G`k®sI Kwm-FIG~Uy

(ehA yayeTog)

PaK1

rkßasT
i ®Ïi Kby
' a" g
 vacaG`keVHBumı

edaysar®Bwti†karNE_ xµrkMBugq¬gcUlmkdl'dMNak'kar
y"agsMxan'´n®bvti†saÂs†Cati KWbJ˙aerobcMkarkat'eTasExµr
®khm sarBt·man «GgrbUrI» mankiti†yselIkyk‰ksard*
Gsçar¥mYyrbs'G~k®sIKIm-FIGflUy ehAyayeTog Edlman
cMNgeCIgfa – «GgkarCanrNa?» mkcuHpßaysarCafIµm†g
eTot (elIkTI3) .
‰ksarenHF¬ab'VnTTYlnUvkarekatsresIr BIsMNak'
mit†G~kGannigCnrYmCatiy"age®cInrYcmkehIy . vtƒ¨bMNg
rbs'eyIg KWsMrab'CYyCaCMnYysµartI dl'mit†G~kGannigCn
rYmCati edIm∫ICakare®kInrMlwkGMBIXatkmµd*mhaeXareXAmYy
Edl®kSgsavtaCatieyIgVnkt'®taTukCanicçrhUteTA .
eyIgsUmCMrabmit†G~kGannigbgbÌËnrYmCatifa bnÊab'BIcg
®kg‰ksarenH G~k®sIKIm-FIGflUy ehAyayeTog EdlsB√
´f©kMBugs~ak'enA‰®beTsVrSg VnCYb®bTHnwgkarlMVkk~¨g
CIvPaBrs'enA®bcS´f©y"agx¬Sg edayG~k®sI®tUvp¬as'b†ËrGs&-
ydΩanCajwkjab' edIm∫IecosvagkartamB¥aVTBIsMNak'
P~ak'yYnkumµ¨ynis† . esovePA‰ksarTSg3k∫alrbs'G~k®sI
eTotesat k*Vn®tUveKhamlk'TUTSg®beTskmı¨CapgEdr .
enHehIyqakCIvitd*e®Kat®Kat´nExµrG~kCatiniym .

«GgrbUrI»
sem¬gExµrenAbreTs
 Garm∏kfa

ehtuGI√VnCaxM∆¨cg®kgkMrg‰ksar®bvti†saÂs† « GgkarCanrNa ? »
xM∆¨yl'eXIjfa –
‹ edIm∫IkarJrmatuPUmikmı¨Ca !
‹ edIm∫Iksagsni†PaBmatuPUmikmı¨Ca !
eyIg®tUv®bmUl®bCaBlrdΩExµr[rYbrYmsamKIK~aBit@ esµaH®tg'cMeJH
K~aBit@ [VnsiÌtlµÁtCaF¬¨gmYy .
edIm∫IsamKIK~ay"agenHVn luH®taEteyIgecHBn¥l'[®bCaBlrdΩExµr
yl'[Vnc∫as' faetIsasnN
_ aCas®tUvcMeJHCatiExµr ? CaBiess®bCa
BlrdΩExµr®tUvEtsal' ®tUvEtdwg faetIGgkarCanrNa ?
CacSVc' ®tUvyl'[c∫as'CagenHeTAeTot GMBIlk≈N:´´nsÂgamBit@
k~¨g®beTskmı¨Ca e®JHsÂgamenHebIeyIg®keLkemIlEtmYyEP¬teTA eyIg
eXIjfaCasÂgamrvagExµrnigExµr . b"uEn†ebIeyIgsikßaGMBIneyaVyvatTI
Q¬anJnrbs'yYnhaNUy eyIgnwgyl'Vny"aggayfa sÂgamenHCa
sÂgamrvagyYnhaNUynwgExµr Edlmancineb"kSgsfl˜u®KlMuCamYypg .
kll∫icelbTwkdIkmı¨CaenH yYnhaNUynigcineb"kSgVnerobcMKMera
gkarCadMNak'@KW –
TI1- elbykkmı¨Catamry:k
km¬SgeyaFaQ¬anJn
TI2- bg˚b'P~ak'garyYn « CaBiessbUdUyF¬ak'vin&ymineKarBlk≈&N Ed
l®tUvenA®sukExµrrhUt » k~¨gCYrrbbP~MeBj edIm∫IgaykMeTckm¬SgCatiniym
Exµr .
TI3- lYcbg˚b'niKmyYnk~¨g®beTskmı¨Ca edaylYcbn¬MeFI√CaExµr edIm∫I
Q¬anJntamry:s
sn¬wkeq~at .
TI4- vakMBugbegI˚tExµrfIµ nSykmkCMnYsExµreyIg .
TI5- vamanbegI˚t®kumXatkrGaf·kMVMg dak'eQµaHCaGaf·kMVMgKW « bEgÌk
bdivt†n_ » .
TI6- cMENk‰cineb"kSgvij vae®bIkll∫icCabÂJças'CabeN†ay nr-
Nak*dwgEdrfa cineb"kSgkMBugEtåbtƒm∏es†csIhnu « KWvae®bIsÂgam®tCa
k' » EtvaEbrCap†l'GavuF[Exµr®khm « KWvae®bIsÂgamek†A » .
mUlehtuenH eTIbxM∆¨xM®sav®CavGs'ry:C
Cag13q~S xM∆¨rkVn‰ksarCaPs†¨
tag manlk≈N:d
d*®twm®tUvBit®VkdenHminx√HeLIy . xM∆¨B¥ayamsresrk~¨g
ry:eBlCag®VMbIq~SeTIbcb' xM∆¨k*sMercdak'cMNgeCIg « GgkarCanrNa? »
k®mg‰ksar®bvti†saÂs†enHCaerOgBit . dUec~HxM∆¨sUmGMJvnavdl'bgbÌËnExµr
rYmQam sUmGan‰ksarenH . bgbÌËnExµrrYmQammuxEtnwgsal'fa sasn_
NaCaecarcUlmkb¬n'®TB¥sm∫ti†®beTskmı¨Ca . CaBiess bgbÌËnnwg®Cab
GMBIlk≈N :´´nsÂgamBit@ EdlekIteLIgenAk~¨g®beTskmı¨CaCaTIes~ha
rbs'eyIg .

V"rIs,_ ´f©TI1 tula 1993

G~k®sI KIm-FIGflUy

KMnMu®sI†Exµr
´fr© HekA† Ehg ggt
i ma~ k‰
' g kNa† lvalFM
sb
M ke®kAesc
I Qamkg
¨ ~ E®skyM kNa† lvalFM
yk
M g
¨~ esc
I e®kA .
my
Y nk
w dlb
' †I EdlecarG®by
I _ xageCg
I cabe' TA
my
Y nk
w dlk
' n
U massn
Á© eqameqAÌ xagt∫g
Ë lc
Y eTA
yrU ExqS~ ehy
I .
{!EsnsegK
√ bk
†I n
U EkvEPk
~ sma¬ jx
' e¨∆M Gy
I
et®I JtC
' b
Y vj
i …mn
i Cb
Y eLy
I Exrµ Tk
u ≤
≈ tes∫I y
Tk
u e≈ Gy
I Tk
u g
≈ .
M
Efr© HekA† Ehg ggt
i ma~ k‰
' g kNa† lvalFM
sb
M ke®kAesc
I ebHdg
U Tj
Y yM Exrµ ebomKn
M uM
yk
M g
¨~ esc
I e®kA .⁄
GgkarCanrNa ? 1

esckI†epI†m
KYr[cEm¬kNas' !
®beTsExµrkMBugEtVnsuxekßmkßan†˘˘˘ ®sab'Etman®Bwti†karNd
_ *mha
c´®gmYypʨHeLIg . enA´f©17emsa1975, ®beTsExµrk¬ayeTACalanmr-
N:P
P¬am . ExµrmYy®kumk¬ayeTAXatkrelIsasnx
_ ¬Ány"ag´®B´pß . b"uEn†
embJÇakarKW « GgkarGnamik » minEmnsem†cn˘ sIhnu …elakexov-sM
pneT˘˘˘ KYr[cEm¬kNas' ! . KUbdib&k≈c∫SgK~ak~¨gkML¨geBl5q~S1Ex ®tUv
caj'TSgGs'K~a . emIlcuH˘˘˘ elakln'-nl'sMucaj' sµ&®Kcit†edIrcakecal
®suk, sem†csIhnuEbrCaCab'XMuXSgeTAvij, rI‰exov-sMpn˘˘˘ KµanæeQµaH .
sMnYr – etInrNaCaG~kQ~H ?
cemI¬y – KW®kumsm©at'CaG~kQ~H˘˘˘ rYcvalYcbn¬Me®bIeQµaH « Ggkar » .
CadMbUgGgkarcat'karsm¬ab'CabnÊan' nUvbJÔv&n†, ®BHsgÙ rYcehIyvaelIk
bn†¨becarsin . kaleNaHGgkar®Kb'®Kg®beTsExµre®bIrbbecar KWeyIg
eXIjecark†ab'GMNacy"ageBjelj b"uEn†vae®bIyIehaExµr®khm . Exµr®k
hmFunenHedIrb¬n'Vj'sm¬ab'ExµredayesrI . vaEkT®mg'Jk¥b¬n'CaJk¥ esI~
. b"uEn†Jk¥esI~enHsahavyg'X~gCagJk¥b¬n'eTAeTot . e®JHrdΩFmµ
nuJÔrbs'Ggkar karJrecaredIresI~˘˘˘ ebImças'®TB¥min®Bm[ecar KWmin®Bm
[ecarExµr®khmFunenaH vasm¬ab'ecaledayesrI rYcecaTfak∫t'Ggkar .
Ggkaredj®bCaBlrdΩExµrk~¨gmYynKr [cakecjBITIlMenA ®tUvecal®TB¥
sm∫ti†y"age®cIn≤tKNna . Ggkar´q~rdΩFanIP~MeBjnigTI®kugTSgLay [
k¬ayeTACaTI®kugexµac . eBlenaHGgkarEbrCabJçËlcinbJçËlyYnmkkan'
®beTsExµr, ®bmUl®TB¥sm∫ti†rbs'Exµr, b¬n'dwknSecjedayesrI, ess
sl'bni†cbn†ÁcGgkarbJÇa[bMp¬ajecal . GgkareFI√TaruNkmµdl'raÂs†
Exµr®Kb'Ebby"ag KWeFI√dUcem†ck*eday[Etdl's¬ab' rYcvacat'®kumXatkr
Gaf·kMVMg [ecjmksm¬ab'ExµrCadMNak'@ .
emIlcuH˘˘˘ bgbÌËnExµreyIgEdlminTan'dl'evns¬ab' kMBugGUsng&l
rnas' halek†AhaleP¬øg esIÊrqÁtveg√g Qb'ecHniyay Qb'ecHesIc,
Qb'ecHyM˘˘˘ ®sab'EtæGgkarbJÇa[dkGavuF BI®kumExµr®khmGtitecar
Gs'rlIg . ehIy®sab'EtenA´f©TI20 tula 1978 em"ag®bEhl®VMbIyb'
GgkarCanrNa ? 2

man®kumXatkrGaf·kMVMg cUlmkvaysm¬ab'®kumExµr®khmGtitecarenaH
s¬ab'Gs'rlIg . ®sab'Etæfa – man®kumGaf·kMVMgecjmkB&TÏVj'Exµr®k-
hmnin~akarExµr eXIjEtexµacedks¬ab'JseBj´®B . ®sab'Etæfa – Gg
karbJÇa[cab'x¬ÁnkmµaPiVlCan'xıs'Exµr®khm Edlmannin~akarExµr dUcCa
elak Exk-Eb"n ehAmit†sflUnig®bBnÏ, elak da-hYn ehAmit†va"j, elak hflU-
nwmnig®bBnÏ, elakeBj-FYk ehAv"n-ev"tnig®bBnÏ, Ekv-mas, kuy-FYn Ca
edIm˘˘˘ nSeTAbJçËlKukTYlEs¬g eFI√TaruNkmµCae®cInEx rYcsm¬ab'ecalenATI
enaHGs'eTA .
luHsm¬ab'Exµr®khmnin~akarExµrCitGs' G~kenAsl'rs'bni†cbn†Ác k*rt'
rV"t'rV"yGs' . eBlenaHGgkarcat'EtgtSgGtitExµrevotmij®kumTI2 [
sm¬ab'bMVt'BUCExµrteTAeTot . vae®bIyIehaExµr®khmdEdl ®bkastSg
®kumx¬ÁnCatMNagGgkardEdl KW « ®kumExµr®khmnIrtI » .
enAcugExF~Ëq~S1978 ®sab'EtæfaGgkarbJÇËn « eyaFa®sLaj'sem†
c“ » cMnYnbYnmWunnak' [cUlcMGnÊak'Exße®tomrbs'bUdUy . bUdUyVj's-
m¬ab'ecalexÊcGs' .l. nig .l.
dUec~HcugExF~Ëq~S1978 ®beTskmı¨CacMhF¬¨g˘˘˘ exµaceyaFaminekorkb'
minTan'e®scVc'pg˘˘˘ enA´f©TI25 F~Ë 1978 Ca´f©buN¥NUEGl˘˘˘ yYnha-
NUybJÇa[bUdUyedIrecjBI´®B cUlmklukluyratt∫atJseBjTI®kug
Exµr .
ParkicçCadMbUg vaebIkbrLanedIr®bmUlExµr®khm Edlmannin~akaryYn
EdlCaGtitExµrevotmij®kumTI1 nSykmkbMJk'buN¥s&ki†[eLIgvij .
®kumTI1bMJk'GavuF[eLIgvij . edIm∫IbEg√gdan, yYnhaNUyVnbJÇa
[p¬as'eQµaHbkß eQµaHkgkm¬SgexÊcxIÊGs'˘˘˘. manåTahrNd
_ UcteTA –
‹ bkß®bCaCnbdivt†n_ « GtitExµrevotmij» EdlhU-CImijbJÇa[sWg
g"ukmij begI˚tBI´f©28 mifuna 1951 rYccat'EtgtSg[eFI√Ca®bFank~¨grbb
ehg-sMrin˘˘˘ yYnhaNUybJÇa[E®beQµaHCa « bkß®bCaCnbdivt†nk
_ mı¨-
Ca » rYcvacat'tSgehg-sMrin CaGKelxaFikarKNkmµaFikarmCŒwmbkß .
elakehg-sMrinenH kalBIq~S1970dl'1978 Cavresniy‰kdwknSkg
BlFMelx6enAPUmiPaKbUJ· . k~¨geBlGfluntak'cUlerobcM®sukExµr bkß®bCa
Cnbdivt†nk
_ mı¨Ca E®beQµaHCa « KNbkß®bCaCnkmı¨Ca » rYccat'tSgmit†Ca
swum Ca®bFan .
GgkarCanrNa ? 3

‹ kgkm¬Sg®bdab'GavuF‰kPaBrbs'kmı¨Ca « GtitExµrevotmij®kumTI2 »
EdlhU-CImijbJÇa[sWg-g"ukmijbegI˚tBI´f©TI19 åsPa 1951 rYccat'tS
gGacar¥sux ehAmit†TU-samut CaembJÇakarenaH˘˘˘ bcç¨b∫n~E®beQµaHCa kg
km¬Sg®bdab'GavuF®bCaCnbdivt†nk
_ mı¨Ca ( k~¨grbbGgkar kgkm¬SgenHe®bI
yIehaExµr®khmnirtI ), rYcyYnhaNUyEk´q~[k¬ayeTACaecar « k~¨grbb
Ggkar˘˘˘®kumenHedIresI~ - k~¨grbbyYnhaNUyratt∫atlukluy®beTs
kmı¨Ca˘˘˘®kumenHedIrb¬n' » .
ecarb¬n'k~¨grbbyYnhaNUylukluy®beTskmı¨Ca sahavx¬SgNa-
s' KWsahavCagsahaveTAeTot edayvacab'cgraÂs†Exµr rYcGarkbni†cm†g@
rkmaseB®C˘˘˘ eTaHman[k*s¬ab' eTaHKµan[k*s¬ab'˘˘˘ KWs¬ab'y"agEsnevT
naCaTIbMput . « x¬ÁnxM∆¨pÊal'EdlcakecjecalmatuPUmikmı¨Ca KWbN†almkBI
®kumecar CakUnecAyYnhaNUycUlmkb¬n'vayeFI√Vb cMnYnbYnelIkmkehI
y .l. » .
emIlcuHbgbÌËnExµreyIgeGIy!˘˘˘ GgkarkI† yYnhaNUykI† vacUlmkluk
luyratt∫at®beTskmı¨Ca . vaelIkbn†¨bEt®kumExµrCaGtitExµrevotmij rYc
bJÇa[®tYt®ta®beTsExµrtamrebobecar . KYr[cEm¬kNas'@!˘˘˘ emIlcuH!
e bI ® bCa Blr dΩ r bs' ® be Tsna na k~ ¨ gBi PBe la k® tU v r ge ® Ka H s¬ a b' ˘ ˘ ˘ ® TB¥ s-
m∫ti†rbs'eK®tUvvinashinehacEtk~¨geBlmansÂgamb"ueNˆaH˘˘˘ pʨyeTA
vijenA®beTskmı¨Ca ®bCaBlrdΩExµr®tUvrt'ecal®suk ®tUvrge®KaHs¬ab'Ca
e®cInlannak' CaBiessG~kecHdwg .
cMENk‰®TB¥sm∫ti† eXIjEtecarcUlmkb¬n'dwknSecj˘˘˘ enAess
sl'bni†bn†Ác vavaybMp¬ajecalexÊc˘˘˘ minEmnk~¨geBlkMBugeFI√sÂgameT
KWenAk~¨geBlEdlGgkarnigyYnhaNUyTTYlC&yCMnHmhaelatep¬aHeTA
vij .
xM∆¨CaExµrd*s¬Ët®tg', xM∆¨Camças'TwkdIkmı¨Ca, xM∆¨®tUvTTYlTaruNkmµpÊal'x¬Án
n i g V n e X I j p Ê a l ' E P ~ k n U v ® K b ' @ å b k r Nd
_ *c´®gåb®TBminTMngTSgenaH
ebomCab'Canicçkb'y"age®CA k~¨gebHdUg´nkarQWcukcab'esakse®ggBIkar
®Jt'®Vs'®KYsar, BIkars†ay®TB¥sm∫ti†, BIkars†aymatuPUmiCaTIes~ha˘˘˘
dUec~HxM∆¨q©l'Esnq©l', xM∆¨cg'dwg, xM∆¨cg'sal'faetIGgkarCanrNa ?
edaysarmUlehtuenHehIy eTIbxM∆¨xM®sav®Cav, xM∆¨rkeXIjPs†¨tagCa
åTahrNm
_ inx√HeLIy ®BmTSgman‰ksarx¬H@ ebIkbg˙aj[eXIjnUvmux
GgkarCanrNa ? 4

mat'rbs'Ggkar .
‹‹ emIlcuH! k~¨grbbrbs'Ggkar, cinbJÇËn®ksYgsm©at' G~kCMnajkar
eyaFa G~kbecçkeTs G~k‰keTscMnYn8,341nak' cUlmkkan'®sukExµr edI
m∫I[CYyeFI√karGgkar . åTahrNG
_ gkarsm¬ab'evCÇbNiÎtCatiExµr, sm¬ab'
®bFaneragc®kCatiExµr ˘˘˘EbrCabeJçjcinmkCMnYsTSgGs' . m"¥agmYyvij
eTot cinnSes~øtrbs'em"A-esTug EdlefI√TaruNkmµ®bCaBlrdΩcinCMnan'
bdivt†nv_ b∫Fm· (1966-68) ykmk[GgkarGnuvt†eFI√TarNkmµelIExµr . ci
nVnbJÇËnLankam"∆¨ gBN·´btgcas'Cae®cIne®KOg cUlmkkan'®beTs Exµr
rYc®bmUl®TB¥sm∫ti†Exµrdak'LanenaH dwknSykeTAbJçËlkV"l'FM@ rbs'va
EdlQb'sMcte®tob®taenAkMBg'EpkMBg'esam . KYr[cEm¬kNas' eTAeTot
bgbÌËnExµrKYrEtdwg ! kaleNaH elIkElgEtkV"l'ehaHrbs' cin
kV"l'ehaHrbs'yYnhaNUy GacmkcuHctQb'e®tob®ta enAcMNt
GakasyandΩaneJFicintug y"ageTotTat'minEdldac' . kV"l'cinTI1dwk
m˙ËbcMNImkp†l'[buKlikrbs'va˘˘˘ kV"l'ehaHTI2 eq¬øteBlenaHdwk®TB¥
sm∫ti†ExµreTAkan'®beTsrbs'va . kV"l'ehaHTI3 ´f©esAr´_ f©GaTit¥ vadwk
nSbuKlikrbs'va EdlkMBugCYyeFI√kar[GgkarenAk~¨g®sukExµrenaH edIrel
glMEhkayeTA®beTsenH…®beTsenaHy"agsb∫ay .
cMENk‰®kumExµrGay"gyYn dUcCab"ul-Bt, ehg-sMrin, hflun-Esn,
Ca-sIumCaedIm vaKitEtBIsm¬ab'˘˘˘ vaKitEtBIkMeTcbgbÌËnCatiExµrrbs'x¬Án [
rt'ecal®suk TukTwkdI[ecAh√ayrbs'va .l.
®keLkemIlelakexov-sMpn, elaksWn-esnvij Camnusßecal
emßøtKµansmtƒPaBGI√TSgGs'˘˘˘. emIlcuH! sUm∫IEtGgkarbJÇa[cab'x¬Án
kmµaPiVlCan'xıs'Exµr®khmbkßrbs'elak, cab'KNrdΩmÂnI†, shkarIrb
s'elakswgTSgGs'b®JçkKukTYlEs¬g˘˘˘ GgkarbJÇa[eFI√TaruNkmµy"ag
F©n' rYceTIbsm¬ab'ecal˘˘˘ elakTSgBIrnak'dUcCaesaHGegIyKµanyl' Kµan
dwgGI√TSgGs' .l. nig .l.

❑ ❑
❑
GgkarCanrNa ? 5

CMBUkTI1
‹ ehtudUcem†cVnCaVrSgcUlåbtƒm∏karJrExµr ?
‹ yYnvatTIyknKrcam !
‹ yYnvatTIykTwkdIkmı¨Cae®kam !
‹ ®by&t~kMBb'EtGug !

ehtd
u c
U emc
† VnCaVrSgcl
U åbtm
ƒ k
∏ arJrExrµ ?

karEdleyIgelIkykerOgBIGtitkald*QWcukcab'CUrct'x¬H@ mkBN·-
narlwk®tYs@ KWedIm∫IbMP¬Wkarvivt†n´_ n®bvti†saÂs†®beTskmı¨CaeyIg edIm∫I
®Kan'CaBn¬Wdl'stism∫CJÔ:bgbÌËnExµrrYmQam®Kb'@rUb edIm∫IrMlwkbg˙aj
nUvemeronx¬H@Edl®bvti†saÂs†VnF¬ab'sal' ®BmTSgmankarBiesaFnC
_ a
e®cInelIkrYcmkehIy . åTahrNE_ dlmanlk≈N:®®twm®tUvenaH minx√H
eLIy .
yYnhaNUyCaXatkrsm¬ab'bMVt'BUCExµr, Cas®tUvsYrBUC´n®bCaCn
Exµr minEmnEtbcç¨b∫n~enHeT KWtSgBI300q~Sem"¬H . yYnhaNUymanedImkM
eNItenAtugkwg k~¨gstvtßTI10 . TI®kugFMKWhaNUy . VrSgehACatiyYn
CMnan'enaHfa – tugKIn&r ( Tonkinois ) . rbrrksIurbs'yYntugkwg KWedIrQ¬an
Jn®beTsCitxag˘˘˘ eFI√ecarb¬n'®TB¥sm∫ti†rbs'eKmkciJçwmCIvit nigvatTI
B®gIkTwkdIrbs'x¬Án˘˘˘.
emIlcuH! k~¨gstvtßTI14 yYnQ¬anJncUlmktSgTIlMenAk~¨gext†xa
geCIg´nnKrcMV" KWk~¨gext†k√anbij, k√ag®TI nigTUer"n sB√´f©ehAdaNag .
BIstvtßTI15dl'TI17 yYntugkwgcUlratt∫aty"ag´®B´pßk~¨g®beTscam
sm¬ab'bMVt'BUCcam dUec~HnKrcMV"TSgmUl ®tUvyYnvatTIelbykTSgGs'
BIeCIgrhUtdl't∫Ëg . nKrcMV"k*®tUvrlayVt'eQµaHBIEpnTIBiPBelak
k~¨gq~S1696 .
GgkarCanrNa ? 6

yYntugkwgE®beQµaHnKrcMV"enHCa «GNˆam» EdlmanraCFanIeQµaH

«eh√» .
yYntugkwgvatTIcUllukluynKrcMV" minTan'VnerobcMTIlMenAVn®sY
lbYlpg˘˘˘vacab'epI†mrulsMrukvatTIcUlmkTwkdIkmı¨Cae®kamCabn†@ BIe®JH
vadwgfa CadITMnab®bkbedayCIrCati®Kb'Ebby"ag sm∫ËrNe_ dayFnFan
ksikmµ ®sUv ®tI nigbEn¬®Kb'mux CatMbn'kMBg'Epsmu®T˘˘˘.
enAcugstvtßTI17 ®bCaCnExµrkmı¨Cae®kammanEtbYnmWun®KYsareT KW
®bEhlCa2Esnnak'b"ueNˆaH rs'enAelI´pÊdITMhM67,700KILËEm"®t®kLa .
enAq~S1651 es†cExµreQ¬aHK~aBIerOgdeNI†mbl¬g˚raC¥ . es†cExµrd*qÁt
m≈agenaH k*rt'eTAsMuCMnYyBIes†cyYneQµaH eg√øg-vUg . es†cyYnenHk*eq¬øt
{kasvaykMeTces†cExµr Q¬anJnrMelaPcUlmktSgTIlMenA k~¨gGaNa-
ext†Eb"kxagekIt´nTwkdIkmı¨Cae®kam k~¨gext†®BHsYK·a nigext†®BHcg√a .
k~¨gq~S1696 GaNaext†´®BnKr®tUvF¬ak'eTAk~¨gkN†ab'´dyYneTot .
luHmkdl'edImstvtßTI18 yYntugkwgvatTImkdl'Ten¬emKg rYcrulsMruk
ykext†Jm nigext†®kmYns . k~¨gq~S1731 varulsMrukykext†em-s nig
ext†L¨geha . k~¨gq~S1757 vavatTIykext†pßarEdk nigext†mat'®CUk .
dUec~HGaNaext†k~¨gkmı¨Cae®kamTSgmUl ®tUvrebHm†gmYy@F¬ak'eTAk~¨gkN†a
b'´dyYnCabn†bnÊab'luH®taEtCitGs'k~¨gq~S1765˘˘˘. enAsl'ext†®BH®tJM
g, ext†®TSg nigext†e®CayTwkexµA . Cit100q~Se®kaymk ext†TSgbIenHk*
F¬ak'k~¨gkN†ab'´dyYndac'e®scenAq~S1840 .
k~¨gry:s
sÂgamyYnratt∫atlukluyvatTIkmı¨Cae®kamenH yYneFI√Taru-
kmµExµrkmı¨Cae®kamsahavCagsahav dUcCakalBIq~S1815dl'1820 yYn
ekNÎExµrkmı¨Cae®kam®bmUlnSykeTAbg≈M[eFI√kary"agF©n' TSg´f©TSgyb'
TSgek†ATSgeP¬øg [CIkE®BkmYymanbeN†ay53K˘m˘ TTwg30Em"®t CMerA
2˘60Em"®t cab'BIext†mat'®CUkecjeTAkan'mat'smu®TxageCIgTI®kugJm edI
m∫IeFI√Cax&NήBMsImaEbgEckrvagkmı¨CakN†alnigkmı¨Cae®kam .
E®BkCIkenaHeQµaH « E®Bkvijet » . eBlkMBugCIkE®BkenaH ebIman
ExµrNaeFI√karElgekIt yYncab'ExµrGP&B√TSgenaH m†g3nak'[CIkreN†Ax¬Án
‰g rYccuHGg¨yk~¨greN†Akb'x¬Ánbnßl'Etk∫al eFI√CamumeCIg®kansMrab'dS
Et[Gug . ePI¬genHek†Ax¬SgNas' bN†al[Exµrrge®KaHxMerIbMrHerk∫aleFI√
[kMBb'Et . dUec~HeTIbmanJk¥mYyX¬aCaGnusßavrIyd
_ *CUrct' rhUtTl'sB√
GgkarCanrNa ? 7

´f©enHfa – « cUrkMueP¬c˘˘˘ ®by&t~kMBubEtGug ! » .

cugq~S1820 eBlCIkE®BkvijetrYc yYnk*dak'ex~aHeCIgExµrCaG~kCIkE®B
kTSgGs'siƒtenAkN†alE®Bk EdlmanCMerA2˘60Em"®t rYcvaTm¬ayTMnb'
Twksmu®T[hUrcUlE®BkvijetenaH . GnicçabgbÌËnExµreyIgEdlCab'cMN
g®tUvlg'Twks¬ab'TSgGs' .l. nig .l. yYnvatTIyknKrcMV"kI† yk
kmı¨Cae®kamkI† ˘˘˘vavateTAdl'ext†Na TIkEn¬gNa vak*E®beQµaHCayYnP¬am
Edr .
ehtuEdlbN†al[yYnvatTIelbkmı¨Cae®kamVnedaygayy"agenH
mkBI –
TI1- raÂs†Exµrkmı¨Cae®kammankareF√s®bEhs BIe®JHExµrs¬Ët®tg' Tn'
P¬n' suPaB mancit†sb∫¨rs manemt†aFm· eFI√buN¥dak'Tan˘˘˘ maneBlx¬H
eXIjyYn®krehmrham edIrsMuTanKµanTIlMenA ExµrEtgEtdak'Tan CYyTMnu
kbMrugåbtƒm∏[sg'xÊmenAEk∫r@x¬Án . pʨyeTAvijsasny
_ YnenH Casasn_
Gkt†JÔË, kMNac, efakTab, ®kLic®kL¨c, LËLa CaecarlYctSgBICI s¬wk´®K
emÊsCaedIm˘˘˘ j¨Sg[ExµrFuj®Tan'k*nS®KYsarfycakecjeVHbg'ecal
kEn¬genaH eTAkan'TIkEn¬gepßgvij e®JHTwkdIenATUlMTUlay .
TI2- kMhusd*F©n'CageK KWes†cekItvivaTc∫SgK~adeNI†mraCbl¬g˚ . es†
c‰eNHrt'eTABwgyYn es†c‰eNaHrt'eTABwgesom . kaleNaH®beTs
kmı¨CaeyIgmanlk≈N:dUcCaEdk®Tnab'tUcmYy etIGac®T®Tg'Tb'Tl'nwg
jjÁrFM@dl'eTA2Edr…eT ? BIe®JHm≈agCayYn ! m≈ageTotCaesom ! .
BIe®JHEtmUlehtuenHehIy VnCak~¨grCÇkales†cGgdYg BIq~S1845
dl'1859 eBl®BHGgeLIgesayraC¥ ®Tg'eQ√gyl'fa dl'eBlputBI
®BHGgeTA ®beTskmı¨CamuxCa®tUvrge®KaHedaysaryYnnigesom BuHdIExµr
EckK~aminxan .
kaleNaH edaysarsem†cmIs ( Miche ) CaemKN:´nsasnakatU
lik CaG~kCYyx~HEx~gnigåbtƒm∏˘˘˘ ®BHVTGgdYgk*sMercesI~sMuedaysm©at'
[®beTsVrSgCYyTMnukbMrugkarJr .
k~¨gExviciœka1853 ®BHGgVnbJÇËnG~kmanbN†as&ki†xagsasnakatU-
lik2nak'KW elakkuy-dWm"ugetr"U nigelakEb"n eFI√dMeNIreTACYbkugsflulV
rSg®bcS®kugswg˙bUrI sMuCYybJÇËnsarlixitrbs'®BHGg CaPasaVrSgsr-
esredaysem†cmIs eTAf√ayes†cNab"UeLGugTI3´n®beTsVrSg .
GgkarCanrNa ? 8

Gs'ry:eeBlBIrq~S KWrhUtdl'q~S1855 eTIb®BHecANab"UeLGugTI3cat'

elak dWm"ugTIjI EdlCardΩmÂnI†TTYlebskkmµenA®beTsesomnig®beTs
cin [erobcat'EcgeFI√sniÏsJÔasmı&nÏPaBnigJNiCÇkmµCamYy®BHGgdYg .
®BHVTnerat†m EdlCa®BHraCbu®trbs'®BHGgdYg yagecjmkBIVgkk
rYceLIgesayraC¥bn†k~¨gq~S1859 .
´f©TI11sIha1863 k*mankarcuHhtƒelxa®Bme®BogK~arvagVrSgnig
Exµr « GnuJÔat[VrSgcUlmkCYykarJråbtƒm∏TMnukbMrug » . bnÊab'BIeBl
enaHmk˘˘˘ reboberobcM®sukeTstamEbbsm&yTMenIb Vn®tUv®BHVTnera-
t†m TTYlykmkGnuvt†TSg®sug .
dUec~H cab'tSgBIVrSgcUlmkCYykarJråbtƒm∏TMnukbMrug BIq~S1863
dl'q~S1953 k~¨gry:eeBl90q~S nSmk[®bCaBlrdΩExµrnig®beTskmı¨CanUv
sN†ab'F~ab' reboberobry sMbUrsb∫ay rugerOg nigsni†PaB « KWdUcCa
Âh√SgTiB√mYy Tb'yYnnigesom pÌakratt∫atlukluy®beTsExµr » .
karrYmrs'CamYyK~a rvagVrSgnigExµr k~¨gry:eeBl90q~SenH minmanå-
b∫ti†ehtuGI√ekIteLIgCaFMdMueT . k~¨g®bvti†saÂs† eKGackk'®taCab'Canicçfa
Camit†d*lÌeTAvijeTAmk .

❑ ❑
❑
GgkarCanrNa ? 9

CMBUkTI2

‹ yYncab'epI†mrukran®beTsCitxag !
‹ hU-CImijbegI˚tbkßkumµ¨ynis†≤NÎËcin !
‹ yYnbegI˚tBYkevotmij nigbegI˚tExµrevotmij !
‹ sni~siThßWENvbJçb'sÂgam≤NÎËcin !
‹ yYncg'BuH®beTsExµrCaBIrcMENk !
‹ yYnhaNUybegI˚tevotkug !

yYncab'epI†mvayluk®beTsCitxag
VrSg®Kb'®Kg≤NÎËcin dUcCaÂh√SgTiB√Tb'yYn min[edIrQ¬anJn®beT
sCitxagGs'ry:eeBl65q~S .
®sab'EtenAq~S1925˘˘˘ manyYnm~ak'eQµaH eg√øg-GayKYk E®beQµaHCa
hU-CImij cab'epI†mbegI˚t «bdivt†ne_ votNam» . luHdl'q~S1929, hU-CImi
jk*´q~®bDit[eTACa « bkßkumµ¨ynis†evotNam » .
hU-CImijduHKMnitelaPln' cg'vaTTIykTwkdIkmı¨Cae®kam, kmı¨CakN†a
l niglav . KWedaysarmUlehtuenHehIy eTIbvabegI˚t « bkßkumµ¨ynis†
≤NÎËcin » enA´f©TI3 kum∏: q~S1930 .
edIm∫IsMralbnʨkrbs'va va®tUvEtj¨Hjg'[ExµrEbkVk'K~a rYcehIyxIç´d
Exµrc∫SgCamYyExµr .
dUec~H k~¨gq~S1935˘˘˘ hU-CImijsMuCYbelaksWg-g"ukfaj' . vaniyay
Tn'P¬n'bbYlelak, sMuelakrYbrYmeFI√karCamYyyYn edIm∫IbegI˚tclnatsflUrM-
edaH≤NÎËcinBInwmVrSg . elaksWg-g"ukfaj'CaExµre®kam, elaksal'c∫a
s'nUvkll∫ic®kLic®kL¨ck*®kx√k'rbs'yYn EdlEtgEtmanCabÂJças'Ca
GgkarCanrNa ? 10

beN†ay˘˘˘˘. eBlenaHelakeqI¬yy"agxI¬fa erOgyYn®tUvyYnedaH®sayeda

yx¬Án‰gcuH˘˘˘ cMENkerOgExµr®tUvTuk[ExµredaH®sayedayx¬Án‰g˘˘˘.
enA´f©TI9 mina q~S1945, Cb"uncUllukluyåbTI√b≤NÎËcinmYyry: .
hU-CImijeq¬øtyk{kasd*lÌenH ®bkasevotNam‰kraC¥enAExkJÔa q~S19
45˘˘˘ rYcbegI˚t « rNsirßevotNam‰kraC¥smı&nÏPaB » ehAkat'fa « evotmi
j» .
hU-CImijcab'epI†mbeJçjskmµPaBCalMdab'lMeday eKalbMNgTI1
manerobcMe®KagkarNT
_ ukCae®sc . ebIeBlNaVrSg®tUvcaj' ®tUvfyec
jBI≤NÎËcin yYn®tUvEtvatTIykTwkdIkmı¨Cae®kam[VnP¬amCaelIkTI2˘˘˘.
dUec~Hcab'BIq~S1945, yYnhaNUyj¨Hjg'xIç´dyYnxagt∫Ëg [elats
m¬ab'kMcayraÂs†Exµrkmı¨Cae®kam CaBiessBYkG~kecHdwg j¨Sg[x¬ac k*nS®KY
sarrt'ecal®sukecalTwkdITuk[va . vae®bIsÂgamek†A . hU-CImij´llk
QanmYyCMhanm†g@ kMeTcExµrmYyEp~km†g@ tamKMeragkarNr_ bs'va
Edlman®JgTukmkCae®sc .
emIlcuH ! enA®beTskmı¨CakN†al yYncat'kare®bIsÂgam®tCak'˘˘˘ dU-
ec~Hk~¨gExkJÔaq~S1945dEdl hU-CImijEbrCabJÇËn «bUdUy» cUlmkkan'
®beTskmı¨Ca edayykelsfa yYnsµ&®Kcit†cUlmkCYyExµredjVrSg .
bUdUycab'tSgmUldΩanenAext†nanadUcCa mNÊlKIrI, rtnKIrI, ekaHkug, esom -
rab, Vt'dMbg nigtMbn'nirtITis . kaleNaHbUdUysiƒtenAk~¨g´®Be®CA
vacab'epI†mTak'Tg®kumecar´®B, Tak'TgraÂs†Exµr®k@enAtamCnbT nigTI®bCMu
Cn´®BP~Mq©aydac'®syal . vaniyayTn'P¬n'EpÌmEl˙m . vaxMeXasnaku-
hkfa bUdUysµ&®Kcit†cUlmks¬ab'CamYyExµr edIm∫IvayedjVrSg .
va´leFI√kar®sb@CamYy®kumExµr≤sßr: EdlkMBug®bqSgtTl'cMeJH
VrSg edIm∫ITamTar‰kraC¥CUn®beTskmı¨Ca .
eq¬øteBlenaHvabJÇËncarkicçrbs'va®Kb'FuncUlkan'®beTskmı¨Ca . ®ku
mcarkicçenaHxMeronsU®t [sal'®Kb'®Cuge®CayPUmiyuTÏsaÂs† . sal'c∫a
s'EpnTI´®B®Bwkßak~¨g®beTsExµr . Ep~kcit†saÂs† vaxMeronsU®t[sal'crit
cit†KMnit nigcMNucexßayrbs'®bCaBlrdΩExµr cab'tSgBIG~k®suk´®BP~M G~k
E®scMkarCnbT emTahan namWunExµr rhUtdl'namWunk~¨gvSg .l. vaxMdk
®sg'karBiesaFnn
_ ana . vatSgx¬ÁnlÌNas' sUm∫IEtCIs¬wk´®K emÊsrbs'
Exµr k*vaminb"HJl'eLIy .
GgkarCanrNa ? 11

enAeBlenaHhU-CImijeq¬q¬arkemdwknSExµr ®sab'Etvadwgfa enA´f©TI16/

10/45 VrSgcab'x¬ÁnelaksWg-g"ukfaj' nSykeTAdak'KukenAEx®tB&reT¥r
(Poitier)) ®sukVrSg . hU-CImijk*sMrSge®CIserIsVnyYnm~ak'eQµaH eg√øg
va"n'emon ehAGacar¥emon EdlbYsCaelaksgÙExµr VneronsU®trebob
rbb TMenomTMlab'Exµry"age®CA®CH GaclYcbn¬MeFI√CaExµr . dUec~HhU-CImij
sMercdak'eQµaHyYnenaHfa « sWg-g"ukmij » rYcpßayPrbEnƒmfa CabÌËn®bu
sbegI˚trbs'elaksWg-g"ukfaj' .
enAExemsaq~S1950 hU-CImijcat'bJÇËn[Gacar¥emon E®beQµaHCasW
g-g"ukmij . vacat'EtgtSgCae®scCa®bFanrdΩaPiVlExµrtsflU TTYlbnʨk
CanaykrdΩmÂnI† » [cUlkan'®beTsExµr cab'´drYbrYmCamYyGacar¥sux E®b
eQµaHCa TU-samut ( EdlhU-CImijcat'EtgtSgCa®bFanrN:sirßCati‰k
PaBrYcehIy ) . dUec~HsWg-g"ukmijnigTU-samutcab'epI†mGnuvt†eX¬agX¬a «
bMEbkbMVk'edIm∫I®Kb'®Kg» . vacab'epI†mj¨Hjg'Bn¥l'®kumecar´®B, raÂs†Exµr
Edl®kl©g'enAtamCnbT, ®bCaCn´®BP~Mdac'®syal tamcMNucexßayna
na CaBiessvaEvkEjknUverOgvNˆ: j¨Sg[gakerecjBI®kumExµr≤sßr:,, [
gakerQb'eKarBrdΩaPiVlrbs'x¬Án . CMruj[ExµrEbkVk'K~a rYcbg˚begI˚tCa
sÂgameFI√[Exµrc∫SgK~a . m"¥agvijeTot ExµrFunenaHyl'®cLMy"agF©n'fa
swg-g"ukmijCabÌËnbegI˚trbs'elaksWg-g"ukfaj'˘˘˘ ®besIrNas'@ ! .
luHhU-CImijTTYlesckI†raykarNB
_ IsWg-g"ukmijdwgfa raÂs†Exµrf~a
k'TabF¬ak'cUlk~¨gGnÊak'rbs'vaehIy hU-CImijk*cab'ebIkGg®bCMubkßkumµ¨y
nis†≤NÎËcinCaelIkTI2 cab'tSgBI´f©TI11/2/51 dl'´f©TI19/2/51 . TIbJç
b'k*bMEbkbkßkumµ¨ynis†≤NÎËcinCabkßsaxabIKW – yYn, Exµr, lavdac'@BIK~a .
- xagyYn, Gg®bCMusMercdak'eQµaHP¬amKW « bkßBlkrevotNam » Ed
lk¬aymkCa «bkßkumµ¨ynis†evotNam» k~¨gbcç¨b∫n~enH .

