gi NA,
NB ln lt l s notron trong nguyn t A, B. 75

76. Vi s proton = s electron Ta c h : (2ZA + NA)+ (2ZB + NB) = 65 ZA + ZB = 21 ZA =

4 (2ZA + 2ZB) (NA + NB) = 19 ZB ZA = 13 ZB = 17 2Z 2Z = 26 BA
ZA = 4 A l Be (0,5) Cu hnh e : 1s22s2 B 4 s lng t: n = 2, l = 0, m = 0, ms = ZB = 17
B l Cl 1 2 Cu hnh e : 1s22s22p63s23p5 B 4 s lng t: n = 3, l = 1, m = 0, ms = 1 2 b) Ta c Z
= 4 Be th 4, c 2 lp e Be chu k 2. Nguyn t s, c 2e ngoi cng phn nhm chnh
nhm II. Tng t cho Cl: th 17, chu k 3, phn nhm chnh nhm VII. .. .. : Cl : Be : Cl : .. .. c)
Hnh dng hnh hc ca phn t: ng thng Trng thi lai ho : sp Cl Be Cl d) Khi to thnh phn t
BeCl2 th nguyn t Be cn 2 obitan trng; Cl t trng thi bn vng v cn c cc obitan cha 2
electron cha lin kt do nguyn t clo trong phn t BeCl 2 ny s a ra cp electron cha lin kt
cho nguyn t Be ca phn t BeCl 2 kia to lin kt chonhn. Vy BeCl2 c khuynh hng polime ho:
Cl Cl Cl Cl Cl .... B e Cl Cu 4 1. B e Cl B e Cl B e Cl H Xe O O Cl H B H .... B e H B H H B lai ha
sp3, phn t B2H6 gm O 2 t din lch c 1 cnh chung, lin kt BHB l lin kt 3 tm v Xe lai
ha sp3 phn t 76 ch c 2 electron, 1 electron ca dng thp tam gic H v 1 electron ca B.

77. Cl Cl Al Cl C phn t Al2Cl6 v nguyn t Al t cu trc bt t vng bn. Cl Al Cl Cl Al lai ha

sp3, phn t Al2Cl6 gm 2 t din lch c 1 cnh chung, c 2 lin kt cho nhn
c to thnh do cp
e khng lin kt ca Cl v Khng c phn t B2F6 v: phn t BF3 bn do c lin kt pi khng nh
ch c to thnh gia obitan trng ca B vi cp electron khng lin kt ca F v kch thc ca
nguyn t B b so vi nguyn t F nn tng tc y gia 6 nguyn t F ln lm cho phn t B2F6 tr
nn km bn. obitan trng ca Al.Trong Al2Cl6 nguyn t Al t
c cu trc bt t vng bn. lk * lk
lk * * ) 2 s 2 ( z ) 2 ( x ) 2 ( y ) 2 ( x ) 1 (y ) 2. O : ( ( ) = = + 2 lk s O O 2 lk * lk lk * * ) 2
s 2 ( z ) 2 ( x ) 2 ( y ) 2 ( x ) 2 (y ) 2 O O O : ( ( ) = = O + c electron c thn nn thun t. O
2 khng c electron c thn nn ngch t. 2 2 3. 2 2 lk s H F N N H F H C c vect momen l
ng
cc ca c c li n k v c t p electron khng li n k c ng t chi n n momen l
ng cc u ca phn t
l n nht. F F F C c vect momen l
ng cc ca c c li n k v c t p electron khng li n k ng
ct
chi n n momen l
ng cc u ca phn tb hn NH3. B F Phn t d ng tam gi c u C c vect
momen l
ng cc ca c c li n k tri ti u ln t t nhau(t bng khng) phn ng t khng phn cc.
4. n(AgCl) = (2,1525:143,5) = 0,015; n(CrCl3 . 6H2O) = (2:266,5) = 7,5.10-3 n(Cl- to phc) =
3(7,5.10-3) - 0,015 = 7,5.10-3 Trong phn t phc cht t l mol Cl : Cr3+ = (7,5.10-3) : (7,5.10-3) =
1:1 Cng thc ca phc: [Cr(H2O)5Cl]2+ 24 Cr3+ (1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d3) 3d 3 4s 24 Cr3+ Cl
4p 900 H 2O H 2O A Ar H 2O Phc thun t : [Ar] 3d3 Cr lai ha sp3d2 900 H 2O H 2O Bt din
u Cu 5. - Trong cc phn t H2O , H2S, H2Se, H2Te; O, S, Se, Te (R) trng thi lai to sp3,
phn t c cu to dng gc : R H H - V m in ca O ln nht nn cc cp e lin kt b ht v pha
O mnh khong cch gia 2 cp e lin kt trong phn t H2O l nh nht nn lc y tnh in
mnh nht gc lin kt ln nht . 77

78. Th t tng dn gc lin kt l : H2Te , H2Se, H2S, H2O . - iu kin thng nc th lng l
do cc phn t nc c kh nng to lin kt H lin phn t : ... O H ... O H ... H H - Trong cc
phn t H2R , R u c s oxi ho -2, tuy nhin t O n Te bn knh R li tng ln kh nng cho e
tng t O n Te, tc l tnh kh tng theo th t H2O, H2S, H2Se, H2Te . Cu 6 1. a. Gi PX, NX ln
lt l s proton v ntron ca X PY, NY ln lt l s proton v ntron ca Y Ta c: PX + nPY = 100
(1) NX + nNY = 106 (2) T (1) v (2): (PX+NX) + n(PY+NY) = 206 AX+nAY = 206 (3) Mt
khc: AX / (AX+nAY) = 15,0486/100 (4) T (3), (4): AX = PX+NX = 31 (5) Trong X c: 2PX - NX =
14 (6) T (5), (6): PX = 15; NX = 16 AX = 31 X l photpho 15P c cu hnh e l :
1s22s22p63s23p3 nn e cui cng c b bn s lng t l: n =3, l=1, m = +1, s = +1/2 Thay PX = 15;
NX = 16 vo (1), (2) ta c nPY = 85; nNY = 90 nn: 18PY 17NY = 0 (7) Mt khc trong Y c: 2PY
NY = 16 (8) T (7), (8): PY = 17; NY = 18 AY = 35 v n = 5 Vy: Y l Clo 17Cl c cu hnh e l
1s2 2s22p63s23p5, nn e cui cng c b bn s lng t l: n = 3; l =1; m = 0, s = -1/2 * Xc nh
ng mi cht 0,5 , ng mt b bn s lng t 0,25 . b. Cl A: PCl5; B: PCl3 Cl Cu to ca A:
(0,5) - PCl5 c cu trc lng thp tam gic - Nguyn t P trng thi lai ho sp3d Cl P Cl Cu to
ca B: - PCl3 c cu trc thp tam gic - Nguyn t P trng thi lai ho sp3 Cl .. P Cl Cl Cl c. ng
mi pt: 3 PCl5 + P2O5 = POCl3 PCl5 + 4H2O = H3PO4 + 5 HCl 2PCl3 + O2 = POCl3 PCl3 + 3H2O =
H3PO3 + 3 HCl 2. Nhn xt: a. Nhn chung nng lng ion ho tng dn Gii thch: T tri sang phi
trong mt chu k, in tch ht nhn ca cc nguyn t tng dn v s e ngoi cng cng tng thm c
in vo lp n ang xy dng d. Kt qu cc e b ht 78

79. v ht nhn mnh hn lm bn knh nguyn t gim, dn n lc ht ca nhn vi e ngoi cng tng
lm e cng kh b tch ra khi nguyn t lm nng lng ion ho tng b.Be v N c nng lng ion ho
cao bt thng Gii thch: Be c cu hnh e: 1s 22s2 c phn lp s bo ho. y l cu hnh bn nn
cn cung cp nng lng cao hn ph v cu hnh ny N c cu hnh e: 1s22s22p3 phn lp p bn bo
ho, y cng l mt cu hnh bn nn cng cn cung cp nng lng cao hn ph v cu hnh ny
Cu 7 1. Nguyn t C c cu hnh electron cui cng :3p5 +1 0 -1 2 2 6 2 5 Cu hnh electron
ca C:1s 2s 2p 3s 3p V tr ca C: STT 17, chu k 3, nhm VII A. C l Clo. 2. ZC = 17 ZB . ZA = 56
ZA = 7 , A l Nit ZA + 17 = 3ZB ZB = 8 , B l Oxi 3. CTCT X Cl - N = O NOCl trng thi lng c
tnh dn in vy trong cht lng phi c cc ion NO + v Cl-. Do trong phn t NOCl c lin kt ion
v lin kt cng ha tr. Cu 8 I.1) a. Gi Px, PY l s proton X, Y nx, ny l s ntron X, Y Px + nPy =
100 (1) Nx + nNy = 106 (2) Px + Nx + n(PY + Ny) = 206 Ax + nAy = 206 (3) 15, 0486 Ax = (4) 100
Ax + nAy => Ax = 31 Trong nguyn t X : 2Px Nx = 14 Px = 15 => X l photpho Nx = 16 Thay Px,
Nx vo (1) , (2) n (Ny Py) = 5 ( 5) 2Py ny = 16 (6) => Ny = 2Py - 16 n(Py 16) = 5 5 + 16n Py =
n n 1 2 3 4 5 Py 21 18,8 17,67 17,25 17 Py = 17, n =5 , Ay = 35 => Y l clo Cl b. PCl5 : nguyn t P
lai ha sp d dng lng thp tam gic. Cl P Cl Cl Cl c. P2O5 + PCl5 = 5POCl3 PCl5 + H2O = H3PO4 +
5HCl 3 I.2) 79

80. - C v Si u c bn electron ha tr tuy nhin khc vi CO 2 (O = C = O) SiO2 khng phi l mt

phn t n gin vi lin kt Si =O. nng lng ca 2 lin kt i Si=O km xa nng lng ca bn lin
kt n Si-O v vy tinh th SiO2 gm nhng t din chung nh nhau. O O Si O O a. SiO2 l tinh th
nguyn t lin kt vi nhau bng lin kt cng ha tr bn trong khi CO2 rn l tinh th phn t, lin kt
vi nhau bng lc Vanderwall yu. b. X khng phn cc vy X tn ti dng trans Z phn cc.Vy Z
tn ti dng Cis H hoc Z + H2 H H C C H Cl H Cl H C= C CTCT Cl Cl C= C (X) H H Cl (X)
Cl (Z) CTCT Y s l H Cl C= C H C-H X= 2,5 2,1 = 0,4 Cl C-Cl X = 0,5 Vy Y phn cc Cu 9
1. r Si = (a. 3 )/8 = (0,534. 3 )/8= 0,118 S nguyn t Si c trong mt mng c s: 8.(1/8) + 6.(1/2) +
4 = 8 Khi lng ring ca Si = 2,33 g.cm-1. 2. 2.1. P : 1s22s22p63s23p3 ; As :
1s22s22p63s23p63d104s24p3 P v As u c 5 electron ha tr v c 3 electron c thn trong XH3
X tra i a X ng thalai ho sp3. H H H 2.2. XH3 hnh thp tam gic, gc HPH > gc AsH, v m
in ca nguyn t trung tm P ln hn so vi As nn lc y mnh hn. 2.3. 80

81. N Cl H F F F Si Cl Cl sp3 F O sp2 O F Si B F F sp3 F O S F F sp3 F F sp3 sp2 4 cht u tin c

cu to bt i xng nn c moment lng cc > 0. Cu 10 1. Nguyn t A: n = 3, l = 1, m = -1, s =
-1/2 3p4 A l S Nguyn t X: n = 2, l = 1, m = -1, s = -1/2 2p4 X l O Nguyn t Z: n = 2, l = 1,
m = 0, s = +1/2 2p2 Z l C 2. Phn t, ion Trng thi lai ho cu nguyn t trung tm sp sp2 sp3
CS2 SO2 2 SO 3 2 Cu trc hnh hc ng thng Gc Chp y tam gic u sp3 SO 4 T din u
3 C: 2s2 [He] O: [He] 2p2 2s2 2p4 Cacbon dng 1 obitan 2s t hp vi 1 obitan 2p to
ra 2 obitan lai ho sp hng ra hai pha khc nhau, trong c mt obitan bo ho v 1 obitan cha bo
ha. Cacbon dng 1 obitan lai ho cha bo ho xen ph xichma vi 1 obitan p cha bo ho cu oxi v
dng 1 obitan p thun chng cha bo ho xen ph pi vi 1 obitan p cha bo ho cn li cu oxi. Oxi
dng 1 obitan p bo ho xen ph v obitan p trng ca cacbon to lin kt pi kiu p p. Cng thc cu
to: :C O: + CO c moment lng cc b v trong phn t c lin kt phi tr ngc cp electron ca
nguyn t oxi cho sang obitan trng cu nguyn t cacbon lm gim phn cc ca lin kt nn lm
gim moment lng cc. + S hnh thnh lin kt trong phn t Fe(CO)5 Fe (Z = 26) [Ar] 3d6 4s2 4p0
81

82. Fe* 3d8 [Ar] 4s0 4p0 trng thi kch thch, nguyn t Fe dng 1 obitan 3d trng t
hp vi 1obitan 4s v 3 obitan 4p to thnh 5 obitan lai ho dsp3 trng hng ra 5 nh ca hnh lng
chp y tam gic u tm l nguyn t Fe. CO dng cp electron t do cha lin kt trn nguyn t
cacbon to lin kt phi tr vi cc obitan lai ho trng ca st to ra phn t phc trung ho Fe(CO)5
Fe* 3d8 [Ar] 4s0 4p0 :CO 4. [Ne] S S * :CO :CO : CO :CO 3s2 3p4 3s2 [Ne]
4 3p 2SO3 c kh nng kt hp thm 1 nguyn t S to S2O3 v trn nguyn t S
trong SO32- cn c mt cp electron t do cha lin kt c kh nng cho vo obiatn 3p trng ca
nguyn t S to lin kt cho nhn. 2- 2S O O S O Cu 11 AlCl3 + Cl AlCl 4 (1) - Trc phn
ng trng thi lai ho ca Al l: sp2 - Sau phn ng trng thi lai ho ca Al l: sp3 - Cu to hnh hc
Cl Cl Al Al Cl Tam gic phng Cl Cl Cl T din (2) H F H N + B- F 82 O S S O Cl 2- NH3
Ag+ NH3 Cl O

83. H F * Nit cn 1 cp electron t do * Ag+ cn obital/ho tr trng * B cn obital ho tr trng (3)

Trong cc phn t, nguyn t trung tm u c trng thi lai ho sp3 v c cu to gc. (a). S sai bit
gc ho tr trong phn t SCl2 v OCl2 l do s khc bit v m in ca oxi v lu hunh. ca
nguyn t trung tm cng nh th cc cp electron lin kt b y nhiu v pha cc nguyn t lin kt,
nn chng chim vng khng gian nh xung quanh nguyn t trung gian. ca oxi ln hn S nn
gc ho tr Cl O Cl ln hn Cl S Cl. (b). S sai bit gc ha tr trong phn t OF2 v OCl2 cng
do s khc bit v ca cc nguyn t lin kt. Nguyn t lin kt c cng ln th gc ha tr
cng nh. Flor c ln hn Clor nn gc ha tr F O F nh hn Cl O Cl. Cu 12 1. Cu hnh
y ca nguyn t X l: 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s24p6 4d10 5s25p5 Vy ZX = 53 = s proton X
NX = 1,3962 NX = 74 ZX AX = ZX + NX = 53 + 74 = 127 Ta c : NX = 3,7 NY = 20 NY Y +
X XY MY MXY 4,29 18,26 MY MY M Y + 127 4,29 = = M Y = 39 (g/mol) M XY 18,26
4,29 18,26 Vy : ZY + NY = 39 ZY = 19 Cu hnh electron ca Y : 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s1 2. X c
7 electron lp ngoi cng, cn obitan d trng nn trong hp cht XCl 3 X lai ha sp3d, dng hnh hc
l ch T Cl X Cl Cl 3. A B A 1,25 C B 5 1,25 D C D AD = 1,25 . 4 = 5 () AB = 52 = 3,54 ( ) 2 Vy
th tch ca mng n v ca Co : V = (3,54)3 = 44,36 ()3 Cu 13 a)V 2 nguyn t k tip nhau
trong cng mt chu k nn 2 nguyn t c cng s lp electron 83

84. ( cng n ). M tng ( n + l ) ca B ln hn tng ( n + l ) ca A l 1 nn: Cu hnh electron lp ngoi

cng ca A, B l: A: ns2. B: np1 Mt khc A c 2e lp ngoi cng cation A c dng A2+. Vy
tng i s ca 4 s lng t ca A2+ l: (n 1 ) + 1 + 1 - 1 = 3,5 2 Vy 4 s lng t ca : A: n = 3
l=0 m=0 B: n = 3 l=1 m=-1 s=- 1 2 s=+ 1 2 b)Cu hnh electron ca A, B: A: 1s22s22p63s2 ( Mg ). B:
1s22s22p63s23p1 ( Al ). Cu 14.1) C2H5OH v CH3COOH to c lin kt hidr gia cc phn t nn
c nhit si cao hn cc cht kia. t0 si ca CH3COOH > t0 si ca C2H5OH v c M CH 3COOH >
M C2 H 5OH v cho lin kt hidr trong CH 3COOH bn hn trong C2H5OH (trong CH3COOH, nhm
C = O ht in t lm tng in tch dng trn H ca nhm OH, nn lc ht tnh in gia H ny vi
O ca phn t CH3COOH th nh mnh hn). V vy CH3COOH c nhit si cao nht. 2) H2SO4 : S
trng thi lai ha sp3 , c cu t in lch [Ni(CN)4]2- Ni2+ trng thi lai ha sp2d c cu hnh
vung 2 NC NC Ni NC NC ICl3 : I trng thi lai ha sp3d, c cu lng
thp tam gic XeF4 : Xe trng thi lai ha sp3d2, c cu bt din u Cu 15 : b.-T cu hnh e ca U
[Rn]5f36d17s2 nguyn t U c 4e c thn , to phn t UF4 : Ngoi ra, U U6+ + 6e 3 1 2
[Rn]5f 6d 7s [Rn] Nn to phn t UF6 Phn ng : 2 ClF3 + 3UF4 3UF6 + Cl2 Cu 16 : Trng hp
1: ms= +1/2 => n=1 => l=0 =>m=0 Vy cu hnh electron ca nguyn t A : 1s1 => Hydr Trng hp
2: ms= -1/2 => n=2 => l=0 => m=0 hoc l=1 => m= -1 * Vi ms= -1/2; n=2; l=0; m=0 => Cu hnh
electron l 1s22s2 : B-ri * Vi ms= -1/2; n=2; l=1; m= -1 => Cu hnh electron l 1s22s22p4 : -xy V
A l phi kim nn hoc A l Hydro (H) hoc A l O-xi (O) Vi A l Hydro - CTPT : H2 - CT electron :
H:H - CTCT: H - H ( 1 lin kt) - Cu hnh e ca phn t 1s2 84

85. - S lin kt : N= 2/2 =1 - Khng c electron c thn nn l cht nghch t. Vi A l -xi - CTPT:
O2 - CT electron: - CTCT: O = O Gia 2 nguyn t oxy c 1 lin kt cng ha tr bnh thng v 2 lin
kt c bit 3e (3lectron ny do 1 nguyn t a ra 1, nguyn t kia a ra 2 gp chung), trong
ch c 1 electron c dng chung. Vy s electron chung gia 2 nguyn t l 4, v trong phn t c 2e
c thn. Cu hnh electron ca phn t : 2s2 2s*2 z2 x2 y2 x*1 y*1 S lin kt : N = (8-4)/2 =
2 C 2 electron c thn nn O2 l cht thun t Ion A3B2- c 42 electron. * Nu A l Hidr, ta c: 3.1
+ ZB = 42 -2 ; ZB = 37 Loi v khng tn ti ion RbH32* Vy A l oxi. Lc 3.8 +ZB = 42 - 2 ; ZB
= 16 ( B l lu hunh ) Chn Ion A3C2- : Ta c : 3.8 + ZC = 32 -2 => ZC = 6 ( C l cc-bon) Chn
Vy A3B2- l SO32A3C2- l CO32SO32- + 2H+ SO2 + H2O CO32- + 2H+ CO2 + H2O D l
SO2 ; E l CO2 - Dng hnh hc phn t : SO2 : nguyn t S trng thi lai ha sp2 nn phn t c cu
to gc CO2: nguyn t C trng thi lai ha sp nn phn t c cu to ng thng O=C=O - Phn bit
SO2 v CO2 Dng dung dch brm nhn ra SO2 qua hin tng mu nu ca dung dch brm nht
dn SO2 + Br2 + 2H2O = H2SO4 + 2HBr - Kh SO2 c th kt hp vi O 2 to SO3 do lu hunh
trong SO 2 cn cp electron t do. CO2 khng c kh nng ny do cc-bon trong phn t khng cn
electron c thn. Cu 17 1. - Khi i t tri sang phai trong mt chu k bn knh nguyn t gim dn
nn: Na > Mg > Al. - V cc ion Na+, Mg2+, F - , O2 u c cu hnh electron ging Ne : 1s2 2s2
2p6, nn bn knh ca chng gim xung khi in tch ht nhn tng: 8O2 > 9F > 11Na+ > 12Mg2+
> 13Al3+ . 85

86. - V cu hnh electron ca Al l 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p1 rt ln hn so vi O2 . - Do bn knh gim
dn nh sau: Na > Mg > Al > O 2-> F > Na+ > Mg2+ > Al3+ 2.a) Cu trc (a) c kh nng tn ti
thc t v n m bo cho lc y gia cc cp elctron khng lin kt l nh nht. b) Cu trc (C) c
kh nng tn ti trong thc t v tng tc y cu trc ny b nht. c) Cu trc c s gim nhiu lc
y gia cc electron khng lin kt v cp electron lin kt. 3. Do c lin kt hidro nn nc c cu
trc c bit. Cc nguyn t Oxi nm tm v bn nh ca mt t din u. Mi nguyn t hidro lin
kt chnh vi mt nguyn t oxi v lin kt hidro vi mt nguyn t oxi khc. Cu trc ny tng i
xp nn c t khi nh. Khi tan thnh nc lng cu trc ny b ph v nn th tch gim v do t
khi tng. Kt qu l nc nh hn nc. O H H H O H H H HH O H O H O Ca tru t n cu tinh
the c a u c die a n Cu 18 1. Phn t H2O v H2S u l phn t c gc v chng thuc dng
AX2E2. Trng thi lai ha ca oxi v lu hunh u l sp3. Oxi c m in ln hn lu hunh,
my electron lin kt b ht mnh v pha nguyn t trung tm s y nhau nhiu hn, lm tng gc lin
kt. V vy gc lin kt trong phn t H2O ln hn gc lin kt trong phn t H2S. 2. Nhn xt: T u
n cui chu k bn knh nguyn t gim dn. Gii thch: Trong chu k, s lp electron nh nhau nhng
do in tch ht nhn tng dn, s electron lp ngoi cng tng dn, lm cho lc ht gia ht nhn vi
lp ngoi cng mnh dn dn n bn knh nguyn t gim. 3. Cu hnh MO ca phn t N2: (2s)2
(2s*)2 (x)2 = (y)2 (z)2 bc lin kt = 3 Cu hnh MO ca phn t CO: (2s)2 (2s*)2 (x)2 =
(y)2 (z)2 bc lin kt = 3 Lin kt trong phn t N2 v CO rt ging nhau dn n mt s tnh
cht vt l ging nhau. 4. Cc hp cht hydrohalogenua: HF HCl HBr HI bn phn t gim t HF
n HI v m in gim v bn knh nguyn t tng t F n I. Tnh kh tng t HF n HI v
m in gim t F n I lm cho kh nng nhng electron tng t F1 n Cl1. II- BI TP T
GII Cu 1. Xc nh hnh dng ca cc phn t sau: COS , ClNO , COCl2, SeF4 , BF4- , BF3 , H3S+ ,
XeF4 , HCN , SbF3 , CH3+ , CH3- , SeF6 , ICl3 , SbF5 , NO2F , O2XeF2. Cu 2. .Cho bit : Sn ( Z =
50) a/ Hy vit cu hnh v s phn b electron trong cc obitan ha tr ca Sn b/ Hy v cu trc hnh
hc ca SnCl4 .Trn c s hy gii thch ti sao SnCl4 l mt axit Lewis. 86

87. c/ Vit cc phn ng ca SnCl4 vi Br-( tl mol 1:1 v 1:2 ) v vi etilen iamin .Hy s dng
thuyt s y cc cp electron ha tr(VSEPR) v cu trc khng gian ca cc sn phm ca cc phn
ng . d/ Trn c s cu trc hy cho bit trng thi lai ha ca Sn(IV) trong cc tiu phn . Cu 3.
Cho cc phn t XeF2, XeF4, XeOF4, XeO2F2. a/ Vit cng thc cu to Li - uyt (Lewis) cho tng
phn t. b/ p dng quy tc y gia cc cp electron ho tr, hy d on cu trc hnh hc ca cc
phn t . c/ Hy cho bit kiu lai ho ca nguyn t trung tm trong mi phn t trn. Cu 4. a/ Xc
nh trng thi lai ha v cu trc phn t ca NH3 v NF3. So snh gc lin kt HNH v FNF. Gii
thch? b/ Da vo cu trc phn t trn hy gii thch ti sao trong iu kin thng NH 3 l cht kh
khng mu v ha lng ti -33,350C v ha rn ti -77,750C cn NF3 l cht kh khng mu ha lng
-1290C v ha rn ti -2090C. c/ So snh tnh baz v tnh kh ca NH3 v NF3 . d/ So snh tnh bn
nhit ca NH3 v NF3 . Cu 5. Cho bit hnh dng ca NH3 v H3O+. b/ Trn c s ca thuyt lai ha
hy gii thch hnh dng ( cu trc) ca NH 3 v ca H3O+. So snh gc to bi gia HNH v HOH.
Cu 6. Cho Xe (Z=54) ; P ( Z = 15) ; F ( Z = 9) v O ( Z = 8 ). a/ Vit cu hnh electron ca Xe v xc
dnh v tr ca Xe trong bng HTTH. b/ Xc nh cu trc hnh hc ca cc phn t v ion sau : XeF2 ;
XeF4 ; XeO4 , [XeF4]2+ ; PF -6 v PBr+4 . Gii thch cu trc va xc nh. Cu 7. Hy cho bit cu
to Lewis, dng lai ha( nu c ) , hnh dng theo m hnh VSEPR. Momen lng cc ( = 0 hay 0
) ca mi phn t sau: SF 4, HClO2 , HClO , ICl-4 , IF7 , BrF5, HNO3 v C2H6. Cu 8. Thc nghim
cho bit phn t amoniac c cu trc hnh chp trong gc lin kt HNH = 1070. Cho bit s hiu
nguyn t ca N = 7 v ca H = 1. 1/ Trn c s ca thuyt lai ha hy gii thch kt qu thc nghim
trn. 2/ Khi NH3 kt hp proton chuyn thnh ion NH+4. Xc nh cu trc ca NH+4 v so snh gc
lin kt ca HNH trong phn t NH3 vi trong ion NH+4 . Gii thch. 3/ Xt phn ng : N2(k) +
3H2(k) 2NH3(k) (1) Ti iu kin chun i vi cc cht c: 0 0 S 298 K , pu = -197,9 J/K v H
298 K , pu = -91,8 kJ Da vo cu trc v c im lin kt trong cc phn t N2 , H2 v NH3 hy gii
thch ti sao phn ng (1) li ta nhit. Cu 9. Cc hp cht halogen - halogen. Tt c cc hp cht gia
cc halogen cc cng thc chung l XX n trong X c m in ln hn v n l cc s phi tr
bng 1, 3, 5 v 7. 1/ Gii thch ti sao ch s n l l cc s l. 2/ Clo v brom u to c vi Flo hp
cht l ClF 3 v BrF3 . C hai phn t ny u cu trc hnh ch T. Trong gc lin kt FBrF =
86012,6 cn gc lin kt FClF l 87029 Gii thch gc lin kt v cho bit trng thi lai ha ca clo
v brom trong cc phn t . 3/ ICl3 iu kin thng l cht rn mu vng gm nhng phn t ime
( ICl 3)2 do 2 phn t ICl3 cng c cu trc hnh ch T trng hp m thnh. Xc nh bn cht lin kt
ca cc nguyn t trong cc phn t . 4/ Gii thch ti sao Iot c th to vi flo hp cht IF 7 song li
khng to c vi clo hp cht ICl7. Trn c s ca l thuyt v sc y ca cc cp electron ha tr (
VSEPR). Hy xc nh cu trc khng gian ca phn t IF7 . 87

88. 5/ Ti nhit khong 3500C, IF7 phn hy thnh IF5 v F2 . Trn c s ca thuyt VB hy xc nh
trng thi lai ha ca Iot trong phn t IF5 v cu trc phn t ca IF5 . Cu 10. Hy gii thch lin kt
ha hc trong cc phn t sau theo thuyt lai ha, dng m hnh VSEPR a/ NH3; b/ H2O; c/ CH4; d/
C2H2 ; e/ C2H4 f/ C6H6. Cu 11. PF3 l cht kh khng mu, phn hy chm, c to ra khi nung PF
5 nhit trn 4000C. 1/ S dng m hnh VSEPR, hy d on cu trc hnh hc ca PF 3 v PF5.
Trn c s cho bit trng thi lai ha ca P trong cc phn t . 2/ Khi cho PF3 tc dng vi O2 to
ra cht kh X duy nht. Xc nh cng thc ca kh X v cu trc khng gian ca phn t X. Hy cho
bit trng thi lai ha ca photpho trong phn t v m t cc lin kt to thnh trong phn t . 3/
Cho PF3 tc dng vi Cl2 thu c PCl2F3 (Y). a/ S dng m hnh VSEPR v thuyt VB, hy xc
nh cu trc khng gian ca Y v trng thi lai ha ca P trong phn t PCl2F3. b/ Trn thc t. trong
khong nhit t 0 0C n 1400C, PCl2F3 tn ti dng hp cht ion l [PCl+4][PF -6] . Xc nh
cu trc ca cc ion trong phn t PCl 2F3 v cho bit trng thi lai ha ca P trong cc ion . Cu 12.
Hp cht photpho petahalogenua c nhng c im cu to khc vi d on thng thng. trng thi
lng, chng tn ti dng hp cht ion to nn t 1 cation in tch 1+ v 1 anion in tch 1-. 1/
Photphopentaclorua l cht rn mu trng, km bn nhit. ti trng thi rn c thnh phn l P2Cl10.
Hy xc nh cc ion trong phn t P 2Cl10. Cho bit trng thi lai ha ca photpho trong cc hp cht
. 2/ Hp cht ion A c cng thc n gin l PBr2F3. a/ Xc nh cc ng phn c th c ca phn
t A. b/ Hy cho bit cng thc ng vi ng phn no bn nht? km bn nht? Gii thch? 3/
Photphopentabromua l hp cht ion c cng thc phn t l PBr 5. Xc nh cu trc ca phn t ny
v cho bit trng thi lai ha ca photpho trong phn t ny? Hy cho bit ti sao photphopentabromua
khng th c cng thc phn t l P2Br10. Cu 13. Khi cho AsF3 tc dng vi Cl2 nhit 500C -
600C sau lm lnh n -400C, ngi ta thu c hp cht ion X c cng thc l As2Cl4F6. a/ Xc
nh cc ng phn c th c ca X. b/ Xc nh ng phn bn nht ? ng phn km bn nht ? Gii
thch ? Cu 14. i lu hunh i florua l kh khng mu tn ti 2 dng ng phn l (-SF) 2 v
S(S)F2. 1/ Xc nh cu trc ca 2 dng ng phn . Cho bit trng thi lai ha ca lu hunh trong
cc ng phn . 2/ So snh bn ca 2 dng ng phn . Gii thch? 3/ So snh nhit si v
nhit nng chy ca 2 ng phn . Gii thch? 3/ Khi un nng nhit >1800C, S2F2 phn hy
thnh SF4 v S. a/ Vit phng trnh phn ng xy ra . b/ Da vo m hnh VSEPR v thuyt VB, hy
xc nh cu trc khng gian ca SF 4. Trn c s hy cho bit trng thi lai ha ca nguyn t lu
hunh trong phn t . c/ So snh di cc lin kt ca lu hunh v flo trong phn t . Gii thch?
4/ Khi cho SF4 tc dng vi BF3 v vi CsF, ngi ta thu c cc hp cht ion A v B theo s sau :
SF4(l) + BF3 [SF3][BF4] (1) (A) SF4(l) + CsF Cs[SF5] (2) (B) SF4 + Cl2 + CsF Cs[SClF5]
(3) 88

89. (E) Xc nh cu trc ca cc ion trong phn t A v ca anion tron phn t B, E. Trong cc phn
t, lu hunh trng thi lai ha g? 5/ Tin hnh in phn SF4 trong HF lng ngi ta thu c kh H
2 v SF6. Vit cc phng trnh phn ng xy ra ti cc in cc v phn ng chung trong bnh in
phn. 6/ Xc nh cu trc khng gian ca SF6. Trng thi lai ha ca lu hunh trong cc hp cht .
P DNG NGUYN L TH NHT CA NHIT NG LC HC VO HA HC Trng
THPT chuyn L Hng Phong Nam nh M U Nhit ng lc hc l khoa hc c hnh thnh
vo gia th k 19. Ngy nay, nhit ng lc hc bao gm ba ngnh ln l: nhit ng lc hc vt l,
nhit ng lc hc k thut, nhit ng lc hc ha hc. Nhit ng lc hc ha hc l khoa hc ng
dng nhng nguyn l ca nhit ng lc hc vt l vo vic nghin cu cc hin tng ha hc. Trong
nhit ng lc hc c 3 nguyn l c bn trong nguyn l I cn c gi l nguyn l bo ton nng
lng khng nh tnh bt dit ca nng lng. Nguyn l I khng chng minh c bng con ng l
thuyt. Tuy nhin n c tha nhn v khng nhng n ph hp vi thc nghim m cc h qu c
rt ra t u ph hp vi thc nghim. i vi vic ging dy hc sinh gii, vic p dng nguyn l
th nht ca nhit ng lc hc vo ha hc rt quan trng. V vy chng ti quyt nh chn ti cho
bi bo co ti hi tho ln ny l: Ni dung ging dy p dng nguyn l th nht ca nhit ng lc
hc vo ha hc cho i tng hc sinh gii TNG QUAN Cc phn ng ha hc thng c km theo
hin tng thu pht nhit. Nhit ca mt phn ng nhit T l nhit lng Q m h phn ng trao
i vi mi trng ngoi khi m cc cht phn ng c ly theo t l hp thc, tc dng hon ton vi
nhau to thnh cc sn phm cng theo t l hp thc. Khi thc hin mt qu trnh, bin thin ni nng
ca h (U) c chuyn di hnh thi nhit (Q) hoc cng (A). Biu thc ca nguyn l I : U = Q +
A Dng vi phn : dU = Q + A nhit ha hc c gi tr xc nh, ngi ta quy c h ch thc hin
duy nht cng gin n th tch ngha l khng c phn ng ha hc xy ra. Khi : Q = dU + pdV i
vi h m trong c cc phn ng din ra th vn c s khc: - V nguyn tc: c phn ng ha
hc th phi c nng lng ha hc tng ng. Do phi c cng A' c lin quan n phn ng ha
hc, c th gi l cng ha hc (A' = A' ho). N c th dng vo vic g bn ngoi. V d chuyn
thnh in trong nguyn t (pin) Ganvani. 89

90. Nu to mi iu kin cng c thc hin n mc ti a c th c (cng cc i), iu ny

ch xy ra nu phn ng tin hnh mt cch thun nghch nhit ng. Khi : Q = dU + pdV - A'
Trng hp ng tch : dV = 0 Qv = dU - A'v => dU = Qv + A'v Nu tin hnh trong iu kin
khng thun nghch nhit ng n mc A'v = 0 => dU = Qv Ngha l ton b nhit m h nhn c
trong qu trnh ng tch dng tng ni nng ca h => Uv = (Qv)ktn Trng hp ng p: p =
const Q = dU + pdV - A' = > dHp = Qp + A'p Nu tin hnh trong iu kin khng thun nghch
nhit ng n mc A'p = 0 => dHp = Qp => Hp = (Qp)ktn => (Qp)ktn = (Qp)tn + (Aho, p)max
V cng thc hin trong qu trnh thun nghch nhit ng l cng cc i. Sau y chng ta s tho lun
v ni dung ging dy ca vic tnh ton nhit ha hc, s ph thuc ca nhit ha hc vo nhit v
p sut. THO LUN I.Mt s nh ngha v quy c. 1. Phn ng thu nhit, to nhit: - Phn ng to
nhit: Q < 0 - Phn ng thu nhit. Q > 0 2. iu kin chun. - p sut: p = 1,0 bar = 105 Pa - Nhit :
t = 250C = 298,15K (thng lm trn l 298K) - Trng thi chun ca cht: cc cht c ly ring r
tng cht, tc l tng c nhn ha hc dng nguyn cht ti 1,0 bar nhit T trng thi tp hp
bn nht hoc thng thng nht ca cht trong iu kin cho. i vi cht lng hoc cht rn:
trng thi chun ni chung l trng thi thc ca cht dng nguyn cht, bn nht hoc thng gp
nht ti p = 1,0 bar v nhit T. 3. Phng trnh nhit ha hc. Hiu ng nhit ghi trong phng trnh
nhit ha hc bao gi cng ng vi gi thit phn ng xy ra n tr (ngha l khng c phn ng ph
no khc km theo) v hon ton (khng cn phi k n kh nng n cn bng ha hc i phn ng
thun nghch). II. nh lut c bn ca nhit ha hc. nh lut Hess. 1. Quan h gia Qv v Qp Qp -
Qv = Hp - Uv = pV -Trng hp 1: i vi cc phn ng khng c s tham gia ca cht kh => Qp
Qv -Trng hp 2. i vi cc phn ng c s tham gia ca cht kh => pV = n.RT 2. Thc
nghim xc nh nhit phn ng. 90

91. m = - C(T2 - T1) = - C. T M Trong : m l khi lng ca cht phn ng. M l khi lng mol
ca n. C l nhit dung ca nhit lng k. H l hiu ng nhit ca phn ng. 3. Ni dung nh lut
Hess. Hiu ng nhit: ca phn ng (Hp hoc Uv) ch ph thuc vo trng thi ca nhng cht u v
cht cui, hon ton khng ph thuc vo nhng cch khc nhau thc hin phn ng. Nguyn tc p
dng: cc trng thi cui v trng thi u ging nhau. => i vi nhng phng trnh nhit ha hc ta
c th lm mi php tnh i s nh nhng phng trnh i s thng. 4. Mt s cch xc nh hiu
ng nhit. a) T sinh nhit. H0s, 298 (hay nhit to thnh). Sinh nhit: ca mt hp cht l hiu ng
nhit ca phn ng hnh thnh 1 mol hp cht t nhng n cht ng vi nhng trng thi bn nht
hay thng gp nht ca nhng nguyn t t do ca hp cht trong nhng iu kin cho v p sut v
nhit . Sinh nht chun H0s, 298 l sinh nhit xc nh trong iu kin chun. Ch : n cht bn
ca nguyn t c sinh nhit bng 0. Quy tc tnh: Hp = (H0s, 298)sp - (H0s, 298) H b) T
nhit chy, H0tn, 298 (hay thiu nhit). Thiu nhit l hiu ng nhit ca phn ng oxi ha hon ton
1 mol cht (c th l n cht hay hp cht) bng oxi phn t cho n khi c cc oxit cao nht ca cc
nguyn t tng ng. Quy tc tnh: Hp = (H0tn, 298) - (H0s, 298)sp c) T nng lng lin
kt (Elk) v sinh nhit nguyn t. H0nt, 298. Sinh nhit nguyn t: ca mt hp cht l nng lng
gii phng ra trong qu trnh gi nh cc nguyn t dng kh n nguyn t kt hp vi nhau hnh
thnh 1 mol hp cht. Nng lng lin kt (Elk): l nng lng cn cung cp ph v 1 mol lin kt
=> E lk > 0 Trng hp 1: i vi phn t hai nguyn t => Nng lng lin kt l nng lng cn
cung cp ph v lin kt c trong 1 mol cht trng thi kh thnh cc nguyn t trng thi kh. V
d: H2 (k) 2H (k) Hp = 432,2 kJ => Elk (H-H) = 432,2 kJ/mol Trng hp 2: i vi phn t
nhiu nguyn t S ph v cc lin kt trong phn t cn cung cp nhng gi tr nng lng khc nhau,
do gi tr nng lng lin kt l mt i lng trung bnh. V d: CH4(k) CH3(k) + H(k) H1 =
426kJ CH3(k) CH2(k) + H(k) H2 = 367kJ CH2(k) CH(k) + H(k) H3 = 517kJ C(k) + H(k)
H4 = 334kJ CH(k) CH4(k) C(k) + 4 H(k) H = 1644 kJ 91

92. Do , nng lng lin kt Elk (C-H) = 1644/4 = 411 kJ/mol Quy tc tnh: Hp = (Elk) -
(Elk)sp Ch : i vi phn t nhiu nguyn t v c nhiu gi tr nng lng lin kt khc nhau, cc
gi tr thu c u l cc gi tr trung bnh, v th nu em s dng tnh hiu ng nhit ca phn
ng th kt qu thng khng chnh xc bng cch s dng cc i lng nh sinh nhit, thiu nhit... d)
Nng lng mng li tinh th ion. Nng lng mng li tinh th: (Uml) l nng lng cn cung cp
ph v 1 mol cht trng thi tinh th thnh cc phn t cu trc trng thi kh. V d: NaCl (tt)
Na+(k) + Cl- (k) Uml 5. S ph thuc hiu ng nhit ca phn ng ha hc vo nhit . Biu thc.
Hp = H2 - H1 = T2 T1 nC p .dT Ch : nu trong khong nhit t T 1 n T2, c s chuyn pha
ca cc cht trong phng trnh phn ng th: Hp = H2 - H1 = T2 T1 nC p .dT + Hcp Nu chp
nhn rng, Cp khng i trong khong nhit t T1 T2 th: Hp = H2 - H1 = nCp(T2 T1) +
Hcp Hiu ng nhit ca qu trnh chuyn pha: Hcp = Cp. = Cp, sau - Cp, trc KT LUN Vic
tnh ton nhit ha hc c vai tr rt ln. i vi vic ging dy hc sinh gii, y l c s cho vic
nghin cu, ging dy cc vn khc trong nhit ng lc hc ni ring v ha hc ni chung. Tnh
ton nhit ha hc c th p dng nhiu phng php khc nhau. Cc vn chuyn ti n hc sinh cn
c chn lc mt cch hp l, ngn gn hc sinh c th hiu v vn dng c. TI LIU THAM
KHO 1.Trn Th , ng Trn Phch. C s l thuyt cc phn ng ha hc. Nh xut bn gio dc,
2004. 2.Nguyn nh Hu. Ha l. Tp 1, tp 2. Nh xut bn gio dc, 2000. BI TP CHN LC
V DANH PHP V LP TH CA HIROCACBON VNG NO ng Cng Anh Tun Trng
THPT Chuyn L Qu n I. M U 1. L do chn ti Chng ti chn ti Bi tp chn lc v
danh php v lp th ca hirocacbon vng no vi nhng l do v mc ch sau y: Mt l cn c gio
trnh dy hc sinh chuyn ha, ng thi thc hin nhim v nghin cu cc chuyn bi dng
hc sinh gii m nh trng ra trong nm hc ny. Hai l, mng kin thc ny va l trng tm va
l c s nghin cu nhng chuyn khc, nh hp cht t nhin, polime 92