‹ cMENkxagExµr vabegI˚t –
k)- kgkm¬Sg®bdab'GavuFbdivt†n‰
_ kPaBrbs'kmı¨Ca Edlcab'bdisniÏ
eLIgkalBI´f©TI19/6/51 EdlhU-CImijcat'tSgTU-samutCaembJÇakar .
q~S1963 TU-samut®tUveKsm¬ab'˘˘˘ hU-CImijcat'tSgsaL¨t-sr …b"ul-Bt
y"agsm©at'bMput [eLIgeFI√CaemT&BCMnYs .
cab'BIq~S1970dl'1975 kgT&BenHE®beQµaHfa « kgkm¬Sg®bdab'Gavu
Fes~haCatikmı¨Ca » EdlmanGnu®bFanembJÇakarCan'xıs' KW®bBnÏrbs'
GgkarCanrNa ? 12

b"ul-BteQµaH exov-b"uNˆarI . k~¨grbbrbs'Ggkar kgkm¬SgenHbn¬Me®bIyI-

ehaExµr®khm « ®kumnirtI » . k~¨grbbExµrGay"gyYn˘˘˘ ®kumehgsMrin-hflu
nEsnE®beQµaHCa «kgkm¬Sg®bdab'GavuFbdivt†nk
_ mı¨Ca» .
x)- « bkß®bCaCnbdivt†nE_ xµr » cab'bdisnIÏeLIgenA´f©TI28/6/51 Ed
khU-CImijcat'tSgsWg-g"ukmijCa®bFan .
k~¨grbbrbs'Ggkar BIq~S1976dl'q~S1978 Ggkarcat'EtgtSgsmaCi
krbs'bkßenH [eFI√Ca®bFanshkrN,_ CaKN:t
tMbn', CatMNagraÂs† .
kaleNaHExµrsal'®twmEtKN:t
tMbn'b"ueNˆaH . luHmkdl'rbbExµrGay"g
yYn˘˘˘ bkß®bCaCnbdivt†nE_ xµr E®beQµaHCa « bkß®bCaCnbdivt†nk
_ mı¨Ca ».
yYhaNUycat'tSgehg-sMrin CaGKelxaKNkmµaFikarmCŒwmbkß . cM-
ENk‰mit†@dUcCa hflun-Esn, Ca-swum, Ca-suTÏ CaedIm˘˘˘ yYnhaNUycat'
EtgtSgCasmaCikkariyal&yneyaVymCŒwmbkß . bcç¨b∫n~enH « bkß
®bCaCnbdivt†nk
_ mı¨Ca » E®beQµaHfa « bkß®bCaCnkmı¨Ca » EdlmanCa-
swumCa®bFan .
enHCa®bvti†ExµrGay"gyYn EdlExµreyIgEtgEtehAfa « Exµrevotmij »
tSgBIExmifuna1951enaHmk .
enA´f©TI22/3/55 eTIbbkß®bCaCnbdivt†nl
_ avekIteLIg . eTaHbIbegI˚t
bkßsaxabIdac'edayELkBIK~ay"agenHk*eday k*enAEtman®bPBrYmEtmYy
KWbkßkumµ¨ynis†≤NÎËcindEdl . mann&yfa – bkßExµr lav ®tUvEteKarBeFI√
tambJÇarbs'hU-CImijdEdl . dMNak'karCadMbUgrbs'bkßsaxaTSgbIKW
®tUvEtkMeTcski†PUmi nigc®kBti† . k~¨gExminaq~S1952 hU-CImijdwgfaelak
sWg-g"ukfaj'vil®tLb'mkBI®beTsVrSgvijehIy rYcelakrt'cUl´®Bca
b'´drYbrYmCamYy®kumExµr≤sßr: edIm∫IkMeTcedjVrSgteTAeTot .
hU-CImijeq¬q¬acat'EcgbJÇËntMNagbYnnak' KWExµr2nak' yYn2nak' eTA
kan'PUmiGUrsµac' sMuCYbelaksWg-g"ukfaj' .
elaksWg-g"ukfaj'GnuJÔat[EtExµr2nak'cUlCYbCamYyelak . eBl
enaHExµrtMNagrbs'hU-CImij esI~rsMutamsMeNIrbs'hU-CImijdUcteTA –
x1- sMubJÇËnbUdUybEnƒmcUlkan'®sukExµr edIm∫ICYyc∫SgedjVrSg[
ecjBI®sukExµr .
x2- sMu[ExµrCYyp†l'es∫øgGahar dl'bUdUyenA®sukyYn .
x3- sMusiTiÏ[bUdUyedIr®tYt®tacuHeLIgtambeN†ay®BMEdnExµr-yYneda
GgkarCanrNa ? 13

yesrI .
eBlenaHelaksWg-g"ukfaj'bdiesFsMeNIenH ®BmTSgeq¬øt{kas
enaH xMBn¥l'ExµrevotmijTSg2nak' [yl'nUvKMeragkarNd
_ *®kx√k'rbs'yYn
haNUy EdlvaecHe®bIkll∫ic manCabÂJças'manCabeN†ayCanic碢˘ cUr
kMuTukcit†[esaH . elakbJÇak'fa ®bCaBlrdΩExµrsuPaBs©b'es©øm s¬ËtbUt
sucrit ®sLaj'esrIPaB 90%kan'®BHBuTÏsasna . eyIgminGacelat
keÂJÇaldUcP~MePI¬g e®bIFm·ek†AdUcyYndUcyYnevotmijVneLIy . dIFI¬®beT-
sExµreyIgmanCIrCatilÌFMTUlayNas' sMrab'begI˚npl . eyIgeFI√E®sEt
m†gmYyq~S rYceyIgsMrak5-6Exy"ag®sYl . cMENk´®BeQId*mant´m¬ ma
ndl'eTA 73% ´ndIFI¬TSgGs' . Ten¬sab Ten¬emKg p†l'®tIVn®Kb'®Kan' .
®keLkemIleTAt∫Ëgd*mant´m¬vij eyIgmany"age®cIn˘˘˘.l.
dUec~HeyIg®Kan'EtrYbrYmK~abMVt'QµÁjkN†al bMVt'sMNUksUkV"n'
eyIgGacedaH®saybJ˙aCIvPaBksikrExµrVny"aggay .l. nig .l.
ExµrTSg2nak'enaHvil®tLb'eTACYbva . hU-CImijecjbJÇa[eKsm¬ab'G~k
TSgBIrenaHecal edIm∫IecosvagkMu[EbkkarNr_ bs'va . sÂgam57´f©pʨH
eLIgy"agx¬Sgk¬aenAeDonebonPU . kgT&BVrSgnigbUdUyB&TÏvayK~ay"ags√it
KWsIusac'hutQamK~a . Tin~anub∫vti†VrSgmYyeQµaH HISTORAMA Vnpßa-
yfa enAeBlenaHkgT&BVrSgmans¬ab'nigVt'x¬ÁncMnYnCap¬Ëvkar ®VMmWun®VM
BIrJn'®VMbYnryekAsib®VMbInak' (57,998nak') . eTIbBiPBelakebIksni~-
siTmYyenA®kughßWENv cab'BIExemsaq~S1954 edIm∫IcrcabJçb'sÂgamenA
e®CayåbTI√b≤NÎËcin .
dUec~Hsni~siTenHVnsMercenA´f©TI20/7/54 ®tUvbJçb'sÂgamenAelI
e®CayåbT√Ib≤NÎËcin EfmTSgyl'®Bm[®beTskmı¨Ca, yYn, lav‰kraC¥
bJÇak'bEnƒmeTotfa T&BbreTsTSgGs'®tUvdkfyecj[Gs'BI®beTsTS
gbIenaHCadac'xat .
b"uEn†GP&B√ExµreyIg˘˘˘ eyIg®tUvVt'bg'TwkdIkmı¨Cae®kamCaelIkTI2 . ®tUv
Vt'bg'®bCaCncMnYn4lannak', ®tUvlHbg'vt†cMnYn556 Edlman®BHsgÙ
CaCatiExµr kan'®BHBuTÏsasnay"agxÇab'xÇÁncMnYn2mWun5Jn'Gg . ( erOgExµr
eyIg®tUvVt'bg'TwkdIkmı¨Cae®kamenH, VrSgdUcCaKµankMhuseT e®JHkal
eNaH ebIVrSg®bKl'TwkdIkmı¨Cae®kam[Exµr eKGacsµanVnfa muxCadUc
s√aVnEp¬dUgehIy ! ) . KYr[s†ayNas'˘˘˘ TwkdIkmı¨Cae®kamsiƒtenAe®kam
GgkarCanrNa ? 14

GaNaniKmVrSgGs'ry:eeBlcMnYn90q~S . raCkarExµresaHGegIy Kµan

KMeragkarrMedaHTal'EtesaH ! . pʨyeTAvij yYnmanEpnkare®KagTukCa
e®sctSgBIq~S1945 edIm∫I®Kb'®KgnKrkmı¨Cae®kam . emIlcuH ! VrSg®b-
Kl'TwkdIkmı¨Cae®kam[vaP¬am˘˘˘ vamankgT&BEdlmankarBiesaFnd
_ *®Kb'®Ka
n'˘˘˘ vamannamWunecHdwge®CA®CH˘˘˘ vamanG~kbecçkeTsd*®twm®tUv nSykmk
dak'®Kb'@®ksYg, ®Kb'@Ep~kP¬am@ .l.
VrSgVn®bKl'‰kraC¥[®beTskmı¨CatSgBI´f©TI9viciœka1953 . yYn
evotmijcg'BuH®beTskmı¨CaCaBIr˘˘˘ dUec~Heq¬øteBlEdlbUdUytSgmUldΩan
enAJseBj®sukExµry"agenH vaEbrCabJÇa[bUdUylYcvaykMeTckgexmr
PUminÊenA®suk´b"lin, ®kecH, E®seCs, vWun´s CaedIm k~¨gExemsaq~S1954 .
eBlenaHkgT&BCatieyIgvaytbeTAvij bN†ay[bUdUy®tUvs¬ab'tayehag
ecalexµacJseBj´®B .
emIlcuHbgbÌËnExµreGIy ! kgT&BExµreyIgminEmnGn'‰Na ! . k~¨gq~S
1954, bUdUymankm¬SgT&BnigmanGavuFd*x¬Sgk¬a, vaGacdeNI†mykC&yCMnH
BIVrSgenAedonebonPU k*b"uEn†va®tUvbraC&yKYr[Gam"as'enAcMeJHmuxkgexm
rPUminÊ . luH®tUvbraC&yy"agenH eTIbvayl'fa ebIe®bIEtGavuFnigkm¬SgVy
eFI√sÂgamCamYyExµr vaminGacykC&yCMnHBIExµrVneLIy . e®JH®bCaCn
Exµrrwgbwugs√its√ajBUEkGt'®TSnUvkarlMVk®Kb'Ebby"ag . emIlcuHExµrm~ak'
GacTb'Tl'nwgyYn5nak'Vny"aggay . bn†sÂgamteTAeTotminekIteT
®tUvEtdkfyrkåVyklepßg . yYnsal'critnigcMNucexßayrbs'em
dwknS®beTsExµr KWcUlcit†sIueCar, cUlcit†[eKbeJÇar, [eKbeJIçcbeJIçr
reNbreNIb˘˘˘ ‰gPrGjk*PreTAcuH [Et®tUvcit†Gj ! [EtGjl∫IeQµaH
(eLIgbuN¥s&ki†) man®beyaCnd
_ l'®KYsarGj .l. dUec~HyYnhaNUy
®tUvEtbEnƒmGavuFcit†saÂs† nigkll∫icEfmeTot rYcehIyvak*cab'epI†mGnu
vt†eX¬agX¬a « bMEbkbMVk'edIm∫I®Kb'®Kg » .
yYnevotmijkMBugs¬n'es¬arkåVykl ®sab'Etvadwgfasni~siTenATI
®kughßWENvsMercbJŒb'sÂgamenAåbTI√b≤NÎËcin . {kaslÌmkdl'y"a
genH, enA´f©TI6/8/54, yYnhaNUyecjbJÇa[ecjBI´®BtMerobCYreLIgLa
nTSgmuxjjwm rYcelIk´dbk'rvic@ «sMulabgbÌËnExµr» vil®tLb'eTAkan'
®beTsevotNamvij . vaE®skehflarkeÂJÇøvsb∫ayrIkray jjwmmann&-
yCagExµrmças'®sukeTAeTot .
GgkarCanrNa ? 15

cab'tSgBIExkJÔa1954rhUtbn†bnÊab'mk bUdUylblYccUlmkkan'®b
eTsExµr . vaedIrefIµreCIgs©at'e®cob . pʨyeTAvij enA´f©TI6/8/54 bUdUy®tU
vdkfyecjBI®sukExµr ®sab'EtbUdUytMerobCYrK~aeLIgLan y"agK®KwkK-
e®Kg eFI√[epIÌldl'BiPBelaknig®bCaCnExµr . enHCakll∫icfiınEP~kd*
®bsb'Gsçar¥ . vabg˙aj[eXIjpÊal'EP~kCak'Es†gfa eBlVrSgfyecj
BI®beTsExµr bUdUyk*dkfyecjEdr . dUec~HExµrEdlminVnBicarNa k*
yl'®cLMy"agF©n'fa – bUdUysµ&®Kcit†cUlmks¬ab'CYyExµrEmn e®JHbgbÌË
nExµreyIgsµanyl'tamEtkaremIleXIjb"ueNˆaH .
KWbuB√ehtuEdlVnerobrab'mkenHehIy VnCaExµrGay"gyYnehg-
sMrin, hflun-Esn, Ca-swumsni~dΩanfa yYncUlmkCYyExµrCaelIkTI1 .
cMENkyYnevotmijEdlVnsMerceCaKC&yd*FMeFg nUvEpnkarTI1enH
ehIy dUec~HvaGacelbTwkdIkmı¨Cae®kam EdlCaEpnkarTI2rbs'vaVny"ag
gay . ena‰kmı¨CakN†al‰eNHvij vabegI˚tVnCaExßry:b
bg˚b'TukCae®s
c mansmaCikExµrevotmijTSgGs'cMnYn®VMJn'nak' p†Ërp†ac'y"agsÌitrmYt
bMerIva . eBlbUdUydkT&BecjBI®beTsExµr vasMrSge®CIserIsk~¨gcMeNam
smaCikTSgenaHcMnYnmYyJn'nak' nSykeTACamYy . cMENkbYnJn'nak'
eTot va[rMsayCYrsm©Mk~¨gTIggit sMrab'TukeFI√Exßry:rrg'cS{kaslÌvil®t
Lb'mkvij . KµannrNam~ak'cUlsMusarPaBbMerIraCkarExµreT . cMENk‰
®kumExµr≤sßr:˘˘˘˘ cab'tSgBI®sukExµrVn‰kraC¥ k*sµ&®Kcit†cUlmksMusarPa
BrYbrYmbMerICatiTSgGs' .
k~¨gry:eeBl9q~SEdlbUdUytSgmUldΩanenAk~¨g®sukExµr yYnhaNUy
CaevotmijxMeronsU®tsal'®Kb'®Cuge®CayPUmiyuTÏsaÂs†´®B®BwkßaenAk~¨g
®sukExµr . sal'TIkEn¬gt∫Ëgmant´m¬ CaBiessvaeq¬øtdwknSGavuFcUlyk
mkkb'lak'Tukk~¨g´®B®sukExµry"age®cIn . åTahrNe_ nAPUmisMLËtext†Vt'
dMbg manbIryedIm . emFM@BIrnak' EdlEfrkßaGavuFTSgenaHeQµaH mUl-
sm∫it† ehAtaEb"t nigrs'-jwm ehAtaekA .
yYnVn®tYt®ta®beTsbIKW tugkwg, GNˆam nigkmı¨Cae®kam . vahflanrM
elaPc∫ab'Gn†rCati, rMelaPsiTiÏmnusß, vahflanecjc∫ab'[Exµrkmı¨Cae®kamcM
nYn4lannak'kan'katyYn . kaleNaH®BHsgÙkmı¨Cae®kameFI√Vtukmµy"ag
x¬Sgk¬a ®bqSgnwgGMeBI´®B´pßrMelaPsiTiÏmnusßenH .
edIm∫IbMVt'dan®bvti†saÂs†nigPUmisaÂs†rbs'Exµrkmı¨Cae®kam yYnVn
GgkarCanrNa ? 16

p¬as'eQµaHPUmi XMu ®suk nigext†exÊcxIÊGs' rYcvaEfmTSgp¬as'eQµaHnKrTSg

bIenaHeTACa «evotNam» eTotpg . vaVnBuHCaBIr edayykExßbnÊat'®sb
TI17 Ca®BM®bTl' KWevotNamxageCIgCakumµ¨ynis† cat'EtgtSghU-
CImijCa®bFan nigevotNamxagt∫ËgCaesrIcat'tSgeg"a-Dineyom Ca®bFa
naFibtI .
eKGac®bdUckarGnuvt†nE_ pnkarrbs'yYnrebobenH eTAnwgkare®CIserI-
s®tIr"s' EdlenArs'®ss'lÌk~¨g®kLmYy, ®tIr"s's¬ab's̨y KWBYkyYnBuk
rlYyesrIniym BYkecar´®Bxagt∫ËgenAk~¨g®kLmYyepßgeTotCae®sc
edIm∫IgayGnuvt†EpnkarTI2CabnÊan' .
edIm∫IecosvagkMu[xusc∫ab'Gn†rCati EdlmanEcgk~¨gsniÏsJÔa´nsni~
siTenA®kughßWENvExkk˚daq~S1954 EdlyYnhaNUyCaevotmij VncuH
htƒelxaTTYlyl'®BmCamYy sn¥afaQb'edIrQ¬anJn®beTsCitxag
enaH˘˘˘ dUec~Hk~¨gq~S1958, yYnhaNUy´q~®bDitCaevotkugvij rYccat'EtgtS
g « eg√øg-hflUfU » Ca®bFan . b"uEn†®tUvEts†ab' ®tUvEteKarBtambJÇahU-CImi
jdEdl . « evotkugkMBugeq¬q¬arkels ! » .
k~¨gq~S1963, eq¬øteBlEdlbJÔv&n†ExµrrjI¨r´j"rt'cUl´®B, eq¬øteBl
Edlsem†csIhnuTat'ecalCMnYyGaemrikSgenA´f©TI10viciœka1963 {kas
lÌmkdl'y"agenH yYnhaNUyCaGtitevotmij nigCabcç¨b∫n~evotkug
k*cab'epI†mGnuvt†KMeragkarTI2P¬am . vacab'epI†mTak'Tgsem†csIhnu rYcva
bJÇËnbUdUyvil®tLb'cUlmkkan'®beTskmı¨Ca, cab'epI†mtSgmUldΩanT&B
kEn¬gcas'dEdleLIgvij . vaykelssMudItSgmUldΩanT&B edIm∫IkMeTc
GaemrikSgrMedaHTwkdIevotNamxagt∫Ëg . enHehIyCax¬acas'cUlmkkan'
silenAvt†dEdlvij . vabiun®bsb'eFI√ÚkTn'P¬n' sUkV"n'namWunExµrEdlTTY
lxus®tUvk~¨gvSg rhUtdl'®KYsarrbs'sem†csIhnu .l.
k~¨gq~S1965 evotNamxagt∫ËgVnTTYlGn†raKmnB
_ IkgT&BGaemrikSg
®Kb'@Ep~kmancMnYn2Esnnak' . eq¬øt{kasenaHyYnhaNUyCaevotkugk*
bJÇËnbUdUymkkan'®beTsExµrEdr edIm∫I[mancMnYnesIµK~a . vaykelsd
Edl@fa – « sMudIs~ak'enAedIm∫IkMeTckgT&BGaemrikSgrMedaHTwkdIevotNam
xagt∫Ëg » .
eq¬øteBlenaH vabJÇËn®kumcit†saÂs† cUlmk®beTsExµry"age®cIn .
®kumenHcab'epI†meFI√skmµPaBTak'TgrwtcMNgmit†PaB rvagsmaCikbkß®b-
GgkarCanrNa ? 17

CaCnbdivt†nE_ xµr KWBYkGtitExµrevotmij EdlhU-CImijbJÇa[sWg-g"ukmij

begI˚tBIq~S1951 rYcbg˚b'lak'x¬ÁnTukk~¨g®sukmancMnYn4Jn'nak'enaHeLIg
vij . CaBiessvacab'epI†mB®gwgB®gIkkgkm¬Sg®bdab'GavuFbdivt†n‰
_ kPaB
rbs'kmı¨Ca (GtitExµrevotmij) [rwgmS . vasMrSgCMerIsEtyuvCnExµrEdl
®KYsar®tUvrge®KaH bN†almkBIGMeBIGyuti†Fm·NamYy BIs~a´dnamWunraCkar
CiHCan' rYcvaj¨Hjg'cak'cuctamcMNucexßaynanaenaH[duHcit†®tUvEtsg
swk˘˘˘ rYceTIbvabJçËlk~¨gGgPaBeyaFa .l.

❑ ❑
❑
GgkarCanrNa ? 18

CMBUkTI3
‹ ehtudUcem†cVnman®Bwti†karN1
_ 8mina1970 ?
‹ karbegI˚traCrdΩaPiVle®sac®sg'Cati !
‹ sem†csIhnurt'ecal®suk !
‹ elakln'-nl'cat'tMNageTACYbsem†csIhnu !

ehtudUcem†cVnman®Bwti†karN1
_ 8mina1970 ?

elakln'-nl'CardΩmÂnI†nigCanayGKembJÇakarkgT&BCati . tMENg
enH elakF¬ab'kan'kab'rhUtmkdl'q~S1967 . cab'tSgBIq~S1969 elaksMu
dkx¬ÁnfyecjBImuxdMENgTSgGs' KWelakmanbMNgf√aysem†csIhnu
ceJçjfI√®BHhtƒcuH . m"¥ageTotelakkMBugmankg√l' edaysarmrNPaB
fIµ@rbs'elak®sIexg EdlCaPriyad*kMst'k®mrbs'elak .
eBlenaH sem†csIhnukMBugbÂg˚abBYkeq√gpg BYks†Spg j¨Sg[esdΩ
kicçcuHdundab bEnƒmelI≤TiÏBlsÂgamenA®beTsevotNam kMBugCHmkelI
Cay"agx¬Sg nigbJ˙alMnwgneyaVy lMnwgmenaKmviCÇa ®tUvecaTy"agF©n'k~¨
g®beTsExµr . mUlehtuenH˘˘˘ k~¨gq~S1969 sem†c®Tg'TTYlsal'braC&
y´nneyaVyxagEp~kesdΩkicç nigkMhusEdlyl'®Bm[evotkugtSgmU
ldΩanbUdUyk~¨gTwkdIExµr . enAeBlenaH vakMBugbJÇËnbUdUy bJÇËnGavuFcU-
lmke®cIneLIg@dUcTwkVk'TMnb' ( kaleNaHevotkugkan'kab'TwkdIExµrGs'
cMnYnBIrPaKbI 2/3 eTAehIy ) . vaeq¬øtB®gwgB®gIkkgkm¬SgGtitExµrevot-
mijeLIgvij .l.
dUec~HExsIha1969˘˘˘ sem†c®Tg'ebIksmaCBiessmYy rYcsMerccat'
tSgelakln'-nl' CaemdwknS « rdΩaPiVle®sac®sg'Cati » . kaleNaH
mrtkkmı¨Ca EdleJreBjeTAedayvibti† k*®tUvF¬ak'eTAelIsµaelakln'-
nl'TSg®sug .
GgkarCanrNa ? 19

elakx√l'Esnx√l'e®JHelakyl'fa –
‹ ebIGaemrikSgdkfyecjBIyYnxagt∫Ëg etIraCkarExµredjbUdUy[
fyecjBI®sukExµrrebobdUcem†ceTA ? eFI√karcrca®Vb'va[dkfyecj ?
vac∫as'CaeqI¬yfa eT ! . eyIge®bIGavuF ? kgexmrPUminÊmanEt2mWun7Jn'
nak' ? .
ebIsinCa®beTsevotNamxageCIgrYmK~aCamYyevotNamxagt∫Ëgvij
®beTsenHnwgk¬ayeTACa®beTsmYyy"agmSxagEp~ksÂgam e®JHrbrrk
sIurbs'vaKWeFI√sÂgam . vaeFI√sÂgambn†@CamYybreTs nigCamYyBYkyYn
K~avaKµan®sak®san† . teTAGnaKt vamuxCaeq¬øtbn†sÂgam edIm∫IB®gIkTwk
dIrbs'vabEnƒmeTot .
e®JH®beTsevotNammanTMhM®kLa´pÊcMnYn330,000Km2 KWFMCag
®sukExµrCitdl'eTA2dg . mancm©ayBIxageCIgeTAxagt∫Ëg ®bEvg2,000
K˘m˘ . k~¨gq~S1969 evotNamTSgBIrman®bCaCncMnYn38lannak' ( 20
lannak'enAxageCIg nig18lannak'enAxagt∫Ëg ) . ®beTsevotNamsM-
bUreTAeday´®BP~M≤t®beyaCn®_ KbdN†b' . 80%´n´pÊ®kLaTSgmUl (260,
000Km2)˘˘˘ enAsl'Et20% KW66,000Km2b"ueNˆaH EdlCadIGacrs'enA
Vn . sƒanPaB®bCaCnyYnmancMnYn 600nak'k~¨g´pÊdI1Km2 .
®bCaCnevotNammany"age®cIn enAelI´pÊdId*cegÌøtcgÌl'EbbenH nwg
GacbN†al[eTACaTm©n'mYyd*F©n'≤tKNnadl'®beTskmı¨Ca Edlman®BM
®bTl'Cab'K~a e®JHeyIgminGacbwTVMg®BM®bTl'®beTsTSgBIr EdlKµan
rVMgFmµCatiCYykarJr[man®bsiTiÏPaBVneT . sB√´f©enH yYnecHEtvat
TI cUlmktSgenAelIdIExµrEdlTMenrCahUrEhr . k~¨gq~S1969 yYncUlmk
tSgTIlMenAtamc∫ab'mancMnYn50mWunnak' k~¨gcMeNamExµrEdlCamças'TwkdI
cMnYn7lannak' .ebIsB√´f©bUdUynigraÂs†yYnkMBuglblYccUlbn†mkeTot
enaH dUec~HExµreyIgBiVksni~dΩanNas'cMeJHplviVkEp~kxagesdΩkicç ni
gneyaVy Edl®beTsExµrnwg®tUvTTYlrge®KaHenAeBlGnaKtxagmux
CaBiessGNikCnCatiyYnmancMNgxagp¬Ëvcit† nigneyaVyCamYy
matu®beTsedImrbs'vaCanicç .
elakyl'eTotfa – karrYmK~aeLIgvij´n®beTsyYn Camhn†ray≤t
GI√®bEkkVn cMeJHP&B√vasna´n®beTskmı¨Ca . sÂgammuxEtnwgpʨHrvag
ExµrnigyYn mingayecosvagputeLIy .
GgkarCanrNa ? 20

elakln'-nl'hflanGHGagTTYlsal'fa CnCatiyYnedaymansÂga
mCab'@mkdUec~H j¨Sg[vamancritrwgbwug ecHGt'Fµt'nUvkarlMVk®Kb'Ebb
y"ag . rI‰xageyaFa vamanzamBld*x¬SgBUEk mankarBiesaFnd
_ *®twm®tUvk~¨
gP~k'ePI¬gsÂgam EfmTSgmanKuNsm∫ti†xagp¬ËvbJÔa TSgxagp¬Ëvkll∫ic
. dUec~HbJÇak'[eXIjfa yYneTAGnaKt Ep~keyaFaGacBUEkk~¨gcMeNam
®bCaCatiTSgLayenAe®Cay≤NÎËcin nigenAk~¨gGasIuGeK~yC
_ aminxan .
k~¨gq~S1970 bUdUymancMnYn2Esnnak' tSgmUldΩanJseBj´®B´n®b
eTsExµr . cMENkkgexmrPUminÊvij manEt2mWun7Jn'nak'Etb"ueNˆaH KWman
cMnYnticCagyYnbUdUydl'eTACag7dg ! . enHminniyaydl'cMnYnnigKuN
PaB´nGavuFyuTÏP&NÎpg .
elakln'-nl'yl'dUec~H mankar®BYyVrm∏y"agx¬Sg . sem†csIhnu
EbrCart'ecaltMENg, rt'ecalmatuPUmi, rt'ecalraÂs†Exµr ykrYcx¬Án ehIy
Tm¬ak'GMErkenHeTAelIelakeTAvij . elakln'-nl'KµanKMnitk∫t'sem†csI
hnueT b"uEn†elak®tUvEtTTYlfµVk'enHedays√&y®bvti† eTIbCMruj[man®Bwti†
karN1
_ 8mina1970 evlaem"ag1resolenHeLIg .
b"uEn†KYr[s†ayNas' kalenaHe®bobdUcCaeyIgeF√s®bEhs beN†a-
y[TwkCMnn'Cn'licdl'dMbUlpÊHeTAehIy eTIb®bev®bvarkTICMrk k*k¬ayeTA
Caliclg'vinasGn†raydl'PaBGs'sgÙwmrhUtdl'sB√´f©enH . m"¥agvij
eTot˘˘˘ ExµreyIgGP&B√Nas'˘˘˘ emIlcuHelakln'-nl'eLIgCa®bmuxrdΩ®Kb'
®KgsaFarNrdΩExµr minVnbMerI®beTs[VneBjeljeT e®JHelakma
neraKaJFF©n'dabNas'eTAehIy . eBlenaH elakdUcCaG~kkan'GMNac
‰eTot@Edr elakmanKuNsm∫ti†nigKuNvibti†KYr[kt'smal' . nrNa
cg'ecaTelakfadUcem†c k*elakKµaneqI¬ytbeT . elakbnßl'Tukkiti†ys
rbs'elakepI∆k~¨g´draÂs†Exµr EdlecHKitBicarNa ecHe®bobeFob[eqI¬y
CMnYscuH .
´f©TI18mina1970kn¬gputeTAeBlNa elakesna®bmuxln'-nl'CYb
elaksWg-g"ukfaj' elakEtgEteJldMGUjfa – « KYr[s†ayNas'@ min
KYr[man®Bwti†karNe_ day´cdn¥y"agenHeT nS[elakCab'eQµaHk~¨g®bvti†
saÂs† faelakCaG~kdeNI†mGMNacBIsem†csIhnu » . tSgBIedImTImk
elakeKarBnigesµaH®tg'cMeJHsem†cGs'BIdYgcit† elakKµannwknak∫t'…d
eNI†mGMNacBI®BHGgTal'EtesaH .
GgkarCanrNa ? 21

cuHebI®BHGgrt'ecaltMENg rt'ecalkUn@eTAehIy etI[eFI√dUcem†ceTA ? dU-

ec~HvasnaCMrujeKcminput elak®tUvEtpßge®BgCacuge®kaybgÌs' ®tUvEt
lHbg'GI√@TSgGs'edIm∫ICati .
k~¨geBlEdl®beTsExµrkMBugq¬gkat'P~k'sÂgam elakesna®bmuxl
n'-nl'yl'c∫as'Nas'fa KWyYnhaNUyeTAEdleq¬øt{kasenH bJÇa[
bUdUyvaykMeTcsm¬ab'Exµr e®JHvamanEtEpnkar®JgTukCae®sc ®tUvEt®k
´Lmux®beTskmı¨Ca [eTACakumµ¨ynis†≤NÎËcin « minEmneFI√sÂgamCamYy
sem†csIhnueT! » .
dUec~H®Kb'@sunÊrkfarbs'elak elakEtgEtdas'etOnrMlwk®bCaBl
rdΩExµrfa eyIg®tUv®by&t~nUve®KaHf~ak'´nBYkTmiL ! . ebIeBlNaBYkvaTTYl
C&yCMnH vanwgb†Ërmuxkmı¨CaeTAtammenaKmviCÇarbs'va . vanwgksagkmı¨CafIµ
elIKMnrepHKMnrqÌwg´nraÂs†ExµrCaminxan . « etIeyabl' Jk¥dMbUnµanrbs'
elak®tUv…eTenAeBlenH ? » .
edIm∫IbJÇak'sem†csIhnu[yl'nUvP~k'ePI¬gsÂgamd*Bit®Vkdk~¨gTwkdI
Exµr EdlkMBugpʨHeLIgenaH˘˘˘ dUec~He®kay´f©18mina1970 ®BHmhakß®tIya
nInigrdΩsPaExµr Vncat'tMNag2rUb KW®BHGgmças'nerat†m-kn†¨l CatMNa
g®BHraCvSg, elakEym-sMbUr CatMNagxagEp~krdΩaPiVl bJÇËneTAKal'
sem†csIhnuenATI®kugV"rIs_ KWsUmsem†csMNak'enA®beTsVrSgsMrak
®BHkayKg'enAes©ømsincuH TMrSkUn@erobcMcat'EcgsƒankarN[
_ Vnerob
ry®sYlbYlsin ˘˘˘kUn@nwgsUmyagsem†c“vil®tLb'eTAkan'TI®kugP~MeB-
j k~¨gzan:C
Ca®BmuxrdΩdEdlvij .
b"uEn†sem†csIhnucecs k*bdiesFecalesckI†sMuenHTSg®sug eday
min®BmCYbtMNagTSg2rUbenaHeLIy rYc®bkasdMkl'Tukfa rdΩaPiVlsaFa
rNrdΩExµrnigsPak∫t'Cati k∫t'raCbl¬g˚eTAvij .
kaleNaHGtItshPaBsUevotf√ayeyabl' sMukMu[sem†cyageTA
kan'®sukcineLIy˘˘˘. « GtItshPaBsUevotKS®Telakesna®bmuxln'-
nl'enA´f©TI17emsa1975 » .

❑ ❑
❑
GgkarCanrNa ? 22

CMBUkTI4
‹ cinnigyYnhaNUyebIkkll∫iceVksem†csIhnu !
‹ cinnigyYnebIkGg®bCMubegI˚trNsirß®bCaCnTSgbI´n
åbTI√b≤NÎËcin ( FUTPI ) !
‹ cin yYn niglav KS®Tsem†c !
‹ skmµPaBbUdUyvaykMeTcExµrln'-nl' !

cinnigyYnhaNUyebIkkll∫iceVksem†csIhnu !

enAevlaem"agmYyresol´n´f©TI18mina1970 rdΩsPaExµrVn®bkas
Tm¬ak'sem†csIhnuecjBItMENg®bmuxrdΩ enAeBlEdlsem†ckMBugEtsM-
Nak'enA‰TI®kugm"UsË´nGtItshPaBsUevot .
CU-eGnLayelIkTwkcit†sem†csIhnunigpS-yuSgdugrdΩmÂnI†®ksYg
karbreTsevotNamxageCIg [begI˚trNsirßmYy EdleKnwg®bkasb-
egI˚tnaExemsamYyExe®kaymkeTot . ´f©TI25mina, sem†csIhnuk*begI˚t
rNsirßmYyEdlmaneQµaHfa – «rNsirßrYbrYmCatikmı¨Ca» Edlmanexov-
sMpn, hflU-yn', hflU-nwm CaG~kKS®T≤tlk≈&N edIm∫I®bqSgnwgrdΩaPiVlln'
-nl' .
enA´f©25-26emsa, e®kamkarepI†mKMnitrbs'sem†csIhnu nige®kam
GFibtIPaBrbs'rdΩmÂnI†TI1cinCU-eGnLay, mankarebIk®bCMumYyeTot edIm∫I
begI˚t «rNsirßrYbrYmCatiTSg3´nåbTI√b≤NÎËcin » Edlman®Tg'supanvgß
(lav), pS-yuSgdug (evotNamxageCIg), eg√øg-hflUfU (evotNamxagt∫Ëg) Ca
G~kcUlrYm®bCMu .
ebItamesckI†®bkasrYm˘˘˘ TIkEn¬g®bCMuenHsiƒtenAcM®BMEdn´n®beTsTS
gbIKW cin, lav nigevotNam . EtebIeyagtamesckI†sm∏asnm
_ Yyrbs'
®Tg'supanvgß CamYyG~kkaEst®sICatib"ULËjm~ak', ®Tg'supanvgßVnGH
Gagfa kar®bCMuenHVn®b®Bwt†eLIgenATIkEn¬gmYy´next†kg'tug®sukcin .
GgkarCanrNa ? 23

CamYyK~aenH, cineb"kSgcat'ebskCnBiess[eTACYbelakln'-nl'
enA‰P~MeBjedIm∫IsMucrca . cinsMu[elakln'-nl'Kit ehIysMercnUvkicç
sn¥a3x rhUtdl'dMNac'Exemsa .
kicçsn¥a3xenaHKW –
1- sMu[rdΩaPiVlelakln'-nl'sMrYlkardwkes∫øg nigGavuF®Kb'y"ag
eTA[eyokkugkat'tam®sukExµr edIm∫IvayswkCamYyevotNamxagt∫Ëg.
2- yl'®Bm[yYnxageCIgdak'T&BenA®sukExµr .
3- yl'®BmTTYlsal'brivarcin ehIysuxcit†eFI√eXasna[BYkenH
tam®Kb'meF¥aVy .
ebIelakln'-nl'TTYlsal'xTSgbIenH eb"kSgnwgTat'ecalsem†c
sIhnu ehIyTTYlsal'saFarNrdΩExµrvij . Etelakln'-nl'min®Bm .
EsÌkeLIg´f©TI1åsPa1970 cin®bkasTTYlsal'sem†csIhnu . em"A-
esTug®bkasCaåLarwkfa cinsµ&®Kcit†p†l'CMnYyCaTwk®Vk' « tamsem†c
®tUvkar » ®BmTSg®bkasfa dl'eBlNasem†cTTYlC&yCMnHsinswmsg
cinvij˘˘˘ cinminKitkar®Vk'eT ! .
5´f©e®kaymkeTot eKk*VnbegI˚trdΩaPiVlmYyEdlmaneQµaHfa «
rdΩaPiVlb®gYbb®gYmCatikmı¨Ca » Edlmansem†cEb"n-nutCanayk, ecA-
esgCardΩmÂnI†TTYlbnʨkxagebskkmµBiess EdledIrTak'Tg®Kb'breT-
s BiessBYkbsçwm®beTs .
cinnigyYneyokkugCYysem†csIhnudUec~HminTMngTal'EtesaH e®JH
xM∆¨enAcSmat'enAeLIyfa k~¨gbkßkumµ¨ynis†≤NÎËcin eKVnEcgc∫ab'y"ag
c∫as'las'Nas'fa dMNak'karCadMbUg®tUvkMeTcski†PUmi˘˘˘ cuH≤LËvenHeh
tudUcem†cVnCabkßkumµ¨ynis†≤NÎËcinEbrCaKS®Tsem†csIhnu EdlCaski†
PUmieTAvij ? .
cMENk‰exov-sMpn emExµr®khmEdlmannin~akarExµr ehIyEdlrt'
ecal®sukedaysarkarecaT®bkan'rbs'sem†csIhnu faCas®tUvk∫t'Cati
enaH EbrCas¬n'es¬aeq¬q¬abbYlK~acuHhtƒelxaKS®Tsem†csIhnuenA´f©TI26
-3-70 nwgeKEdr .
buB√ehtuEdlmanCabÂJças'beN†ay dUcVnGFib∫aymkxagelIenH
k*dUcCakarnSsSgCae®cInJn'etan eTAcak'e®sacdut®beTskmı¨CaEtm†g .
e®JHpS-yuSgdugVne®tomx¬Ánrg'cS{kasenHCayUrmkehIy . luH{kas
GgkarCanrNa ? 24

lÌmkdl'y"agenH vabJÇa[bUdUybn¬Me®bIyIehaExµr®khm enAelIedIm®TUg

Jk'rUbsem†csIhnu®Kb'@K~a ykelshk'elatkeÂJÇaldUcP~MePI¬g vay
sMrukkMeTcsm¬ab'Exµrln'-nl' EdlCamças'TwkdIkmı¨CaBit@ ®BmTSgE®sk
Ceyasem†c“ ! ( kaleNaHsem†c“rt'ecalkUnExµr eTAeFI√Ca“yYneyokku
gCabUdUyvij ) .
xM∆¨xM®sav®CavrkBt·manx¬H@ EdlsI†GMBIkarEdlbUdUyVnecjmuxvay
kMeTc®beTsExµrdUcteTA –
‹ kgBlFMelx1 – kgvresnaFMelx101D manbUdUy2Jn'nak'tSg
enAmUldΩanGgrbUrI (ext†taEkv) .
‹ kgBlFMelx5 – kgvresnaFMelx174-05 nig 275 manbUdUy®VM
Jn'nak'tSgmUldΩanenAs~Ál (ext†®kecH) .
‹ kgBlFMelx7 – kgvresnaFMelx141 165 nig 209 manbUdUy
®VMmYyJn'BIrrynak' tSgmUldΩanenAemmt' (ext†kMBg'cam) .
‹ kgBlFMelx9 – kgvresnaFMelx95C 271 nig 272 manbUdUy6
Jn'nak' tSgmUldΩanenACb' (ext†kMBg'cam) .
‹ kgT&Belx B3 – kgvresnaFMelx24 28 40 65 nig 95 manbUdUy
1mWun8rynak' tSgmUldΩanenAbrEkv (ext†rtnKIrI) bEnƒmelIGgPaBenH enA
GmesnaFikar manbUdUy1mWun2Jn'nak' . cMENk‰®kumdwkCJÇËnPs†¨Par
swkmanbUdUy2mWun3Jn'nak' .
‹ kgBlFMelx509 – tSgmUldΩanenAE®kk-s~Ál (ext†®kecH) y"ag
e®cInmindwgcMnYnBit®Vkd . bUkrYmTSgGs'man – 6mWun5Jn'nak' (eday
minKitkgBlFMelx509) .

skmµPaBbUdUyvaykMeTcExµrln'-nl' !

´f©TI27-4-1970, bUdUyecjmuxeBjTIvaykMeTcExµrCaelIkTI1 enA

eQIexµA ®sukekaHFM (ext†kN†al) . bUdUyrukrancUly"agelOn F¬aymk
dl'taexµA rhUtdl'k∫alf~l' .
enA´f©TI15mifuna1970, bUdUyecjmuxeBjTIvaykMeTcExµrenAext†kMB-
g'FM˘˘˘ eyIgemIlBIkV"l'ehaH eXIjc∫as'bUdUyCae®cInmWunk∫al c∫SgTl'
GgkarCanrNa ? 25

tYCamYykgT&BCatiExµr . Tl'tYy"agenH bUdUy®tUvs¬ab'KrelIK~aCae®cInJn'

k∫al, ecalexµacJseBj´®BdUec~H, bUdUy®tUvbraC&ydkfy .
enA´f©TI24kJÔa1971, bUdUyecjmuxeBjTIvaykMeTcbMp¬ajTMnb'Twk
E®Bket~at .
enA´f©TI5åsPa1972, bUdUyecjmuxeBjTIvaykMeTcbMp¬ajsıan®BH
munIvgß .
BI´f©TI1dl'´f©TI12kk˚da bUdUyecjmuxeBjTIvaykMeTcExµrenA®suk
Ggtaesam (ext†taEkv) .
k~¨gExsIha, bUdUyecjmuxeBjTIvaykMeTcExµrenAkMBg'®tEbk .
enAyb'´f©TI6eTA7tula bUdUyCae®cIJn'k∫alecjmuxeBjTIvaykMeTc
bMp¬ajsıane®Caycg√ar .
enAyb'´f©TI6eTA7tula bUdUyCae®cIJn'k∫alecjmuxeBjTIvaykMeTc
bMp¬ajsıane®Caycg√ar . eBlvadkfyeTAvij vaecalexµacenAk~¨gsmr-
PUmi83k∫aql nig®tUvkgT&BCatiExµrcab'Vn7k∫al .
enA´f©TI25 Exkum∏: q~S1974 bUdUyCae®cInmWunk∫alecjmuxeBjTI B&TÏ
vaykMeTcPUmi®bsUtmancm©ay®bmaN2K˘m˘BITI®kugs√ayerog .
‹‹‹ KWvibti†xagelIenHehIy EdlExµrGay"gyYn®kumehg-sMrin, hflun
EsnCaedIm vasni~dΩanfa yYnmkCYyExµrCaelIkTI2 .