93. Ba l, thi hc sinh gii quc gia hin nay c nhiu bi ton lin n cu dng v danh php ca
cc hp cht hu c. 2. Nhim v nghin cu Thit k, chn lc cc bi tp c h thng v danh php,
cu hnh v cu dng ca hirocacbon vng no. 3. Phng php tin hnh Tp hp cc ti liu tham kho
c lin quan n i tng nghin cu: Nghin cu c s l thuyt c lin quan. Lp s nghin cu:
Hirocacbon vng no Monoxicloankan Polixicloankan Cng thc cu to Danh php Cu hnh Cu dng
Thit lp, chn lc cc bi tp ph hp vi mc tiu ra. II. NI DUNG Bi 1. Xicloankan l g? Th
no l monoxicloankan? Th no l polixicloankan ? Cng thc chung ca monoxicloankan l g ? Bi
gii Xicloankan l hirocacbon no mch vng. Xicloankan c mt vng (vng n) gi l
monoxicloankan. V d: Xicloankan c nhiu vng (a vng) gi l polixicloankan. V d: nobonan l
mt bixicloankan. bixiclo[2.2.1]heptan Monoxicloankan c cng thc chung l CnH2n (n 3). Lu :
Trong chng trnh ha hc ph thng, xicloankan c hiu l monoxicloankan. Bi 2. Vit cng thc
phn t v c tn theo IUPAC cho cc xicloankan sau: (a) (b) 93

94. (d) (c) (e) (f) Bi gii Qui tc c tn: Xiclo + tn mch chnh + an (a) (b) xiclopropan xiclobutan
(d) (c) xiclopentan xiclohexan (e) (f) xicloheptan xiclooctan Bi 3. Vit cng thc phn t v c tn
theo IUPAC cho cc xicloankan sau: (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) (g) (h) Bi gii Qui tc c tn: s ch v tr
+ tn nhnh + xiclo + tn mch chnh + an 94

95. (a) (b) 1,2-dimetylxiclobutan metylxiclopropan (d) (c) 1,2,4-trimetylxiclohexan 1,1-

dimetylxiclopentan (e) (f) 1-sec-butyl-2-etylxiclooctan 1-isopropyl-2-metylxicloheptan (g) (h)
metylenxiclohexan 1-metyl-3-metylencyclopentan Bi 4. Cho bit cng thc chung ca hirocacbon c
hai vng no, phn loi. Cho bit nguyn tc c tn ca cc loi ny. Bi gii Cng thc chung ca
hirocacbon hai vng no l CnH2n-2 n 4. N c 3 loi, l: - Hai vng ri Ly vng ln lm mch
chnh, cn vng nh lm nhm th. V d: xiclopentylxiclohexan - Hai vng c chung mt nguyn t
mt vng, kiu spiro. Mch cacbon c nh s ht vng nh n vng ln, bt u t mt nguyn t
k nguyn t chung. Tn ca hiro kiu spiro gm cc b phn hp thnh theo trnh t sau y: spiro +
[cc s nguyn t cacbon ring (t s ln n s nh)] + tn hirocacbon mch h tng ng. V d: 2 1
6 6 5 8 3 4 10 9 spiro[4.5]decan - Hai vng c chung cu ni, kiu bixiclo Mch cacbon c nh s
bt u t mt nguyn t chung ( mt nh), n cc nguyn t ca cu ni di nht, tip n cc cu
ni ngn hn. 95

96. Tn ca hirocacbon kiu gm cc b phn hp thnh theo th t sau: bixiclo + [s nguyn t C

cc cu ni (ghi t s ln n s nh)] + tn ca hirocacbon mch h tng ng. V d: 9 1 2 3 8 7 6 4
5 bixiclo[4.3.0]nonan Bi 5. Hy gi tn cho cc hp cht sau. (a) (b) (c) (d) Bi gii (b) (a)
xiclobutylxiclobutan xiclopropylxiclopentan (d) (c) 1-xiclopentyl-4-metylcyclohexan (3-
metylcyclopentyl)xiclohexan Bi 6. Hy gi tn cc cht sau: (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) Bi gii 96

97. (b) (a) bixiclo[1.1.1]pentan bixiclo[2.1.1]hexan (d) (c) bixiclo[2.2.2]octan bixiclo[2.2.1]heptan (e)
(f) bixiclo[4.1.1]octan bixiclo[3.1.1]heptan Bi 7. Gi tn cc hp cht sau: (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) Bi
gii: (a) spiro[2.2]pentan (c) (b) spiro[2.3]hexan (d) spiro[2.4]heptan (e) spiro[3.4]octan (f)
spiro[4.5]decan spiro[2.5]octan Bi 8. Cho bit cng thc cu to ca cc cht c tn sau: (a)
spiro[2,3]hexan (b) 1-metylspiro[2.3]hexan (c) spiro[3.4]octan (d) 5-etylspiro[3.4]octan (e)
spiro[4.5]decan (f) 8-ipropylspiro[4.5]decan Bi gii (a) spiro[2,3]hexan (b) 1-metylspiro[2.3]hexan 2
4 3 1 5 6 spiro[2.3]hexan (c) spiro[3.4]octan 1-metylspiro[2.3]hexane (d) 5-etylspiro[3.4]octan 97

98. spiro[3.4]octan (e) spiro[4.5]decan 5-etylspiro[3.4]octan (f) 8-ipropylspiro[4.5]decan 7 1 6 2 8 5 3 9

spiro[4.5]decan 4 10 8-ipropylspiro[4.5]decan Bi 9. V cng thc cu to ca cc hirocacbon hai vng
no sau: (a) Bixiclo[2.2.1]heptan (b) Bixiclo[5.2.0]nonan (c) Bixiclo[3.1.1]heptan (d) Bixiclo[3.3.0]octan
Bi gii (b) (a) bixiclo[2.2.1]heptan (c) bixiclo[5.2.0]nonan (d) bixiclo[3,3,0]octan
bixiclo[3.1.1]heptan Bi 10.Cho bit cng thc cu to ca cc cht c cng thc sau: (a) bixiclobutan
(b) 2-metylbixiclobutan (c) bixiclo[3.2.1]octan (d) 8-metylbixiclo[3.2.1]octan Bi gii (a)
Bixiclobutan (b) 2-metylbixiclobutan 1 2 4 3 bixiclo[1.1.0]butan (c) bixiclo[3.2.1]octan 2-
metylbixiclo[1.1.0]butan (d) 8-metylbixiclo[3.2.1]octan 1 2 7 8 3 6 5 bixiclo[3.2.1]octan Bi 11.c tn
cc cht sau: 98 4 8-metylbixiclo[3.2.1]octan

99. (b) (a) (c) (d) Bi gii Ch : Hai nhm th cng pha l ng phn cis, cn khc pha l ng
phn trans. cis-1,3-dimetylxiclohexan cis-1,2-dimetylxiclohexan trans-1-etyl-3-mehylxiclopentae trans-
1,4-dimethylcyclohexan Bi 12.Xicloankan no c ng phn cis trans ? Nu c v c hai ng phn
. (a) 1,3-dimetylxiclopantan (b) Etylxiclopantan (c) 1-etyl-2-metylxiclobutan Bi gii (a) 1,3-
dimetylxiclopantan. C ng phn cis trans CH3 CH3 H3C CH3 cis-1,3-dimetylxiclopentan CH3 H3C
CH3 CH3 trans-1,3-dimetylxyclopentan (b) Etylxiclopantan. Khng c ng phn cis-trans. C2H5 C2H5
Hai cht trn l mt. (c) 1-etyl-2-metylxiclobutan: C ng phn cis-trans CH3 C2H5 CH3 H H H3C
cis-1-etyl-2-metylxiclobutan C2H5 H H C2H5 H3C C2H5 trans-1-etyl-2-metylxiclobutan 99

100. Bi 13.Hai hp cht hu c A v B u c cng thc phn t C 5H10. C hai u khng phn ng
vi Cl2 trong ti v lnh. A phn ng vi Cl2 c nh sng, nhng cho mt sn phm duy nht l
C5H9Cl. Cn hp cht B cng tc dng vi Cl2 trong cng iu kin nhng cho 6 ng phn C5H9Cl
khc nhau, c th phn bit bng phng php vt l. Hy xc nh cu trc ca A, B v cc sn phm
monoclo . Bi gii: A v B c cng thc C5H10 nn chng c th l anken hoc xicloankan. Theo
u bi, cc cht ny khng tc dng vi Cl2 ti v lnh nn A v B l cc xicloankan. A tc dng vi
Cl2 cho mt monoclo duy nht nn A l xiclopentan + as Cl2 Cl + HCl B tc dng vi Cl2 (nh sng)
tao ra 6 dn xut monoclo, nn B phi l metylxiclobutan. CH3 CH2Cl CH3 Cl CH3 Cl2 -HCl CH3 Cl
Cl CH3 CH3 Cl Cl Bi 14.Sc cng Baeyer l g? Bi gii Xut pht t hai tin l cc vng no c
cu trc phng v gc bnh thng ca hirocacbon no l 109028, nm 1885, Baeyer cho rng s o
nh hay trng rng cc gc ca vng no u dn n mt sc cng l cho tnh bn ca vng gim i.
Ngi ta gi l sc cng Baeyer. Sc cng cng ln, vng tng ng cng t bn. mnh ca sc
cng c nh gi bng . c tnh theo cng thc ( n 2) 180 1 = 109 0 28' 2 n
v d: n 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 0 0 0 0 0 24 44 9 44 0 44 -5 44 9 33 12 46 -15006 Bi 15.V sao ni lin
kt C-C trong xilopropan c gi l lin kt qu chui ? Bi gii Xiclopropan l hp cht vng no
duy nht c cu to phng. Theo quan nim hin i, phn xen ph cc i ca cc m my electron
khng nm trn ng thng ni lin hai nguyn t cacbon m c s un cong. S un cong ny lm
cho phn xen ph m my electron c gim i, nhng sp xp nh th c li v mt nng lng. Cc
lin kt C-C ny c gi l lin kt qu chui, n mang tnh cht trung gian gia lin kt v bnh
thng. Do s un cong nh vy, thc t gc lin kt ca vng ch bng 1060 ch khng phi 109028
v ln hn nhiu so vi gc cu to phng ca tam gic u (600). Xiclopropan rt d b m vng di
tc dng ca hirohalogenua, Br2 v b hiro ho c cht xc tc. 100

101. Bi 16.Th no l lc y Pitze? Bi gii Thc t, cc vng no (tr xiclopropan) khng phi l
nhng vng phng. Trong mt vng ngoi sc cng gc Baeyer c c mt lc y na l lc y
gia cc nguyn t hiro trng thi che khut mt phn hay ton phn gy nn, o mt vi nguyn
cacbon ca vng b lch ra khi mt phng vng. Lc y gi l lc y Pitze Bi 17.Nguyn nhn
no xiclobutan tn ti dng khng phng? Bi gii Theo quan nim hin nay, xiclobutan c cu
to khng phng gc gp c gi tr khong 20250. Tnh khng phng ca xiclobutan c chng t t
cc d kin thc nghim ca gin Rnghen, gin electron, momen lng cc, ph cng hng t
ht nhn v mt s phng php khc. Nguyn nhn ch yu xiclobutan tn ti dng khng phng l
gim sc cng Pitz. Bi 18.Xiclopentan tn ti hai cu dng khng phng: dng phong b v dng
na gh. Hy v hai cu dng ny v cho bit dng no c tm i xng, dng no c trc i xng.
Bi gii Nu gi s phn t xiclopentan nm trn mt mt phng th gc lch 0044, do coi nh khng
c sc cng Baeyer. Nhng y 5 lin kt C-C dng che khut nn li xut hin sc cng Pitz. Thc
t xiclopentan tn ti hai cu dng khng phng l cu dng phong b c mt phng i xng nn cn gi
l cu dng Cs. Cu dng na gh c trc i xng bc hai nn cn C5 gi l cu dng C2. C2 Lu :
Khi thc hin php quay phn t xung quanh trc i xng Cn mt gc = 2 sao n cho phn t trng
vi chnh n. Trc quay Cn gi l trc i xng cp n. Bi 19.Da vo gin th nng sau, cho bit
cu dng no ca xiclohexan bn nht ? Gii thch ? 101

102. Bi gii Cu dng gh bn hn cu dng thuyn, v n c th nng thp nht. Nguyn nhn dn
n s khc nhau v bn gia hai dng gh v thuyn l lc y tng tc gia cc nguyn t hiro
ca vng. dng gh tt c u c phn b theo hnh th xen k. Trong khi dng thuyn ch c 4
h thng (C1-C2, C3-C4, C4-C5 v C6-C1) l phn b xen k, cn hai h thng cn li C2-C3 v C5-
C6) th phn b che khut. Hn na nguyn t H C1 v C4 ch cch nhau 0 1,84 A nn n c mt lc
y khong 3 kcal/mol. Tng cng th nng ca dng thuyn ln hn dng gh 6,8 kcal/mol. Cng thc
Newman dng gh Cng thc Newman dng thuyn Bi 20.Trong xiclohexan, xc inh lin kt trc
(axial) v lin kt bin (equatorial). So snh tnh bn ca a-metylxiclohexan v e-metylxiclohexan. Gii
thch. Bi gii Trong xiclohexan, sau nguyn t cacbon dng gh c phn b trn hai mt phng
song song. Mt phng th nht cha C1, C3 v C5 ; mt phng th hai cha C2, C4 v C6. Trc i
xng bc ba ca phn t thng gc vi hai mt phng. 12 lin kt C-H c chia lm hai nhm: nhm
th nht gm 6 nguyn t H song song vi trc i xng bc ba ( 3 lin kt hng ln v 3 lin kt
hng xung). Ta gi l lin kt trc, k hiu l a (axial). Nhm th hai gm 6 lin kt cn li,
chng hng ra ngoi bin phn t (to vi trc i xng mt gc 1090 c gi l lin kt bin, k
hiu l e (equatorial). Kt qu kho st l thuyt cng nh thc nghim e-metylxiclohexan bn hn
ametylxiclohexan. nhit thng e-metylxiclohexan chim 95% cn a-metylxiclohexan chim 5%.
102

103. a-metylxiclohexan km bn v c n hai tng tc syn, trong kho e-metylxiclohexan khng c

tng tc syn no c. e-metylxiclohexan a-metylxiclohexan Bi 21.Xt cu dng sau: 5 4 6 3 1 2 (a)
Nhm metyl gn pha di C-6 l lin kt trc (axial) hay lin kt bin (equatorial) ? (b) So snh bn
khi nhm metyl gn pha di C-1 v C-4. (c) Khi nhm metyl gn vo C3 th to ra cu dng bn, vy
n gn vo di hay trn? Bi gii (a) Nhm CH3 l lin kt trc (a) 6 CH3 (b) C-1 km bn hn C-
4, v lin kt trc km bn hn lin kt bin (e). CH3 1 H3C 4 (c) Nhm CH3 gn vo C-3 to ra cu
dng bn th phi l lin kt bin, tng ng vi v tr ny l gn vo pha di. H H3C Bi 22.Xc nh
cu trc bn trong mi cp cu dng cho di y? 103

104. Bi gii: Cc cu dng bn l: Bi 23.t chy hon ton etylxiclopropan v metylxiclobutan, so

snh nng lng gii phng ca mi ng phn. Bi gii Etylxiclopropan v metylxiclobutan l ng
phn (u c cng thc phn t C5H12). ng phn no bn gii phng nng lng thp.
Etylxiclopropan c sc cng gc ln v km bn hn metylxiclobutan. CH3 CH2CH3 metylxiclobutan
etylxiclopropan 808,8 kcal/mol 801,2 kcal/mol Bi 24.So snh tnh bn ca ng phn lp th 1,3,5-
trimetylxiclohexan. H H H H CH3 H3C H CH3 CH3 H3C H3 C H cis-1,3,5-trimetylxiclohexan trans-
1,3,5-trimetylxiclohexan Bi gii Tt c nhm CH3 l equatorial trong cis-1,3,5-trimetylxiclohexan
nn n bn hn trans-1,3,5trimetylxiclohexan c cha mt nhm CH3 l axial. H H CH3 CH3 H3C H3C
CH3 H H H H CH3 cis-1,3,5-trimetylxiclohexan 104

105. H H CH3 CH3 H3C H H CH3 CH3 H H3C H trans-1,3,5-trimetylxiclohexan Bi 25.Vit cu trc
phn t c cu dng bn nht cho mi hp cht sau: (a) trans-1-tert-butyl-3-metylxiclohexan (b) cis-1-
tert-butyl-3-metylxiclohexan (c) trans-1-tert-butyl-4-metylxiclohexan (d) cis-1-tert-butyl-4-
metylxiclohexan Bi gii (a) c ng phn cu dng bn nht th nhm tert-butyl l equatorial. Sau
thm nhm CH3 (axial) vo C-3 ca vng xiclohexan. H H CH3 C(CH3)3 C(CH3)3 H trans-1-tert-
butyl-3-metylxiclohexan (b) Trc tin v xiclohexan dng gh vi mt nhm tert-butyl v tr
equatorial. to ra cis-1-tert-butyl-3-metylxiclohexan th phi gn nhm metyl vo C-3 v tr
equatorial. H H C(CH3)3 H3C cis-1-tert-butyl-3-metylxiclohexan (c) trans-1-tert-butyl-4-
metylxiclohexan c hai nhm tert-butyl v C-4 metyl u l equatorial. H H3C C(CH3)3 H trans-1-tert-
butyl-4-metylxiclohexan (d) Ln na, nhm tert-butyl v tr equatorial, tuy nhin, trong cis-1-tert-
butyl-4metylxiclohexan, C4-metyl phi v tr axial. H H C(CH3)3 CH3 cis-1-tert-butyl-4-
metylxiclohexan 105

106. Bi 26.V cc ng phn v gi tn ca hirocacbon c hai vng nhng khng cha nhm th
ankyl c cng thc phn t C5H8. Bi gii spiropentan bixiclo[2.1.0]pentan bixiclo[1.1.1]pentane Bi
27.Vit cc ng phn v gi tn ca hirocacbon c hai vng nhng khng cha nhm th ankyl c
cng thc phn t C6H10 Bi gii spiro[2.3]hexan bixiclo[2,2,0]hexan bixiclo[3,1,0]hexan
xiclopropylxiclopropan bixiclo[2,1,1]hexan Bi 28.Hy v mt m hnh phn t cho nobonan
(bixiclo[2,2,1]heptan). Vng 6 cnh dng thuyn hay gh? Hp cht monoclo nobonan c bao nhiu
ng phn khc nhau? Bi gii nobonan Vng 6 cnh ca nobonan dng thuyn. monoclo nobonan
c 4 ng phn: Cl Cl Cl Cl A B C D A v B c th c ng phn quang hc Bi 29.Nhit t chy ca
mt s xicloankan nh sau: Xicloankan Xicloankan H (kcal/mol) H (kcal/mol) Xiclopropan 499,83
Xiclonoan 1429,50 Xiclobutan 655,86 Xicloecan 1586,00 Xiclopentan 793,52 Xiclounecan 1742,40
Xiclohexan 944,48 Xicloecan 1892,40 Xicloheptan 1108,20 Xicltriecan 2051,40 Xiclooctan 1269,20
Xiclotetraecan 2203,60 Hy tnh nhit t chy ca nhm metylen trong mi xicloankan. Hy tnh sc
cng gc trong cc xicloankan trn. Bit rng xiclohexan l tng trng cho h khng c sc cng gc
(sc cng gc t do). Hy lit k cc loi sc cng gc trong cc vng c kch thc khc nhau. (b) Hy
gii thch ti sao nhng vng c kch thc trung bnh (C7-C11) c tng hp vi hiu sut thp hn so
vi vng nh (C3-C6) hoc vng ln (C12-Cn)? 106

107. Bi gii (a) tnh nhit t chy ca mi nhm CH2 c trong cc xicloankan ta ly nhit t
chy ca xicloankan chia cho s nguyn t C. Hexan c sc cng gc bng khng nn nhit t chy
ca nhm CH2 khi khng c sc cng gc l 157,41 kcal/mol. T ta c th tnh c nhit t chy
ca cc xicloankan tng ng khi khng c sc cng gc bng cch ly 157,41 nhn cho s nguyn t
cacbon. Kt qu th hin trong bng sau. n Nhit t chy Nhit t chy ca Nhit t chy Sc cng
gc kcal/mol CH2 kcal/mol khng c sc cng kcal/mol gc kcal/mol 499.83 3 166.61 472.24 27.59
655.86 4 163.97 629.65 26.21 793.52 5 158.7 787.07 6.45 944.48 6 157.41 944.48 0 1108.2 7 158.31
1101.89 6.31 1269.2 8 158.65 1259.31 9.89 1429.5 9 158.83 1416.72 12.78 1586 10 158.6 1574.13
11.87 1742.4 11 158.4 1731.55 10.85 1892.4 12 157.7 1888.96 3.44 2051.4 13 157.8 2046.37 5.03
2203.6 14 157.4 2203.79 -0.19 Nhn xt Sc cng gc gim dn t xiclopropan n xiclohexan. V c
s kt hp sc cng gc (sc cng Bayer) v s y tng h gia cc nhm th v tr che khut (sc
cng Pitzer). Cc vng ln n 12 sc cng gc nh khng ng k. Cc vng trung bnh (C7-C11) c
sc cng gc. (b) Entropi nh hng n cu dng ca vng nh. Nhng vng ny c kh nng ng
vng ln ngay c khi c sc cng. Nhng vng ln c th to ra vi hiu sut hp l v chng c sc
cng gc b v yu t entropi c th vt qua bng s la chn iu kin phn ng ph hp. Cc vng
trung bnh v mt entropi v sc cng u khng thun li nn hiu sut phn ng nh. Bi 30.So snh
bn ca hai cu dng sau, gii thch ? H H CH CH 3 3 CH3 H H H3C H H3C CH3 HH (A) H (B)
Bi gii Cu dng B bn hn cu dng A v c 2 CH3 H 1,3-diaxial repulsions trong khi cu dng A
c mt CH3-CH3 1,3-diaxial repulsion v hai CH3-H 1,3-diaxial repulsion. Bi 31.V cc cu dng gh
ca trans-1,2-dimetylxiclohexan v cis-1,2-dimetylxiclohexan. So snh bn ca cc cu dng .
Bi gii 107

108. CH3 (a) CH3 (e) CH3 (e) b hn n CH3 (a) trans-1,2-dimetylxiclohexan CH3 (e) (e) CH3 CH3 (a)
CH3 (a) cis-1,2-dimetylxiclohexan Hai c d ng ny c b nh
nhau u n Bi 32.V cc cu dng gh
ca trans-1,3-dimetylxiclohexan v cis-1,3-dimetylxiclohexan. So snh bn ca cc cu dng . CH3
(a) CH3 (e) H3C (e) CH3 (a) trans-1,3-dimetylxiclohexan Hai c d ng ny c b nh
nhau u n CH3
(e) H3C (e) b hn n (a) CH3 (a) CH3 cis-1,3-dimetylxiclohexan Bi 33.V cc cu dng gh ca trans-
1,4-dimetylxiclohexan v cis-1,4-dimetylxiclohexan. So snh bn ca cc cu dng. Bi gii CH3
(a) (e) H3C CH3 (e) (a) CH3 b hn n trans-1,4-dimetylxiclohexan CH3 (e) H3C (e) (a) CH3 CH3 (a)
cis-1,4-dimetylxiclohexan Hai c d ng ny c b nh
nhau. u n Bi 34.(a) 2-Isopropyl-5-
metylxiclohexanol c 4 ng phn cis trans, hy vit cc ng phn . (b) V cu dng ca cc ng
phn . Trong s 4 ng phn ng phn no bn nht? Bi gii 108

109. (a) Cng thc ca 4 ng phn (b) Biu din cc cu dng (c) Cu dng bn nht l trans-2-
Isopropyl-cis-5-metylxiclohexanol. V tt c cc nhm th u dng e. Bi 35.Gii thch ti sau 1,2-
dimetylxiclohexan c ng phn hnh hc trong khi 1,2dimetylxiclododecan th khng ? Di vng
xiclododecan ln cc nhm nguyn t c th quay t do, v th n khng th tn ti ng phn cis-
trans. Bi 36.Vit cng thc cc ng phn lp th khng i quang(ng phn lp th i - a ) ca 2 clo
- 1,3 - imetylxiclohexan v cho bit cu trc sn phm to thnh khi cho cc ng phn tc dng vi
CH3ONa. Bi gii CH 3 Cl CH3 CH 3 CH 3 CH3 Cl Cl CH 3 I CH 3 Cl II III CH3 109

110. H H H H CH3 H3C Cl H3C Cl C 2 H C bn c nh u t ch c.

CH3 H CH3 CH3 Khng t
ch c vH C
bn c nh khng ng ph ng v u vtrcis v i clo. i Cl Ch 1 H l t ch
c. c
CH3 CH3 CH3 1,3
imetylxiclohexen CH3 1,3
imetylxiclohexen Bi 37.Su hirocacbon
A, B, C, D, E, F u c cng thc phn t C4H8. Cho tng cht vo brom trong CCl4 khi khng chiu
sng th thy A, B, C, D tc dng rt nhanh., E tc dng chm hn, cn F th hu nh khng phn ng.
Cc sn phm thu c t B v C l nhng ng phn quang hc khng i quang(ng phn lp th i
- a) ca nhau. Khi cho tc dng vi H2(Pd, t0) th A, B, C u cho cng mt sn phm G. B c nhit
si cao hn C. 1. Xc nh cng thc ca 6 hirocacbon trn. Gii thch? 2. So snh nhit si ca E
v F. 3. Nu c C, D, E, F. Hy nu phng php ho hc nhh bit chng. Bi gii. 1. Cc ng
phn c th c ca C4H8: CH3 CH2 CH CH2 CH3 C CH2 CH3 CH H2C CH3 CH3 CH CH3 CH CH
CH3 CH2 CH2 H2C CH2 H2C CH CH3 - V F hu nh khng phn ng vi Br2/CCl4, nn F l: H2C
CH2 H2C CH2 - E tc dng chm vi Br2/CCl4, nn E l: CH2 H2C CH CH3 - V A, B, C c hiro
ho u cho cng mt sn phm G chng t A, B, C c khung C nh nhau, nn cn li D: CH3 C CH2
CH3 V B, C tc dng vi Br2/CCl4 cho nhng ng phn quang hc khng i quang ca nhau(c t
nht 2*C), nn B v C l ng phn cis - trans ca nhau. Do B c nhit si cao hn C nn B l ng
phn cis (phn cc hn). 110

111. B: CH3 CH3 C H C: CH3 C C H H H C CH3 A: CH3 - CH2 - CH = CH2 III. KT LUN
Nghin cu ti ny, chng ti thu c mt s kt qu sau: 1. Tng quan c l thuyt ca ti
nghin cu. 2. Chng ti thit k v chn lc 37 bi tp v danh php v lp th ca hirocacbon
vng no c li gii, trong : Bi tp v khi nim: 9 bi Bi tp v danh php: 9 bi Bi tp v cu
hnh: 4 bi Bi tp v cu dng: 11 bi Bi tp tng hp: 4 bi 3. Xy dng c h thng bi tp t d
n kh, t n gin n phc tp, gip cho cc em hc sinh d tip thu. ti ny l mt ti liu gip
cc em hc sinh t hc, t nghin cu, l ti liu tham kho cho gio vin bi dng hc sinh gii cc
cp. Kin ngh: Danh php v lp th ca cc hp cht khc, nh : hirocacbon khng no, hirocacbon
thm v cc dn xut ca hirocacbon s tip tc nghin cu sau ny. 111

112. TI LIU THAM KHO ng nh Bch(2001), Nhng vn ha hc hu c, NXB Khoa hc

v K thut Trnh nh Chnh (1995), C s l thuyt ha lp th, Ti liu BDTX. Trn Quc Sn,
(1977), C s l thuyt ha hu c, NXB Gio dc. Trn Quc Sn Trn Th Tu (2003), Danh php
hp cht hu c. Thi Don Tnh (2002) Gio trnh c s l thuyt ha hc, NXB Khoa hc v K thut.
Nguyn Trng Th (2000), Olympic ha hc Vit Nam v Quc t, tp 3 Nhng bi tp chun b
cho k thi Olympic quc t ln th 30, 31, 32, NXB Gio dc. [7.] Ng Th Thun (1999), Ha hc hu
c, phn bi tp, NXB Khoa hc v K Thut. [8.] Nguyn nh Triu (2003), 2000 Cu hi v bi tp
trc nghim ha hc hu c, Tp 1, NXB Khoa hc v K Thut. [9.] Francis A. Carey (1996), Organic
Chemistry, The McGraw-Hill [10.] Robert Thormnton Morrison (1992), Organic Chemistry, Prentice
Hall. [11.] http://depts.washington.edu/chemcrs/bulkdisk/chem237B_aut06/handout_Chapter_3_C
HEM237Baut06.pdf [12.] http://www.chem.ucalgary.ca/courses/351/Carey5th/Ch03/ch3-0.html [13.]
http://www.chem.ucalgary.ca/courses/351/Carey5th/Ch03/ch3-0.html [14.]
http://www.chem.ucalgary.ca/courses/351/Carey5th/Ch03/ch3-0.html [15.]
http://www.chem.ucalgary.ca/courses/351/Carey5th/Ch03/ch3-0.html [16.]
http://www.columbia.edu/itc/chemistry/chem-c3045/organic/text_chapters/ch3.html [17.]
http://www.chem.uic.edu/web1/OCOL-II/WIN/ALKANE/F3.HTM [18.]
http://stezlab1.unl.edu/Chem251-2005/PowerPoint/JJSChapter%203.ppt [19.]
http://www.cem.msu.edu/~parrill/movies/conf.html [20.]
http://www.chemistry.mcmaster.ca/courses/2oa3/lecture_two.pdf [21.]
http://www.chemistry.mcmaster.ca/courses/2oa3/lecture_two.pdf [22.]
http://chemistry.uca.edu/faculty/manion/2401/2401res/chap4.pdf [1.] [2.] [3.] [4.] [5.] [6.] 112

113. MT S VN V SACCARIT TRONG GING DY CC LP CHUYN HA HC PH

THNG Th.s. Cao vn Giang. Trng THPTchuyn HSP H ni LI NI U Trong qu trnh
ging dy cho cc lp chuyn Ha hc phn cacbohydrat, chng ti nhn thy rng: hc sinh rt lng
tng trong phn cu trc phn t, cc danh php tng i v tuyt i, vn dng gii cc bi tp. Nhm
trao i tho g bt cc lng tng , chng ti ly monosaccarit lm c s cho vic nghin cu saccarit.
Trong phm vi bi vit ny chng ti ch trnh by cc vn sau: 1.Mt s khi nim m u. 2. Phn
loi. 3. Cu trc ca monosaccarit 4.Cc phn ng tiu biu 5. Gii thiu mt s bi tp c tuyn ch
t thi hc sinh gii mn Ha hc cp quc gia, quc t. CACBOHIRAT. I. MT S KHI NIM
M U. Cacbohidrat l nhm hp cht hu c tp chc , c nhiu trong thin nhin, c bit trong
thc vt (chim trn 80% khi lng kh) I.1. Cc tn gi khc nhau ca cacbohydrat 1. Cacbohidrat
Cng thc phn t ca chng c dng Cn(H2O)m , nn c gi l cacbohidrat. Tuy nhin chng khng
phi l hiddrat ca cacbon. Cacbon khng tan trong nc.. 2. ng ng ( sugar). T sugar c
xut x t ting Phn. su ngha l ngt gar ngha l ct., tc l ct ngt. 3. Saccarit Ting Latinh
saccharum cng c ngha l ng v t t saccarit c dng thay cho t cacbohidrat. 4. Gluxit
Tn ny c xut x t ting Hi-lp glucus) ngha l ngt. Tm li cacbohidrat, ng, saccarit l ba tn
gi khc nhau ca cng mt loi hp cht hu c. I.2. Phn loi: Cacbohirat c phn thnh ba nhm
chnh sau y: 1. Monosaccarit (monoz): l nhm cacbohirat n gin nht, khng th thy phn c.
V d: glucoz, fructoz (C6H12O6) . Monosaccarit dng mch h nu thuc loi polihidroxiandehyd
th gi l andoz, cn nu thuc loi polihidroxixeton th gi l xetoz. Chng u c ui oz ( ting
Anh ose) Ty vo s nguyn t cacbon trong phn t m monosaccarits c gi l : 3C- Trioz (
andotrioz hoc xetotrioz) 4C- tetroz, 5C- pentoz, 6C- hexoz, 7C- heptoz 2. Oligosaccarit
(oligoz): l nhm cacbohirat m khi thy phn hon ton sinh ra 2 - 10 phn t monosaccarit. V d:
saccaroz, mantoz (C12H22O11) , rafinoz,melexitoz (C18H32O16) 3. Polisaccarit: l nhm
cacbohirat phc tp m khi thy phn n cng sinh ra nhiu hn 10 phn t monosaccarit. V d: tinh
bt, xenluloz (C6H10O5)n Polisaccarit c chia thnh 2 loi: homopolisaccarit v heteropolisaccarit.
113

114. homopolisaccarit khi b thy phn hon ton cho nhiu hn 10 monosaccarit cng loi v d tinh
bt, xenluloz. Heteropolisaccarit khi b thy phn n cng cho 2 hay nhiu loi monosaccarit khc
nhau v d aga-aga. II- CU TRC PHN T. Cn phi ni r hn v khi nim cu trc phn t, n
bao gm cu to phn t v hnh dng khng gian ca phn t thng hiu l cu hnh phn t 1. Cu
to dng mch h ca monosaccarit. Cu to dng mch h ca monosaccarit v d ca glucozo c xc
nh bng thc nghim. C th tm tt bng s cc phn ng sau [Ag(NH3)2]+; t0 C6H12O6
(glucozo) HI du HCN (1) C6H7O(OCOCH3)5 (CH3CO)2O Ag + .... (2) CH3(CH2)4CH3 + I2 +H2O
C5H11O5CHOH-CN HOH,H+ HIdu (3) C5H11O5CHOH-COOH (4) CH3(CH2)4COOH T cc th
nghim suy ra : (1) glucozo c chc andehyd CHO (2) glucozo c 5 nhm OH , thuc ru 5 chc (3)
v (4) suy ra gluco c mch cacbon khng phn nhnh. Vy cu to dng mch h ca glucoz nh sau 6
H2C OH 5H 4 H 3 H 2 C C C OH OH OH H1 C H C OH OH CHO Vit gn l CH2(OH)(CHOH)4CHO
2. Cu hnh ca monosaccarit. ng phn quang hc a. Cu hnh ca andohexoz Ta ly
polihidroxiandehyd n gin nht l glixerandehyd hay 2,3-dihidroxipropanal lm v d in hnh
kho st. Phn t n c mt nguyn t cacbon bt i (C*) hay cn gi l c 1 trung tm bt i nn c
2 enantiome hay hai i quang 114

115. Cu hnh S : OH > CHO >CH2OH > H 115

116. Anohexoz c 4C* ( 4 nguyn t cacbon bt i s c 24 = 16 ng phn gm c 8 ng phn dy

D v 8 ng phn dy L. Tuy nhin trong t nhin ch gp cc ng phn dy D. V d 116

117. CHO H H H H CHO HO H OH OH OH OH CH2OH H H H CHO H HO H H OH OH OH CH2OH

D
Alloz D
Altoz OH H OH OH CH2OH D
glucoz H H CHO CHO CHO HO H HO H OH OH CH2OH
H H HO H D
mannoz OH OH H OH CH2OH D
Guloz HO H HO H H OH H OH CH2OH D
Idoz H
CHO OH HO HO H H H OH CH2OH D
Galactoz HO HO HO H CHO H H H OH CH2OH D
T aloz
Ch ! *Cc andohexoz ch khc nhau cu hnh ca mt nguyn t C* c gi l ng phn epime
ca nhau th d cc cp ng phn epime C2 l D- glucoz v D- mantoz; C4 l Dglucoz v D-
galactoz. c p ng ph epime n nguyn t C2 CHO H OH HO H H OH H OH CH2OH D-glucozo
HO HO H H CHO H H OH OH CH2OH D-mantozo c p ng ph epime n nguyn t C4 H HO H
H CHO OH H OH OH CH2OH H HO HO H D-glucozo CHO OH H H OH CH2OH D-galactozo * cu
hnh tng i l cu hnh dng glixerandehyd lm chun gn vi danh php D/L. Cu hnh tuyt i l
cu hnh gn vi trung tm bt i v gn vi danh php R/S. b.Cu hnh ca xetohexoz Tng t nh
andoz, xetoz ly 1,3,4-trihidroxibutan-2-on-lm chun cho danh php D/L CH2OH CH2OH C O
1,3,4-Trihydroxy-butan-2-on H C OH CH2OH D
E ritruloz C O HO C H CH2OH L
E ritruloz D-
eritruloz lm chun cho dy D Cc xetohexoz c cng thc cu to Phn t c 3 nguyn t C* nn co
23 = 8 ng phn quang hc. 4 dy D v 4 dy L. 4 ng phn dy D ca xetohexozo CHO CHO CHO
CHO HO H H OH H OH HO H HO H HO H H OH H OH H OH H OH H OH H OH CH2OH CH2OH
CH2OH CH2OH D(-)-Ribozo D(-)-Lixozo D(+)-Xilozo D(-)-Arabinozo Trong thin nhin Arabinoz
tn ti ch yu dng L(+)-arabinoz. 3. Cu trc mch vng ca monosaccarit-ng phn anome. a.Cu
hnh trng thi rn, cc monosaccarit tn ti ch yu dng mch vng 5, cnh hoc 6 cnh. Nh
bit phn xicloancan, vng 6 cnh l ch yu.Vng 5 cnh gi l furanoz , 6 cnh gi l pyranoz. V
d i vi D- glucoz l 117

118. D(+ ) glucozopyranozo H HO H H D(+) glucozofuranozo D(+) glucozopyranozo

CHO OH H OH OH CH2OH D(+) glucozofuranozo Dng vng c to ra do nguyn t H ca
nhm OH C5 tch ra cng vo nhm cacbonyl C=O C1 to ra nhm C1-OH, nhm OH ny c gi
l nhm hidroxyl semiaxetal (hay hemiaxetal). ng phn c nhm hemiaxetal nm bn phi gi l ng
phn , cn nm bn tri gi l . Hai ng phn ny ch khc nhau cu hnh C1( nguyn t C* mi
hnh thnh) c gi l hai ng phn anome. Ty tng monosaccarit m hm lng tng ng phn
anome trong cn bng cng khc nhau. ng phn anome no c nng lng nh hn s chim hm
lng cao hn. V d: i vi glucoz v galactoz, t l : l 3 6 : 64, trong khi i vi manoz t
l ny l 68:32. Dng vng ca monosaccarit c biu din dng chiu Haworth ( c l Havooc).
Vng 5,6 cnh c qui c chiu xung mt phng thng gc vi mt phng trang giy. Nguyn t O
trong vng c vit nh bn phi xa mt ta. Trong dung dch nc cc andohexoz tn ti ng thi
c dng mch h v c hai loi vng 5 cnh 6 cnh, cc dng ny chuyn ha cho nhau theo mt cn
bng. Cng thc chiu Haworth ca cc dng andohexoz cH2OH 5 H OH 3 4 O H H 1 2 OH OH OH H
OH H C1 H HO H H OH H OH O CH2OH D (+) glucozopyranozo H HO CH2OH H 4 OH O H H
1 4 H OH H 3 HOH 2 OH 1 3 2 OH H H D(+) glucozopyranozo OH H 6 OH OH O OH 4 CHO
OH H H D(+) glucozofuranozo cH2OH 5 H OH CH2OH OH 1 C1 1 H 2 OH HO 3 H H 4O H 5
OH 6 CH OH 2 D (+) glucozofuranozo 6 CH OH 2 5 H OHO 4 H OH 3 H OH HH 1 2 OH Ch !
Trn c s cu trc vng c th gii thch mt s hin tng sau: Hin tng 1:Ha tan ng phn -
(D)-glucoz tinh khit c gc quay cc ring [ ] D = +1120 vo nc; hoc ha tan -(D)-glucoz
tinh khit c gc quay cc ring [ ] D = +18, 70 vo nc. Khi t ti cn bng u thu c dung
dch c [ ] D = +52, 70 . Hin tng ny xy ra l do s chuyn ha gia hai ng phn anome trong
dung dch cn 118

119. gi l s quay h bin. Ta c th tm c % s mol mi ng phn trng thi cn bng nh sau:

Gi s mol v ln lt l x, y. ta c h x+y=1 v 112x + 18,7y=52,7. T tm c x= 0,36, y-
0,64. Hin tng 2: Cho hoc -(D)-glucoz pyranoz tc dng vi CH3OH c mt ca kh HCl khan
xc tc, thy ch c 1 nhm OH phn ng, l nhm semiaxetal tm thnh metylglucozit - Khi nhm
OH C1 chuyn thnh nhm OCH3, dng vng khng th chuyn sang dng mch h c na. -
Phn ng ny dng chng minh dng mch vng ca glucoz b.Cu dng Tng t nh xiclohexan
cac hexopiranoz tn ti dng gh: dng C1 v 1C. V d: 4 5 5 O O 1 4 C1 -(D)-glucozpyranoz 1c
-(D)-glucozpyranoz OH H OH H HO HO 1 HO H HO HO HO OH OH H H H Cu trc vng ca
xetohexoz cng c xem xt tng t nh andohexoz H OH OH H III. MT S PHN NG TIU
BIU III.1. Phn ng ca nhm hydroxyl a. Phn ng vi Cu(OH)2, trong mi trng kim to thnh
phc cht mu xanh lam ging poliancol. b. Phn ng to este. Ging ancol, cc monosaccarit tc dung
vi clorua axit hoc anhydrit axit, s to thnh este 119

120. c. Phn ng to glicozit Do nh hng ca nguyn t oxy trong vng m nh -OH semiaxetal c
kh nng phn ng cao hn cc nhm OH khc v d to metyglicozit. d. Phn ng to thnh ete 120

121. e. Phn ng to axetal vng v xetal vng. 121

122. 122

123. III.2. Phn ng ca nhm cacbonyl. a. Phn ng oxy ha gi nguyn mch cacbon. Nhm chc an
dehyd ca monosaccarit b oxi ha bi ion Ag+ trong dung dch amoniac, (thuc th Tollens), ion Cu2+
trong mi trng kim hoc thuc th Fehling, nc brom vvto thnh axit andonic hoc mui ca
chng. CH2OH[CHOH]4CHO + 2[Ag(NH3)2]OH CH2OH[CHOH]4COONH4 + 2Ag + 3NH3 + H2O
(amoni gluconat) - Vi dung dch Cu(OH)2 trong NaOH, un nng (thuc th Felinh)
CH2OH[CHOH]4CHO + 2Cu(OH)2 + NaOH 2H2O CH2OH[CHOH]4COONa + Cu2O + (natri
gluconat) ( gch) - Vi dung dch nc brom: CH2OH[CHOH]4CHO + Br2 + H2O
CH2OH[CHOH]4COOH + 2HBr Khi oxi ha bng dung dch HNO3 long c nhm CHO ln nhm
CH2OH cui mch cng b oxi ha thnh axit anddaarric hoc saccaric. V d b.Phn ng oxy ha ct
mch cacbon 123

124. b. phn ng kh. 124

125. c. Phn ng tng mch cacbon Theo phng php ca Kiliani-Fischer, cho monosaccarit tc dung
vi HCN, ri qua mt chui phn ng s thu c monosaccarit tng thm 1 nguyn t cacbon d. Phn
ng ct ngn mch cacbon d.1. Phng php thoi phn ca Ruff 125

126. Phng php ny cho hiu sut thp. d.2. Phng php Wohl 6. Ph e. Phn ng to ozazon 126

127. III.3. Phn ng ln men . Nh tc dng xc tc ca cc enzim khc nhau, monosaccarit c th to ra

nhiu sn phm khc nhau. V d: Glucoz ln men nh sau 1. ln men ru. enzim C6H12O6
2C2H5OH + 2CO2 2. 3. ln men lactic C6H12O6 enzim ln men butyric enzim C6H12O6 4. ln men
xitric C6H12O6 enzim 2CH3-CH(OH)-COOH axit lac tic CH3CH2CH2COOH + 2CO2 +2H2 axit
butyric COOH HOOC-CH2- C-CH2-COOH + 2H2O COOH axit xitric 127

128. VI.MT S BI TP TUYN CHN V SACCARIT. Bi 1 ( cu 4.2 thi chon HSGQG-

2011) Hng dn gii 128

129. Bi 2 ( QG 2010 cu 10.2 v 10.3) 10.2. Inulin (mt cacbohirat c trong r cy actis) khng phn
ng vi thuc th Felinh; khi b thu phn c mt -glucoziaza cho 2 mol glucoz v mt polisaccarit
gm cc D-fructoz kt cu theo kiu (21)-D-fructofuranoz. Phn t khi tng i ca inulin
khong 5200 u. V cng thc Havooc (Haworth) ca inulin. 10.3. Phng php bo v nhm hiroxyl (-
OH) thng c s dng khi chuyn ho gia cc monosaccarit. H OCH3 H CH3 H O H HO OH NH2
HO H Vit s phn ng iu ch -D-perosinamid v cc cht cn thit. Hng dn gii 10.2.
Cng thc ca Inulin: O OH t HO OH OH O O O CH2 O O 28 v n CH2 O O OO CH2 (Hoc v
2 gc glucoz cng mt u) 10.3. 3. O HO HO OH HO OH 1. MeOH/H+ 2. CH3COCH3/H+ O H3C
OCH3 H O O O H3C 1. TsCl, Et3N 2. LiAlH4 3. RuO4 O H3C OCH3 TsO O OH O OH OH OCH3 OH
OH H O H 2. TsCl, Et3N H3C O H2N OCH3 OH OH CH3 OCH3 H H2N O H OCH3 O 1. NaBH4,
EtOH, H2O O N3 OH H3C OCH3 LiAlH4 (Hirua
u tin tn cng vo v trequatorial) O O NaN3
MeOH/H+ TsO OCH3 HO OH H3C O HO NH2 H OH Bi 3 (Cu V.1 v cu V.2 thi chn TQG d
thi IChO-2009). 129

130. Cho s chuyn ho sau: CH3 HO O OMe HIO4/H2O C6H12O5 B OH OH A C O /Ag 2 H 3I H

2 /N i, t C8H16O5 C CH2OH H o C OCH3 O H3 C H CH2OH a) Vit cng thc cu trc ca A (c biu
din cu hnh ca tng nguyn t cacbon bt i). A thuc dy no (D hay L) v dng -glicozit hay -
glicozit? b) Vit cng thc cu to ca B v C bit rng B khng cha nhm cacbonyl. Gii thch s to
thnh B. c) V sao B khng cha nhm cacbonyl m vn b kh bi hiro? Hng dn gii: a) Cu trc
ca A l N thuc dy L, loi -glicozit. O OMe HO CH3 OH OH b) Sau khi phn ng vi HIO 4, mt
nhm anehit b hirat ho thnh gem iol, cht ny to vng vi nhm anehit th hai, tip theo l
phn ng metyl ho. O OMe HO CH3 HIO4 H2O OH OH A O OMe HC CH3 O HO CH OH O OMe
HC CH3 CH3I Ag2O HO O CH B OH O OMe HC CH3 MeO O CH C OMe c) Di tc dng ca nhit,
B m vng, b ehirat ho tr li anehit v do b kh. Bi 4 ( cu V.2 thi chn TQG d thi
IchO-2008) V.2. Vit s phn ng oxi ha D-glucoz to thnh axit anonic v axit anaric, cng
thc Haworth cc mono v i -lacton ca chng v gi tn cc lacton y. Hng dn gii Cc sn phm
oxi ho D-glucoz v cc lacton ca n 130

131. O COOH CHO OH OH HO OH OH COOH OH O OH HO OH HO O OH O OH OH CH2OH

CH2OH axit gluconic COOH COOH H2O OH HNO3 CH2OH OH O OH HO Br2 CH2OH OH OH C D-
-gluconolacton OH COOH O O OH O O O OH HO O O OH OH 1,4-lacton ca axit glucaric 1,4:3,6-
dilactonca axit glucaric 3,6-lacton ca axit glucaric Bi 5 ( Cu 21 bi tp chun b cho IchO-41) Cc
xetoz l mt nhm c bit trong cc ng. Cc dn xut ca D-ribuloz ng mt vai tr quan trng
trong tng hp quang ha. Mt -metyl glycosit ca D-ribuloz (A) c th c iu ch t D-ribuloz
bng cc x l vi metanol v xc tc axit. un nng A trong axeton c mt HCl dn n s to thnh B
l mt dn xut ca propyliden. Axeton to thnh axetal vi cc vic-diol nu hai nhm OH c nh
hng khng gian thch hp. H2C O OH HO H OH H HO H F D-ribulose CH2OH O acetone/H+ O
OCH3 H OH H CH2OH HO OOCCH3 B acetic anhydride (cat.) C H2O/H+ D CH3-OH/H+ E OCH3 HO
HO 1-O-methyl--D-ribulose<2.5> A a) Trong qu trnh tng hp B th c th to thnh hai cu trc. V
cu trc ca chng v cho bit u l sn phm chnh. B phn ng vi anhydrit axetic (c mt xc tc)
to thnh C. D c to thnh C bng cch un nng trong axit long. D phn ng vi metanol c
mt axit to thnh E. b) V cu trc ca cc cht t C-E. c) Liu c th xc nh c cu dng ca
nguyn t cacbon C1 trong E? Mc d s to thnh cc axetonit l mt phng php gi tr bo v
nhm OH quan trng nhng trong nhiu trng hp n cho nhiu sn phm (hay thnh phn sn phm
ph thuc nhiu vo iu kin phn ng). Ni chung y l trng hp hay gp i vi cc ng c
cu trc vng 6 cnh. 131

132. Ngi ta chng minh rng khng h c s to thnh axetonit khi hai nhm OH k nhau chim v
tr axial. Tuy nhin cc vic-diol c nhm OH chim hai v tr equatorial hay mt axial mt equaorial u
phn ng c vi axeton/HCl. d) V hai cu dng gh ca 1-O-metyl-6-O-acetyl--D-galactoz<1.5>
(F). nh du cc nhm OH v tr axial (a) hay equatorial (e). Xc nh cu dng bn nht. e) C bao
nhiu ng phn axetonit c th c to thnh t hp cht ny v c bao nhiu cu dng gh khc nhau
ca cc axetonit ny tn ti c? f) V cng thc chiu Haworth ca L-galactoz <1.5> Hng dn gii
a) S to thnh ng phn 1,3 t ph hp hn (do cc nhm th vi tr trans khng thun li cho vic
to vng) nn sn phm chnh s l 3,4-acetonide b) c) Khng, v D c nhm OH cha b kha cho nn
trong qu trnh tng hp E th c th to thnh c c hai ng phn v . Thnh phn cc ng phn
ny ph thuc nhiu vo iu kin phn ng: d) e) 132

133. Nh vy ng phn 3,4-axetonide c hai cu dng gh khc nhau cn ng phn 2,3 ch mt: f)
XC NH CU TRC CA PEPTIT ng Cng Anh Tun Trng THPT Chuyn L Qu n
Nng I. TM TT L THUYT 1. Xc nh N ca amino axit u mch. Thoi phn Edman 133

134. Bc 1. Phn ng ca nhm amino t do vi phenyl isoxianat , sn phm l mt phenyl thioure.

Bc 2. ng vng, thy phn v tch amino axit u mch. Phng php Sanger Theo phng php
ny, ngi ta cho peptit phn ng vi thuc th Sanger (2,4dinitroflobenzen), sau thy phn bng
dung dch HCl 6M c hn hp cc amino axit v amino axit u N lin kt vi 2,4-dinitroflobenzen.
134

135. 2. Phng php xc nh amino axit u C. Dng men cacboxypeptidase. 3. B gy mch peptit
bng cch s dng men trysin v chymotrysin. Trypsin: Ct mch ti nhm cacboxyl ca lysine v
arginine Chymotrypsin: Ct machj ti nhm cacboxyl ca nhng amnino axit c vng thm, nh:
phenylalanine, tyrosine v trytophan. II. BI TP Bi 1.Cc ekepphalin l cu t pentapeptit ca cc
endorphin. Xc nh trt t cc aminoaxit trong ekephalin t cc d liu sau : Thy phn hon ton
ekephalin (A) thu c Gly, Phe, Leu v Tyr, cn thy phn tng phn thu c Gly.Gly.Phe v
Tyr.Gly. Cho A phn ng vi dansylclorua sau thy phn v xc nh bng phng php sc k th
thy c sn phm l dn xut dansyl ca tyrosin. Bi gii Cho A phn ng vi dansylclorua sau thy
phn v xc nh bng phng php sc k th thy c sn phm l dn xut dansyl ca tyrosin. Vy
amino axit u N l tyrosin. Thy phn hon ton ekephalin (A) thu c Gly, Phe, Leu v Tyr, cn
thy phn tng phn thu c Gly.Gly.Phe v Tyr.Gly. Chng t trong ekepphalin c dng
Tyr.Gly.Gly.Phe. Hn na ekepphalin l pentapeptit c cha Leu, vy Leu l amino axit u C. Vy
ekepphalin l Tyr.Gly.Gly.Phe.Leu. Bi 2.Khi thy phn hon ton 1 mol tripeptit B thu c 2 mol
Glu, 1 mol Ala v 1 mol NH3. X khng phn ng vi 2,4-dinitroflobenzen v X ch c mt nhm
cacboxyl t do. Thy phn X nh enzim cacboxipeptidaza thu c alanin. Xc nh cng thc cu to
ca B. 135

136. Bi gii Thy phn X nh enzim cacboxipeptidaza thu c alanin, chng t B c Ala u C.
Amino u N lin kt vi vi nhm cacboxyl to thnh lactam, khin n khng phn ng vi thuc th
Sanger. V ch c mt nhm cacboxyl t do nn nhm cacboxyl c Glu cn li dng amit. Cu trc ca
B l: Bi 3.Thy phn hon ton hexapeptit (C) thu c Ala, Arg, Gly, Lys, Try, Val v NH3.
hexapeptit C vi chymotrypsin thu c mt dipeptit l Arg.Try v mt tetrapeptit (D) cha Gly, Lys,
Ala v Val. C hoc D u khng phn ng khi vi cacboxypeptitdaza. Khi thy phn tng phn D th
thu c Ala.Val, Gly.Lys, Lys.Ala v NH3. E c to thnh khi ch thoi phn Edman. Xc nh cu
trc ca C. Bi gii S to thnh cht E cho bit u N ca D l Gly. Khi thy phn tng phn D th thu
c Ala.Val, Gly.Lys, Lys.Ala v NH3 nn D c cu trc: Gly.Lys.Ala.Val. hexapeptit C vi
chymotrypsin thu c mt dipeptit l Arg.Try v mt tetrapeptit (D). Nn Try lin kt vi Gly. C v D
u khng phn ng vi cacboxypeptitdaza nn nhm cacboxyl ca chng tn ti dng amit. Cu trc
ca C l Arg.Try.Gly.Lys.Ala.Val-amit. Bi 4.T cc thng tin sau hy cho bit trt t lin kt cc
aminoaxit trong heptapeptit (F). Thy phn khng hon ton to ra Ser.Asp.Phe (G), Ala.His.Ser (H), v
Phe.Ala (I), mt thi gian vi cacboxypeptidaza gii phng ra Ala. Bi gii mt thi gian vi
cacboxypeptidaza gii phng ra Ala, chng t Ala nm u C. (I) nm cui mch, ng trc l (G)
v trc (G) l (H). Khi : Ala.His.Ser.Asp.Phe.Ala. Amino axit th 7 ch c th l Phe. Vy cu trc
ca F l: Ph.Ala.His.Ser.Asp.Phe.Ala. Bi 5.Nonapeptit vasodilator bradykinin cha cc aminoaxit sau :
2Arg, Gly, 2Phe, 3Pro v Ser. Thy phn vi cacboxypeptidaza th thy Arg c gii phng u tin.
Thy phn tng 136

137. phn th to cc sn phm : Pro.Pro.Gly,Ser.Pro.Phe,Pro.Gly.Phe,Arg.Pro v Phe.Ser. Xc nh

trt t lin kt ca cc aminoaxit trong bradykinin. Bi gii: S gii phng Arg t s thy phn bng
men cacboxypeptidaza, chng t Ala nm u C. Xc nh th t cc amino axit bng cch:
Agr.Pro....Pro.Pro.Gly....Pro.Gly.Phe ....Phe.Ser ....Ser.Pro.Phe....Arg Vy cu trc ca Nonapeptit
vasodilator bradykinin l Agr.Pro.Pro.Gly.Phe.Ser.Pro.Phe.Arg Bi 6.Pentapetit A c thnh phn 2Glu,
Ala, Phe v Val, khng to N2 khi tc dng vi HNO2. Thy phn A to sn phm Ala.Gly v Gly.Ala.
Vit cng thc c th c ca A. Bi gii V khng gii phng N2 nn khng c nhm amino t do u
mch v A phi l peptit vng. V khi thy phn to thnh Gly.Ala.Gly. Hon v Phe v Val ta c hai
cu trc ca A. III. PH LC Tn K hiu Cng thc Gc lycine Gly alanine Ala Alkyl valine Val
Alkyl leucine Leu Alkyl 137

138. isoleucine Ile Alkyl pheylalanine Phe Aromatic proline Pro rigid cyclic structure serine Ser
Hydroxyl threonine Thr Hydroxyl tyrozine Tyr Phenol-OH asparagine Asn amide glutamine Gln amide
trytophan Try indole cysteine Cys thiol methionine Met sulfide 138

139. aspartic acid Asp Carboxylic acid glutamic acid Glu Carboxylic acid lysine Lys Amino arginine Arg
Guanidino histidine His Imidazole ring Ti liu tham kho 1- L.G. Wade, JR, Organic Chemistry,
Prentice Hall, 1991. 2- Estelle K. Meislich, Ph. D, 3000 Solved problems in Organic Chemistry,
McGRAW-HILL, 1993 3. Frabcis A. Carey, Orangnic Chemistry, , McGRAW-HILL, 1996. 139

140. CHUYN : TNG HP HU C Trng THPT chuyn H Ni - Amsteram A. MT S

VN L THUYT: I. Cc phng php lm tng mch Cacbon: 1. Cc phng php ankyl ha
bng hp cht c magie (RMgX): R' X + 1) CO2 2) H O + + + R-R 3 1) RCOOH
RCH2CH2OH O 2) H3O + + 1) HCHO 2) H O + RCH2OH + 1) R ' CHO 2) H O
+ RCH(OH)R + 1) R ' COR '' 2) H O + R(R)C(OH)R + RMgX 1)R ' COOH hoac R '
COOR '' RCOR (R)2C(OH)R 2)H 3O + 3 3 3 * Hc sinh cn lu : + Hp
cht c magie RMgX rt d phn ng vi cc hp cht c hidro linh ng (H2O, NH3, ancol, amin)
bo qun v tin hnh phn ng trong ete khan. + Lp th ca phn ng cng RMgX vo hp cht
cacbonyl: quy tc Crammer L R Rtb O L R R N tb N O- 2. Phng php anky ha ion axetilua: R C
CH 2 3long R C C Na+ NaNH / NH 3. Cc phng php ankyl v axyl ha hp
cht thm: a) Cc phn ng ankyl ha: 140 R' X R C C R

141. R + dn xut halogen/ xt: axit Lewis (AlCl3 > FeCl3 > BF3 > ZnCl2) + anken/ xt: HCl/AlCl3 hoc
axit protonic (HF > H2SO4 > H3PO4) + ancol/ xt: axit protonic hoc Al2O3. b) Cc phn ng axyl ha:
R + dn xut ca axit cacboxylic (RCOX > (RCO)2O > RCOOR)/ xt: AlCl3 Mt s phn ng formyl
ha (thng dng gn nhm CHO vo phenol, ete thm hoc nhn thm giu electron) CO + HCl R
AlCl 3 - HCN + HCl/ AlCl 3 R H2O - HCO-N(R) 2 R POCl 3 hoac COCl 2 HO CHCl 3 NaOH R (Phn
ng Gatterman Koch) R CHO (Phn ng Gatterman) R CHO (Phn ng Vilsmeier) HO OHC - CHO
(Phn ng Reimer Tiemann) * Hc sinh cn lu : + C ch ca cc phn ng ankyl v axyl ha nhn
thm l c ch SE2(Ar); trong ch c ch to tc nhn electronfin. + Cc phn ng ankyl ha
thng to thnh hn hp mono v poliankyl mun thu c sn phm mono cn ly d cht phn
ng. + Hng chnh ca phn ng khi th vo cc dn xut ca benzen. 4. Cc phng php ankyl v
axyl ha cc hp cht c nhm metylen hoc nhm metyn linh ng: a) Cht phn ng c dng X
CH2 Y hoc X CH(R) Y; vi X, Y l COR, -COOR, -CN, -NO2 Do X, Y l cc nhm ht
electron mnh nguyn t H rt linh ng dng baz tch H , to thnh cacbanion. + 141

142. X H2C C2H5ONa - C2H5OH Y X +- Na CH RBr R HC Y X 1) C2H5ONa Y 2) RBr 1) C2H5ONa

2) R'Br RCOCl RCO HC R2 C R(R') X Y C X Y X Y * Hc sinh cn lu : + Khi th 2 nhm ankyl R
v R khc nhau, nhm ankyl c kch thc nh hn hoc c hiu ng +I nh hn s c a vo trc
+ Sn phm ca phn ng axyl ha cng c nguyn t H linh ng, c th d dng b - X CH Y tch
H+ bi chnh cacbanion c phn ng cnh tranh: RCO HC X X - + CH Y Y RCO - C X Y X + H2C
Y ngn phn ng ph ni trn, ngi ta dng baz mnh (mnh hn cacbanion) vi lng d. b)
Cht phn ng c dng R CH2 X hoc R2 CH X; vi X l COR, - COOR, CN, - NO2 Cc
phn ng c tin hnh tng t, nhng phi s dng xc tc l baz rt mnh (NaNH2; C2H5ONa)
do nguyn t H km linh ng hn so vi trng hp c 2 nhm X, Y ht electron. 5. Cc phng
php ngng t: a) Phn ng andol croton ha ca anehit v xeton: H C C H O + H C C H O + H hoac
OH H H C C C C H OH H O + H hoac OH H H C C C C H O * Hc sinh cn lu : + C ch ca giai
on cng andol: AN + Giai on croton ha c th xy ra theo c ch E1 hoc E1cb (khi c H linh
ng, xt baz mnh) 142

143. + Khi thc hin phn ng andol croton ha t 2 cu t khc nhau c th to ra hn hp sn phm,
trong sn phm chnh l sn phm ngng t gia: - cu t cacbonyl c tnh electrophin cao hn - cu
t metylen c H linh ng hn. b) Phn ng ngng t ca anehit, xeton vi cc hp cht c nhm
metylen hoc metyn linh ng: X H 2C Y B - - - BH X CH X C O C HC Y O - BH -B Y - X C HC OH
X C - H 2O Y C Y * Hc sinh cn lu : + Xc tc dng trong cc phn ng ny thng l cc baz hu
c yu, c th ngn chn c phn ng t ngng t vi nhau ca cc anehit, xeton. + Phn ng ngng
t anehit thm vi anhidrit axit to thnh axit , khng no (phn ng ngng t Perkin) cng c c
ch tng t nh trn. CH 3COONakhan C6H5 CH=O + (CH3CO)2O C6H5 CH= CH
COOH CH 3COOH c) Phn ng cng Micheal - cng cc hp cht c nhm metylen hoc metyn
linh ng vo hp cht cacbonyl-,-khng no: X H2 C Y B - - - BH X CH Y H2C CH CH O H2C - CH
CH O CH X Y BH -B - H2C CH2 CH O CH X Y * Hc sinh cn lu : + Xc tc baz c th l
C2H5ONa (nhit phng); piperidin (nhit cao hn). + C th thay th hp cht cacbonyl-,-
khng no bng cc hp cht nitro (NO2) hoc nitril (CN)-,-khng no. d) Phn ng ngng t Claisen
ngng t este vi cc hp cht c nhm metylen linh ng: + Phn ng ngng t gia cc este vi nhau:
C2 H 5ONa CH3COOC2H5 + CH3COOC2H5 CH3COCH2COOC2H5 + C2H5OH
C ch phn ng: 143

144. O CH3 H CH2 C OC2H5 O O CH3 C C2H5O -C2H5OH OC2H5 CH2 C C OC2H5 OC2H5 O CH3
- C2H5O CH2COOC2H5 C CH2 COOC2H5 O + Phn ng ngng t este vi hp cht nitril: C2 H 5ONa
CH3COOC2H5 + RCH2CN CH3COCH2(R)CN + C2H5OH + Phn ng ngng t
este vi anehit hoc xeton: C2 H 5ONa CH3COOC2H5 + CH3COCH3 CH3COCH2
COCH3 + C2H5OH II. Cc phng php lm gim mch Cacbon: 1. Phn ng ecacboxyl ha bi
nhit: xy ra khi nhm COOH gn vi nhm c kh nng ht electron mnh 2. Phng php vi ti xt:
CaO RCOONa + NaOH RH + Na2CO3 to 3. Phn ng Hunzdicker: CCl4 RCOOAg + Br2
RBr + CO2 + AgBr to 4. Phn ng halofom:RCOCH3 + 3X2 + 4NaOH RCOONa + CHX3 +
3NaX + 3H2O o Br2 , NaOH ,t 5. Phn ng thoi phn Hoffman: R CO NH2 RNH2
CO2 6. Cc phn ng oxi ha lm gy mch Cacbon: a) Cc phn ng lm gy lin kt lin kt i
C=C: o KMnO4 ,t + CH3COOH + CH3COCH3 CH3CH= C(CH3)2 O O O3 +H
3C HC C O CH3COOH + CH3COCH3 CH3 CH3 CH3CH=O + CH3COCH3 b) Cc phn ng
lm gy lin kt C C vic-iol: C C OH OH HIO 4 hoac Pb(OOCCH 3) C + C O O c) Phn ng oxi ha
ankyl, ankenyl hoc dn xut ca benzen: R 144 KMnO 4 hoac K 2Cr2O 7 + H COOH

145. * Hc sinh cn lu : + Nu v tr ca mch bn khng cn H th phn ng oxi ha hu nh

khng xy ra. + Nu dng Na2Cr2O7 (khng c H+) s to thnh xeton m khng b ct mch CH2 R
Na2Cr2O 7 o 250 C, p C O R + Nu v tr ca mch bn ch cn 1 nguyn t H th phn ng s to ra
ancol bc 3 (khng ct mch cacbon) C R2 OH CH R2 III. Cc phng php to vng: 1. Cc phng
php ankyl, axyl ha v ngng t ni phn t: nguyn tc tng t nh cc phn ng ankyl, axyl ha v
ngng t nu trn. 2. Phn ng cng Diels Alder: + ien ienophin * Hc sinh cn lu : + ien
phi cu dng s-cis; dng s-trans (V d: ) khng phn ng. + Cc nhm th v tr cis u mch ien
gy cn tr khng gian kh phn ng. + ien c nhm th y electron (khng gy cn tr khng
gian) tng kh nng phn ng. + ienophin c nhm th ht electron tng kh nng phn ng. +
Cu hnh ca sn phm ging vi cu hnh ca ienophin. + Hng ca phn ng: R R + X X 145

146. R X R + X R R X X + R R X + X IV. Cc phn ng oxi ha v kh trong tng hp hu c: 1. Cc

phn ng oxi ha: a) Cc phn ng oxi ha anken b) Phn ng oxi ha nguyn t H v tr allyl: Tc
nhn oxi ha: Pb4+, SeO2 C C CH2 C C CH HO c) Cc phn ng oxi ha ankyl, ankenyl hoc dn
xut ca benzen d) Cc phn ng oxi ha ancol: + Ancol bc I [O ] anehit Tc nhn oxi ha:
CuO, K2Cr2O7/H+, CrO3/H+ + Ancol bc II [O ] xeton (Qu trnh oxi ha ancol bc I thnh
anehit cn khng ch cn thn khng chuyn thnh axit). HIO4 + vic-iol cacbonyl. e) Cc
phn ng oxi ha anehit, xeton: [O ] + Anhit axit cacboxylic Tc nhn oxi ha: O2/xt,
[Ag(NH3)2]+, KMnO4/H+, K2Cr2O7/H+ [O ] + Xeton b ct mch thnh axit cacboxylic v
xeton Tc nhn oxi ha: KMnO4/H+, HNO3 2. Cc phn ng kh: a) Phng php hidro ha xc tc:
146

147. Tc nhn kh: + H2/ Ni, Pt, Pd: C C C C C C RCOCl RCH=O RCH=O RCH2OH R-CO-R
R-CH(OH)-R R-COO-R RCH2OH + ROH RX RH RNO2 RNH2 R-CN R-CH2NH2
R-CO-NHR RCH2NHR + H2/ Pd/ BaSO4, BaCO3 (xc tc Lindlar): kh la chn lin kt ba v
lin kt i C C C C + H2/ [(C6H5)3P] 3RhCl: kh la chn lin kt i C=C ch cha 1 hoc 2 nhm
th. * Hc sinh cn lu : c th lp th ca cc phn ng ny u l cng syn b) Phng php kh
bng hidrua kim loi: Tc nhn kh: thng dng LiAlH4, NaBH4 RCOCl RCH2OH RCH=O
RCH2OH R-CO-R R-CH(OH)-R RCOOH RCH2OH R-COO-R RCH2OH + ROH Epoxit
1,2-iol RX RH RNO2 RNH2 R-CN R-CH2NH2 R-CO-NHR Khng kh c bng
NaBH4 RCH2NHR 147

148. * Hc sinh cn lu : phn ng kh xy ra theo c ch cng AN. c) Cc phng php kh bng

kim loi ha tan: Tc nhn kh: + Na/NH3 lng: C C C C (lp th: cng trans) + Zn (Hg)/ HCl: RCOOH
RCH2OH R-COO-R + Na/ C2H5OH: RCH2OH + ROH R-CO-R R-CH2-R V. Bo v nhm
chc: * iu kin ca nhm bo v: + c to ra trong iu kin nh nhng + n nh trong sut qu
trnh phn ng cc trung tm phn ng khc. + D ti sinh nhm chc ban u. 1. Bo v nhm ancol:
a) Chuyn thnh nhm ete: C O C OH ... R HI C OH b) Chuyn thnh nhm este (nhm este tng i
bn trong mi trng axit): ... C OCO R C OH NaOH C OH c) Chuyn thnh nhm axetal hoc xetal
(bo v cc iol): C OH C OH R + O C C O R C O C R R ... H + C OH C OH 2. Bo v nhm
cacbonyl: To thnh axetal hoc xetal tng t nh bo v cc iol; thng s dng etilen glycol. 3. Bo
v nhm cacboxyl: Chuyn thnh nhm este; thng to thnh tert-butyl este (d loi bng H+) hoc
benzyl este (d loi bng hidro phn) 4. Bo v nhm amino: 148

149. RCOCl hoac (RCO) 2O NH Ph-CH 2-OCOCl Ph3-CCl - ... ... N CO R N OCO-CH2-Ph OH H 2/Pd
... N C-Ph3 NH CH 3COOHkhan B. MT S BI LUYN TP: Bi 1: Cho s chuyn ha: OH
(H3C)2C= CH2 H2SO4 H3C A H2 / Ni ( p sut) B CrO3 C 1) CH3MgBr 2) H2O OH H+, t0 H2O D
1) O3 2) H2O/Zn E a) Hy vit cu to cc cht t A n E b) Hy vit c ch phn ng t phenol to
thnh A. Bi 2: Khi cho isobutilen vo dung dch H2SO4 60%, un nng ti 800C thu c mt hn
hp gi tt l i - isobutilen gm hai cht ng phn ca nhau A v B. Hiro ho hn hp ny c hp
cht C (quen gi l isooctan). C l cht c dng nh gi cht lng nhin liu lng. C cng c th
c iu ch bng phn ng trc tip ca isobutilen vi isobutan khi c mt axit v c lm xc tc. Hy
gi tn C theo IUPAC v vit cc phng trnh phn ng gii thch s to thnh A, B, C. Bi 3: Tin
hnh phn ng ime ho trimetyletilen c H + xc tc thu c hn hp sn phm l cc ng phn c
cng thc phn t C10H20. Cho bit cc sn phm to thnh da vo c ch phn ng. Khi ozon ho
hn hp thu c sau phn ng ime ho trn , ngoi cc anehit v xeton ca sn phm d kin cn thu
c mt lng ng k butan -2-on, gii thch c ch hnh thnh butan-2-on trong cc phn ng trn.
Bi 4: un nng Stiren vi axit H2SO4 ta thu c hp cht: 149

150. Hy gii thch qu trnh hnh thnh sn phm trn. Bi 5: T isopren hy vit cc phng trnh
phn ng iu ch trans - 2 - metylxiclohexanol. Bi 6: Vit cc phng trnh phn ng( dng cu to)
to thnh A, B, C, D, M, N theo s sau: 0 dd NaOH, t a) BrCH2CH2CH2CH=O A
CH3OH,HCl khan 0 b) BrCH2 CH2CH2COOH 1) ddNaOH ,t H ,t C D
2) ddHCl c) HOCH2(CHOH)4CH=O B Br2 ,H 2 O H ,t M N + + 0 0 Bi 7:
Cho s chuyn ha: OH H COOC2H5 (COOC2H5)2 PBr3 A KCN B H+ C C2H5OH C2H5ONa + H
HCOOC2H5 (D) OCH3 OCH3 (C2H5O)2CO a) Cho bit cu to ca cc cht t A n G. b) Gii thch
s hnh thnh cc cht E, F, G. Bi 8: T propilen v cc cht v c cn thit, vit s phn ng iu
ch: a) Axit 2,5-imetyladipic b) Axit hept-2-inoic Bi 9: T xiclopentanol iu ch axit 2-
oxoxiclopentancacboxylic. Bi 10: T benzen v cc hp cht 2 C, hy tng hp: CH CH2 CH2 NH
CH3 a) CH CH3 OH NHCH3 b) c) O C2 H5 O NH C CH3 Cl H2N d) 150 C4H9 NH SO 2NH2 e) COO
CH2CH2N(CH3)2 E F G

151. HO CH HO CH2 NH2 CH2 CH2 NH2 OH f) g) HO HO CH CH h) HO CH3 OH NH2 HO Bi 11:

T benzen v cc cht 3 C, tng hp: O H3C a) HO CH3 O b) c) O OH C(CH3)2 Bi 12: T
CH3CH2CH2CH2OH v cc cht v c, tng hp O H3C CH3 CONH2 Bi 13: OH H3CO H3C H3C T
H3CO H3CO COOH v cc cht v c, iu ch Bi 14: T H2N-CH3 v CH2=CH-COOC2H5, tng
hp H3C N O CH3 CH3 H3CO O Bi 15: Khi cho isobutanal tc dng vi axit malonic c mt piriin
thu c hp cht A. un nng A trong mi trng axit thc hin phn ng ecacboxyl ho thu c
hai sn phm A 1 v A2 l ng phn ca nhau. A1 LiAlH4 A1 HCl A3 H3PO4 n A5, A6 (A5 b hn)
t A4(h p ch no) Bit rng A2 khi b oxi ho to thnh axit oxalic. A1 l lacton. Xc nh cu to ca
A1, ...,A6 v vit cc phng trnh phn ng. Bi 16: C mt s dn xut gc CH 3 ca axit axetic
biu hin hot tnh tng trng cy trng. 151

152. CH2COOH OCH2COOH OCH2COOH Cl OCH2COOH Cl Cl Cl (A) (C) (B) Cl (D) 1. Gi tn A,

B, C. 2. A c iu ch t naphtalen v axit cloaxetic c mt cht xc tc 180 - 215 0C. Vit phng
trnh phn ng v gi tn c ch ca phn ng. 3. B cng c iu ch t nguyn liu trn qua cht
trung gian l 1 - naphtol. Vit s cc phn ng v nu c ch. 4. C cng c iu ch t phenol v
axit axetic. Vit s phn ng. 5. Khc vi C, D c iu ch t mt dn xut tetraclobenzen(X) theo
s : X NaOH 1. ClCH2COOH metanol 2. H+ D a) Hon thnh s trn. b) Trong qu trnh sn xut
D sinh ra mt lng nh ioxin l cht cc k c c cng thc: Cl O Cl Cl O Cl Gii thch s to
thnh ioxin. C. BI GII: Bi 1: a) (A) (B) OH (C) (D) O OH (E) CH3 CH3 O O H3C b) 152 CH3
CH3 H3C CH3 CH3 H3C CH3 CH3 H3C CH3 CH3 H3C CH3 CH3

153. H + OH + C H -H OH + + OH Bi 2: CH3 CH2 + H C CH3 C CH3 CH3 (1) CH3 CH3 + CH3 +
CH3 C CH3 - C CH3 CH2 C CH3 (2) CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH2 C CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH2 C C CH3
CH3 CH3 Zaixep C -H CH3 CH CH3 CH3 C CH2 C CH2 CH3 (B) (< 20%) CH3 CH3 C C CH3 CH3
CH3 (A) (> 80%) CH3 CH3 CH C CH3 H2/Ni CH3 CH2 CH CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 (A) C Isooctan(C)
2,2,4 - trimetylpentan (Qui - c c ch octan l 100) s * Isobutilen vi isobutan khi c mt axit v c
lm xc tc cng to ra C: C ch ca qu trnh tng t phn ng trn trong giai on (1) v (2), sau
: CH3 CH3 CH3 C CH3 CH2 C CH3 CH3 + CH3 CH CH3 CH3 CH3 H3C C CH3 C CH3 CH2 (C)
CH CH3 CH3 + CH3 CH3 sinh ra li l li (2). C nh- vy. p CH3 C CH3 Bi 3: * Sn phm to thnh
khi ime ha trimetyletilen: 153

154. CH3 C H+ CH3 CH CH3 CH2 CH3 C CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH2 CH3 + CH3 C C CH3 CH3 CH
CH2 CH CH3 C CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 C CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH2 C CH C C CH3 C CH3 CH3
CH3 CH3 C CH2 -H+ CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH2 C CH CH2 C CH3 CH3 CH3 * Ozon phn hn
hp trn thu c: CH3 CH3 CH3 CH2 C CH3 C CH3 CH2 C O CH3 ozon ph n CH2 C CH2 C C CH3
CH3 CH3 CH C CH3 C CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH2 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH C O CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 v
HCHO O C CH3 * S to thnh mt lng ng k butanon - 2 l do c s ng phn ha
trimetyletilen, to thnh sn phm ph: CH3 C CH + CH3 H CH3 CH3 CH3 C CH3 154 CH2 CH3 C -
H+ CH2 C CH3 CH2 CH3 CH2 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH2 CH3 + CH2 C CH3 CH2 C CH3 CH2 C CH3
CH2 CH3

155. CH3 CH3 CH3 CH2 C CH2 C CH2 CH3 CH3 H+ CH3 CH2 C CH C CH3 CH3 CH2 CH3 CH3 Khi
: CH3 CH3 CH3 CH2 C CH2 CH C CH3 CH3 CH2 CH3 C CH2 CH3 ozon ph n CH3CH2CCHO
CH3 CH2 C O+ CH3 v HCHO CH3 CH3 Bi 4: CH = CH 2 CH = CH2 H + CH CH3 + CH3 C CH2 +
HC Bi 5: H3C CH2 + CH2 t0,p H3C CH2 CH2 155

156. CH3 + - - + H2B CH3 CH3 H B H H 3 BH2 CH3 H2O2/OH H - H3BO3 Hi su 75% u t
OH Bi 6: a) Br-(CH2)3-CH=O NaOH HO-(CH2)3-CH=O t0 H OH O CH3OH H HCl khan OCH3 O
(A) (B) b) Br-(CH2)3-COOH NaOH HO-(CH2)3-COONa H+ ddHCl HO-(CH2)3-COOH O O (C) (D)
c) CH CH2 HOBr CH2 OH 4 OH CH OH CH =O OH 4 COOH + (M) O HO-CH2-CH H OH O (N) Bi
7: a) (A) B r O e M Br B r O e M (B) (C) CN (E) COOH O C2H5O2C C C O OMe OMe OMe OMe 156
OC2H5

157. (F) (G) O C2H5O2C O C2H5O2C C C H OC2H5 OMe OMe b) Gii thch s hnh thnh ca: E:
OC2H5 H COOC2H5 - HC COOC2H5 H 5 C 2O C O C 2H5ONa OCH3 + H 5 C 2O C O H5C2OOC -
C O COOC2H5 - C 2H 5O COOC2H5 - OCH3 OCH3 OCH3 O H5C2OOC Tng t, gii thch c s
hnh thnh F v G. Bi 8: Cl2 Na ,t 0 a) CH2 = CH CH3 CH2 = CH CH2Cl CH2 =
CH CH2 CH2 CH = 4500 C HBr CH2 Mg CH3 CH(Br) CH2 CH2 CH(Br)
CH3 CH3 CH(MgBr) CH2 CH2 ete 1) CO2 CH(MgBr) CH3 HOOC
CH(CH3) CH2 CH2 CH(CH3) COOH 2) H 3O + Cl2 Na ,t 0 b) CH2 = CH CH3 CH2
= CH CH2Cl CH2 = CH CH2 CH2 CH = 4500 C Br2 CH2 1:1 H 2 / Pd CH2Br
CH(Br) CH2 CH2 CH = CH2 CH2Br CH(Br) CH2 CH2 CH2 1) KOH / e tan
ol CH 3 MgCl CH3 HC C CH2 CH2 CH2 CH3 ClMgC C CH2
CH2 2) KNH 2 1) CO2 CH2 CH3 2) H 3O + HOOC - C C CH2 CH2 CH2
CH3 Bi 9: OH Br HBr MgBr Mg/ ete khan 1) CO 2 2) H 3O NaOH, t o COOH OH CuO, t o + COOH
COOH Cl2/ P o t Cl COOH O 157

158. Bi 10: a) CH 2=CH 2 + H CH 3NH 2 Pd, t C2 H5 o CH CH2 HBr, peoxit CH2CH2Br

CH2CH2NHCH3 b) CO, HCl AlCl3 CH 3NH 2 CH CH CH3 HO OH CH C2H5 1) C 2H5MgBr + 2) H
3O CHO KOH/etanol HOCl CH = CH - CH3 CH CH CH3 Cl HO NHCH3 c) HNO 3 H 2SO 4d Fe, HCl
Fe, HCl NO2 NHCOCH3 H2N HNO 3 NaNO 2+HCl CH 3COCl NO 2 + NH3HSO 4 ClO 2S - C 2H 5
Cl Fe, HCl Cl PCl5 NHCOCH3 NHCOCH3 HO to Cl2 AlCl 3 NO 2 H 2SO 4 d NH2 NH2 HNO 3 H
2SO 4 C 2H 5 O H 2SO 4d + NH3 HSO 4 H2NO2S Cl NHCOCH3 + - NaHCO 3 Cl NH2 H2NO2S Cl
e) + + (CH3)2 - N - H + CH 3Cl CH3 AlCl3 HOOC NH2 (CH 3)2-N-CH 2-CH 2-OH 158
(CH3) 2-N-CH2-CH2-OH O C 4H 9Cl H9C4HN HNO 3 H 2SO 4d H3 C HOOC NO2 NHC4H9 KMnO
4, t PCl5 COO-CH2-CH2-N(CH3) 2 o HOOC ClOC d) NH3 HSO 4 HO3S Cl Cl NH3 NHCOCH3 O 2N
NO2 NHC4H9 Fe, HCl -

159. f) o 1) NaOH,t ,p Cl + 2) H Cl2 AlCl3 HNO 3 OH Fe, HCl OH OH NH2 NO 2 NaNO2 + HCl o t
OH CO + HCl HO AlCl3 OH HO CHO HCN HO HO CH CN H 2/ Pd HO HO CH CH2 NH2 HO HO g)
HO KOH/ etanol CH CH2 NH2 HO HO HO CH CH NH2 H 2/ Pd HO HO CH2 CH2 NH2 HO h) HO
CHO CH 3CH 2NO 2 OH HO HO Fe, HCl CH HO HO CH H 2O/H + HO NO 2 HO CH HO CH CH3
NO 2 CH CH3 OH HO C CH3 NH2 Bi 11: a) CH 2=CH-CH 2Cl CH2-CH=CH2 AlCl 3 1) (CH 3) 2CO
CH2-CH2-CH2-MgBr 2) H 3O + HBr/ peoxit CH2-CH2-CH2-Br CH2 CH3 C OH 3 CH3 Mg/ ete H
2SO4 b) CH 3Cl CH3 AlCl3 Cl2, as CH2Cl Mg/ ete CH2MgCl 1) O 2) H 3O CH2-CH2-CH2-OH
COCl2 Cl 2 CHCl-CH2-CH2-OH NaOH + CH(OH)-CH2-CH2-OH O O O 159

160. c) o 1) NaOH,t ,p Cl + 2) H Cl2 AlCl3 H H3C C CH3 + OH OH + CH3 H3C C CH3 O HO CH3
OH OH CH3 + C CH3 HO OH CH3 C CH3 HO + H - H 2O OH Bi 12: CuO, t OH NH 3, t 0 O H + Br
2, H 2O COOH CHO O 0 Ag2O CONH2 CONH2 Bi 13: O CH3 O + H CH3 OH + CH3 O CH3 H
+ CH3 O LiAlH 4 + CH3 CH3 O H 2SO 4,t o CH3 CH3 COOH O O CH3 OH Bi 14: O NH2 + O
OC2H5 CH3 CH3 NH CH2 CH2 COOC2H5 + CH3 N CH2 CH2 COOC2H5 CH2 CH2 COOC2H5 C
2H 5ONa CH3 N O + o H ,t CH3 N O COOC2H5 (S dng phn ng cng Micheal v ngng t
Claisen) Bi 15: 160 OC2H5

161. CH3 COOH CHO + CH2 CH CH3 Piri in COOH CH3 CH3 CH CH3 t0 COOH -CO2 CH CH
CH3 COOH CH COOH CH OH CH COOH OH (A) CH3 CH CH CH3 CH2 COOH OH CH3 CH CH3
CH CH3 CH H+,t0 COOH -H2O CH2 CH CH (A2) CH3 CH3 OH C CH COOH CH2 COOH CH3 CH3
CH CH CH COOH [O] CH3 CH3 CH CH3 C CH CH2 COOH H+ CH2 C CH3 CH3 O CH3 C CH2 O
CH3 CH3 COOH CH3 CH3 CH3 COOH + HOOC C O CH2 C CH2 LiAlH4 C CH3 CH2 C H+ CH3
(HCl) O - C O (A1) CH3 CH3 O CH2 C O OH CH + 2 CH2 CH2 CH2 (A 3) CH3 CH2 C OH Cl OH
O C CH3 Cl CH2 CH2 C (A4) OH 161

162. CH3 C CH3 C CH3 OH CH2 CH2 CH2 (A 3) H3PO4 OH CH3 CH3 CH2 CH2 + H2O CH (A 6)
OH H2C CH2 C CH2 CH3 O + H2O (A 5) Bi 16: 1. A: Axit (1 - naphtyl)axetic. B: Axit (1 -
naphtoxi)axetic. C: Axit (2,4 - iclophenoxi)axetic. [2,4 - D] D: Axit (2,4,5 - triclophenoxi)axetic.
[2,4,5 - T] CH2COOH + ClCH2COOH 2. t0, xt SE + HCl OH OS 3H O H2O ClCH2COOH -H2SO4
Ki S 2 m, N -HCl H2S 4 O 3. OCH2COONa OCH2COOH H+ -Na+ OH OH 4. ONa Cl Cl 2/CCl 4 -
HCl Cl NaOH -H2O Cl CH3COOH Cl 2, P -HCl CH2COOH Cl 162 Cl NaOH -H2O CH2COONa
Cl