❑ ❑
❑
GgkarCanrNa ? 26

CMBUkTI5
‹ yYnj¨Hjg'Exµr[®bqSgnwgrdΩaPiVlln'-nl' .
‹ es~øtyYne®bIeQµaHsem†csIhnuedIm∫Ie®CIserIseya-
Fa .
‹ shrdΩGaemrikCYyExµrln'-nl'BIrelIk .
‹ eyaFaExµr®khmbMEbkCa3®kum .
‹ evotkugsMuvil®tLb'eTA®sukvij .
‹ yYnhaNUybJÇËnExµrevotmij3Jn'nak' mkkan'®suk
Exµr .

yYnj¨Hjg'Exµr[®bqSgnwgrdΩaPiVlln'-nl '

yYnhaNUyCaevotkugsal'cMNucexßayraÂs†Exµr EdlCaG~keKarB
®sLaj'sem†c“, vabJÇa[GtitExµrevotmije®bIyIehaExµr®khm edIrbMbH
bMeVrraÂs†Exµr ®bqSgtTl'nwgrdΩaPiVlln'-nl' edayvaykelsfa KS
®Tsem†c“ . kaleNaHraÂs†ExµrG~kE®scMkardac'®syalnigG~k®suk´®B
P~M x√HkarBicarNa k*sµ&®Kcit†KS®TGtitExµrevotmij, cMENk‰yuvCnk*sµ&®K
KS®TBYkenHEdr edaycUleFI√CaeyaFaExµr®khm .
cMENkraÂs†ExµrG~kecHdwg CaBiessG~krdΩkarEdlecH®tiHriHBicarNa
k*yl'fa ®beTsExµrenAeBlenHmane®KaHf~ak'mkdl'ehIy k*nS®KYsarrt'
ePosx¬ÁncUlkan'TI®kug EdlmanrdΩaPiVlsaFarNrdΩCaG~k®Kb'®Kg .
bJ˙araÂs†Exµrrt'cakecjBITIkEn¬gEdlvarMedaHrYcehIy enaHvae®tkGr
Nas', va®tUvEtGnuvt†EpnkartwgrwugbEnƒm KWkMcaybEnƒm, åbmadUcCavaerIs
®tI®ss'dak'keJIÇepßg ®tIs̨ydak'keJIÇmYyepßgeTotCae®sc edIm∫IGnuvt†
EpnkarTI2 .
GgkarCanrNa ? 27

eBlenaHyYnhaNUye®bIGavuF2y"ag edIm∫Ism¬ab'bMVt'BUCExµrCamças'
TwkdIkmı¨CaBit@ . GavuFkm¬Sg vae®bIsMrab'sm¬ab'Exµrln'-nl'˘˘˘ GavuFcit†
saÂs† vae®bIsMrab'kMeTcExµrsIhnu .
emIlcuH ! cab'tSgBI´f©TI18 mina 1970 pʨHeLIgP¬am, yYnhaNUy
begI˚tclaclx¬SgeLIg@ . vae®bIExµrGay"grbs'va[eTAkan'PUmiExµr Edl
enAtambeN†ay®BMEdnExµr-yYn edIm∫Ij¨Hjg'bMbHbMeVrExµr CMruj[eFI√Vtu
kmµKS®Tsem†c“Cajwkjab' . åb∫ti†ehtuenHekIteLIgeBlNa xag®ksY
gsni†suxCatiEtgEthamXat'˘˘˘ dUec~Hk¬ayeTACaekItvivaTrvagBYkVtukrni
gGaC∆aFr EdlbN†al[mankarvaytb'tTl'K~arhUtdl'rbYsnigs¬ab'Ca
e®cIn .
dUcCaenA´f©TI29 mina 1970˘˘˘ enAext†kMBg'cam, evotkugnigGtitExµr
evotmijbbYlExµr≤s¬amnigG~k®sukExµrelI (´®BP~M) mancMnYn4mWunnak' nSK~a
cUleTAkan'PUminana j¨Hjg'bMbHbMeVrraÂs†Exµrs¬Ët®tg' ehIyEhrCak∫Án
VtukmµsMedAcUleTAkan'TI®kugkMBg'cam edayykelsfa eTAKS®Tsem†c
“ . Et®kumVtukrdutdMNak'sem†csIhnu dutsaladMbUg˘˘˘. eBlenaHma
ntMNagraÂs†BIrnak'sµ&®Kcit†TTYlbnʨkecjeTACYb®kumVtukr edIm∫IeFI√Gn†
raKmns
_ MruHsMrYl˘˘˘ EtmanXatkrGaf·kMVMgsm¬ab'elaktMNagraÂs†TSg
BIrenaHecalP¬ameTA . ®kumVtukrcUlB&TÏsalaext†kMBg'cam E®skkMejIj
bg≈Mt®mUv[ekNÎLan edIm∫IdwknS®kumvaeTAkan'rdΩFanIP~MeBj . kMejIjVn
ehIy k∫ÁnLank*eFI√dMeNIreTAkan'rdΩFanIP¬am . mkdl'PUmiKKI cMeBlbwT
cracr . P~ak'garyaml∫atk*hamXat' EtBYkVtukrd*sahavGs'enaHmin
®Bms†ab' CaehtueFI√[P~ak'garyaml∫atVj'rHeTAelIVtukr bN†al[
s¬ab'nigrbYsCae®cIn . eKeXIjexµacs¬ab'enAnwgkEn¬gekItehtucMnYn40
nak' . G~kEdl®tUvrbYsF©n'@ k*vil®tLb'eTAext†kMBg'camvij ehIyk*s¬ab'
edayrbYsF©n'enaHGs'60nak'eTot . ®kumVtukrk*bMEbkCYr rYcvil®tLb'
eTAkan'lMenAerog@x¬Ánvij edaynSTSgKMnMuKMuKYnek†A®khayeTACamYypg
ehIysn¥anwgsgswk[bgbÌËn mit†P&ki†Edl®tUv®Kab'kSePI¬grbs'kgT&B
Cati˘˘˘.
eq¬øt{kasenaH GtitExµrevotmijj¨Hjg'bEnƒm rYcsMrSgCMerIsVnTa-
hany"age®cIn EdlduHcit†y"agmutfa ®tUvEtsgswkCMnYs®KYsar nigd-
eNI†mGMNacBIln'-nl'ykmkf√aysem†c“vij .
GgkarCanrNa ? 28

dUec~HsÂgamk~¨g®beTsExµr EdlpʨHeLIgcab'BIq~S1970dl'cugq~S19-
73 KWbUdUyeTvaykMeTcExµr˘˘˘ b"uEn†mtiExµrnigbreTsCae®cInVnyl'®cLM
enAeBlenaHfa ExµrsIhnuvaykMeTcExµrln'-nl' . b"uEn†eTaHCay"agNak*
eday BYkbUdUyEdlhflan « ykVymklabmat'BEB » enAeBlenaH
k*e®JHEtmankarE®skGMJvnavrbs'sem†csIhnu tamviT¥¨BIeb"kSgmk[ra
Âs†Exµre®kakeLIg®bqSgnwgBYk «Gak∫t'Eq˚bMerIGaemrikSg » .
k~¨gq~S1970, tamTI®kugnana´n®beTsExµr manekItclacld*Eb¬k@ KW
kUnsisßGnuviT¥al&ynigviT¥al&y bHeVreFI√VtukmµvayGaNikCnCatiyY n
. ®Bwti†karNE_ b¬k@TSgenHmindwgecjBI®bPBNaeT . luHmanerOgminTM
ngy"agenH GaNikCnCatiyYnEdlmanlTÏPaBnigmeF¥aVy®Kb'®Kan' k*
nS®KYsareFI√matuPUminivt†ne_ TAkan'®sukyYnvij mancMnYnenAeBlenaH®bma-
N10mWunnak' . eq¬øt{kasd*lÌenH evotkugsMrSge®CIserIsyuvCnyYn
ekµg@EdleronsU®tecHGkßr ecHPasaExµre®CA®CH VnCae®cInJn'nak' rYc
bJÇËnbJçËlsalaeyaFa . luHeronecHcb'yuTÏviFIkll∫icnigmenaKmviCÇa
kumµ¨ynis†e®scVc'˘˘˘ vabMJk's&ki†CaGnuesniy®tI (s&ki†1) dl'BYkenaH
ehIyk*E®bdak'eQµaHCaExµr rYcbJÇËnvil®tLb'cUlmkkan'®beTsExµrvij
cat'EtgtSgCaemkan'k†ab'eyaFaExµr®khmEdl®sLaj'sem†c“ KWp¬as'
mkCMnYsbUdUyEdlminecHPasaExµr .
®kums&ki†1enHe®tkGrNas' e®JHVnvilmksgswkcMeJHExµr Edl
eBlmunmanBYkGaf·kMVMgVnnSeFI√Vtukmµvay®KYsarrbs'vakalBIvaenAekµ-
g@ .
BIrdΩFanIva"siunetan elak®bFanaFibtIGaemrikSgnicsun Edlminsal'
KMnitxUcrbs'yYn VnecjbJÇae®bIkgT&ByYnxagt∫Ëg [cUlmkeFI√®bti-
bti†kareVssMGatk~¨gEdndIExµrCMerA40K˘m˘ cab'tSgBI´f©TI30-4-70 dl'
´f©30-6-70 . {kaslÌmkdl'y"agenH yYnxagt∫ËgbJÇËnkgT&Brfe®kaH
kSePI¬gFunF©n'cMnYn2mWun®VMJn'nak' cUltamcMBuHTa (ext†s√ayerog) mkrat
t∫at®sukExµr, vaykMeTcsm¬ab'Exµrs¬Ët®tg' edIm∫Inwgsgswk[CnCativa
Edl®tUvrge®KaHedaysarVtukmµrbs'nisßitExµrenaH . TMhM´nkarsgswk
enHmankMrwtelIsBIVtukmµcMnYn100dg .
emIlcuH! vaVj'sm¬ab'raÂs†Exµrs¬Ët®tg'EdlmanTIlMenAtambeN†ay
®BMEdnExµr-yYny"agecjmux y"ag®sbc∫ab' . ®bmUl®TB¥sm∫ti†®Kb'Eb
GgkarCanrNa ? 29

by"ag b¬n'dwkCJÇËntamLan tamåTÏm∏aKc®k®bkbedayeCaKC&y˘˘˘ rYcva

dutbMp¬ajpÊHExµrexÊc .l.
dUec~Hbg˙aj[eXIjfa yYnNak*dUcCayYnNa KWCas®tUvsYrBUCrbs'
ExµreyIgCanicç .
BIrdΩFanIva"siunetan elak®bFanaFibtInicsun®bkasCaåLarwk faCYy
saFarNrdΩExµrm†geTot . dUec~Hcab'bI´f©7-3-73 dl'´f©15-8-73 Gaem
rikSgk*dwk®Kab'Ebkmksab®BYselI®beTskmı¨CacMnYn4mWunetank~¨gmYyEx
@ k~¨geKalbMNgCYybJçb'sÂgam[Vnqab' .
b"uEn†pʨyeTAvij dUcvayTwkbegIÌl®tI KWVn®beyaCne_ TAevotkugTSgGs'
e®JHbUdUymankarBiesaFny
_ "aghµt'ct' vaGaceKccakpute®KaHf~ak'Vny"a
ggay .
emIlcuH ! GaemrikSgCYyExµrBIrelIk˘˘˘ raÂs†Exµr®tUvrge®KaHs¬ab'Gs'cMnY
n´m∏mWun (200,000) nak' .
rI‰raÂs†ExµrCae®cInEsnnak'eTotEdlenAsl'BIs¬ab' k*x√HTICMrk x√HTI
BMnwg . ebIrt'cUleTAkan'TI®kug c∫as'Cadac'eJHs¬ab', e®JHKµanluykak',
KµanGI√nwgbriePaK, TMnijeLIg´f¬hYskMrwt˘˘˘
Guj˘˘˘ ebIedIrdl'®ckT&ly"agenH etIrt'eTA®Ck‰NaeTA ? . dUec~Hra
Âs†ExµrTSgLayenaH ®tUvEtbg≈Mcit†pßge®Bgrt'cUl´®B Bwgevotkug BwgGtit
Exµrevotmij . eBlenaHevotkug®sg'yk®beyaCn_ ®bkbedayeCaKC&yd*
FMeFg . evotkugnigExµrGay"gyYnte®mobCYrK~aQrcSTTYlraÂs†ExµrGP&B√
TSgLayenaH edayTwkmuxjjwmsb∫ayrIkray . evotkugVn´dk*eq¬øt
j¨Hjg'bEnƒmeFI√[raÂs†ExµrTSgGs'enaHyl'®cLM®BmTSgmanTIGag k*tSg
duHcit†Cas®tUvcMeJHCatirbs'x¬Án . ®tUvEtsgswkcMeJHsaFarNrdΩ ®tUv
EtkMeTcsaFarNrdΩ deNI†mGMNacmkf√aysem†c“vij .
eBlenaHyuvCnExµrk*sµ&®Kcit†cUlbMerIva KWcUlCaeyaFay"age®cInelI-
slb' .

❑
GgkarCanrNa ? 30

evotkugcat'bMEbkeyaFaCabI®kum

®kumTI1 – kumartUc@GayuBI9eTA13q~S dak'eQµaHCa®kum®tIkJç¨H Edl

manemkan'k†ab' KWGtitecar´®B…mnusßyg'X~gx√HsIlFm· .
®kumTI2 – yuvCneBjv&y s&µ®Kcit†kMeTcExµrln'-nl' deNI†mGMNac
mkf√aysem†c“ mancMnYnCagbYnmWunnak' .
®kumTI3 – yuvCnEdlEf¬gkarNe_ sµaH®tg'®Vb'evotkug fax¬Ánsµ&®Kcit†
kMeTcski†PUminigc®kBti† . ®kumenHmindwgcMnYneT . evotkugdwknSeTAkan'TI
Gaf·kMVMg .
enAcugq~S1973˘˘˘ KMeragkarTI1rbs'vaVnsMerceCaKC&yd*FMeFg e®JH
eyaFa®kumTI2Gacbn†sÂgamkMeTcExµrln-nl'CMnYsvaVnehIy . evotku
geFI√ButsMulaeyaFad*kMst'enaH vil®tLb'eTA®sukvavij . eBllaK~aenaH
bUdUy{beyaFaExµr®khm yMs®sak'Ef¬gsMdIEpÌmlÌËkfa – ≤LËvenHmit†@
rwg´drwgeCIg manmeF¥aVy®Kb'®Kan' GacTb'Tl'cMeJHs®tUvedayx¬Án‰g
VnehIy˘˘˘ mit†BMucSVc'BwgEpÌkBYkxM∆¨eToteT˘˘˘ BYkxM∆¨lasinehIy edIm∫Ieco
sevogkMu[Exµrveg√g ecaTBYkxM∆¨facUlmkQ¬anJn . ebImit†®tUvkarGavuF BYk
xM∆¨nwgp†l'CUn˘˘˘ ebIeTAGnaKtmit†®tUvkarBYkxM∆¨ BYkxM∆¨nwgcUlmkCYyP¬am .
eBlenaHeyaFaExµr®khmk*yM, bUdUyk*yM, {bK~asMlaK~a . ExµrnigyYn
yMecjTwkEP~kdUcK~a b"uEn†mann&yxusK~a®sLH .
eyaFaExµr®khmyMedays†ayEbkecjBImit†d*manKuN EdlxMcMNa
yeBlCYybg˙at'ce®gonyuTÏviFI ®BmTSgp†l'GavuF[®kumx¬Ány"ag®Kb'®Kan'
rYcvil®tLb'eTA®sukvij´dTeT .l.
cMENkevotkug, CaBiessbUdUy, vayMe®JHvae®tkGrCa´®kElg nUvm-
haeCaKC&y´nKMeragkarTI2 EdlyYnhaNUyGt'Fµt'B¥ayamj¨Hjg'Bn¥
l'Exµr [yl'®cLMEbkVk'K~a k~¨gry:10q~SeTIbVnsMercCasƒaBrenAeBl
enH . dUec~Hvarujk∫al[sm¬ab'K~asincuH . muneBlevotkugbJÇa[bUdUyEb
kecjBIeyaFaExµr®khm, haNUydwkCJÇËnExµrEk¬gk¬aymYy®kum Cae®cIn
Jn'nak' [cUlmkkan'k†ab'eyaFaExµr®khmCMnYsva rYcrYbrYmeFI√karCamYy
GtitExµrevotmijbn†sÂgamteTAeTot˘˘˘.
« ®kumExµrEk¬gk¬ayenH KW®kumyuvCnGNikCnCatiyYn EdlVneron
GgkarCanrNa ? 31

sU®tecHe®CA®CH TSgPasaTSgGkßrExµr EdleFI√matuPUminivt†nB

_ Iq~S1970-
1971 eTAkan'evotNam EdlVnduHKMnity"agmS ®tUvEtvil®tLb'cUlmk
®beTskmı¨Cavij edIm∫IsgswkcMeJHExµr . yuvCnyYnTSgLayenaH dak'
eQµaHx¬ÁnCaExµr Prfax¬ÁnCaCatiExµr » .
( kkn – rhUtmkTl'bcç¨b∫n~ BYkenHVnk¬ayx¬ÁnCaemdwknSsMxan'@enAk~¨g
CYrraCrdΩaPiVlcMruH …k*nigCYrkgT&BCatiExµr . BYkeKbg˚[manGMeBIclacl
GMeBIBukrlYy nigKµanvin&yGI√TSgGs' . hflun-Esnminhflanb"HJl'BYkTSg
Gs'enHeT sUm∫IEterameCIgk*minhflanpg . ebIBYkenHp†l'eyabl'GI√ hflun-
eFI√P¬am dUckUn®bedAtamEbbbT . BYkenHmanGayucen¬aHBI40eTA50q~S ) .
eBlCamYyK~aenH˘˘˘ yYnhaNUyVnbJÇËn®kumExµrevotmij EdlyYn
haNUyCaevotmije®CIserIs nSykeTAeronenAeb"kSgnigenAhaNUy tS
gBImunq~S1954 cMnYn3Jn'nak' [nivt†cUlkmı¨Cavij bn†sÂgamCamYysa-
FarNrdΩExµr˘˘˘ KW[mkeFI√sÂgamCMnYsevotkug . cMENkevotkugvij vafy
eTAsMrak®ct'ceg˚HQremIlExµrsm¬ab'ExµrK~a‰gy"agvk'vI .
pʨyeTAvij˘˘˘ ®kumExµrenHminEdlmancit†KMnMucMeJHExµr EbrCamansti-
sm∫CJÔ:mute®CAes~haCatieTAvij . ®kumenHeronsU®tpÊal'CamYycin pÊa-
l'CamYyyYnhaNUy˘˘˘ k*dwgKMeragkarrbs'cin-yYn sm¬ab'bMputBUCExµr
edIm∫IvatTIykTwkdIkmı¨CabJçËleTAk~¨grbbkumµ¨ynis† . dUec~H®kumExµreTIb
mkdl' k*®bqSgnUvKMeragkard*sahavenH . ®kumenHniyaytva"edaysm
ehtusmplfa Exµr®tUvcrcarvagExµrnigExµredIm∫IbJçb'sÂgam, edIm∫IbJŒb'
karbg˙ËrQam . ®kumenHbJÇak'fa bJ˙aExµr®tUvTuk[ExµredaH®say vagExµr
nigExµr .l.
k~¨gq~S1973˘˘˘ KMeragkarnigkll∫icEdlevotkug®btibti†karenAk~¨g´pÊ
®sukExµr VncMerInlUtlas'elIslb'BIkare®KagTukeTAeTot . dUec~Hva®tUv
EtEkT®mg'x¬H@˘˘˘ åTahrNd
_ UcCaKMnithU-CImij vaxMe®CIserIsyuvCnExµr
TSgExµrkmı¨Cae®kam TSgExµrkmı¨CakN†al edIm∫IbJÇËneTAeronenAeb"kSg …
enAhaNUy cab'tSgBIq~S1948 nigbJÇËnCabn†@ edIm∫IGb'rMlagxYrk∫al
bJçËlmenaKmviCÇarbs'va rYcEk´q~®bDit[eTACaExµrfIµ mças'TwkdIkmı¨CafIµ .
enAq~S1973˘˘˘ yYnhaNUyVnTTYllTÏpld*Kab'®besIr cMeJHsƒa
nkarN®_ btibti†kar´pÊk~¨g®sukExµr . dUec~HvaQb'®tUvkarExµrCMnan'hU-CImij
eTotehIy . vap¬as'b†ËrEkT®mg'P¬am KW®tUvsm¬ab'ExµrFunenHecalvij .
GgkarCanrNa ? 32

KiteXIjdUec~HehIy˘˘˘ vaecjbJÇak~¨gnamGgkar edaye®bImit†sU-Pwm

CaemdwknS®kumXatkrGaf·kMVMg edIrB&TÏcab' Vj'sm¬ab' ®kumExµrEdleK
bJÇËnmkBIeb"kSgnigmkBIhaNUy ®tUvs¬ab'Gs'CitbIJn'nak' « dUck~¨g
®kbx&NÎsmaCikbkß®bCaCnbdivt†nE_ xµr KWExµrevotmijenAkmı¨CakN†al
k~¨gq~S1954, yYnevotmije®CIserIsnSykeTACagmYy1Jn'nak'˘˘˘ ≤LËvenH
enAsl'Et55nak'b"ueNˆaH » . yYnhaNUyGnuvt†Vn®twm®tUvnUvJk¥mYy
X¬afa – « karsm¬ab'G~k≤teTas ®besIrCagkarTukCIvit[s®tUv » .
vabJÇa[yYneronPasaExµr GkßrExµr rYcEk¬gx¬Ánbn¬MeFI√CaExµr eFI√Camças'
TwkdIkmı¨CafIµ®besIrCag . CaBiess bUdUy®tUveronsU®tPasaExµr GkßrExµr
Cadac'xat˘˘˘ e®JHfaebIbUdUyNaF¬ak'elx ®tUvenAk~¨g®sukExµrrhUt ®tUvbn¬M
eFI√CaExµrrhUt .
yYnevotkugsMulaExµr®khmelIkenH minEmnedIrecjecal®sukExµr
dUcCayYnevotmijsMulaes†csIhnukalBIq~S1954enaHeT˘˘˘ KWva®Kan'Et
fyeTABYnlak'x¬ÁntambeN†ay®BMEdnExµr-yYn-lav rYcecjbJÇaBIcm©ay
bg≈M[GtitExµrevotmij dwknSeyaFaExµr®khmEdl®sLaj'sem†c“ cUl
kMeTcsaFarNrdΩExµrCMnYsva . cMENkBYkva vasMrak˘˘˘ b"uEn†e®tomx¬ÁnCanicç
Kµan®bEhs . tSgBIeBlenaHmk manEt®kumExµrevotmijeTEdlGaceTA CYb
lu t ® k a b e d I m ∫ I T T Y lb JÇ a B I e v o t k u g p Ê a l' . d U e c ~ H , e n A e B lNa v a ® t U v e LI
geTATTYlbJÇaBIemva vaEtgEtPreyaFaExµr®khmfa « ®kumva®tUveTAeronsU
®tenAGgkarelI » .
sUmbJÇak'fa – « Jk¥Ggkar » cab'kMeNIttSgBIeBlenaHmkehIy KW
cab'BIExsIhaq~S1973 ! .
KYr[GaeNacGFm·dl'eyaFaExµr®khm Edl®sLaj'sem†c“cMnYn
bYnmWunnak'enaHNas' edayBMuVndwgx¬Ánfa ®kumx¬ÁnkMBugF¬ak'cUlk~¨gGnÊak'
yYnevotkugTal'EtesaH . eBlæfa BYkembJÇakarrbs'x¬ÁneTAeronsU®t
enAGgkarelI EbrCae®tkGrNas' e®JH®Kb'@K~ayl'®cLMy"agF©n'CagF©n'
edaynwksµanEteTACYbsem†c“ eTACYbexov-sMpn, hflU-nwm, hflU-yn' .l.
e®JHeyaFaTSgbYnmWunnak' PaKe®cInCaG~kE®scMkar G~k®suk´®BP~M Ca
G~kl©g'ex¬A minyl'sƒankarN_ KµankarBiesaFnn
_ igkarBicarNa, eCOEt
tamJk¥j¨Hjg'rbs'yYnevotkug . dUcmanCaåTahrNm
_ Yy, yayeTog
VnCYbyuvCnm~ak'eQµaHra" . enA´f©TI23-1-93 evlaem"ag1resol yuvCn
GgkarCanrNa ? 33

ra"Vnra"yra"b'®Vb'yayeTognUvkll∫icevotkugdUcteTA –
kalBIExmifuna1970, eXIjevotkugcUlmkkan'PUmieJFivgß enAext†
s√ayerogEdlkumarra"Vnrs'enABItUc . vaedIrGugGat'JseBjPUmi, luHevo
tkugfyecjput ®sab'EtkV"l'ehaHyYnxagt∫ËgehaHmkTm¬ak'®Kab'Ebk
Vj'rHbMp¬ajexÊcxIÊPUmienaHeTA . kV"l'ehaHecjput evotkugk*cUlmkvij
rYcva®bmUl®bCaCnExµrTSgGs'[eTAenAkEn¬gmYyEdlvarMedaHVnrYcehIy
vaerobcMVyTwk[Cnrge®KaHbriePaKy"agbribUN·˘˘˘ b"uEn†minyUrb"unµaneT
®sab'Etman®kumGaf·kMVMgcUlmkB&TÏVj'sm¬ab'y"agsahav . vasm¬ab'
Etmnusßcas'@ EtvaTukCIvit[yuvCnnigekµgtUc@ . luH®kumenHecjput
EbrCaeXIjevotkugdEdlvil®tLb'mkvij . va®bmUlyuvCnnigkumar nS
eTAbg˙at'yuTÏviFI rYcbJçËlk~¨gkgeyaFaExµr®khm . eBlenaHkumarra"eTIbV
nGayu9q~S ®tUvVnevotkugekNÎ[eTAeFI√eyaFaCamYynwgeKEdr . evotkug
bJçËleTAk~¨gkg®tIkJç¨H vabMEbkekµg@Ca®kum@ manK~a15nak'k~¨gmYy®kum @
varuj[edIrmuxT&B .
´f©mYyenAk~¨gq~S1972 ®kumrbs'ra"®tUvs¬ab'Gs'14nak' sl'Etra"m~ak'
‰gKt' . ra"tk's¬¨tCax¬Sg eTIbdac'cit†pßge®Bgrt'eKcecjTal'EtVnenA
rs'rhUtTal'sB√´f©enH .
ra"bJÇak'eTotfa – evotkugj¨Hjg'Bn¥l'fa sÂgamenHbN†almkBI
elakln'-nl'nigGaemrikSgdeNI†mGMNacBIsem†c“ .l. edaysarmU-
lehtuenH VnCaeyaFaExµr®khmTSgenaHduHKMnity"agmute®CA fa®tUvEtkM
eTcExµrln'-nl', kMeTcc®kBti†GaemrikSg, rMedaHEdndIykmkf√aysem†c“
vijEtb"ueNˆaH .
tSgBIbUdUydkfyeTAlak'x¬Ány"agenHmk, yYnevotkugcat'EcgEtgtS
gKN:k
kmµkarBiess lblYccUlmkkan'®sukExµrBinit¥sƒankarNs
_ wk˘˘˘
dUec~HebIraÂs†Exµrs¬Ët®tg'NaP&n†®cLM edIreTAeXIjvaeday´cdn¥ Ggkar
bJÇa[cab'raÂs†Exµrd*GP&B√enaH edayecaTfaedIrxusExße®tom . vavayeFI√
TaruNkmµy"agsahav rYcehIysm¬ab'ecaledIm∫IbMVt'Ps†¨tag . ®bCaCn
Exµrrge®KaHedaysarGgkarbJÇa[sm¬ab'tamrebobenHy"age®cIn .l.

❑ ❑
❑
GgkarCanrNa ? 34

CMBUkTI6
‹ ®btikmµelaksWg-g"ukfaj'e®kay®Biti†karN1
_ 8mina !
‹ elakln'-nl'cat'tSgelaksWg-g"ukfaj' Canayk-
rdΩmÂnI† !
‹ ®bvti†seg≈brbs'elaksWg-g"ukfaj' !

®btikmµelaksWg-g"ukfaj'e®kay®Biti†karN1
_ 8mina70

elaksWg-g"ukfaj'CaG~kbegI˚tclnaExµresrI . dMNak'kalCadMbUg
´nclnaExµresrI KWkarJr®bCaCnExµrPaKticEdlrs'enArV"t'rV"y≤tTIBw
gdUcCaExµrkmı¨Cae®kamCaedIm . k~¨gq~S1970 clnaExµresrImankgT&BcM-
nYn3mWunnak' . e®kay®Bwti†karN´_ f©18mina70, elaksWn-g"ukfaj'TTYl
Bt·mand*c∫as'karNf
_ a ®beTsExµrekItsÂgam KWbUdUyCae®cInmWunnak'e®bI
yIehaExµr®khm enAelIedIm®TUgJk'rUbes†csIhnuE®skCeyasem†c“ rYc
elatvaykMeTcsm¬ab'Exµrln'-nl'EdlCamças'TwkdIBit@ .
®sab'EtenA´f©27-4-70, elaksWn-g"ukfaj'TTYlBt·manc∫as'kar-
Nm
_ keTotfa bUdUyecjmuxeBjTIvaykMeTcsm¬ab'Exµr . enAeQIexµAext†
kN†al bUdUyrukrancUly"agelOnF¬aymkdl'taexµArhUtdl'k∫alf~l'
.l. dUec~HelaksWn-g"ukfaj'sMercCabnÊan'®tUvEtbJÇËnkgT&BExµr edIm∫ICY
ykarJrTwkdI . bJÇËnelIkTImYyenA´f©TI30-4-70 . bnÊab'mkelakTTY
lBt·manmkfa enA´f©TI15-6-70 bUdUyCae®cInmWunk∫alecjmuxvaykMeTc
sm¬ab'ExµrenAext†kMBg'FM . eBlenaHc∫SgTl'tYnwgkgT&BCatiExµr . dUec~H
elaksWn-g"ukfaj'bJÇËnkgT&BExµredIm∫ICYykarJrTwkdIm†geTot . bJÇËn
elIkTI2enA´f©TI30-6-70 .
bnÊab'mkeTot, elaktamdanseg˚tdwgc∫as'fasÂgamk~¨g®sukExµrKW
yYnCaevotkugvaykMeTcsm¬ab'ExµrsahavCagsahav elakQb'raErk
GgkarCanrNa ? 35

elaksMerceFI√Blikmµlb'clnaExµresrI rYcelak®bmUlkgT&BExµresrITS
gGs'bJÇËncUlkan'®sukExµrCaelIkTI3enA´f©TI9-9-70 ®bKl'CUnelak
ln'-nl' rYcsMercdak'eQµaHfa « Em"kh√&k » ( MIKE FORCE ) .
ebIeyIge®bobeFobelaksWn-g"ukfaj'nigelakln'-nl'elakTSgBIr
enHmanÚkJr®bhak'®bEhlK~a . elaksWn-g"ukfaj'Camnusßh~wgh~r mi
necHxwg®ceLat elakniyayticb"uEn†mann&yTUlMTUlay elakmincMNa
yeBlelgesIc elakminEdl®b®Bwt†GI√[xUc®beyaCnC
_ atieLIy . k~¨g
mYyCIvitrbs'elak elakeFI√BlikmµlHbg'kicçkarpÊal'x¬ÁnedIm∫ICatiCanicç .
®beTskmı¨CaeyIgCMnan'enaH manelaksWn-g"ukfaj'xMkarJrksagCa
tiBIVt´dTeTenAe®kA®beTs . elakTSgBIrnak'CavIrCnExµr manstism∫
CÇJÔ:es~haCatiBit@ . elakTSgBIrnak'KµanKMnitrevIrvaycg'dwknS®beTs
CatinigraÂs†Exµr[cuHj"meFI√CaxM∆¨kJÇHbreTsNamYyeT ! .
KYr[s†ayNas' ®Bwti†karN´_ f©TI18mina70ekIteLIgyWteBlNas'
eTAehIy, e®JHeBlenaHbUdUykan'kab'TwkdIExµrGs'cMnYn2PaK3eTAehIy .
åTahrNd
_ UcCaeyIgrg'cSTwkCMnn' eLIglicdMbUlpÊHeTAehIyeTIbnSK~a®b
ev®bvarkTICMrk k*k¬aydl'nUvesckI†vinashinehacdl'TIsgÙwmEtm†g .
enAExmina1972, elakesna®bmuxln'-nl'cat'EtgtSgelaksWn-g"u
kfaj'CanaykrdΩmÂnI† .
enAExkJÔa1970 elaksWn-g"ukfaj'manebIkGg®bCMumYyenATI®kugeJ
Fisat' elakxMBn¥l'raÂs†ExµreGayyl'nUvsÂgam EdlkMBugekIteLIgy"a
gsIusac'hutQamK~ay"agenH KWeyIgc∫SgCamYyGaTmiLEdlCayYnevot
kug mUlehtuenHeTIbelaksMerclb'clnaExµresrI rYcelak®bmUlkgT&B
ExµresrITSgGs'nSykmk®bKl' CUnelakesna®bmuxln'-nl'edIm∫Ikar
JrTwkdIExµrvij .
eBlenaHmansaÂs†acar¥m~ak' k~¨gnamraÂs†Exµrext†eJFisat' e®kakeLI
gsMusYrelaksWn-g"ukfaj'fa ehtudUcem†cVnCaelakminQreQµaHCaeb
k≈Cn®bFanaFibtI ?
elaksWn-g"ukfaj'jjwm®BmTSgeqI¬yBn¥l'EvkEjkfa – G~kes~ha
CatiminEmnmanEtelak®bFanaFibtIeT ! G~kkarJrksagCatik*minEmnman
Et®bFanaFibtIEdr ! KW®tUvmaneyIgral'K~arYbrYmsamKIy"agesµaH®tg'Gs'BI
dYgcit† CYyelakeTIbGackarTwkdICatisasnaVnKg'vg'˘˘˘ « dUcmanJk¥
GgkarCanrNa ? 36

bUraNmYyEdlVnEcgfa G~kmanrkßaxßt' dUcsMBt'B&TÏBIe®kA G~k®VC∆rkßa

ex¬A dUcsMeBAnUvsMV"n˘˘˘ » .
elaksWn-g"ukfaj'bJÇak'bEnƒmfa – x¬Ánrbs'elaknigelakesna®b
muxln'-nl'dUcmnusßEtm~ak' . elakesna®bmuxhflaneFI√Blikmµ®Kb'Ebb
y"ag edIm∫IkarJrTwkdI Cati sasnaenAk~¨g®beTs˘˘˘ cMENkelak@sµ&®K
cit†bMerIenAe®kA®beTs . enAq~S1972, yUnhaNUybJÇabUdUy[vaykMeTc
bMp¬aj®sukExµredayykels facUlmkCYysem†csIhnu . dUec~Helak
®tUvEteFI√Blikmµ®Kb'Ebby"ag edIm∫ICYyelakesna®bmuxln'-nl' karJr
Cati TwkdI nigsasna .
luHelaksWg-g"ukfaj'Ef¬gcb'nUvJk¥eBcnd
_ *manx¬wmsarenHehIy ®b
CaraÂs†ExµrTH´dækgrMBg sresIrmindac'BImat' ekr†ei_ QµaHrbs'elakæl∫I
suHsay j¨Sg[namWunBukrlYyEdlGg¨ycSEtertamx¥l'enACMuvijelak
esna®bmux Tas'cit† manesckI†Vrm∏ nig®cENnQ~anis .
BYkenHk*begI˚tXatkrGaf·kMVMgmYy®kum[tamsm¬ab'elak . ´f©mYy
®kumXatkrlbBYnEk∫rvSgxagekItvalemru lYcVj'sm¬ab'elak Et®Kab'
kSePI¬gk*®ClYseTA®tUvGgrkßrbs'elaks¬ab'P¬amenAnwgkEn¬g . luHelak
®tLb'mkkan'TIlMenArbs'elakvij yb' enaHelakGg¨ybJŒrCgg' yk
´d®Tcg˚aTl'P¬W . elak®s´meXIjeLIgvijnUvGnusßavrIyT
_ SgGs' Edl
elakxMeFI√BlikmµedIm∫Ikmı¨Ca‰kraC¥ dUckalBIq~S1943 elakmanesckI†k¬a
handwknS®BHsgÙnigraÂs†Exµr eFI√VtukmµedjVrSg CaehtueFI√[VrSgrk
cab'x¬Ánelak elakk*rt'eKceTA®CksMNak'enA‰®beTsCb"un .
enA´f©TI9-5-1945 elakVnvil®tLb'mkkan'®beTskmı¨Cavij . ´f©
TI6-10-1945 es†csIhnuyl'®Bm[VrSgcab'x¬Ánelak eTAkan'ext†B&r
eT¥r´_ n®beTsVrSg Gs'ry:eeBl6q~S . enA´f©TI20-10-1951 VrSg®b
Kl'esrIPaB[elak elakk*vil®tLb'cUlmkkan'®beTskmı¨Cam†geTot .
mkdl'matuPUmiP¬am elakbegI˚tsarBt·manmYyeQµaH « Exµre®kak » edIm∫I
das'etOnraÂs†Exµr[e®kakeLIgrYbrYmcgVc'K~aedjVrSg . e®kayenaHmk
bni†c ®kumraCvSgXubXitCamYyVrSgbwTkaEstenaH rYceKbMrugcab'x¬Ánela
km†geTot . elakdwgx¬ÁnTan'k*rt'ePosx¬ÁneTAkan'P~MdgErk enA´f©TI9-3-
1952 cUlrYbrYmCamYy®kumExµr≤sßr : e d I m ∫ I v a y k M e T c e d j V r S g T a m T a r
kmı¨Ca‰kraC¥ .
GgkarCanrNa ? 37

®beTskmı¨CaVn‰kraC¥bribUN·enA´f©TI9-11-1954 elaksWg-g"uk
faj'erobcMx¬ÁncUlmkrYbrYmk~¨gsgmCatiEdr b"uEn†es†csIhnueCOGamIuGaefa
gCMTas'minTTYl .
elakjjwmedIrcakecjBIkmı¨Ca Tuk[Gs'elak . elakmanvicarN-
JÔaNKitdl'GnaKt´n®bCaCnExµrPaKtic Edlrs'enArV"t'rV"yk~¨g®b-
eTsesom nigmYyPaKFMenAkmı¨Cae®kam‰eNaH dUckUnkM®J . dUec~Hkal
eNaH CYnkalelaksMNak'enAkmı¨Cae®kam edIm∫IrkmeF¥aVyCYykarJr
®bCaCnExµrkM®JGs'TSgenaH .
luHdl'q~S1958 eTIbelakcab'epI†mbegI˚tclnaExµresrI BIVt´dTeT
KµanGI√CaFnFanTal'EtesaH . elakmanesckI†k¬ahaneFI√Blikmµ®Kab'Ebb
y"ag sMGageTAelIesckI†es~haCatid*mutEdlecjBIebHdUgd*esµaH®tg'
Bit®Vkdrbs'elakCaKMrUEtb"ueNˆaH .
CadMbUgmanK~aEt140nak'˘˘˘ bn†@mkelakbegI˚tVnkgT&BExµresrIenA
®beTs´fVnCae®cInrynak'˘˘˘ luHe®kaymkelakyl'fa sƒankarNr_ va
g´fnigExµr KµanGI√KYr[®BYyVrm∏eT elakk*ecjbJÇa[emkgT&BExµresrI
enA®beTs´fnSkgT&BTSgGs' sMucuHcUlraCkarP~MeBjcuH . cMENkelak
elakxM®bwgB®gwgB®gIkkgT&BExµresrIsiƒtenAkmı¨Cae®kam [Vnrwgbwugnig
s√its√aj . kaleNaH eTaHes†csIhnuE®skeCr®beTctamviT¥¨ecaTfa
k∫t'y"agNa k*elaksWg-g"ukfaj'minEdleqI¬ytbTal'EtesaH .
enAeBlNaEdlG~kkaEstsYrelak elakeqI¬yfa – G~kes~haCati
mincSVc'GYtGageT˘˘˘ eyIgxMEteFI√kar[esµaH®tg'cMeJHCati muxCaEP~k´n
®bCaCnExµrsm¬wgeXIj˘˘˘ eKGacyl', eKnwgKS®T, eKnwgeqI¬yCMnYseyIg
Caminxan .
elaksWg-g"ukfaj'nwkerOgGtitkaldl'®twmeNH elakk*®KvIk∫aldM
GUjfa «{bgbÌËnExµreGIy ! dMNak'kary"agenHeTAehIy critenAdEdl! » .
emIlcuHelIkTI1 elakxMtsflU®Kb'Ebby"ag luH®taEtkmı¨CaVn‰kraC¥
d*bribUN· . edaysarEtcrit®cENnninÊaQ~anisK~a eTIbelak®tUvcakec-
jecal®beTskmı¨Ca rhUtdl'elakbegI˚tVnclnaExµresrI .
≤LËvenH®beTsExµrkMBug®tUvrge®KaHy"agF©n'´®kElg e®JHKUbdibk≈Ed
l®tUvvaykMeTc®beTsExµr KWyYnhaNUyEdlrg'cS{kasenHyUrehIy
edIm∫Ie®bIyIehaExµr®khm edayykelsfa mkCYyes†csIhnu .
GgkarCanrNa ? 38

{eTvtaeGIy ! eFI√y"agdUcem†ceTA ? EtedIm∫ICIvitrbs'elak elak®tUv

EtcakecjBI®beTskmı¨Cam†geTotCadac'xat .
®BwkEsÌkelaksWg-g"ukfaj'k*cUleTACYbelakesna®bmuxln'-nl'
sMulaQb'ecjBImuxdMENgnaykrdΩmÂnI†TI1 . elakbnßl'kgT&BExµres
rITSgGs'cMnYn3mWunnak' EdlelakxMtsflUxMbegI˚ty"aglMVk Tuk[enACYy
®beTsExµr . elaksMup†SnigBn¥l'elakesna®bmuxfa – « kgT&BExµresrI
manstism∫CÇJÔ:es~haCatiBit@ KWtSgBIkekIteLIgsµ&®Kcit†bMerICatimin
EdlTamTar®Vk'Ex minBukrlYyeT mansamKIy"agrmYt . ®kumenHdUcst√
x¬a b"uEn†minEdlsal'…sIusac'eT ! ®tUv®by&t~kMubgab'[x¬aenHsIusac' ! .
CaBiesselakFM@CaembJÇakar ®tUvmanyuti†Fm· ®tUvsal't´m¬®kumenH .
e®JH®kumenHmanÚkJeqIµg minecHlut®kab minecHEGbGb minecHbeJIçc
beJIçeT b"uEn†Ep~kvayswkmankarBiesaFny
_ "ag®Kb'®Kan' sÊat'CMnaj rwgbwu
g®BmTSgsal'c∫as'las'nUvkll∫icxµSg KWbUdUy . ®kumenHecHbMeBj
krNIkicçnigPar:kicçy"ageBjelj dwgc∫as'fax¬ÁnCaTahan ®tUvEtkMeTc
xµSgedIm∫IkarJrCati TwkdI nigsasna .
CasrubesckI†eTA ebIembJÇakarecHdwg eKGacnwgTTYlpld*Kab'®b-
esIrVn » .
elaksWg-g"ukfaj'p†SepI∆sB√®Kb'rYcehIy elakk*{belakesna®bmu-
xln'-nl' sMulaeTAkan'®beTsevotNamxagt∫Ëg KWkmı¨Cae®kam . elak
cakecjBI®beTskmı¨Ca cakecjBIelakesna®bmuxln'-nl' cakecjBI
kgT&BExµresrIrbs'elakcMnYn3mWunnak' eTAEtVt´dTeTCamYyGgrkßrb-
s'elakeQµaHfac'-eTOg enAExtulaq~S1972 .

❑ ❑
❑
GgkarCanrNa ? 39

CMBUkTI7
‹ ®btikmµBI®bCaBlrdΩExµre®kay®Bwti†karN1
_ 8mina70 !
‹ raCkarExµrmineGIeBInwgCIvPaBraÂs† !
‹ GMeBIBukrlYyEp~kkgT&B !
‹ karsm¬ab'elakfac'-Ca !
‹ elaksuTÏ-b"Ulin®tUvrt'ecal®suk !