163. ONa OCH2COONa Cl Cl + CH2COONa Cl H+ -NaCl Cl Cl OCH2COOH Cl Cl Cl Cl Cl Cl 5.

SN2Ar Cl Cl OCH2COONa ONa ClCH2COOH NaOH Cl (X) Cl SN2 Cl Cl Cl OCH2COOH H+ Cl Cl
S to ioxin: Cl NaO Cl Cl Cl Cl Cl Cl O + 2NaCl + Cl ONa Cl O Cl 163

164. KINH NGHIM GING DY NI DUNG: MI QUAN H CU TRC TNH CHT (IM
SI, TNH AXIT, TNH BAZ) Trng THPT chuyn L Qu n Bnh nh I. Mi quan h gia
cu trc vi tnh axit Mt s im cn ch khi dy v tnh axit ca cc cht 1. Khi gii thch tnh axit
cn gii thch hiu ng trng thi cha phn li v c trng thi phn li. AH + B BH+ +
A V d: Cc ion sinh ra cng bn th tnh axit cng mnh. V d: Xt tnh axit ca C2H5OH,
C6H5OH, CH3COOH. + C2 H 5 O H + H2O C 2 H 5 O- + H3O+ (1) +I +I g g O
O- g g H + H2O CH3 C C, I O + H3O+ (2) CH3 C O H C, I + H2O
O - O CH3 O 1 2 1 2 C O + H 3O+ (3) C, I Nhn xt: bn ca cc ion (1) < (2) < (3)
do tnh axit ca C 2H5OH < C6H5OH < CH3COOH. 2. Trong bt k trng hp no, nu c nhm
th ht e s lm cho tnh axit tng. Ngc li, nu c nhm th y e s lm cho tnh axit gim. V d:
Tnh axit ca cc cht tng dn trong dy sau: CH3CH2CH2COOH < CH3CHBrCH2COOH <
CH3CH2CHBrCOOH < < CH3CHICHBrCOOH < CH3CHBrCHBrCOOH. 3. Tnh axit ca axit
khng no v axit thm ln hn axit no tng ng. 164

165. V d 1: Tnh axit tng dn theo dy sau: CH3CH2CH2COOH < CH3CH=CHCOOH <
CH3CCCOOH. V d 2: Tnh axit ca > COOH COOH Trong axit cha lin kt i C=C th tnh axit
ca dng cis > tnh axit ca dng trans. CH 3 C = C C = O C H 2 = C H CH 2 COH =O
CH3 H < OH OH O CH3 C C C C C H C O H OH I lm Ka tng, +C tng lm Ka gim H I lm Ka
tng, +C gim lm Ka tng 4. Cc dng axit , khng no c tnh axit mnh hn dng , khng no. V
d: Tnh axit: < I v + C ch c I II. Mi quan h gia cu trc vi tnh baz Mt s im cn ch
khi dy v tnh baz ca cc cht. 1. Khi gii thch tnh baz ca cc cht cn ch trngN u v cc
trng thi to thi N N ra cation. H H V d: Xt tnh baz ca NH3, CH3NH2 v CH3NHCH3. +
NH3 + H2O NH 4 + OH NH2 + H2O CH3 CH3 +I CH3 + N H3 + OH-
(2) +I NH + CH3 + H2O CH3 N H CH3 + OH 2 CH3 CH3 (1) C CH3 CH3 CH3 CH CH2
CH3 (3) CH3 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH3 CH3 165

166. +I mnh +I mnh + + + V bn cc cation gim theo chiu: CH3 N H CH3 > CH3 N H > NH
4 nn tnh 2 3 baz ca CH3NHCH3 > CH3NH2 > NH3. 2. Trong phn t nu c cha nhm y e
s lm tng tnh baz, ngc li nhm ht e s lm gim tnh baz ca hp cht. V d: Tnh baz gim
dn theo chiu: CH3 CH2 NH2 > CH3 NH2 > NH3 > C6H5 NH2 > C6H5 NH C6H5 3. Amin bc 2 c
tnh baz ln hn amin bc 1 v amin bc 3. 4. Tnh baz ca amin d vng no ln hn amin d vng
thm. V d: Tnh baz gim dn theo chiu: > sp3 > sp2 III. Mi quan h gia cu trc vi nhit si
ca cc cht. - Nhit si ca cc cht ph thuc vo: phn t khi, lin kt hidro lin phn t v lc
Vanevan. - Ta xt nhit si ca mt s hirocacbon v dn xut ca hirocacbon. 1. Nhit si ca
hirocacbon a. Ankan - Nhit si ch yu ph thuc vo lc Vanevan. + Khi phn t khi (M) tng
th nhit si tng V d: nhit si ca C3H8 > C3H6. + phn nhnh trong ankan cng tng th
lc Vanevan gim nn nhit si gim. V d: Nhit si tng theo chiu: < 166 <

167. + S ng vng lm cho nhit si tng. V d: nhit si: CH3 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2
CH3 < (690C) (810C) b. Anken v polien + Trong anken th nhit si ca dng cis > nhit si ca
dng trans. + Cc polien lin hp c nhit si > cc polien khng lin hp. 0 V d: t s : CH2=CH
CH=CH2CH3 > CH2=CHCH2CH=CH2 (420C) (260C) 2. Nhit si ca cc dn xut ankan a.
Dn xut RX khng c lin kt hidro phn cc ca cc phn t (momen lng cc) cng ln th
nhit si cng cao. V d: Hp cht: C6H14 C4H9ClC4H9CHO 0 0 t s (0C) 1,86 690 C3H7NO2
2,49 780 3,15 1030 1310 b. Phn t RX c bc R cng tng th nhit si cng gim, do i xng cu
tng, lc Vanevan gim nn nhit si gim. V d: Nhit si tng trong dy sau: CH3 CH3 C CCl
< CH3 CH3 CH CH2 Cl CH3 < CH3 CH2 CH CH3 < CH3CH2CH2CH2Cl Cl c. Hp cht RX c
lin kt hidro lin phn t c nhit si ln hn hp cht khng c lin kt hidro lin phn t, lin kt
hidro lin phn t cng bn th nhit si cng tng. V d: Nhit si tng theo chiu: CH3 CH CH3
< CH3CH2CH2CH3 < CH3 N CH3 CH3 < CH3CH2CH2NH2 < CH3 < CH3CH2CH2OH <
CH3CH2COOH. d. Cc amin + Nhit si ca cc amin bc 2 > nhit si ca amin bc 3. 167

168. 0 V d: t s (CH3)2NH > (CH3)3N (70C) (30C) + Nhit si ca amin a chc > amin n chc.
0 V d: t s H2NCH2CH2NH2 > CH3CH2CH2NH2. (1170C) (490C) V s nhm to lin kt
hidro lin phn t cng tng th s lin kt hidro tng nn nhit si tng. e. Cc amit + Amit bc 1
(khng th) c nhit si cao hn amit (N.th). O V d: N t 168 0 s O C NH2 > C N(C2H5)2 N CH3
C NH2 O

169. Mt s bi tp tham kho Bi 1: So snh v gii thch tnh axit trong dy. a. CF3 [CH2]n
COOH vi n = 0, 1, 2, 3. b. X COOH vi X : H, Cl, CH3, OCH3, NO2. Bi 2: Sp xp theo trnh
t tng dn tnh baz ca cc cht sau: a. CH3CH2NH2 (A), (B), CH2=CHCH2NH2 (C). b. C2H5
NH2, NH3, CH3NH2, CH2=CHCH2NH2, C6H5NH2, CH3NHC6H5, (CH3)2NH, (C6H5)2NH. 6
Bi 3: Vitamin C c cng thc: CH2OH H 5 OH 1 4 H 3 OH O 2 OH pKa = 4,21. Ti sao Vitamin C c
tnh axit. Nu cho 1 mol Vitamin C tc dng vi 1 mol NaOH th phn ng xy ra nhm OH no?
Bi 4: Cho axit v cc gi tr pKa nh sau: 4,76 ; 3,13 ; 6,40. OH HOOC CH2 C CH2 COOH COOH .
Hy in gi tr pKa vo cc nhm COOH. Bi 5: 0 a. Hy sp xp theo chiu tng dn t s (c gii
thch) ca dy sau: C6H5C2H5 (A), C6H5CH2OH (B), C6H5OCH3 (C), C6H5CH=O (D), C6H5
COOH (E). b. Trong 5 cht trn c 1 cht trng thi rn (nhit thng) v mt cht lng dn dn
ha rn khi ngoi khng kh. Hy cho bit 2 cht trn v gii thch, nu phng php bo qun cht
lng nu. 169

170. c. Trong 5 cht trn th nhng cp cht no c th tc dng c vi nhau (iu kin phn ng c
). Vit phng trnh phn ng. 170

171. HA HC VI CUC SNG TRANG SC PGS TS L Kim Long, i hc Quc gia H

Ni I. trang sc 1) Khi qut trang sc Cng vi thi trang, trang sc tr thnh th khng th
thiu trong b su tp thi trang ca phi p. Nt tinh t, v lng ly v s thanh lch khin trang
sc c sc quyn r c bit, mang li v p y t tin cho ngi mang n. Chn c cho mnh
nhng mn trang sc p kh, nhng phi gi gn c v p lu bn ca n! qu: l cht
liu phong ph v chng loi, mu sc, kh nng phn x nh sng, qu mang li ngun cm hng
sng to bt tn cho thi trang trang sc. c cng cng cao th gi tr cng ln. N hong ca
tt c cc loi qu l kim cng vi cng chun l 10. Tip n l ruby v saphia c cng l 9,
garnet, m no cao cp v thch anh c cng l 7. Cn tt c cc loi c cng di 7 bao
gm opal (c mu trng sa hoc xanh), ngc bch, lapis lazuli (mu xanh da tri), san h v
ngc trai u d b xc. Vng: l kim loi him, c gi tr cao v rt mm, cn c gi gn cn thn
trong khi eo. Vng thng c pha thm vi bc, ng v cc kim loi khc tng cng v to
nn nhng mu sc khc nhau. Thnh phn ca vng nguyn cht trong hp kim c tnh bng cara
(K): vng 24K l 100% vng nguyn cht (tng t c th tnh c chng hn vng 18K cha 75%
vng nguyn cht). Bc: l kim loi c sng cao, khng b han g dng nguyn cht. Nhng
ph hp cho vic lm trang sc, bc thng pha thm nhng cht khc. Bc trang sc thng bao
gm 92,5% bc v 7,5% ng. y l loi bc c sng cao nht, c kh nng chng xc cao. Tuy
nhin sau mt thi gian s dng, bc b oxy ho do c phn ng vi oxy ho v sulfur v tr nn xn
mu. C th d dng ly i cc lp bm trn trang sc bc bng cc cht sn c trong cc hiu kim
hon. Bch kim: Platinum - ngi Vit quen gi l "bch kim" y l mt kim loi qu c gi tr cao
hn vng, bi v tr lng ca bch kim rt t, hm lng bch kim trong m khong thp, phn tn,
kh khai thc. Platinum c k hiu ho hc l Pt, l nguyn t kim loi n cht c mu trng, nng
chy 1.768 C khi lng ring 21,45g/cm khi. Bch kim c ngi Nht Bn a chung nht. Sn
phm bn ngoi th trng trang sc thng bao gm 90 n 95% bch kim nguyn cht. u im ca
trang sc ny l c bn cao, kh b oxy ho v kh nng duy tr bng trong thi gian di s
dng. Cch lm sch v tng bng i vi bch kim cng nh i vi vng v bc. trang sc cng
v cng phong ph v mu m v chng loi. Vi cc thit k cng t m v tinh vi, bn cng phi c ra
v chm sc thng xuyn v cng phu gi gn trang sc lun trong trng thi sng p nht. S
d dng hn nhiu nu bn bit cch s dng v bo qun ng cch. Cu hi tho lun: 1- Bn cht ha
hc ca cc loi qu v cch nhn bit? 171

172. 2) Vng, hon nguyn v ch ha vng a) Khi nim tui vng - Truyn thng: Vng cm, bc
ic, Ngc cng mi cng sng, vng cng luyn cng trong - Khi nim vng mi. - Luyn vng -
Nng tui vng - Vng Nga b) Khai thc vng t sinh - Nht - i (k thut tuyn theo t trng) - Ln
thy ngn (khi nim hn hng) - Xianua (vn nhim mi trng) c) Thu hi vng (vn dng cc
kin thc lin quan n kim loi chng trnh lp 12 nng cao v chuyn su) - Vng thp tui qua s
dng - Vng m (v ng h, chn cm in t) - Hp kim vng (vng trng) - Vng 58,3% (14K) Cu
hi v tho lun: 1- Bng cc hiu bit v cc kim loi qu, him, hy phn tch cc qu trnh tinh ch
vng trong thc t? Vn nhim mi trng ang gp phi tt c cc a im khai thc vng
Vit nam? 2- Phn tch qu trnh tinh ch vng 14K (58,3%) theo quan im ha hc? 3) Vng trng a)
Bn cht vng trng - WHITE GOLD: l t ting Anh, dch ra ting Vit cng l "vng trng". y l
mt hp kim c pha trn (theo nhiu cng thc) c bn gm vng y (vng 4 s 9) + bc + paladium
(hoc nikel) + mt s kim loi khc v platinum rt him v t nn trn th gii ngi ta dng cc
kim loi c mu trng nh Paladium (Pd) hoc Nikel (Ni) khi pha trn vi cc kim loi khc (nh vng)
s lm cho mu ca vng nht i nhiu to thnh mt hp kim c mu vng rt nht (gn nh trng).
Mun trng hn ngi ta phi xi m thm bn ngoi mt th kim loi khc (cng nm trong nhm
platinum) l Rhodium (Rd) c mu sc trng sng rt p khng thua g platium m gi thnh thp
hn nhiu. Hin nay gi vng trng (white gold) cao hn so vi vng 18K v cc kim loi dng pha
trn nh Pd gi cng kh cao, d t l pha rt t. Cc nh sn xut n trang thng ng du c ch ci
"P" hoc "Pt" cho n trang platium tc bch kim v ng ch ci "WG" cho n trang lm bng vng
trng (white gold). Ngoi ra cn c cc loi vng khc nh Green gold ( vng xanh), Yellow gold (vng
vng), Red Gold... Ngi ta la chn nhng kim loi qu vi t l thch hp nu chy u cng vi
vng, sau khi kt tinh thu c mt hp cht c mu trng, sn phm ny c gi l vng trng. Ni
mt cch khc vng trng l hp kim a nguyn t khng phi l mt n cht trong bng tun hon
MENDELEEP. Thnh phn ca n gm c vng v cc loi kim loi qu him nh Niken, Pladi,
Platin..vv..Do tnh cht c bit ca hp kim nn mu vng ca vng bin mt trong vng trng.
Thnh phn ca vng trng gm c vng v cc kim loi qu him nh Niken, Pladi, Platin..vv Do
tnh cht c bit ca hp kim nn mu vng ca vng mt trong vng 172
173. trng. Nh vy gi tr ca vng trng c m bo nh bng hm lng vng c trong n, cch
tnh gi tr ca vng trng nh cch tnh gi r ca cc loi vng ty thng (vng hp kim, vng mu)
trn th trng. Trong k ngh ch tc trang sc, vng trng c coi l mt pht minh c gi tr cao v
kinh t v m thut; bi n c th thay th gn nh hon ton Platin l kim loi qu him t hn vng
v rt kh ch tc ra trang sc. Vng trng c mu trng tinh khit, nh kim lp lnh cng c tnh
cng, do khin vng trng phn quang n hi tt, chu c ma st khi eo dng; v vy t b hao mn,
bin dng, gy t, c bit c kh nng gi chc cc loi a qu, kim cng trn trang sc. Vng
trng mi c ph cp ti Vit Nam khong nm 1997 v nhanh chng c ngi tiu dng a thch
bi tnh hu dng, kinh t v v p thun khit cao qu ca n. Hin nay trn th trng thnh hnh hai
loi vng trng nh vng 14K (58,3%), 18K (75%). Nhng ph bin l vng trng 14K. Vng trng
th trng Vit Nam hin nay c pha ch ch yu bng vng 24K (99,9%) vi hp kim (Alloy) danh
t chuyn ngnh gi l hi (hp kim c thnh phn kim loi qu) ca nc ngoi ph bin l ca c,
. Thng thng vng 14K c mu trng p hn vng 18K (bi hm lng vng trong vng trng cng
cao th trng cng gim). Nhng hin nay do p dng cng ngh mi vo sn xut, Cng ty vng bc
qu Bo Tn Minh Chu ch tc thnh cng loi vng 70%, 75% c mu trng bng, nguyn bn
khng cn xi m c mu sc v c tnh tng ng Platin (PT900), mc d tui ny vng rt kh
trng. Do ch tc ti Vit Nam v s dng hp kim (Alloy) ngoi nhp nn cht lng vng trng nh
ca nc ngoi nhng gi bn li thp hn vng nc ngoi rt nhiu. V d: Vo thi im ngy 10/
02/2006 gi nhn vng trng nam, n: - Vng : 1.087.000/ch (75%Au) - Vng Vit Nam :
936.000/ch(75%Au) - Trn thc t vng trng p v c bn cao nhng kh ch tc hn vng ty
thng m gi bn ra cao hn so vi vng ty khng nhiu. - V d: (Tt c cc loi vng u cha tnh
tin cng ch tc) - Gi: - Vng ta 99,9%Au = 1.063.000VN/ch - Vng ty thng 75%Au =
796.000VN/ch - Vng trng 75%Au = 806.000VN/ch Trang sc vng trng sau khi ch tc
nguyn bn c nh kim lp lnh, mu trng sng c nh vng rt nh ca vng gc to cho trang sc c
hn v v p ring bit: thanh khit, su lng khc hn vi mu trng sng ca Inox, trng lnh ca
m crm, trng nht ca bc. Trn th gii quan nim mu sc c trng ca vng trng s tn to tnh
cch ca ngi eo dng n. Ngoi ra c th c trang sc trng hn th dng cng ngh xi in gii hin
i. Lp xi ny bng kim loi qu Rhodium c gi tr gp 2 ln vng, sng trng, bng mn ph dy ln
b mt trang sc c th dng hng nm, khi lp xi mn ta c th xi li p nh mi trong thi 173

174. gian khong mt gi vi chi ph rt t (V d: mt chic nhn ci chi ph trn di 10.000 ti

thi im gi thng 02/ 2006). b) Phn bit bch kim vi vng trng Vng trng l hp kim ca vng v
cc kim loi qu khc, trong vng l thnh phn chnh. Vng trng c mu trng ng nn khi thnh
trang sc s c ph ln b mt mt lp kim loi Rhodium - qu hn vng - nn c mu trng sng rc
r. Do vy, vng trng dng mt thi gian thng b ng vng. n trang vng trng lun p, tt nht
khong 2 thng khch hng mang ti ca hng xi li lp Rhodium v kim tra li cc ht. Bch kim cn
gi l Platinum l kim loi qu c gi tr cao gp 1,7 - 2 ln so vi vng 99.99. Bch kim c mu trng,
c bng v sng cao hn vng trng. Bch kim c t trng cao hn vng do n trang trang lm
bng bch kim nng hn rt nhiu so vi n trang vng c cng kiu dng v kch c. Hin nay, ngi
tiu dng thng gi vng trng l bch kim. Do gi cao, v p cng ging nh vng trng v kh sn
xut nn ti th trng Vit Nam rt him c n trang lm bng bch kim. Vng Trng v Bch Kim : S
khc bit t bn cht kim loi. - Vng trng thc cht l vng nguyn cht c trn vi 1 s kim loi
khc to ra mu trng ng v khi ch tc c ph ln b mt 1 lp kim loi Rhodium (ci ny cn
qu hn vng) c th to ra mu trng sng. V vy trong qu trnh s dng vng trng d b ng mu
vng v phi c si li 1 lp Rhodium, vic ny khong 1 n 2 nm 1 ln. 174

175. - Bch kim th khc, bn cht ca n l mu trng c pha 1 cht xm. Khi s dng lu ngy c l
t l mu xm s tng dn, nhng rt d s l ch cn mang nh bng th s c li mu nh ban u. -
Cng v s khc bit v bn cht kim loi nn dn n trng lng ca chng cng khc nhau r rt. Do
c t trng cao hn khong 60% so vi vng trng nn trang sc bng bch kim nng hn bng vng
trng rt nhiu. Cng v c t trng ln nn gia cng 1 mn trang sc bng bch kim phi tn kh
nhiu cng sc, cng l l do ti sao gi trang sc bng bch kim li t hn vng trng nhiu ln.
Vng Trng v Bch Kim : S khc bit trong cch s dng. - S bo mn trong qu trnh s dng nh
hng n vng trng v bch kim bng 2 cch khc nhau. Trong qu trnh s dng mt lng nh vng
hay Rhodium s b bo mn vng trng v cn phi si li lp ny trong 1 khong thi gian nht nh.
Nhng i vi bch kim th lp kim loi ch n gin l b mu v ch cn nh bng li. - Tuy nhin
bn cng cn bit rng bch kim c tc mu trong qu trinh s dng nhanh hn vng trng nhiu
ln, nhng li d s l nn c th c c lp mu sng trng t nhin lu hn vng trng. Vng Trng
v Bch Kim : Khc bit ngay c trong s dng. Vng trng khng phi 100% vng t nhin (mu
vng), v vy n phi c pha trn vi 1 s kim loi khc to nn mu trng sng. Do trong qu
trnh s dng n c th gy ra 1 s kch ng da i vi 1 s ngi nhy cm vi d ng kim loi. Mt
khch bch kim th gn nh hon ton l Platinum nguyn cht, nn n kh c kh nng gy kch ng
da. II) Vng gi - Bi ton ca Ha hc a) Vng gi gy xn xao Hong Kong ngay t thng 11 nm
2010, C dn v cc nh u t ti Hong Kong xn xao sau khi nh chc trch pht hin hng trm
ounce vng gi rt tinh vi. Hng trm ounce vng gi c mua i bn li ti Hong Kong trong sut
c nm qua m khng ai hay bit g. y l scandal ln nht lin quan n kim loi qu ti lnh th ny
trong hng thp k qua. V vic gy sc cho th trng Hong Kong khng phi v quy m qu ln, m
do s tinh vi ca n. b) Gi nh tht. Chiu ngy 10 thng 5 nm 2011, b T.D (ch tim vng trn
ng L Quang nh, qun Bnh Thnh - TPHCM) cho bit tim ca b tng c khch hng n bn
2 nhn vng (mi nhn 3 ch) nhng khi dng la kim tra cht lng th ngi ny git li ri b
chy. Theo b D., khong hai thng gn y, trn th trng xut hin mt s ngi bn vng nhn loi
2 - 5 ch, ng du gi k hiu, trng lng, tn ca nhiu nh sn xut... Qua kim tra bng my mc,
cc loi nhn vng ny u cho kt qu cht lng vng 9999 nhng khi dng la th th pht hin c
tui rt thp. Thng 8-2010, ngi dn cng tng xn xao khi Cng ty Vng bc qu Si Gn
pht hin vng ming SJC b mi mn 4 cnh, sau ng p vo bao b nhi theo bao b SJC. Mi
lng vng ming SJC b hao ht i t 2-4 phn, tng ng t 2%-4% trng lng so vi vng ming
loi 1 lng ca SJC. Mt hnh thc gi khc l vng ming SJC nhng ch t 97%-98% cht lng. c)
Vng gi. sn xut vng gi, nhng k la o chuyn nghip dng vng tht (chim 51% sn
phm) ph ln trn mt hn hp 7 kim loi, hp kim gm osmium, iridium, ruthenium, ng, niken, st
v rhodium. Cng thc phc tp ca hn hp n vo chng t k la o rt am hiu v lnh vc kim
loi, luyn kim v c trang b chuyn nghip. 2) H ly ti chnh. "Bn chng lm gi rt tinh vi",
ng Haywood Cheung, Ch tch sn giao dch vng lu i ti Hong Kong, Chinese Gold & Silver
Exchange Society nhn xt vi t Financial Times. ng Cheung cho bit tnh n nay, cc c quan chc
nng pht hin t 175

176. nht 200 ounce (tng ng 166 lng) vng gi, tr gi 280.000 USD. Tuy nhin, s lng thc
t ang tri ni trn th trng c d on cao hn gp 10 ln. Ngay c Luk Fook Group, mt trong
nhng hng trang sc ln nht Hong Kong cng b la. H mua phi 11.500 USD vng gi trong sut
ma h. Sau khi pht hin ra ch vng l "nhi", hng cho trng by chng ti cc ca hng
cnh bo cho nhng ngi khc bit. "y l thit hi ln nht t trc n nay ca chng ti", Paul
Law, Gim c ca cng ty trang sc than th. Nn vng gi khng phi l mi ti Hong Kong v nhiu
nc chu . Tuy nhin, trc y, vng gi d dng b pht hin nu nhn bng mt thng do c
sn xut mt cch vng v. V d, bn chng thng n hp kim tungsten bn ngoi lp "o" vng tht.
Cc nh chuyn mn ch cn kim tra n gin l pht hin ra. Cn vi cng ngh mi, ming vng gi
qua mt hu ht cc bc kim tra thng thng, ch pht hin bng cc phng php th phc tp hn
nh dng nhit hoc cht ha hc. Vi cc lm gi mi, bn la o tn nhiu tin hn v cc hp
kim iridium v osmium kh t tin. Tuy nhin, b li chng la c nhiu ngi, k c nhng tay
bun snh si nht. 3) Bn cht vng gi a) Ph ln b mt sn phm mt lp vng 9999 Nhng ngy
gn y, ngi tiu dng ht sc lo ngi khi trn th trng xut hin sn phm vng gi cht lng vng
9999. Trong khi , vic kim tra cht lng vng ming, vng nhn, n trang vng ca c quan qun l
gn nh khng c thc hin. Gii kinh doanh vng cho bit do my mc ca cc tim vng ch c
c cht lng ca lp vng ph trn b mt sn phm nn thi gian gn y, mt s i tng la o
ph ln b mt sn phm vng km cht lng mt lp vng t cht lng 9999 nh la cc ch
tim vng, cc tim cm v ngi mua bn vng. b) Cha r ngun gc Nhiu kin cho rng vng
cht lng km c ngun gc t nc ngoi. Bi cui nm 2010, th trng vng th gii tng chn
ng khi i tng la o ph ln b mt ca hng trm ounce vng nhiu hn hp kim loi ri giao
dch trong mt thi gian di nhng vn khng b pht hin. kim tra cht lng vng, cc doanh
nghip kinh doanh vng thng p dng phng php nh vng vo mi, cn t trng Cc phng
php ny u c u im v hn ch ring nn phi kt hp chng kim tra cho ln nhau mi cho kt
qu chnh xc nht. iu ny l gii v sao ACB, Cng ty Vng bc qu Sacombank SBJ v mt s
doanh nghip khc u t hng t ng trang b my mc hin i cho vic gim nh cht lng sn
phm vng. 12- 176 Cc cu hi tho lun: Phng php kim tra cht lng vng ph bin ti Vit
Nam l nhng phng php no? u im v hn ch ca cc phng php ny c th b qua mt
Lm th no c c hp kim gm W, Os, c khi lng ring bng khi lng ring ca vng
99,9%?

177. II) Ha hc vi vn vng gi 1) Bn lun. - kin doanh nghip: Tuy cc doanh nghip kinh
doanh vng hng u u ng k tiu chun cht lng sn phm vi Nh nc nhng trn thc t, cc
c quan qun l gn nh khng kim tra tiu chun cht lng sn phm vng. Cn cht lng ca vng
n trang do cc tim vng sn xut th hon ton ph thuc vo o c kinh doanh ca ch tim. V
th, cc chuyn gia trong lnh vc vng khuyn ngi tiu dng nn n cc n v c trang b my mc,
thit b hin i kim tra cht lng sn phm vng. ThS Nguyn Thi Ha, Trng phng Gim
nh cht lng (Trung tm vng ACB), cho bit ngoi vng nguyn liu n tp cht Os, Ir, Ru, trn th
trng VN cn c cc loi khc, nh vng n cht wolfram, vng cn ln cc kim loi khc nh ch
(Pb), natri (Na) i vi ngi tiu dng n trang, ng u Quang Bch, Trng phng k thut cng
ty Cng ngh D.C (chuyn o v phn tch v vng), cho bit s khng nh hng bi cc sn phm n
trang sn xut t cht lng khng th cha cht Os, Ir, Ru ln hn 0,1%. Tuy nhin, khi mua nhn
vng hoc vng khi cn phi kim tra bng my. V cc sn phm ny thng lm n gin bng tay
nn c th b gian ln pha tp cht bn vo . - kin nh ha hc: + Theo nhn nh ca Ph Gio s -
Tin s Nguyn Vn Tuyn, Vin trng Vin Ha hc Vit Nam, kh nng vng ming c cht l c th
l Vonfram. Cht ny l mt kim loi chuyn tip c mu t xm thp n trng, rt cng v nng, chu
nhit khi lng ring ln v nhit nng chy rt cao, bn trong khng kh nhit thng, tan
trong hn hp axit niric v axit flohidric. Cc khong vt chnh l Vonframit, seelit, tungstit. + ng
Nguyn Ngc Khi, Gim c Trung tm Ngc hc v Gim nh Vng bc qu cho bit: Vonfram t
tn ti di dng t do m ch yu trong cc khong vt ca n. Vonfram c ng dng rt rng ri
nh dng ch to thp siu cng v chu nhit, thit b ct nhanh, hp kim, dng trong k thut in
(lm dy tc bng n in), trong k thut v tuyn in. Khi un nng chy vng nguyn cht ri trn
khong 10%-30% lng bt vonfram s to ra hp kim c mu sc nh vng tht, mt thng kh nhn
din. Ngay c nhiu loi my th vng hin i ti Vit Nam cng kh pht hin do cha ci t phn
mm nhn din c nguyn t vonfram. - kin ngi bun bn: Theo cc ch tim vng tnh ton,
hin mt l cha 100g vonfram tinh khit trong phng th nghim gi khong 2,4 triu ng (khong
100.000 ng mt ch vonfram). Khi trn vi vng, cc i tng la o c th ly cp c 2 ch
trong 1 lng vng v thay th bng 2 ch vonfram. Gi vng hin nay khong 3,7 triu ng/ch, nh
vy k gian c th gy thit hi cho doanh nghip kinh doanh vng v ngi tiu dng khong 7,5 triu
ng/lng vng. - kin hip hi: Ngy 8/7, Hi Kim hon qu TP.HCM (SJA) cng b loi bt
siu nng trn ln trong vng (gi l vng n hay vng nguyn liu nhim bn) chnh l hn hp bt
gm c ba nguyn t c t trng cao l Os (Osmi), Ir (Irii) v Ru (Rutheni). Theo Ban Khoa hc ca
SJA, loi bt gm cht Os, Ir v Ru c trong vng n thi gian qua khng to hp kim vi vng v
khng tan trong hu ht cc loi, k c loi cng tan. V th khi phn kim, loi bt ny vn cn nguyn
v lng y bnh. nh gi ca SJA, loi bt ny thng l sn phm ph i km trong qung bch
kim (Pt). Kch thc ht ca loi bt ny vo khong vi chc micromet (kh mn) c trn vo vng
khi nu chy (c th hnh dung nh nhng vin si trong va b tng). Theo SJA, s d loi bt ny trn
trong vng kh pht hin v c t trng cao v khng to hp kim vi vng. Do cc ht bt ny khi
cho vo vng nng chy 177

178. n s chm ln su vo bn trong thi vng nn my o quang ph kh pht hin v c phng php
o t trng (cn nc) cng khng pht hin ra c. Mt khc, khi ln trong vng th n khng lm cho
cc vng b v nh khi trn cc nguyn t ha hc khc m vn rt do v mu sc hu nh khng thay
i. ng Nguyn Sinh Thnh, Gim c xng n trang SJC, cho bit t lu cc doanh nghip (DN)
trong nc thy vng n cht wolfram, ch khng cn xut hin na. V vng n kiu ny rt d b
pht hin thng qua cn mng, ct, nghe m thanh, thi la trc tip. Theo Ban Khoa hc k thut SJA,
nu sn phm vng 24K hoc vng 18K c ln tp cht khi gia cng nh bng s d dng nhn bit. V
sau khi ch lng, em nh bng s ni r cc ht li ti mu trng. nhng ch nhiu tp cht s thy sn
phm sn si, s tay vo s cm nhn c nhm r rt. ng Nguyn Vn Dng, Ch tch SJA, cho
bit vng bn, vng n s nh hng ln n cc DN sn xut v mua bn vng. Do vy, nu khng
kim sot k u vo th chi ph sn xut ca DN s rt cao do c nhiu sn phm vng m ngh, trang
sc b li, b mt xc r, nt v khi gia cng. Theo ng Nguyn Vn Dng, Ch tch SJA, SJA gi
mu vng pha tp cht n Trung tm K thut Tiu chun o lng Cht lng 3 (Quatest 3) nhng
kt qu thu c vn l vng nguyn liu 99%. Trong , hm lng vng chim 98,58%, cc cht khc
cha t l khng ng k v c bit khng pht hin c cc tp cht nh Os, Rh (Rhodium), Ru hay
wolfram. 2) Thc t C th phn vng gi thnh 2 dng: dng th nht tm gi l "vng gi li c", y
l loi vng gi c li l khi wolfram c hoc cht liu no ri c bc lp vng nguyn cht bn
ngoi. Dng ny d b pht hin bng cc phng php thng thng nh: cn, ct, nghe m thanh, thi
la trc tip nn khng cn xut hin nhiu; dng th hai tm gi l "vng gi li trn bt tp cht" l
loi vng gi c li l dng vng trn vi bt wolfram, osminum, iridium, ruthenium, Fe, Ni ring l
hoc nhiu thnh phn ri c bc lp vng nguyn cht bn ngoi. Dng ny rt kh pht hin bng
phng php thng thng v qua mt cc thit b phn tch hm lng vng. nhn bit vng nguyn
liu c pha tp cht, Dng knh lp 12x (loi xem kim cng), quan st k th thy c ln nhng ht li ti
mu trng, xm sm en ln trong vng v b mt vng b r, khng bng lng; khi dng la chy th
khi ang tan chy, vng c pha tp cht khng trong nh vng y nguyn cht. Sau khi "chy bng" th
ch chy ca vng pha tp cht khng bng, rt m, thm ch rt x x, nhm; cn khi nu chy, vng c
pha tp cht khi ang tan chy, nhng nu git ngn la ra ch khc s c mt mn m bao ph "cc
vng". Khi ngui "cc vng" trong m c mu hi sm (b tru) b mt trn bu, trong khi vng 24K
th lng bng, "sp mt". Vng 4 s 9 c c di dng vng thi. Khi a vo my th th cho ra kt
qu ng l vng 4 s 9. Ly km ct i thi vng, th thy b ch khng do nh vng 4 s 9 bnh
thng. Tip tc nung chy phn kim th thy hm lng vng ch c khong 60 - 80%, cn li l cht
lng cn nh nhng ht ct mn, nghi l vonfram. K gian chn vonfram n vo vng l v nguyn
t ny c tnh nng l, ha gn ging vi vng. Trn thc t, c vng v vonfram u c t trng gn
ging nhau (ca vng l 19,25, vonfram l 19,3). Da vo c im khi lng ring ny, ngi ta to
ra vng km cht lng bng cch trn vonfram dng bt vi vng trng thi nng chy. Nhit
nng chy ca vng l 1.360 C, ca vonfram l 3.700 C. Khi nung vonfram vi nhit nng
chy ca vng, vng s nng chy v bao quanh, vonfram khi cha nhit nng chy, to thnh
mt lp vng bn ngoi, li vonfram. 178

179. Khi cn th ln ming vng m bn mun xem xt, vng gi s khng li bt k vt cn no

trong khi vng tht s c, nguyn nhn l do vng thng mm hn cc kim loi khc. Khi mua vng
trang sc, ngi dn c th x nng chy mt im, ngui thy c nhiu sn v vng l vng n. Khi
h la, ngui, ngm xung nc bp mm mm, m m l vng tht. Trong trng hp pht hin
thy vng kh nghi, c th mang nu chy vng mt ni gm v ngui t nhin. Mt cch lm khc,
c th vng vo ho di sau g nghe m thanh phn bit. Nu l vng tht s c ting pht ra
c, vng n m thanh s thanh v trong. 3) Tr gip ca cc nh khoa hc: Theo TS V c Li,
Trng phng Phn tch, Vin Ha hc thuc Vin Khoa hc Cng ngh Vit Nam, hp cht dng bt
mu xm en thu c t cc mu vng gi cc tim vng thi gian gn y c nhn nh khng
phi l volfram nh nhng li n on trong thi gian va qua. Theo TS Li, cch lm vng gi c th
theo 2 cch. Mt l n cc cht kim loi ny vo gia sau bc vng pha ngoi. Cch th hai l pha
ln cc cht ny trong qu trnh lm vng, ti vng, ri sau mi bc vng bn ngoi kh pht hin.
Tuy nhin, c 2 cch ny u khin vng b gim phm cht nhng ngi mua kh pht hin bng mt
thng. Trong trng hp ny, k gian s dng cch th 2 l trn hp cht ny trong qu trnh lm
vng. Tuy nhin, ng Li cho bit hp cht c pht hin trong cc mu vng gi c gi v vin
tin hnh kim nghim cha thy mu bt siu nng no c cho l bt volfram. Tuy nhin, cc mu
gn y nht c em phn tch th u cho kt qu l nhng thnh phn ging nhau. Thnh phn chnh
ca loi bt siu nng l hn hp ca 3 nguyn t c t trng rt cao, gm Os c t trng 22,61g/cm3 v
nhit nng chy l 3033 C; Ir c t trng 22,65 g/cm3 v nhit nng chy l 2466 C; v Ru,
c t trng 12,45g/cm3 v nhit nng chy l 2334 C. Trong khi Au (vng) c t trng ch l
19,3g/cm 3 v nhit nng chy ch l 1064 C. Hn hp ca ba kim loi ny to nn th bt gi l
siu nng, v c nhit nng chy cng cao hn vng. Kch thc ht ca loi bt siu nng vo
khong vi chc micro mt, kh mn. Chng thng c trn vo vng khi nu chy. Loi bt siu
nng ny khng to hp kim vi vng v khng tan trong hu ht cc loi acid, k c dung dch cng
toan - mt loi dung dch c th ha tan vng mt cch d dng. V th, khi phn kim vng, loi bt ny
s vn cn nguyn vn v lng ng y bnh. ng Li cho bit, loi bt ny thng l sn phm ph
i km trong qung bch kim. V loi bt ny c t trng v nhit nng chy rt cao nn, khi cho vo
vng nng chy, chng khng to hp kim vi vng. Thay vo , chng b chm vo pha trong vng
(c im ny khc vi volfram). Mt khc, khi ln trong vng, chng khng lm cho cc vng b v khi
ct hay cn nh khi trn cc nguyn t khc (v d nh khi trn vi ch). Hn na, sn phm b trn vn
rt do v mu sc hu nh khng thay i so vi mu ca vng. Cn v t trng th do t trng ca loi
bt ny ngang vi vng nn nu dng phng php o t trng bng cn nc cng khng th pht hin
c. Do nhng c im nn khi vng b trn vi loi bt siu nng ny c ngi tiu dng v
ngi kinh doanh u rt kh c th pht hin bng mt. 179
180. 4. Phn mm nhn din Loi vng gi ln hin ti s dng cng ngh kh tinh vi v nhm vo
nhng hn ch ca cc my o cht lng vng hin hnh. Khi sn xut vng gi k gian thng dng
lp vng tht bao ph hp kim n pha trong. V vy, cc my o cht lng vng, thm ch ngay c
khi s dng my quang ph cng kh pht hin c, do y l hp cht l nn cc my cha ci t
phn mm nhn din cc nguyn t ny. Nhiu my th vng ch o c b mt vng ch khng o
c phn li nn vn b loi vng gi ny qua mt. Nhiu mu vng gi c phn tch c ti 30% l
cht siu nng ni trn. Vin Ha hc tm ra hp cht siu nng c n lm vng gi trong thi
gian gn y. Nhiu ca hng, i l kinh doanh vng bc lin h vi vin c hng dn ci t
phm mm nhn din v xc nh cc nguyn t l ni trn. Theo tm hiu ca PV laodong.com.vn, mt
s ca hng, i l vng bc trn ph Hng G, hng Bc... cp nht phn mm nhn din ny. Khch
hng c th em vng n y kim tra vi gi t 10 n 20 nghn ng/ln th. What Does Fake
Gold Look Like? Carole VanSickle has over five years experience working with scientists and creative
scholars to promote and explain their work. She is based in Atlanta, Ga., and specializes in scientific,
medical and technical writing, SEO and educational content. By Carole Vansickle, eHow Contributor
You are probably familiar with the saying "All that glitters is not gold." This is certainly true, but it has
probably never been harder to tell the difference between real gold and fake gold than today. There are
many ways to make fake gold look real, and as a result, you have to look very carefully and understand
exactly what you are searching for to tell the difference. 1. History Throughout history, fake gold has
been used to swindle business people and make something out of nothing. No one is immune. In fact, the
national bank of Ethiopia discovered recently that it had over $16 million in losses from fake gold in its
vaults that had been purchased decades earlier. Fortunately, there are some ways to tell the difference
between fake and real gold, and as the counterfeits improve, so does the science to identify them. 2.
Function Fake gold is almost always used as a scam. However, it does serve some legitimate purposes in
the jewelry industry, by allowing jewelers to make and sell items that would otherwise be unaffordable to
most people. In general, though, fake gold is used to scam people or businesses out of money. 3. Types
Fake gold comes in several forms. The most common--and the hardest to detect--are when another heavy
metal is plated with 24-carat gold. This makes it appear that the entire piece of metal is pure gold, when
actually only a thin skin on the surface is truly the precious metal. Iron pyrite, or fool's gold, is a
common stone that many people used to think was gold during the days of the Gold Rush. However, it is
far too hard and light to actually be gold, and almost everyone knows the difference today. People have
also been fooled by highly polished copper pyrite or bismutite, both of which have a bright, yellowish
sheen in some lights. 180