®btikmµBI®bCaBlrdΩExµre®kay®Bwti†karN1
_ 8mina70!

enA´f©TI18-3-1970 evlaem"ag1resol ®bCaBlrdΩExµr®Kb'Can'f~ak'

®Kb'vNˆ: mankarP∆ak'rMePIbjab'j&rmYyEP¬t e®JHminsµanTal'EtesaHfa
®beTsExµrEbreTACaman®Bwti†karNT
_ m¬ak'sem†csIhnu BItMENg®bmuxrdΩ
y"agenH .
b"uEn†raÂs†ExµrcUlcit†rs'enAedays©b'es©øm minecHk∫t' …riHKn'elakFM
@ EdlCaemdwknS®beTsCatieT . em@dwknScg'eFI√GI√k*eFI√eTAcuH e®JH®bCa
raÂs†ExµrPaKe®cInminykcit†Tukdak'xagEp~kneyaVyeLIy . ra®s†nigna
mWunminsUvmankarTak'TgCitditrvagK~anigK~aeT .
emIlcuH ! ®KYsarNamankUnBI10eTA14nak'k*eday˘˘˘ ciJçwmx¬Án‰gcuH !
raCkarKµaneGIeBInwknaåbtƒm∏GI√eT . ®KYsarNacg'[kUneron nSeTAcuH˘˘˘ ®KY-
sarNanSkUneTAsIuQ~Ál …nSeTAlk'[eFI√xM∆¨kJÇHeK k*nSeTAcuH . ebIkUnQW
®KYsarG~kman®TB¥nSkUneTArkeBT¥Q~Áledayx¬Án‰g cMENk‰®KY-
sarG~k®kxßt' ciJçwmkUnrs'edaypßge®BgsMNagTSgGs', raCkarKµaneGI
eBIeLIy . dUec~HraÂs†ExµrEdlsucrit KitEtBI®bkbrbrksikmµ KWkab'Kas'
dSduH edIm∫IrkePaKplmkciJçwm®KYsartamykfakmµEtb"ueNˆaH .
mUlehtuenH eBlraÂs†ExµrTTYldMNwgfaelakln'-nl'Tm¬ak'sem†c
sIhnu ®bCaBlrdΩExµrTUTSg®beTs Edlrs'enAk~¨gtMbn'saFarNrdΩ man
GgkarCanrNa ? 40

karesaks†aysem†cEtmYyEP¬tb"ueNˆaH rYcehIyk*bMeP¬ceTA . ®Kb'@K~ama

nlMnwgnwgnr xMkab'Kas'dSduH xMrs'sIuciJçwm®KYsarvijeTA .
m"¥agvijeTot ®bCaBlrdΩExµrsal'elakln'-nl'y"agc∫as'las' ma
nesckI†sgÙwmnigTukcit†elIelak .
elakCavIrCnd*sÌatsÌM, elakmanstism∫CJÔ:es~haCati, elakesµaH
®tg'cMeJHCati, elakEfmTSgKitcg'rMedaHkmı¨Cae®kameTotpg. elakminecH
GYtGag minecHxwg®ceLat elakminsUvVnevahaeT .
elakmanedImkMeNItBIraÂs†Fmµta muxCaelaknSmknUvyuti†Fm·CUnra-
Âs†ExµrCaminxan . b"uEn†CaerOgKYr[s†ayNas' e®JH®Bwti†karN´_ f©18mina
1970 vayWteBlNas'eTAehIy, yYnhaNUyCaevotkugVnkan'kab'Twk
dIExµrGs'2PaK3rYceTAehIy . m"¥agvijeToteBlelakln'-nl'eLIgCa
emdwknSExµr rUbelak®tUveraKaJFebotebony"agF©n' minGnuJÔat[elakbM-
eBjkrNiykicçVnditdl' [VneBjelj bN†al[®kumnamWunBukrlY
yeq¬øt{kasB&TÏelakCMuCit . rI‰elakG~ksÌatsÌMminGaccUlCYbelakCM-
rabkarBitVneLIy . ebIelakG~kNahflancUlCYbCMrabkarBit KW®tUv®kumva
sm¬ab' manåTahrNx
_ ¬H@dUcteTA –
manvresniyeTam~ak'eQµaH daj'-dU CatiExµrkmı¨Cae®kam . elakCaecA
h√ay®suk®takUv ext†®tavij kmı¨Cae®kam . elakdwgnigyl'c∫as'fa s
Âgamk~¨g®sukExµreBlenH KWedImehtubN†almkBIyYnhaNUyCaevotkug
vaGnuvt†tambN†SexµachU-CImijEdlfa – « ®tUvEtB¥ayamykTwkdIkmı¨Ca
edIm∫IB®gIkbkßkumµ¨ynis†≤NÎËcin » . dUec~HelakvresniyeTasuxcit†rt'
ecalmuxtMENg rt'ecalbuN¥s&ki†d*åt†¨gåt†m lHbg'ecal®KYsar sµ&®K
cit†bUCaCIvit eFI√BlikmµmkCYyrMedaHTwkdIExµr . kaleNaHelakesna®bmux
ln'-nl'TTYlelaky"agrIkray ®BmTSgbMJk's&ki†dEdlCUnelakvij
E®beQµaHCa daj'-vDÛna rYccat'EtgtSgelakCaembJÇakarkgvresnaFM .
elakdaj'-vDÛnasµ&®Kcit†nST&BecjeTATb'Tl'cMeJHxµSgCanicç . elak
l∫IeQµaHBIerOgttbcMeJHxµSg TTYlC&yCMnHd*Kab'®besIr . kaleNaH
xµSgKWyYnhaNUyCabUdUye®bIyIehaExµr®khm .
ekr†ei_ QµaHelakdaj'-vDÛnaj¨Sg[emT&BEdlJk's&ki†eBjelIsµa Gg¨
yEtk~¨gkariyal&ycSertamx¥l' ekItkI†®cENnQ~anis .
GgkarCanrNa ? 41

man´f©mYy, kgT&Brbs'elakdaj'-vDÛnakMBugCab'´dsÌitvayCamYy
bUdUyenACYrP~M®bsiTiÏ eBlenaHkgT&BCitGs'®Kab' elakeFI√dMeNIrcUlkan'
rdΩFanIP~MeBj edIm∫IsMubEnƒm®Kab'rMesv . ®sab'EtelakFMTTYlxus®tUvxag
e®KOgsaÂs†avuF EbrCaTar´f¬TwkEtsin˘˘˘ manJk¥ccamGaramfa Tar50mWun
erol . elakdaj'-vDÛnaP∆ak'swgEtsn¬b' e®JHelakBMudwgCaeTArkluyd*
e®cInelIslb'enHenA‰Na . elakQr{b´dKitfa KYr[QWcit†Nas'˘˘˘
elakxMb†ËrCIvitmkCYykmı¨Ca suxcit†lHbg'cakecal®KYsar muxgarnigbu-
N¥s&ki†Bit@ mkJk's&ki†vresniyeTa EdlenA®sukExµrCas&ki†eKTijJk'
e®Jg®JtedIreBjEtpßar . nwkeXIjsB√®Kb' elakmYem"Ak*THkMeP¬øgåt†m
esniym~ak'EdlCaG~kTTYlxus®tUvbrik≈aTSgenaH ®BmTSgbJÇak'fa – enH
50mWunerolTTYlyksincuH ! .
elakdaj'-vDÛnaGP&B√manerOgdEdl@2dgeTot . bnÊab'BIerOgTI3
elakk*VnTTYllixitmYyc∫ab'BIkariyal&y®bmuxrdΩ Edlmanhtƒelxa
pÊal'´drbs'elakesna®bmuxpg bJŒb'pÌakelakmin[eFI√karteTAeTot .
kaleNaHk~¨grdΩaPiVlsaFarNrdΩExµr kgT&BEdlmancMnYn®Kb'®twm
®tUv edayKuNbMNac'sÂgam EdlVnTTYlkarGb'rMEp~kyuTÏsaÂs†y"ag
®twm®tUv ecHcat'EcgmanT®mg'®besIr mankarBiesaFnd
_ *®Kb'®Kan' Edll∫I
ecHc∫SgtTl'cMeJHxµSg ®BmTSgsal'kll∫icxµSg CaBiesssal'nig
eKarBkrNiykicç – KWyl'faeFI√Tahan®tUvhflanBlikmµCIvit edIm∫IkarJrCa
ti TwkdI sasna ®BmTSgmansµartIrwgbwug tsflUsi√ts√aj KWkgT&BEm"kh√&kß
GtItkgT&BExµresrI EdlmancMnYn3mWunnak', hflanlHbg'ecal®KYsar s&µ®K
cit†eFI√BlikmµbUCasac'QammkCYykarJr®beTskmı¨Ca manekr†ie_ QµaHl∫I
l∫ajGsçar¥ TTYleCaKC&yswg®Kb'smrPUmi KY[mansgÙwm . kgT&BenH
mankMhusmYytUcKWminecHlut®kab EGbGb beJIçcbeJIçr EteKarBkrNi-
ykicçkMeTcxµSgKWyYnbUdUy edIm∫IkarJrTwkdI Cati sasnaEtb"ueNˆaH .
mUlehtuenHj¨Sg[emT&BenAkmı¨CakN†almineBjcit† EfmTSgekIt
esckI†®cENn . emIlcuHkgT&BEm"kh√&kßCab'´ds√itkMBugkMeTcxµSg Cit
Gs'®Kb'rMesv k*cat'tMNagcUlkan'rdΩFanIP~MeBjsMuCMnYy ®sab'EtGs'
elakEdlCaG~kTTYlxus®tUvEp~kbrik≈aTSgenaH EbrCaTar´f¬TwkEt50mWun
eroleTAvij . emIlcuH ! eKcab'epI†mbgab'x¬a[ecHsIusac'ehIy ! .
bJ˙ad*sµ¨KsµajrebobenHekItmanelIgCajwkjab' eTIbmanelakvres
GgkarCanrNa ? 42

niyeTad*ekµgm~ak'eQµaH <fac'-Ca> elakGt'®TSminVnnwgGMeBIGyuti†Fm·

Gs'TSgenH . elakk*cUleTAkan'kariyal&ybrik≈aTSgenaH ehIyhflansI†
benÊasåt†mesniyx¬HEdlCaG~kTTYlxus®tUv . ®BwkEsÌkelakk*®bfuy
CIvitcUleTACYbelakesna®bmuxln'-nl' edIm∫IraykarNC
_ MraberOgTSg
Gs'enH . eq¬øt{kasCMrabbEnƒmBIerOgTMnijnanaeLIg´f¬BI1eTA100 eTIb
elakdwgfakgvresnatUcnimYy@ manEtemTahancMENk‰kUnTahanmin
®Kb'cMnYneT . e®kaybni†cmk edaynamWunBukrlYymanK~ae®cInelIslb'
vak*j¨Hjg'[kUnsisßeFI√Vtukmµ rkelsepßg@ edIm∫Ivaysm¬ab'elakvr
esniyeTad*ekµgnigd*k¬ahanenH . BYkvaVnsMercKMeragkarN_ edaysm¬a
b'elakVnenAkN†alTI®kugP~MeBjna´f©TI4 mifuna q~S1974 rYcehIyvaeVH
exµacelakvresniyeTaecaleTAk~¨gTen¬bYnmuxeTA .
elakvresniyeTa fac'-Ca ®tUvBYknamWunBukrlYysm¬ab'Vt'eTA rI‰bg
bÌËnmit†Pki†rbs'elakminhflanehIbmat'eT e®JHx¬acGMNac®kumBukrlYy
tamB¥aVT .
eBlenaHelak suTÏ-b"Ulin cagh√agkaEstnKrFM ( kkn – elaksuTÏ
b"Ulin®tUvCamit†Pki†y"agCits~iTÏCamYyelakfac'-Ca ehIyCaG~kVndwgerOg
ra"vTSgGs'enHy"agc∫as'las' ) manesckI†k¬ahan eFI√BlikmµsresrEvk
EjknUvXatkmµd*sahavminEdlmank~¨g®bvti†saÂs† ´ns~a´d®kumnamWunBu
krlYy cuHk~¨gkaEstnKrFM elxBiessmYy Edlmane®cInTMB&r . ®kumBu
krlYyykkarNd
_ wg vabMrugcab'x¬Ánelak elakk*beJçjkaEstlk'pßay
mun´f©kMNt' rYcelakcakecjBI®sukrhUtmkdl'sB√´f©enH .
elakfac'-Ca®tUveKsm¬ab'Vt'eTA, elaksuTÏ-b"Uli n®tUvrt' ecal®suk,
namWunsÌatsÌMeTACaKSgmat'KµanhflankMerIk . ®kumnamWunBukrlYyk*B&TÏelak
ln'-nl'y"agCMuCit . tSgBIeBlenaHmk elakesna®bmuxElgVnTTYl
Bt·manGI√BitTal'EtesaH . ®kumBukrlYyCaBiessEp~kkgT&Bcab'epI†meFI√
CMnYj KWlk'elxkgvresnatUc lk'buN¥s&ki†k~¨gq~S1974-1975 KWåb-
maebImanembJÇakarNam~ak's¬ab' eKcat'karlk'eQµaH s&ki† kgvresnatUc
enaHP¬am . enAkaleNaH tMNagraÂs† saÂs†acar¥ ®KUbe®gon emXMurt'eca
lkEn¬gEbrCaeTATijs&ki†Jk'e®Jg®Jt . etIJk's&ki†nSTahaneTAkMcat'
xµSg… ?˘˘˘ eT ! eT ! minEmnnSTahaneTAvayxµSgeT .
emIlcuHelakembJÇakarTijs&ki†Jk'eBjelIsµa rYccab'cat'EcgeFI√bJIÇ
GgkarCanrNa ? 43

kUnTahanEdlmanEteQµaH manEtrUbft KµanmnusßeT edIm∫IebIkluyecj

BIX¬SgykeTAsg´f¬kgvresnatUc sg´f¬s&ki†Edlx¬ÁnVnTij˘˘˘
manelakx¬HJk's&ki†eBjelIsµa EteTAGg¨yrt'BnÏeTAvij . luHGMeBI
BukrlYyKµan®BMEdnk~¨gkgT&BekItmaneLIgk~¨grebobenaH bN†al[luy
kak'kan'EtefakeTA@ e®JHQ~Álcineq¬øt{kasenaHKitEtBIBWttemI¬g´f©TMni
j®kWt@ .
åTahrNk
_ alBIq~S1970 sac'®CUkmYyKILË´f¬12erol, KuyTavmYy
can´f¬5erol, Gg˚rmYyVvTm©n'100KILË´f¬300erol . enAq~S1975 sac'
®CUkmYyKILË´f¬1250erol, KuyTavmYycan´f¬500erol, Gg˚rmYyVvTm©n'
100KILË´f¬35,000erol . dUec~HTMnijTUeTAeLIg´f¬Cag100dg . elak
ln'-nl'KµandwgGI√Tal'EtesaH . eBlenaHG~krdΩkarsÌatsÌMs¬Ët®tg'cMeJH
Cati dl'eBldac'eJHs¬ab' e®JH®Vk'ExTijEtGg˚rmYyVvmin®Kb'pg .
®Kb'@K~aeq¬øteBlciJçwmman' Ta ®CUk .
cMENkelakFM@dUcCaelakrdΩmÂnI† elakåt†mesniy elakvresniy
eTa elakvresniy‰k elakvresniy®tI elaksaÂs†acar¥ elakvis√kr
elakevCÇbNiÎt nig®KUeBT¥CaedIm k~¨g®kbx&NÎBit@EdleFI√karbMerICatita
mbecçkeTserog@x¬Ány"agsucritenaH minGac®b®Bwt†nUvGMeBIBukrlYydUc
namWunCMnan'fIµ KWelatminTan'eK k*F¬ak'Twkcit†Gs'sgÙwm k*duHcit†revIrvay G-
g¨yrg'cSertamx¥l'vij . ®Kb'@K~ayl'®cLMy"agF©n'CagF©n'fa rbbNak*
edayeK®tUvkarG~kecHdwg EdlmanbecçkeTsy"ag®Kb'®Kan' eTaHbIsem†c
sIhnu Edlmanelakexov-sMpnKS®TdeNI†mVnGMNacBIelakln'-nl'
vil®tLb'mk®Kb'®Kg®beTskmı¨Cavijk*eday kicçkarrdΩ®tUvEtF¬ak'mkelI
®kumx¬ÁndEdl . emIlcuH ! elakFM@TSgenaHmindwgx¥l'Tal'EtesaH kar
BitsÂgamenHmanKUbdib&k≈Gaf·kMVMg KW®kumGatitExµrevotmij nigbUdUyCa
e®cInmWunnak' Edlbn¬Me®bIyIehaExµr®khm …e®bIyIehasem†c“‰eNaHeTA
vijeT .
manelakFM@mYyPaKeBlenaH ®tUvTTYlevraKWkmµpl e®JHelakF¬ab'
Gg¨yertamx¥l' rYceVkExµr≤sßr: manelaksWg-g"ukfaj', elakdab-
QYn, elakekA-tk'CaedIm .
emIlcuH ! BIq~S1945dl'1953 elakdab-QYnnigelakekA-tk'Caem
dwknSExµr≤sßr: elakTSgBIrnak'sMNak'enAEtk~¨g´®B ®tUvmusTakxS xMtsflU
GgkarCanrNa ? 44

®bqSgedjVrSg luH®taEtnKrExµrVn‰kraC¥bribUN·enA´f©TI9-11-53 .
nKrkmı¨CaVn‰kraC¥P¬am ®kumExµr≤sßr:s
sMucuHcUlk~¨gsgmExµredIm∫Iksag
kmı¨CafIµTSgGs'K~a . eBlenaHelakFM@EdlGg¨yrg'cSertamx¥l' EdlecH
Etlut®kab k*VnsMercTTYleCaKC&yEmn . ®Kb'@K~aVneLIgs&ki† rYcbMeP¬
cKuNG~ktsflU minecHGt'{nGnue®KaHGb'rMK~a edIm∫ITukCYykarJr®beTseTA
GnaKteT EbrCamancrit®cENnE®kgeKl∫ICagx¬Án k*nSK~aecaTG~ktsflUfa
CaG~kk∫t'Cati rYcehIyk*elIkT&BeTAB&TÏVj'sm¬ab'ecalexÊc .
( erOgeKB&TÏVj'sm¬ab'elakdab-QYnenAq~S1959 edayecaTfak∫t'
enaH xM∆¨mindwgfaCaerOgBit…eT˘˘˘ sUmbgbÌËnExµremt†aBicarNaedayx¬Án‰g
cuH b"uEn†karBitenaH dUcCarUbelaksWg-g"ukfaj'k*eKmin[cUl®sukEdr ) .
b"uEn†xM∆¨s†ayGs'elakTSgenaHNas' Edlbg˚erOgeQ¬aHK~aEtCamYy
ExµrK~a‰g EdlCaG~kbMerIExµrBit@ . cMENk‰ExµrGay"gbMerIyYnhaNUyKW
GtitExµrevotmij EdlCas®tUvsIusac'hutQamrbs'Exµr EdlCaG~ksm¬a
b'bMVt'BUCExµr KµanelakFMExµrTSgGs'enaHmansmtƒPaB®sav®CavrkeXIj
…eFI√[®kumk∫t'CatiBit@enaH®BWeramvaeLIy .
emIlcuH ! e®kaysni~siThßWENvk~¨gExkk˚daq~S1954 EdlVnsMerc
[evotmijdkfyecjBI®beTsExµr yYnhaNUyCaevotmijeq¬øteBlenaH
sMrSge®CIserIsExµrevotmijcMnYn1,000nak' nSykeTACamYy edIm∫IbMJk'
eKalCMhrkumµ¨ynis†[VnqÌineqÌA . cMENk4Jn'nak'eTot vabnßl'TukJ
seBj®sukExµr edIm∫IeFI√CaExßry:eeTAGnaKt . vabJÇa[rMlay®kumcUl
sm©MQwgk~¨gTIggit rg'cSeBlevlalÌmkdl' . ( vaKµancUlsMucMNuHk~¨g
sgmExµr‰kraC¥eT) . manembJÇakarmYyPaK®sLaj'nigesµaH®tg'cMeJH
Cati Kµansfl˜u®KlMuCamYybnBukrlYyeT . elakEtgEtnST&BeTATb'Tl'CamY-
yxµSg˘˘˘ b"uEn†cab'tSgBIcugeq~S1973mk k~¨gsmrPUminimYy@eKeXIjEtexµac
ExµrJseBj´®B mineXIjexµacbUdUydUceBlmun@eT . dUec~HmanGarmµN_
rvatcit†cg'Qb'bn†sÂgam e®JHmincg'eXIjQambgbÌËnExµrhUteTA´f©mux
eTot .
cMENk‰raÂs†ExµrG~kE®scMkar eBlenaHk*KµaneXIjGI√Eb¬kBICMnan'mun
mkCMnan'e®kay KWeXIjEtbEnƒmTm©n'Caerogral'´f© k*E®bcit†revIrvay ehIy
k*nwkfa ebIVnsem†c“Edlmanelakexov-sMpnCaemExµr®khmKS®T Vn
vil®tLb'mk®Kb'®Kg'®beTsExµrvij®besIrNas' .
GgkarCanrNa ? 45

emIlcuHenAeBlenaH ! ®bCaBlrdΩExµrTUeTATSgraÂs†TSgnamWunG~krdΩ-
kar®Kb'@Ep~k ®Kb'Can'f~ak' TSgTahan TSgsIuvil yl'®cLMy"agF©n'Cag F©n'
edaysµanfaP~k'ePI¬gsÂgamenH KWExµrln'-nl'm≈agc∫SgCamYyExµrsIhnu-
exovsMpnm≈ageTot . ®bCaBlrdΩExµrmindwgTal'EtesaHfa manKUbdi
b&k≈Gaf·kMVMgBYnlak'x¬Ánk~¨gTIggit lYce®bIyIehaExµr®khm lYce®bIyI-
ehasem†csIhnu rg'cS{kaslÌeTIbvae®kakeLIgm†gmYydMNak'@ bn¬Ms-
m¬ab'bMVt'BUCExµr . etInrNaCaKUbdib&k≈Gaf·kMVMgenH ? KWGtitevotmijEd-
lyYnhaNUyCaevotkugCaemdwknS CaG~kp†l'GavuF[®Kb'Fun ®BmTSgma
nbUdUyCag1Esnnak' e®tomx¬Ánrg'cSp†l'km¬Sgsm©at' EdlCakm¬SgGmt:
EdlvamanGavuF®besIrCagExµreyIg vamanExßry :EEtmYyKt'y"ag®twm®tUv
hµt'ct' vacat'EcgmanT®mg'®besIrCagExµreyIg . åTahrNf
_ a ´f©enH Ex
enH q~SenH etIva®tUvbeJçjExµrFunNa ? etIExµrFunenaH®tUveFI√GI√ ? .l. va
biun®bsb'e®bIkll∫ic CabÂJças'CabeN†ay vaecHcat'karVny"agdit
dl'enAelIBiPBelak KµansasnN
_ aGaceFI√dUcvaVneLIy . k~¨gq~S1974
vakan'kab'TwkdI´®B®Bwkßarbs'ExµrVnswg3PaK4eTAehIy .l.

❑ ❑
❑
GgkarCanrNa ? 46

CMBUkTI8
‹ ehtudUcem†cVnCaman®Bwti†karN´_ f©17emsa1975 ?

‹ karbegI˚tKN:kmµaFikarBiesscrcabJçb'sÂgam .

‹ elakesna®bmuxln'-nl'cakecjBI®sukExµr .

‹ Ggkar®tYt®ta®beTsExµr .

‹ vibti†´nrdΩFanIP~MeBje®kay®Bwti†karN1
_ 7emsa1975

‹ vibti†´next†Vt'dMbge®kay®Bwti†karN1
_ 7emsa1975

‹ vibti†®suk´b"line®kay®Bwti†karN1
_ 7emsa1975 .

‹ Ggkaredj®bCaCnecjBIlMenA .

k~¨gq~S1974-1975 sÂgamkan'EteqHx¬SgeLIg@ raÂs†ExµrG~kE®scMkar

®tUvxµSgsm¬ab'kMcayKµan®ta®bNI dUec~H®tUvEtnS®KYsarrt'ePosx¬ÁncUlkan'
TI®kug®CksMNak'e®cIn≤tKNna . mUlehtuenHbN†al[karx√Hes∫øg
GaharVnecaTeLIgy"agx¬Sg . m"¥agvijeTot raÂs†ExµrG~kE®scMkarminF¬a
b'rs'enAcegÌøtcgÌl'Can'kelIK~a nigGt'kargareFI√y"agenH kMBugFujfb' Fu-
j®Tan'CinNaynwgsÂgam˘˘˘ ®sab'EtTTYlVnBt·manc∫as'karNK
_ Yr[
kk'ek†A KYr[mansgÙwmmkfa – tamry:®®beTseGsflanCamit† eKCYyeFI√Gn†
raKmne_ bIkkicçcrcaedIm∫IbJçb'sÂgam .
enAeBlenaHelakL¨g-bUer"t CardΩmÂnI†TI1´nrdΩaPiVlsaFarNrdΩExµr
k*cab'epI†mcat'tSgKNkmµaFikarBiessmYymansmaCik13nak'KW –
1- åt†mesniy sUkS-xUy ®bFan®BwTÏsPa
GgkarCanrNa ? 47

2- elak Gwug-bfluneha ®bFanrdΩsPa

3- elak L¨g-bUer"t naykrdΩmÂnI†
4- elak hgß-Funhak' åbnaykrdΩmÂnI†
5- åt†mesniy sk'-sflutsaxn åbnaykrdΩmÂnI† nigCardΩmÂnI†
®ksYgkarJrCati, nayesna
FikardΩankgT&BCati
6- elak V"n'-sUFI åbnaykrdΩmÂnI†
7- elak L¨g-but†a rdΩmÂnI†
8- elak efag-lwmhYg rdΩmÂnI†
9- elak KS-er"t rdΩmÂnI†
10- åt†mesniy ln'-Nun
11- åt†mesniy eLs-kUEsm
12- elakKwm-gYn®tac eTsaPiVlFnaKarCatikmı¨Ca
13- åt†mnavI vg'-saer"nDI
kMBugerobcMkicçkarCamYyKUbdib&k≈ KWsem†csIhnunigelakexov-sMpn
edIm∫IbJçb'sÂgam .
eBlenaH®beTseGsflanCamit†[eyabl'fa – ebIelakesna®bmuxsiƒ
tenAk~¨g®beTskmı¨CadEdl kicçkarBiPakßaenHnwgGacmanåbs&KrarSgmin
[®b®Bwt†eTAVn .
dUec~Håt†mesniysU-kSxUy, åt†mesniysk'-sflutsaxn, elakGwug
bfluneha, elakL¨g-bUer"t nigelakhgß-Funhak' s&µ®Kcit†nSJk¥nSeya-
bl'rbs'KNkmµaFikarbn†GMNac edIm∫IraykarNC
_ Mrabelakesna®bmux
ln'-nl' ®BmTSgesI~sMu[elakfycakecjBI®sukExµr edIm∫IeTAB¥aVl
eraK‰breTssin˘˘˘.
elakesna®bmuxln'-nl'KSgmat'swgrkJk¥eqI¬yq¬gminrYc . tam
eyabl'rbs'elak elakyl'c∫as'Nas'fa ePI¬gsÂgamEdlkMBugeqH
KKukeBj®beTsExµr KWbN†almkBIBYkGaTmiL vamanbMNgb†Ërmux®beT-
skmı¨Ca [k¬ayeTACa®beTsrNbrbs'va . ebIvaelbVnTwkdIkmı¨Ca va
nwgksagkmı¨CamYyfIµelIKMnrepHKMnrqÌwgrbs'raÂs†Exµry"agBit®Vkd .
b"uEn†elaknwkKitfa – KYr[cEm¬k KYr[q©l'Nas' e®JHtamBt·manc∫a
s'karNr_ aykarNm
_ kfa tSgBIcugq~S1973 k~¨gsmrPUminimYy@ eKeXIj
GgkarCanrNa ? 48

EtTahannigeyaFaCatiExµrs¬ab'KrelIK~a KµaneXIjexµacbUdUydUcBImun@
eLIy .
m"¥agvijeTot eraKaJFkMBugyayIrUbelak, elakminGacbMeBjParkicç
krNiykicçbMerICati[VneBjelj . eBlenaHelakGg¨yKitsJÇwgmYy
snʨHFM edIm∫I®beTsCati elaksMerccit†yl'®BmtamesckI†esI~enaH .
elak®tUvEtpßge®BgcakecjecalmatuPUmiCaTI®sLaj'KYr[esaks†ay.
elakx√l'Esnx√l'BIGnaKt´n®beTsnig®bCaCnExµr .l.
elakesna®bmuxecjdMeNIreTAkan'shrdΩGaemrikenA´f©TI1emsaq~S
1975 .
emIlcuH®Kb'@ebskkmµrbs'elakesna®bmuxln'-nl' elakeFI√eLI
gedayeBjkiti†ysEf¬f~Ër nigsmehtusmplCanicç .
eq¬øt{kasenaHyYnhaNUy nigExµrGay"gyYn EdlCasmaCikb-
kß®bCaCnbdivt†nE_ xµr KWGtitExµrevotmij manehg-sMrin, hflun-Esn, Ca-
sw u mCaedI m elatkJœ k' ykC& yCM nHenA´f© 17emsa1975P¬ am . BY kvaEk
T®mg'®beTskmı¨Ca[k¬ayeTACalanmrN:d
d*FMeFg .
edIm∫Ilak'bMVMg, edIm∫IbMP&n†mtiGn†rCatinigraÂs†Exµr vabegI˚teQµaHd*c-
Em¬kenHKW « GgkarGnamik » EdlCaembJÇakary"agggitGnÏkar .
emIlcuHk~¨gnamGgkarpßaytamviT¥¨enArdΩFanIP~MeBjenAl©ac´f©TI17em
sa1975, vaniyay®cMEdl@KYr[Fuj®Tan'fa C&yCMnH´f©TI17emsa1975
enHminEmnVnmkedaysarkarcrcaeT KWVnedaykardeNI†medayGavuF
rbs'kgkm¬Sg®bdab'GavuFrbs'eyIg . kaleNaHExµr®Kb'@K~aæEdr b"uEn†
G~kx¬HminsUvykcit†Tukdak'tamdan®Bwti†karNV
_ nCaeBlenaHeyIgminsUv
yl'n&yenHeLIy .
emIlcuHGgkarGnamikEdlGt'rUbGt'rag ehIymanEteQµaHdUcbisac
enH etIehtuGI√k*vaman≤TiÏBlx¬Sgk¬aKYr[cEm¬kem"¬H ? sUmeqI¬ybJÇak'bMPW¬
CMrabbgbÌËnExµrfa e®JHmanbUdUyCae®cInmWunnak' EdlCakm¬SgGmt:d
d*mut
s√its√aje®tomx¬ÁnCae®scrg'cSp†l'km¬Sgsm©at'[Ggkar .

❑
GgkarCanrNa ? 49

vibti†enAP~MeBje®kay®Bwti†karN´_ f©17emsa75

P~MeBjCardΩFanI´n®beTskmı¨Ca . p¬ËvCatielx1cgPÇab'rdΩFanIP~MeBj
eTArdΩFanI´®BnKr ( ´sh˚¨g-®kughU-CImij ) . p¬ËvCatielx5cgPÇab'rdΩFanI
P~MeBj eTA®sukGUre®CAkat'tamext†kMBg'q~Sg, eJFisat' nigVt'dMbg . enA
xagekItrdΩFanIP~MeBjmanTen¬mYyy"agFMehAfaTen¬bYnmux ( Ten¬ctumux ) .
kV"l'tUclµmGacebIkbrCahUrEhr . rhUtdl'q~S1975 P~MeBjCardΩFanI
erobcMTan'sm&yTMenIb man®bCaCncMnYn60mWunnak' PaKe®cInCaG~kman®T-
B¥sm∫ti†s†¨ks†m∏ .
k~¨gry:eeBl5q~S edaysarsÂgam raÂs†ExµrG~kE®scMkarP&yx¬ac k*nS
®KYsarrt'cUlkan'TI®kugP~MeBjy"age®cInelIslb' . enAq~S1975 ®bCaCn
mancMnYnCag3lannak' . vibti†´nes∫øgGaharVnecaTeLIgKYr[Vrm∏´®k
Elg . shrdΩGaemrikCYyp†l'CMnYymnusßFm· Cae®KOgåbePaK briePaK
cMnYnBI3eTA4mWunetank~¨gmYyEx . BIr…bI´f©mun®Bwti†kar17emsa1975 G~k
®sukk~¨grdΩFanIP~MeBjTSgGs'mankar®CYl®cbl', P&ytk's¬¨t, Gs'sgÙwm
e®JHVnTTYlBt·mand*c∫as'karNm
_ kfa elakesna®bmuxln'-nl'Vn
cakecjBI®beTsExµreTAehIy . kicçkarrdΩTSgmUl®tUvEtF¬ak'eTAk~¨gkN†a
b'´dBYknamWun EdlPaKe®cInCaG~kBukrlYynigx√HsmtƒPaB .
eBlenaHxµSgVj'kSePI¬gbMep¬age®sacelIrdΩFanIdUcrnÊH G~k®sukGnÊH
sarcg'dwglTÏpl´nkarBiPakßarvagsaFarNrdΩExµr, sem†csIhnu nigela
kexov-sMpn . ®sab'EtenA´f©TI17emsa1975 em"ag7kn¬HmandMNwg
bn†mkeTotfa manecAh√ayfIµcUlmk®Kb'®Kg®beTskmı¨CaehIy˘˘˘. ®Kb'@
K~ayl'®cLMsµanEtkicçcrcaVnsMerc edayf√ayGMNacdl'sem†c“ ela
kGacyag®tLb'mk®Kb'®KgraÂs†ExµreLIgvijehIy!˘˘˘ ®besIrNas'@!˘˘˘
eBlenaHraÂs†ExµrGnÊHsarGg¨yP&ypgGrpg e®JHmindwgfadMNwg
enHBit≤minBiteT . kMBugemIlp¬Ëvsem†c“ ®sab'Etmankare®tkGreday®k
eLkeXIjmnusßm~ak'muxmUlmS es¬økJk'exµA KµanGavuFedIrmuxeKy"ags√a-
hab' manyuvCnekµg@cMnYnCag2rynak'es¬økJk'exµAKµanGavuF edIrtam
e®kayehrCak∫ÁnelIcieJIçmf~l't®mg'eTAkan'sNΩaKar « LWP~M » Edlman
GgkarCanrNa ? 50

kgT&Brfe®kaHCae®cInrynak'enATIenaHe®tomx¬Ánrg'cSTb'Tl'nwgxµSg . kg
T&Brfe®kaH®keLkeXIjmnusßcEm¬kmkdl' k*elatcuHBIrfe®kaHrt'®s mk
CYbCECkK~amYysnʨH ®sab'Etelat{bK~a bg˙ajnUvesckI†e®tkGrCaGenk
edayeCOtamsMdIG~kk¬ahanenH®Vb'fa « sÂgamcb'®twmenHehIy! » .
mnusßcEm¬kk*eLIgelIrfe®kaHmYye®KOg elIk´deFI√sJÔaecjbJÇa[
dwknSKat'eTAkan'TI®kugP~MeBj rYceTAkan'®Kb'TIkEn¬gEdlmanT&By"age®cIn
dak'Exße®tomrg'cSTb'Tl'nwgxµSg . eBleTAdl'smrPUminimYy@ G~kk¬a-
hand*cEm¬kenH elatcuHBIrfe®kaHedIrEtm~ak'‰g KµanGavuF rYcelIk´dCa
sJÔabJÇa[kgT&BTSgGs'dak'GavuF ®BmTSgniyaybJÇak'EtJk¥dEdl
@fa « sÂgamcb'ehIy@!!! » .
cMENk®bCaCnExµrnigbreTs EdlVneXIjmnusßCag200nak'd*k¬a
hanedIrcUlsmrPUmiKµanGavuFy"agenH manPaKe®cInsµanfa CaKN®btiPU
rbs'sem†c…Exµr®khm cUlmkcrcaCamYynamWunbn†GMNacBIelakln'-
nl' .l.
kMBugsm¬wgP¬wknwksµan@y"agenH˘˘˘ eBlCamYyK~a®sab'EteXIjman
LanhßIb2e®KOgbryWt@ manemExµr®khm8nak'CiHk~¨gLanenaH . Lan
enaHedatTg'BN·®khmnigexov manrUbEx√geCIgEkÌkenABIelI . maneyaFa
Exµr®khmekµg@ GayuminelIsBI15q~ScMnYn300nak' es¬økJk'exµA Jk'
Es∫keCIgeFI√BIekAsflUkg'LantamhU-CImij . CMuvijceg˚HB¥Ár®Kab'Ebkcin
reNgreNagFun B-40, AK-47 Jk'eqog®Kab'kSePI¬geBjedIm®TUg . BYk
eyaFaekµg@enHedIrtame®kayLanhßIbBIre®KOgenaH cUlmky"ags©b'
es©ømemIleTAdUcCaGs'km¬SgNas'eTAehIy . ®kumenHxus®sLHBI®kum
mun@ . dUec~HetI®kumenHecjmkBI®bPBNa ? BImCŒdΩanNa ?
e®kaybni†cmkeTIbmanBt·manmkfa mnusßk¬ahand*cEm¬kenaH KWela
kåt†mesniy Ehm-ekttara CakUnrbs'elakEhm-ektsaNa rdΩmÂnI†
®ksYgmha´pÊ . elakåt†mesniyEhm-ekttaraeFI√tambJÇaelakln'-
NunbÌËnbegI˚telakln'-nl' edIrbJÇa[Tahan®Kb'@smrPUmidak'GavuF
®BmTSgniyayEtX¬adEdl@fa « sÂgamcb'ehIy@! » ˘˘˘
®kumelakln'-Nun´llk[Tan'x¥l'mYyry:eeBlsin . b"uEn†KYr[
s†ayNas' EdlGs'elakTSgenHminVneronsU®txagEp~ksÂgam[dwg
Tal'EtesaH faG~kQ~HeBlenHCa®kumGaf·kMVMg vakJœk'ykC&yCMnH va
GgkarCanrNa ? 51

BYnlak'x¬Áne®kayeQµaHGgkarGnamik e®bIyIehaExµr®khmenaHeT .
em" ag10kn¬ H´f© dEdl, elakEhm-ekttarani gyu vCnCag200nak' mk
dl'®ksYgeXasnakarmuneKTSgGs' . elakeq¬q¬aedaycat'Tukx¬ÁnfaCa
embJÇakar edayyl'®cLMF©n'eTAelIBYkExµr®khmTSgenaHfa Camnusß
´®BminecHdl'®kumGjeT ! eBlenH®kumGjykKab'ykKYrer[Tan'x¥l'
mYyeBlsin˘˘˘ Jk¥cas'elakEtgtMNalfa – «ecH‰g[E®kgecHeK! »
enA´f©TI17emsaenH viT¥¨kmı¨Casm©Mes©ømQwgtSgBI®Blwm luHdl'
em"ag10 eTIbæsem¬gsem†c®BHsgÙraC hYt-tat pßayGMJvnav[raÂs†
ExµrTUTSg®beTstSgcit†[s©b'es©ømenApÊHerog@x¬Án˘˘˘ sÂgamcb'®twmh~wg
ehIy˘˘˘ eyIg®tUvEtbJŒb'karbg˙ËrQamrvagExµrnigExµr .l.
mYysnʨHeTIbæsUrsem¬gåt†mesniy mIu-sIucn Canaykariyal&yTI
3´nGKbJÇakarkgT&BExµr Ef¬gbJÇabgab'eTAkgT&B®Kb'Ep~k[dak'GavuFcuH
e®JHkarcrcaVnbJçb'sÂgam®twmeNHehIy . cMENkraÂs†G~kE®scMkar
Gacvil®tLb'eTAkan'PUmi®sukTIlMenA ®bkbkargareFI√E®scMkareLIgvijdUc
BIedIm .
enAem"ag2resol´n´f©dEdl viT¥¨cab'pßayeVkbeJœatembJÇakarnig
rdΩmÂnI†®Kb'@®ksYg EdlmanCaGaf·dUcteTA –
« TIenHviT¥¨pßaysem¬grNsir¥rYmrYmCatikmı¨Ca˘˘˘ eyIgxM∆¨enArg'cSmit†@
k~¨gmnIÊrrdΩmÂnI†®ksYgeXasnakar . enACamYynwgeyIgmansem†c®BHsgÙ
raC hYt-tat, elakmIu-sIucn, elakln'-Nun, elakEhm-ekttara . eyI
gsUmGeJIÇjrdΩmÂnI†®Kb'@®ksYg, åt†mesniyTSgGs' mkCYbeyIgCa
bnÊan'bMput edIm∫ICYyeyIgerobcMksagCati » .
ædUec~HP¬am namWuncMnYn400nak'Edlx√HkarBiesaFn_ edayemahV
_ Mg
enaH manTwkmuxjjwme®tkGrCa´®kElg k*es¬økJk'‰ksNΩany"agsÌat
eFI√dMeNIreTAkan'mnIÊreXasnakarP¬am edayKµannrNam~ak'nwkP~kKitfa kM-
Bugcaj'eVkxµSgenaHeT . k~¨gcMeNam400nak'enHman – åt†mesniyQw
m-QYn, ln'-Nun, b"Ul-lI´tsYn, lI´tsYn-EGem, mIu-sIucn CaedIm
es¬økJk'smtamyss&ki†sÌat@ elIkElgEtelakEhm-ekttara nig
yuvCnekµg@Cag200nak'ecj Edles¬økJk'exµA .
cMENkelakL¨g-bUer"t rdΩmÂnI†TI1mkdl'yWtCageK . elakcMNay
eBlCitGs'mYy´f©eTIbVnsMerc e®JHeyaFaExµr®khmekµg@ yamy"ag
GgkarCanrNa ? 52

hµt'ct' Xat'XSgmin[elakedIreTAkan'®ksYgeXasnakar . elakGs'

sgÙwm xMTak'TgTMrSmaneKebIkLanhßIbmkTTYlelak . luHelakmk
dl'®ksYgeXasnakar em"ag®bEhl5resol cMelIeBlEdlviT¥¨pßay
sem¬g®tg'Jk¥mYyX¬aEdlniyayfa – « eyIgQ~Hedaysarkgkm¬Sg
®bdab'GavuFes~haCatikmı¨Ca˘˘˘ KWeyIgQ~HedayGavuF EtBMuEmnedaykarcr
caeT » . elakL¨g-bUer"tædUec~aHk*F¬ak'efI¬mk†¨kviHEtdYlsn¬b' « {! ExµrGa
y"gyYneTetI ! » elakk*edIreeTAcab'´dGs'elakvr:C
Cn®Kb'@K~aenATIenaH .
eBleTAcab'´delakåt†mesniyEhm-ekttaraCacuge®kayeKbgÌs' ela
kTSgBIrkan'´dK~ay"agmS sm¬wgmuxK~ay"agyUrenAes©øm ®Kan'Etbg˙ajs-
PaBxage®kA[yl'fa « Gjk*qÁt ‰gk*qÁt˘˘˘ minKYrGIeyIgedIrbJÇa[Taha
ndak'GavuFcuHmunc∫Sgy"agenHeLIy !!! » .l.
®bEhlem"ag7l©ac tMNagGgkardwknSåt†mesniy, rdΩmÂnI† ®Bm
TSgnisßit200nak'eTACYbGgkar KWnSykeTAVj'sm¬ab'ecalexÊc .
( sMuebIkrg√g'®kckbni†c, muneBlEdl®beTsExµr®tUvF¬ak'vinashin-
ehac3-4´f©, elakL¨g-bUer"tefI√dMeNIreTAkan'®beTshI√lI¬BIn CYbelak
esna®bmuxln'-nl' edIm∫IsMudMbUnµannigeyabl' . elakvil®tLb'mk
kan'rdΩFanIP~MeBjvij cMeBl®Bwk´f©TI12-4-75 KWCa´f©Edlelak‰kGKrdΩ
TUty"un-xan'fIDIn mkGeJIÇjelakeLIgkV"l'ehaHePosx¬ÁneTAkan'sh
rdΩGaemrikmYyry:s
sin . elak®bEkkmin®BmeTA ehIyEfmTSgeqI¬yeTA
vijfa – « xM∆¨minEmnCaG~ksIuQ~Álc∫SgeT » . dUec~HkEn¬gEdlTukCUnela
kL¨g-bUer"tenaH k*®tUvVneTAeTAelaksUkS-xUy Edlmanvasnacakecj
putBIe®KaHf~ak' ehIysMNak'enAshrdΩGaemrikrhUtdl'sB√´f©enH .
emIlcuHelakL¨g-bUer"tCanaykrdΩmÂnI† CaG~kcat'EtgtSgKN:k
kmµaFi
karBiess edIm∫Icrcarkp¬ËvbJçb'sÂgamenA®sukExµr . emIlcuHGs'elak
åt†mesniyx¬H Kµanyl'GI√TSgGs'GMBIerOgsÂgamk~¨g®sukExµr . ®Kb'@K~a
beN†ayx¬Áncaj'eVkxµSgF©n'CagF©n'swgrkJk¥ExµrsresrKµan. beN†ay
x¬Án[xµSg®bmUlykeTAVj'sm¬ab'ecalVny"aggay dUceKebHBu®TaTMu .
{eTvtaeGIy ! KYrGasUrdl'raÂs†ExµrekItCMnan'enHNas', etIvasnak¬a
yCaGI√eTA ?
emIlcuH ! enA´f©TI17-4-75, evlaem"ag4resol manLanhßIbCae®cI
ne®KOg dak'åeKÙasns&BÊ ebIkbrBIkEn¬gmYyeTAkEn¬gmYyeTotJseBj
GgkarCanrNa ? 53

rdΩFanI pßayCadMNwgtambJÇad*dac'Nat'rbs'Ggkar edj®bCaCnTSg

Gs'[ecjBIrdΩFanIk~¨gry:24em"ag edayykelsfa GaemrikSgnwgcUl
mkTm¬ak'®Kab'Ebkk~¨geBlqab'@enH˘˘˘.
enAeBlenaH®bCaCnCit3lannak' ®tUvEtfyecjBIrdΩFanIP~MeBjd*FM
eFg ecal®TB¥sm∫ti†d*e®cInmhima KµanJk¥tva"eLIy . G~kx¬HBrkUntUc
dwk´dkUnbnÊab' manEtkUnsMJyenAelIx~g . G~kx¬HEsgmnusßcas'Cra
Esg®bBnÏeTIbsMralkUnehIyfIµ@, Esg®bBnÏkMBugEtQWeJHbMrugnwgsM-
ralkUn .l. G~kmanrfyn†k*erobcM®TB¥sm∫ti†d*cSVc'dak'k~¨grfyn† rYc
nS®bBnÏkUnruj e®JHp¬ËvcegÌøtminGacebIkbrVn . cMENkefAEkmaseB®C
x¬H edaybnÊan'x¬SgeBk k*ekIbmaseB®CbÂJçkk~¨gFugTwkLan rYcnS®bBnÏ
kUnrujecjBIhageTA . b"uEn†LanTSgGs'enaH minTan'ecjputBIrdΩFanIP~MeB
jpg k*®tUv®kumeyaFaekµg@PÇg'kSePI¬gesI~ykLanTuk[GgkarTSgGs' .
luHyb'mkdl', ®bCaCnTSgbIlannak'enaH ®tUvEtedkpÊal'dI kN†al
valE®s Gt'Vy Gt'Twk cm©ayBIrdΩFanI®twmEt1eTA3KILËEm"®tb"ueNˆaH .
edaysarEtcMnYnmnusße®cIneBk edImminVnelOneTAmuxeT . ®Kb'@rUb
KSgmat'rkJk¥f©ËrKµan . k~¨geBledIrBJk'BBUnkµanTIedAenH manbgbÌËn
Exµrx¬H ®tUv®Jt'®Vs'bI†®bBnÏkUnrhUtdl'sB√´f©enH . eq¬øt « {kasd*lÌ
enH » GgkarGnuvt†kll∫icd*exµA®kx√k' edayeVkrdΩmÂnI†, nayTahan nig
namWunFM@ cak'[cMcMNucexßayrbs'Gs'elakTSgGs'EdlGg¨yercStam
x¥l' .
emIlcuH ! ®Blwm´f©TI19emsa, eKeXIjman®bkasbwTe®Jg®JtelI
bnÊHk†arBN·exµA cgB¥ÁrCab'nwgedImeQIswg®Kb'TIkEn¬g enACMuvijrdΩFanI Ed
lmanesckI†CaGaTifa – « GgkarsUmGeJIÇjnayTahan BIGnuesniy®tI
eLIgeTA, sUmGeJIÇjrdΩmÂnI†®Kb'@®ksYg cUlmkcuHeQµaHenATIenH edIm∫I
cUlkan'rdΩFanIP~MeBjvij CYyerobcMksagCati » . enAeBlenaHGs'elak
FM@PaKe®cIn ®tUvF¬ak'k~¨gGnÊak'Ggkar edayyl'®cLMy"agF©n'fa Exµr®khm
EdlCamnusß´®B l©g'ex¬A ≤ttMerHviCÇa em"ck*min®tUvkarGj ? . ®tUvcMcMNuc
exßayenH k*bbYlK~art'®bjayeTAt®mg'CYrsMucuHeQµaH ®Vb'BIGtitmuxgar
rbs'x¬Áneday®tg'@ edIm∫Iqab'[eKdwkcUleTAkan'rdΩFanI nwgGalVnkan'
muxtMENgdUcBIedIm, ecosvagkaredkhaleP¬øg hal´f©dUec~H vaevTna
Nas' .
GgkarCanrNa ? 54