181. 4. Features These nuggets are actually copper that has been plated with 24-carat gold Fake gold
actually is often shinier than real gold. Real gold, particularly when it is in nugget form, has a yellow,
almost waxy sheen. This sheen will not change regardless of what light it is in. Most types of fake gold
may look shinier or duller in different lights, and may appear almost silver at times. Real gold is also
malleable, while typical fake gold is hard. Fake gold is also lightweight in most cases, and even plating
will not make a piece of fake gold weigh even a seventh of what real gold does in most cases. 5.
Identification You can test gold in several ways to determine if it is the real thing. Real gold can be
hammered and will not break or lose its shine. It will just flatten out. Fake gold will stolidly retain its
original shape or shatter. You can also weigh fake gold to see if it weighs as much as the same amount of
real gold would--a jeweler can help you with this. Dropping the item in question into nitric acid will also
let you know whether your gold is fake, as the real gold will remain unaffected, but fake gold will
change color and create a green foam. 6. Warning Whenever you are considering an investment in gold,
you must require proof that the item that you are purchasing is actually gold. A simple certification is
nearly worthless in the legal system since there is no way to prove that you yourself did not switch the
gold for fake gold after the gold came into your possession. Work with a trusted jeweler or other expert
to make sure before you buy, you are getting the real thing, because you have next to no recourse once
the deal is done. Cu hi v tho lun: 1Vai tr ca Ha hc v GV Ha hc i vi nhng vn ca
a phng lin quan n ngh nghip Ha hc? 2Chng trnh v cch ging dy Ha hc ti trng
ca cc Thy C cn thay i th no mn Ha hc tr nn thc t hn? II. Chuyn Th nghim
thc hnh Ho hc: GII THIU V PHNG PHP SC K TS. Vi Anh Tun Trng THPT
Chuyn KHTN- HKHTN HQG H NI Sc k l qu trnh tch da trn s phn b lin tc cc
cu t cht phn tch ln hai pha. Mt pha ng yn, c kh nng hp thu cht phn tch c gi l pha
tnh, mt pha di chuyn qua pha tnh gi l pha ng. Do cc cu t cht phn tch c i lc khc nhau
vi pha tnh nn chng di chuyn vi tc khc nhau v tch ra khi nhau. 181
182. V d th nghim ca Txvet c tin hnh nh sau: Ho tan cc sc t thc vt trong ete du ha,
sau np mt lng nh vo ct nhi bt CaCO 3. Tip theo, cho lin tc ete du ha tinh khit i
qua ct, sau mt thi gian nht nh sc t thc vt tch thnh cc gii ring bit. Sau ny, ngi ta
bit c l cc -Clorophyl, -Clorophyl, -Xantophyl, - Xantophyl ..., chng l cc cht mu nn
khi tch chng to thnh cc gii mu khc nhau, v vy, Txvet gi n l "Chromatography". Theo ting
Hy Lp, "Chroma" c ngha l mu, cn "Graphy" l c ngha l ghi, danh t c s dng cho ti
ngy nay ch phng php sc k. 1 Phn loi cc phng php sc k C nhiu tiu ch phn loi
cc phng php sc k, trong tiu ch c s dng nhiu nht l phn loi theo h pha, tc l cht
phn tch phn b gia hai pha g? SK kh r - n S kkh c SK kh -lng SK n di mao qun i
PH NG PH P SC K HPLC SK ph b lng- lng n SK r lng n- S klng c SK ph ng SK
gi y SK l p mng Hnh 1 Phn loi cc phng php sc k 2 Cc lc lin kt trong h sc k Trong
h sc k c 3 thnh phn ch yu quyt nh s tn ti ca h: cht phn tch, pha tnh v pha ng.
Chng tng tc vi nhau, to nn s phn b cn thit, gip cho s di chuyn cc cht phn tch dc
theo chiu di ct vi tc khc nhau. Vn c t ra l ba thnh phn ny tng tc nh th no,
bng cc lc lin kt no, m kt qu l cc cht phn tch phn b vo pha tnh mc khc nhau?
Cu tr li l do bn cht ca cc thnh phn trong h sc k ni trn. Cht phn tch c th l cc ion,
phn t trung ho hay cc cht phn cc; i tng tc ng ca n cng c th l ion, phn t trung
ho hay cht phn cc. T chng tng tc vi nhau theo cc lc lin kt khc nhau. Ngi ta chia
cc lc lin kt thnh 4 loi: a) Lc lin kt ion Trn b mt pha tnh c cc trung tm hot ng l ion,
l cc phn t c kh nng phn ly to thnh cc ion to nn cc trung tm hot ng ion. Chng
tham gia lin kt vi cc ion cht phn tch trong dung dch theo lc tng tc tnh in gi l lin kt
ion. gi cc anion cht phn tch trong dung dch, pha tnh cn c cc trung tm cation trn b mt,
v ngc li, gi cc cation cht phn tch trong dung dch, pha tnh cn c cc trung tm anion.
Cng tng t, pha ng cng c cc trung tm hot ng l cc ion, chng tham gia tng tc vi cht
phn tch v pha tnh. Chng c kh nng phn li trong dung dch to thnh cc cation v anion. Th d
khi ra gii cc ion kim loi trn ct cationit, ta c th dng pha ng l dung dch HCl long. b) Lc
phn cc Trong phn t cht phn tch, cht ra gii trong pha ng cng nh cc phn t trn b mt
pha tnh c cc trung tm phn cc. Chng c th l cc lng cc in c nh, cng c th l nhng
lng cc in do cm ng. Chng tham gia lin kt vi cc phn t phn cc khc bng lc lin kt
phn cc. S phn cc trong cc phn t i khi rt nh v s chnh lch v phn cc cng rt nh.
Tuy nhin, s chnh lch ny l yu t rt quan trng bn lin kt khc nhau, l iu cn thit
phn chia chng trong cc php tch sc k. 182

183. Th d: cc cht ng phn o-, m- v p-cresol ch khc nhau v v tr ca nhm CH 3trong phn t.
Chnh nh s khc nhau v v tr ny lm cho mt electron trong phn t ca cc cresol khc nhau to
nn mt s khc bit nh v phn cc, t lc lin kt phn cc vi pha tnh khc nhau, l nguyn
nhn chnh lch v thi gian lu trong qu trnh sc k. c) Lc phn tn (lc Van-de-van) Lc ny c
bn cht in, tuy nhin khng h c cc in trong mng li phn t, cng khng lin quan ti phn
t lng cc cm ng hay c nh. Tng tc phn tn in hnh l gia cc mch hyr cacbon, n l
tng tc phn t. Th d: n-heptan l cht lng ch khng phi kh v s tng tc gia cc phn t
nheptan l lc phn tn ln gi cht ny trng thi lng. tch cc hyr cac bon ngi ta c
th dng hyr cacbon khc lm pha tnh. d) Lc tng tc c bit Lc tng tc c bit l lc to
thnh do cc lin kt hydro, lin kt cho nhn m c. S hnh thnh lin kt gia cc nguyn t hydro v
cc nguyn t c m in cao nh O, N, F...to thnh lin kt hidro. Khi tham gia lin kt, cc
electron cn gi l "m my electron" chuyn dch sang nguyn t c m in cao. Nh vy cc
nguyn t ca nguyn t c m in cng cao, lin kt hydro cng bn cht. Ngi ta nhn thy nng
lng lin kt gim theo dy sau y: F H ... F > O H ... O > N H ... N > C H ... C Nh vy lc
tng tc ca cc phn t trong h sc k gm: lc ion, lc phn cc, lc phn tn v lc tng tc c
bit. Cc lc ny i vi cc cht khc nhau c gi tr khc nhau v quyt nh i vi qu trnh tch sc
k. 3 Mt s i lng dng trong sc k 3.1 H s phn b KD Cu t A phn b gia pha tnh v pha
ng theo mt cn bng: A At H s phn b c nh ngha l t s ca nng cht phn tch gia
hai pha: [ A]t KD = (1) [ A] 3.2 S lin h gia tc di chuyn ca cht phn tch v KD Cht phn
tch A mun di chuyn c n phi pha ng. Gi f A l phn mol cht A pha ng: s mmol ch
A trong pha t ng [ A] V fA = = [ A] V +[ A]t Vt s mmol ch A trong ton ct t Chia c t s
v mu s cho [A]V ta c: 1 1 fA = = ' Vt 1 + k A (2) 1+ KD V V ' k A = K D t c gi h s
dung tch. Tc tuyn tnh ca cu t A trong pha ng l: V 1 u A = u. f A = u (3) ' 1+ k A trong
u l tc tuyn tnh ca pha ng (cm/s). T biu thc (3) ta thy khi K D hoc kA cng ln, thi
gian cht phn tch trong pha ng cng t, ni mt cch khc l cht phn tch di chuyn cng chm,
ngc li khi k' cng nh, cht phn tch di chuyn cng nhanh. 3.3 Thi gian lu tR, thi gian lu hiu
chnh t'R 183

184. Thi gian lu tR l thi gian tnh t lc bt u bm mu vo u ct ti khi pic t gi tr cc i.

' L(1 + k A ) L t RA = = (4) uA u tm = L/u l thi gian cu t khng lu gi trn ct, hay cn gi l
thi gian cht. ' t RA = t m (1 + k A ) (4) => (5) 3.4 Th tch lu VR Th tch lu VR l th tch ca
dung dch ra gii tnh t khi bt u bm mu vo ct ti khi pic t gi tr cc i. Gi F l tc
chy ca pha ng (ml/ pht). Khi th tch lu VR c tnh theo cng thc: VRA = t RA F (6) 3.5
H s tch H s tch l i lng nh gi kh nng tch 2 cht bng phng php sc k. N ph
thuc vo h s phn b ca 2 cht v vy l t s ca h s phn b ca 2 cht. Mt cht phn tch A
v mt cht khc B hoc mt cht chun. iu kin cn thit hai cht A v B tch khi nhau l 1 '
K DA k A = = ' (7) K DB k B 3.6 Sc Sc l ng biu din s ph thuc din tch (S) hoc
chiu cao (h) tn hiu o c c th l hp th quang, cng c th l dn in, hoc tn s xung
in lin quan cht ch ti nng cht phn tch c trong mu vo thi gian. Cc tn hiu ny c
gi l "pic"sc k. tnh ton hm lng cht phn tch, tnh din tch pc sc k l chnh xc nht.
Ngy nay, hu ht cc my hin i u c trang b cc thit b tnh din tch ca pc sc k mt cch
t ng. 3.7 a l thuyt v xc nh s a l thuyt bng thc nghim a l thuyt l phn no
ca ct m cn bng c thit lp. Gi n l s a l thuyt, l lch chun; n . i vi ct
sc k th n cng ln th pic cng hp. Thi gian lu t l vi n : tR n, nn ta c th vit: tR n = hay n
= (tR / )2 n Mt khc w = 4 hay = w / 4 Hnh 2: Cc i lng xc nh s a l thuyt ca cu
t A S a l thuyt n c th vit li l: 2 t t n = 16 R = 5,54 R w w 1/ 2 184
2 (8)

185. 3.8 phn gii, cch lm tng phn gii phn gii (R) ni ln mc tch cc cu t khi
nhau trong mt php tch sc k. Hai cu t A v B c tch khi nhau cng trit , phn gii cng
cao. phn gii c nh gi qua cc i lng c trng ring l: thi gian lu, tRA, tRB, rng
pic WA,WB. 2(t RB t RA ) R= (9) WA + WB Trong : tRB - tRA = tR l s chnh lch thi gian
lu (cng c th dng th tch lu VRA- VRB) ca 2 cu t A v B. i lng ny c so snh vi
tng bn chiu rng pc, o bng giy hoc ml ni ln kh nng tch ca ct. Khi R=1, hai cu t A v B
mi tch khi nhau t 95% ngha l cn 2,5% ca A cn trong B , 2,5% B trong A. Khi R= 1,5 th
hai cu t A v B tch khi nhau t 99,8 % c ngha l cn 0,1% A trong B v ngc li. Khi tng
chiu di ct, s a l thuyt tng: tR n, chiu rng pic t l vi n n R hay R L n Th d khi tng
gp i chiu di ct, phn gii mi R' s l: R' = 2 R 4 Mt s phng php sc k c in 4.1 Sc
k giy Phng php s dng vt liu cht mang l giy cn pha tnh l cht lng trn b mt giy. Hnh
3: Sc k giy Giy l mt vt liu c bit bao gm nhng si xenluloz trn c nhng nhm -OH
phn cc cho nn n l vt liu a nc. Khi tm bng nc, trn b mt giy c mt lp nc mng,
phn cc lm pha tnh cn pha ng l dung mi khng phn cc. y l loi sc k phn b L-L. Theo
quan nim thng thng pha tnh phn cc cn pha ng khng phn cc l sc k pha thng Nu tm
t giy bng dung mi hu c t phn cc cn pha ng l dung mi phn cc Th d H2O th trong
trng hp ny l sc k pha ngc. 4.2 Sc k lp mng Sc k lp mng l khi nim a ra phng
php s dng lp mng pha tnh ph trn mt bn mng bng thu tinh hay plastic. Pha ng l cc
dung mi khc nhau c th l phn cc hoc khng phn cc hoc dung dch m. Trong sc k lp
mng pha tnh rt a dng: cht hp ph, trao i ion, cht ry phn t v ngoi ra ngi ta cn tm cc
dung mi khc nhau trn cht mang rn. Do c ch tch cng c th l hp ph, trao i ion, ry
phn t hoc phn b. Ni cch khc, sc k lp mng c y 4 c ch tch tu thuc vo pha tnh s
dng. 185

186. Sau khi ph lp pha tnh ln bn mng, np cht phn tch vo mt pha ca bn mng sau cho
bn mng tip xc vi pha ng pha gn mu nht, tt nht l thc hin trong h kn, khng kh bo
ho pha ng. Sau mt thi gian nht nh, ly bn mng ra cho hin cht phn tch. Tin hnh nh tnh
v nh lng cht phn tch. i lng nh gi s di chuyn ca cht tan trong sc k lp mng cng
tng t nh trong sc k giy. 4.3 Pht hin cc cht phn tch trn bn mng v giy Cc cht phn
tch i khi khng c mu, v nu c mu thng rt nht v khng r. th hin c mu trn giy
hoc bn mng, ta p dng mt vi nguyn tc sau: - Tn dng tnh cht ca cc cht c kh nng pht
hunh quang, xc nh trc tip cht sau khi dng nh sng kch thch. - a thm cc cht ch th hunh
quang v dng nh sng t ngoi (UV) chiu vo ghi nhn mu (thng s c mu xanh). l cc
dn xut ca piren, fluorexein, morin hay rodamin B. i vi sc k bn mng c th p dng cch: -
Phun cc cht oxi ho mnh nh HNO3, KMnO4 hay H2SO4 c vo oxi ho cc cht hu c, s c
cc im b oxiho v chuyn sang mu m l cht phn tch. - a cc thuc th c bit vo nh
ninhydrin hin -NH 2. S dng cc cht to phc mu lm cho kim loi c th nhn thy. 3.4 ng
dng ca sc k lp mng Sc k lp mng c th p dng trong cng nghip, sinh hc, lm sng hay
phn tch cc dc phm. a) Phn tch cc cation kim loi: Ni2+, Co2+ , Cu2+ , Fe3+, Hg2+, Cd2+ -Pha
ng: axeton 5%, HCl 8% trong nc; thuc hin: 8-oxiquynolin. -Phn tnh: Glucoz. b) Tch cc
amin -Pha ng: Butanol: CH3COOH : H2O = 4:1:5; Thuc hin: Ninhydrin 0,2% trong axeton khan.
TI LIU THAM KHO 1. Douglas A. Skoog, F.James Holler, Stanley R. Crouch, Principles of
Instrumental Analysis, six edition, Canada, 2007. GING DY THC HNH V CHUN GIN
TIP (CHUN NGC) Trng THPT chuyn L Hng Phong TP H Ch Minh LI NG Ho
hc phn tch l mt ngnh hc rt quan trng ca b mn trong ho hc. Da vo ho phn tch ngi
ta c th xc nh c thnh phn v hm lng cc nguyn t c trong mu vt cn nghin cu. Ho
hc phn tch c chia lm 2 phn chnh: - Phn tch nh tnh: tm xem c bao nhiu cu t (nguyn
t, phn t hoc ion) trong mu nghin cu. - Phn tch nh lng: xc nh chnh xc hm lng ca
cc cu t c trong mu nghin cu. xc nh hm lng ca cc cu t trong mu nghin cu c th
s dng nhiu phng php khc nhau, trong c phng php phn tch th tch. 186

187. Trong chng trnh ph thng c cp n chun axit baz nhng cha cho hc sinh bit
cch thit lp phng trnh ng chun , cch xy dng ng chun da trn hc sinh c th
chn cht ch th thch hp trong qu trnh chun t xc nh hm lng ca mu nghin cu
chnh xc. Phn trnh by ny, ch cp n mt s khi nim v cch xc nh nng ca mt s
axit, baz thng gp bao gm 3 phn: - Phn 1: L thuyt - Phn 2: Thc hnh - Phn 3: Mt s bi
tp tham kho Phn 1: L thuyt PHNG PHP PHN TCH TH TCH I. Nguyn tc chung v cc
khi nim c bn. 1. Nguyn tc chung. Chuyn cht cn phn tch X vo dung dch bng dung mi thch
hp (nc, axit, kim . . .) c dung dch mu cn phn tch (dung dch nh phn hoc dung dch cn
chun). Ly chnh xc mt th tch dung dch cn chun X, ri thm t t dung dch thuc th thch hp
R c nng ng bit trc (dung dch chun) vo dung dch cn chun cho n khi R phn ng
va vi X. T th tch dung dch cn chun X, nng v th tch ca dung dch chun R tiu tn;
da vo phn ng gia thuc th R v cu t X. Ta suy c nng cu t X trong dung dch. 2. Cc
khi nim c bn. - Phn ng chun l phn ng gia thuc th R vi cu t cn xc nh X. Phn
ng chun phi tha mn cc yu cu sau: + Phn ng phi nhanh (ngha l s kt hp gia R v X
gn nh tc thi). + Phn ng gia R v X phi theo ng h s hp thc ca phng trnh phn ng. +
Phn ng phi c tnh chn lc (ngha l thuc th R ch phn ng vi cu t cn xc nh X m khng
phn ng vi cc cu t khc c trong dung dch). + Phi c cht ch th thch hp xc nh im cui
ca qu trnh chun - S chun (qu trnh chun ) l qu trnh cho dn dung dch chun R t
buret vo mt th tch xc nh dung dch cn chun X ng trong bnh erlen (hoc ngc li) cho n
khi xut hin tn hiu no cho bit ht cu t X (hoc ht thuc th R) th ngng chun . - Cht
thay i tn hiu khi chun c gi l cht ch th. - im tng ng l thi im lng thuc th
R cho vo va phn ng vi ton b cu t X trong dung dch cht cn chun. - im cui chun
(im kt thc chun ) l thi im ngng chun . Lu : kt qu chun s chnh xc khi dng
chun ngay ti im tng ng nhng thng kt thc chun gn im tng ng v l
nguyn nhn gy sai s h thng trong phng php chun . - ng chun l ng biu din
nng ca cu t X trong qu trnh chun theo th tch thuc th cho vo. - Bc nhy ca ng
chun l on c s bin thin ln nht theo th tch thuc th cho vo tng ng nh nht. (im
tng ng nm trong vng bc nhy chun ). II. Phn loi cc phng php phn tch th tch. -
Phng php chun axit baz. - Phng php chun to phc. - Phng php chun oxi ha
kh. - Phng php kt ta. III. Mt s cch chun v tnh kt qu trong phng php phn tch th
tch. 1. Chun trc tip. Dung dch chun R t buret c cho dn vo V X (mL) dung dch cn
chun X c cha cht ch th thch hp cho n khi phn ng xy ra hon ton. Ghi th tch dung dch R
tiu tn (V R mL). 187

188. T VX , VR , CM(R) bit v phng trnh phn ng tnh CM(X). (Hoc thc hin ngc li)
u im: n gin, nhanh chng v chnh xc. Nhc im: kh chn thuc th R thch hp. V d :
chun ha dung dch NaOH ngi ta ha tan 1,2600 gam H2C2O4.2H2O vo nc v thm nc n
500,00 mL. Chun 25,00 mL dung dch thu c ht 12,58 mL dung dch NaOH. Tnh nng mol
ca dung dch NaOH. Phng trnh phn ng chun : 2NaOH + H2C2O4 Na2C2O4 + 2H2O
Theo phng trnh phn ng: nNaOH = 2n H C O CM(NaOH)VNaOH = 2CM( H C O )V H C O 2 2
4 2 2 4 2 2 4 1 ,2600 25.103 CM(NaOH) x 12,58.10-3 = 2 x 126,00 . 500.103 2 1 ,2600 25.103
CM(NaOH) = 12,58.103 . 126,00 . 500.103 = 0,07949 (M) 2. Chun ngc. Thm mt th
tch chnh xc v d (VR mL) dung dch chun R vo VX mL dung dch cn chun X. Sau chun
lng thuc th R d bng dung dch chun R thch hp th cn V R mL. T VX , VR , CM(R) , VR
, CM(R) bit v phng trnh phn ng tnh CM(X). Cch chun nay c dng khi phn ng
gia R v X xy ra chm hoc khng c cht ch th thch hp chun trc tip X bng dung dch
chun R. V d : Thm 25,00 mL dung dch AgNO3 0,1248M vo 20,00 mL dung dch NaCl. Chun
dung dch AgNO3 d th ht 11,54 mL dung dch NH4SCN 0,0875M. Tnh nng mol/ lt ca dung
dch NaCl. Phng trnh phn ng: AgNO3 + NaCl AgCl + NaNO3 (1) Phng trnh chun
: AgNO3 + NH4SCN AgSCN + NH4NO3 (2) Theo phng trnh (1) v (2) ta c: nAgNO =
nNaCl + nNH SCN 4 3 CM(AgNO ).V (AgNO3 ) 3 = CM(NaCl).V(NaCl) + CM(NH SCN).V(NH
SCN) 4 CM(AgNO ).V (AgNO3 ) 4 CM(NH SCN).V(NH SCN) _ CM(NaCl) = CM(NaCl) 25,00.0,1248
11,54.0,0875 = = 0,1055(M) 20,00 3 4 4 V (NaCl) 3. Chun th. Cho VX (mL) dung dch cn
xc nh X tc dng vi lng d 1 cht khc (MY) to ra MX v Y. Lng Y sinh ra c chun
trc tip bng dung dch chun R thch hp th mt VR (mL). T VR , CM(R) suy ra lng Y sinh ra.
T lng Y, Vx v phng trnh phn ng suy ra CM(X). iu kin chun th: MX phi bn hn
MY. u im: ca chun ngc v chun th c th s dng trong trng hp khng th s dng
cch chun trc tip. Nhc im: qu trnh chun thng phc tp, thc hin lu, chnh xc
thp hn chun trc tip. V d : nh lng ng, ngi ta ha tan 1,080 gam qung ng. Thm
KI d. Sau chun it gii phng ra th ht 15,65 mL dung dch Na 2S2O3 0,0950 M. Tnh %Cu
c trong qung. 188

189. Phng trnh phn ng: 2Cu2+ + 5I- 2CuI + I3 (1) Phng trnh chun : 22S2O3 + I3
S4O2- + 3I 6 Theo phng trnh (2) ta c: nI- = 2nS O23 (2) 2 3 Theo phng trnh (1) ta c:
2nCu2+ nCu2+ = nS O2 = nI- 3 2 3 mCu2+ = 15,65 . 0,0950 . 64 = 0,0952 (g) 1000 0,0952
.100% %Cu = 1 = 8,81% ,080 PHNG PHP CHUN AXIT BAZ I. c im. - Dng
phng php ny xc nh nng axit, baz. - L phng php phn tch th tch da trn phn ng
chun : H+ + OH- H2O - Trong qu trnh chun nng ion H+ v ion OH- lun thay i
ngha l pH dung dch thay i. - ng biu din s bin thin ca pH vi lng dung dch chun cho
vo gi l ng chun axit baz. - xc nh im tng ng trong qu trnh chun , ngi
ta dng cht ch th axit baz. II. Cht ch th axit-baz (cht ch th pH). L nhng cht c mu thay
i theo s thay i ca pH. - Thng l nhng axit yu hu c (HInd) hoc baz yu hu c (IndOH),
trong , dng axit (HInd; Ind+) v baz lin hp (Ind-; IndOH) c mu khc nhau. - Trong dung dch
cht ch th tn ti ng thi 2 dng axt v baz lin hp c mu khc nhau: HInd H+ + Ind(a)
+ IndOH Ind + OH (b) - Nu nng ca chng hn km nhau khng qu 10 ln
mt ta thy s tn ti ca c 2 dng mu. Nu nng ca chng hn nhau t 10 ln tr ln, mt ta
nhn thy mu ca dng c nng ln hn. V d: ch th metyldacam l axit yu (HInd) trong dung
dch tn ti cn bng phn ly HInd H+ + Ind Vng - Khi pH gim (ngha l nng
H+ tng):cn bng chuyn dch v pha tri nng C HInd tng n khi CHInd 10, dung dch c
mu . Ind- Khi pH tng (ngha l nng H+ gim):cn bng chuyn dch v pha phi nng C
Ind- tng n khi C Ind 10, dung dch c mu vng. HInd Mt s cht ch th axit baz thng dng
189

190. Tn thng dng Dung mi Metyldacam (Heliantin) Nc Mu dng Mu dng Khong pH axt
baz mu hng vng 3,1 4,4 Bromphenol xanh Nc Vng Nu tm 3,0 4,6 Brom crezol lc
Nc Vng Xanh 3,8 5,4 Metyl Nc hng Vng 4,4 6,2 Brom thymol xanh Nc Vng
Xanh 6,2 7,6 Phenol Nc Vng 6,4 8,0 Thymol xanh Nc Vng Xanh 8,0 9,6
Phenolphtalein Ru 70% Khng mu 8,0 9,8 Thymolphtalein Ru 90% Khng mu Xanh 9,4
10,6 III.Chun axit baz 1. Chun n axit mnh bng n baz mnh v ngc li. a. Chun
n axit mnh bng n baz mnh. Kho st s chun V0 (mL) dung dch axit mnh HA c nng
C 0(M) bng dung dch baz mnh BOH c nng C (M), gi s th tch BOH tiu th trong qu trnh
chun l V (mL). * Phn ng chun : H+ + OH- H2O * Phng trnh ng chun : -
Trc khi chun : dung dch l dung dch axit mnh HA c nng C0(M). pH = - lg[H+] = - lgC0 -
Trc im tng ng: dung dch hn hp gm axit mnh HA d v mui ca n vi baz mnh BA.
pH = - lg[H+] = - lg - Ti im tng ng: dung dch l dungC0V0 mui BA (mui c to bi
axit mnh dch CV HA v baz mnh BOH). V0 + V pH = - lg[H+] = - lg 10-7 = 7 - Sau im tng
ng: dung dch hn hp gm BA v BOH d. CV - C V pH = 14 - pOH = 14 + lg V + 0V 0 0 V d:
Chun 20mL dung dch HCl 0,1M bng dung dch NaOH 0,1M. Hy tnh pH ca dung dch ti cc
thi im: a. Trc khi chun . b. Th tch dung dch NaOH tiu th l 19,98mL. c. Th tch dung
dch NaOH tiu th l 20mL. d. Th tch dung dch NaOH tiu th l 20,02mL. Gii : Phng trnh
chun : H+ + OH- H2O a. Trc chun : dung dch l dung dch HCl 0,1M pH = - lg 10-1 = 1
b. Th tch dung dch NaOH tiu th l 19,98mL (trc im tng ng): dung dch gm NaCl v
HCl d. 0,1.20 - 0,1.19,98 pH = - lg[H+] = - lg = 4,3 20 + 19,98 c. Th tch dung dch NaOH tiu th
l 20mL (ti im tng ng): dung dch ch cha NaCl. pH = 7 190 i

191. d. Th tch dung dch NaOH tiu th l 20,2mL (sau im tng ng): dung dch gm c NaCl
v NaOH d. 0,1.20,02 - 0,1.20 pH = 14 pOH = 14 + lg = 9,7 20,02 + 20 v ng cong chun
dung dch HCl 0,1 M bng dung dch NaOH 0,1M ta nn tnh pH ti cc thi im theo bng 1. Bng 1:
ng chun HCl 0,1M bng NaOH 0,1M pH + VNaOH (mL) %q [H ] pH 0,00 -100 -1 1 10 18,00
-10 2,3 5.10-3 19,80 -1 3,3 5.10-4 9,7 19,98 -0,1 4,3 5.10-5 20,00 0 10-7 7 7 . im tng ng 4,3
20,02 +0,1 9,7 2.10-10 20,20 +1 10,7 2.10-11 22,00 +10 11,7 2.10-12 VNaOH 40,00 +100 12,5 3.10-
13 * Nhn xt: - ng chun l ng cong khng u trc v sau cch xa im tng ng
dc ca ng cong rt nh (ngha l pH t ph thuc vo th tch dung dch chun cho vo), cn ln
cn im tng ng dc ng cong ln (ngha l pH ph thuc nhiu vo th tch dung dch
chun cho vo ). - Khong pH thay i t ngt khi lng dung dch chun cho vo t thiu n tha
0,1% c gi l bc nhy pH ca ng chun (tng ng vi khong pH t 4,3 n 9,7) 191

192. ng chun HCl bng NaOH vi cc nng khc nhau im tng ng 7 0.01M 0,1M 1M
* Nhn xt: - Khi chun axit mnh bng baz mnh vi cc nng khc nhau th im tng ng
lun pH =7. - pH ph thuc vo nng ca cc cht phn ng: nng cng ln bc nhy pH cng
di. Trng hp dung dch qu long, bc nhy pH ca ng chun ngn chnh xc chun
gim . * Cch chn cht ch th: V nguyn tc, ta ch chn cht ch th thay i mu ng im tng
ng (pH = 7) nh Bromthymol xanh (6,2 7,6), phenol (6,4 - 8), nhng nu chp nhn sai s
chun 0,1% ta c th chn cc cht ch th c khong i mu pH nm trong bc nhy pH. b.
Chun n baz mnh bng n axit mnh: Kho st s chun V0 (mL) dung dch baz mnh
BOH c nng C 0(M) bng dung dch axit mnh HA c nng C (M), gi s th tch HA tiu th
trong qu trnh chun l V (mL). * Phn ng chun : H+ + OH- H2O * Phng trnh
ng chun : - Trc khi chun : dung dch l dung dch baz mnh BOH c nng C0(M). pH
= 14 + lgC0 - Trc im tng ng: dung dch hn hp gm baz mnh BOH d v mui ca n
vi axit mnh BA. C0V0 CV pH = 14 - pOH = 14 + lg - Ti im tng ng: dung dch l dung
dch BA. V0 + V pH = - lg[H+] = - lg 10-7 = 7 - Sau im tng ng: dung dch hn hp gm BA v
HA d. pH = - lg CV C0V0 V d: V ng chun trong trng hp chun 20 mL dung dch
NaOH 0,1M bng V0 + V dung dch HCl 0,1M 192

193. ng chun NaOH 0,1M bng HCl 0,1M pH 9,7 im tng tng 7 4,3 20 V d d H Cl Ch
: - Trong khong i mu ca cht ch th c mt gi tr mu ti mu ca cht ch th thay i r
nht, gi tr ny gi l ch s chun (pT) ca cht ch th. V vy qu trnh chun kt thc ti pH =
pT. - Gi tr pT ph thuc vo bn cht cht ch th v cht chun . pT cng gn pH im tng
ng th cng chnh xc. V d: dng phnolphtalein lm cht ch th khi chun axit bng kim pT =
9, ngc li, kim bng axit pT = 8. Nu dng metyldacam chun axit bng kim pT =4,4, ngc li,
kim bng axit pT = 4. 2. Chun n axit yu bng n baz mnh v ngc li a. Chun n axit
yu bng n baz mnh Kho st s chun V0 (mL) dung dch axit HA c nng C 0(M) v hng
s axit Ka bng dung dch baz mnh BOH c nng C (M), gi s th tch BOH tiu th trong qu
trnh chun l V (mL). * Phn ng chun : HA + OH- A- + H2O * Phng trnh
ng chun : - Trc khi chun : dung dch l dung dch axit yu HA nng C 0(M) v hng s
axit Ka. pH = - lg[H+] = (pKa lgC0) - Trc im tng ng: dung dch gm axit yu HA d v
mui ca n vi baz mnh BA nn dung dch l h m pH. C pH = - lg[H+] = pKa - lg CA B C V -
CV CV CA = 0 0 + V CB = V + V V0 0 - Ti im tng ng: dung dch l dung dch ca mui c
to bi axit yu v baz mnh BA nn c tnh baz. pH ca dung dch c xc nh theo cng thc tnh
pH ca dung 10-14 dch baz yu A- c hng s baz Kb = K . a pH = 14 - pOH = 14 - (pKb lgCB)
193

194. CV CV CB = V 0+ 0 = V + V V 0 0 - Sau im tng ng: dung dch gm baz mnh BOH d

v baz yu A - nn pH ca dung dch c th tnh gn ng theo cng thc tnh pH ca dung dch baz
mnh pH = 14 - pOH = 14 + lg CB CV - C V CB = V + 0V 0 0 V d: V ng chun trong trng
hp chun 20 mL dung dch CH 3COOH 0,1M; hng s axit Ka = 10-4,75 bng dung dch NaOH
0,1M. Bng 2: ng chun CH 3COOH 0,1M bng NaOH 0,1M pH + VNaOH (mL) %q [H ] pH -3
0,00 -100 1,33.10 2,9 18,00 -10 1,98.10-6 5,7 -7 19,80 -1 1,80.10 6.7 9,7 19,98 -0,1 1,78.10-8 7,7 8,7
im tng ng 7,7 20,00 0 1,88.10-9 8,7 20,02 20,20 22,00 40,00 +0,1 +1 +10 +100 2,0.10-10
2,0.10-11 2,0.10-12 3,0.10-10 9,7 10,7 11,7 12,5 VddNaOH b. Chun n baz yu bng n axit
mnh Kho st s chun V0 (mL) dung dch baz yu BOH c nng C 0(M) v hng s baz Kb
bng dung dch axit mnh HA c nng C (M), gi s th tch HA tiu th trong qu trnh chun l
V (mL). * Phn ng chun : H+ + BOH B+ + H2O * Phng trnh ng chun : -
Trc khi chun : dung dch l dung dch baz yu BOH c C0(M) v hng s baz Kb. pH = 14
(pKb lgC0) - Trc im tng ng: dung dch hn hp gm baz yu v mui ca n vi axit
mnh nn dung dch l dung dch m pH. C pH = 14 - pOH = 14 (pKb lg CB ) A C V - CV CV CB
= 0 0 + V CA = V + V V0 0 - Ti im tng ng: dung dch l dung dch ca mui c to bi
baz yu v axit mnh BA nn c tnh axit. pH ca dung dch c xc nh theo cng thc tnh pH ca
10-14 dung dch axit yu B+ c hng s axit Ka = K b pH = - lg[H+] = (pKa lgCA) CV CV CA = V
0+ 0 = V + V V 0 0 - Sau im tng ng: dung dch hn hp gm axit mnh HA v axit yu B +
nn pH ca dung dch c th tnh gn ng theo cng thc tnh pH ca dung dch baz mnh . pH = -
lg[H+] = - lg CA 194

195. CV - C0 V0 V0 + V V d: V ng chun trong trng hp chun 20 mL dung dch NH 3

0,1M; hng s baz Kb = 10-4,75 bng dung dch HCl 0,1M ng chun NH3 0,1M bng HCl
0,1M CA = pH 6,3 5,3 im tng ng 4,3 VddHCl Nhn xt: - ng chun l ng cong
khng u gn im tng ng dc ca ng cong chun ln, to nn bc nhy pH ca
ng chun . - Bc nhy pH ca ng chun cng b nu axit (hoc baz) cng yu v ngc
li. Nng dung dch chun cng b bc nhy cng b v ngc li. - pH ti im tng ng
khng trng vi im trung tnh m n lch v pha axit (vi baz yu) hoc kim (vi axit yu) nu Ka
hoc Kb ca axit hoc baz cng yu cng ln th pH ti im tng ng lch v pha mi trng baz
hoc axit cng nhiu. Da vo ng cong chun ta c th chn cht ch th thch hp cho qu trnh
chun axit yu bng baz mnh v ngc li. V d: Khi chun dung dch CH 3COOH 0,1M bng
dung dch NaOH 0,1M c bc nhy pH trn ng chun t 7,7 n 9,7 th ta ch c th chn cht
ch th PP (c khong pH i mu t 8 - 10) lm cht ch th m khng th dng metyl da cam (c
khong pH t 3,1 4,4) lm cht ch th c v khong pH i mu ca cht ch th khng nm trong
bc nhy ca ng chun . Kt lun: Qua bi hc ny chng ta bit cch: - Xc nh nng ca
axit, baz. - Xc nh bc nhy pH ca ng chun chn cht ch th thch hp trong qu trnh
chun axit - baz. Phn 2: Thc hnh CCH PHA CH DUNG DCH CHUN I. Cht gc iu
ch cc dung dch chun c nng bit chnh xc, ngi ta phi dng cc cht gc. Cht gc l cht
phi tho mn nhng iu kin sau: - Thng l nhng cht rn nguyn cht, c tinh khit cao (lng
tp cht khng vt qu 0,01 0,02%) - C thnh phn ng vi mt cng thc ho hc xc nh k c
lng nc kt tinh. - Bn c dng rn v dng dung dch trong sut qu trnh iu ch v bo qun. Mt
s cht gc thng gp nh borax Na2B4O7.10H2O, axit oxalic H2C2O4.2H2O, axit benzoic
C6H5COOH, AgNO3, K2Cr2O7,. . . II. Pha ch dung dch chun. 1. Pha ch dung dch chun t cht
gc. Nu thuc th l cht gc th viciu ch dung dch chun gm cc bc sau: - Tnh ton lng
cht gc cn thit cho qu trnh iu ch dung dch chun. 195

196. - Dng cn phn tch c chnh xc 0,1 mg cn chnh xc lng cht gc tnh. Ho tan v
chuyn vo bnh nh mc c th tch bng th tch dung dch chun cn iu ch, ri thm dung mi ti
vch. V d: iu ch 500mL dung dch chun H2C2O4 0,1M ta phi lm cc bc nh sau: - Tnh
lng H2C2O4.2H2O cn thit trong qu trnh iu ch: mH C O 2 2 4 = 0,5 . 0,1 . 126 = 6,3 (gam) -
Dng cn phn tch cn chnh xc 6,3 gam cht rn H2C2O4.2H2O Ho tan lng H2C2O4.2H2O va
cn c vo nc, chuyn vo bnh nh mc 500 mL ri thm nc cho ti vch. 2. Pha ch dung
dch chun t cht khng phi l cht gc. Qu trnh iu ch gm 2 giai on nh sau: - Giai on 1:
iu ch dung dch c nng gn ng, cch lm tng t nh iu ch dung dch chun t cht gc. -
Giai on 2: Xc nh chnh xc nng dung dch c iu ch trn, bng cch chun vi dung
dch chun gc thch hp. V d: iu ch 1 lt dung dch chun NaOH, ta lm nh sau: - Giai on 1:
iu ch dung dch NaOH c nng gn ng 0,1M. + Tnh lng NaOH cn thit trong qu trnh iu
ch: mNaOH = 1 . 0,1 . 40 = 4 (gam) + Dng cn phn tch cn chnh xc 4 gam cht rn NaOH. + Ho
tan lng NaOH va cn c vo nc, chuyn vo bnh nh mc 1 lt ri thm nc cho ti vch. -
Giai on 2: xc nh chnh xc nng dung dch NaOH va pha ch trn bng cch chun vi
dung dch chun gc l dung dch H2C2O4 0,1M. 3. Pha ch dung dch chun t ng chun. ng
chun l ng trong cha sn mt lng chnh xc thuc th dng rn hoc lng. Khi dng ng
chun pha ch dung dch ngi ta chuyn ton b thuc th trong ng chun vo bnh nh mc 1 lt
ri thm nc cho ti vch ta c 1 lt dung dch chun c nng ghi trn nhn ca ng chun. V d:
Trn nhn ng chun ghi HCl 1M, ngha l chuyn ton b lng HCl trong ng chun vo bnh nh
mc 1 lt ri thm nc cho ti vch ta c 1 lt dung dch chun HCl 1M. 4. Pha ch dung dch chun
t dung dch c nng ln hn. Cch tin hnh nh sau: - Tnh ton lng dung dch c nng cao
cn thit cho qu trnh iu ch. - Dng dng c o lng th tch ly chnh xc lng dung dch c
nng cao va tnh c. - Cho lng th tch trn vo bnh nh mc c th tch bng th tch dung
dch chun cn iu ch ri thm dung mi cho ti vch. V d: iu ch 1 lt dung dch HCl 0,1M t
dung dch HCl 1M, ta tin hnh nh sau: - Tnh lng dung dch HCl 1M cn cho qu trnh iu ch: V
= - 1 . 0,1 = 0,1 (lt) 1 Dng dng c o lng th tch ly chnh xc 100 mL dung dch HCl 1M. Cho
100 mL dung dch HCl 1M vo bnh nh mc 1 lt ri thm nc cho ti vch ta c 1 lt dung dch
HCl 0,1M. CHUN AXIT MNH BNG BAZ MNH V NGC LI I. Dng c - ho cht:
1. Dng c: - Burette - Pipette - 3 bnh erlen 250mL - 3 cc thu tinh 250mL 196

197. 2. Ho cht: - Dung dch NaOH c nng chnh xc 0,1M - Dung dch HCl c nng chnh xc
0,1M - Dung dch NaOH cha bit nng - Dung dch HCl cha bit nng - Cht ch th: metyl
dacam (Heliantin); P.P II. Nguyn tc: Da vo phn ng chun : H+ + OH- H2O Kt thc
chun khi cht ch th i mu. III. Cch tin hnh: 1. Chun axit mnh bng baz mnh: Dd
NaOH 0,1M Dng pipette ly chnh xc 20mL dung dch HCl (cha bit nng ) cho vo bnh erlen,
thm 3 git cht ch th, chun bng dung dch NaOH 0,1M t trn burettte xung, lc u, cho n
khi dung dch i mu. Ln lt dng cc cht ch th khc nhau nh: metyl da cam, Phenolphtalein
(PP) Quan st s thay i mu sc trong mi trng hp chun . Dd HCl 20mL Cht ch th Ghi th
tch dung dch NaOH tiu tn. Lm lI th nghim 3 ln ly kt qu trung bnh: VTB = Tnh nng
dung dch HCl. Nhn xt. 2. Chun baz mnh bng axit mnh: Dng pipette ly chnh xc 20mL
dung dch NaOH (cha bit nng ) cho vo bnh erlen, thm 3 git cht ch th, chun bng dung
dch HCl 0,1M t Dd HCl 0,1M trn burettte xung, lc u, cho n khi dung dch i mu. Ln lt
dng cc cht ch th khc nhau nh: metyl da cam, Phenolphtalein (PP) Quan st s thay i mu sc
trong mi trng hp chun . Dd NaOH 20mL Ghi th tch dung dch HCl tiu tn. Lm lI th
nghim 3 ln ly kt qu trung bnh. Tnh nng dung dch NaOH. Nhn xt. Cht ch th CHUN
AXIT YU BNG BAZ MNH V CHUN BAZ YU BNG AXIT MNH I. Dng c -
ho cht: 1. Dng c: - Burette - Pipette - 3 bnh erlen 250mL - 3 cc thu tinh 250mL 2. Ho cht: -
Dung dch NaOH c nng chnh xc 0,1M - Dung dch HCl c nng chnh xc 0,1M - Dung dch
CH3COOH cha bit nng - Dung dch NH3 cha bit nng - Cht ch th: metyl dacam
(Heliantin); P.P II. Cch tin hnh: Dd NaOH 0,1M Dd CH3COOH 20mL Cht ch th 197

198. 1. Chun axit yu bng baz mnh: Dng pipette ly chnh xc 20mL dung dch CH3COOH
(cha bit nng ) cho vo bnh erlen, thm 3 git cht ch th, chun bng dung dch NaOH 0,1M
t trn burettte xung, lc u, cho n khi dung dch i mu. Ln lt dng cc cht ch th khc nhau
nh: metyl da cam, Phenolphtalein (PP) Quan st s thay i mu sc trong mi trng hp chun .
Dd HCl 0,1M Ghi th tch dung dch NaOH tiu tn. Lm lI th nghim 3 ln ly kt qu trung bnh.
Tnh nng dung dch CH3COOH. Nhn xt. 2. Chun baz yu bng axit mnh: Dng pipette ly
chnh xc 20mL dung dch NH 3 (cha bit nng ) cho vo bnh erlen, thm 3 git cht ch th, chun
bng dung dch HCl 0,1M t trn burettte xung, lc u, cho n khi dung dch i mu. Ln lt
dng cc cht ch th khc nhau nh: metyl da cam, Phenolphtalein (PP) Quan st s thay i mu sc
trong mi trng hp chun . Ghi th tch dung dch HCl tiu tn. Lm li th nghim 3 ln ly kt
qu trung bnh. Tnh nng dung dch NH3. Nhn xt. Phn 3: Mt s bi tp tham kho Hy v
ng cong chun bng cch tnh vi im c trng v chn cht ch th cho php chun 50,00
mL dung dch CH3COOH 0,1000 M ; Ka = 10-4,75 vi dung dch NaOH 0,1000 M. C th tham kho
bng sau. Mt s cht ch th axit baz Tn cht ch th Khong i chuyn mu mu pH Metyl da
cam 3,2 4,4 - Da cam Metyl 4,2 6,2 - Vng Brom thymol 6,0 - 7,6 Vng Xanh xanh
Phenol 6,8 8,2 Vng Phenolphtalein 8,0 9,8 Khng mu Thymolphtalein 9,3 10,3
Khng mu - Xanh Hng dn: Phn ng chun : CH3COOH + OH- CH3COO- + H2O
- Trc khi chun : dung dch l dung dch axit yu CH3COOH nn pH ca dung dch c tnh
theo cng thc sau: pH = (4,75 lg 0,1000) = 2,88 - pH sau khi thm 10 mL dung dch NaOH: dung
dch gm CH 3COOH d v CH3COONa nn dung dch l h m pH. 50,00 . 0,1000 - 10,00 . 0,1000
= 0,0667 (M) 60 10,00 . 0,1000 [CH3COO-] = = 0,0167(M) 60 [CH3COOH] = 0,0667 pH = 4,75 - lg
0,0167 = 4,15 198 Dd NH3 20mL Cht ch th