elakNacuHeQµaHrYcGgkarp†l'Gg˚rm˙Ëb[®Kb'®Kan'P¬am . GgkarGnuvt†kl
l∫icrebobenH EtBIr-bI´f© GaceVk®bmUlBYknayTahan rdΩmÂnI†nana nig
namWunExµrEdlGg¨yrg'cSertamx¥l'enaH dwknSykeTAVj'sm¬ab'ecal
exÊcVny"aggay ®tUvs¬ab'y"age®cIn≤tKNna . eKVneXIjGs'elak
x¬H@dUcCaelakGMr"ug (G~knSJk¥rdΩaPiVl), elakvresniylI-etk, ekA-
Gul nignag-sn, elakvresniyeTa jg-c&nÊsava"t nigsIu-etk, emFavI
sIu-saEc, elakåt†mesniyqay-Lay, Eb"n-tara, elakeTB-QIvexg
(rdƒmÂnI†®ksYgeXasnakar), elakV"n'-suFI (GtitrdΩmÂnI†TI1), elakPI-Fa
nLay (GtitrdΩGaC∆a), elakhgß-Funhak', elakGfluk-yun nigG~kGmças'
sIusuvtiƒ-dYgCIvin .
enA´f©TI18emsaevlaem"ag10 GgkarecjbJÇa[nS®bCaCnExµrEdl
sMNak'enAsƒanTUtVrSgcMnYn800nak' ykecjeTAdak'k~¨gbrievNkILa-
dΩanLSEbflr Edlmancm©ay200Em"®tBIsƒanTUt . k~¨gcMeNam800nak'enH
PaKe®cInmanrdΩmÂnI†, vis√kr, nayTahan . vabJÇa[eFI√®bvti†rUb rYcbMEbk[
enAtamEp~k@ . maneKVneXIjnigVnsal'dUcCa elakvresniyeTaGIu-
bflunsYr, elakembJÇakartan'-Ca, mÂnI†Can'xıs'dUcCaelakDI-EblL¨g, ela
kDI-EblELn nigelakEp¬k-ePOn CaedIm . vadwknSG~kTSgGs'enHCabn†@
ykeTACYbGgkar KWnSykeTAVj'sm¬ab'ecalTSgGs' .
enA´f©TI19emsaem"ag3resol tMNagrbs'GgkarcUlmkkan'sƒan
TUtVrSg cab'elakGwug-bfluneha ®bFanrdΩsPa, elakelOg-Nal' rdΩmÂnI†
®ksYgsuxaPiVl, ®Tg'sirimt:, m"mlav CamehsImYyrbs'sem†csIhnu .
®Tg'nigGs'elakTSgGs'manÚkJr´f¬f~Ër cab'´dsMulanigEf¬gGMNrKu-
Ndl'buKliksƒanTUtVrSgTSgGs' EdlVnyl'®Bm[®kumx¬ÁnsMNak'
enAk~¨gsƒanTUtmYyry: rYcbeNI†rK~aecjeTA®bKl'x¬Án[tMNagGgkar Ed
lmanLanhßIbmYye®KOgnigLanehßGwumesmYye®KOgctQb'rg'cSenA
mat'T√arxage®kA .
eBlenaHelakkugsflulrgVrSgeQµaH DIra"k' k*VnCUndMeNIrvrCnTSg
enaHdl'ek¬agT√arsƒanTUt . elakminGacTb'nUvmenaseJçtnarbs'elak
VneT .
mnIÊreBT¥®BHektumalaCamnIÊreBT¥mYyd*FMenArdΩFanIP~MeBj . enAq~S19
75 manG~kCm©WF©n'CagBIrmWunnak' CaBiessG~kCm©WF©n'EdlbN†almkBI
GgkarCanrNa ? 55

sÂgam . enA´f©17emsa GgkarecjbJÇadac'Nat'[bg≈MedjG~kCm©WTSg

Gs'ecjBImnIÊreBT¥P¬am@ . G~krbYsF©n'@Cae®cInJn'nak' kan'eQI®ct'Tb'
x¬Án edIredayevTna G~kx¬HmanbgbÌËn®KabeNI†r, G~kEdlenAsn¬b'minTan'
dwgx¬Án manbgbÌËnrujE®KnSecjeTA . b"uEn†eyIgminGaceP¬cVnnUvG~kBikar
≤t´d≤teCIgKµanbgbÌËnCYy EdlvadUcst√Cen¬n Edl®tUveKkat'CaBIr…bI
kMNat' etIvay"agem†ceTAvij ? .
eyIgKYrnwkeXIjehIysYrfa etIenAmanCnBikardUcenHb"unµannak'eTot
eBj´pÊ®sukExµr Edl®tUvrgTuk≈evTnaedaysarGgkarenAeBlenH ?
enArdΩFanIP~MeBj kgT&BEdlminertamx¥l' KWT&BEm"kh√&kß EdlCaGti
tkgT&BExµresrI . kgT&BExµresrI mankarGb'rMy"aghµt'ct' . elaksWg-
g"ukfaj'Bn¥l'bMJk'eKalCMhr [sal'krNiykicçnigParkicçCaTahan KW
®tUvc∫SgtTl'nwgs®tUv edIm∫IkarJrCatinig®beTs . m"¥ageTot elakBn¥
l'[sal'c∫as' nUvs®tUvnigmit†rbs'CatiExµr . kgT&BenHrwgbwugs√its√aj
mankartsflUFn'®TSnwgkarlMVk®Kb'Ebby"ag ebIe®bobeFobeTAnwgbUdUy KW
x¬SgCagBYkenH . GgkareronsU®tsal'®Kb'®Cuge®Cayk~¨gEp~kkgT&BsaFa
rNrdΩExµr . Ggkarsal'c∫as'fa – em@cUleFI√TahanedIm∫IEtJk's&ki†, Ga
geFI√FM Gg¨yrg'cSertamx¥l'˘˘˘ rI‰kUn@vijcUleFI√TahanedIm∫IebIk®Vk'Ex
ciJçwm®KYsar . G~kGs'enHminsal'ParkicçnigkrNiykicçeLIy . dUec~Hma
nEtkgT&BEm"kh√&kßmYyKt'EdlGgkar®tUvEt®bug®by&t~ ®tUvEtkMeTcGavuF
CakSePI¬g e®JHkgT&BenHmincuHjmnwgs®tUveT . mUlehtuenH GgkarGna
mikcat'bJçËneyaFay"age®cInelIslb' mkB&TÏmUldΩanenAbUrIkILa nigmUl
dΩan100x~g cab'tSgBIem"ag5®BwkenA´f©TI16emsa . luHyb'mkdl'k*cab'
Vj'®Kab'bMep¬ag e®sacmkelImUldΩanbUrIkILadUcrnÊH .
EsÌkeLIgem"ag7®Bwk´n´f©TI17emsa xµSgcUlkan'kab'mUldΩanTSgBIr
enaHTSg®sug . GgkarbJÇa[sm¬ab'ecalTSgGs' TSg®bBnÏTSgkUn . tS
gBI®Bwti†karNe_ naHmk eyIgminEdlVnCYbkgT&BEm"kh√&kßNa sUm∫ImYy
nak'k*eTeLIy˘˘˘.
e®kABIkgT&BEm"kh√&kßenaH Ggkare®bIEtkll∫icEdlcuccMcMNucexßa
y TSgTahanTSgrdΩmÂnI† eTAQrtMerobK~aCaCYr [eKykeTAsm¬ab'ecal
edayminVc'e®bIex~aHX~ag®cvak'pg˘˘˘.
] nwk@eLIgKYr[xµas'eGonCa´®kElg !˘˘˘
GgkarCanrNa ? 56

ext†Vt'dMbgCaext†TI2´n®beTskmı¨Ca, sMbUreTAeday®tI®Kb'y"ag Ep¬

¬eQI®Kb'mux nig´®BeQId*mant´m¬ . dImanCIrCati, ebIG~kNaB¥ayamkab'Ka
s'dSduHbegI˚tpl G~kenaHEtgTTYlpld*Kab'®besIrCanicç . TSg®bCaCn
ExµrTSgbreTsrs'enAEsnsuxekßmkßan† .
TI®kugVt'dMbgerobcMTan'sm&yTMenIb KYr[KyKn'mincaj'TI®kugbreT
seLIy . manhaglk'TMnij®Kb'mux Kµanx√HGI√eLIy . ®BM®bTl'ext†Vt'
dMbgCab'nwg®beTs´f . mansÊwgmYyeQµaHsÊwgsEg˚ Gacp†l'TwkVn®Kb'
®Kan' ®BmTSgman®tId*bribUN· . ®bCaCnEdlmanlMenAtamdgsÊwgenHGa
censaT®tIsMrab'eFI√CaGaharciJçwmCIvitCaGci´Ân†ye_ dayesrI .
BImunsÂgam TI®kugVt'dMbgman®bCaCn®bEhlbYnmWunnak' . k~¨gry:
5q~SEdlsÂgampʨHeLIg ®bCaCnG~kE®scMkarEdlP&ytk's¬¨tx¬SgeBk k*
nS®KYsarrt'ecjecalTIlMenA ePosx¬Ánmk®CkenATI®kug . enAq~S1975 TI
®kugVt'dMbgmanmnusß®bEhl1lannak' . ®bCaCnTSgLayenaHkMBug
Et®BYyVrm∏nwgkarGt'X¬an ®sab'EtenAevlaem"ag11´n´f©TI17emsa19-
75 manecAh√ayfIµcUlmkCMnYselakesna®bmuxln'-nl' . eK®sab'Et
æsem¬grbs'elakexov-sMpnEf¬gGYt®cMEdl@cMnYn3´f© BIC&yCMnHd*mha
Gsçar¥enHtamry:vviT¥¨rNsirßrYbrYmCatikmı¨Ca .
mUlehtuenH ExµrenAVt'dMbge®tkGrCa´®kElg e®JHsµanfaC&yCMnH
d*mhaGsçar¥enH KWCas~a®BHhsƒrbs'sem†c“ Edlmanelakexov-sMpn
emExµr®khmCaG~kKS®T . ®besIrNas'@ !!! .
em"ag®bEhl8l©ac´n´f©TI17emsa ®bCaBlrdΩExµrenATI®kugVt'dMbg
bbYlK~aerobk∫ÁnrWum"k dMkl'rUbftsem†c“y"agFM@ EhrB&TÏTI®kug vayFug
vayLSg E®skCeyasem†c“y"agkgrMBg .
yb'enaHG~kmanGavuFk*Vj'eTAelIGakasE®skGbGrsaTrsb∫ayrIk
rayTTYlC&yCMnHEk¬gbn¬MenH . yuvCn yuvnarIbbYlK~ae®cogrSy"agsb∫a
y edayeCOnigsgÙwmfa EsÌk@enH®beTskmı¨CanwgVnsni†PaBeLIgvij
ehIy . G~kE®scMkare®tkGrCa´®kElg edaysgÙwmy"agmSfa EsÌkenH
GacnS®KYsarvil®tLb'eTAkan'TIlMenA®bkbksikmµeLIgvijedayesrI .
emIlcuHbgbÌËnrYmQameGIy ! nwkeXIjerOgenHeLIgKYr[xµas'eGony"a
gx¬Sg minKYremdwknSExµrTSgski†PUmi TSgExµr®khmx√HsmtƒPaB beN†ay
[®bCaBlrdΩExµr rvl'Etsµanyl'®cLMy"agenHeLIy ?!?! .
GgkarCanrNa ? 57

cMENk‰Ggkarvij vatamdanrkcMNucexßay´n®bCaBlrdΩExµr®Kb'@
CMhan eBlenHvae®CIsVnGavuFmYyy"agski†siTiÏ edIm∫Ism¬ab'namWunExµr
®Kb'@Ep~kenAext†Vt'dMbg e®JHvaeXIj®bCaBlrdΩExµrCaTUeTA®sLaj's
em†c“y"agmutmSNas' . dUec~H®tUvsm¬ab'namWunTSgenaH[Tan'eBlevla B
n¥aeBlminekIteT nSbN†al[manåbs&KCaBMuxan˘˘˘dUec~H®tUvEte®bIeQµaH
sem†c“eFI√Canuy eFI√CaGavuF˘˘˘ ®besIrNas'@ !!! .
Ggkaryl'y"agenHP¬am k*xçImat'elakeLg-ra"Gul Cavresniy‰knig
CaembJÇakarswkrgext†Vt'dMbg EdleBlenH®tUvTTYlgarCabEnƒm KW®tUv
eLIgCMnYsembJÇakarFM Edlrt'eKcecaldMENgtSgBIem"ag2resolmk
em"¬H [ecjbJÇabn¬MeVkbeJœatdUcteTAenH –
cab'tSgBI´f©TI17emsaevlaem"ag10yb'eTA eLg-ra"GulCamYyemExµr
®khm bN†ak'K~apßaytamviT¥¨Ex®tVt'dMbg ecjbJÇaCadac'Nat' dl'na
yTahan nayTahanrg nigBlTahan®Kb'@Ep~k ®tUvenAs©b'es©ømcSs†a
b'bJÇaCafIµ . bJÇaEf¬gbEnƒmeTotfa EsÌkeLIg´f©TI18emsa ®tUv®bmUl
GavuFTSgGs'cgCaVc' rYcdwknSykmk®bKl'[TIbJÇakarkariyal&yTI3
CakMhit rYceTACYbCMuTSgGs'K~a enAsalaext†Vt'dMbgCadac'xat rg'cSTTY
lbJÇaCafIµ . cMENkxagsIuvilTUeTA k*®tUvnSGavuFpÊal'x¬Ánykmk®bKl'[
GgkarenAsalaext†Vt'dMbgcab'tSgBIem"ag8EsÌkenHEdr e®JHsÂgam
cb'®twmeNHehIy . luH®BlwmeLIg nayTahan nayTahanrgmkCYbCMu
kkkujenATIkMNt', ®sab'Ets©at'e®cob KµaneXIjecAh√ayfIµeLIy . rI‰
CnsIuvilk*ykGavuFeTAKrTukmYyKMnrFMenAmuxvimanelakGPiVlext†Vt'dM
bg . b"uEn†eXItEteyaFaekµg@cMnYn15nak'kan'kSePI¬gGaEGflrEkg®Kb'´dQr
cSTTYlGavuFTSgenaH . l©aceLIg´f©dEdl ®bCaBlrdΩext†Vt'dMbgEbr
CaGs'sgÙwm®Kb'@rUbP&ytk's¬¨ts¬n'es¬a e®JHkgT&BEdlcUlmk®Kb'
®Kgext†Vt'dMbg CaGtitecar´®B EdlCaG~kdwknSeyaFaekµg@ Edlman
GayuCamF¥mEt15q~Sb"ueNˆaH, es¬økJk'exµA bg'®kmaenAk Es∫keCIgkg'
Lan kan'kSePI¬gGaEGflrEkg®Kb'´d, manTwkmuxy"agsahav dUcmanKMnMumkBI
nay . Qr®Kb'p¬ËvCa®kum@ mkdl'CadMbUg k*cab'®btibti†kar®Kb'®Kg®beT
skmı¨Ca tambecçkeTsEdlF¬ab'eFI√Caecarb¬n' . b"uEn†Jk¥b¬n'VnE®bCaJ-
k¥esI~ EdlkacsahaveXareXACagJk¥b¬n'eTAeTot e®JHc∫ab'rbs'Gg-
kar®bKl'GP&y‰ksiTiÏ[ecaredIresI~, ebImças'rwgTTwg sm¬ab'ecalcuHrYc
GgkarCanrNa ? 58

ecaTfak∫t'Ggkar˘˘˘.
®TB¥EdlesI~CadMbUgenaHKW Lan, m"UtU, kg', viT¥¨, naLika´d, sIÊLË .l.
®Kb'@TIkEn¬g . ecareyaFaekµg@TSgenaHeronsÊat'cSmat'EtJk¥mYyX¬a
niyayeTAkan'mças'®TB¥dUc@K~afa –
« GgkarsMuesI~mYyry:s
sin swmsgvij´f©e®kay » . ®Blwm´f©TI19
emsa TTYlBt·mand*c∫as'karNm
_ kfa GgkarbJÇa[XatkrVj'sm¬ab'
elakvresniy‰k tan'-b"uk CaevCÇbNiÎtmnIÊreBT¥Tahan ®BmTSgsh-
karI12nak' enAPUmibwg®BIg siƒtenAcm©ay5KILËEm"®t xaglicTI®kugVt'dM-
bg . bnÊab'mkTTYldMNwgGkuslmkfa – manLankam∆"¨gbIe®KOgdwkna-
yTahannigTahanx¬H nSykeTAVj'ecalxagt∫ËgPUmieQ¬øvcm©ay3K˘m˘
xagekItP~MFibtI . ´f©dEdlem"ag3resol manLankam"∆¨g4e®KOgbrcUlmk
dwknayTahannigTahanx¬H EdlsMNak'enAk~¨gbrievNviT¥al&yVt'dM-
bg nSykeTAVj'sm¬ab'ecalenAPUmideg˚aex~Iy xaglicf~l'Catielx5
cm©ay500Em"®t . eBlXatkrGaf·kMVMgVj'®Kab'sacædUcrnÊHKµanGasUr
enaH manelaks&ki†®VM KS-KIrI nigelaks&ki†4 Pwm-GUn nigG~kebIkbrLan
m~ak'eQµaH fac'-sflunlIVneKcrt'rYc . enAl©ac´f©TI19emsa ®bCaBlrdΩ
ExµrenAk~¨gTI®kugVt'dMbgekItclacltk's¬¨ty"agx¬Sg e®JHTTYldMNwg
bEnƒmminKYr[eCOfa ®bCaBlrdΩEdlmanTIlMenAenACitTI®kug nS®KYsareTA
kan'pÊHsMEbg ®sab'Et®tUveyaFaekµg@sMuesI~®TB¥sm∫ti†Gs'rlIgBIx¬Án rYc
edjmin[cUlpÊH .l. eBlenaHTI®kugVt'dMbgmanmnusßkkkujCae®cIn
elIslb'edIreTAedIrmk ®be®CotxßwbexßøvsYrK~afa – etInrNaTTYlC&yCM
nHenH ? minEmnsem†c“ minEmnexov-sMpneT… ? ®bEhlCaecareTdwg ?
kMBug®CYl®cbl' ®sab'EtTTYldMNwgKYr[kk'ek†Amkfa BI®Bwkmijem"ag9
maneQµaH sUkU ehAmit†sfluy nigelakExk-Eb"n ehAmit†sflU Ep~keyaFanig
Ep~kneyaVy manebIkGg®bCMuCaelIkTImYyenAmhaviT¥al&ycMeJHmux
saÂs†acar¥ ®KUbe®gon nignisßit . l©acenHem"ag4resol manebIkGg
®bCMuCaelIkTI2 enAbnÊaykgT&BEp~kcit†saÂs† cMeJHnayTahan®Kb'@ Ep~k
. EsÌk´f©TI20emsa em"ag9nwgmanebIkGg®bCMuCaelIkTI3enAsala
ext†Vt'dMbg cMeJHnamWunG~krdΩkar®Kb'@Ep~k TSgEp~ksIuvil TSgEp~k®bCa
BlrdΩTUeTA .
eBlevlaebIkGg®bCMuTUeTAmkdl' ®bCaBlrdΩExµrrt'®bjay Grpg
GgkarCanrNa ? 59

P&ypg eTACYbnigeTATTYlecAh√ayfIµ eTAs†ab'Epnkarmças'fIµ . ®bCaBl

rdΩExµrmancMnYn®bEhlCag5Jn'nak' ®be®CotK~acUlkan'salaext†®Kb'@
rUb manTwkmuxe®koms©Át .
em"ag10Kt' mit†sflUEp~kneyaVy nigmit†sfluyEp~keyaFacUlmkdl'
es¬økJk'exµA ®kmav&Nˆk Es∫keCIgeFI√BIkg'Lan .
mit†sflUk*ebIkGg®bCMu®bkasfa xM∆¨nigmit†sfluymkCYbmit†TSgGs'enH Ca
tMNagGgkarpÊal'˘˘˘. eBlæeQµaHGgkar ®bCaBlrdΩTSgGs'P∆ak' k*ekH
xßwb@sYrK~afa etIGgkarCanrNaeGH ? . dUec~HminEmnsem†c“ minEmn
elakexov-sMpneT… Edl®tUvTTYlC&yCMnHenH ? . mit†sflUVnæJk¥xßwb
exßøvenHc∫as'las'Nas' b"uEn†vaeFI√f¬g'ehIyxMniyaykuhktamkll∫ic
nigEpnkarrbs'GgkarEdl®JgTuk[Cae®sc smdUcJk¥bUraNmYyX¬a
EdlVnEcgfa – « GUsTUkkMu[lÌan cab'®tIVnkMu[lÌk'Twk » .
Jk¥kuhkrbs'mit†sflUEdlxM∆¨VnæpÊal'®tecok manCaGaTidUcteTA –
« mit†rYmCatiCaTIes~haTAgLay ! Ggkarcat'bJÇËnxM∆¨nigmit†sfluymk
kan'TIenH edIm∫IebIkkar®bCMuCaelIkTI3k~¨gTI®kugVt'dMbg . BYkxM∆¨nSJk¥
rbs'GgkarpÊal'mkCMrabmit†TSgGs' sMukMutk's¬¨tq©l'BIerOgEdlGgkarV
nbJÇa[sm¬ab'nayTahannigTahanx¬H@enaH[esaH . e®JHenA´f©TI18
emsaem"ag10 eyaFaeyIgcab'Vnf~SeBT¥mYyLanLg'r"UEvr brq¬gsıanfµfIµ
eTAkan'p¬Ëvelx5 bMrugrt'ecjBI®beTsExµr . emTahanEdl®b®Bwt†bTelIµ
senaH KWelaktan'-b"uk nigmit†12nak' . cMENknayTahannigTahan
7Lankam"∆¨g EdlGgkarecjbJÇa[nSykeTAsm¬ab'ecalCabnÊan'enaH
e®JHmit†TSgGs'enaHk∫t'Ggkar manlak'GavuFbMrugtbtcMeJHGgkar Edl
CaG~kmanKuNd*elIslb'cMeJH®bCaBlrdΩExµr . dUec~H®tUvEtsm¬ab' edIm∫I
karJråbs&KnigTukCaKMrU » .
mit†sflUniyaykuhky"agEvg luHcb'k*sm¬wgmuxmit†sfluyCasJÔa[niya
yPrbn† . mit†sfluyk*cab'epI†mniyaykMejIjfa –
« En ! mit†eGIy˘˘˘ mit†minGaceFI√GI√@kMVMgEP~krbs'GgkarVneLIy Gg
karmanEP~kdUcEp¬m~as' . cUrmit†kMuykt®mab'tamGak∫t'TSgLayenaH[ esaH
eyIg®tUvEteXIjnigdwgKuNGgkar . emIlcuH®beTseyIgtUcEmn Bit
EtedaysarGgkar eyIgGacsMerceCaKC&yvayQ~HCb"un, VrSg, Ga
emrikSg CamhaGMNack~¨gBiPBelak nigbrivarva . eCaKC&yenHeyIgGg¨y
GgkarCanrNa ? 60

rg'cS2Jn'q~SmkehIy .l. cab'BIeBlenHeTA Ggkar®bkasCaåLarwk

elIkElgQb'®bkan'eTas®bCaCnExµrTSgGs' eTaHCanayTahan Taha n
G~krdΩkar®Kb'Ep~k ®Kb'@Can'f~ak' eyIg®tUvcab'´db®gYbb®gYmsamKIK~aksag
®beTsCatimatuPUmisarCafIµ . ®bCaCnG~kE®scMkarGacnS®KYsar eKa
®kbIvil®tLb'eTAkan'TIlMenAerog@x¬ÁnVn e®JHrdUveFI√E®sCitmkdl'ehI-
y . Ggkarmancat'karbegI˚tCasmrPUmiedIm∫IvaysMruk edIm∫IksagCati ».
luHeJlcb'nUvJk¥kuhkenHehIy mit†sfluybJÇa[®bCaCnE®sktam
vafa – CeyaGgkard*mhima ! Ceyamhaelatep¬aH mhaGsçar¥ ! . ®bCa
CnTSgenaHk*E®skbnÊrtamTSgTwkmuxe®kom®kM e®JHminyl'n&yrbs'J-
k¥ «smrPUmi, vaysMruk» mindwgfaetImit†sfluynigmit†sflUenHcg'niyayfadU-
em†c ! m"¥ageTotminsal'fanrNaCaGgkarpg . luHvil®tLb'mkCYb®KY-
sarvij ®bCaCnTSgLayenaHk*Gg¨y®teVmk∫alCgg'®KvIEtk∫alKµan
Jk¥eqI¬ynwgsMnYrrbs'®bBnÏkUn, e®JHesckI†Ef¬gkarNr_ bs'vaTSgBIr enaH
dUcCaggitGnÏka manlak'Buty"agGaf·kMVMgKYr[sgß&yCay"agx¬Sg .
cMENkmit†sflUnigmit†sfluyva®bmUlG~krdΩkar®Kb'Ep~k TSgkgT&BTSgsIu
vil rYcbMEbktam®kum niyayy"agEpÌm®tCak'kuhkfa KWedIm∫IgaykarJr
sni†suxnigEckes∫øgGahar e®JHGgkarpÌakcayluymYyry:sin .
dUec~H®kumTI1CanayTahan®tUvsMNak'enAk~¨gbrievNsala esahW,
®kumTI2CanayTahanrg ®tUvsMNak'enAk~¨gbrievNviT¥al&yGflabXut .
®kumTI3 smNak'enAk~¨gbrievNviT¥al&y®BHmunIvgß . ®kumTI4CaBYknamWun
G~krdΩkarsIuvil®Kb'Ep~k sMNak'enAk~¨gbrievNsalaext†Vt'dMbg .
´f©TI20emsa eBlEdlmit†sfluynigmit†sflU kMBugEtebIksm&y®bCMuenA
salaext†Vt'dMbg enA‰viT¥al&y®BHmunIvg߉eNaH Tahan®bmaN
1,350nak' kMBugEtte®mobCYrK~aeLIgLankam"∆¨g15e®KOg . em"ag3resol
´f©dEdl kEn¬gdEdl manLankam"∆¨g11e®KOgcUleTAdwkTahan900nak'
eTot . k∫ÁnLanTSg2elIkbrq¬gkat'sÊwgsEg˚ tamsıanfµfIµ eTAkan'p¬ËvCa-
tielx5 dwkykeTAcUlkN†alGnÊak' Edl®kumXatkrGaf·kMVMgerobcMExß
e®tomrg'cSCae®scenAp¬ËvcUlniKmsem†c“s√aydUnEkv ®tUv®kumenHVj'
sm¬ab'ecalexÊc .
enA´f©TI23emsa em"ag®bEhl9®Bwk mit†sfluyCatMNagGgkar manvr
esniy‰k eLg-va"Gflul es¬økJk'‰ksNΩany"agsÌatedIrCamYy mankan'
GgkarCanrNa ? 61

bJÇ I mY ysn¬ w kk ~ ¨ g´ d be NI † r K ~ a cU le T A ka n' sa la e sa hW r Y ce hA e Qµ a H n a -

yTahanCalMdab'lMeday rYcecjbJÇa[eTAkan'TIlMenAerog@x¬Ány"agyUr
kn¬Hem"ag edIm∫Ies¬økJk'‰ksNΩan[Vn®twm®tUv edIm∫IeTATTYlsem†c“
Edl®BHGgyagmktamåTÏm∏aKc®kcuHctenAEk∫rP~MFibtI . luHnayTahan
TSgGs'enaHvilmkCYbCMu®Kb'cMnYntambJIÇe®scVc' k*Ehrk∫ÁnBIsala
esahWeTAkan'salaext†Vt'dMbg EdlmanLankam"∆¨g6e®KOgerobCak∫Án
rg'cSenATIenaHCae®sc . nayTahanTSgGs'enaHk*eLIgLanTSgTwkmux
jjwm .
´f©dEdlem"ag1kn¬Hresol k∫ÁnLankam"∆¨gTSg6e®KOgdEdldwknay
Tahanes¬økJk'‰ksNΩany"agsÌatCae®cInrynak'eTot x¬HQr x¬HGg¨-
y x¬HCiHelIdMbUl ®be®CotCan'elIK~a . enAxagmuxk∫ÁnmanLanhßIbmYy
e®KOgnigLg'r"UEvrmYye®KOg EdlmanemExµr®khm10nak'CiHCaG~knSp¬Ëv ma
nkSePI¬gxI¬enAceg˚H®Kb'@K~a . xage®kayk∫Án manLankam"∆¨gmYye®KOgpʨk
eyaFaekµg@®bmaN30nak' kan'kSePI¬gGaEGflrEkgenA´d®Kb'@K~a CaG~kEhr
hmkarJr . eyaFaekµg@TSgenHmuxjjwm esIces∆js∆ajdUcs√aVneck
sb∫ayrIkraye®tkGrNas' e®JHnwksµanfaVnCYbeXIjsem†c“mun
eK˘˘˘. eyaFaekµg@TSgenaHminVndwgTal'EtesaHnUvkll∫icrbs'Ggkar
EdlbeJœat®bmUlCnCatirbs'x¬ÁnsuTÏEtnayTahanFM@ dwkykeTAsm¬a
b'ecalelg@TeT@y"agenaHeT . k∫ÁnLanTSg9e®KOg ( LannSmux2 hßIb
nig Lg'r"UEvr, Lankam"∆¨gTSg6e®KOgdwkTahan, Lankam"∆¨gmYye®KOgxag
e®kaydwkeyaFaekµg@ ) EhrcakecjBIsalaext†Vt'dMbg brq¬gswÊgs-
Eg˚tamsıancas' eTAkan'p¬ËvCatielx5 . luHk∫ÁnLanbrecjputBIsıan
elakvresniy‰kmUl-sarI niyayxßwb@CMrabelakeLg-ra"Gflulfa – ®BH
etCKuN GaGs'enHbeJœatnSBYkeyIgykeTAsm¬ab'eT . elakeLg-ra"Gflu
l®Bmanfa – mat'sIuGMbil®bhuk min®tUvniyaydUec~HeTNa± .
k∫ÁnLanTSg9e®KOgebIkbrVnEt30K˘m˘k~¨g1em"agEtb"ueNˆaH e®JH
p¬ËvCatielx5xUcxatminEdlVnCYsCuleLIgvijeT k~¨gry :eeBl5q~S´n
sÂgamenH . Lanrlak'eFI√[G~kCiHm~ak'esIÊrF¬ak'BIelILan k∫alnigk∫al
TgicK~aCajwkjab' . ≤LËvenHk∫ÁnLank*mkdl'PUmikac'reTH Lanrlak'x¬S
geBk k∫almUl-sarIk*®sab'EtTgick∫aleLg-ra"Gfluly"agx¬Sg . mUl-
sarIyk´dGEgÌlk∫albeNI†r EP~ksm¬wgeTsPaBPUmikac'reTHd*s©at'e®cob
GgkarCanrNa ? 62

beNI†r . elakF¬ab'ecjcUlPUmienH®Kb'®ckl˙k . elakk*ekHelakeLg-

ra"Gflulm†geTot®BmTSgxßwbfa ®BHetCKuNkMuTukcit†BYkva[esaH ! eyIgKYr
´llkrMedaHx¬ÁnNa± . TIenHCaPUmikac'reTHmansPaBs©at'lÌNas' TSg
®bCaCn TSgExµr®khm KµaneXIjm~ak'eLIy . BYkeyIgmanK~ae®cInrynak'
G~kebIkbrLank*K~aeyIg ®kumvamanEt40nak'b"ueNˆaHeT .l.
eBlenaHelakeLg-ra"GflulEbrCamYrem"A k*THkMeP¬øgelakmUl-sarImY-
y´dy"agdMNM rYck*®canedjcuHBILan . elakmUl-sarI®tUvEtbg≈Mcit†enA
es©ømm†geTot˘˘˘.
k∫ÁnLanTSg9e®KOgbrmkdl'p¬ËvbMEbkeTAs†S k*kac'cUleTAkan'P~MFibtI
nayTahanEdlCiHLankam"∆¨gTSg5e®KOgepßgenaHmanTwkmuxjjwme®JH
sgÙwmfa manEt®kumx¬ÁneTEdlVnlut®kabsem†c“muneK . edIm∫ICarg√an'
elIkTwkcit† sem†c“muxEtnwgdemI¬g[GatµaGjVnmYy®kWteTotCaBMuxan .
cMENknayTahanEdlCiHk~¨gkam"∆¨gCamYymUl-sarI edayVnæJk¥xßw -
bexßøv k*E®bTwkmuxeTACaCUrdUcsIu®kUcqµaeTAvij .
k∫ÁnLanTSg9e®KOgk*Qb'sMctenAPUmieQ¬øv cm©ay3K˘m˘xagekItP~M
FibtI . eBlenaHLanhßIbnigLg'r"UEvrEdlemExµr®khmTSg10nak'CiHenaH
k*br®tLb'mke®kay rYcE®skbJÇaedj[BYknayTahanTSgenaHcuHBILa-
n ®BmTSghamfa minVc'[ykGI√@mktamx¬ÁneLIy . cUrsMrakenATIenH
sincuH cMENkeyIg@nSLanTSgGs'eTATI®kugVt'dMbg edIm∫InwgdwknSG~k
rdΩkarepßg@mkbEnƒmeTot . luHk∫ÁnLanTSg9e®KOgbrecjputbni†c ela
kmUl-sarIGt'®TSminVnk*E®skbJÇafa – ®BHetCKuNTSgGs'K~a k~¨gnam
xM∆¨CaemT&Bm~ak' xM∆¨sUmecjbJÇaCMnYselakeLg-ra"Gflul ! eBlenHGasn~mk
dl'eyIgTSgGs'K~aehIy ! dUec~HebIman®Kab'kSePI¬gVj'e®sacmkelIeyI
g sUmelakEdlminTan's¬ab' ®tUvEtrYmkm¬SgK~art'sMrukcUldeNI†mGavuFBI
xµSgmkvij edIm∫ItTl'rYcBIkI†s¬ab' . Jk¥bJÇak*®tUvcb'®twmeNH e®JHXa
tkrcab'epI†mVj'kSePI¬gFMædUcrnÊH e®sacmkelI ecjmkBITisTSg8 .
®Kab'man®Kb'Fun 30m˘m˘, 60m˘m˘, 81m˘m˘ nig Gaka47 . nayTahan
TSgGs'enaHdYls¬ab'KrelIK~a .
cMENkelakmUl-sarI luH®KaGasn~mkdl'y"agenH elakk*edaHGav
y&n†elIkTUlelIk∫al mat'CIbGUc@nwkKuNmatabita GMJvnav®Kb'Ebby"ag
´drbs'elakGUsTajnayTahan3nak'[rt'tamelakKW vresniy‰kb"ul
GgkarCanrNa ? 63

-esOn, elakGnuesniyeTaXun nigelakm~ak'eTotminsal'eQµaH . luH

eKcecjputBIlanmrN:eehIy yb'enaHnayTahanTSgbYnnak' k*sMerc
bMEbkK~aeTAkan'TIedAerog@x¬Án . e®kaymk elakGnuesniyeTaXun ®tUvExµr
®khmcab'x¬ÁnVn ehIyVj'sm¬ab'ecalenAP~MsMeBA . cMENkelakmUl
sarI VneTABYnsMNak'enAk~¨gPUmirnam-dUnsM . Ggkardak'Tis[elak
X√aleKaGs'ry:eeBlbYnq~S . cMENkelakb"ul-esOnnigemT&Bm~ak'eTot
enaHVt'muxrhUt . k∫ÁnLanTSg9e®KOgk*br®tLb'ecjmkkan'p¬ËvCatielx
5vij . mkdl'ehIyk*Qb'sMctenATIenaHmYysnʨH . ®sab'EtmanLan
Lg'r"UEvrmYye®KOgbrmkQb'sMctTl'BImux rYcbeJçjG~kebIkbr6nak'fIµ
CMnYsG~kmun EdleKdwkykeTAVj'ecalenAxagt∫ËgenaHbni†c . emExµr®k
hmbgab'[G~kebIkbr6nak'fIµedaHelxLan®Kvat'ecal rYcbJÇa[ebIkbr
cUleTAkan'TI®kugVt'dMbgvijtamBYkva .
´f©dEdlevlaem"ag 2resol manLankam"∆¨g4e®KOgbrcUlbrievNsa
laext†Vt'dMbg erobk∫ÁndwknSnamWunG~krdΩkarsIuvil dUcCaelakPUQYyext†
TI1-TI2, naykariyal&yTSgGs', ®BwTÏnaykmhaviT¥al&y, naykviT¥al&
y nigG~kmuxG~kkar TSgGs'k~¨gTI®kugVt'dMbg . eBlenaHelak@TSgGs'
'es¬økJk'tam‰ksNÏan tamyss&ki†erog@x¬Ány"ag®twm®tUvsÌatVt®Kb'
@ jjwme®tomx¬Ánrg'cSenATIenaHCae®sc edIm∫ITTYlsem†c“CaTInwkrlwk .
k∫ÁnLanTSgbYne®KOgEhrecjBIsalaext†Vt'dMbg rYcbrq¬gsÊwgs
Eg˚tamsıanfµcas'eTAkan'p¬ËvCatielx5 eBlenaHmanEtLanhßIbmYye®KO
gKt'ebIkbrBImuxnSp¬Ëv . k~¨gLanhßIbmanEtemExµr®khmm~ak' mankSePI¬gxI¬
enAnwgceg˚HGg¨YEk∫rG~kebIkbr . enAVMgxage®kaymaneyaFaekµg@3nak'
kan'kSePI¬gGaEGflrEkg®Kb'@´dCaG~kkarJr .
emIlcuH, vaKµan®bug®by&t~eT e®JHvaeronsU®tVnsal'cMNucexßay
´nvr :C
CnExµrTSgenaHc∫as'Nas', vaemIlgay, vasni~dΩanelakTSgGs'
enaHCakUnTnßayGt'X¬an æEteQµaHsem†c“k*eVlsMrukcUlGnÊak'dUceXI
jeckTMu . manelakFMx¬HEdlminTan'maneQµaHk~¨gbJÇI edaymkBIx¬ÁneTIb
nwgp¬as'mkdl'ext†Vt'dMbg k*eTATTUcsMueKeTACamYyEdr .
k∫ÁnLanTSg®VMe®KOgbrtamp¬ËvCatielx5 . luHeTAdl'PUmiGUrtaemov
®sukemagÚsßI manp¬ËvlMmYykac'bt'eTAeq√geTAkan'PUmi´®C . emExµr®khm
bJŒb'LanhßIb rYcelatcuHeFI√sJÔabJŒb'Lankam"∆¨gTSg4e®KOg ®BmTSg
GgkarCanrNa ? 64

E®skbJÇa[G~kCiHTSgGs'®BmTSgG~kebIkbr cuHBILanminVc'ykGI√tam
x¬ÁneT rYcvabJÇa[beNI†rK~aeTAkan'PUmi´®C e®JHsem†c“cuHåTÏm∏aKc®kenATI
enaH .
luHk∫ÁndMeNIredIrputEtBIf~l'CatiVncm©ayEt300Em"®tb"ueNˆaH KWcM
kN†alGnÊak'´n®kumXatkrGaf·kMVMg EdlGgkarbJÇa[erobcMExße®tom
BYnrg'cSCae®scy"aghµt'ct' . eBlenaHkSePI¬gt∫al'Fun300Em"®tb"ueNˆaH
KWcMkN†alGnÊak'´n®kumXatkrGaf·kMVMgEdlGgkarbJÇa[erobcMExße®tom
BYnrg'cSCae®scy"aghµt'ct' . eBlenaHkSePI¬gt∫al'Fun30m˘m˘, 81m˘m
nigGaka47 Vj'ecjBITisTSg8 e®sac®Kab'mkBIelIdUcrnÊH G~krge®KaH
s¬ab'KrelIK~aKµanesssl'dl'm~ak'eLIy .
exµacTSgenaHmaneKVneXIjpÊal'EP~knigsal' KWelakPUQYyext†TI
1, TI2, elaknYn-saminCacagh√agBnÏnaKar, elaksiun-sava"tCaecAh√a-
y®suksEg˚r, elaknn-navaCanaykviT¥al&y, elakys'-r"nCanayk
mhaviT¥al&y, elaktUc-eXOmCasaÂs†acar¥, elakEkv-yUL¨gCanayk
Ep~khirJÔvtƒ¨ext†, elaksflan-fUemXMus√ayeV", elakKW-sflanhU nighU-tug
han CaefAEkeragc®kGareQI .l.
mYysnʨHmanLanLg'r"UEvrmYye®KOgmkdl' k*beJçjG~kebIkbrfIµ4na
k' rYcemExµr®khmbJÇa[edaHelxLankam"∆¨g®Kvat'ecal rYceLIgebIkbr
LanenaHtamLanhßIbrbs'vacUlkan'TI®kugVt'dMbgvij .
´f©dEdlem"ag®bEhl3resol manLanFM@®Kb'Fun®bmaN30e®KOg
tMerobcYrxageCIgviT¥al&y®BHmunIvgß nigmYyCYreTotxaglicrhUtdl'vt†
PIPit edIm∫IdwkTahanecjBIviT¥al&yenHbeJœatfa KYrEtecjBITI®kugVt'
dMbgP¬am@ e®JHGaemrikSgmkTm¬ak'®Kab'Ebkk~¨geBlqab'enH .
k∫ÁnLancMnYn30e®KOgenHdwknSTahaneTAkan'niKmsem†c“ XMutamWun
manTahanm~ak'eQµaHesOnsl'enArs'VnGFib∫ayfa – eBlenaHem"ag
®bEhl5resol tMNagGgkar[sJÔabJŒb'LanTSgGs'CahUrEhrta
mp¬ËvCatielx5, vaE®skbJÇa[TahanTSgGs'cuHBILan ®BmTSg®Vb'bEnƒ
mfa minVc'ykGI√@tamx¬ÁneLIy˘˘˘ vabJÇa[cUleTAkan'niKmsem†c“ .
luHedIrputEtbni†cBIf~l'CatiEtb"ueNˆaH vabJÇa[edIrcuHeTAvalE®sxageq√g
´d vabJÇa[tMerobCYrK~a[Vn®twm®tg' . karBitkEn¬genaHCakN†alGnÊak'
Exße®tom´nXatkrGaf·kMVMg, vaB&TÏrg'cSVj'sm¬ab'ecalCae®sc . dUec~H
GgkarCanrNa ? 65

10naTIe®kayBIkartMerobCYr ®sab'EtkSePI¬g®Kb'FunVj'e®sac®Kab'dUcrnÊH
sm¬ab'Tahand*kMst'TSgenaHKµanemt†a, ®tUvs¬ab'KrelIK~a . esOnEdlenA
rs'edaymkBIecH®kabbn¬MCamYyexµac rhUtdl'Jk'kN†alyb'e®CAeTIb
lUnvarecjmkBITIenaHmkVn . ´f©TI23emsadEdl ®bEhlem"ag4reso
l manLankam"∆¨g10e®KOgerobk∫ÁnenAp¬ËvCatielx5 enAmuxviT¥al&yGflab-
Xut, eBlenaHeXIjmit†sfluyelatcuHBILanhßIb manbJÇImYysn¬wkenA´d
edIrcUleTAkan'brievNsalaEdlmanGs'elaknayTahanrg Edl®tUv
eK®bmUlmkBI®Kb'TisTIcMnYn400nak' tMerobCYrCae®scrg'cSenATIenaH .
mit†sfluyk*ehAeQµaH rYcbJÇa[edIrecjeTAeLIgLanCahUrEhr edaykuhk
fanSykeTAeronsU®tenAext†esomrab . k∫ÁnLanenHbrq¬gsÊwgsEg˚rtam
sıanfIµeTAkan'p¬ËvCatielx5 breqıaHeTAext†esomrab . muxk∫ÁnLanenH man
LanhßIbmYye®KOg EdlmanemExµr®khmbYnnak'CiHenAk~¨genaHebIkbrnSp¬Ëv
. xage®kaymanLanLg'r"UEvrBIre®KOg maneyaFaekµg@®bEhl18nak'
kan'kSePI¬gGaEGflrEkg®Kb'´d CaG~kkarJrCUndMeNIr . luHk∫ÁnLaneTAdl'
PUmiVt'kg LanhßIbQb' emExµr®khmelIk´dCasJÔabJÇa[LanTSg
Gs'Qb'˘˘˘ emExµr®khmelatcuHBILan rYcE®skbJÇa[nayTahanrgTS
genaHcuHBILan tMerobK~aCaCYr4@nak'tambeN†ayf~l' . ®sab'EtrMeBCenaH
man®kumGaf·kMVMgd*e®cInelIslb'ecjmkbg˙ajx¬Án es¬økJk'exµA maDtU
c@ muxmat'minEmnCaExµreT manGavuF®Kb'FunB&TÏCab'Cae®sc .
eBlenaHmanmnusß®bEhl100nak' ≤tGavuFelatecjmk rYccab'Ta
hanrgGs'TSgenaHcgs¬abeskbYn@nak'epÌabK~a rYcehIyk*Vj'sm¬ab'
ecalenATIenaHeTA .
®sukmglbUrI manksidΩanExµr-Cb"unmYysiƒtenAEk∫rp¬ËvCatielx5 .
cab'tSgBI®beTskmı¨CaekItsÂgam eKykkEn¬genaHCaTItSgkgT&BCati .
enA´f©TI19emsa man®kumXatkrGaf·kMVMgd*e®cInelIslb'ecjmk
B&TÏTIenaHCab'tSgBI®Blwm . luHdl'em"ag9 emrbs'vaE®sktamem®kU bJÇa
[naynigkUnTahan ®BmTSg®bBnÏkUn [ecjBIpÊH®bmUlK~aCYbCMukN†al
valksidΩan . luHecjmkCYbCMue®scVc'ehIy vabJÇa[Vj'cMruHeTAelI
Cnrge®KaHGs'TSgenaH . ®Kab'e®sacædUcrnÊH Cnrge®KaHdYls¬ab'Kg
eCIgelIK~aKµansl'dl'm~ak'eLIy .