199. - pH sau khi thm 49,95 mL dung dch NaOH: dung dch gm CH 3COOH d v CH3COONa nn
dung dch l h m pH. 50,00 . 0,1000 - 49,95 . 0,1000 [CH3COOH] = = 8,3333.10-5 (M) 60 49,95 .
0,1000 [CH3COO-] = = 0,08325(M) 60 8,3333.10-5 pH = 4,75 - lg 0,08325 = 7,75 - pH sau khi thm
50,00 mL dung dch NaOH: dung dch l dung dch CH3COONa. pH ca dung dch c xc nh theo
cng thc tnh pH ca dung dch baz yu CH 3COO- c hng s baz 10-14 Kb = K = 10-9,25 a 50,00
. 0,1 [CH3COO-] = 100,00 = 0,0500 (M) pH = 14 - (9,25 lg(0,0500)) = 8,72 - pH sau khi thm
50,05 mL dung dch NaOH: dung dch gm NaOH d v CH 3COONa nn pH ca dung dch c th tnh
gn ng theo cng thc tnh pH ca dung dch baz mnh 50,05 . 0,1 - 50,00 . 0,1 [OH-] = =
4,9975.10-5 (M) 100,05 pH = 14 + lg (4,9975.10-5) = 9,7 T cc im pH trn ta v c ng chun
. im tng ng c gi tr pH l 8,72 nn da trn khong i mu ca cc cht ch th trn ta c
th s dng phenolphtalein th kt qu chnh xc nht. Chun 25,00 mL dung dch axit yu n chc
HX cn 18,22 mL dung dch NaOH 0,0640 M. S bin i pH ca dung dch theo phn trm HX chun
c nu trong bng sau: %HX chun 0 33,3% 66,7% pH 3,39 5,14 5,74 a. Tnh nng ban u
ca axit yu HX. b. Xc nh tr s Ka ca axit ng vi mi giai on chun nu trong bng s liu
trn. c. Tnh pH ti im tng ng trong qu trnh chun trn. Hng dn: a. CM(HX) = b. %HX
chun pH [H+] Ka = [H+ ] [X- ] [HX] 18,22 . 0,0640 = 0,0466 (M) 25 0%HX 3,39 4,07 . 10-4
(4,07.10-4 )2 (0,0466 = 3,56 . 10-6 33,3%HX 5,14 7,24 . 10-6 66,7%HX 5,74 1,82 . 10-6 (7,24.106 )
(0,0155) (0,0311) (1 ,82.106 )(0,0311) (0,0155) = 3,62 . 10-6 = 3,64 . 10-6 c. Ti im tng ng
dung dch l dung dch baz yu CH3COOX- + H2O HX + OH- Kb = 1014 = 2,78. 10-9
3,6.106 0,0466 . 25,00 [X-] = 25,00 + 18,22 = 0,027(M) ; pKb = - lgKb = 8,56 pH = 14 - (8,56
lg(0,027)) = 8,94 III. Kinh nghim tuyn chn v bi dng hc sinh gii Ha hc BO CO KINH
NGHIM TUYN CHN, BI DNG 1

200. HC SINH GII MN HA HC Trng THPT chuyn L Hng Phong Nam nh Mt trong
nhng nhim v quan trng ca trng THPT chuyn l cng tc bi dng hc sinh gii.Nhng thc t
hin nay vic tuyn chn v bi dng hc sinh gii Quc gia gp phi nhng kh khn nht nh. Sau
y l mt s chia s ca chng ti v cng tc bi dng HSG: +Cn c k hoch tuyn chn hc sinh
ngay t lp 10.Gio vin dy chuyn cn dy chc c bn sau tng dn tc n lp 11 hc sinh c
th tham gia i tuyn. +Phi to nim tin trong hc sinh .Gy hng th cho cc em vi mn chuyn v
c quyt tm vo i tuyn +Gio dc cho cc em bit nng cao thc trch nhim, ngha v i vi
trng v x hi, gio dc cc em c kht vng ca tui tr ng thi thc c quyn li vi bn
thn,vi gia nh. +ng vin cc em trong i tuyn, to iu kin tt nht cho cc em yn tm tp
trung vo mn chuyn nh: m bo chng trnh cc mn khc, nht l cc mn thi i hc, c ch
h tr sinh hot,c ch hc bng thch hp theo ch chung ( ngoi ra tm ngun ti tr xin thm
cc sut hc bng) +Phn loi hc sinh : gio vin phi c phng php bi dng thch hp vi tng
i tng. +Hng dn hc sinh t hc,t c: da vo nhng mt mnh ca tng hc sinh c th giao
chuyn cho tng hc sinh lm sau trao i vi cc bn khc trong i. Vi hc sinh mi vo lp
10 th gio vin cn phi gii thiu ti liu cho hc sinh tham kho,hng dn cch c sch theo tng
chuyn ( gio vin c th cho dn hc sinh tp lm quen vi vic c sch v bit cch thu hoch
nhng vn mnh nghin cu). Sau mi mt nm hc nhng hc sinh i tuyn sp xp li cc chuyn
mnh hc ri np vo th vin ca trng cho cc kha sau tham kho. +Lp k hoch bi dng
tng tun: phn cng gio vin ging dy tng chuyn , thng nht ni dung kin thc, k nng cn
rn. Sau khi lp i tuyn mt thi gian phi c k hoch bi dng mi nhn, nng mt bng chung ca
i tuyn . +Ra kim tra thng xuyn hng tun hc sinh rn k nng lm bi,rn kh nng chu
p lc thi c.Phn cng gio vin chm, cha bi rt kinh nghim cho hc sinh. Hng tun c phn
thng khuyn khch nhng hc sinh c kt qu lm bi cao nht. Trn y l mt s kinh nghim ca
chng ti trong qu trnh ging day,bi dng hc sinh gii. Rt mong c s gp ca cc ng
nghip cng tc bi dng hc sinh gii c hiu qu hn! PHN TCH CC BY THNG GP
TRONG QU TRNH HNG DN GII BI TP HO HC TRNG THPT NHM PHT
TRIN T DUY CHO HS Trng THPT chuyn Phan Bi Chu Ngh An hng dn HS Pht
hin v phn tch nhng by trong qu trnh 2

201. hng dn HS gii bi tp ho hc trng THPT ta cn hiu r mt s vn v c s l lun

dy hc sau: 1. Tm hiu nhng sai lm v c ch pht sinh cc sai lm trong dy hc 1.1. Khi nim v
sai lm sai lm trong nghin cu khoa hc. Theo Trung tm T in hc, T in ting Vit (Nh xut
bn Khoa hc x hi, H Ni, 1994) th sai lm l tri vi yu cu khch quan, l phi, dn n hu qu
khng hay. Sai lm khng ch xut hin trong cuc sng m cn xut hin c trong hc tp v nghin
cu khoa hc. Alber Einstein ni v tc hi ca sai lm trong nghin cu khoa hc: Nu ti mc sai
lm th ch cn mt ln cng ri. Trong gio dc, I.A. Komensky khng nh: Bt k mt sai lm
no cng c th lm cho hc sinh km i nu nh gio vin khng ch ngay ti sai lm , bng cch
hng dn hc sinh nhn ra v sa cha, khc phc sai lm. A.A. Stoliar cng ln ting nhc nh
gio vin rng: khng c tic thi gian phn tch trn gi hc cc sai lm ca hc sinh. 1.2.
Nguyn nhn pht sinh cc sai lm ca HS trong gii bi tp ho hc. Qua tm hiu thc t cc lp ti
trc tip ging dy, tm hiu qu trnh cc em HS gii bi tp, cc sai lm (cc by) m cc em
thng gp l: - c khng k ra dn n hiu nhm kin thc, khng pht hin c cc ni dung
chnh (cc cht) trong bi tp. - Khng xt ht cc trng hp dn n thiu nghim. - Vn dng cc
phng php gii ton mt cch khng hp l v trit trong vic gii cc bi tp ho hc. - Cha c
phng php phn tch v tng hp kin thc. - Khi gii ton khng cn bng phng trnh ho hc. -
Thiu k nng thc hnh ho hc, cc bi ton thc nghim cn mang nng tnh l thuyt, khng st
thc t. - Sai lm ca hc sinh v cch hiu v vn dng l thuyt ha hc trong gii bi tp. 2. ngha
v tc dng ca vic pht hin v phn tch nhng nhm ln trong qu trnh hng dn HS gii bi tp
ho hc trng THPT. Theo ti, nu gio vin c kh nng d on c cc sai lm (v cch hiu
kin thc ln k nng thc hnh) m HS thng mc phi, s to nn c cc tnh hung hp dn trong
bi tp m ta c th gi l by. Mt gio vin gii, c kinh nghim trong dy hc, s c kh nng d
on c nhiu sai lm ca hc sinh, lm c s xy dng cc bi tp ho hc c ni dung su sc,
kim tra c nhng sai phm m hc sinh mc phi trong qu trnh hc tp mn ha hc, t iu
chnh qu trnh dy hc nhm khc phc nhng sai lm xy ra, t gip HS nm vng v su kin
thc hn. 2.1. Ni dung nghin cu Vic tng kt nhng sai lm thng gp trong dy hc ha hc cn
c nhng nghin cu, iu tra c bn, bc u chng ti xut mt s dng sai lm ph bin sau y:
2.1.1. Nhng nhm ln trong qu trnh vn dng kin thc v phn ng oxi ho - kh Phn ng oxi
ho - kh l mt kin thc rt quan trng, n xuyn sut trong chng trnh ho hc v c, trong kim
tra kin thc ca cc k thi t tt nghip, i hc n cc k thi chn HSG Tnh, Thnh ph, n cc k
thi Quc gia hu ht u c kim tra kin thc v phn ng oxi ho - kh, vic hiu v vn dng kin
thc v phn ng oxi ho kh khng tht n gin v d, sau y l mt s nhm ln v vic vn dng
kin thc ny. V d 1: Hy vit cc PTHH sau y di dng ion y v ion rt gn Al(NO3)3 +
NO2 + H2O a. Al + HNO3 FeSO4 b. Fe + H2SO4 + H2 c. Mg + H2SO4 (c, nng) MgSO4 + S
+ H2O * Phn tch: Vi loi cu hi ny hu ht HS u p dng kin thc v in li v trnh by vi
kt qu sau: a. Phng trnh ion y : Al + 6 H+ + 6 NO3- Al3+ + 3 NO3- + 3NO2 + 3 H2O
Phng trnh ion rt gn: 3

202. Al + 6 H+ + 3 NO3- Al3+ + 3 NO2 + 3 H2O b. Phng trnh ion y : Fe + 2 H+ + SO42-

Fe2+ + SO42- + H2O Phng trnh ion rt gn l: Fe + 2 H+ Fe2+ + H2 c. Phng trnh ion y
: 2 Fe + 8 H+ + 4 SO42- 2 Fe3+ + 3 SO42- + S + 4 H2O Phng trnh ion rt gn: 2 Fe + 8 H+
+ SO42- 2 Fe3+ + S + 4 H2O * Vi cch gii trn HS phm mt sai lm cu (c) - l nhn
phng trnh ion rt gn, ta thy ion SO42- c tnh oxi ho, nhng thc cht ion SO42- khng c tnh
oxi ha, m tnh oxi ho l ca c phn t H2SO4 V d 2: X l mt oxit st trong 3 oxit: FeO, Fe 2O3,
Fe3O4. c % khi lng st trong oxit l 72,41 %. Cho bit CTPT ca X, tnh th tch dd HNO 3 0,7 M
cn thit ho tan ht 69,6 gam X, bit PHH gii phng kh NO duy nht. A. Fe2O3, 4 l B. Fe3O4 ,
4l C. Fe2O3, 5l D. Fe3O4, 4/7l * Phn tch: Vi bi ton ny HS thy ngay oxit st phi c tnh kh, v
vy X c th l FeO hoc Fe3O4 , i chiu p n HS s chn ngay l p n B hoc D. Vic tnh th
tch HNO3 HS s p dng phng php bo ton electron nh sau: - Qa trnh oxi ho: 3 Fe+8/3
(Fe3O4) + 3e 3 Fe3+ Mol: 69,9/232 ----------- 0,3 - Qa trnh kh: NO3 - + 3 e + 4 H+ NO +
2 H2O Mol: 0,3 --- 0,4 Vy: S mol HNO3 tham gia phn ng trn l: 0,4 (mol) Do th tch
dd HNO3 l 0,4/0,7 = 4/7 Chn p n D * Vi cch gii trn HS phm mt sai lm l vit qu
trnh kh tnh s mol HNO 3 th s mol HNO3 trong qu trnh l lng HNO 3 tham gia P
oxihoa kh, cn lng HNO 3 trong c qu trnh P th cn phi tnh thm lng HNO3 tham gia P
axit baz vi Fe3O4. V vy ta c cch gii khc nh sau: - PTHH: 3 Fe3O4 + 28 HNO3 9
Fe(NO3)3 + NO + 14 H2O (*) Mol: 0,3 ------------ 2,8 Theo PTHH (*) S mol HNO3 l: 2,8 Th
thch dd HNO3 l 2,8/0,7 = 4 (lt) Chn p n B 2.1.2. Nhng by v cch hiu v vn dng kin
thc Kin thc ha hc ph thng va phong ph va a dng, va l thuyt va thc nghim, va tru
tng v va c th, nn vic mc sai lm trong hc tp l iu kh trnh khi. Gio vin nn c nhng
d on v sai lm to tnh hung c vn trong bi tp, phn no gip hc sinh hiu c nhng
sai lm qua hot ng gii bi tp, trnh mc phi nhng tnh hung tng t sau khi hiu kin
thc mt cch chnh xc. V d 3: t chy hon ton 14,4 gam mt hirocacbon A thu c 44,0 gam
gam CO2. Tm CTPT ca hyrocacbon A * Phn tch: Vi bi tp ny nhiu hc sinh a ra li gii nh
sau: 44 T gi thit nCO2 = = 1,0 (mol) mC = 12.1,0 = 12 (gam) 44 T suy ra: mH = 14,4
12,0 = 2,4 (gam) Gi CTTQ ca hyrocacbon A l CxHy ta c: mC x : y = 12 = 1: 2,4 = 5: 12. Vy
CTPT ca hyrocacbon A l: C5H12. mH 1 4

203. * Vi cch gii trn nhiu hc sinh phm sai lm l nhm ln gia cng thc thc nghim v
CTPT, thc cht ca vic gii trn l mi ch tm ra c cng thc thc nghim, c CTPT ta phi
gii nh sau. - Nh trn ta tm c: 1 nCO2 = 1,0 (mol), t mH = 2,4 gam nH2O = nH = 1,2 mol 2
Do: nH2O > nCO2 nn A l ankan, t A c cng thc tng qut l CnH2n + 2, 1, 0 nCO2 vi n= = =
5. 1, 2 1, 0 nA Vy CTPT ca hyrocacbon A l: C5H12 V d 4. Cho bit im sai ca mt s cu
hnh electron sau v sa li cho ng? a. 1s22s12p5. b. 1s22s22p63s23p64s23d2. c. 1s22s22p64s2. *
Phn tch: y l mt bi tp kim tra kin thc v vt cu hnh electron. Vy hc sinh phi hiu khi
nim v cu hnh electron v phng php vit cu hnh electron, c th l: Bc 1. Mc nng lng:
1s2s2p3s3p4s3d4p5s4p5d Bc 2. Hiu r cc quy tc vit cu hnh electron: Sp xp cc phn lp
theo ng trt t ca tng lp, trong mi lp theo ng th t phn lp. Vi kin thc ny HS s p
dng gii quyt vn trn a. 1s22s12p5 - im sai: Vi phm v vic sp xp electron theo trt t mc
nng lng. - Sa li: Ch yu HS ch sa li theo kt qu 1s22s22p4 (bo ton e), nh vy hc sinh
lm ng nhng cn thiu mt kt qu: 1s22s22p5. b. 1s22s22p63s23p64s23d2: - im sai: y l mc
nng lng ch khng phi l cu hnh electron, v vy hu ht HS s sa li l 1s22s22p63s23p63d24s2.
- Tuy nhin t cu hnh electron trn hc sinh c th sa theo kt qu khng bo ton electron
1s22s22p63s23p64s2 cng tho mn. c. 1s22s22p64s2: - im sai: Cu hnh e ny thiu lp 3,v phm v
sp xp e v mc nng lng - Sa li: + Hu ht HS s s dng bo ton electron nn vit li cu hnh
electron l: 1s22s22p63s2 * Mt s HS c th khng dng li bo ton electron m thy rng lp th 3
cn thiu electron nn c th vit li cu hnh trn vi kt qu 1s2222p63s23p63d104s2. * Mt s HS
nm vng v cu hnh electron c th cn a ra 9 kt qu khc na: 2 1s 2s22p63s23p63dx4s2 vi x l:
0, 1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 7, 8, 10. V d 5. Xc nh sn phm chnh ca phn ng sau: CH2 = CH COOH +
HCl * Phn tch: y l mt cu hi v phn ng cng hp ca tc nhn bt i xng v lin kt i
C = C. gii quyt vn ny HS phi vn dng quy tc Maccopnhicop: Trong phn ng cng axit
hoc nc (k hiu chung l HA) vo lin kt C=C, H (phn mang in tch dng) u tin cng vo C
mang nhiu H hn (cacbon bc thp hn), cn A (phn t mang in tch m) u tin cng vo C mang
t H hn (cacbon bc cao hn) * p dng: CH2 = CH COOH + HCl CH3 CHCl COOH (sn
phm chnh) CH2 = CH COOH + HCl CH2Cl CH2 COOH (sn phm ph) - Vi cch gii
quyt trn HS s vng vo ci by l phn ng trn cng tri vi quy tc Maccopnhicop v hai lin
kt i lin hp C 3 = C2 - C1 = O phn cc v pha O, suy ra lin kt i C = C phn cc v pha C 2
nn ti C2 mang mt phn in tch m v H + ca tc nhn s u tin tn cng vo C2 sn phm
chnh l CH2Cl CH COOH. 5

204. V d 6: Cho lng d bt kim koi Fe tc dng vi 250 ml dung dch HNO 3 4M un nng v
khuy u hn hp. Phn ng xy ra hon ton v gii phng ra kh NO duy nht. Sau khi kt thc phn
ng, em lc b kt ta thu c dung dch A. Lm bay hi cn thn dung dch A thu c mui khan,
nung nng lng mui khan nhit cao phn ng nhit phn xy ra hon ton, thu c m
gam cht rn v x (mol) hn hp gm 2 kh. a. Vit cc phng trnh phn ng xy ra. b. Tm m v x *
Phn tch: Vi bi tp ny HS s tp trung vo vic ch n tnh cht oxihoa mnh ca HNO3, v vy
cc em s gii quyt bi ton bng vic vit cc phng trnh ho hc: Fe + 4 HNO3 Fe(NO3)3 + NO
+ 2 H2O (1) - Dung dch A c Fe(NO3)3 qu trnh c cn A khng xy ra s nhit phn mui, vy mui
khan l Fe(NO3)3, nhit phn mui ny s xy ra phng trnh ho hc sau: t 0C 4 Fe(NO3)3 2
Fe2O3 + 12 NO2 + 3O2 (2) - Vy cht rn thu c l Fe2O3 v hn hp kh thu c l NO2, O2.
T gi thit, do kim loi d nn HNO3 ht. 1 1 Vy: nFe2O3 = nHNO3 = .4.0,25 = 0,125 (mol)
mFe2O3 = 0,125.160 = 20,0 (g) nNO2 = 8 8 3 15 15 6nFe2O3 ; nO2 = .nFe2O3 nkh = .nFe2O3 =
(mol) 2 2 16 * Tuy nhin vi cch gii trn hc sinh vp by l khng ch d kin y l kim
loi Fe, khc vi cc kim loi khc ch l khi Fe d th s xy ra phn ng: Fe + 2 Fe(NO3)3 3
Fe(NO3)2 (3) Nh vy cch hiu trn s em li kt qu sai. - Vy dung dch A khng phi c Fe(NO
3)3 m c Fe(NO3)2 v phng trnh ho hc nhit phn mui xy nh sau: 4 Fe(NO3)2 2 Fe2O3 +
8 NO2 + O2 (4) Do khi lng cht rn v s mol kh thu c l: 5 15 mFe2O3 = 0,1875. 160 =
30,0 (g); nkh = .nFe2O3 = (mol) 2 32 V d 7: Nguyn t M thuc chu k 2, nhm VIIA. Cng thc
oxit cao nht v hp cht kh vi H l: A. M2O3, MH3 B. MO3, MH2 C. M2O7, MH D. M2O, MH *
Phn tch: Bi tp trn l mt bi kim tra kin thc HS v ni dung bng HTTH, lm bi tp ny,
HS phi nm vng kin thc v CTTQ ca cc loi hp cht quan trng: xit cao nht, hyroxit, hp
cht kh vi hyro ca cc nguyn t nhm IA n VIIA. Vi kin thc , cc nguyn t nhm VIIA s
c cng thc tng qut v xit cao nht l R 2O7 v cng thc vi hp cht kh vi hyro l RH. Vy
chn p n C. * Tuy nhin HS d mac phi by l vi c im cc nguyn t thuc chu k 2 th kt
qu trn li sai. chu k 2, nhm VIIA l nguyn t F, do c im cu to nguyn t F nn cng thc
xit cao nht ca F li l F2O v vy chn p n D. V d 8 : Dy gm cc cht u tc dng vi dd
Fe(NO3)2 l: A. Mg, Cl2, NaOH, NaCl B. AgNO3, Cl2, NH3, NaOH C. NaOH, Cl2, NH3, HCl,
AgNO3 D. AgNO3, NaOH, Cu, HCl * Sai lm: Hu ht HS u cho rng khng c phn ng gia HCl
vi Fe(NO 3)2 v HCl v HNO3 u l nhng axit mnh v l axit bay hi. Do HS chn p n B *
Phn tch: Khi cho Fe(NO3)2 tc dng vi dd HCl th s xy ra phn ng dng ion nh sau: Fe2+ + 2
H+ + NO3- Fe3+ + NO2 + H2O V vy chn p n C. V d 9: Cho cc cht p-Crezon, natrietylat,
anilin, phenylamoniclorua, protein. S cht tc dng c vi dd NaOH l: 6

205. A. 5 B. 4 C.3 D. 2 * Sai lm: Hc sinh thng chn p n B l gm 4 cht: p- Crezon, alanin,
phenylamoniclorua v protein. * Phn tch: HS sai lm khi khng phn ng gia etylatnatri vi
H 2O, bi v trong dung dch NaOH c H2O. Chnh v c thm phn ng ny nn ta chn p n A V
d 10: Cho dd NaOH long, d vo mi dung dch : BaCl 2, AlCl3, CrCl2, CuCl2, AgNO3. S cht kt
ta to thnh l: A. 2 B. 3. C.4 D. 5 * Sai lm: a s HS lm nh sau: Cho dd NaOH vo dd BaCl2 thy
khng c hin tng g. Cho t t dd NaOH vo dd AlCl3 th xut hin kt ta, sau kt ta tan. Cho
dd NaOH vo dd CuCl2 thy to kt ta Cu(OH)2 Cho dd NaOH vo dd AgNO3 khng xy ra phn ng
do AgOH khng tn ti.nn khng xy ra phn ng.Vy HS chn p n A. * Phn tch: Do AgOH
khng tn ti nn b phn hy thnh Ag 2O v H2O. Chnh v vy khi cho dd NaOH vo dd AgNO3
c xy ra phn ng. Vy chn p n ng l: B V d 11: Fructoz c th phn ng c vi: A. dung
dch Br2. B. Cu(OH)2 C. dung dch KMnO4.D. C 3 cht. * Sai lm: Hu ht HS s chn p n D, bi
v cc em suy ngh rng Fructz l ancol a chc nn c phn ng vi Cu(OH)2,c cn bng:
Fructoz Glucoz nn c phn ng kh nhm chc CHO bng cht oxiho mnh nh dd Br2,
hay dd KMnO4. Glucoz th cn phi c mi * Phn tch: Thc ra c cn bng Fructoz
trng OH. Chnh v th m dd Br2 hay dd KMnO4 u khng th oxihoa c Fructoz. Chn p
n B. V d 12: iu ch polyvinylancol, ngi ta dng cc phng php no sau y: 1. Trng hp
ancol vinylic 2. Trng hp vinylaxetat, sau thu phn trong dd NaOH 3. Thu phn tinh bt. A.1 v
2 B. Ch c 1 C. Ch c 2 D. Ch c 3 * Sai lm: Hu ht HS thng chn p n A, v HS thng ngh
rng c polyvinylancol th phng php trng hp c p dng v trng hp monome ancolvinylic.
* Phn tch: HS phm mt sai lm l ancolvinylic l mt loi ancol km bn, khng tn ti, n s t
chuyn thnh andehitaxetic CH3CHO. Vy p n ng l C V d 13: S m t no sau y khng ng
hin tng ho hc. A. Cho t t dd CH3COOH long vo dd Na2CO3 v khuy u, lc u khng c
hin tng g, sau mt thi gian thy c si bt kh. B. Cho qu tm vo dung dch Benzylamin thy qu
tm chuyn sang mu xanh. C. Cho t t anilin vo dd HCl thy tan dn vo dd HCl. D. Cho propilen
vo nc Br2 thy nc Br2 b mt mu v thu c mt dd ng nht trong sut. * Sai lm: Hu ht
HS s chn p n B v cho rng amin thm t tan trong nc nn khng lm i mu qu tm. * Phn
tch: Benzylamin l mt trng hp c bit, tan rt nhiu trong nc v i mu qu tm, v c phn
ng thu phn vi H2O. V vy chn p n D 2.1.3. Vn dng cc phng php gii ton mt cch
khng hp l v trit trong vic gii cc bi tp ho hc. Mt s sai lm ph bin nh khi tnh theo
phng trnh ha hc hoc s phn ng m qun cn bng hoc cn bng khng ng, hiu sai cc
cng thc tnh ton trong ho hc, s dng n v tnh khng thng nht, khng n hiu sut phn
ng cho trong bi, khng xc nh c 7

206. cht no ht hay d trong qu trnh phn ng, hiu sai tnh cht ca cc cht nn vit phng trnh
ha hc khng chnh xc, thiu cc k nng c bn khi s dng cc phng php gii bi tp, ... V d
14. Nguyn t M thuc chu k 2, nhm VIIA. Cng thc oxit cao nht v hp cht kh vi H l:
A.M2O3, MH3 B.MO3, MH2 C. M2O7, MH D.M2O, MH * Phn tch: Bi tp trn l mt bi kim tra
kin thc hc sinh v ni dung bng tun hon, lm bi tp ny, hc sinh phi nm vng kin thc v
cng thc tng qut ca cc loi hp cht quan trng: Oxit cao nht, hiroxit, hp cht kh vi hiro ca
cc nguyn t nhm IA n VIIA. Vi kin thc , cc nguyn t nhm VIIA s c cng thc tng
qut v oxit cao nht l R 2O7 v cng thc vi hp cht kh vi hiro l RH Phng n nhiu C. -
Tuy nhin vi c im cc nguyn t thuc chu k 2 th kt qu trn li sai. chu k 2, nhm VIIA l
nguyn t F, do c im cu to nguyn t F nn cng thc oxit cao nht ca F l F 2O p n D.
V d 15. Trong mt cc nc cha a mol Ca 2+, b mol Mg2+ v c mol HCO 3 . Nu ch dng nc vi
trong, nng Ca(OH)2 x M lm gim cng ca nc th ngi ta thy khi thm V lt nc vi
trong vo cc th cng ca nc trong cc l nh nht. Biu thc tnh V theo a, b, x l 2b + a b+a b +
2a b +a A.V = B.V = C.V = D.V = x x x 2x * Phn tch: Cch gii ph bin thng gp l da vo cc
phn ng ion Ca(OH)2 S mol: x.V - HCO3 + OH S mol: c 2x.V 2 CO3 + Mg2+
Ca2+ + 2.OHx.V 2x.V 2 H2O + CO3 2x.V MgCO3 b b 2 CO3 + Ca2+ CaCO3 (a +
x.V) (a + x.V) b+a Phng n nhiu B. x * Sai lm y l hc sinh khng bit tan ca
Mg(OH) 2 (T = 5.10-12) nh hn nhiu so vi MgCO3 (T = 1.10-5) nn c s u tin to kt ta
Mg(OH) 2, do phn ng trao i ion trong dung dch li xy ra nh sau: Ca(OH)2 Ca2+ + 2OHS
mol: x.V x.V 2x.V 2 HCO3 + OH- H2O + CO3 Vy ta c: a + b + x.V = 2x.V V = S
mol: c 2OH2b 2 CO3 c + + c 2+ Mg Mg(OH)2 b Ca2+ CaCO3 c c 2b + a
p n A. x V d 16. Hn hp X gm axit HCOOH v CH 3COOH c s mol bng nhau. Ly 5,3 g
hn hp X cho tc dng vi 5,75 g C 2H5OH (c H2SO4 c lm xc tc) thu c m (g) hn hp este
(hiu sut cc phn ng este ha u bng 80%). Gi tr m l : Vy ta c: c = x.V + a v c + 2.b = 2x. V
V=8

207. A. 7,04 B. 6,48 C. 8,10 D. 8,80 * Phn tch: Hc sinh d mc sai lm khi p dng nhanh phng
php tng - gim khi lng quen thuc nhng ch ch n s mol ancol: RCOOH + C2 H 5OH
RCOOC 2 H 5 + H 2O 1 mol m tng = 28 g 0,125 mol m tng = 3,5 g m = 5,3 + 3,5 = 8,8
Phng n nhiu D. * Mt s hc sinh cho rng kt qu ny khng ng l do cha tnh n hiu sut
phn ng m = 8,8. 80% = 7,04 Phng n nhiu A. * R rng kt qu ny cng khng chnh xc
v hc sinh mc sai lm khi tnh ton theo lng cht d C2H5OH (H = 100%). Hng dn hc sinh
tm s mol axit so snh vi ancol xem cht no l cht thiu trong phng trnh phn ng: HCOOH
: x mol X 46x + 60x = 106x = 5,3 x = 0, 05 CH 3COOH : x mol n X = 0,1 < n C2H5OH =
5, 75 = 0,125 46 Tnh theo axit: RCOOH + C2 H 5OH RCOOC 2 H 5 + H 2O 1 mol 1 m
tng = 28g 0,1mol 0,1 m tng = 2,8g m este = 5,3 + 2,8 = 8,10g Phng n nhiu C.
8,1.80 = 6, 48g p n B. V H = 80% m = 100 V d 17. Cho 31,84g hn hp NaX v NaY (X,
Y l 2 halogen 2 chu k lin tip) vo dung dch AgNO3 d th thu c 57,34 g kt ta . Cng thc
ca 2 mui l : A. NaCl v NaBr B. NaBr v NaI C. NaF v NaCl D. NaF v NaCl hoc NaBr v NaI. *
Phn tch: Hu ht hc sinh s gii bi tp ny bng cch chuyn bi ton hn hp thnh bi ton mt
cht tng ng bng vic gi cng thc tng qut chung 2 mui l: Na X . - Phng trnh ho hc
c vit: Na X + AgNO3 Ag X + NaNO3 (23 + X ) gam (108 + X ) gam 31,84 gam 57,34
gam 2 halogen l Br v I p n B. X = 83,13 * Vi cch gii trn hc sinh phm mt sai
lm l cho c 2 mui NaX v NaY u to kt ta vi dung dch AgNO3, iu ny ch ng vi mui
ca 3 halogen Cl, Br, I cn NaF khng tc dng vi AgNO 3 v khng to kt ta. V vy cn hng dn
hc sinh xt bi ton qua 2 kh nng: + KN 1: Hn hp 2 mui halogen gm: NaF v NaCl, lc ch
c NaCl phn ng NaCl + AgNO3 AgCl + NaNO3 57,34 0,4 (mol) nNaCl 0,4 (mol)
nAgNO3 = 143,5 mNaCl = 0,4. 58,5 = 23,4 < 31,84 trng hp ny cng tho mn. + KN 2 :
Hn hp c 2 mui halogen u phn ng vi dung dch AgNO 3, kt qu tm c 2 halogen l Br v I.
Nh vy p n l D. 2.1.4. Sai lm ca hc sinh v cch hiu v vn dng l thuyt ha hc trong gii
bi tp. Mt s sai lm ca HS trong qu trnh gii bi tp l do kin thc l thuyt cha nm vng,cn
phin din, cha tng hp c kin thc, v d nh mt cht hu c c phn ng trng gng th HS
ch ngh rng l Anhit m khng xt cc trng hp khc nh HCOOH, HCOOR, 9

208. HCOOM, . .hay khi thu phn este th HS ch ngh rng to ra axit (hoc mui) v ancol ch khng
ngh n cc trng hp to nhiu mui, anhit, xton, . .Sau y l mt s v d minh ho. V d 18:
un mt cht hu c A n chc c khi lng 8,6 gam trong mi trng kim, ta thu c hai cht
hu c B v C. Cht B khng c phn ng trng gng, cn lng cht C thu c cho tc dng vi
Ag2O/NH3 d th thu c 21,6 gam Ag v cht B . Khi cho B tc dng vi NaOH th thu c B.
Tm cng thc cu to ca A,B,C. Gii: * Sai lm: Hu ht HS u c thi quen suy suy ngh rng: -
Khi thu phn mt este trong mi trng axit th s thu c ru v axit hu c - Khi thu phn este
trong mi trng kim th s thu c mui v ru. Do vi bi tp trn HS s nhm tng l B l
ancol cn C l HCOOH, A l este. * Phn tch: Ta gi s C l cht c chc andehit, cng thc tng qut
c dng: RCHO, ta c dd NH3 Phng trnh ho hc: RCHO + Ag2O RCOOH + 2 Ag.
RCOOH + NaOH RCOONa + H2O. 1 Theo hai phn ng trn nRCOOH = nRCOONa = nRCHO =
nAg = 0,1 2 - Ga s A l este n chc: Phng trnh ho hc: RCOOR + NaOH RCOONa +
ROH. A B C 0,1 0,1 0,1 8, 6 Theo gi thit; MA = = 86 = 44 + (R + R) 0,1 Vy: R + R = 86 44 =
42 = M C3 H6 Nu tch 2 gc R v R ra th mt gc l CH3 v mt gc l CH2=CH2. Nu R ca B l
CH2=CH- th CH2=CH-COONa l cht B, cn C l CH 3OH. Vy C khng th c phn ng trng
gng. Do B l CH3COONa v C l CH2=CH-OH, ru ny khng bn nn chuyn thnh CH3CHO.
Vy A l: CH3COOCH=CH2. V d 19: Ho tan 5,6 gam bt Fe trong 300,0 ml dd HCl 1M. Sau phn
ng thu c dd X v kh H2. Cho lng d dd AgNO3 vo dd X th thu c m gam cht rn. Hy tm
ga tr m Gii: * Sai lm: Hu ht HS l nh sau: Phng trnh ho hc: Fe + 2 HCl FeCl2 + H2 (1)
mol 0,1 0,2 2 AgNO3 + FeCl2 2 AgCl + Fe(NO3)2 (2) mol 0,1 0,2 AgCl + HNO3 AgNO3 + HCl
(3) mol 0,1 0,1 Fe3+ + Ag Fe2+ + Ag+ (4) mol 0,1 0,1 Vy: Khi lng cht rn l: 53,85 gam. *
Phn tch: HS vit thiu phn ng ho hc: 4 H+ + 3 Fe3+ + NO3- 3 Fe3+ + NO + 2 H2O (*)
Phn ng (*) xy ra trc phn ng (4) nn Fe2+ trong phn ng (4) ch cn: 0,025. Do khi lng
cht rn l: 45,75 gam. 2.1.5. Khng xt ht cc trng hp dn n thiu nghim. Mt s HS thng
mc cc by khi gii ton l khng ch n cc tnh cht c bit ca cc cht P cng nh cc cht
SP, nh tnh lng tnh ca cc xit, hyroxit lng tnh, qu trnh ho tan cc kt ta ca cc xit axit
nh ho tan CaCO3 bi CO2, . ., v vy HS thng xt thiu nghim, sau y l mt s v d. V d 20:
X l dd cha 0,1 mol AlCl3 Y l dd NaOH 1 M. t t dd Y vo dd X n ht th lng kt ta thu
c l 6,24 gam. Th tch dd Y l: 10

209. A. 0,24 lt B. 0,32 lt C. 0,24 lit hoc 0,32 lt D. 0,34 lt * Sai lm: Hu ht HS thng gii theo
cch sau: - Phng trnh ho hc: AlCl3 + 3 NaOH 3 NaCl + Al(OH)3 (1) Ban u: Mol 0,1 1.V 6,
24 Phn ng: Mol = 0,08 (mol) 78 - Qua s mol ca Al(OH)3 thu c ta thy AlCl3 d, nn NaOH
ht, vy NaOH tnh theo kt ta Al(OH)3, do nNaOH = 3. nAl (OH )3 = 3. 0,08 = 0,24 (mol) Vy:
VY = 0,28 (lt). * Phn tch: Hu ht HS mc mt sai lm l khng ngh n tnh lng tnh ca
Al(OH) 3 nn khng xt thm mt trng hp na l dd NaOH tc dng ht vi Al(OH) 3 thu
c kt ta cc i, sau mt phn kt ta Al(OH) 3 tan ra, do bi ton ny c 2 kt qu ng l:
V dung dch Y bng 0,24 lt v 0,32 lt. 2.1.6. Cha c phng php phn tch v tng hp kin thc.
a s cc em HS c nng lc hc tp trung bnh v yu u mc cc by kin thc v phn ny, cc
em c th c kin thc cc phn ring bit, nhng s tng hp cc kin thc li trong mt vn cn
gii quyt th hn ch, mt khc nhiu em cha c kh nng phn tch cc d kin bi ton, t xu
chui chng li thnh mt kin thc thng nht, logc, sau y l mt s v d minh ho. V d 21 : Cho
cc cht: Cu(OH)2 (1), AgCl(2), NaOH(3), Al(OH)3(4), Mg(OH)2(5). Nhng cht no trong s cc cht
trn c b ho tan trong dd amonic. A. Ch c 1,2 B. Ch c 1,2,3. C. Ch c 1,3 D. 1,2,3 v 5 * Sai
lm: a s HS thng chn 1,2, v HS ngh ngay n kh nng to phc ca dd NH 3 vi Cu(OH)2 v
AgCl, nn chn p n A. * Phn tch: ra yu cu l tm cht b ha tan trong dung dch amonic nn
c thn NaOH na (v NaOH khng phn ng nhng tan trong dd NaOH). V d 22 : iu ch Cl2
trong phng th nghim c th dng cc cch: 1. Cho dd KMnO4 tc dng vi dd HCl c. 2. Cho dd
KMnO4 v dd H2SO4 c tc dng vi tinh th NaCl. 3. in phn nng chy NaCl. A. Ch c 1 B.Ch
c 2 C.Ch c 3 D. C 1,2,3 * Sai lm: HS thng chn p n D, nh vy phng n 2 cng c chp
nhn. * Phn tch: Khi cho H2SO4 tc dng vi NaCl s gii phng HCl t 0C NaCl + H2SO4 ()
NaHSO4 + HCl Nhng do HCl sinh ra dng kh hoc c ho tan thnh axit th nng cng khng
ln tc dng vi dd KMnO4 gii phong Cl2. Trong phng th nghim, vi lng cht iu ch
t, dng c n gin nn khng dng phng php in phn. Vy: ch c phng n 1 l hp l nn
chn p n A. V d 23: Dy gm cc cht u c kh nng l mt mu dd Brom l: A. Xiclobutan,
Propilen, Axetilen, Butaien B. Propilen, axetilen, glucozo, triolein. C. Benzen, etilen, propilen,
axetilen, tripanmitin D. Propilen, axetilen, butadien, saccarozo. * Sai lm: Hu ht HS khi gii quyt
kin thc trn , thy cc cht trong cu A u tho mn nn chn p n A. * Phn tch: Xiclobutan p
vi Br2 (kh) ch khng p dd Br2/CCl4. V vy p n ng l B. 2.1.7. Nhng sai lm v k nng thc
hnh ha hc Trong qu trnh dy hc ha hc, khng ch ch trng n kin thc l thuyt m cn phi
rn 11

210. luyn k nng thc hnh ha hc cho hc sinh. Da trn nhng sai lm v thc hnh ha hc, gio
vin c th thit k cc bi tp ha hc thc nghim, tng tnh hp dn v thc tin ca mn hc. V d
24: Trong phng th nghim, kh clo c iu ch t MnO2 v axit HCl. a. Vit phng trnh phn ng
v ghi r iu kin (nu c). b. Phn tch nhng ch sai khi lp b th nghim nh hnh v sau. Phn tch
: a. Phng trnh phn ng : MnO2 + 4HCl ( c) t 0 MnCl 2 + Cl 2 + 2H2O b. V mt k nng thc
hnh, gio vin cn phn tch cho hc sinh hiu hnh v m phng th nghim, hc sinh suy lun trong
th nghim ny: Phi dng dung dch HCl c 30-37% phn ng oxi ho-kh xy ra. Do dng
dung dch HCl 10% (long) th khng th thu c kh Cl2. Phi dng n cn un nng MnO2. Kh
Cl2 c thu bng phng php y khng kh, nn khng dng nt cao su bnh thu kh nh hnh v,
khng kh thot ra ngoi. thu c kh Cl2 tinh khit, cn lp thm cc bnh ra kh (loi kh HCl)
v lm kh kh (loi hi nc). 2. Cc bin php hn ch v sa cha (khc phc) sai lm gip HS trnh
by Qua nhng by trn, HS cn ch nhng im sau trong qu trnh tr li cc cu hi l thuyt
cng nh gii bi tp ho hc: a. c k ra trc khi lm bi. b. Tm tt bng cch gch chn
di nhng ni dung quan trng c trong ra. c. Nu l cu hi l thuyt cn phn loi nhanh l cu
hi thuc dng no: Gii thch mt vn , nhn bit cc cht, tch hay tinh ch cc cht.T p dng
ngay phng php gii cc dng gii quyt vn nu ra. d. Nu l bi tp tnh ton, trc ht HS
phi c trang b mt s phng php gii ton ho nh: phng php bo ton khi lng, phng
php bo ton electron, phng php ng cho, bi ton cht kh, phng php trung bnh . . sau
hng dn HS trc khi gii ton phi tm s mol cc cht (nu c th), vit phng trnh ho hc hay
s bin ho kt ni cc mi quan h, t lp phng trnh ton hc, gii ton tm nghim. e. Nu
l bi ton thc nghim cn cho HS lm quen vi nhiu cc thao tc th nghim, cc bui thc hnh phi
hng dn HS trc tip lm thnghim, cc em phi tn mt quan st c cc hin tng v gii thch
c cc hin tng mt cch khoa hc, t cc em khi qut v hnh thnh nn t duy thc
nghim ho hc. KT LUN 1. Xut pht t nhng yu cu mi ca cng tc ging dy l ly HS
lm trung tm, cho nn vic hng dn HS trung hc ph thng pht hin cc by v trnh nhng
nhm ln khi gii bi tp khng nhm ngoi mc ch ny. Vic lm ny s c tc dng nng cao hiu
qu dy ca Thy v hc ca tr. 2. ti ny mi ch khai thc c mt s nhm ln m qu trnh
hng dn HS gii bi tp cc em mc phi, chc chn rng ang cn nhiu ni dung khc nu cn c
tip tc pht trin thm. 3. Cc tnh hung trong bi tp m ta c th gi l by c th gip gio vin
nh gi c nng lc nhn thc ca HS t phn loi HS ri tm phng php dy hc ph hp
vi tng i tng HS, gip GV bi dng nhn ti cng nh ph o HS yu km mt cch khoa hc
hn. 4. Phn tch nhng by trong gii bi tp ho hc c th xem nh mt phng php Phn
chng trong ging dy kin thc trng THPT, n c th c nghin cu su, rng hn, kt hp
thc nghim s phm c th tr thnh c s l lun khoa hc trong dy hoc. 12

211. 5. Vi iu kin thi gian ngn, trnh bn thn c hn, chc chn ti cn c nhng hn ch.
Vi tm huyt ngh nghip v tm lng ca mnh, ti mun c ng gp mt phn nh cng sc ca
mnh vo cng vic chuyn mn, nhm nng cao hiu qu dy hc. Rt mong nhn c s ch dn, gp
v ng cm ca ng nghip v bn c. TI LIU THAM KHO 1. Cao C Gic. Thit k v s
dng bi tp ha hc thc nghim trong dy v hc ha hc. Nxb Gio dc, 2009. 2. Cao C Gic. Cc
phng php chn lc gii nhanh bi tp trc nghim ha hc. Nxb Gio dc, 2009. 3. o Hu Vinh.
500 Bi tp ho hc. Nxb Gio dc 1995 4. L Xun Trng (Tng ch bin), Ho hc 10,11,12 (Ban
KHTN, Ban KHXH). Nxb Gio dc 5. Nguyn Xun Trng. Phng php dy hc ha hc trng
ph thng. Nxb Gio dc, 2005. 6. Nguyn Xun Trng, Cao C Gic. Cc xu hng i mi phng
php dy hc ha hc trng ph thng hin nay. Tp ch Gio dc, s 128. 12/2005. 7. Nguyn c
Vn. Thc hnh ho hc v c, Nxb Gio dc 1984 KINH NGHIM BI DNG HC SINH GII
Trng THPT chuyn H Ni - Amsterdam Bi vit ny ca chng ti nhm trao i giao lu hc hi
kinh nghim ln nhau. Vi kt qu khim tn ca i tuyn ha trng Amsterdam chng ti xin a ra
mt s kinh nghim nh sau: I. PHN TCH R THUN LI, KH KHN 1. Thun li - C s quan
tm ca lnh o s, trng: + u tin gio vin dy mn chuyn, gim s gi ln lp + Gio vin c
gii hc sinh gii quc gia, quc t u tin ln lng sm. - u t c s vt cht: Trng Amsterdam
c xy mi trang thit b hin i xng vi tm quc t - Cng tc tuyn chn bi dng gio vin
c ch : Thu ht cc gio vin gii c knh nghim dy i tuyn quc gia, c nng lc c hc sinh
i thi quc t cc tnh khc c thnh ph H Ni tip nhn chuyn cng tc t cc tnh, thnh ph
khc theo ch u i . Hng nm c gio vin i tp hun cc chng trnh nng cao, hoc tham gia
hc tp nc ngoi nhm nng cao nhn thc, hiu bit thc t ca gio vin. - Hc sinh c tuyn
chn tt: Mt bng hc sinh tuyn vo cc trng chuyn H Ni c cht lng cao. - Hc sinh gii
c chn lc bi dng t khi THCS cht lng cao ca Amsterdam v cc i tuyn ca cc qun,
huyn. - Cc k thi u vo cp THCS v THPT chuyn nghim tc nh gi ng nng lc. 2. Kh
khn - Tnh thc dng ca hc sinh v ph huynh: Mc tiu ca ph huynh v hc sinh chuyn l i
hc c danh ting trong nc hoc u t vo vic i du hc. - Ch i ng vi gio vin v hc sinh
gii cha hp l: Gio vin bi dng hc sinh gii quc gia tr theo ch nh nc thp so vi s u
t cht xm v thi gian. Hc sinh ot gii khng c tuyn sinh thng vo i hc. - i ng gio
vin dy chuyn cng thiu v cha c ng vin khuyn khch kp thi. II. VN DNG LINH
HOT TRONG VIC BI DNG V TUYN CHN 1. Bi dng: 13

212. - Xut pht t mc tiu ca hc sinh chn i du hc hoc thi i hc cho mo him, chng ti
tp trung chng trnh chuyn su vo nm lp 10 v u lp 11: Khi hc sinh cha p lc vi vic
thi i hc v i du hc. - Sau bi dng chuyn bit vi cc hc sinh say m v c nng lc. Chng
ti p dng cc bin php c th bi dng nhng hc sinh nh: Giao bi ring ti lp, hng dn
c ti liu theo chuyn v c bi tp km theo. Khi cn c th km ring tng em nh. 2. Tuyn
chn: Trong khi bi dng cp tp kin thc lp 10 s pht hin hc sinh yu thch v c nng lc, t
c k hoch ng vin khuyn khch kp thi v bi dng chuyn bit. Hng nm s gio dc t
chc k thi chon hc sinh gii lp 12 v chn i tuyn Quc gia sm vo gia hc k I, hc sinh c
tuyn chn c thi gian tp trung vo mn chuyn hn, thi gian bi dng nhiu hn. Sau khi thnh lp
i tuyn, s gio dc t chc tp hun theo lch v chng trnh c th. i ng gio vin tham gia dy
i tuyn c s la chn theo tng chuyn chuyn su l th mnh ca tng gio vin khng
phi mt nhiu thi gian son m li tch ly c kinh nghim sau mi nm. 3. Cng tc x hi ha: +
Mi cc gio s cc trng i hc bi dng chuyn su theo tng phn mn cho gio vin v hc
sinh. + Mi sinh vin chuyn ngnh tng t gii cao trong k thi Quc gia, Quc t tham gia ni
chuyn trao i kinh nghim v bi dng cc lp n em. Nu cn c th cho km ring cc em. + Ban
ph huynh lp c phn thng ng vin cc hc sinh t gii cao sau mi hc k. + i vi nhng hc
sinh c nng lc v ham thch b mn th t vn cho gia nh u t cho con hc nh Hc trc cc
mn thi i hc hc sinh yn tm vi vic thi i hc khng b p lc khi tham gia thi hc sinh
gii quc gia. Bi dng ring mn chuyn theo cch bi dng chuyn bit. 4. Gio vin: - Cui cng
v quan trng hn c l ngi thy lnh i v trc tip ging dy hc sinh gii phi c nng lc v s
am m tm huyt, c nim tin l ch da tinh thn vng chc cho hc sinh. - Ngi thy bit khi
ngun sng to cho hc sinh, lm cho hc sinh am m, lun quan tm n hc sinh, ng vin kp thi
v ch bo n cn. - Cn nm c nhng im mnh, im yu ca tng hc sinh kp thi un nn
b sung. C th cho thm bi ring luyn khc phc cc im yu ca hc sinh. - Gio vin bi dng
i tuyn cn thng xuyn c ti liu t nng cao trnh p ng c vi yu cu cng vic i
hi ngy cng cao ny. Mt khc hiu bit ca hc sinh ngy cng rng, ngi gio vin cn c trnh
hiu bit su v rng mi c sc thuyt phc vi i tng hc sinh gii. III. MT S XUT - C
ch i ng vi hc sinh t gii: + Hc sinh c gii quc gia c vo thng i hc v rt xng
ng. + Hc sinh c gii quc t c cp hc bng, c hc cc trng c uy tn nc ngoi. - C
ch u i vi cc gio vin dy chuyn v gio vin lnh i c gii cao + Bi dng th lao cho
gio vin xng ng vi cng sc v s u t cht xm. + ng vin khuyn khch kp thi vi gio
vin c hc sinh i thi quc t nh mt xut quan st vin do kinh ph ca B (mt na) v ca tnh
thnh ph (mt na) - Ni dung thi chn hc sinh gii Quc gia cn c gii hn gio vin v hc sinh
c nh hng trong vic bi dng v n luyn. 14

213. 15

214. IV. Kinh nghim qun l v xy dng i ng gio vin, i tuyn hc sinh gii Ha hc PHT
TRIN CHUYN MN GIO VIN HA TRNG PTTH CHUYN Trng PTTH chuyn
Nguyn Tri Hi Dng Vic pht trin chuyn mn ca gio vin ha ni ring v gio vin cc mn
chuyn ni chung trng PTTH chuyn l rt quan trng v cn thit, c lm tt iu mi c th
p ng c yu cu v cht lng ca cc trng chuyn ngy cng c nng cao hn, tip cn c
vi chng trnh dy hc quc t tt hn. Trong vic pht trin chuyn mn i vi gio vin ha
trng chuyn, theo ti cn phi quan tm ti cc yu t sau: I. Yu t con ngi: Vic tuyn chn gio
vin v trng chuyn gp phn rt quan trng v cht lng pht trin chuyn mn bn vng ca gio
vin trng PTTH chuyn. Trong chng ta cn qua tm n hai tiu chun quan trng l: 1. C
nng lc chuyn mn tt, iu c th da trn mt s cn c sau: - tng l hc sinh chuyn hoc
hc sinh gii trng PTTH. - Kt qu hc tp H t loi kh tr ln - Kt qu tt nghip loi kh
tr ln. 2. C thc ngh nghip tt, da trn cc tiu ch sau: - C thc trch nhim cao, nghim tc,
chu o trong cng vic. - C say m v chuyn mn. - C tham vng v chuyn mn. II. Cng tc bi
dng chuyn mn Vic bi dng chuyn mn gp phn rt quan trng trong vic nng cao nng lc
chuyn mn ca cc gio vin ni chung v c bit cn thit i vi gio vin ca cc mn chuyn ni
ring. Vic bi dng chuyn mn phi kt hp nhiu phng php ng thi sau y: 1. Vic t hc, t
bi dng: Mt trong nhng yu cu quan trng i vi gio vin chuyn l phi bit t hc, t bi
dng cho bn thn. Vic c th din ra thng xuyn v ph hp theo iu kin c th ca tng
ngi. Ngun ti liu t bi dc l cc ti liu tham kho, cc thi HSG quc gia, quc t cc
nm, cc thi ca c trng bn, cc chuyn ca ng nghip, 2. Tho lun chuyn mn thng
xuyn theo sinh hot t chuyn mn hng thng: a. Hnh thc ny c th t c cc mc tiu sau: -
Cng nhau gii quyt kp thi cc vng mc gp phi trong qu trnh ging dy v kin thc cng nh
phng php ging dy. - T b xung cho nhau cng nng cao nng lc v chuyn mn v nghip v.
- Cng nhau xy dng ra mt chng trnh chi tit, chung v mi phn, tng ni dung cn thit i vi
mi khi lp, tng chuyn trong ging dy v n tp. b. V ni dung nn c hai phn: - Ni dung gii
quyt cc vng mc gp phi trong qu trnh dy hc. - Ni dung theo k hoch: l nhng chuyn
cn c tho lun ln k hoch t trc, phn cng ngi chun b v bo co. 3. Bi dng
chuyn mn nh k: Hnh thc ny phi do B gio dc t chc nh k hng nm a. V thi gian v
hnh thc t chc - Nn t chc mi nm mt ln v t chc theo khu vc thun tin trong vic i
li, hn ch tn km v thi gian v kinh ph. - Thi gian nn b tr vo dp h, khong cui thng 7,
u thng 8 hng nm. - Nn gi ni dung bo co chuyn v cho gio vin cc trng nghin cu
trc thi cht lng t hi tho s cao hn. 16

215. b. V ni dung - Cn bi dng nhng phn kin thc chuyn su c v l thuyt v nhng bi tp
c th (v d bi tp v phng x, nhit ng hc, ng hc, mt s c ch mi kh trong ha hu c,
cc s chuyn v trong phn ng hu c,). - Cn bi dng nhng k nng cn tht trong cc bi thc
hnh dng thi HSG Quc gia v quc t yu cu. - Trao tho lun v cc kinh nghim ging dy v
bi dng hc sinh gii. Trong cc ni dung trn thi phn bi dng cc kin thc chuyn su nn mi
cc chuyn gi u ngnh v nhng ngi tham gia ra thi HSG hng nm c th phn tch c
mc , yu cu v kin thc i vi thi, v cch thc trnh by khi lm bi. III. V c s vt cht
nng cao cng tc pht trin chuyn mn ca gio vin ha hc cc trng PTTH chuyn th phn
u t c s vt cht ng b vi n rt cn thit v quan trng. 1. Hng thng, B gio dc c th pht
hnh cc ti liu di dng chuyn chuyn su hay nhng vn mi c cp nht pht v cc
trng lm c s cho gio vin t nghin cu. 2. B gio dc cn phi xy dng v cng b h thng
cc dng bi thc hnh cho chng trnh chuyn ha v cc trng PTTH chuyn. 3. B gio dc cn
phi trang b ng b h thng cc thit b v ha cht chun v cc trng. Ch khi mi c th p
ng c cho vic thi hc sinh gii v phn thc hnh, khi gio vin chuyn ha mi c c s rn
luyn k nng thc hnh v dy thc hnh cho hc sinh gii, Cht lng ca gio vin c nng cao,
cht lng ging dy s tt hn. Trn y l mt s kin ch quan ca chng ti v cng tc pht trin
chuyn mn gio vin ha cc trng chuyn. 17

216. CC GII PHP NNG CAO CHT LNG DY HC, KT QU THI HSG QUC GIA,
QUC T CA TRNG THPT CHUYN PHAN BI CHU, NGH AN GIAI ON 2006 2011
I. TNH HNH NH TRNG Cn b gio vin: 102 Gio vin: 89 CBCNV: 13 N: 69 ng vin: 48
Thc s: 70 ang hc Thc s: 04 Tin s: 01 (Ton) Nghin cu sinh Tin s: 03 (Ha, Vn Ton)
Trng c 33 lp vi 11 mn chuyn: Ton, Tin, L, Ha, Sinh, Vn, S, a, Anh, Php, Nga. II.
NHNG GII PHP 1. Xy dng i ng: - Xy dng i ng v s lng, m bo cht lng:
tip nhn sinh vin kh gii, iu gio vin gii, bi dng gio vin ti ch: 63 Thc s, 07 gio vin
ang i hc Thc s. - Xy dng mi quan h lm vic, m bo cc yu cu: k tha, cng s, tm
huyt, i mi phng php (Nhm Ton, nhm Tin, nhm Tin, nhm L, nhm Sinh, nhm Vn,
nhm S-a, Ngoi ng). - c bit bi dng gio vin tr p ng yu cu Bi dng HSG d thi
Quc t: Nhm Tin, nhm L, nhm Ton, nhm Ngoi ng, nhm Vn, nhm Ha. 2. Khai thc tim
nng hc tr: - n nh a bn tuyn sinh trong ton Tnh, chn ng hc sinh gii vo hc ti trng:
cc hc sinh c nng khiu thc s ti cc huyn u thi u v v hc ti trng: Con Cung, Anh Sn,
Qu Hp, Ngha n, Lng, Yn Thnh, Din Chu, Qunh Lu, Thanh Chng.... - Chn ng
hc sinh xut sc d thi HSG Quc gia, Quc t. - Khi dy nng lc t hc, s am m sng to hc
tp trong hc sinh, khuyn khch hc sinh nghin cu khoa hc, vit bi ng tp ch, t chc cc cu lc
b,... 3. Trn nn gio dc ton din, pht hin v bi dng hc sinh c nng khiu - m bo thc
hin chng trnh SGK ph thng: + T A1 n A5: Ban khoa hc t nhin + T C1 n C6: Ban c
bn. - Xy dng b ti liu bi dng theo yu cu ca chng trnh chuyn. - Kt hp hi ha lch bi
dng hc sinh gii v bi dng nng cao mn thi H m bo quyn li v n nh tinh thn, tm
l hc sinh: Kt qu thi i hc ca hc sinh gii Quc gia l rt cao. 4. Xy dng cc iu kin phc v
dy v hc: - C s vt cht: phng hc, Th vin, Sn chi, bi tp... - To s lin kt gia nh, nh
trng v x hi trong ng vin, t chc, khen thng gio vin v hc sinh. - Lm tt cng tc thng
tin tuyn truyn. - m bo cc chnh sch ch , ngoi quy nh thng ca B, nh trng c mc
thng cao: 50 triu ng cho Huy chng vng Quc t, 15 triu ng cho huy chng ng khu vc.
+ Hc sinh: 800 sut hc bng cho hc sinh, nh ni tr cho hc sinh. + Gio vin: c cp kinh ph i
v nu c hc sinh d thi Quc t; c thng nh hc sinh. - c d n trng chuyn giai on
2010 2020. 5. Lm tt cng tc tn vinh, i ng gio vin v hc sinh c thnh tch: - i vi gio
vin: Lm tt cc khu: bi dng, s dng, i ng, tn vinh. - i vi hc sinh: Phn mc hc bng
khen thng kp thi. 18

217. III. Nm hc 2006-2007 2007-2008 2008-2009 2009-2010 2010-2011 Tng KT QU HC SINH

GII QUC GIA, KHU VC, QUC T CA TRNG THPT CHUYN PHAN BI CHU GIAI
ON 2006 2011. S d thi S t gii T l Gii nht Gii nh Gii ba Gii KK 66 49 74.2% 16 20
13 66 49 74.2% 2 13 20 14 66 55 83.3% 2 12 27 14 66 63 95.4% 6 15 27 15 66 59 89.4% 3 15 27 14
275 13 71 121 70 Nm 2006: em Phan Hu Thnh t Huy chng ng mn Vt L Quc t. Nm
2007: em Nguyn Tt Ngha t Huy chng Vng Vt l Quc t. Nm 2008: em Nguyn Tt Ngha
t Huy chng Vng Vt l Quc t, huy chng Vng Olympic Vt L Chu . Nm 2010: em
Nguyn Trung Hng c tng Bng khen Olympic Vt L Chu . Em H S Vit Anh v em Nguyn
Cnh Ton d thi Olympic Tin hc Quc t ti Canada. Nm 2011: hai em Nguyn Trung Hng v en
Nguyn Huy Hong t Huy chng ng Vt L Chu , hai em Nguyn Huy Hong v Nguyn nh
Hi d thi Olympic Vt L Quc t ti Thi Lan thng 7/2011. IV. KIN NGH XUT - Cung cp
cng hng dn cng tc bi dng HSG khu vc, Quc t. - Duy tr bi dng, tp hun gio vin
dy mn chuyn. - Ch chnh sch: a vo h s lng ti thiu tng ng Ph Hiu trng cho
gio vin dy mn chuyn. - Tp hun Gio vin dy Ngoi ng trong v ngoi nc (Kinh ph t d n
v ngn sch a phng). 19

218. V. i mi kim tra nh gi mn Ha hc trong trng THPT chuyn I MI KIM TRA

NH GI MN HO TRONG TRNG THPT CHUYN Trng THPT chuyn Hng Vng
Ph Th I. Tm quan trng ca vic i mi phng php kim tra nh gi mn ho trong trng
chuyn. Kim tra nh gi kt qu hc tp ca hc sinh l mt vn kh , phc tp v phng php
dy hc. N c nhim v lm r tnh hnh lnh hi kin thc, s thnh tho v k nng, k xo ca hc
sinh, b sung, lm su sc , cng c h thng ho , khi qut ho kin thc hc, chun b cho vic tip
tc nm vng kin thc mi - N cn gip cho vic nh gi, vic ging dy v hc sinh t nh gi
vic hc tp ca mnh. Qua vic kim tra, gio vin s nhn thy nhng thnh cng v nhng vn cn
c rt kinh nghim trong ging dy, hiu r mc kin thc v k nng ca hc sinh t c
nhng bin php s phm nhm nng cao cht lng dy hc. V vy, cn xc nh ng nhng quan
im v kim tra nh gi kt qu hc tp ca hc sinh- tc l trong mi chng ta l nhng ngi gio
vin ng trn bc ging cn xc nh r: Th nht: Kim tra nh gi l mt khu khng th thiu c
ca qu trnh dy hc l bin php quan trng nng cao cht lng dy hc. Th 2: Kim tra v nh
gi l cng vic khng ch ca gio vin m c hc sinh, gio vin kim tra v nh gi kt qu hc tp
ca hc sinh , hc sinh t kim tra v nh gi vic hc tp ca mnh v kim tra nh gi ln nhau. i
vi hc sinh vic t kim tra v nh gi gp phn tch cc vo vic pht trin t duy v vic t hc ca
hc sinh. Th 3: Kim tra v nh gi kt qu hc tp ca hc sinh l trch nhim ca gio vin v hc
sinh nn trong qu trnh ny, mi quan h gia gio vin v hc sinh c tin hnh mt cch bnh
thng , khng cng thng nhm t c nhng yu cu v cht lng hc tp v tnh t gic , c lp
sng to ca hc sinh , v s trung thc trong vic nh gi kt qu ging dy hc tp. Th 4: Vic kim
tra nh gi hc sinh chuyn cn nhm mc ch pht hin nhng hc sinh c nng khiu bi dng
thnh hc sinh gi cc cp. Ni tm li : Kim tra v nh gi kt qu hc tp nhm gip hc sinh nm
vng ni dung v kim sot mc nm vng ni dung ( mc lnh hi kin thc v rn luyn k
nng v rn luyn o c , t tng chnh tr). Qua gip gio vin thc y i mi phng php
dy hc nhm nng cao cht lng pht hin c nhng hc sinh c nng khiu . II. Thc trng vic
kim tra v nh gi ca b Ho trng chuyn. - Trong kim tra ming: Gio vin ch gi mt hc
sinh ln bng tr li cu hi nh vy ch tp trung vo hc sinh trn bng, nh gi c rt t hc sinh ,
hc sinh di lp mt trt t, khng ch . Trong kim tra vit: Gio vin cha ch trng vic n tp
cho hc sinh phn trng tm ca tng bi,tng phn hay tng chng. ra cha p ng cc yu cu
ca hc sinh chuyn, cha t c kh cn thit, cha t phn ho hc sinh, cha ch n kh
nng t duy c lp to hng th hc tp cho hc sinh. Ch a c cu hi km tra lin quan n vn
thc nhgim Gio vin cha hng dn v to iu kin hc sinh tham gia vo vic kim tra nh gi
mt cch ch ng to hng th hc tp. 20

219. III. Nhng kin ca bn thn v i mi kim tra nh gi thc y i mi phng php dy
hc: Da trn nhng iu mnh lm, ang lm, s hc hi bn b ng nghip, ti xin a ra mt
vi kin nh thc hin vic i mi kim tra nh gi mn ho trong trng chuyn 1. Trong kim
tra ming u gi: - Sau mi bi hc cn c s khc su gip hc sinh nm chc kin thc trng tm ca
bi , qua hc sinh s nhn bit c phi hc g nh. Nu c th nn nu ra trc cu hi, khng
nn kim tra bt k mt phn no mnh thch m khng nm trong trng tm ca bi hc. - Vn dng
linh hot mt s hnh thc kim tra ming thc s li cun hc sinh trong lp v nh gi c nhiu
hc sinh nht. Ngoi mc ch kim tra vic nm vng kin thc ca cc em, phi mt ln na khc su
thm kin thc trng tm ca bi c cho hc sinh. + Kim tra mt hc sinh yu cu c lp lng nghe, sau
gi mt s hc sinh nhn xt phn tr li ca bn trn bng v gio vin nhn xt cho im xng
ng i vi phn nhn xt ca hc sinh. Cch lm ny s li cun c hc sinh c lp hng hi lng
nghe, hng hi pht biu nhn xt c im tt, mt khc gio vin c th kim tra nhanh c nhiu
hc sinh, ng thi cng c khc su kin thc c. + Kt hp vi vn p mt hc sinh vi 1,2 hc sinh
ln lm thc nghim c lp quan st nhn xt hin tng. - Trong qu trnh dy hc gio vin nn a ra
nhng cu hi c cht lng yu cu hc sinh phi da trn kin thc c kt hp vi kin thc mi
tr li cu hi. Ngoi ra gio vin nn kim tra vic chun b bi mi ca hc sinh( nh chia chuyn
cho tng nhm hc sinh nghin cu, gio vin giao cho nhm trng trc tip kim tra gim st cn
gio vin l ngi ch o...) v kp thi c im trng ng vin cc em. 2. Trong kim tra vit
nht l bi kim tra 1 tit: a. Trong khu n tp: Gio vin phi gii hn phn trng tm n tp cho hc
sinh bng cc cu hi hoc cc ch ln hc sinh c th n tp tt. Gio vin phi xc nh rng
khng nhng n tp cc tit ca phn phi chng trnh m vic n tp phi c tin hnh ngay trong
tng tit hc ca bi mi, trong vic t nghin cu khoa hc nh. 3Trong khu ra : - Vic ra
kim tra ng mt vai tr ht sc quan trng, tc ng trc tip v tc thi n ni dung, phng php
dy hc ca c thy v tr- cht lng ca vic kim tra- nh gi ph thuc rt ln vo vic thit k
thi, p n v biu im. Do vic ra thi phi p ng c cc yu cu c bn sau y: + kim
tra phi t kh cn thit, phi t c phn ho hc sinh + kim tra phi c tch thc tin, c
cu hi lin quan n thc hnh. + kim tra phi ch n kh nng t duy c lp, to hng th
hc tp cho hc sinh. - S dng nhiu dng khc nhau, p dng cc hnh thc kim tra khoa hc tin
tin. Do , lm tt khu ra th ngi gio vin cn phi a ra mt s quyt nh trc khi t
bt ra l cn kho st g hc sinh? t phn quan trng vo nhng phn no ca mn hc v vo
mc tiu no? cn phi trnh by cc cu hi di hnh thc no? mc kh hay d. 4. Trong khu coi
kim tra: - Gio vin phi coi cht ch, chnh xc bo m nh gi khch quan, cng bng. - Thu bi v
nh gi nhn xt tht khch quan tinh thn, thi ca hc sinh trong qu trnh lm bi phi tuyn
dng, ph bnh thng thn to cho hc sinh c thc tt trong qu trnh kim tra nh gi. 5. Trong
khu chm cha: - Trong chm bi phi xy dng p n chi tit n 0,25im v phi tm thng
im. - Phi c phn nhn xt vo bi lm ca hc sinh. - Sau mi ln kim tra gio vin nn c gng tr
bi trong thi gian sm nht, nht thit phi ginh thi gian nhn xt mt cch chi tit bi lm ca hc
sinh, phn nhn xt ca gio vin phi bao gm ni dung kin thc, phng php lm bi, hnh thc ca
bi lm, v qua nhng nhn xt hc sinh t nh gi c bn thn t rt ra bi hc c cch
hc, cch lm bi tt hn v sau. 21

220. - Ngoi ra gio vin cn c th s dng phng php hng dn v to iu kin hc sinh c th
tham gia vo kim tra nh gi mt cch ch ng bng cch gio vin xc nh v ph bin tiu ch
nh gi, cung cp cho hc sinh p n, biu im, hng dn cho cc em cch t nh gi kt qu bi
kim tra, v cng c th t chc cho hc sinh chm cho bi v c s gim st ca gio vin. IV. Kin
ngh ca bn thn: - C phng hc ring cho b mn ho hc. - C y cc loi ho cht v dng c
th nghim. - Ra ngn hng , p n cho cc trng vic kim tra, nh gi c ng b. - C k
hoch bi dng thng xuyn hn na i vi i ng gio vin. - C hnh thc khuyn khch khen
thng ng vin khch l cc em hc sinh chuyn tham gia nghin cu khoa hc. Trn y l nhng
kinh nghim ca ring bn thn ti, chc chn cn nhiu hn ch v thiu st. Knh mong c s ng
gp, b sung, sa cha ca qu thy c gio bn tham lun c hon chnh hn. Xin chn thnh cm
n! 22

221. PHNG PHP DY HC V KIM TRA NH GI Mn HA HC Trng THPT chuyn

Nguyn Bnh Khim - Qung Nam Qua nhiu nm t chc v dy b mn chuyn Ha ti trng THPT
chuyn Nguyn Bnh Khim tnh Qung Nam, chng ti xin c trnh by nhng suy ngh v cch thc
t chc dy v hc mn Ha hc trong trng chuyn. I/ i tng hc sinh vo hc lp chuyn Ha
Nhng hc sinh ny c trng tuyn hng nm vo lp 10 chuyn Ha ca trng chuyn thng l cc
hc sinh hc gii c ham thch b mn Ha bao gm: - Cc hc sinh c iu kin kinh t gia nh kh,
gia nh chm lo vic hc tp ca cc con, mun con vo trng chuyn n nh vic hc v c
hng cho con vo cc trng i hc c cht lng cao; - Cc hc sinh c ham thch b mn Ha
nhng ch yu hc lo phc v cho vic vo cc trng i hc m mnh yu thch; - Cc hc sinh hc
gii am m b mn Ha. II/ Cch t chc dy v kim tra cc lp chuyn Ha - Cc lp 10, 11, 12
chuyn Ha c phn hc theo thi kha biu chnh kha 4 tit /tun. Gio vin c phn cng dy
lp chuyn dy theo ng chng trnh chuyn ca B Gio dc v o to. Trong dy chnh kha gio
vin c trch nhim trang b l thuyt thng qua phng php dy hc: ly hc sinh lm trung tm, nhm
nng cao trnh b mn chuyn cho hc sinh v to iu kin hc sinh hc am m b mn Ha. -
Ngoi vic dy chnh kha chng ti phn cng gio vin dy bi dng theo chuyn : 3 gio vin dy
ha i cng v ha v c , 3 gio vin dy ha hu c; - Cc hc sinh lp 10 hc k I, tt c hc sinh
u hc bi dng, qua hc k II tuyn chn nhng hc sinh c nng lc chuyn mn kh tt khong
50% v c pht trin dn qua lp 11 v 12 vi s lng hc sinh gim dn. - Gio vin dy chuyn
bi dng lu ly hc sinh lm trung tm, dy to iu kin cho hc sinh am m b mn Ha, mi
chuyn dy: u tin gii thiu hng dn nhng kin thc yu cu, sau yu cu hc sinh trnh by
v t gii quyt nhng bi tp l thuyt v nh lng nu c, gio vin ch nu hng gii quyt v ch
h tr cho hc sinh khi hc sinh cha hiu vn . Sau mi chuyn yu cu hc sinh trnh by nhng
hiu bit ca mnh thng qua mt h thng cu hi m gio vin yu cu. - Phng php ging dy gio
vin cn lu s dng h thng kin thc c trn mng my tnh, nhng sch b mn c lin quan v
nhng th nghim lin quan m phng th nghim c y dng c v ha cht phc v cho hc
sinh. Gio vin c gng gii thiu cc ti liu c lin quan n chuyn mnh dy hc sinh t nghin
cu. Nhng hc sinh am m b mn c gio vin gip nhiu hn hc sinh c hng phn u
thc hin theo nim c m ca c nhn mnh cc trng i hc v hc cao hn na. 23

222. - Hng nm chn i tuyn hc sinh d thi hc sinh gii cp quc gia, li s dng cc chuyn
dy nhng gio vin cung cp kin thc ngang tm vi thi cp quc gia. Hc sinh trong i tuyn ch
yu l hc sinh lp 12 v c nhng hc sinh lp 11 phn u vn tm ngang hay gii hn hc sinh lp
12. Chnh v vy, cc hc sinh khi hc lp 10 xong nu thy c kh nng pht trin sm th gio vin cho
cc em vo hc tip lp bi dng hc sinh lp 12. - Sau mi chuyn gio vin kim tra v nh
gi tng hc sinh bng bi kim tra v kh nng din t bng li ca hc sinh. III/ Kt qu thc hin
Qua nhiu nm dy chuyn Ha trng chuyn, chng ti thy rng khng phi mi hc sinh vo hc
lp chuyn Ha u t c theo b mn ca mnh m ty mc quan tm ca hc sinh v gia nh
hc sinh t c theo nim m c ring ca mnh. - Hc sinh cc lp 12 chuyn Ha hng nm vo
cc trng i hc t gn 100%; y l nim vui ca thy v tr chuyn Ha v cng l nim tin ca
ph huynh hc sinh i vi nh trng. - Hng nm c khong 30% hc sinh vo cc trng i hc
ngnh Ha, i hc Y Dc thuc cc trng i hc trong nc v c c nc ngoi (ch yu l
Singapo). Cc em thng thuc loi sinh vin trong nhm dn u ca ngnh hc mang li nim say m
v nim tin cho cc hc sinh nhng lp i sau. 24

223. THI CHN I TUYN THI HC SINH GII QUC GIA LP 12 THPT (km theo Ma
trn v Hng dn gii) Trng THPT chuyn Lam Sn Thanh Ha MA TRN THI VNG
1: V C I CNG Thi gian lm bi: 180 pht (khng k thi gian giao ) Ni dung Cu to
nguyn t, BHTTH v lin kt ho hc Cn bng ho hc ng hc Nhit ho hc Ho hc phn tch
(nhn bit, pin in ho v s in phn) TNG Mc kin thc v thang im Thng hiu Vn dng
2,0 im 2,0 im Tng im 4,0 im 2,0 im 1,0 im 1,0 im 3,0 im 3,0 im 2,0 im 1,0
im 3,0 im 5,0 im 3,0 im 2,0 im 6,0 im 9,0 im 11,0 im 20 im MA TRN THI
VNG 2: HO HC HU C Thi gian lm bi: 180 pht (khng k thi gian giao ) Ni dung i
cng ho hc ha c (tnh cht vt l, cu trc cc cht, c ch phn ng.) Tng hp cht hu c
(ancol, hp cht cacbonyl, axit cacboxylic, este) Amin-Aminoaxit-Protein Cacbohirat TNG Mc
kin thc v thang im Thng hiu Vn dng 2,0 im 2,0 im Tng im 4,0 im 3,0 im 4,0
im 7,0 im 2,0 im 2,0 im 9,0 im 2,5 im 2,5 im 11,0 im 4,5 im 4,5 im 20 im 25

224. THI HA HC V C V I CNG Thi gian lm bi: 180 pht (khng k thi gian
giao ) Cu 1 ( 3 im) 1.Cc nguyn t C, N, O c th sp xp theo ba th t khc nhau to ra ba
anion CNO -, CONv NCOa. Vit cng thc Lewis cho cc cch sp xp nguyn t nh trn. b. Vi
cch sp xp trn hy: i. Tm in tch hnh thc ca mi nguyn t. ii. Sp xp bn ca ba anion
trn. Gii thch? 2. So snh v gii thch bn knh ca cc nguyn t v ion sau: Cs+, As, F, Al, I-, N 3.
Da vo cu to hy so snh di lin kt B-F trong phn t BF3 v trong ion BF4 . Cu 2 (2,5 im)
Ngi ta c th iu ch hiro rt tinh khit t metan v hi nc (y l mt qu trnh cn bng).Trong
qu trnh ny cacbon oxit c sinh ra v c th phn ng vi hi nc bc tip theo. 1. Vit cc
phng trnh phn ng xy ra trong qu trnh iu ch hiro t metan v hi nc. 2. Cho cc s liu
thc nghim sau tnh K p. Bit 1000C nc trng thi hi v n v p sut l bar. Gi s H0 v
S0 khng i trong khong nhit t 298K n 373K H2 H2O CO CH4 0 H (kJ/mol) 0 -242 -111
-75 0 S (kJ/mol.K) 0,131 0,189 0,198 0,186 Cp (kJ/mol.K) 0,029 0,034 0,029 0,036 Trong bnh phn
ng c cha 6,40kg CH 4, 7,2kg H2O, 11,2kg CO, 2,4kg H2 1000C. Dung tch bnh V=3,00m3. 3.
Cho bit chiu dch chuyn cn bng ca phn ng ti thi im trn. Metan v hiro em trn vi t l
1:1 v cho vo mt bnh kn, un nng n 900 0C. Vi cht xc tc phn ng t nhanh ti trng thi
cn bng vi p sut chung l 20 bar. 4. Tnh Kp 9000C (gi s Cp khng ph thuc vo nhit ) 5.
Tnh phn trm CH4 phn ng 9000C. Cu 3(3 im) Cho gin th kh chun ca Mn trong mi
trng axit: ? +2,27V +0,95V ? 2MnO-4 MnO 4 MnO 2 Mn 3+ Mn 2+
+1,7V +1,23V - 2- 1. Tnh th kh chun ca cp: MnO 4 /MnO 4 v Mn 3+ /Mn 2 + 2. Hy cho
bit cc tiu phn no khng bn vi s d phn. Hy tnh hng s cn bng ca cc phn ng d phn
. Cu 4 (4,5 im) 1. a. Hy biu din s pin, tnh sc in ng ca pin v vit phng trnh phn
ng xy ra trong pin (khi pin hot ng) c to thnh t cc cp in cc Fe3+ /Fe 2+ v Cu 2+ /Cu
iu kin tiu chun. b. Tnh nng cc ion cn li trong dung dch khi pin ngng hot ng. Gi s
nng ban u ca ion c trong dung dch lm in cc pin u bng 0,010M (B qua qu trnh thu
phn ca cc ion). c. Sc in ng ca pin s thay i th no nu: i. Thm vo dung dch cc ng:
- Dung dch KI. - Dung dch NH3. ii. Thm vo dung dch cc cha Fe3+: - KMnO4 trong mi
trng axit. 26

225. - Dung dch NaF. - Dung dch NaOH. 0 0 0 0 Cho E Fe3+ /Fe2+ =0,771V , E Fe2+ /Fe = -0,440V
, E Cu 2+ /Cu =0,337V , E Cu + /Cu =0,521V , RT =0,059 ti F 250C K s,Fe(OH)3 =10-37 K
s,Fe(OH)2 =10-15,1 2. Axit butanoic l mt n axit c K a=1,51.10-5. Mt mu 35,00ml dung dch
axit butanoic nng 0,500M c chun bi dung dch KOH nng 0,200M. a. Tnh nng ion
H+ trong dung dch axit butanoic ban u. b. Tnh pH ca dung dch thu c sau khi thm 10,00ml
dung dch KOH. c. Xc nh th tch dung dch KOH cn cho vo n im tng ng ca qu trnh
chun . d. Tnh pH ti im tng ng. Cho Kw = 10-14 Cu 5(3 im) Cho phn ng: 2N2O5(k)
4NO2(k) + O2(k) Gi tr tc u ca N2O5 ti 250C c cho trong bng di y: [N2O5], M
0,150 0,350 0,650 -1 -1 -4 -4 Tc , mol.l .pht 3,42.10 7,98.10 1,48.10-3 1. Hy vit biu thc ca
nh lut tc phn ng cho phn ng trn v tnh hng s tc phn ng. Ch dn cch tnh c th.
2. Tnh thi gian cn nng N2O5 gim t 0,150M xung cn 0,050M. 3. Tc u ca phn ng
khi nng N 2O5 bng 0,150M l 2,37.10-3, mol.l-1.pht-1 ti 400C. Xc nh nng lng hot ho
ca phn ng. 4. Cho bit c ch ca phn ng phn hu N2O5 theo s sau: k1 N2O5 NO2 +
NO3 ' k1 NO2 + NO3 N2O5 k2 NO2 + NO3 NO2 + NO + O2 k3 NO + N2O5
3NO2 p dng nguyn l nng n nh i vi NO 3 v NO, hy thit lp biu thc ca tc d[N 2
O5 ] . dt Cu 6(4 im) Bn knh nguyn t crom c c lng l 126pm. Khi lng ring ca crom
l 7,14g/cm 3. Crom tinh th c cu trc mng tinh th lp phng. 1. Xc nh kiu mng tinh th ca
crom. 2. Axit ho dung dch kali cromat dn n s to thnh ion icromat mu cam, sau l mu
m ca ion tri v tetracromat. Vit phng trnh chuyn ho v v cu trc ca nhng ion . 3. Mt
ci hm xung t c c m crom. Ci hm xung ny c nhng vo dung dch 2Cr2O7 trong mi
trng axit lm catot trong mt t bo in phn. a. Cho bit anot xy ra qu trnh oxi ho nc. Vit
phng trnh phn ng ti cc in cc v phng trnh in phn tng qut. b. Nu cng dng in
dng in phn l 10,0A thu c 52,0 gam crom th phi mt bao lu v thu c bao nhiu mol
oxi? c. Ti sao crom thng c dng m trang tr kim loi? Cho Cr=52, S Avogaro
NA=6,022.1023, hng s Faraay F=96485 C THI HA HC HU C Thi gian lm bi: 180
pht (khng k thi gian giao ) Cu 1(4,0 im) 27

226. 1. So snh nhit si ca cc cht trong dy cht sau: H N S H N N N N (1) N (4) (3) (2) 2. Xc
nh cu hnh tuyt i ca cc nguyn t cacbon bt i trong cc hp cht sau: H HOOC H H C HO
CH2NHCH 3 C NH 2 H 3C OH CH 2OH HO H O CH(CH 3)2 3. Gii thch: a. Ti sao phn ng sau
khng dng tng hp tert-butyl propyl ete: CH3CH2CH2ONa + (CH3)3C-Br (CH3)3C-O-
CH2CH2CH3 b. Sn phm chnh ca phn ng trn l g? c. Hy ngh phng php tng hp tert-
butyl propyl ete tt hn. Cu 2 (3,5 im) 1. T benzen ngi ta tng hp cht H theo s di. Hy
hon thnh s phn ng. +Me CHBr Br /Fe HNO HNO H O 6H t Mg/ete Bezen A B
C D E F G H AlCl H SO HBF 2 3 2 3 2 2 4
0 4 2 2. Hp cht A phn ng vi PCl3 cho ra B, kh ho B bng H2/Pd nhn c benzanehit. Mt
khc, cho B tc dng vi NH3 c C, x l C vi Br2 trong mi trng kim c D. T B c th
nhn c E bng cch cho phn ng vi benzen xc tc AlCl 3. E chuyn thnh F khi x l vi
hyroxylamin. Trong mi trng axit F chuyn thnh G. Vit cng thc cu to ca nhng hp cht
trn. Cu 3 (3,5 im) t chy hon ton 0,125 gam cht A ch cha cc nguyn t C, H, N to ra
0,172 gam nc v 0,279 gam kh cacbonic. 1. Xc nh cng thc phn t, vit cc ng phn cu to
ca A bit cng thc phn t trng vi cng thc thc nghim. 2. Trong cc ng phn ca A, ng
phn no c nhit si cao nht, ng phn no c nhit si thp nht? V sao? 3. T etyl ioua v
cc ho cht cn thit khc, vit s iu ch ng phn c nhit si cao nht ca A theo bn
phng php khc nhau. Cu 4 (4,5 im) 1. Cho ba amino axit sau: H2N-(CH2)4-CH-COOH N COOH
H prolin NH2 HOOC-(CH2)2-CH-COOH NH2 lysin axit glutamic Hy ngh gi tr pH phn tch
hn hp cc amino axit ny bng phng php in di.Bit pHI ca Pro= 6,3, Lys = 9,74 v Glu = 3,08
2. Hy qui kt cc gi tr pKa 3,15 v 8,23 cho tng nhm chc trong phn t ipeptit Gly-Ala. Vit
cng thc cu to ca ipeptit ny khi pH= 4,0 v pH= 11,0. 3. Thu phn hon ton mt hexapeptit
M thu c Ala, Arg, Gly, Ile, Phe v Tyr. Cc peptit E (cha Phe, Arg) v G (cha Arg, Ile, Phe)
c to thnh trong s cc sn phm thu phn khng hon ton M. Dng 2,4-initroflobenzen xc nh
c aminoaxit Ala. Thu phn M nh tripsin thu c tripeptit A (cha Ala, Arg, Tyr) v mt cht B.
a. Xc nh th t lin kt ca cc amino axit trong M. 28