❑
GgkarCanrNa ? 66

Ggkaredj®bCaCn[fyecjBITI®kugVt'dMbg

enA´f©TI23emsa em"ag®bEhl5resol e®kayBIdwknSnayTahan

nayTahanrg namWunG~krdΩkarsIuvil nigG~kmuxG~kkarecjputBITI®kugGs'
®sab'EtmanLanhßIbCae®cIne®KOgebIkbrJseBjTI®kug E®skbMBg
sem¬gtamem®kU ecjbJÇaCadac'Nat' edj®bCaCnTSgGs' [fyecj
BITI®kug[Gs'k~¨gry:eeBl24em"ag .
luHæpÊal'®tecoknUvbJÇaCadac'Nat'd*cEm¬krbs'Ggkar EdlKµanExµr
Nasal'CanrNaenaH man®bCaCnExµrx¬HP&ytk's¬¨tx¬SgeBkk*s¬ab'P¬am
åTahrNd
_ Ucelakehg-Lag cagh√agsaladMbUg elakKSgebHdUgs¬a
b'mYyrMeBc . man®sICae®cInsn¬b'Vt'sµartI manrUbxM∆¨CaedImEdlsn¬b'V
t'sµartICae®cInem"ag luHdwgx¬ÁneLIgvijeTIbyMdUcmnusßqÁt . man®bCaCn
x¬Hrt'eTAedkkN†alf~l' sm¬ab'x¬Án[Lankin . man®sICae®cInJn'nak'
Edl®tUvGgkarbMEbkbI† nSeTATIGaf·kMVMg kMBugGg¨ysMkuk{bkUnsMrk'Twk
EP~k ekItTuk≈swgVt'viJÔaN e®JHsgß&ysµanfa GgkarnSbI†GjeTAsm¬ab'
eTdwg ?
®sab'EtæfaGgkarecjbJÇaedj®bCaCn[fyecjBITI®kug dUec~HTuk≈
mYyCan'd*F©n' mksg˚t'elITuk≈mYyCan'eTot . man®sIx¬Hman´pÊeJH®Kb'Ex˘˘
kUnc∫gkMBugQWe®kakminrYc bI†®tUvGgkarnSykeTATTYlsem†c“˘˘˘ ®sab'
Et≤LËvenH®tUveKedj[fycakecjBITIlMenA˘˘˘ {vasna´n®bCaCnExµr !
´nÂsI†Exµrd*kMst'eGIy˘˘˘ etIeTACay"agNaeTA ?
enAk~¨gkal:eeTs:eenH KµannrNaGacCYynrNaVneLIy . ®Blwm´f©
TI24emsa ®bCaCnCitmYylannak' ®tUvEtfyecjBITI®kugVt'dMbg . ´d
m≈agBrkUntUc ´dm≈ageTotdwk´dkUnFM manEtsMJymYyenAelIx~g swgEt
Vt´dTeTTSgGs'K~a . ®bCaCnTSgGs'edIrefIµreCIg e®JHGgkaresI~rfyn†
m"UtU rWum"k kg' tSgBI´f©TI19emsaGs'rlIgeTAehIy . man®KYsarx¬H®tUv
EsgEm"“cas'Cra, Esg®bBnÏEdleTIbsMralkUnehIy, EsgbgbÌËnQW
F©n'…Bikar beNI†reTAKµanTIedA .
enA´f©TI27emsa GgkarecjbJÇaCadac'Nat'bEnƒmmkeTot KWedj
GgkarCanrNa ? 67

®bCaCnTSgGs' [fyecj[putBIf~l'Cati BIdgsÊwgcm©ayy"agticBIrKI

LËEm"®t e®JHGgkarbEg√gdankMu[ExµreXIjBYkeyokkugcUlmk®bmUlGa-
nikCnyYn nig®TB¥sm∫ti†®beTsExµr dwkykeTA®sukyYn . eBlenaHra-
Âs†G~kE®s ®tUvfyecjBIlMenATSgGs'K~a .
{BueTÏaeGIy ! etIExµrCamças'TwkdIrab'lannak'enaH nSkUntUc@ Em"“cas'
Cra eTA®CkenA‰Na ? . ExemsaCardUvek†A sItuN˙PaBeLIgdl'kMrit45
Ggßar . Exµrrs'enAkN†alvall˙el˙v, kN†al´®Bsµsan BwgdICaE®K Bwg
emXCadMbUl . kEn¬gx¬HKµanTwk kEn¬gx¬HKµanGus˘˘˘ . kMBugGs'sgÙwmeda
y®tUvedkcSeBls¬ab'e®JHGt'Twk eBlenaHman®bp~ËlmYyd*Gsçar¥ emIl
cuHkMBugek†AEhgGnÊHsar emX®sLHeFgKµanBBk ®sab'EtenA´f©TI29
emsaem"ag3resol maneP¬øgmYyemy"agFM k~¨gry:eeBl®bEhlbIem"ag .
dUec~HtamvalE®s TwkmankMBs'15sg'TIEm"®t . enAtamGN†ËgnanamanTw
khUry"ageBj@ . b"uEn†nwkeTAKYr[GaeNacGaFm·dl'ExµrTSgGs'enaHNa
s' TSgcas' TSgekµg TSgG~kQW TSgG~kCa ®sI@eTIbnwgsMralkUnrYc Ca
BiessG~kenATI®kug EdlminF¬ab'CYb®bTHnUvsƒanPaBEbbenH luH®tUvenA
kN†aleP¬øgkN†alx¥l'Cit3em"agdUec~H k*rgarjak'j&rdUc®Kuncaj'®Kb'@
K~a . G~kx¬HE®skf©Ërfa – « {eTvtaelakeGIy ! etIrs'enAy"agdUcem†ceTA
sUmelakCYypg@ ! » . evTnarebobenH eyIgF¬ab'eXIjEtk~¨gerOgkuneT
EteBlenHGgkareFI√[Exµrrab'lannak' ®bTHesckI†evTnapÊal'@EP~k . yb'
enaH KµannrNaTTYlTandMeNkekIteT ®Kb'@K~abeNI†r®KYsarrkdITYlxıs'
minlicTwkedIm∫InwgGg¨y®teVmk∫alk∫alCgg'Tl'P¬W˘˘˘.
®bCaCnExµrEdlePosx¬ÁneTAkan'PUmikac'reTH k~¨gkgbwgFMshkrN_
´®BtUcCae®cInJn'nak' edIredkJsval xagekItf~l'Catielx5mancm©ay
BI2K˘m˘ KµanTICMrkTal'EtesaH . ®Kb'@K~aP&ytk's¬¨tCa´®kElg e®JH
e®cIn´f©eTAehIy KµannrNaTTYlxus®tUvkarJrsni†suxeLIy .
enA´f©TI14åsPa em"ag®bEhl3resol VnTTYldMNwgfa manG~k
kan'k†ab'mkdl'ehIy . ®Kb'@K~ae®tkGrNas' rt'®bjayeTATTYlecA-
h√ayfIµ cg'dwgEpnkarfIµ . Gg®bCMuebIkenAkN†alvall˙el˙v kN†al´f©
ek†A . luH®bCaCnCae®cInJn'nak'mkCYbCMuehIy mYysnʨHFMeTIbeXIjmit†
LS, mit†Kin, mit†Tit . mit†TSgbInak'enHCaemecary"agkacsahav sMNak'
enAEtk~¨g´®BrnamxagekItPUmibwgFMnigPUmikac'reTH . eBlenaHmaneyaFa
GgkarCanrNa ? 68

ekµg@ Gayu®bEhl15q~S man®sI3nak' ®bus3nak' kan'kSePI¬gGaEGflrEkg

®Kb'@´dtamkarJr . eyaFaTSgenaHmanTwkmuxmS hak'dUcCamanKMnMurab'
ryCatimkehIy …hak'dUcCae®skX¬ansac'Qam®ss'@mkBInay .
mit†LSEP~k®khmEt¬ cab'epI†mniyayfa – « ®kumxM∆¨CatMNagGgkarpÊal'
. Ggkardak'TisbJÇËn®kumxM∆¨mkkan'k†ab'mit†TSgGs'enAkgbwgFMenH .
eyIg®tUvEtebIksmrPUmivaysMruk eFI√E®s®VMg eFI√E®svsßa . BIe®JHmit†
TSgGs'K~ahUbVy, VyekItmkBIE®s, dUec~HeyIg®tUvEtdS®sUv . tSgBI
dUntamk minEdleXIjnrNahUb®kdas' Edlski†PUminigc®kBti†begI˚tCa
DIb¬ËmenaHVneLIy . dgV"k˚aEdleKGg¨ysresrelItu k*hUbminekIt Edr
. dUec~Hcab'BI´f©enHeTA GgkarbegI˚tdgV"k˚anigsIÊLËfIµ KWng&l rnas' Eb"l
cb Ex√v .l. » . eBlenaHmanmit†2nak'epßgeTot edIrcUlmkkan' Gg®bCMu
EP~k®khmEt¬ muxkaceXareXAd*Gsçar¥ . mit†LSelIk´dcg̨l ehI
y®Vb'®bCaCnfa – « enHmit†ehok enaHmit†yin . Ggkarcat'tSgCaQ¬b
emIlkarxus®tUvshkrNe_ nA´®BtUceyIgenH » .
luHcb'Gg®bCMud*e®kom®kMenH mit†LScab'epI†mb¬n'edaye®bIJk¥esI~CMnY-
s . mit†LS®bkasesI~naLika´d viT¥¨ m"UtU kg' m"asIunedr . Jk¥esI~saha
vCagJk¥b¬n' e®JHGgkar[GP&y‰ksiTiÏy"ageBjeljdl'ecaredIresI~ .
ebImças'®TB¥bdiesFmin[ecareT GgkarGnuJÔat[sm¬ab'ecalcuH rYcecaT
fak∫t'Ggkar .
cab'tSgBI´f©enaHmk ®kumenH®tYt®taraÂs†Exµrtamrbbecar KWedIresI~exÊc
xIÊ rYcsm¬ab'ecal .l. nig .l.

❑
GgkarCanrNa ? 69

erOgcEm¬kEdlkUnExµr®tUvEtdwg

enA´f©TI23emsa em"ag5kn¬Hresol GgkarkMBugGnuvt†Epnkare®bIkl

l∫icPreVkG~krdΩkarenAext†Vt'dMbg®Kb'@Ep~k dwknSykeTAcUlGnÊak'
Edl®kumXatkrGaf·kMVMg erobcMExße®tomrg'cSVj'sm¬ab'ecal˘˘˘.
cMENkmit†sflUEbrCaeTAxßibbuKlikeBT¥®ksYgrfePI¬g nigkmµkrerag
c®ktMVj famit†TSgGs'®tUvenA[es©ømmYykEn¬gsin cSs†ab'bJÇasarCa
fµI .
enA´f©TI24emsa em"ag®bEhl10®Bwk GgkarbJÇa[ehAbuKlikeBT¥
TSgGs'®BmTSg®KYsar ®bmUlK~aeTACYbCMuenAk~¨gmnIÊreBT¥FMenAVt'dMbg .
luHmkCYbCMue®scVc' k*eXIjmit†sflUebIkLanLg'r"UEvrmkQb'enATIenaHlµm
mit†sflUcuHBILan rYcelIk´dcg̨lLankam"∆¨g3e®KOg Edlerobk∫Ánrg'cSCa
e®sc ®BmTSgecjbJÇaCadac'Nat'TSgbg≈M dl'buKlikeBT¥®BmTSg®KY
sar ®tUvEteLIgLanenaH .
buKlikeBT¥TSgGs'eTACaKSgmat' KµanJk¥tva" ®tUvEtpßge®Bgdwk´d
kUn beNI†r®bBnÏ tMerobCYreLIgLantambJÇadac'Nat'enHeday´dTeT®Kb'
K~a .
manbuKlikeBT¥x¬HCaG~kyam eBlenaH®tUvEteLIgLanP¬am dUec~HCab'
tamx¬ÁnmanEtexaGavyamb"ueNˆaH rI‰®bBnÏkUn k*®tUvEbkK~arhUt tSgBI´f©
enaHmk .
k∫ÁnLanEhrecjBImnIÊreBT¥ edaymanLanLg'r"UEvrebIkbredaymit†
sflUCaG~knSp¬Ëv rYceTAQb'sMctenAvt†suPI . mkdl'TIenH mit†sflUelatcuHBI
Lan®BmTSgniyayfa cUrenAsMNak'TIenHsincuH cSs†ab'bJÇaCafIµ . rYc
ehIymit†sflUk*dwknSk∫ÁnLanTeTenaH®tLb'eTAvijVt' .
®Bwk´f©TI27emsa eXIjmit†sflUmkCYbbuKlikeBT¥ EdleKykmkcak'
ecalenAvt†suPITSgGs'enaH . elakBwg-Kimsfla CaevCÇbNiÎtnigCanayk
eBT¥FMenAext†Vt'dMbg Camit†Cits~iTÏmit†sflU elakEtgEtåbtƒm∏dl'®bBnÏ
kUmmit†sflU eBlEdlmit†sflUrt'ecal®suk . dUec~HelakBwg-KimsflaVnsI†b-
enÊasmit†sflUy"agesµaHfa – En±sflU ! etIGgkarCanrNaeK ? Ggkarrbs'sflU
GgkarCanrNa ? 70

‰gGnuvt†Epnkard*qÁtlIla . karCen¬øs®bCaCny"agenH KWsm¬ab'nigbM-

p¬ajCati‰geTNa±˘˘˘ ®TB¥sm∫ti† edImeQI dMNSdSduHEdlmças'edIrecal
®tUvvinashinehacTSgGs'ehIyk~¨geBlenH .
eBlenaHmit†sflUeFI√muxs©Át k*elIk´ds†Sekok´deq√gelakKimsfla rYcb-
eNI†reTAq©ayputBIbuKlikTSgLay rYcQrxßibK~ay"agyUr eTIbdwk´dK~amk
kan'kEn¬gdEdlvij .
elakKimsflamuxs©Át manGarmµNG
_ nÊHsarCax¬Sg . elaksm¬wgshkarI
rbs'elakmYysnʨHFM eTIbelakniyayfa – xM∆¨sUmlaelak@eTAeFI√karenA
vt†´®C®sukemagÚsßIehIy˘˘˘.
®Blwm´f©28emsa elakBwg-KimsflabeNI†rkUn®bBnÏedIrefIµreCIgeTA
kan'vt†´®C . elak®tUvedIrkat'PUmikac'reTH ehIyVnCYbelakyI-vij®TI Ca
nayksalBiesaFne_ nAmnIÊreBT¥FM´nTI®kugVt'dMbg . elakTSgBIrnak'
beNI†rK~aeKccUlk~¨g´®Bs∫at rYcCECkK~ay"agyUr . elakKimsfla®Vb'
elakvij®TIfa – mit†sflUkMejIj®BmTSg®BmanelakdUcteTA – En±sfla ebIcg'
rs'enAteTAeTot ®tUvecHGt'Fµt' ®tUvecHeFI√KrefI√f¬g' ®tUvecHksagx¬Án CMrHkar
‰kCnNa± . sfla‰gCamit†Cits~iTÏnwgxM∆¨ F¬ab'CYyEfTS®KYsarrbs'xM∆¨ dUec~HxM∆¨
®Vb'nUvKMeragkarNG
_ af·kMVMgmYyCaBiess KWGgkare®KagTukExµrEtbYnmWu
nnak' [eFI√Camças'TwkdIkmı¨CaEtb"ueNˆaH . e®kABIenaH®tUvykecj . elak
evCÇbNiÎtBwg-KimsflaniTandl'®twmh~wg elak®sk'TwkEP~ke®cak@ rYck*bn†
eTAeTot . luHæy"agenH xM∆¨k*sm¬k'sm¬wgmit†sflU®BmTSgKMhksYrfa etIela
k@EdleTATTYlsem†c“BI´f©munenaHy"agem"ceTAehIy ! » . eBlenHedI
m∫IseÂgaHsfla‰g EdlCaG~kmanKuNd*elIslb'cMeJH®KYsarxM∆¨ eTIbxM∆¨´l
lkdak'TisbJÇËnsfla‰g[eTAeFI√karenAvt†´®CCabnÊan'enH .l. nig .l.
eBlenaHelakBwg-Kimsfla{belak®TI®BmTSgf©Ërxßwb@fa etIeCO…eT ?
{®TIeGIyxM∆¨manGarmµNt
_ k's¬¨tNas'˘˘˘ En±®TI˘˘˘ manEt®TI‰geTeTIbxM∆¨®Vb'
Na± !˘˘˘. cMENkelak®TIluHVns†ab'nUvGB∏ËtehtuminKYr[eCO EtCaerOgBit
elakk*®sk'TwkEP~ke®cak@ eday®seNaHelaksflabeNI†rbI†®bBnÏkat' PUmi
kat'val kat'´®B pßge®BgeTAkan'vt†´®C siƒtenAmat'´®Brnam Vt´d
TeTmindwgCavasnaGnaKtvanwgeTACay"agNa ?
eBlelak®TIykCayGavCUtTwkEP~k ®BmTSgGtƒaFib∫aybJÇak'GB∏Ët-
ehtud*Ga®kk'dUcK~aenHCMrabelaksflafa – « xM∆¨VTEtgEteTAcak'f~S[®KYsar
GgkarCanrNa ? 71

KN®sukeQµaHkk' enAPUmi´®BtUcxagt∫ËgenH . mit†kk'k*®BmanxM∆¨VTfa [

ecHeFI√x√ak' eFI√f¬g'eFI√K eTIbGacq¬gputmhae®KaHkacenH e®JHGgkarmanKMera
gkarsm©at'TukraÂs†Exµr[enAsl'Et4mWunnak'GJçwgEdr .
eBlenaHelakTSgBIrmanGarmµNt
_ k's¬¨tCay"agx¬Sg eTACaKSgmat'rk
Jk¥niyayteTAeTotElgekIt . sm¬wgmuxK~ay"agyUrGs'sgÙwm k*sMula
EbkK~aeTAkan'TIedAerog@x¬Án .
k~¨geBlEbkK~aCacuge®kayenH elakTSgBIrGg¨yk†¨kk†Álk~¨gcit†BMuGac
rkJk¥eBcn‰
_ NamkBN·naVneLIy . elakTSgBIrnak'EbkK~arhUt !˘˘˘
e®JHenATIbJçb', G~k®BmaneKkI† G~k®tUveK®BmankI† ®tUvGgkarecjbJÇa[
sm¬ab'ecalCabn†bnÊab' ˘˘˘dUcCamit†kk'EdlKN®suk ehIyEdlBIGtItka
lCaKUlIErkdI nigCaecarlYcman'Ta Vn®tUvGgkarcat'[eKsm¬ab'ecalenA
´f©TI20 tula q~S1978 evlaem"ag8yb' .
mit†sflU®tUveKcab'x¬ÁnenA´f©TI21åsPa1977 . bYnExe®kaymk ®bBnÏ
mit†sflU®tUveKcab'x¬ÁneTot KWenA´f©TI8kJÔaq~SdEdl . GgkarecjbJÇa[
ykeTAdak'KukTYlEs¬g eFI√TaruNkmµsineTIbsm¬ab'ecalTSgBIrnak'enA´f©
TI18tula1977 .
- Ggkar[eKcab'x¬ÁnelakBwg-KimsflaenAyb'´f©TI11 viciœka 1976 nS
ykeTAdak'KukTYlEs¬g . edaysarTaruNkmµelIx¬Án elakk*s¬ab'enA´f©6
åsPa 1977 eTA .
- GgkarbJÇa[eKsm¬ab'elakeBT¥yW-vij®TIenA´f©TI11 viciœka 1976 .

❑ ❑

❑
GgkarCanrNa ? 72

GB∏ËtehtuEdlbgbÌËnExµr®tUvEtdwg
edIm∫Iykmk®tiHriHBicarNa

- ´f©TI23emsa1975 enAext†Vt'dMbg ExµrEdlCamças'TwkdIkMBug®tUv

rge®KaH . G~krdΩkar®Kb'Ep~k G~kmuxG~kkar ®tUvGgkar®bmUlnSykeTAsm¬a
b'ecalP¬am@ . ExµrCag1lannak'EdlminTan'dl'evns¬ab' ®tUvGgkaredj
[cakecjBIlMenAdΩan ecalTIkEn¬g ®tUvfyecjq©ayBITI®kug BIp¬ËvKmnaK
mn_ TSgp¬ËveKak TSgp¬ËvTwk ( cm©ayy"agtic2K˘m˘BIp¬ËvCati nigBITen¬ ) .l.
nig .l.
- pʨyeTAvij enA´f©dEdlem"ag1resol GgkarEbrCacat'mnusßGaf·
kMVMgy"ags©at'bMput eTAxßib®Vb'GnikCnyYnk~¨gext†Vt'dMbgTSgmUl®K
b'CMrM ®Kb'@TIkEn¬g facUr[enAes©ømmYykEn¬gsin cSs†ab'bJÇaGgkarCafIµ .
eBlenaHmanyYnm~ak'eQµaHLag enACMrMyYnmYysiƒtenAcm©ay100Em"®t
xagt∫ËgpÊHxM∆¨ . G~k®sIyYnenHs¬n'es¬art'mkCYbxM∆¨ehIyxßib®Vb'fa – « KYr
EtxM∆¨®bmUl®KYsarcUlkan'CMrMyYn e®JHGgkarerobcMdwkCen¬øsGnikCnyYn
eTAkan'®beTsyYnvijehIy » . cMENkxM∆¨kMBugveg√gsflugKitGI√ElgeXIj
eTAehIy, xM∆¨minTukcit† k*bdiesFmincUlCMrMyYnenaHeT .l.
GgkarbJÇa[®bmUlGnikCnyYnk~¨gext†Vt'dMbgTSgGs'y"ags©at' dw
knSecjbIelIk ykeTAlak'Tukk~¨g®beTsyYn cakputBIe®KaHf~ak'˘˘˘ TuklY
cbn¬MeFI√ExµrenAelIke®kayvij .

vibti†enA´b"line®kay®Bwti†karN1
_ 7emsa77

´b"linCa®kugmYyd*Esnmenarm¥ d*Esnsuxsan† siƒtenAcm©ay80K˘

m˘ xaglicext†Vt'dMbg . ´b"linsMbUreTAedayt∫Ëgd*mant´m¬BN·®khm
´btg exovtamFmµCati nigEp¬eQIEb¬k@dUcCa ®kUccin, savm"av, FUernCaedIm
. k~¨gq~S1975 ®kug´b"linman®bCaCn®bmaN1Esnnak' PaKe®cInCaG~k
GgkarCanrNa ? 73

man®TB¥sm∫ti†d*s†¨ks†m∏ .
enA´f©17emsa elakhflul-etanGPiVlext†´b"linebIkGg®bCMu rvag
nayTahanTSgGs' enAk~¨gbrievNsalaext† . elak®bkasGMJvnavfa
eyIg®tUvEtkarJr®kug´b"lin rhUtdl'degI˙mcuge®kaybgÌs' ! . eBlenaH
nayTahanx¬HelIk´dtva" sMupÌakQb'bn†sÂgam e®JHmincg'eXIjQam
ExµrhUrteTAeTot mincg'eXIjExµrsm¬ab'ExµrteTAeTot .
emIlcuHKYr[s†ayNas'@ ! KµanelakNayl'nUvlk≈N:B
Bit®Vkd
rbs'sÂgamEdlpʨHk~¨g®sukExµreLIy˘˘˘ KµanelakNadwgnUve®KaHPyn†ra
y EdlbMrugnwgekIteLIgenAeBlqab'@xagmuxenHeT . ®Kb'@K~a TSgraÂs†
TSgnamWun TSg®BHsgÙ TSg®Khsƒ TSgTahan TSgsIuvilyl'®cLMfa
ExµrsIhnu-exovsMpnc∫SgK~aCamYyExµrln'-nl' .
enA´f©dEdl em"ag®bEhl3kn¬Hresol manExµrCae®cInnak' nS®KYsar
rt'eTAkan'GUrLak' rYcq¬gEdneTAkan'®beTs´f . ´f©TI18emsa1975
ExµrEdlmancit†®sLaj'b†Ërp†ac'TwkdI nSK~acat'EcgtSgKNkmµaFikarBies-
smYy rg'cSTTYlecAh√ayfIµ . ®kumenHminEmnGg¨yertamx¥l'
KWerobcMTTYledayesµaHsµ&®K esµaH®tg' nigrIkray . e®JHBYknamWunEdl
bn†dMENgBIelakln'-nl' ®b®Bwt†GMeBIBukrlYyy"agx¬Sg rs'enAswgEt
minekIteTAehIy . ®Kb'@K~ayl'®cLMy"agx¬Sgnwksµan@fa ebImansem†c
“yag®tLb'mk®Kb'®Kg®beTskmı¨Cavij edaymanexov-sMpnCaG~kKS®T
pgenaH vaCakar®besIrNas' .
KN:k
kmµaFikarenHGg¨yminsuxbk'minrehIy QrminnwgedayGnÊHsar
rg'cSemIlp¬Ëvmças'fIµ . luHEsÌkeLIg enA´f©TI19emsa evlaem"ag2resol
eTIbeXIjBYkeyaFaekµg@mYy®kumGayu®bEhl15q~S mancMnYn®bmaN30
nak' man®sIman®bus es¬økJk'exµA Jk'Es∫keCIgekAsflUkg'Lan kan'GavuF
®Kb'@´d . emdwknSeQµaHmit†bflun CaGtitemecary"agsahav . mit†bflunCatM
NagGgÌkarVnedIreTACYbKNkmµaFikar EdlkMBugerobcMeP¬gkMdr ®BmTSg
nSK~atMerobCYrcSTTYl˘˘˘. minVnGbGrsaTrnwgkarTTYlenHeT pʨyeTAvij
®kummit†bflun EbrCaeFI√muxmS dUccgKMnMucg'sIusac'hutQammkBInay .
mit†bflunsm¬k'sm¬wgKNkmµaFikarmYysnʨH ( enHKWs√aVneLIgesay
raC¥ ) rYcecjbJÇay"agkMbutkMbuy hamXat'Qb'[eFI√cracrCadac'xat .
enA®Blwm´f©TI22emsa man®bkasebIkGg®bCMumYyenAsala®suk´b"
GgkarCanrNa ? 74

lin . Exµre®tkGrNas'®bmUlK~aQUqrmks†ab'Epnkarmças'fIµy"agkuHkr .
mYysnʨHeXIjemecarm~ak'eQµaHmit†lk ecjbg˙ajx¬ÁnkN†alGg®bCMu ®b
kasfax¬ÁnCatMNagGgkar ( enATINak*eday eBlæeQµaHGgkar ®bCaCn
EtgEtEbrsm¬wgemIlmuxK~a rYclYcxßwbsYrK~afa CanrNaeGH ? dUec~HC&y
cMnHminEmnrbs'sem†c“nigexov-sMpneT… ? ) .
mit†lkk*beJœattamkll∫ic EdlGgkardak'Tis[Cae®sc . emIl
cuH mit†lk®bkasfa – mit†@CaTIeKarBTSgGs' Ggkar®tUvkarnayTahan
edIm∫ICYybg˙at'be®gonyuTÏCn yuTÏnarIbdivt†ne_ kµg@ EdlenAl©g'ex¬A[ecH
e®bIkSePI¬gFM viT¥¨ ebIkrfe®kaH …ebIkkV"l'ehaHCaedIm .l. dUec~H®BWkEsÌ
kenH mit†nayTahanTSgGs'®tUves¬økJk'Ca‰ksNÏan tambuN¥s&ki†
rYcmkCYbCMuK~aenAmuxsalaext†evlaem"ag7kn¬HCakMhit . cMENknayTa-
hanrgnigBlTahan ®tUvrg'cSTTYlbJÇarbs'GgkarCafIµ .
´f©TI23emsaevlaem"ag7kn¬H enAmuxsalaext†´b"lin eKeXIjLan
kam"∆¨g12e®KOgerobk∫ÁnCae®sc . eBlenaHnayTahancMnYn350nak'
es¬økJk'‰ksNÏany"agsÌaterog@x¬Án muxjjwmtMerobCYreLIgLanenaH
. manLanLg'r"UEvrmYye®KOg nigLanhßIbmYye®KOg manExµr®khm10na
k'kan'GavuF®Kb'´d brmuxk∫ÁnnSp¬Ëv . « PrfaeTAkan'ext†Vt'dMbg e®JHext†
Vt'dMbgx√Hsm∏ar:b
bg˙at'be®goneyaFabdivt†n_ » .
bnÊab'mk eKeXIjnayTahanTSg350nak'enHs¬ab'KrelIK~a ehImsıÈg
@®tg'p¬ËvbMEbkeTAs†ScUleTAkan'PUmisMLËt . k~¨gcMeNamnayTahanTSg
Gs'enH eKVnsal' – elakvr:eesniyeTaEhm-Gk˚aesrI, elakembJÇa
kar®sflun-lI, elakGnuesniyeTaCa-®KI, eLA-sug, sYn-mac, XYn-sabn
fl^
Esn-esg, Em"n-hYn .
´f©dEdlevlaem"ag11 Lankam"∆¨g10e®KOgdwknayTahanrgCag300
nak' nSykeTAVj'ecalenA®tg'®tJMgEk .
´f©dEdlem"ag2resol manLankam"∆¨g7e®KOg dwkTahancMnYn300
nak' nSykeTAVj'ecalenAkN†al´®BcMcen¬aHPUmiE®tgnigsMLËt .
enA´f©TI27emsa manLanhßIb4e®KOgdak'åeKÙasns&BÊ brBIkEn¬g
mYyeTAkEn¬gmYy E®sk®bkasnUvbJÇarbs'Ggkar edjy"agbg≈M[®bCa
CnTSgGs' cakecjBITI®kug´b"link~¨gry:eeBl3´f© . dUec~HvasnaExµrenA
´b"link*dUcCavasnaExµrTSgGs'enA®Kb'TI®bCMuFM@´n®sukExµrEdr KW®tUvBrkUn
GgkarCanrNa ? 75

tUc dwk´dkUnbnÊab' EsgPriyaCitsMralkUn …sMralkUnehIyenAfIµ@ Esg

“Bukm†aycas'Cra .l.
cab'tSgbI´f©TI25dl'´f©TI28emsa GgkarecjbJÇa[ekNÎmnusß
e d I r ® b m U lG a v u F ® K b ' F u n V n y" a g e ® c I n e lI slb ' e lI k e r o b d a k ' La n r Y c d w k
nSecjeTAkan'TIGaf·kMVMg . eKminVneXIjG~kebIkbrLanvil®tLb'mk
CYbCMu®KYsarvijeT . TSgLan TSgGavuF TSgG~kebIkbr˘˘˘ eTAVt'sUn¥ .
´f©TI29emsaevlaem"ag10kn¬H manLankam"∆¨gmYye®KOgbrmkQb'
enAmuxsalaext†´b"lin . GgkarbJÇa[ehAG~krdΩkarCan'xıs' nigG~krdΩ
kar‰eTot@CabnÊan' mancMnYn25nak' edaykuhkfaeTAcUlrYmmITijenAext†
Vt'dMbg . LanhßIbmYye®KOgdwkExµr®khm5nak' kan'GavuF®Kb'´dbrnS p¬Ëv
. e®kaymk eKeXIjexµacTSg25enH ´dCab'cMNg enAPUmiE®tg elI
ciejIçmf~l'xags†S´d .
enAl©ac´f©TI30emsaevlaem"ag4resol GgkarecjbJÇa®tUveVssM
Gat®kug´b"lin ˘˘˘ebI®bCaCnNarwgTTwgmin®BmfyecjBITIlMenA min®Bm
fyecjBITI®kug ®tUvVj'sm¬ab'ecalP¬am . k~¨geBlCamYyK~aenH Ggkar
bJÇadl'®KYsar´nKN:k
kmµkarCaG~krg'cSTTYlecAh√ayfIµenaH ®tUv®bmUl
®KYsarTSgGs' mkCYbCMuK~aenAsalaext†´b"lin rYcGgkarkuhkfa – mit†TS
gGs'®tUvecj[putBITI®kugCabnÊan' e®JHGaemrikSgmkTm¬ak'®Kab'Ebkk~¨g
eBlqab'@enH . dUec~H®KYsar´nKNkmµkarenH manLankam"∆¨g3e®KOgdwk
nSykeTAVj'sm¬ab'ecal TSgbI†TSg®bBnÏkUn enA®tg'®tJMgEk rYmTSg
CnCatiVrSgm~ak'eQµaH b"ugDI-esrIyag k*®tUveKVj'sm¬ab'enA®tg'TIenaH
Edr .
´f©nigem"agdEdl GgkarbJÇa[nSG~keTasEdlrt'q¬gEdneTAkan'®b-
eTs´f EdlExµr®khms˚at'cab'x¬ÁnVnenAGUrLak'cMnYn33Lan CaBiess
LanEmrsWEds nigLanBWhßËkat'sg'kat' ®Kb'sJÇati CaefAEkt∫Ëg CaG~k
mans†¨ks†m∏ nSykeTAVj'ecalenAmat'e®CaHbrtSgsflU rYcbr®tak'T&rQUs
TSgexµac TSgmnusßEdlenArs' mankUnekµg manmnusßcas' TSgLanT-
m¬ak'e®CaHTSgGs'˘˘˘. manG~kcMkarm~ak'enAbrtSgsflUeQµaHsut-j"anVneXI
jpÊal'EP~k Kat'r"ayra"b'erOgenHbeNI†r Kat'®KvIk∫al®sk'TwkEP~kbeNI†r
®BmTSgbJÇak'fa nwkeTAKYr[GaeNacGFm·dl'kUnekµgTSgLayenaHNa-
s' eBlF¬ak'cUlk~¨ge®CaHd*e®CAy"agenaHeTAehIy enAæsUrsem¬gE®skyM
GgkarCanrNa ? 76

®KlYc˘˘˘.l.
Ggkarcat'karsm¬ab'ExµrVny"aggaytaml∫iccit†saÂs† nigtamcM-
Nucexßaynana åTahrNd
_ UcCa –
- enAext†Vt'dMbg Ggkardwgnigsal'cMNucexßaynamWunExµr®Kb'Ep~k
®Kb'Can'f~ak'®sLaj'sem†c“ dUec~Hva®tUve®bIeQµaHsem†c“Canuy . eBl
enaHvae®bIJk¥mYyX¬afa –
‹‹‹ « sMuGeJIÇjGs'elakeTATTYlsem†c“ » X¬aenHs&ki†siTiÏGsça-
r¥Nas'˘˘˘ G~kNaeTAKWs¬ab' .
- enArdΩFanIP~MeBj Ggkardwgnigsal'cMNucexßaynamWunExµr®Kb'Ep~k
®Kb'Can'f~ak' EdlsÌatsÌM Gg¨yrg'cSertamx¥l' edayyl'fa « etIrbb
Namin®tUvkarG~kecH ? » eBlenaHvae®bIEtJk¥mYyX¬afa –
‹ « sMuGejIÇjGs'elakcUlx¬ÁnmkCYyksagCati » G~kcUlKWs¬ab' .
- enA®suk´b"link*dUec~aHEdr vae®bIEtJk¥mYyX¬a[®tUvcMcMNucexßay
rbs'nayTahanKW –
‹‹‹ « sMuGeJIÇjemT&BeTACYybg˙at'be®goneyaFaExµr®khml©g'@ »
nrNaeTAtamvaKWs¬ab' .
emIlcuH ! Jk¥EtbIX¬aCaGavuFd*s&ki†siTiÏGsçar¥ GgkarGaceVknamWun
Exµr®Kb'@Ep~k ®Kb'@Can'f~ak' ®bmUlnSykeTAVjecalVny"aggay min
BiVkbg≈M minBiVkcg˘˘˘.
Ggkarcat'karsm¬ab'Exµrs¬Ët®tg' KµankMhusEdlCamças'TwkdIBit@ Kµa
nCMnMuCMrH manPaB®twm®tUvtamlMnSJk¥e®bob®bedArbs'exµachU-CImij TU-
nµankUnecArbs'vafa ®tUvsm¬ab'mnusßsucrit va®besIrCagTuks®tUv[rs'
enA e®JHvasni~dΩanfa ExµrCas®tUvrbs'va .
GgkarGnuvt†Vn®twm®tUvnUvJk¥bN†Srbs'hU-CImijmYyX¬aeTotEdl
niyayfa – ebIeFI√sÂgamCamYyExµr « Q~H®Kb'®Kg˘˘˘ caj'eFI√esdΩI » kal
eNaHGgkarbJÇËnevotkugcUlmkkan'®beTsExµr ®bmUlb¬n'®TB¥sm∫ti†n-
KrExµr dwkCJÇËneTAkan'®sukyYnedayesrI .l. nig .l.
m"¥agvijeTot CadMbUg, Ggkarcab'k∫alExµrnigExµr[®bCl'K~a [sm¬ab'
K~asin . kaleNaHbkßExµr®khmrbs'exov-sMpneF√s®bEhs beN†a-
yx¬Án[caj'eVkGgkarF©n'CagF©n' . k~¨gry:eBl13´f©dMbUg qÁtvk'vI edIr
GeJIÇj®bmUlTahan mÂnI† G~krdΩkar®Kb'Can'f~ak' ®BmTSg®BHsgÙEdl
GgkarCanrNa ? 77

ecHcSvin&ye®CA®CH dwknSykeTAcUlk~¨gGnÊak'Exße®tomrbs'XatkrGaf·kM
VMg ˘˘˘®tUv®kumenHsm¬ab'ecalexÊc .

❑ ❑
❑

yYnxageCIgeVkyYnxagt∫Ëg

ebIeyIgeFI√kare®bobeFobGMBIkll∫iceVkrbs'yYnxageCIgmkelIyY
nxagt∫Ëg eTAnwgkll∫iceVk®bmUlnamWunExµr TSgTahanTSgsIuvilenA
rdΩFanIP~MeBjnigenA´b"lin eyIgeXIjfarebobTSgBIrenHmansPaBdUcK~a.
EtyYnminsm¬ab'sasny
_ YneT .
13´f©e®kay®Bwti†karNe_ nA®sukExµr KWenA´f©TI13emsa1975 yYnha
NUycUlkan'kab'TwkdIyYnxagt∫Ëg .
4…5´f©e®kay®Bwti†karNe_ nA´®BnKr (´sh˚g) BYkrdΩkaryYnxagt∫Ëg
®Kb'@rUb xMsm©Mlak'x¬Án . cMENkyYnhaNUymanlkll∫ic®JgTukCa
e®scy"aghµt'ct' . enAeBleTIbcUlmkdl' vaminTan'beJçjskmµPaB
eXareXAP¬ameT . vaTuk[G~krdΩkarTSgGs'enaHBYn[Gs'cit† [Gs'sgÙwm
e®JHvadwgfa BYkG~krdΩkaryYnxagt∫Ëg TSgEp~kTaham TSgEp~ksIuvil dl'
eBldac'Ex « KWdl'eBldac'x¥l'˘˘˘ Gs'luy Gs'es∫øg » .l.
®VM´f©e®kaymk ®sab'EtmanLanhßIbCae®cIne®KOg dak'åeKÙasn-
s&BÊebIkbrJseBj®kugnigext†nana nigrdΩFanI´®BnKr E®skpßayfa –
mit†CaTI®sLaj', Ggkar®bkaselIkElgeTasmit†TSgGs' eTaHmanfan:
CaGI√k*eday . ≤LËvGgkarsMuGeJIÇjmit†TSgGs' cUlmkcuHeQµaHtam®ksY
gerog@x¬Án edIm∫IeTAhat'erontamrebobfIµ tamEp~k@ manry:eBl1Ex…2 Ex
rYcswmvil®tLb'mkCYyeFI√karbMerICatieLIgvij tam®ksYgerog@x¬Ánd-
Edl˘˘˘ e®JHbUdUyCab'rvl'eFI√sÂgam minVneronsU®t˘˘˘ GgkarelIx√HG~k
ecHdwg .l. cMENk‰nayTahannignayTahanrg sUmGeJIÇjmkCY
ybg˙at'be®gonbUdUy[ecHe®bIrfe®kaH [ecHkan'kSePI¬gFM [ecHe®bIviT¥¨˘˘˘
GgkarCanrNa ? 78

CaBiess[ecHebIkkV"l'ehaH .
BYkrdΩkaryYnxagt∫ËgkMBugGs'sgÙwm luHæesckI†®bkasy"agEpÌm
Tn'P¬n' nigd*smrm¥y"agenH k*lg'x¬ÁnF¬ak'cUlGnÊak'yYnkumµ¨ynis†swgTS
gGs'K~a edayedIrecjBITIC®mklak'x¬Ánedayx¬Án‰g mkbg˙ajx¬Ánsµ&®Kcit†
sMucuHeQµaH ®Vb'muxtMENg®tg'@, edIm∫IVneTAeronsU®ttamrebobfIµ
®bjab'nwgVnvil®tLb'mkeFI√kardUcedImvij˘˘˘.
dMNagrbs'GgkarelIjjwmTTYledayrIkray ®BmTSg®Vb'kMrit´f©
nigem"agEdl®tUvecjdMeNIr . luHdl'eBlevlamkdl'ehIy enArdΩFanI
´®BnKr nigenA®Kb'TIrYmext†nana manLan®Kb'FunTSgtUcTSgFM erobCak∫Án
cSCae®sc . luHG~krdΩkarTSgenaHeLIgLanEtx¬ÁnTeTcb'sB√®Kb'ehIy
yYnkumµ¨ynnis†k*dwk «G~keTas» TSgenaHykeTAdak'Kukdak'®cvak'TSgGs'
edaybMEbkK~aCa®kum@tamEp~k tamFun tamzann†rs&ki† .l.
emIlcuH ! kll∫icEdldUcK~ay"agenH etIGgkarGnamikeronBIyYnha
NUy …yYnhaNUyeronBIGgkarGnamik …mYyk*Caes~øtkll∫icEdl
man®bPBEtmYy ?

skmµPaBsem†csIhnue®kay®Bwti†karN_
´f©TI17emsa1975

ExµrPaKe®cInenAk~¨g®sukyl'edaysµan@fa ®Bwti†karN´_ f©TI17emsa

enH Vnmkedaysars~a®BHhsƒrbs'sem†c“ . EtcMENk‰sem†c“vij
enAbreTs‰eNaH eFI√hak'dUcCaKµandwg Kµanyl'GI√TSgGs' .
´f©TI17emsa1975 sem†c“kMBugeFI√bdisNΩarkicçeP∆øvkiti†ysk~¨gsƒa
nTUtGar"ab' . sem†c“VnTTYldMNwgCap¬ËvkarGMBIeCaKC&yd*cEm¬kenH .
tamG~kseg˚tkarNb
_ reTsEdlVntamdanBIerOgenH eKVnsresrb-
JÇak'fa sem†csIhnuminVnbeJçj®btikmµ[eXIjfa sem†cmankarP&y
®BYy…sb∫ayrIkrayeLIy . EtpʨyeTAvij Ca‰kCn sem†cs¬n'es¬atk'
s¬¨tCa´®kElg . sem†cGnÊHsary"agx¬Sg rg'cSdMNwgBit®VkdCap¬ËvkarBI
®beTskmı¨CaCabn†mkeTot . EtEbrCaggitGnÏka KµanTTYlGI√CabEnƒmmk
eTotTal'EtesaH˘˘˘. G~kkaEstnanatamsYredjedalsem†csIhnu BIerOg
GgkarCanrNa ? 79

eCaKC&yd*cEm¬kenH . sem†csIhnurkJk¥eqI¬yy"agxI¬fa – « sem†cEm"

GaJF eFI√[sem†cyag®tLb'cUlkan'matuPUmiminVn » .l. ®BHmhakß
®tIyanIesayTIvgtenAcugExemsa1975 .
enA´f©TI8åsPa sem†csIhnuVnEf¬g®Vb'G~kkaEstCatiGal'ehßrI
m~ak'fa –
« xM∆¨KµankarcSVc'nwgcUleTAkan'®beTskmı¨CaeT˘˘˘ xM∆¨®tUvEtfy[q©ay
BI®beTsxM∆¨˘˘˘ xM∆¨min®tUvPÇab'x¬Ánk~¨gkicçkar´nExµr®khmTSgenaHeLIy˘˘˘ xM∆¨sMer
cit†nireTsx¬ÁneTAsMNak'enATI®kugB¥¨gy"ag´n®beTskUer"xageCIg˘˘˘ rs'
edaysni†PaBq©ayBIbJ˙ad*sµ¨KsµajenH » .
enAcugExåsPa1975, sem†csIhnuVnbJÇak'®Vb'G~kkaEstbreT-
sbEnƒmeTotfa – sem†cminvilcUlkan'matuPUmikmı¨CaCadac'xat . eKVn
dwgfa enAcugExåsPaenH enAB¥¨gy"ag, sem†csIhnuVnEtgbTcMerog
mYyEdlmaneQµaHfa « laehIykmı¨Ca » .
´f©TI18kk˚da, elaksarin-qaknigelakCYn-®bsiTiÏeFI√dMeNIreTAkan'
®kugB¥¨gy"ag sMu®kabf√aybgMyagsem†csIhnu®tLb'cUlkan'®beTskmı¨
Cavij . eBlenaHsem†csIhnubdiesFy"agdac'xat . mYyExe®kaymk
eTot KWenA´f©TI18sIha, sem†cEb"n-nutnigelakexov-sMpneFI√dMeNIreTA
kan'®kugB¥¨gy"ag sUmyagsem†cvil®tLb'cUlkan'®beTskmı¨Cam†geTot
edayGHGagfa nwg®bKl'tMENg®bmuxrdΩf√aysem†c“rhUtGs'mYyCIvit .
eBlenaHsem†c“e®tkGrNas' ehIyTTYlyl'®BmedayKµanraErk . s
em†csIhnuyageTAeb"kSgedIm∫IsMulardΩmÂnI†TI1cinCU-eGnLay EdlkMBug
EtB¥aVlCm©WenAmnIÊreBT¥ . sem†cmanbnÊËly"ags~iTs~alfa – Edl
sem†cyl'®BmcUleTAkan'®beTskmı¨CaenaH KWminEmnmann&yfa sem†c
yl'®BmTTYlsal'Exµr®khmTSgenaHeT EtCaBlikmµedIm∫ICakiti†ysd-
l'®beTscin ehIyCaBiessdl'elakCU-eGnLay EdlVnCYy®beT-
sExµrnigsem†cy"age®cInelIslb' .l.
sem†cyageTAdl'®kugP~MeBjenA´f©TI9kJÔa1975 edaykat'tamTI®ku
ghaNUy edIm∫IeFI√Tsßnkicçy"agxI¬enATIenaHpg .
eBlenaH enAcMNtGakasyaneJFicintug man®kalkMral®khmeqÌA
man®BHsgÙKg'rg'cSf√ay®BHBrCyen†a, man®sI®kmMuekµg@ Qrrg'cSf√ay
Vc'p˚a, maneyaFaExµr®khmes¬økJk'Ca‰ksNΩan niges¬økJk'CasIuvil
GgkarCanrNa ? 80