227. b. Amino axit no trong cc amino axit cu to nn M c pH I ln nht v amino axit no c pH I

nh nht? Gii thch?Bit cu to chung ca cc amino axit l: H2N-CHR-COOH Amino axit Ala Arg Gl
y R CH3 (CH2)3NHC(=NH)NH2 Ile Phe Tyr H CH(CH3)C2H5 CH2C6H5 p-HOC6H4CH2 Cu 5
(4,5im) Hp cht X l mt trisaccarit. Hp cht X khng phn ng vi thuc th Benedict cng nh
khng i quang. Thu phn hon ton X xc tc axit thu c ba ng D-hexoz khc nhau A, B v
C. Tt c cc hp cht A, B cng nh hp cht I (cho di y) u cho cng mt osazon khi phn ng
vi lng d phenylhyrazin trong mi trng axit. Hp cht C phn ng vi axit nitric to ra hp cht
D khng quang hot. thit lp mi quan h gia cu hnh D-glyxeranehit v C, cht ng CHO
anotreoz trung gian khi b oxi ho bi axit nitric khng to thnh c mt hp cht meso. Khi A
c x l bi axit nitric to thnh axit alaric c tnh HO H quang hot. C A v B u phn ng vi 5
mol axit HIO 4. A to thnh 5 mol axit metanoic v 1 mol metanal. Trong khi B to thnh 4 mol axit
metanoic, 1 mol HO H metanal v 1 mol CO2. C A v B u lin quan ti mt alotreoz, alotreoz
ny l mt ng phn khng i quang ca cht m C c tng quan. Metyl ho H OH X ri thu phn
k tip to thnh 2,3,4-tri-O-metyl-D-hexoz (E) (chuyn ho t A); 1,3,4,6-tetra-O-metyl-D-hexoz
(F) (chuyn ho t B); 2,3,4,6-tetra-O-metylH OH D-hexoz (G) (chuyn ho t C). 1. Xc nh cng
thc chiu Fisher ca A, B, C, D. CH2OH 2. Vit y cng thc chiu Haworth tng ng ch r
kch thc vng v ho lp th tuyt i ca E, F, G. Cht I 3. Vit cng thc chiu Haworth ca X.
HNG DN GII THI HA HC V C V I CNG Cu 1 (3,0 im) 1. (2 im) a. (1
im) Vit cng thc Lewis cho Ba anion CNO-, CON- v NCOC N O C O b. (1 im) i. (0,5 im)
in tch hnh thc ca mi nguyn t. C N O C O N N - N C O N C O - - -1 +1 -1 -1 +2 -2 0 0 -1 ii.
(0,5 im) Ion NCO- bn nht v in tch hnh thc nh nht. Ion CON- km bn nht v in tch hnh
thc ln nht. 2. (0,5 im) Bn knh ca cc nguyn t v ion: Cs+< I->As>Al> N>F Nguyn t Al c
bn knh ln hn nguyn t F do nguyn t Al nm chu k di v bn tri nguyn t F trong
BHTTH. As c bn knh ln hn nguyn t Al do As thuc ch k di. Cs+ v I- c cng cu hnh
electron, nhng anion c kch thc ln hn anion nn kch thc I - > Cs+ I- > As do I nm chu k
di so vi As trong BTTH. 29

228. N >F do N nm bn tri F trong cng mt chu k. Kt lun: Kch thc nguyn t F l nh nht,
kch thc ion I - l ln nht, ngoi tr Cs+. Chng ta c th sp xp theo chiu gim kch thc nh
sau: Cs+< I->As>Al> N>F, v Cs+< I3. (0,5 im) So snh di lin kt B-F trong phn t BF3 v
trong ion BF4 . - di lin kt B-F trong phn t BF 3 ngn hn trong ion BF4 v trong phn t BF3
lin kt B-F c mt phn lin kt b tr nh s xen ph ca mt trong 3 obital p ca 3 nguyn t F vi
obital p trng ca nguyn t B, do lin kt B-F trong phn t BF 3 mang mt phn tnh cht ca lin
kt kp. Trong ion BF4 lin kt B-F thun tu l lin kt n. F F B F _ F F B F . F Cu 2 (2,5 im) 1.
(0,5 im) Mi phng trnh vt ng c 0,25 im Phng trnh phn ng xy ra trong qu trnh
iu ch hiro t metan v hi nc. CH4(k) + H2O(k) CO(k) + 3H2(k) COk) + H2O(k) CO2(k)
+ H2(k) 2. (0,5 im) Kp 1000C 0 H 0 =H373 =-111+242+75=206(kJ) 298 0 S0 =S373
=3.0,131+0,198-0,186-0,189=0,216(kJ/K) 298 G 0 =206 373.0, 216 = 125, 432(kJ) 298 K p =e-
125432/8,314.373 =2,716.10-8 (p:bar) 3. (0,5 im) Chiu dch chuyn cn bng ca phn ng. Phn
mol ca tng kh: n = 2400 mol n(H2) = 1200 mol n(H2O) = n(CO) = n(CO2) = 400 mol x(H2) = 0,5
x(H2O) = x(CO) = x(CO2) = 0,167 nRT 2400.8,314.373 = =2,48.106 hay P=24,8 bar p sut chung ca
h: P= V 3 p(H2) = 12,4 bar p(H2O) = p(CO) = p(CO2) = 4,133 bar 3 12,4 .4,133 Q= =461,317>K
p(373) =2,74.10-8 2 4,133 Q 461,317 0 =1,44.105 (J) Hay G=G +RTlnQ=RTln =8,314.373.ln -18 K
2,74.10 Cn bng chuyn dch sang tri. 4. (0,5 im) Kp 9000C Cp = 3.0,029 + 0.029 0,036
0,034 = 0,046 (kJ/mol) 0 H1173 =206+(1173-298).0,046=246.25(kJ) 1173 0 S1173 =0,216+0,046ln
=0,279(kJ/K) 298 0 G1173 =246,25-1173.0,279 = 81, 017(kJ) K p =e-81017/8,314.1173 =4054(bar)
30

229. 5. (0,5 im) Tnh phn trm CH4 phn ng 9000C. CH4 + H2O 0 n 1 1 CB 1-x 1-x 1-x 1-
x .20 .20 pi 2+2x 2+2x 3 PCO .PH2 Kp = =4054 PCH 4 .PH2O H2 + 0 3x 3x .20 2+2x CO 0 x x .20
2+2x x = 0,7419 Phn trm CH4 phn ng 9000C l 74,2% Cu 3(3,0 im) Gin th kh chun
ca Mn trong mi trng axit: +2,27V +0,95V MnO-4 +0,56V MnO 2- MnO 2
Mn 3+ +1,5 Mn 2+ V 4 +1,7V +1,23V 1. (1,0 im). Mi cp oxi ho kh
tnh ng c 0,5 im. 2Th kh chun ca cp: MnO 4 /MnO 4 v Mn 3+ /Mn 2 + MnO 2- +4H
+ +2e MnO 2 +2H 2 O (1) 4 MnO -4 +4H + +3e MnO 2 +2H 2O (2) 2 Ly (2) tr
(1) ta c: MnO-4 +e MnO 4 (3) 0 0 G 3 =G 0 -G1 2 0 0 -FE 3 =-3FE 0 -(-2FE1 ) 2 0 E 3
=+0,56V MnO 2 +e+4H + Mn 3+ +2H 2 O (4) MnO 2 +2e+4H + Mn 2+ +2H 2 O (5)
Ly (5) tr (4) ta c: Mn 3+ +e Mn 2+ (6) 0 0 G 6 =G 5 -G 0 4 0 -FE 0 =-2FE 5 -(-FE 0
) 6 4 E 0 =+1,5V 6 2. (2,0 im). Tr li ng mt tiu phn khng bn c 0,5 im. Tnh ng mt
gi tr K c 0,5 im. MnO 2 v Mn 3+ khng bn vi s d phn. 4 0 MnO 2- +4H + +2e
MnO 2 +2H 2 O E1 =+2,27V 4 2MnO 2 2MnO-4 +2e 4 0 -E 3 =-0,56V 3MnO 2 +4H
+ 2MnO 4 +MnO 2 +2H 2O (7) 4 0 0 G 0 =G1 -G 3 =-2FE 0 =-3,42F<0 nn phn ng (7)
t din bin. 7 7 2E 0 7 lgK 7 = = 57,966 K7 = 9,25.1057 0,059 0 Mn 3+ +e Mn 2+ E 6
=+1,51V Mn 3+ +2H 2O MnO 2 +e+4H + -E 0 =+0,95V 4 2Mn 3+ +2H 2O MnO 2
+Mn 2+ +4H + (8) 0 0 G 8 =G 0 -G 0 =-FE 8 =-0,56F<0 nn phn ng (8) t din bin. 6 4 31

230. 0 E 8 = 9, 492 K8 = 3,1.109 0,059 Cu 4(4,5 im) 1. (2,5 im) a. (0,75 im). Mi ng
c 0,25 im S pin: (-) Cu| Cu2+ (1M) || Fe3+(1M), Fe2+(1M) |Pt (+) o 0 0 Sc in ng chun
ca pin: E Pin =E Fe3+ /Fe2+ -E Cu 2+ /Cu =0,434V lgK 8 = Phn ng xy ra khi pin hot ng:
2Fe3+ + Cu 2 Fe2+ + Cu2+ K =1014,66 b. (0,5 im) K rt ln nn xem nh phn ng xy ra
hon ton. 2Fe3+ + Cu 2 Fe2+ + Cu2+ C0 0,01 0,01 0,01 C 0 0,02 0,015 Xt cn bng: 2 Fe2+ +
Cu2+ 2Fe3+ + Cu K-1 =10-14,66 C0 0,02 0,015 0 CB 0,02 -2x 0,015 - x 2x (2 x) 2 (2 x) 2 =
KCB = K-1 =10-14,66 = (0, 02 2 x) 2 .(0, 015 x) 0, 022.0, 015 (do KCB b nn gi thit x<<0,02)
X = 5,714.10-11<<0,02 [Fe3+] = 2x = 1,189.10-10 [Fe2+] = 0,02-2x = 0,02 [Cu2+] = 0,015-2x = 0,015
c. (1,25 im) i. (0,5 im). Mi ng c 0,25 im - Khi thm KI vo cc m: 4 I- + 2 Cu2+ 2
CuI + Fe Nng Cu2+ gim ECu2+/Cu gim Epin tng - Khi thm NH3 vo cc m: m NH3 + 2
Cu2+ Cu(NH3)m2+ Nng Cu2+ gim Epin tng (nh trn). ii. (0,75 im). Mi ng c
0,25 im - Khi thm KMnO4 vo cc dng: CFe2+ gim v b oxi ho: 5 Fe2+ + MnO4- + 8 H+ 5
Fe3+ + Mn2+ + 4 H2O EFe3+/ Fe2+ tng Epin tng - Khi thm NaF vo cc dng: CFe3+ gim v
to phc vi F- : Fe3+ + 3F- FeF3 do EFe3+/ Fe2+ gim Epin gim. - Khi thm NaOH vo
cc dng: Fe3+ + 3 OH- Fe(OH)3 Kt ta ny xut hin trc Fe(OH)2 do tch s tan ca
Fe(OH)3 nh hn ca Fe(OH)2 nhiu do CFe3+ gim , v Epin gim. 2. (2,0 im). Mi cu ng
c 0,5 im K hiu HA = C3H7COOH; A- = C3H7COOa. (0,5 im) [H+] = [A-] = x [H + ].[A - ]
x2 -5 = Ka=1,51.10 = HA 0,500-x 32

231. [H+] = [A-] = x = 2,74.10-3 b. (0,5 im) Tnh pH ca dung dch thu c sau khi thm 10,00ml
dung dch KOH. S mol axit HA ban u: 0,0350.0,500 = 0,0175 (mol) S mol NaOH thm vo:
0,0100. 0,200 = 0,0020 (mol) S mol axit HA d sau khi thm dung dch NaOH: 0,0175 0,0020 =
0,0155 (mol) 0, 0155 = 0,344( M ) Nng axit HA sau khi thm NaOH l: 0, 045 0, 0020 = 0, 0444(
M ) Nng A-: 0, 045 [H + ].[A - ] [H + ], 0, 0444 = = 1,51.105 p dng biu thc gn ng: K =
HA 0,344 [H+] = 1,17.10-4 pH = 3,93 c. (0,5 im) Xc nh th tch dung dch KOH cn cho vo n
im tng ng ca qu trnh chun . Dung dich axit ban u c 0,0175 mol HA nn t n
im tng ng cn thm vo 0,0175mol KOH. Vy th tch dung dch KOH cn thm vo: 0,0175 :
0,200 = 0,0875 (l) d. (0,5 im) Tnh pH ti im tng ng. Tng th tch ti im tng ng:
0,0875 + 0,0350 = 0,1225 (l) 0,0175. =0,143(M) Ti im tng ng HA chuyn ht thnh A- nn:
[A ] = 0,1225 Kw =6,62.10-10 A- + H2O HA +OHKb = Ka -6 Suy ra: [OH ] = 9,73.10 pH =
8,99 Cu 5(3,0 im) Cho phn ng: 2N2O5(k) 4NO2(k) + O2(k) 1. (1,0 im) Biu thc ca nh
lut tc phn ng cho phn ng trn v tnh hng s tc phn ng. v = k.[N2O5]x Da vo s liu
cho suy ra x = 1 hay v = k.[N2O5] Tnh k ca cc th nghim suy ra k trung bnh k = 2,28.10-3 (pht-1)
2. (0,5 im) Thi gian cn nng N2O5 gim t 0,150M xung cn 0,050M. [N O ]0 0,150 = 2,
28.103.t p dng biu thc ca ng hc bc nht: kt = ln 2 5 = ln [N 2O5 ] 0, 050 T = 481 pht 3.
(0,5 im) Tc u ca phn ng khi nng N 2O5 bng 0,150M l 2,37.10-3, mol.l-1.pht-1 ti
400C. Nng lng hot ho ca phn ng. Ti 400C c k2 = 2,37.10-3 : 0,150 = 1,58.10-2 (pht-1) p
dng phng trnh Arrhenus: k E 11 1,58.102 E 11 ln 2 = a - . Thay cc
s liu: ln =a 3 2, 28.10 8,314 298 313 k1 R T1 T2 Ea = 1,00.105
(J/mol) 4. (1,0 im) d[N 2 O5 ] Thit lp biu thc ca tc phn ng . dt 33

232. k1 N2O5 NO2 + NO3 ' k1 NO2 + NO3 N2O5 k2 NO2 + NO3 NO2 + NO +
O2 k3 NO + N2O5 3NO2 p dng nguyn l nng n nh i vi NO3 v NO: d[NO3 ] ' =
k1.[N2O5] - k1 .[NO2].[NO3] k2.[NO2].[NO3] = 0 (1) dt d[NO] = k2.[NO2].[NO3] k3.[NO].
[N2O5] = 0 (2) dt d[N 2 O5 ] ' = - (k1.[N2O5] + k3.[NO].[N2O5] ) + k1 .[NO2].[NO3] dt ' T (1) v
(2) suy ra: k1.[N2O5] = ( k1 + k2).[NO2].[NO3] k3.[NO].[N2O5] = k2.[NO2].[NO3] k k2 = 3 [NO] '
k1 + k2 k1 k3 k1k2 [NO] = [NO2].[NO3] = .[NO].[N2O5] ' k3 ( k1 + k2 ) k2 k3 d[N 2 O5 ] ' = - k1.
[N2O5] - k3.[NO].[N2O5] + k1 . .[NO].[N2O5] k2 dt k2 k' = k1.[N2O5].( -1 - ' + ' 1 ) k1 + k2 k1 + k2
Cu 6(4,0 im) 1.(1,0 im) Bn knh nguyn t crom c c lng l 126pm. Khi lng ring ca
crom l 7,14g/cm 3. Xc nh kiu mng tinh th ca crom. Trong mt h lp phng chng ta c cc
kiu mng lp phng n gin, lp phng tm mt (lptd) v lp phng tm khi (lptk). Tt c cc
mng c s ny cha 1, 4 hay 2 nguyn t tng ng. Chng ta c th xc nh xem kiu mng tinh th
thuc loi no ph thuc vo gi tr bn knh kim loi p dng cho trng hp cc nguyn t tip xc
nhau. Chng ta s thu c cc biu thc i vi mng lp phng n gin l a = 2R, vi lptd th a =
2R 2 , vi lptk th a = 4R 3 . Nu mng tinh th l lp phng n gin th chng ta c 1 nguyn t
trong mng c s. S dng gi tr khi lng ring ta c c gi tr th tch mng l M(Cr) /
(.NA) = 1,209.107 pm3 . Hng s mng tinh th lc ny l (1,209.10 7 pm3)1/3 = 229,5 pm. Tuy
nhin gi tr ny khng ng nht vi 252 pm (a = 2R) i vi mt mng lp phng n gin Nu
mng tinh th l fcc th chng ta c 4 nguyn t trong mng c s. S dng gi tr khi lng ring ta
c c gi tr th tch mng l 4M(Cr) / (.NA) = 4,838.107 pm3. Hng s mng tinh th lc ny l
(4,838.107 pm3)1/3 = 364,4 pm. Tuy nhin gi tr ny khng ng nht vi 356 pm (a = 2R 2 ) i vi
fcc. Nu mng tinh th l bcc th chng ta c 2 nguyn t trong mng c s. S dng gi tr khi
lng ring ta c c gi tr th tch mng l 2M(Cr) / (.NA) = 2,419.107 pm3. Hng s mng tinh
th lc ny l (2,419.107 pm3)1/3 = 289,2 pm gn khp vi gi tr thc i vi mng bcc l a = 4R 3
= 291pm. Nh vy kiu mng tinh th ca crom l lp phng tm khi 2. (1,75 im). Mi phng
trnh v mi cu to ng c 0,25 im. Vit phng trnh chuyn ho v v cu trc ca nhng ion
. 2CrO42- + 2H+ = Cr2O72- + H2O 3CrO42- + 4H+ = Cr3O102- + 2H2O 4CrO42- + 6H+ =
Cr4O132- + 3H2O 34

233. Cu trc ca cc ion polycromat nh sau: 3. (1,25 im) a. (0,75 im) Vit phng trnh phn ng
ti cc in cc v phng trnh in phn tng qut. Catot Cr2O72- + 14H+ + 12e- 2Cr + 7H2O
Anot 2H2O O2 + 4H+ + 4eTon b Cr2O72-(aq) + 2H+(aq) H2O(l) + 2Cr(s) + 3O2(g) b.(0,25
im) S mol oxi v thi gian in phn: 52gCr 1molCr 3molO 2 = 1,5molO 2 52g 2molCr 52 gCr
1molCr 6F 96485C 1 giay 1 phut 1 gio = 16(h) 52 g molCr 1F 10C 60 giay 60 phut c.(0,25
im) Crom thng c dng m trang tr kim loi v trong khng kh crom nhanh chng hnh
thnh mt lp Cr2O3 mng, trong sut, lin kt bn cht vi kim loi to ra mt lp bo v kim loi
chng n mn. 35

234. HNG DN GII THI HA HC HU C Cu 1(4,0 im) 1 (1,0 im) So snh nhit
si ca cc cht trong dy cht sau: H N S H N N N N N (4) (3) (2) (1) (1) < (2) < (4) < (3) Gii thch:
(1) < (2) do y ch c lc Vandecvan nn nhit si ph thuc vo khi lng phn t. (4) < (3) do
(3) c lin kt hiro lin phn t cn (4) c lin kt hiro ni phn t, nn phn t tn ti ch yu di
dng ime. H H N N H N N H N N N N N N H 2 (1,5 im). Mi phn t ng c 0,5 im. H
HOOC (S) NH2 H HO * C OH H 3C H * (R) C * (R) CH NHCH 2 3 (R) CH 2OH HO H O CH(CH 3)2
3 (1,5 im) Gii thch: a. (0,5 im) Khng dng tng hp tert-butyl propyl ete: CH3CH2CH2ONa
+ (CH3)3C-Br (CH3)3C-O-CH2CH2CH3 S N 2 khng thc hin vi ankyl halogenua bc 3. Do phn
ng xy ra theo c ch b. (0,5 im) Sn phm chnh ca phn ng? Ion ancolat l mt baz mnh, l
mt tc nhn nuclephin nn phn ng tch chim u th, khi sn phm ca phn ng l sn phm tch
E2. CH3CH2CH2ONa + (CH3)3C-Br (CH3)C=CH2 + CH3CH2CH2OH + NaBr c. (0,5 im)
Phng php tng hp hiu qu l dng phn t phn ng S N 2 c nhm ankyl t cn tr khng gian
hn v ancolat cn tr nhiu hn. CH3CH2CH2Br + (CH3)3C-ONa (CH3)3C-O-CH2CH2CH3 +
NaBr Cu 2(3,5 im) 1. (2,0 im). Mi giai on ng c 0,25 im. S tng hp. 36

235. CH(CH3 )2 CH(CH3 )2 +Me2CHBr +Br2/Fe AlCl3 CH(CH3 )2 HNO 3 CH(CH3 )2 6H NO2 Br Br
NH 2 Br HNO 2 HBF4 CH(CH3 )2 CH(CH 3)2 CH(CH 3 )2 CH(CH3 )2 to Mg/ete H 2O F F N 2 BF 4
F MgBr Br Br 2. (1,5 im). Mi cht ng c 0,2 im - Hp cht A phn ng vi PCl3 cho ra B,
kh ho B bng H2/Pd nhn c benzanehit nn A l axit benzoic C6H5COOH. - B l C6H5COCl - B
tc dng vi NH3 c C nn C l C6H5CONH2 - X l C vi Br2 trong mi trng kim c D nn
D l Anilin C6H5NH2. - T B c th nhn c E bng cch cho phn ng vi benzen xc tc AlCl 3
nn E l: C6H5COC6H5. - E chuyn thnh F khi x l vi hyroxylamin nn F l: (C6H5)2C=N-OH -
Trong mi trng axit F chuyn thnh G, nn G l: C6H5CONHC6H5 Cu 3 (3,5 im) 1.(1,0 im)
Xc nh ng CTPt c 0,5 im. Mi ng phn cu to ng c 0,25 im n(H2O) = 9,56.10-3
(mol) n(CO2) = 6,34.10-3 (mol) -3 mH = 9,56.10 .2 = 0,0193 (g) mC = 6,34.10-3. 12 = 0,0761 (g) mN
= 0,125 - 0,01939 - 0,0761 = 0,0296 (g) Suy ra: %C = 60,9% %H = 15,4% %N = 23,7% Gi cng thc
phn t tng qut ca A l: CxHyNz %C %H %N x:y:z= : : =3:9:1 12 1 14 Cng thc phn t v cng
thc thc nghim ca A l C3H9N ng phn ca A: H3 C H2 C H2 C H3 C H C NH 2 NH 2 CH 3 H3
C H2 C H N CH 3 H3 C N CH 3 CH 3 2.(0,5 im). Mi ng c 0,25 im. ng phn amin bc
3 c nhit si thp nht do khng c lin kt hiro. ng phn amin bc 1 c nhit si ln nht do
c nhiu nguyn t H to lin kt hiro v phn t c cu trc gn gng nn vic to lin kt hiro lin
phn t thun li. 3. (2,0 im). Mi cch ng c 0,5 im. Cch 1: H 2 /Ni KCN CH3CH 2 I
CH3CH 2 CN CH 3CH 2CH 2 NH 2 Cch 2: 1.CH2O NH3 Mg HBr CH3CH 2 I CH
3CH 2 MgI CH3CH 2CH 2OH CH 3CH 2CH 2Br CH 3CH 2CH 2 NH 2
ete 2.H 2O Cch 3: 37

236. K 2 Cr2 O7 H 2 ,NH3 CH 3CH 2CH 2OH CH 3CH 2 CHO CH 3CH 2CH 2 NH 2
Ni (t 2) Cch 4: NH 2 OH H2 CH3CH 2 CHO CH 3CH 2CH=N-OH CH 3CH 2CH 2
NH 2 Ni (t 3) Cu 4 (4,5 im) 1. (0,75 im). Mi ng c 0,25 im. pH = 6 Prolin tn
ti dng mui lng cc, hu nh khng di chuyn. Lysin tn ti dng axit (cation) di chuyn v cc
m (catot) Axit glutamic tn ti dng baz (anion) di chuyn v cc dng (anot) 2. (1,25 im) *
(0,25 im) Cng thc, gn ng gi tr pK v tnh ng pHI ca Gly-Ala (8,23) H3N+ CH2 CO
NH CH(CH3) COO (3,15) * (0,5 im) pHI ca n: (8,23 + 3,15) / 2 = 5,69. * (0,5 im) pH =
4: H3N+ CH2 CO NH CH(CH3) COOH pH = 11: H2N CH2 CO NH CH(CH3)
COO 3. (2,5 im) a. (1,5 im) Xc nh th t lin kt ca cc amino axit trong M. - Dng 2,4-
initroflobenzen xc nh c aminoaxit Ala nn hexapeptit M c u N l Ala. - Thu phn M nh
tripsin thu c tripeptit A (cha Ala, Arg, Tyr) nn tripeptit A c cu to Ala Tyr Arg. Do
ipeptit E (cha Phe, Arg) c cu to Arg Phe. G (cha Arg, Ile, Phe) nn G c cu to: Arg Phe
Ile. Amino axit u C cn li l Gly. Vy hexapeptit M c cu to: Ala Tyr Arg Phe Ile - Gly b.
(1,0 im). Mi ng c 0,5 im. Amino axit no trong cc amino axit cu to nn M c pH I ln
nht v amino axit no c pH I nh nht - Amino axit cu to nn M c pH I ln nht l Arg v c nhm
guanidin (c 3 nguyn t N) nn tnh baz tri hn. - Amino axit no c pHI nh nht l Phe v c
nhm Phe ht electron nn tnh axit tng. Cu 5 (4,5 im) 1.(2,0 im). Mi cht ng c 0,5 im.
Xc nh cng thc chiu Fisher ca A, B, C, D. - Hp cht X khng phn ng vi thuc th Benedict
cng nh khng i quang nn A l mt ng khng kh v v vy ch c cc lin kt axetal v xetal
tn ti cc cacbon anome. - Tt c cc hp cht A, B cng nh hp cht I (l D-manoz) u cho cng
mt osazon nh vy trong s phi l C-2 epime ca D-manoz (l D-glucoz)v cht kia phi l
ng xeton tng ng C-2 (l D-fructoz). - Hp cht C phn ng vi axit nitric to ra hp cht D
khng quang hot nn trong phn t D c tm i xng hay cc nhm OH lin kt vi C* i xng. -
Anotreoz trung gian khi b oxi ho bi axit nitric khng to thnh c mt hp cht meso nh vy
phi l D-threoz. 38
237. CHO COOH H OH H OH H OH H OH CH 2OH CHO H COOH Meso OH CHO CH 2OH COOH
HO H H HO OH H H OH CH 2OH COOH Doi xung Nh vy, axit anaric D to thnh t C nn C phi
l D-galactoz. - A to thnh 5 mol axit metanoic v 1 mol metanal khi phn ng vi HIO 4 nn a l
anohexoz. A v B u lin quan ti mt alotreoz, anotreoz ny l mt ng phn khng i
quang ca cht m C c tng quan nn A l D-glucoz. - B to thnh 4 mol axit metanoic, 1 mol
metanal v 1 mol CO2 nn B l D-fructoz CHO CHO H CHO OH CHO O H H HO H H H OH HO H
OH H OH H OH HO H OH H OH OH H CH 2OH H HO CH 2OH CH 2OH CH 2OH D-f ructozo (B)
D-glucozo (A) OH D-Galactozo (C) 2. (1,5 im) Mi cht ng c 0,5 im. Cng thc chiu
Haworth ca E, F, G. - E chuyn ho t A: CHO H CH2OH OCH 3 H 3 CO O H OH H OCH3 H H
OCH 3 H OCH 3 H OH H OCH 3 CH 2OH - F chuyn ho t B: CH 2OCH 3 O OCH3 H 3CO H H - G
chuyn ho t C: H H OCH 3 OCH 3 O H OCH3 CH 2OCH 3 H OCH 3 H CH 2OCH 3 39

238. CHO CH2 OCH3 H OCH 3 H 3 CO H 3 CO H H O OCH 3 H OH H OCH3 H H OH H CH 2OCH

3 OCH 3 3.(1,0 im). Mi trt t ng c 0,5 im. Mi ng phn ng c 0,25 im. Cng
thc chiu Haworth ca X. Trong s metyl ho, ch cc nhm metyl khng tham gia vo s hnh thnh
axetal, xetal (hoc ni phn t, hoc lin phn t) mi b ete ho. E ch c 2 nhm hyroxyl t do c th
lin kt vi cacbohyrat khc. Nh vy A phi l cacbohyrat trung tm nn trt t lin kt c cc
monosaccarit trong X l C-A-B hay B-A-C. Vy ttng ccng X c 4 ng phn. V d mt trong 4 ng
phn ca X l: CH2 OH O OH OH H O H H HO CH2 O H OH H O HO CH2 OH O H HO OH H H CH
2OH H 40 OH

239. 6. Ging dy mn Ha hc bng ting nc ngoi KINH NGHIM T CHC DY HC MN

HA HC BNG TING ANH CHO HC SINH TRUNG HC PH THNG CHUYN PGS.TS. T
Th Tho- Khoa Ha hc Trng i hc Khoa hc T nhin- i hc Quc Gia H Ni. Theo xu
hng ton cu ha, vic s dng thnh tho c ngoi ng ni chung v ting Anh ni ring l cp
thit v n l mt trong nhng cha kha tip cn vi cc nn cng nghip tin tin. So vi cc hc
sinh trung hc ph thng ni chung, cc hc sinh trung hc ph thng (THPT) chuyn thng c c hi
rt ln nhn cc hc bng du hc nc ngoi, hoc theo hc cc chng trnh o to tin tin, quc
t ti cc trng i hc trong nc (m ting Anh l ngn ng chnh trong cc chng trnh ny). V
vy, vic nng cao vn ting Anh c bit trong chuyn mn cho hc sinh ph thng, nhm gip hc
sinh c th t hc tp, nghin cu, tn dng tt c hi ny l mt yu cu cp thit ca gio dc nc ta
hin nay. Vic dy hc cho hc sinh chuyn cc mn bng ting Anh l mt trong nhng ni dung ca
k hoch thc hin trong n pht trin h thng trng THPT chuyn giai on 2010 - 2020 v
cng c bc u c trin khai ti Trng THPT chuyn HKHTN- HQGHN. Trong qu
trnh tham gia ging dy mn Ha hc bng ting Anh cho hc sinh THPT chuyn ti trng, chng ti
rt ra mt s nhn xt, kinh nghim v ni dung chng trnh, cch thc t chc ging dy, i
tng hc nh sau: 1.Hin trng ting Anh ca hc sinh THPT chuyn Nhiu nm tr li y, hc sinh
THPT chuyn trc khi vo trng chuyn u dnh phn ln thi gian cho vic n luyn cc mn
chuyn nn a s c trnh ting Anh thp, d c hc nhiu nm cp c s v tiu hc. Ch mt
s rt t hc sinh c th s dng c ting Anh trong c hiu, giao tip thng thng. Bn cnh ,
cch hc ting Anh trong trng ph thng cn nng v ng php, c hiu v dch sang ting Vit m
cha tht ch trng kh nng s dng. Cc k nng nghe, ni, thm ch c vit u rt yu. V vy, vic
t duy kin thc chuyn mn bng ting Anh (ch khng phi l c ti liu chuyn mn bng ting
Anh ri dch) gn nh khng c. V th, c mt m hnh hc c m bo v kin thc, nng cao
trnh chuyn mn, hc c chuyn mn bng ting Anh v hi nhp tt vi vic hc i hc nc
ngoi hoc chng trnh tin tin trong nc th vic dy cc mn t nhin bng ting Anh s gip cho
hc sinh lm quen vi mi trng ting Anh, hn ht l t duy bng ting Anh trong hc tp v ch c
th thnh cng trc ht nh vo s hng ng ca hc sinh, ph huynh v n lc ca nh trng theo
l trnh tng bc mt. V vy, chng ti nhn thy, trc mt ngoi vic theo hc mn ting Anh chnh
kho, cn xc tin dy mn ting Anh khoa hc cho hc sinh. Nu cc em c trnh ngoi ng yu cn
c hc thm ngoi ng. Cc bui hc chuyn mn bng ting Anh cng cn c chia thnh cc lp
khc nhau theo trnh ngoi ng thay v chia theo khi chuyn th vic dy mi c hiu qu. 2. Thi
lng dy mn chuyn mn bng ting Anh: Vi tnh hnh hc tp hin nay, khi hc sinh lun phi m
bo vic thi i hc trong khi cch hc cng nh cch thi i hc cn cha c ci tin th vic
thuyt phc tt c ph huynh v hc sinh cng nh thc hin dy-hc chuyn mn bng 100% ting Anh
l phi thc t. Vi nhiu ph huynh, nu con em khng i hc nc ngoi hoc ch c nhu cu vo i
hc hoc cao hn theo hc cc chng trnh tin tin thuc cc trng i hc thuc khi x hi, kinh t
th vic hc chuyn mn bng ting Anh l khng cn thit m thay vo l hc ngoi ng i i vi
hc chuyn mn tt bng ting Vit, m bo i hc, trnh qu ti cho con em mnh. Mt khc,
chng trnh mn Ha hc ph thng cn nng v tnh ton trong khi 41

240. nhiu kin thc l thuyt cc qu trnh ha hc cn cha c cp n (nh khi so snh vi yu
cu v trnh A-level ca Singapor) nn vic m bo va cp nht cc kin thc mi so vi chng
trnh ca cc nc, va p ng nhu cu thi i hc vi s ng hc sinh l khng kh thi. Hn na, vi
cc vn chuyn mn kh th nu ch s dng ting Anh ging dy hc sinh s khng th hiu c
khi ngoi ng vn cn l ro cn. Khi phi ging dy bng chnh ting m mi c hiu qu. V
mt ny, song song vi vic dy cho hc sinh cc kin thc c bn cn thit i ph vi k thi i hc
trong nc (khi cha c ci tin), bn thn gio vin trng chuyn cng nh cc k thi hc sinh gii
quc gia cn i u trong vic i mi cch thc ging dy ha hc bc hc ph thng, cn chng
t c vic hc Ha l cn thit cho cuc sng, khng t lm phc tp thm cc vn ha hc n
gin bng cc tnh ton kh, bin lun, nh v kinh nghim khng cn thit. V vy, vi b phn s
ng hc sinh chuyn, song song vi chng trnh ting Vit nm chc kin thc th trc mt, mi
mn khoa hc t nhin, hc thm 2 tit bng Ting Anh mt tun l ph hp. 3.Chng trnh/ni dung
ging dy Hin ti chng ta cha c chng trnh ging dy mn chuyn mn bng ting Anh thng
nht. Do vy, ngi dy phi t xy dng chng trnh ging dy trn c s tham kho chng trnh ca
nc ngoi nhm theo kp khi lng kin thc, va p ng c chun kin thc v dy hc chuyn
su mn Ha hc cho hc sinh THPT chuyn ca B gio dc v o to, va phn b hp l v gn kt
c vi chng trnh o to bng ting Vit ca hc sinh bin son v ging dy nhm trnh cho
hc sinh qu ti v ni dung kin thc. Trc mt, chng ti thy cn da trn khung chng trnh/ni
dung chi tit m cc k thi Olympic quc t qui nh cho hc sinh khi tham gia phi t c, kt hp
vi cc ni dung cu hi v bi tp theo yu cu t ra ca k thi A-level vo cc trng i hc ca
Singapor bin son bi ging nhm lng ghp c hiu qu gia vic dy c ting Anh cho mn Ha
hc, va n luyn, va nng cao kin thc cho hc sinh chuyn. C nh vy, mi p ng c yu cu
v chuyn mn Ha hc m cc nc t ra cho hc sinh trung hc ph thng (theo yu cu ny lng
kin thc ha hc cn thm mt s vn nng cao v gim ti cc ni dung tnh ton phc tp trong
Ha hc). Qua thc t ging dy cho cc hc sinh trong i tuyn, hc sinh t gii trong cc k thi
HSG trong nc v quc t v mt s hc sinh chuyn bnh thng khc trc khi tham d k thi v cc
trng H ca Singapor, chng ti nhn thy tip thu lng kin thc mi so vi sch gio khoa ca
Vit Nam (li bng ting Anh) hon ton khng gy p lc g vi cc em c. Nhng cng cn nhn mnh
vic ging dy kin thc mn chuyn bng ting Anh khng th thay th hon ton cho vic hc bng
ting Vit. Vi hc sinh ph thng vic lm ch kin thc bng chnh ting m l phng thc ti u
nht v l cch tip thu nhanh nht, c hiu qu nht. Vi kin thc thu lm c t ting m th
hc sinh nhanh chng c gc r hc nng cao. Ch nn s dng ting Anh nh l cng c th hai gip
hc sinh bc u t duy c hiu qu bng ngoi ng, bit cch s dng ngoi ng cho vic hc ca
mnh (tm kim, c ti liu, t nghin cu v trao i vi cc bn bn ngoi t nng cao kin thc)
v l c s theo hc vi kt qu cao bc hc i hc cng nh nghin cu sau ny. Tuy nhin, B
Gio dc v o to khi trin khai m hnh dy ting Anh cho mn chuyn cn qui nh chng trnh
khung v mc tiu cng nh yu cu cn t c, trn c s gio vin mi c cch thng nht v
phng php v ni dung ging dy. 4.Cch t chc ging dy 42

241. Trc thc t v hn ch ca kin thc ting Anh ca hc sinh chuyn cng trnh ging dy
ting Anh ca gio vin, chng ti nhn thy cn t r l trnh thc hin vic bi dng ging dy cho
gio vin v hc sinh chuyn nh sau: 1. Vi gio vin: vi nhng gio vin mn chuyn khng c
o to i hc v cao hc nc ngoi th ting Anh d c chng ch no cng kh c th ging dy v
ng lp 100 % bng ting Anh. Do vy, b Gio dc v o to cn c cc kha o to c th ti nc
ngoi v ngoi ng (theo ng yu cu l dy ngoi ng cho ngi dy hc ch khng phi cho ngi
hc) v cc kha nghe ging v hc tp nng cao cng vi sinh vin nc ngoi tng cng kh
nng t duy bn ting Anh cho gio vin. 2. Vi hc sinh: song song vi vic hc ting Anh thng
thng cn c hc ting Anh trong chuyn mn c kh nng s dng thnh tho ting Anh trong
hc tp v nht thit phi chia lp theo trnh ting Anh ph hp th vic hc mi c hiu qu. V l
trnh ging dy, cn tin hnh theo tng giai on nh sau Giai on 1: y l giai on kh khn nht
i vi gio vin (khng phi hc sinh) dy trng chuyn. V thc t hin nay hu ht cc gio vin
chuyn u c chng ch ting Anh nhng cha h ging dy bng ting Anh nn bc mt cn bin
son cc bi dy theo cc cp sau v s dng c ting Vit tr gip trong ging dy: Dy v t vng
trong Ha hc: to cho hc sinh nn tng v ngn ng ha hc bng ting Anh: cch c cc tn cht,
cch c phng trnh phn ng, cch din t, m t cc th nghim ha hc v hin tng. Mc ch l
cho hc sinh lm quen vi ting Anh trong Ha hc Rn luyn cho hc sinh kh nng t tm kim ti
liu lin quan bng ting Anh trn internet: Hng dn cho hc sinh cch tm v hc tp qua cc bi
ging c sn trn mng internet, hc sinh c th c/ nghe trc tip bi ging sau tho lun. Phn
tho lun c th dng ting Vit thng qua vic c/nghe hiu v dch). Rn cho hc sinh kh nng t
trnh by mt vn ha hc: hc sinh c th thng qua vic tm ti liu, t nghin cu v bin thnh
mt vn ca mnh v trnh by bng ting Anh. y l k nng cn thit vi tt c cc sinh vin khi
hc i hc. Bc u hc sinh c th thc hin din t n gin nht vi ch d sau tip cn n
cc vn mi hn m phn sch gio khoa ting Vit cha cp. Giai on 2: Khi trnh gio vin
tt, c th lm ch c gi dy chuyn mn bng ting Anh cng vi kin thc ting Anh ca hc sinh
tip thu th chng ti cho rng cn s dng 100% ting Anh trong gi hc. Khi khng nn dy
kin thc theo kiu c v dch v vic dng ln ln 2 ngn ng trong gi hc vi ngi hc s nh
hng n kh nng t duy, cch pht m (c bit rt khc nhau gia ting Vit v ting Anh v danh
t ha hc). Vi nhng thut ng mi (nu khng phi ln u), nhc cho hc sinh bit th c th
cung cp ngha ting Vit di dng ch thch pha cui bi hoc cui mi slide trong khi trnh chiu. 43

242. Cc bi ging c th c kt cu theo cc hng sau y: Loi 1: Dy kin thc bng ting Anh
m phn ting Vit hc sinh c hc k (tuy nhin khng yu cu cc tnh ton phc tp, khng cn
thit) theo hnh thc n tp, tng kt, khi qut ha nhng vn chnh sao cho hc sinh c c vn
t, thut ng, cch dng t, t cu, cch trnh by vn khoa hc trong ting Anh v quan trng hn
c l tp chuyn t duy t hnh thc c hoc nghe ri dch t ting Anh sang ting Vit v ngc li
thnh cch t duy bng ting Anh. Nhng bi ging loi ny cn gip cho sinh vin c th vo mng
truy cp ngun ti liu phong ph (c bi vit, bi ging, sch tham kho v video bi ging c sn trn
mng). Hnh thc ny cn c th yu cu hc sinh t son cc bi trnh by bng ting Anh trn c s
thu thp ti liu v kin thc ( hiu k bng ting Vit) v trnh by trc c lp theo hnh thc
xemina. Loi 2: Dy cc bi hc nng cao kin thc bng ting Anh (m hin chng trnh ging dy
bng ting Vit khng cung cp) trn nn tng nhng vn m hc sinh c hc (bng ting Vit)
nhm cp nht c nhng kin thc bc cao m cc nc ang ging dy cho hc sinh ph thng, tin
ti tt c cc hc sinh chuyn u c th c tip cn v gii quyt c cc vn m cc k thi
Olympic quc t t ra ch khng ch cc hc sinh trong i tuyn quc gia tham d thi Olympic mi
c hc. Loi 3: Dy trc cc vn mi khng qu kh so vi chng trnh ting Vit ang hc.
Nhng bi ging ny tng bc s gip cho hc sinh tip cn c vi cch tip thu kin thc khoa hc
bng ting Anh, nghe ging c mt vn mi m mnh hon ton cha bit. 5. Kim tra, nh gi:
nn c qui nh im kim tra, nh gi vi cc mn hc chuyn mn bng ting Anh, song song vi
chng trnh ting Vit v cn t chc cc k thi kim tra cui nm chung cho cc hc sinh (theo chun
khu vc, quc t) nh gi nng lc t duy va kin thc thu nhn c. 6. C s vt cht cn h tr:
Cn u t nng cp c s vt cht hin c sao cho tng cng c phng tin, trang thit b dy hc
ng b, hin i. V d, cc phng hc cn c my chiu, truy cp internet ngay trong qu trnh dy-
hc, h thng loa, thu m, ring vi mn Ha hc phi c phng th nghim th vic dy v hc mi
c hiu qu v c th tng bc tin ti nng cao cht lng gio dc ngang tm cc trng trung hc
tin tin trong khu vc v quc t. Cui cng chng ti cho rng cn khng nh tnh cp thit v dy
ting Anh mn chuyn cho hc sinh trung hc ph thng chuyn, coi y l tip cn ban u theo hng
hi nhp ha v l nn tng hc sinh c th t c kin thc, quan trng hn l phng thc t duy
bng ting Anh cho sinh vin d dng hn trong vic hc i hc nc ngoi hoc theo hc cc chng
tnh tin tin v quc t trong nc, gip cho hc sinh c c hi y nhanh vic tip thu kin thc
trnh cao. Mun vy th vic dy v hc c hiu qu cn tin hnh ng b nhiu gii php c vi
gio vin, hc sinh, c s vt cht, chng trnh ging dy v cch thc tin hnh tng bc mt, ca
ph huynh hc sinh, cn sm thay i c v chng trnh sch gio khoa, cch thc hc v thi c bc
trung hc ph thng nhng cn nht vn l quyt tm ca chnh cc trng th mi c th a vic hc
hc ting Anh mn chuyn mn thnh hin thc v c hiu qu cao. 44
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