QrcSCarbgkiti†ysf√aysem†c“ .l.
luHT√aryn†ehaHebIkeLIg sem†crnÏt'F¬ak'efI¬mk†¨k xk®BHT&y eday
eXIjbriyakasnigbdisNΩarkicçd*esaHke®kaHrg'cSTTYl . sem†craErk
fye®kayBIrbICMhan mYysnʨHeTIbyagcuHBIyn†ehaH . Ggkark*yags
em†ceTATsßna «smrPUmimux» KWkarCIkdIeFI√TMnb', elIkP¬WE®s . bnÊab'mk
eTot Ggkaryagsem†ceTAsemıaFeragc®ktm∫aj . eBlsem†cyagcUl
eTAdl' kmµkrCae®cInnak'rt'QUrqmkf√aybgMEf¬gsarTuk≈TSgyMK®KUk
e®JHrg'cSEtsem†cyagmkdl'seÂgaH . mankmµkrx¬HlYcf√aylixitEd-
lmanEcgnUvgMeBI´®B´pßnigkareFI√TaruNkmµ BIsMNak'Exµr®khmmkelICn
CatiExµrEdlCakUnecATSgGs'kMBugEtTTYl .l.
sem†cxUcTwkcit†Cax¬SgedayeXIjsƒankarNE_ bbenH . minEtb"ueNˆaH
esat Ggkarham®Vmmin[sem†cyageTANaedayesrIxusBIbJÔatirb
s'GgkareLIy .
bIGaTit¥e®kaymk edIm∫I[GMNac®Kb'®Kgrbs'Ggkarmanlk≈N:®s
bc∫ab' Ggkart®mUv[sem†cyageTAkan'Ggkarsh®bCaCati edIm∫Ibg˙aj
x¬Ánk~¨gfan: CatMNagrdΩaPiVlkmı¨Carbs'Exµr®khm EdlcMhTMenrenATI
®kugjËvy"k tSgBIq~S1970mkem"¬H .
k~¨g{kas®bCMuCaåLarikenAG˘s˘b˘ sem†cmanbnÊËly"ag®kGWt Edl
mann&yCaGaTifa –
« ˘˘˘®beTsExµrtUcBitEmn b"uEn†GackMcat'c®kBti†GaemrikSg EdlCam-
haGMNacelIBiPBelak [xUceKalbMNgEdlcg'cUlmkQ¬anJn®beT
skmı¨Carbs'sem†cteTAeTot˘˘˘ » .l.
cb'sunÊrkfad*KYr[xµas'eGonenH manG~ktMNag®beTsx¬H mancMnYn1
PaK3 Edlmindwgc∫as'BIsƒankarN´_ pÊk~¨g´n®beTskmı¨Ca VnTH´dGbGr
saTr nUveCaKC&yd*mhimaEk¬gk¬ayenH .
sem†cyag®tLb'eTAkan'®beTskmı¨Cavij kat'tam®beTsVrSg eda-
y®Tg'sMNak'enATI®kugV"rIsG
_ s'mYyry: . sem†cVnCYbelak®bFana
FibtIVrSg va"elrI-hßIs˚a eds†Sg enA´f©TI9tula75 .
luHsem†cyagcUldl'®beTskmı¨Ca sem†csMrakEtmYyry:y"agxI¬
elakk*eFI√dMeNIredaycit†‰g edayKµanBie®KaHCamYyGgkareT . sem†c
yageTAeFI√Tsßnkicç®beTs11enA´f©TI15viciœka1975 . GgkareXIjsk-
GgkarCanrNa ? 81

mµPaBrbs'sem†cy"agdUec~H minsb∫aycit†Tal'EtesaH edIm∫I®BmannUvkar

mineBjcit†enH GgkarTTYlsem†cenAeBlsem†cyagcUl®beTskmı¨Ca
vij enA´f©31F~Ë1975 k~¨gfan:C
CavrCnCan'xıs'mYyrUbEtb"ueNˆaH .

etIGgkarCanrNa ?

k~¨gry:eeBl3q~S8Ex20´f©k~¨grbbGgkar KµanExµrNasal'fa etIGg-

karCanrNaeT . GgkarKµanrUbragdUcexµac®Jybisac ecHe®bIåVykl
y"agGaf·kMVMg Gac´q~®bDite®kumecar[k¬ayeTACa®kumbdivt†n_ Gac´q~®k´L
BYkExµr®khm EdlbegI˚tedayexov-sMpn [k¬ayeTACaXatkrd*eXareXA
. Gacbg√ilxYrk∫alExµrswgmYynKr [mansPaBggitGnÏkaredaykar
yl'Vn®twmEtsµan@Etb"ueNˆaH . sUm∫IEtsem†csIhnu k*elakyl'®c
LMy"agF©n'CagF©n' . emIlcuH ! enA´f©TI2emsa1976 elakEf¬gCaPasaV
rSgsresIrGrKuNGgkarGnamikdUcmanesckI†CaGaTifa –
«˘˘˘ BYkGak∫t'VneFI√Tuk≈bukem~j nig®bmafkatTandl'rUbxM∆¨ ®BmTSg
®bTaj®bTg'xM∆¨ [F¬ak'cuHeTAk~¨gPk'®CS´nPaBGam"as'rbs'BYkva . xM∆¨manGM-
NrKuNCaPey¥aPaBdl'Gs'elakvirburs, virnarI ´nGgkarbdivt†nT
_ Sg
enaHNas' EdlVnlublagrUbxM∆¨[rYccakBIPk'®CSenH ehIyEdleFI√[xM∆¨
mannitism∫TavijcMeJHmux®bvti†saÂs†˘˘˘ » .
dUec~Hsem†csIhnubeN†ayx¬Án[caj'eVkGgkar EdlnwkeTAKYr[eGo
nxµas'Ca´®kElg .
luH®beTskmı¨CamanekAGI®sYlbYlenAG˘s˘b˘ KW®beTsExµrVnsMer
ceBjlk≈N:®sbc∫ab'Gn†rCati edays~a®BHhsƒCasƒaBr ®sab'EtGg
karecjbJÇa[sem†c®bmUl®BHraCbu®tTSgGs' eFI√matuPUminivt†nc
_ Ul®suk
Exµrvij . luH®BHraCbu®tTSgLayenaH cUldl'rdΩFanIP~MeBj CYnCMuK~ae®sc
Vc'ehIy Ggkark*ecjbJÇabMEbk®BHraCbu®t [eTAeFI√karrYmTSgbg≈M dUc®b
CaCnTUeTATSg®beTsEdr˘˘˘ dUec~H®BHraCbu®tk*Vns¬ab'Gs'Cae®cIn . Gg
karecjbJÇabg≈M[sem†csIhnu eFI√Jk¥sMulaElgBImuxtMENg®bmuxrdΩ
Exµrk~¨gExmina1976 .
GgkarCanrNa ? 82

sYr – ehtudUcem†cVnCaGgkarminsm¬ab'sIhnu ? .
eqI¬y – Ggkarrkßasem†csIhnuTukeFI√Canuy edIm∫ITak'Taj®bCaCn Exµr
EdlenAes~hasem†c“teTAeTot˘˘˘.

GgkarCanrNa ? 83

CMBUkTI11
‹ cm©l'rbs'breTsnanacMeJHvt†man´nGgkar .
‹ kUneyaFaExµr®khmcab'cgP~ak'garTUtGtitshPaB
sUevotCaeromc∫g .

cm©l'rbs'breTsnanacMeJHvt†man´nGgkar

Ggkar®kL¨kelgesIcdak'P~ak'garTUtnana manP~ak'garTUtGtitsh
PaBsgmniymsUevotCaedIm . enA´f©TI19emsa eBll©ac sƒanTUtGtit
shPaBsUevot VnB¥Árp¬akmYyCab'nwgmat'T√ar sresrGkßrVrSgFM@ man
esckI†CaGaTifa – eyIgsgmniymCamit† CabgbÌËn sUmmit†GeJIÇjmkCYb
bgbÌËneyIg eyIgcSmit†enATIenH KWk~¨gsƒanTUt . sUmmit†nSG~kecHniyay
PasaVrSgmkCamYypg .l.
enAeBlEdltMNagGgkarmkdl' BYkenHminxIçrvl'eGIeBInwgemIlp¬ak
enAmat'T√arrbgsƒanTUtenHeT EttMNagrbs'GgkarEbrCaekH´kkSePI¬geb-
40 EdlCakSePI¬gVnedaysarCMnYyrbs'GtitshPaBsUevotenH‰g V
j'cMesaredIm∫IebIkT√ar[VnTan'cit† . eBlcUleTAdl'sƒanTUt manmnusß
®bus4nak' ®sI3nak' . BYkenHk*cab'P~ak'garTUtTSgGs'enaHcgs¬abesk
ehIybeNI†reTAkan'bnÊb'Vy . eBlebIkTUrTwkkkeLIgeXIjmanBgman'
enAk~¨genaH tMNagGgkarykmkeVkecalenAcMeJHmuxG~kCab'cMNg ®B
mTSgsI†benÊasfa –
« enAk~¨grbbsgmniymd*Bit®Vkd nigd*qÌineqÌArbs'Ggkar eKminhU
bbMp¬ajBgman'y"agenHeT eK®tUvEtykvaeTAP∆as'sin rYcykemman'mkEc
kK~ahUb˘˘˘.l.
P~ak'garTUtGtitshPaBsUevotCasgmniymeromc∫gd*x¬SgBUEkelI
elakeFI√EP~kLIgLg' . edayyl'tamkayvikarx¬H@ k*nwkfa – {Ggkarcg'
GgkarCanrNa ? 84

eFI√karesIerIniymeTdwg ? P~ak'garCab'cMNgTSgGs'®KvIk∫al edaymkBI

minyl'Gs'nUvn&yEdleKniyayBn¥l' EteKnwkk~¨gcit†fa sgmniymrb
s'GgkarsIÌeKenH®bEhlCa≤t®beyaCn_ nigeFI√[vinashinehaceTdwg ?
®Kan'Etmank~¨gkar®s´mEtmindwgfaeKcg'eFI√GI√ ? etIGgkarCanrNaeTAeGH ?
cab'BI´f©TI20kum∏ : d l ' 6 e m s a 1 9 7 6 m a n P ~ a k ' g a r T U t C a t i s fl u y E G d m ~ a k '
eQµaHkah¥bflk man{kasVneTAeFI√TsßnkicçrbbsgmniymcEm¬krbs'
Ggkar . elakeFI√GFib∫ayfa – bdivt†nE_ xµrEdlmaneQµaHGgkarGnamik
CaemdwknSkYr[cEm¬kGsçar¥ KWEb¬kBIbdivt†n´_ n®beTsmhaGMNacnana dUc
Ca®beTscin …GtitshPaBsUevotCaedImq©ayNas' KWkarbMp¬ajexÊcbM
p¬ajxIÊ j¨Sg[BiPBelakP∆ak'epIÌl nUvGMeBIeXareXAkab'sm¬ab' EdlmanPa
BBuHeJrhk'keÂJÇaldUcP~MePI¬g .l.
elakmankarq©l'Esnq©l' e®JHraÂs†ExµrCaG~kkan'BuTÏsasna Edl
minhflanTSgsm¬ab'st√mus…ruymYypg etIehtuGI√VnCamankarkab'sm¬ab'
y"agrgalEbbenH ? .
G~k®sILËr"g'Bic, CatiVrSg, manbI†CakmµaPiVlCan'xıs'rbs'Exµr®khm
eQµaHmit†sYg-sIueKOn Vn®tUvTTYlTaruNkmµy"agF©n'BIsMNak'rbbGg-
kar . G~k®sIenHVnGHGageFI√CasakßIcMeJHGMeBIeXareXArbs'rbbenH .
G~k®sIEfmTSgVnsresrGFib∫ayy"agBis†arenAk~¨g‰ksarrbs'Kat'eTo
tpg .
CasrubesckI†eTA G~k®sIsresrbJÇak'fa – GgkarCabisac GaccUl
sNÏitk~¨gbuKlNaEdlelaPGMNac sIueCar . kalebIbisacenaHcUls
NÏitk~¨gbuKlNaehIy buKlenaHeP¬cGs'ehIynUvEm"“ ®bBnÏkUn jati mit†
CaBiessCatirbs'x¬Án . tYy"agdUcerOgmit†sYg-saeKOnbI†rbs'G~k®sI
®sab' EdleFI√TaruNkmµelI®bBnÏkUnrbs'x¬Án .l. G~k®sIVnbJÇak'eTot
fa sUm∫IEtfan:G~k®sICaPriyarbs'kmµaPiVlCan'xıs'pg G~k®sITTYlTaru
Nkmµy"agevTnarkJk¥sresrminVnpg cuHTMrSdl'®bCaCnKµanbuN¥
s&ki† …garGI√nwgeKenaH etI®tUvrgTuk≈CagenHb"unµandgeTAeTot . G~k®sIVn
dMGUjfa – KYr[GasUrG~kEdlCYb®bTHnwgerOgenHNas' ehIyenATIbJçb'
G~k®sIeFI√sMnYrmYyEdrfa –
etInrNaCaGgkar ?

GgkarCanrNa ? 85

CMBUkTI12
‹ kMeNItrdΩaPiVlTIgemagkmı¨Ca®bCaFibety¥ .
‹ Ggkarcat'EtgtSgExµrevotmijCaKN:tMbn' CatMNag
raÂs† .
‹ muxgarrbs'®ksYgsuxaPiVl nig®ksYgGb'rMrbs'Gg
kar .
‹ GgkarbegI˚tXatkrCa®VM®kum .
‹ ExµrevotmijedIr®bmUlmaseB®Cnigluykak' .
‹ GgkarbegI˚t®kumnigkgshkrNt
_ Mbn' .

kMeNItrdΩaPiVlTIgemagkmı¨Ca®bCaFibety¥

´f©TI17emsa1975 GgkarTTYlC&yCMnH ehIycUlmklukluy®b-

eTskmı¨CaP¬am . CadMbUgGgkar®canEtk∫alExµr®khmnin~akarExµrBIr®kum .
®kumTI1KWbkßExµr®khmrbs'elakexov-sMpn . ®kumTI2KWGtitecar Edl
GgkarEk´q~Ca®kumExµr®khmEdr nig®kumTI3 Ca®kumXatkrGaf·kMVMg Edl
raÂs†Exµrminsal'faCasasnG
_ I√eT .
XatkrTSgbI®kumenHGnuvt†tambJÇarbs'Ggkar sm¬ab'®bCaraÂs†Exµr
s¬Ët®tg' CaBiessG~kecHdwg edayKµanCMnMuCMrHGI√eT . sm¬ab'k~¨gry:eeBl
10Ex G~kecHdwgs¬ab'CitGs' . G~kEdlminTan'dl'evns¬ab' x¬acVk's∫at
minhflankMerIk eTIbGgkarbeJçjGtItExµreyokmij KWsmaCikbkß®bCaCn
bdivt†nE_ xµr . Ggkarcat'EtgCae®scCa®bFanshkrN,_ CaKN:t
tMbn'
nigCatMNagraÂs† rYcbn¬Me®bIyIehaExµr®khmteTAeTot EdlmanCaåTa-
hrNx
_ ¬H@dUcteTA –
GgkarCanrNa ? 86

- enA´f©TI20 Exmina q~S1976 Ca´f©e®CIserIstMNagraÂs† GgkarG-

namikecjbJÇa[ehA®bCaBlrdΩTSgGs'enAshkrNl
_ k'e®Cov [mkCY
bCMuenAkgelx3 PUmi´®Bs√ayxaglic . luHCYbCMuCae®cInJn'nak'ehIy ma
ntMNagrbs'GgkarcuHmkBIf~ak'elI ecjbJÇaTSgbg≈M[®bCaCnExµrTSg
Gs'elIk´dyl'®Bmcat'tSgmit† mUl-sm∫ti† ehAtaEb"t CatMNagraÂs†
enAtMbn'TI1 .
taEb"tmanmuxtMENgmYyeTot KWKN:t
tMbn'TI1, GgPaBCamYymit† rs'-
jwm ehAtaekA . luHmantMNagraÂs†rYce®scVc'ehIy eKk*®bkas
begI†rdΩaPiVlTIgemagmYyenA´f©TI14 emsa q~S1976 KWmYyq~SKt'e®kay
´f©EdlGgkarlukluyratt∫at®beTskmı¨Ca . rI‰smasPaB´nrdΩaPiVl
enaHKW –
- exov-sMpn ®bFan
- sU-Pwm Gnu®bFan
- rs'-jwm Gnu®bFan
- nYn-Ca ®bFanKNkmµkarGci´Ân†y_ enArdΩsPa
kalBIsm&yb"ul-Bt, nYn-Ca ( …eLA-
bflunKn …LgrWut ) CaembJÇakarCan'xıs'
´nkgT&B®bCaCnbdivt†nk
_ mı¨Ca nigCa®b
Fankariyal&yneyaVy .
- b"ul-Bt Vn®tUvEtgtSgCardΩmÂnI†TI1 TTYlbnʨk
Ep~kkarbreTs .
- eGog-sarI GnurdΩmÂnI†TI1TTYlbnʨkkarbreTs .
- G~k®sIexov-FIriTÏi ( ®bBnÏeGog-sarI ) rdΩmÂnI†®ksYgsgmkicç .
- vn-evt GnurdΩmÂnI†TI1TTYlbnʨkEp~kesdΩkicçnig
åsßahkmµ .
- sWn-esn GnurdΩmÂnI†TI1 TTYlbnʨkEp~kkarJr´pÊ
®beTs .
- G~k®sIy"un-y"at ( ®bBnÏsWn-esn ) rdΩmÂnI†®ksYgGb'rM nigvb∫Fm·
- hflU-nwm rdΩmÂnI†®ksYgeXasnakar .
- CYn-eCOn rdΩmÂnI†®ksYgsuxaPiVl .
e®kABIrdΩmÂnI†TSgenaH eKmanbegI˚tKN:k
kmµkar6 EdlenAGbGnu®bFan
GgkarCanrNa ? 87

TTYlxus®tUvEp~kesdΩkicç ksikmµ åsßahkmµ cMkarekAsflU JNiCÇkmµ Km

naKmn_ nigfamBl . KN:k
kmµkarenHmansmaCik5nak'KW – b"ul-Bt, eGog
sarI, sWn-esn, mit†nYn nigmit†y"ag . mit†nYnnigmit†y"an ®Kan'EtCaeQµaH
EtKµanmnusß®twm®tUveT .
k~¨grbbkmı¨Ca®bCaFibety¥ G~kmanGMNacy"agx¬SgehIybeJçjs-
kmµPaBy"agGaf·kMVMgKW b"ul-Bt nig®bBnÏ .
®bBnÏb"ul-BteQµaH exov-b"uNˆarI CabgbegI˚trbs'exov-FIriTiÏ ( ®bBnÏ
eGog-sarI) CaG~kkan'k†ab'GMNacy"agx¬SgGsçar¥ . k~¨gry:eeBl5q~SEdl
eFI√sÂgam exov-b"uNˆarI®tUvVneKcat'tSgCaGnu®bFanembJÇakarCan'xıs'´n
kgT&B®bCaCnbdivt†nk
_ mı¨Ca (CMnYsbI†) nigCaemkariyal&yTahan .
cab'tSgBI´f©TI30 kJÔa 1972 G~k®sI®tUvVneKcat'tSgbEnƒmCaGKel
xaFikarbkßkumµ¨ynis†Exµr .
bgbÌËnExµreGIy˘˘˘ emIlcuHrdΩaPiVlkmı¨Ca®bCaFibety¥sIÌeKenH elIk
bn†¨bEtbgbÌËnbI†®bBnÏ2-3®KYsar cat'EtgtSgCardΩmÂnI† . smaCikx¬Hman
EteQµaHk~¨g®kdas'EtKµanmnusßeT . Ggkar´q~®bDitbegI˚teLIgy"agenH
edIm∫IeVlBiPBelaknigGn†rCati[yl'®cLMsµanEtExµr®khm®Kb'®Kg'®b
eTsExµr nigmanrdΩaPiVl®twm®tUv . ry:eevlaenaH enAk~¨gtwkdI´n®beTs
kmı¨Ca briyakasEsnggwtGnÏka . KµanraÂs†ExµrNam~ak'dwgfa manbegI˚t
rdΩaPiVlkmı¨Ca®bCaFibety¥sIÌ@y"agenaHeT˘˘˘.
eKminEdlæExµr®khmNaniyaynwkeQµaH exov-sMpn, hflU-nwm, hflU-
yn' …eQµaHsIÌ@epßg@eTotenaHeT . eQµaHsaL¨t-sr ehAb"ul-Bt ®b
CaBlrdΩExµrminsal'Tal'EtesaH˘˘˘.
cMENkeQµaHsem†c“ CaKUbdibkßCamYyln'-nl' ebIraÂs†ExµrNahfla
nrMlwkeQµaHenH raÂs†enaH®tUvs¬ab'P¬am .
kmµviFIkMeTcbMp¬aj®beTsExµr, kmµviFIsm¬ab'bMputBUCExµr ®BmTSgeFI√Taru
Nkmµy"ageXareXA´®B´pßdl'®bCaBlrdΩExµrk~¨gmYynKr KWeFI√y"agem"ck*
eday[Etdl's¬ab' . eyIgæfaeKeFI√tambJÇarbs'Ggkar .
k~¨gry:44Ex Ggkar®Kb'®Kg®beTskmı¨Ca GgkarbegI˚t®ksYgEt2eT
KW – ®ksYgsuxaPiVl nig®ksYgGb'rM .
etI®ksYgsuxaPiVlk~¨grbbrbs'GgkareKeFI√GI√ ?
®ksYgsuxaPiVlk~¨grbbrbs'Ggkar KWbn¬MeFI√CaKij bn¬MeFI√CaKuk . bu
GgkarCanrNa ? 88

KlikeBT¥PaKe®cInCaÂsI†ekµg@Gayu®twmEt14q~S . Parkicç®tUvEttamdanni
gesIubGeg˚t ®tUvEtBinit¥emIl faetIG~kCm©WQWBit®Vkd …QWbN†amkBI
stiGarmµN_ ? . ebIsgß&yfaG~kCm©WQWbN†almkBIstiGarmµN_ KW®tUv
Vt'x¬ÁnP¬am . kicçkarval'bbrEck[G~kCm©W . G~kCm©Wm~ak'@®tUvVnTwkbbrEt
BIrEvknigGMbil®VM®Kab'y"age®cIn . dUec~HG~kCm©WQWlµm@ ®tUvEtecjeFI√
karedIm∫IVnbbrhUb . cMENkG~kCm©WEdlecjBlikmµminrYc ®tUvEtQWF©n'
eTA@luH®taEts¬ab' . vamanbegI˚tkEn¬gsMrab'G~kCm©WQWF©n'@nigmnusßca
s'Cra . va®bmUlykmkXMuXSgTuk[enATIenaHeTA min[jatisarelahit
cUleTAsYrsuxTuk≈eLIy . G~kCm©WTSgGs' edkEtk~¨gG®gwgVv mankEn¬g
x¬HedkkN†al´®BkN†alvalKµandMbUl®Ck, Kµanf~SGI√e®kABIÚseQIbuk
y"agm"dΩ®cbl'CamYyVym"an V"tNaV"tNI rYclujCadMutUc@hal[
s©Át . f~SFunenH QWGI√@elbVnTSgGs' . G~kCm©WNaQWruS´r" eBT¥rbs'
Ggkarcat'karcak'bJçËlTwkdUgxIç[ eTaHCm©WGI√k*eday .l. nig .l.
etI®ksYgGb'rMk~¨grbbrbs'GgkarbegI˚teLIgedIm∫IGI√ ?
GgkarbegI˚t®ksYgGb'rM edIm∫I®bmUlkumarakumarI EdlmanGayucab'BI6
eTA13q~S nSykmklutdM[dl'kMBUl dUceKlutdMEdkedIm∫IeFI√BUefAeFI√kSbit
Edl®tUveKdut[dl'kMedA . y"agNamijbJ˙aenHk*CaEpnkarrbs'Ggkar
EdlVnbMrugTukmkCae®scehIyEdr .
kal:eTs:enaHGgkarcat'EtgtSg®bCaCnfIµEdlmanv&yCraKµancMeNH
minEdlsal'salaeron [mkeFI√Ca®KUbe®gon .
elak®KUenHsal'elxmindl'10 GanGkßr®bkbbeNI†r !
enHCaParkicçrbs'elak®KU –
em"ag5®Bwk, elak®KU®tUvEt®bmUlkUnsisßnSykeTAbg≈M[eFI√kardUcCa
elIkP¬WE®s TUlsMNab edIrerIsGacme_ Ka edIrerIslamk ®bmUlpßMeFI√CaCIr
.l.
em"ag11, elak®KU®bmUlkUnsisß rYcnSykeTAcÂg˚anVyrYm hUbTwk
bbrCamYyGMbil . hUbrYcem"ag12eTIbcUleron . salaeronsiƒtenAe®kam
edIms√aymYy…BIredImFM@ Edlmanm¬b'd*®tCak' kN†alvalx¥l'kMBugbk'
mk®tesok@ kUnsisßGg¨ypÊal'dI kan'k†arQ~Ánm~ak'mYy nigmanF¥Ëgm~ak'
mYydMu EpÌkK~aKµansN†ab'F~ab' s©abbeNI†regakbeNI†r .
cMENkelak®KUkan'F¥ËgmYydMuenA´d QrEk∫rk†arexonmYycgB¥ÁrCab
GgkarCanrNa ? 89

'edIms√ay . elak®KUcab'epI†msresrGkßr «k» rYcnwkGkßr «x» . cab'epI†

msresr®s: mindwgCa®s: «eO» sresry"agem"c . dUec~Helak®KUrvl'Et
sresrlb'@ . edaysarm¬b's√ay®tCak'lÌ x¥l'kN†alvalbk'mkr-
esok@y"ag®sYl elak®KUs©abhm@ Ebre®kayemIlkUnsisߢ˘˘ {BueTÏa!
kUnsisßedklk'CagJk'kN†aleTAehIy .l.
em"ag2kn¬HresolævayCYgCasJÔa[®bmUlkUnsisßecjeFI√Blikmµ
bn†kicçkardEdlteTAeTot . eBlyb'®tUv®bmUlkUnsisßGayu10q~Sdl'
13q~SecjBlikmµ dUcCaelIkP¬WE®sCaedIm . BIem"ag8yb'dl'em"ag10…11
CitGa®Fat . vaefI√TaruNkmµenOyht'y"agenH kUnsisßTSgLayenaHedk
lk'EtJsvalE®s .
kUnsisßTSgGs'es¬økJk'dac'r´y"swg®Kb'@K~a KµanPYydN†b' man
EtVvmYym~ak'@b"ueNˆaH . VvenHrdUv®VMgcgeFI√CaG®gwgedk rdUvrgarEbrCa
ykmkdN†b' .
®sab'EtenAExmkraq~S1977 manåb∫ti†ehtumYyekItmaneLIgKYr[c-
Em¬k´®B´pßd*Gsçar¥ KWGgkarecjbJÇadac'Nat' ®tUvdkhUtVvTSgGs'®b
mUldak'ecal[keNÎørsIuexÊc .
{eTvtaeGIy ! etIkUnsisßTSgLayenaHeFI√y"agem"c ? ebIExmkra kum∏:
CardUvy"agNa ? . kUnsisßTSgGs' eBlyb'®tUvlUncUledkk~¨gcMebIg
dUcst√ evTnad*mhimaswgrkJk¥ExµrsresrKµan .l.
dUec~Hk~¨gry:44Ex kUnsisßGP&B√TSgLayenaH Edlesssl'enA
rs'KµanecHGI√TSgGs' ecHEteFI√ecar CaBiessecHlYc®sUv, lYchUbEkÌb,
lYchUbdg˚ËveQI®Kb'mux lYcetHsMbkx¥g sMbkk†am niglYchUbs¬wk
eQI®Kb'Fun .l.
k~¨gry:44Ex®tUvGgkarlutdMdl'kMBUl manduHcit†Cas√&y®bvti†fa ®tUv
EtsgswkcMeJHExµr®khmminGacbMeP¬cVneLIy .
e®kABI®ksYgsuxaPiVlnigGb'rM GgkarKµanbegI˚t®ksYgGI√TSgGs' .
GgkarbegI˚tEtXatkr5®kum rYcbMEbkdac'@ELkBIK~a rYcvabJÇa[sm¬ab'bM-
putBUCExµrCadMNak'@ kMNt'eBlevlay"ag®twm®tUv . etIBYkNa®tUvsm¬ab'
raÂs†ExµrFunNa ? bn†eTAmuxeTot®tUvbeJçj®kumNa[eTAsm¬ab'ExµrFun
NaeTot ? . manlMnSy"agsÌaty"ags©at' KµanmCŒdÏanExµrNaeKcrYcTan'
eLIy .
GgkarCanrNa ? 90

emIlcuH ! ®kumTI1KW®kumXatkrGaf·kMVMg ( eyIgExµrminsal'Xatkr

enHCasasnG
_ I√eT ) . CadMbUgvaerobGnÊak'CaExße®tomrg'cSVj'sm¬ab'namWun
G~krdΩkar®Kb'@Ep~k®Kb'Can'f~ak' Edl®bmUlnScUlkN†alGnÊak'enaH . ®ku
menHdUcexµac®Jybisac vaBYnsm©Mlak'x¬ÁnenATIggit lYcbn¬Msm¬ab'bMput
BYCExµredaye®bIyIehaExµr®khm .
®kumTI2KWCakUnecArbs'elakexov-sMpn åTahrNe_ nAext†Vt'dMbg
manmit†sflUnigmit†sfluy ecjmuxmuneKtSgerobcMk∫ÁnLankam"∆¨gCa®kum@ rYc
edIrGeJIÇj®bmUlnamWunG~krdΩkar®Kb'@Ep~k dwknScUleTAk~¨gExßGnÊak'e®tom
rbs'®kumXatkrGaf·kMVMg ®tUv®kumenHVj'sm¬ab'ecalexÊc .
®kumTI3ecjmuxmuneKEdr KWsuTÏCaGtitecar´®BEdlGgkar´q~®bDit[
eTACaExµr®khm rYcGgkarbMEbkCa3BYk –
- BYkTI1 Caemkan'k†ab'eyaFaekµg@Gayuswgmindl'15q~Spg .
- BYkTI2 cat'tSgCaQ¬b .
- BYkTI3 CaKN:kmµkarkg . Ggkar[GP&y‰ksiTiÏdl'®kumenHy"ag
eBjelj –
k/ edIrb¬n'e®bIJk¥esI~r ( Jk¥esI~rsahavCagb¬n' BIe®JHGgkarEcg
c∫ab'karJrecaredIresI~r ebImças'®TB¥rwgTTwg Vj'sm¬ab'ecalcuH ) .
x/ Gacsm¬ab'raÂs†ExµredayesrI tamsal®kmkat'eTasrYcehIy Tuk
k*mincMeNj ykecjk*minxat .
K/ ®tUveFI√TaruNkmµy"agdUcem†ck*eday[EtraÂs†Exµrs¬ab' . Cab®gYm
esckI†mk Ggkar[siTiÏ®kumenHy"ageBjelj®tYt®ta®beTsExµrtambecç
keTsecar .l. nig .l.
- BYkTI4 KWGtitExµrevotmijCasmaCikbkß®bCaCnbdivt†nE_ xµr . Gg-
karbeJçj®kumenHenAedImq~S1976 cat'EtgtSgCae®scCa®bFanshkr-
N_ CaKN:t
tMbn' bn†mkCatMNagraÂs†EdlmantaEb"t, taekA, mit†lk, mi
t†´l nigmit†lI (CatiyYn) kan'enAtMbn'TI1´next†Vt'dMbgEdlxM∆¨sal'nig
eXIjc∫as'nwgEP~k .
- BYkTI5 KWGtitExµrevotmijEdr kgkm¬Sg®bdab'GavuFbdivt†n‰
_ kPaB
rbs'®beTskmı¨Ca EdlsWg-g"ukmijTTYlbJÇaBIhU-CImij begI˚tBI´f©TI
19mifuna1951 lYcbg˚b'TukJseBj´®B´n®beTsExµr . GgkarbeJçj
®kumenHCacuge®kaybgÌs'enAcugq~S1977 . Parkicç®kumenH KWrYmkm¬SgCam
GgkarCanrNa ? 91

Yy®kumXatkrGaf·kMVMgbN†ak'K~asm¬ab'Exµr®khmnin~akarExµr manmit†sflUCa
edIm . sm¬ab'KNkmµkarkg, sm¬ab'Q¬bEdlCaExµr®khmekItmkBIecar
CaBiesssm¬ab'yuvCncl&t .
tamesckI†r"ayra"b'BIyuvCnExµrd*ekµgm~ak'nam®tkUlnYn CakUn®buseTa
lrbs'elaknYn-samin Cacagh√agBnÏnaKarext†Vt'dMbg « manExµr®kh
mm~ak'lYcbeN†aHnSykeTACamYy » .
yuvCnenHVnniyayGHGagbJÇak'®Vb'yayeTogpÊal'fa – munnwg
GgkarbeJçjXatkrCabn†@ CalMdab'lMeday [ecjmksm¬ab'bMputBUC
Exµr Ggkarkat'eTasCamunrYce®sceTAehIy .
GgkarbJÇa[sm¬ab'CabnÊan'bMputdUcCa – nayTahan nayTahanrg
nigTahan®Kb'@Ep~k . G~krdΩkarsIuvil®Kb'@Ep~k®Kb'@Can'f~ak' dUcCabuK-
likBnÏnaKar, tulakar, ®ksYgKy, namWunrdΩVl, saÂs†acar¥, ®KUbe®gon,
®KUeBT¥CaedIm .l. nig .l.
eBlenaHmanmit†x¬Hlan'mat'sYrfa – ehtudUcem†cVnCasm¬ab'eBT¥
saÂs†acar¥ nig®KUbe®gon ?
GgkareFI√GtƒaFib∫ayEvkEjkfa – saÂs†acar¥nig®KUbe®gon eXIjEt
bg˙at'be®gonkUnBYkski†PUmi kUnBYkc®kBti† nigkUnBYknayTun . luH®kumenH
eronecHcb'k*®bDitc∫ab'CiHCan'sg˚t'sg˚inraÂs†Exµr®kI®kl©g'ex¬AEtb"ueNˆaH
.l. cMENkbuKlikeBT¥dUcCaevCÇbNiÎtCaedIm eXIjEfTSemIlCm©WEts
ki†PUmi c®kBti†nignayTun eyIgminEdleXIjevCÇbNiÎtNacit†lÌCYyemIl
EfTSG~kCm©WCaraÂs†®kI®keLIy . eBlenHeyIg®tUvEtkMeTcxM∆¨kJÇHenHCamun
.l. nig .l. mit†NaEdlmanGarmµNq
_ ©l'y"agenH e®kaymk®tUvVt'
x¬ÁnTSgGs' . sal®kmrbs'GgkarGnamikniyayEtmat'TeT KWJMBImat'mY
yeTAmat'mYyeTotEtb"ueNˆaH .
c∫ab'rbs'GgkarGnamik be®gonmit†@CatMNag®Kb'@®kum ®tUveronsÊa
t'cSmat'EtJk¥mYyX¬a@ KWdUcCaEp~kbg≈M[eFI√karmanmYyX¬aKW « nrNahUb
G~kenaH®tUveFI√kar » . Ep~ksni†suxmanmYyX¬aKW « sm¬ab'mnusßsucrit®b
esIrCagTuks®tUv[enArs' » . Ep~ktulakarmanmYyX¬aKW « Tukk*mincMeN
j ykecjk*minxat » .
åTahrNe_ nAext†Vt'dMbg Ggkare®bIeQµaHsem†c“eFI√Canuy eFI√CaGa
vuF . GgkarGac®bmUlnamWunExµr TSgsIuvilTSgTahan ®Kb'Can'f~ak'Edl
GgkarCanrNa ? 92

®sLaj'sem†c“ dwknSykeTAsem¬ab'ecalVny"aggay minVc'bg≈M min

minVc'cg minVc'dak'ex~aH KWe®bIJk¥EtmYyX¬a sMuGeJIÇjGs'elakeTA
TTYlsem†c“ KWeTAs¬ab' .
GgkarGnuvt†®Kb'meF¥aVy®Kb'vis&y j¨Sg[raÂs†Exµrs¬ab'Cabn†@ .
åTahrNd
_ UcCaedj®bCaBlrdΩExµrk~¨gmYynKr Cae®cInlannak' [fy
cakecjecalTIkEn¬gecalTIlMenA [fyecjq©ayBIp¬ËvCati BIdgsÊwg ma
ncm©ayBIrKILËEm"®ty"agtic . raÂs†Exµr®tUvnS®KYsaredIredkJsvalJs
´®B Bwg®BHFrNICaE®K BwgemXCadMbUl . meF¥aVyenHeFI√[s¬ab'eday
minVc'e®bIGavuFeT . ®bCaBlrdΩExµr®tUvEts¬ab'Cabn†@ dUcCamnusßcas'
Cra …G~kmanCm©WF©n' kUnekµgtUc@KµanTwkedaHeKa®tUvs¬ab'TSgGs' .l.
GgkareFI√TaruNkmµ dak'Tis[eFI√karTSgyb'TSg´f© halek†AkN†al
eP¬øg [hUbEtTwkbbrCamYyGMbilBIr…bI®Kab' QWKµanf~STal'EtesaH CaBi
essraÂs†ExµrG~kTI®kug minF¬ab'rs'enAsƒanPaBlMVkevTnay"agenH k*bn†
knʨyK~as¬ab'y"age®cIn≤tKNna . manmYyPaKminGac®TSnUvGMeBIeXar
eXA´®B´pßy"agenHk*s¬ab'x¬ÁneTA .
karbMEbk®bCaCntamGayu –
GgkarbMEbk®KYsarecjBIK~a tamGayuCa®kum@ . kumarakumarItUc@Gayu
BI6q~SeTA13q~S Ggkarsni~dΩanTukCakUnsisß . yuvCn yuvnarI GayuBI14
q~Sdl'30q~S enAlIv Ggkar®bmUlbegI˚tCa®kumdac'xat …ehAfakgcl&t .
®kumenHmin[CYbEm"“eLIy « ®tUveFI√karTSgyb'TSg´f© halek†AkN†al
eP¬øg hUbEtbbrnigGMbilmYycib@Etb"ueNˆaH » .
cMENkraÂs†Exµrman®KYsarrYcehIy GayuBI17q~Sdl'40q~S bI†®bBnÏ®tUv
EbkecjBIK~a eTAbMeBjParkicçerog@x¬ÁnenAsmrPUmimux . elIkElgEtÂsI†
EdlmanKP·BI7ExeLIg nigÂsI†mankUnxIçGayue®kambYnEx eTIbVneTAsMrak
tamkg .
GayuBI56q~SeLIg KWCakm¬SgTI3 . ®bus@®tUveFI√reTHng&lrnas'nigt∫a
jkeJIÇ . ®sI@®tUvemIlEfTSkUnekµg .
Ggkar´q~®bDitbegI˚tsmrPUmimux bg≈M[®bCaCnExµreFI√karTSgyb'TSg
´f© kN†aleP¬øgmanCaKMrUx¬H@dUcteTA –
- enACIE®kg, man®bCaCncUlrYmeFI√karcMnYnBIrmWun®VMJn'nak'elIkP¬W
E®s .
GgkarCanrNa ? 93

- enA´®BQrext†kMBg'cam, man®bCaCncUlrYmeFI√karcMnYn25,000nak'
elIkP¬WE®s .
- enAext†eJFisat', man®bCaCncUlrYmeFI√karcMnYn20,000nak' ®tUvCIk
E®BkmYymancm©ay20K˘m˘ .
- elIkGagTwkmYyenAPUmiramKn' ®sukemagÚsßI ext†Vt'dMbg man®b
CaCncUlrYmeFI√karcMnYn25,000nak' .
- elIkGagTwkmYyenAxaglicPUmis√ayCati ext†Vt'dMbg man®bCaCn
cUlrYmeFI√karcMnYn30,000nak' .
- eFI√TMnb'TwkenAsÊwg PUmikg˙t ext†Vt'dMbg mankm¬SgBiessBIkg
cl&tbUkrYmkm¬SgTI1cUlrYmeFI√kar®bEhl25,000nak' .
- kab'q˚arbMp¬aj´®BeQIykdIeFI√E®s enAPUmitaEbn siƒtenAxagekItPUmi
kg˙t . ®bmUlkm¬SgTI1 TI2 TI3 CaBiess®sI@emm"aycMnYn85,000nak' .
®sI@emm"ayEdlmankUntUc@GayuBI5q~ScuH ®tUvnSykeTATSgGs' .
GgkarbJÇa[sg'xÊm manEtdMbUl sMrab'[kUnekµg@®Ck b"uEn†edkpÊa
l'dITSgGs' . cMENk®bCaCnTUeTA edkEtk~¨gG®gwgVvhalek†A kN†al
eP¬øgKµanTIC®mkeLIy . ®tUvecjeFI√karTSg´f©TSgyb' . eBlyb'ebIeP¬øg
F¬ak'x¬SgecjBlikmµminekIt tMNagrbs'GgkarvayCYgebIkGg®bCMuCIvPaB
P¬am . karBitKWehAmkeCredoltµH niyay®cMEdl@fa G~kecHdwgbJÔv&n†xM
eronsU®tyksJÔab&®tCa®kdas' edIm∫ICiHCan'raÂs†l©g'ex¬A . åTahrN_
dUcCavis√krCaedIm eXIj®ct'Etceg˚Hcg̨le®bIeK minEdleXIjvis√krNa
ecHlayVyGreLIy .l.
etIsJÔab&®tCa®kdas'enaHman®beyaCnG
_ I√x¬H ? KµaneXIjnrNahUb
®kdas'enaHesaH ! ®Kb'@K~ahUbEtVy . cMENkdgV"k˚aEdlsresrk*
hUbminekIt . ≤LËvcab'tSgBI´f©enHeTA GgkarbegI˚tdgV"k˚afIµKW ng&l rna
s' cb Eb"l .l. ebIeyIghUbVy eyIg®tUvEtdS®sUv edIm∫IksagCati[
Vnqab'lUtlas'cMerIneCOnelOn . eyIg®tUveFI√karrYm enHCakicçkaresIµPaB
K~ad*´f¬f~ËrKYr[eKarB .l.
b"uEn†xM∆¨tamdanBinit¥ rYcelIkykmkBicarNa®tiHriHe®bobeFobk*eXI-
jfa kicçkarTSgLayEdlGgkar´q~®bDiteLIg rYcbg≈M[raÂs†ExµreFI√enaH KW
bMp¬ajTSgGs' e®JHminsal'sƒanPaBdI KµanbecçkeTsGI√TSgGs' KWeFI√V"
tNaV"tNI . åTahrNd
_ UcCaelIkP¬WE®sCaedIm tSgBIdUntamketIeKelIk
GgkarCanrNa ? 94

P¬WE®sedIm∫IGI√ ? . cemI¬yKWedIm∫ITb'TwkvalE®sxıs'@ kMu[hUreTAkan'dIval

E®sTMnab . cMENkGgkar´q~®bDitbegI˚tE®sfIµ EdlmanTMhMBI50eTA100
Em"®tbYn®Cug edaylb'P¬WE®scas'ecal ehIyelIkP¬WE®sfIµ .
luHeP¬øgF¬ak'mkx¬Sg Twkk*hUre®caHeTAkan'dITMnab bN†al[licsnÊËg
xUcexÊc . cMENk‰dIxıs'‰eNaH k*s©ÁtEcsKµanTwkTal'EtesaH . m"¥ag
eTottSgBIdUntamk kicçkarelIkP¬WE®s KWeKeFI√enAk~¨grdUveP¬øgeCaKCSdIl∫b'
enaHTn' eTIbeKcab'epI†melIkP¬WE®stambecçkeTs EdleKehAfasÊËgeq√g .
rYceKelIkdIl∫b'bn†K~a ykeCIgFab'bg˙ab' eTIbVnsÌitlµÁt .l.
cMENkGgkarEbrCadak'Tisbg≈MraÂs†Exµr[elIkP¬WE®sk~¨grdUv®VMgrIg
s©Át KWExmina emsa dIrwgdUcfµminGacbg˙ab'[Cab'sÌiteLIy . luHeP¬øgF¬a
k'mky"agx¬Sg P¬WE®sTSgenaHk*Vt'®sut®kehg®khUgminGacTb'TwkCab'
eLIy . cMENkGagTwkk*eFI√dUcP¬WE®sEdr dUec~HeBleP¬øgF¬ak'mkx¬Sg TMnb'
TwkenaHk*Vk'®sut luHdl'rdUv®VMg valE®srwgs©ÁtGagTwkenaHk*s©ÁteTA
Edr BIe®JH´pÊTwkrabesIµK~a .l.
Ep~keFI√TMnb'Twkk*KµanbecçkeTsGI√TSgGs' åTahrNd
_ UcCa´q~®bDit
begI˚tTMnb'TwkenAsÊwgPUmikg˙tCaedIm . kEn¬gkMBugeFI√TMnb'TwkenaHCadIxßac'
TSgGs' . k~¨gExsIhaq~S1977 rdUvTwkeCarCn'eLIgx¬Sg TMnb'TwkeFI√x√Hbecç
keTs min®tUvk∫Ánx~at k*bN†al[TwkhUrehorlicdMNSenAk~¨gPUmikg˙t
exÊc . luHExkJÔaq~S1977 TwkCMnn'x¬SgeLIg@ k*hUreTAkan'TITMnab km¬Sg
Twkruj®canhUry"agx¬Sg k*k¬ayeTACasÊwgmYyy"agFMEk∫rTMnb'TwkenaH .
m¥"ageTotdUcCa®bmUl®sI@emm"ay®BmTSgkUntUc@eTAkan'´®BtaEbn rYc
bg≈M[kab'q˚arbMp¬aj´®BeQI niglb'bwgykdIeFI√E®s .
erOgenHk*minTMngTal'EtesaH BIe®JH®beTsExµrCaBiessext†Vt'dM
bgminx√HvalE®seLIy . ehtudUcem†ck*GgkarbJÇa[lb'bwgykdIeFI√
E®seTAvij ? pʨyeTAvijmankEn¬gx¬H GgkarEbrCabJÇa[CIk®sH .
TIkEn¬gEdlGgkar´q~®bDitbegI˚tkargarPaKe®cInCatMbn'®Kuncaj'y"a-
gsahav dUcCaPUmikg˙tnig´®BtaEbnCaedIm . dUec~H®bCaraÂs†Exµr®tUvs¬ab'
y"age®cIn BIe®JHCm©W®Kuncaj'Kµanf~STal'EtesaH . k~¨geBlkMBugeFI√Bl-
kmµrYm Edlmanmnusße®cInkkkujy"agelIslb'enH eKk*EtgeXIj®kum
XatkrGaf·kMVMgcUlmkcab'cgraÂs†Exµrd*s¬Ët®tg'Cabn†bnÊab' nSykeTA
Vt'@y"age®cInmindwgcMnYneLIy .
GgkarCanrNa ? 95

manbgbÌËnrYmQameyIgx¬H®Kan'Etf©Ërk*®tUvVt'x¬ÁnP¬am . Casrubesc
kI†eTA kicçkarEdlGgkarbegI˚teLIgbg≈M[raÂs†ExµreFI√karTSgyb'TSg´f©CMna
n'enaH KWCakar≤t®beyaCnT
_ SgGs' KWvakMeTcbMp¬aj eFI√[®beTsExµrhin
ehacTSgGs' . KWvaeFI√TaruNkmµraÂs†Exµr rhUtTal'EtExµrCamças'TwkdIkmı¨
Cas¬ab'Gs'Etb"ueNˆaH .l.

KuktaEbn

GgkarbegI˚tKukmYyenAk~¨g´®BtaEbn siƒtenAxagekItPUmikg˙t Ca´®B

dac'®syal CatMbn'®Kuncaj'y"agsahav . KukenHsg'enAelIdMbUkmYy
y"agFM Exvsßamkdl' TwklicCMuvijdMbUk®twmceg˚H . GgkarbJÇa[Exµr®k-
hmEdlekItmkBIecar ®tUvtamdan®sI@emm"ayCae®cInmWunnak' EdlkMBug
ecjBlkmµrYmkab'q˚ar´®BtaEbn . ebIdwgfa®sINaCa®bBnÏGtItG~krdΩkar
EdlGgkarsm¬ab'bI†rYcehIy ®tUvcab'bJçËleTAk~¨gKukenaHCamYykUntUc@
Gayu5q~ScuH .
GgkarbJÇa[eFI√TaruNkmµbEnƒm j¨Sg[s¬ab'nigdac'eJH j¨Sg[s¬ab'
nwgQW®Kuncaj'Kµanf~SB¥aVlTal'EtesaH j¨Sg[s¬ab'nwgTm©n'kicçkar .
®sI@emm"ayEdlrge®KaHCab'KuktaEbn manrUbxM∆¨m~ak'EdrEdl®tUvCab'Kuk
enHGs'ry:9Ex cgcSCanicçminGacbMeP¬cVn nUvTaruNkmµTSgLayEdl
®tUvTTYl KW®tUveFI√karTSg´f©TSgyb' halek†AhaleP¬øg ®tUvkab'q˚ar´®B[
sÌat . kicçEdlF©n'CageKenaH KWGgkarbJÇa[kab'edImeQI rYcehIy®tUv
Kas'Kl'eQIFM@enaHenAkN†al´®Brehasƒan edayvaykelsfaykdI
eFI√E®s .
luHvil®tLb'mkkan'Kukvij TTYlVnEtTwkbbrmYykUncantUchutCa
mYyGMbil2-3®Kab'Etb"ueNˆaH . manG~k®sIx¬HmankUntUc@2…bInak'kMBug
QWy"agF©n' edknnalelIrnabEdleFI√GMBIedImrSgbiun@kMPYneCIg TSgsMb
kK®KatKe®KImKµanQUsKµancSgGI√TSgGs' . KµankenÊl®kal KµanPYy
dN†b' KµanmugkarJr manEtsegI˚cbiun@cugcegI˚HecjmkxSTSg´f© .
kumarTSgLayenaHQW®tdab®tdYsCitdac'x¥l's¬ab' . Cm©WF©n'@minGac
GgkarCanrNa ? 96

EfTS[CaVn KWCm©W®Kuncaj'nigraKmYl . PaKe®cIn´nkumarTSgLayenaH

QWraKmYl F¬ak'Qam®ss'@ e®JHGt'X¬anx¬SgeBk minGacGt'®TSVn k*
bbYlK~aedIrerIssMbkk†amsMbkx¥gykmkdut[Q©¨y rYcnSK~ahUb . man
kumarx¬H edaymkBICm©WraKx¬SgeBkegIbElgrYc k*®tUvruyBgdak'rYck¬ayCa
dg˚Ëv . dg˚ËvenaHcUlruksac'TSgrs' . TMrSnwgs¬ab' kumarTSgenaHEsnevTna
KYr[GaeNacGaFm·Nas' . eBlTMenr BiesseBlyb' yayeTogEtg
EtCYyEfTSkumarTSgenaH luHmit†hacCaemKukdwgk*ebIkGg®bCMu .
G~keTas®sI@TSgGs'®bkasEtgtSgyayeTogCayaykumar edIm∫I
karJrkumarTSgenaH kMu[lYchUbs~Ëkk†amsMbkx¥geToteLIy . b"uEn†BueTÏa
eGIy ! yayeTogkarJrminQ~HeT e®JHrvl'EtemIl®kumxageNaH G~k
enA‰®kumxageNHhUb luHrt'mkemIl®kum‰eNH G~k®kum‰eNaHhUb
.l.
´f©mYymanG~keTasm~ak'kMBuglYcGSgsac'eKaegot FMuki¬nQ©¨y®sab'
EtkumarsMKm@TSgenaHrt'mkB&TÏCMuvijQrsm¬wgemIl ehIyelbTwkmat'
®Kb'@K~a . luHsac'qÌinehIy G~k®sIEdlGSgsac'egotenaHk*edaHegotec
jBIdMebot rYck*®Kvat'dMebotecal edIrcakecjVt'eTA . {GnicçaeGIy ! emI
lcuHkumarsMKm@TSgenaH k*erIsdMebotEckK~aliTÏ . liTÏehIyliTÏeTot
bn†BIm~ak'eTAm~ak' xM∆¨CaG~kEfTSgkumarTSgenaH eXIjpÊal'nwgEP~k cgcSCab'
Canicçk~¨gxYrk∫alminGacbMeP¬cVneLIy .
manG~kx¬HQWCuHminhflanCuHeT KWrkßalamk®Kan'ciJçwm®kBHykkm¬Sg
edIreTAeFI√karsin luHVnTwkbbrhuteTIbhflaneTACuH . manmnusßCrax¬H eB
lCitdac'x¥l's¬ab' k*E®skdMGUjfa – s†ayNas'minVnhUbVymYy
cMEGtmunnwgs¬ab' . G~keTasTSgGs'Gs'sgÙwmedkcSEteBls¬ab' KµanGI√
CaTIBwgeT . ®Kb'@K~alYcbn'®sn'Etk~¨gcit† sUm®BHBuTÏ ®BHFm· ®BHsgÙ
®BH≤nÊ ®BH®Bhµ nigeTvtaCYypg !!!
Gsçar¥Emn ®sab'EtenAcugExsIhaq~S1977 manG~keTasm~ak'eQµaH
m"a®tUvexµaccUlsNiÏt . yayeTogCaG~kTTYlEfTSG~k®sIm"a . Kat'lYg
elamG~k®sIm"a[hUbTwkbbr . exµackMBugcUlenHniyay®Vb'yayeTog fa
– xM∆¨minGachUbbbrVneT e®JHmit†ekatVnvHeJHxM∆¨yk®kBHnigeJH
evoneTAhUbGs'eTAehIy . EtxM∆¨GacCk'VrIVn xM∆¨sMuVrImYyedIm . exµac
GgkarCanrNa ? 97

enaH®Vb'yayeTogeTotfa – xM∆¨CabI†G~k®sIm"a xM∆¨mk®Vb'G~keTasTSgGs' «

cUrkMu®BYy Exe®kayenHVnrYcx¬ÁnehIy » e®JHCitdl'evneKsm¬ab'vavij
ehIy .
cMnYnBIr´f© exµacenHecjVt'eTA . G~k®sIm"adwgsµartIeLIgvij . e®ka
ymkG~k®sIm"alYc®Vb'yayeTogfa – enAcugExF~Ëq~S1976 ®bEhlem"ag
10yb' mit†ekatmkE®skehAbI†rbs'xM∆¨[ecjBIxÊmeTACYbva . vavayKat's
m¬ab'ecalP¬am vavHeJH rYcykebHdUg sYt efI¬m ®kBH eJHevonGs'rlIg rY
cvaCIkreN†Akb'Ek∫rxÊmenaHeTA . kn¬gputEtdb'´f© mit†ekatcab'xM∆¨cgnSyk
mkdak'KukenH .
Ggkare®bI®Kb'meF¥aVyrkmuxraÂs†ExµrG~kecHdwg rkmuxraÂs†Exµrman
stism∫CJÔ:es~haCatiedIm∫Ism¬ab'ecal .
k~¨gExmifunaq~S1975 Ggkarcab'epI†mbegI˚t®kumdac'xatrYcPrkuhkfa –
nwgbg˙at'be®gon[Vnk¬ayCaeyaFad*cMNan edIm∫IkarJr®beTs . rMeBC
enaHmanyuvCnekµg@ PaKe®cInKWsisßviT¥al&y nSK~asµ&®Kcit†cUlbMerIy"ag
esµaH®tg' mancMnYn5Jn'nak' .
BIe®JHyuvCnTSgGs'enHlblYc®sLaj'bkßExµr®khmrbs'elak
exov-sMpnCayUrehIy . eBlenHyl'®cLMsµanEtC&yCMnHenH CaC&yCM
nHrbs'elakexov-sMpnTSg®sug .l.
eBlenaHGgkarjjwmbwTmat'minCit k*cab'tSgmUldΩanmYyFMsiƒtenA
xagt∫ËgCab'eCIgP~MFibtI erobcMkEn¬gy"agsÌat åbtƒm∏Gahard*bribUN· .
luHdl'Exkum∏ :q~S1976 ral'@l©acGgkarcat'tMNagsm©at'cUleTAsMrSg
e®CIserIsBI15eTA20…30nak' nSykecjBImUldΩanenaHedayPrfa yk
eTAeronsU®t .
k~¨gExtulaq~S1976 manyuvCnm~ak'EdlGgkarnSykeTACacuge®kay
manvasnaeKcrYc k*VnvilmkCYbmit†Pki† ehIylYcxßwbfa mit†eyIgCae®cIn
Jn'nak'EdlGgkarnSykeTAenaH ®tUvGgkarsm¬ab'ecalGs'eTAehIy .
eBlenaHyuvCncMnYn300nak' EdlminTan'dl'evns¬ab' k*lblYcxßwbexßø
v bbYlK~abMEbkh√Ëgpßge®Bgrt'eKceTAkan'PUmiq©ay@ rYcE®beQµaHepßg
@erog@x¬Án .
k~¨gExmifunaq~S1975 manTahankgBiessekµg@200nak' nig®kumero
nebIkyn†ehaH88nak' EdlrdΩaPiVlsaFarNrdΩExµrbJÇËneTAeFI√kmµsikßa
GgkarCanrNa ? 98

enA®beTshI√lI¬BIn k*yl'®cLMdUcyuvCn®kumdac'xatEdr . ®sab'Etsµ&®K

cit†vil®tLb'cUlkan'matuPUmi edIm∫IbMerIelakexov-sMpnnigsem†c“ . eB-
lenaHmank∫Ánkam∆¨"gCae®cIne®KOgerobk∫ÁncSCae®scenATI®bCMuCn®sukGUr
e®CA . luHmkCYbCMutMerobCYreLIgLanCae®scVc' k∫ÁnLank*ebIkbrcUl
eTAkan'®beTsExµr .
k∫ÁnLanenHmkQb'ctenAxagt∫ËgPUminimit† . tMNagrbs'Ggkarb-
JÇabg≈MyuvCnTSg288nak'cuHBILan bJÇa[edaHexaGav rYck*Vj'sm¬ab'eca
lenATIenaH®BmTSgniyayfa – mnusßFunenHkMuTuknSF©n'EpndIeT ! .
cugq~S1975 mannisßitx¬H manbJÔv&n†ExµrmkeFI√kmµsikßaenA®beTsV
rSg manCae®cInrynak' manbJÔv&n†x¬H®tUvCab'ecaTfaCaExµr®khmminhflan
vil®tLb'eTAkan'®sukExµrCayUrq~SmkehIy . mannisßitx¬Hcb'kmµsikßa
®tUvEtnivt†cUleTAkan'matuPUmivij . eBlenaH®Kb'@rUbyl'®cLMsµanEtC&y
CMnHd*mhaGsçar¥enH Vnmkedaysars~a®BHhsƒd*eqI~mrbs'sem†c“ Ed
lmanelakexov-sMpnCaemExµr®khmKS®T®besIrNas'@ . dUec~H®Kb'@
rUbmanesckI†sgÙwmy"agmSfa ®beTsExµrVnsni†PaBeLIgvijehIy BI-
e®JHsem†csIhnuCaes†cnigExµr®khm®tUvK~ay"agenH ?!
nisßitnigbJÔv&n†TSgLayenaH ecjdMeNIrBI®beTsVrSgbIelIk ta
myn†ehaHcUlmkkan'TI®kugeb"kSg rYcbn†dMeNIrcUlmk®beTskmı¨Ca . ma
nevCÇbNiÎtm~ak'enArs' sB√´f©sMNak'enA®sukDIhߨg´n®beTsVrSg ela
keFI√GtƒaFib∫ayfa – elaknivt†cUlkan'®beTsExµrCaelIkTI3 . eBlcuHBI
yn†ehaHP¬am Exµr®khmekµg@bJÇËneTAeFI√karTSgbg≈M TSgyb'TSg´f©P¬am
KWelIkTMnb' elIkP¬WE®s .l. man®sIm~ak'nam®tkUl «Twm» CaevCÇbNiÎt
sB√´f©ePosx¬ÁneTAkan'shrdΩGaemrik . enA´f©TI2/10/1981 nagVnEf¬g
®Vb'yayeTogenAk~¨gCMrMsYnP¬Ë´n®beTs´ffa – x¬ÁnnagnigbI†VneFI√kmµsi
kßaEp~kevCÇsaÂs†enA®beTsVrSg . ˘˘˘cugq~S1975 sµ&®Kcit†nivt†cUlkan'
®beTsExµrvijtamyn†ehaHelIkTI2 . cuHBIyn†ehaHP¬am nagxM∆¨s¬¨tcit†sw
gsn¬b' BIe®JHeXIjGakasyans©at'e®cob KµaneXIjEm"“mkcSTTYl na
gxM∆¨E®skyMdUckUnekµg . eBlenaHExµr®khmcUlmkdkhUtyk≤va"n'Gs'
rlIg rYceKbMEbkbI†rbs'nagxM∆¨nSykeTAVt'rhUt . nagmankUn®sIm~ak'Ga
yu13Ex cMENkEm"“bgbÌËnKµanTTYldMNwgGI√Tal'EtesaH . KYr[s†ay
Nas' bJÔv&n†nignisßitExµrd*s¬Ët®tg'Cae®cInrynak'enaH muxCaGgkars-
GgkarCanrNa ? 99

m¬ab'ecalswgEtTSgGs' . GgkardwgfaraÂs†ExµrG~kecHdwg KWG~kTI®kugP~M

eBj dUec~HGgkare®bI®Kb'meF¥aVy j¨Sg[s¬ab'bn†@ edaymincSVc'e®bI
GavuFeT . emIlcuH ! k~¨gExkJÔaq~S1975 Ggkar®bkasfa – ®bCaCnExµr
G~kTI®kugP~MeBj EdlePosx¬ÁneTAenAext†taEkv ext†kMBg'sWı ®tUvnS®KYsar
eTACYbCMuK~aenA´®Bnr edIm∫Ivil®tLb'eTAkan'rdΩFanIP~MeBjvij ®BmTSg®Vb'
fa – minVc'ykGI√@tamx¬ÁneT e®JHGgkarVnerobcMpÊH[manPaBdUc@K~a
rYcCae®scehIy .
raÂs†ExµrEdlVnmkdl'´®BnrCaelIkTI1 mancMnYn4Jn'nak' Vt´d
TeTTSgGs' edaye®tkGrCay"agx¬Sg e®JHVnvil®tLb'cUlrdΩFanIP~MeB
jvij . ®besIrNas'minVc'ykGI√k*VnEdr .
®Kb'@K~ak*nS®KYsartMerobCYreLIgLankam"∆¨g EdlerobCak∫Án mancMnYn
40e®KOgrg'cSCae®scenATIenaH . k~¨gLannimYy@manmnusßCit100nak' .
nrNamanyk≤va"n'bni†cbn†Áctamx¬Án ®tUvExµr®khmdkhUtTSgGs' va
Tuk[Etq~SgmYy nigGg˚rmYyKILËm~ak'Etb"ueNˆaH . LaneraTm
i_ "asIunerobec-
jdMeNIr ®sab'EteXIj®bCaCneTIbmkdl'elIkTI2CagmYymWunnak'eTot.
b"uEn†k∫ÁnLanenH ®tUvbrcakecjBI´®BnreTA . LanTSgenaHrlak'bN†al
[Tgick∫alK~adUcst√®CUkk~¨g®Tug˘˘˘.
k∫ÁnLanbrtamp¬ËvCatielx2 rYcbt'bn†dMeNIrtamp¬ËvCatielx3 cUlka
n'rdΩFanIP~MeBj . G~kx¬HmanTwkmuxjjwmsgÙwmfa bni†ceTotdl'pÊHrbs'x¬Á
nehIy . manG~kx¬HmuxCUr e®JHseg˚teXIjGakb∫kiriyayExµr®khm
EdlKµansIlFm·d*bni†bn†ÁcesaH .
luHk∫ÁnLanmkdl'TI®kugP~MeBj ®sab'EtbreTAcUlTYlKk rhUteTA
kan'p¬ËvCatielx5 . eBlenaH®bCaCnj&rtk's¬¨tswgdac'degI˙ms¬ab' . yb'
ggitk*mkdl' kumartUc@X¬anVyyMeBjLan . em"ag®bEhl8yb' k∫Án
LanenaHcUlmkctQb'enAlEg√k edIm∫I[®bCaCndN†SVy .
j¨SVyminTan'rYc®sYlbYlpg Exµr®khmbJÇa[eLIgLanbn†dMeNIr
eTAmuxeTot . em"ag®bEhl2P¬W k∫ÁnLancUlctQb'enAmuxsƒaniyrfePI¬g
ext†eJFisat' . tMNagGgkar®bkastamåeKÙasns&BÊedj®bCaCn[
cuHBILan rYc®tUvnS®KYsareTAedktambeN†ayp¬ËvrfePI¬g Edlman®bCaCn
e®cInmWunnak'ekormkBI®Kb'TisTIedkJseBjenATIenaHEdr .
®BlwmEsÌk´f©minTan'rHpg tMNagGgkaredIrEqkeqrdkhUtyk®TB¥
GgkarCanrNa ? 100

sm∫ti†rbs'®bCaCnmYyelIkeTot ®sab'EteXIjrfePI¬gCae®cInExß bn†Ca

e®cInsibTUrmkdl'lµm . tMNagGgkaredIredj®bCaCn[eLIgrfePI¬g
dUch√ËgeKa . mYyTUr@manmnusßCag100nak'CiHCan'elIK~a . em"ag®bEhl
5resol´f©dEdl rfePI¬gQb'enAsƒaniy®suksIusUpun . mantMNagGg
karQrrg'cSenATIenaHCae®sc . vak*®bkastamåeKÙasns&BÊbJÇa[®bCa
CncuHBIrfePI¬g rYcva®bkasrkG~kbecçkeTs evCÇbNiÎt saÂs†acar¥ ®KUb-
e®gon nignisßit . eBlenaHKµannrNahflanecjmuxeT . tMNagGgkark*
edIremIlmux. vasMrSge®CIserIsVncMnYn397nak' rYcPrEpÌm®tCak'fa – Gg
karQb'sm¬ab'ehIy kMux¬acGI . vak*bJÇa[®bCaCnEdlmanGayucas'@eLI
gCiHrWum"k®tak'T&r . ekµg@x¬HedIr x¬HCiHreTHeKa edIm∫Ibn†dMeNIreTAkan'P~M®suk
cM E Nk® bCa CnTS g397na k' e na H ® tU v BY kv a bJÇ Ë ne TA ka n' ® su k® BH e n® t
®BH . TTYlbJÇaBIGgkarbI´f© bnÊab'bJÇËnmkPUmiCb' rYcebIksiTiÏ[eLIgEf¬
gkarNe_ dayesrI .
manG~kx¬HniyayTietonerOgGgkarbwTsalaeron nigCen¬øs®bCaCn
minTMng . eBlenaHtMNagGgkarKµantbtmYym"at'eT . luH®BlwmEsÌk
eLIg ´f©minTan'rHpg ®sab'EteXIj®bCaCnEdlhflanriHKn'dl'GgkarcMnY
n35nak' ®tUvCab'cMNg´denAe®kayx~g ( Cab'cMNgs¬abesk ) rYc®tUveK
beNI†recjeTAVt' .
®Blwm´f©TI6mkra1976 tMNagGgkarehAeQµaHcMnYn200nak' bJÇa
[eLIgLannSecjeTAVt' . ´f©bnÊab'mk ehAeQµaHeLIgLannSecjeTA
mYyelIkeTot . ≤LËvenAsl'45nak' GgkarbJÇa[eFI√CIv®bvti† rYcdwknS
ykeTAdak'KukenAVt'dMbg . XMuk~¨gKukenHGs'ry:eBl2Ex rYcehIytM-
NagGgkardwknSecjCabn†bnÊab'luH®taenAsl'Et15nak' . vabJÇa[eFI√
CIv®bvti†mYyelIkeTot rYcdwkykeTAXMuTukenAvt†eJFival . ´f©e®kaymk
tMNagGgkarmkQremIl bJÇa[eFI√CIv®bvti†CaelIkcuge®kaybgÌs' .
´f©TI6emsa1976 vamkcg8nak' dwkdUceKa beNI†rVt'eTAeTot . eB
lenaHenAsl'7nak' ®sab'Etva[sMelokbMJk'exµAmYybn¬as'm~ak' rYcbJÇË
neTAXMueKakXMµ¨ [CYyeFI√E®srYm . yuvCn sarYn Ef¬gfa – TSg7nak'enaH
KµannrNam~ak'ecHGkßreT . eBlGgkarbJÇa[efI√CIv®bvti†m†g@ P&yswgV
t'sµartI sMuGg√rkrBwg[eKCYysresr .
cMENk®bCaCnCag1mWunnak'EdlCiH®tak'T&r CiHreTHeKa nigedIrefIµreCIg
GgkarCanrNa ? 101

enaH eTAdl'mat'´®B´nXMuB®g ®bEhlCaem"ag6l©aceTAehIy . e®KaHGa®k

k'mkdl' KWeP¬øgF¬ak'dUceKcak'TwkBIelIemX . ®Kb'@rUbrgarjak'dUc®Kun
caj' evTnaswgrkJk¥ExµrsresrKµan . k~¨gry:eeBleFI√dMeNIr nig®tUvenA
kN†aleP¬øg ®BmTSgGt'Vyy"agenH mans¬ab'®bEhl12PaKry .
yb'enaH®bCaCn®tUvGg¨yTl'P¬We®JHdIesImminGacTTYlTandMeNkekIt.
bI´f©bnÊab'mk manmnusßEdleKdwkmktamrfePI¬gCaelIkTI2 mans¬ab'
y"age®cInrab'minGs' . eKVndwgcMnYn®bCaCnExµr EdlGs'sgÙwmk*lUn
cUledke®kamrfePI¬g rfePI¬gk*kins¬ab'cMnYn257nak' .
enA´f©TI20mkra1976 elakKwm-gYn®tac GtiteTsaPiVlGnaKarCa
tikmı¨Ca VnEf¬g®Vb'mit†Pki†nigkµÁy@fa –
enAExkJÔaq~S1975®bCaCnExµrG~kTI®kugP~MeBjcMnYn1mWun5Jn'nak' Ed
lePosx¬ÁneTAext†kMBg'sıWnigext†taEkv ®sab'EtTTYlbJÇaBIGgkar
[®bmUl®KYsarvil®tLb'eTAkan'rdΩFanIP~MeBjvij . mit†@minVc'yk≤va"n'
tamx¬ÁneT BIe®JHGgkarVnerobcMpÊH[enAdUc@K~arYcehIy . dUec~H®Kb'@K~a
e®tkGresIÊrqÁt . eNI˙ycuH ! minVc'yk≤va"n'tamx¬Ánk*VnEdr BIe®JHp¬Ëv
edIrEsnq©ayBiVkErk BiVkBun VnGgkarGnue®KaH[vil®tLb'cUlkan'
rdΩFanIP~MeBjvij®besIrehIy . tMNagGgkarecjbJÇa[®bCaCn®tUvec
jdMeNIrTSgyb'em"ag®bEhl10 EsÌk®BlwmeLIg®tUvCYbCMuK~aenA´®Bnr .
®bCaCnTSgcas'TSgekµgcMnYn1mWun5Jn'nak'ecjdMeNIrTSgyb'evTnaKµan
Jk¥sresreT e®JH®beTsExµrnaExkJÔaCardUveP¬øgrlwm®sic@TSgy
b'TSg´f© . ®BlwmEsÌkem"ag®bEhl9k*VnCYbCMuK~aenA´®Bnr . b"uEn†BueTÏa
eGIy ! eXIjLankam"∆¨gCag40e®KOg manmnusßCiHeBj@swgCan'elIK~aCa
e®sceTAehIy . Lank*eraTm
i_ "asIunebIkbrcakecjBITIenaHeTA .
eBlenaHtMNagGgkarekµg@GayuswgminTan'15q~S eq√cq√acniyay
ceckccacmYysnʨH ®sab'EtE®sktamem®kUbJÇafa – cUrmit†@vil®tLb'
eTAkan'kgvijcuH BIe®JHGgkarx√HLan . dUec~H®bCaCncMnYn1mWun5Jn'nak'
enaH®tUvEt®tLb'vileTAkan'kgerog@x¬Ánvij . yb'e®CAeTIbeTAdl'kUnxÊm.
eBlenaH®Kb'@®KYsars¬¨tcit†esIÊrVt'sµartI e®JHkUnxÊmTSgenaHsl'
EtdMbUl GI√@Vk'EbkGs'rlIg . sUm∫IEts¬wk´®K CI emÊsk*®tUveKbMp¬aj eda
yebHeVc…dkexÊcxÊIGs' .
®Kb'@rUbGg¨y®teVmk∫alCgg'yMeKak . etIVnGI√briePaK ebIGt'Vy
GgkarCanrNa ? 102

mYy´f©eTAehIy ? .
bIbYn´f©bnÊab'mk kUnekµgnigmnusßcas'Crak*s¬ab'bn†knʨyK~a . niTan
dl'®twmh~wg elakKwm-gYn®taceFI√muxs©Át®BmTSgbJÇak'fa kUn®sIrbs'
elakBIrnak'tUc@k*s¬ab'enAeBlenaHEdr .
cugExtulaq~S1975 GgkarecjbJÇam†geTot bg≈M[®bCaCnTSgGs'
enaH®tUvnS®KYsarCYbCMuK~aenA´®Bnr CaelIkTI2 . luHeTAdl'´®BnrehIy ®K
b'@K~ae®tkGrCa´®kElg e®JHeXIjLanFM@®Kb'FunCae®cInrye®KOg . eXI
jLankam"∆¨grbs'cinBN·´btgcMnYnCag100e®KOg erobCak∫Ánrg'cSenATI
enaHCae®sc .
eBlenaHman®bCaCnEdleK®bmUlmkBI®Kb'TisTI man®bmaN1mWun
7Jn'nak' tMerobCaCYreLIgLanTSgTwkmuxjjwm edaysgÙwmerog@x¬Ánfa
l©acenHVncUleTApÊHvijehIy .
k∫ÁnLank*brtamp¬ËvCatielx2 rYctamp¬ËvCatielx3 cUlkan'rdΩFanIP~M-
eBj˘˘˘. b"uEn†BueTÏaeGIy ! k∫ÁnLanenHEbrCabrvagTI®kug ehIysMedAeTA
sg˚at'TYlKk rYcehIybrtamp¬ËvCatielx5eTAvij . yb'mkdl'lµm ®bCa
CnTSgGs'®CYl®cbl'k~¨gcit†swgdac'degI˙ms¬ab' . kumartUc@yMeBjLan
edaysare®skX¬an˘˘˘.
k∫ÁnLanbn†dMeNIreTAdl'sƒaniyrfePI¬gext†kMBg'q~SgenAeBlJk'k-
N†alGa®Fat . tMNagrbs'GgkarEdlrg'cSenATIenaH k*E®skbJÇatamå
eKÙasns&BÊ edj®bCaCn[cuHBILan ®BmTSgbJÇak'fa mit†@EdlenAlIv
EdlmanGayuBI13eTA25q~S ®tUvecjmkQrtambeN†ayp¬ËvrfePI¬gxageq√
g´d e®kABIenH®tUvenAxags†S´d . dUec~H®bCaCnTSg1mWun7Jn'nak' ®tUvEck
CaBIr®kum . rYcvabJÇa[nSK~aeTAedkenAtambeN†ayp¬ËvEdk e®JHenArdUv
eP¬øgy"agenH KWmanEtp¬ËvEdkeTEdlminlicTwk .
sUmelakG~kGanemt†aCYyKitemIlfa etITMhM´nTuk≈evTnarbs'®bCaCn
ExµrenAeBlenaHmandl'kMritNa ? nSK~aedkpÊal'dI elIfµ ykf~l'EdkCa
ex~Iy ykkMralfµreTHePI¬gCakenÊl . enACab'nwgx¬ÁnmanEtexaGavkN†ac
mYybn¬as' e®JHGgkarhUtyk≤va"n'ecjBIx¬ÁnmuneBleLIgLanGs'eTA
ehIy .
EsÌkeLIg em"ag6®Blwm tMNagGgkarEckGg˚r[mYykMb"ugm~ak' . kM
BugEt®CYl®cbl'rkmeF¥aVynwgdN†SVybbr ®sab'EtrfePI¬gCae®cIn
GgkarCanrNa ? 103

ExßbrmkQb'sMctCae®cInsibTUr . tMNagGgkaredj®bCaCnEdlman
®KYsarrYcehIy [eLIgTUrreTHePI¬gdUch√ËgeKa . cMENk‰G~kEdlenAlIv
®tUvrg'cSeCIge®kay . em"agmYyresol k∫ÁnrfePI¬gmkQb'sMctenAsƒani
yP~MFibtI . tMNagGgkarEdlrg'cSenATIenaH®sab'EtE®sk®bkastamå
eKÙasns&BÊ edj®bCaCnCag1mWunnak' [cuHBIrfePI¬g . vabJÇak'fa rfePI¬g
bnÊan'nwgvil®tLb'eTAdwkBYkenAlIv@eTot . EtrfePI¬gebIkbreTArhUt ≤t
®tLb' . dUec~HEm"“®tUv®Jt'®Vs'kUnkem¬aH®kmMu˘˘˘ bg®tUv®Jt'bÌËn kµÁy®Jt'
mIgma ®Jt'K~arhUt ! .
®bCaCnTSg1mWunnak'enaH ®tUvtMNagGgkarbJÇËn[eTAenAbeN†aHGa
sn~enAPUmiE®sGUr PUmiEchYysin rg'cSdl'bMNac'Exkum∏:eTIbGgkarbJÇËn
eTA[s¬ab'enAPUmik∫alsay .
PUmik∫alsaysiƒtenAdac'®syalBITI®bCMuCn enArdUvvsßaTwklic enA
rdUv®VMgdIeKake®bHEbk®kEhg dSdMNSGI√k*minekIt rkGI√@mkTTYlTanCMnY
sVyminVneLIy e®kABIedImEs¬gEdlmanCatiBuly"agsahav . dUec~H
®bCaCnEdleKCen¬øsmkBIext†taEkv kMBg'sıW cMnYnCag1mWunnak' bUkrYmTS
gG~kmkext†nanaTSgGs'Cag3mWunnak' ®tUvrge®KaHedaykardac'eJHs¬ab'
nigCaBiessedayCm©WGasn~eraK EdlKµanf~Ssg˚ËvGI√mkB¥aVl .
elakKwm-gYn®tacra"yr"ab'bJÇak'fa – ®KYsarrbs'elak®tUvGgkarb-
JÇËneTAenAPUmiEchYyCabeN†aHGasn~sin . e®kayelakTTYlBt·manfa
bnÊab'mkeTotGgkarnwgbJÇËnbn†eTAkan'PUmik∫alsay . elakyl'eXI-
jfa { ! GgkarbJÇËn[eTAs¬ab'ehIyeTetI ! eTIbelakpßge®BgnS®KYsar
rt'eKctamsMNak'enAkgelx4 PUmi´®Bs√ayxagekIt k~¨gshkrN_
lk'e®Cov tMbn'TI1 .
elakKwm-gYn®tacmkdl'kg´®Bs√ay elakVnCYbGtitG~krdΩkarmY-
ycMnYn EdlminTan'dl'evneKsm¬ab'enAeLIy ehIyEdlelakF¬ab'sal'
y"agCitdit . edaysarEtelakF¬ab'sal'y"agenH eTIbelakeq¬øtxßib
sarPaB®Vb'elak@enaHfa – elakyl'®cLMy"agF©n'dUcbgbÌËnExµrTUTSg
®beTsGJçwgEdr KW «elakmin®Bmrt'ecal®suk» .
emIlcuH ! GaemrikSgmkehAelakCae®cInelIk sUm[elakeKcx¬ÁnmYy
ry:sin eTAsMNak'enAshrdΩGaemrik . enAelIke®kaybgÌs' manåTÏm∏a
Kc®kmYye®KOgmkcuHxagekItviman‰kraC¥ rYceKmkGeJIÇjelakm†geTot
GgkarCanrNa ? 104

Etelakmin®BmeTAtameK . e®JHelakyl'sƒankarNe_ BlenaHxusTSg

®sug . elakyl'fa edayehtufafan:elakCaeTsaPiVlFnaKarkmı¨Ca
ebIsinNaCaelakrt'ecalmuxtMENg ®Vk'kasTSgLayenAk~¨gFnaKar
TSgb"unµannwg®tUvxatbg' ehIyelaknwg®tUveKecaT®bkan'fa CaG~klYclu-
yCatiedIm∫IykeTAeFI√CaG~kmanenAbreTs . dUec~Helakb†Ërp†ac'enArg'cSCYb
sem†c CYbelakexov-sMpnsin . ebIsinNasem†ckI† elakexov-sMpnkI†
Elg®tUvkarelak enAeBlenaHelaknwglaElgecjBImuxtMENgP¬am
e®JHeBlenaHGayuelak61q~SeTAehIy . elakyl'®cLMy"agF©n'm"¥ag
eTot e®JHelaksfl˜u®KlMulYclak'KS®Telakexov-sMpnCayUrq~SmkehIy
TSgeyabl' TSgluykak' . cugbMput elakVnTTYlJk¥bN†SBIelak
exov-sMpnpÊal' « ®tUvCYyåbtƒm∏P~ak'garsm©at'rbs'bkßm~ak'eQµaH Kwm-
eXom ehAmit†y"a Jk'elx7 » . k~¨gskraCes†csIhnu mit†y"a®tUvCab'XMu
XSgCajwkjab' e®JHmit†y"asµ&®Kcit†ecjeQµaHCMnYsG~ksresrGtƒbTna
na EdltieTonraCrdΩaPiVlenAk~¨gTMB&rkaEst « ®bCaCn » .
dUec~HeBlNamit†y"a®tUvCab'Kuk elakKwm-gYn®tac®tUvEtKitKUrCYy
edaH®say CaBiessEtgEtCYyp†l'luykak'ciJçwmG~k®sIGflUcCa®bBnÏ nig
yuvCnKwm-lak' CakUn®buseTalrbs'Kwm-eXom ehAmit†y"aCanicç .
k~¨gry:eeBl5ExEdlelakePosx¬ÁneTAsMNak'enA‰ext†taEkv eq¬øt
eBlEdlGgkardak'Tis[elakGtiteTsaPiVlFnaKarCatikmı¨CaedIrerIs
Gacme_ KaykmkeFI√CI elake®bI®Kb'meF¥aVy edIm∫IsaksYrrkGs'elak@
dUcCaexov-sMpn, hflU-yn', hflU-nwm, sWn-esn, ePaK-qay, eGog-sarI
Kwm-eXom ehAmit†y"aCaedIm . b"uEn†BueTÏaeGIy ! eBlenaHtMNagrbs'Gg
kar m~ak'@suTÏEtmanGayuswgmindl'15q~Spg eFI√EP~kLWnLg'@ehIysYr
K~afa etIG~kNaeKeTAeGHCaexov-sMpnenaH ? .
elakKwm-gYn®tacbJÇak'ehIybJÇak'eTotfa elakq©l'Nas'e®JH
elaksal'smaCikCan'xıs'rbs'bkßExµr®khmCae®cIn ehIyy"agCitdit
Nas' b"uEn†tSgBIeBlelakVn®tUveKCen¬øsecjBIP~MeBjluHsB√´f© ela
kxMB¥ayam®sav®CavrkGs'elakTSgenaH EtelakKµanVndMNwgGI√BIG~k
Nam~ak'Tal'EtesaH .
dUec~HC&yCMnH´f©TI17emsa1975enH dUcCaminEmnrbs'bkßExµr®kh-
m´nexov-sMpneT ˘˘˘EtCaC&yCMnHmYyEdl®tUveKEk¬gbn¬M ehIyEdlman
GgkarCanrNa ? 105

sPaBy"agEsnggitGnÏka .
emIlcuH ! vaEbrCae®bIeQµaHGgkarGnamikdak'eFI√CaembJÇakareTAvij .
CadMbUgGgkarbJÇa[sm¬ab'bJÔv&n†nig®BHsgÙCabnÊan' . k~¨gry:eeBlEt
13´f© ExµrenAk~¨g®suks¬ab'esIÊrEtTSgGs' e®JHxµSgVnbg˚b'BYkcarburs-
carnarIenAtam®Kb'®sTab'bN†aCnExµrTSgmYynKr . KWedaysarEtBYkcar
burs-carnarITSgenHehIy EdlxµSgGacykkarNV
_ nfa G~kEdlminrt'
ecal®sukPaKe®cInCaG~kes~haCati . dUec~HkmµviFICabnÊan' KW®tUvkMeTcBYk
enHecal[Gs' edIm∫IkMu[BYkenHmanmeF¥aVyNanwgerx¬ÁnTan' . kals
m¬ab'BYkenHGs'rYcehIy ®tUvdak'BYkemecar BYkB~gcug®suk [®tYt®taCa®b
jab'k~¨gmYyry:s
sin .
BYkecarePI¬EdleKtemI¬g[eFI√ «em» TSgenaHVn´d k*E®skehflartamG
gkarfa CeyamhaGsçar¥ ! Ceyamhaelatep¬aH ! ehIyKitEtBIsm¬ab'sa
sn‰
_ g≤trYjra .
ExµrEdlenAsl'BIs¬ab' ®tUvGgkaredj[ecjBIlMenAswgVt´dTeT
ecal®TB¥sm∫ti†EdlxMksagkEvkkq~SgGs'mYyCIvitmkehIy ehIynS
K~amkedknwgdI kN†aleP¬øg kN†alpr k~¨g´®BTSgrgarrjak'rj&r˘˘˘.
GgkarbJÇa[eFI√TaruNkmµbEnƒm edaybg≈M[eFI√karTSgyb'TSg´f© e®ka
mkMedA e®kamTwkeP¬øg rYc[hUbEtTwkbbrlayCamYyGMbilEt2-3®Kab'k~¨
gmYyeBl .
ebIdUec~H etIehtuy"agdUcem†cVnCavabJÇa[eyIgE®skbnÊrfa « Ceya
mhaelatep¬aH, CeyamhaGsçar¥ » ‰eNaHeTAvij ? ®Kb'@K~aE®sktam
vaTSgmuxCUrhYjdUcsIu®kUcqµa˘˘˘ q©l'Esnq©l' !? . elakKwm-gYn®tacbEnƒ
mfa cUrbÌËn@kMusgß&yeFI√GI√ e®JHJk¥EdlGgkar[eyIgE®skbnÊrenH min
Emn≤t®beyaCne_ T KWeyIgE®skbnÊr[BYkG~kQ~H Edllak'x¬ÁnBYnGatµa
e®kamrnSgsm©at'EdlmaneQµaHGgkarCaG~kenAVMgBImuxbMVt'dan ! . xµS
gva´llkeFI√kar[®sb@tambkßExµr®khmrbs'elakexov-sMpn . vas
m©Mrg'cS{kas[®tUvsg√ak' edIm∫Inwgsm¬ab'Exµr[Vngay ehIyenAEtlak'
muxVnCitdEdl .
emIlcuH ! ral'yb'´f© EtgEtman®kumXatkrGaf·kMVMgmkbn¬Mx¬Áne®bIyI
ehaExµr®khmedIm∫IcUlmkcab'cgraÂs†Exµr CaBiessBYkbJÔv&n† . eFI√dUec~H
edIm∫I[ExµrnigGn†rCatiyl'®cLMfaExµr®khmsm¬ab'Exµr .
GgkarCanrNa ? 106

karBN·naenHminEmnVnesckI†fa Cakarlb'bMVt'kMhusExµr®khm
enaHeT e®JHmaneBlx¬HeyIgVneXIjpÊal'EP~k nUvBYkExµr®khmEdlekI
tmkBIecar k*Vncab'GUsTajExµreTAsm¬ab'ecalEdr .
b"uEn†eyIg®Kan'Etcg'bJÇak'[c∫as'fa G~kTTYlxus®tUvk~¨gkarbegI˚tKM
eragkarNd
_ *exµA®kx√k' edIm∫IvaybMEbkExµrnigExµrenaH KWminEmnExµreT .
e®JHenA®sukExµreyIg ®Kb'@®Bwti†karN®_ bvti†saÂs† eKEtgEteXIjBYkyY
nhaNUycUlmke®CotE®Ck GMBIbJ˙a´pÊk~¨grbs'ExµrCanicç . sUmrMÆkeLIg
vij –
1/ q~S1945-1954 – ®Bwti†karNE_ xµr≤sßr:T
TamTar‰kraC¥BIGaNani-
KmniymVrSg . eKeXIjBYkbUdUytSgmUldΩanenAJseBj®beTsExµr
edayykelsfa cUlmks¬ab'CYyExµredjVrSg . karBitvacUlmkj¨Hj
g'bMEbkbMVk'Exµr edIm∫IbegI˚tExµrevotmijVnsMercdUcbMNgrbs'va .
2/ q~S1970-1975 – ®Bwti†karN´_ f©18mina1970 rdΩsPaTm¬ak'®bmux
rdΩ-sem†csIhnu- EdlVnGnuJÔat[eyokkug cUlenAtambeN†ay®BM®b
Tl' nigTIkEn¬gepßgeTotk~¨gdIExµr . bnÊab'BIkarGMJvnavtamviT¥¨BI®kugeb"-
kSg´n®beTscinrbs'sem†csIhnuF¬ak'buN¥mk yYnbUdUyecjBI´®BedIr
JseBjdIExµr hk'elat®bharvaykMeTcT&BExµrsaFarNrdΩ tamsMErk
rbs'sem†csIhnu . yYnbUdUyVnels k*kMeTcT&BExµres~haCatieday
ykelsfa cUlmkCYysem†c“ . karBitKWCakal:eeTs:d
d*lÌrbs'va edIm∫I
kMeTcExµrpg (sÂgamek†A) nigVn{kasB®gwgB®gIk®kumk∫alyYnx¬ÁnExµr
evotmij (sÂgam®tCak') edIm∫I´llYcbn¬Me®bIyIehaExµr®khmrhUt .
dUec~H «C&yCMnH» ´f©17emsa1975enH c∫as'Camankar´Kbn¬M eq¬øtbM-
p¬ajmkelIExµr BIsMNak'yYnhaNUyCadac'xat .
elakKwm-gYn®tacVnbEnƒmfa – cUrbÌËn@emIlcuH ! tSgBIq~S1976mk
eyIgKµaneXIjsmaCikExµr®khmrbs'exov-sMpneLIy EtEbrCaeXIj®ku
mBYkk∫alyYnx¬ÁnExµrevotmij ecjmuxe®Jg®Jty"agc∫as'®kELt Edl
GgkarVncat'EtgtSgrYcCae®sc [eFI√Ca®bFanshkrN,_ CaKN:t
tMbn',
CatMNagraÂs† . dUceyIgeXIjpÊal'EP~k®sab'ehIy taEb"t, taekA, mit†
ekIt, mit†lk (CatiyYn), mit†lI (CatiyYn), mit†´l (CatiyYn) CaedIm .
cMENkG~kenAe®kambgab'rbs'va KWCaBYkecar´®BEdlGgkar´q~®bDit
[eTACaExµr®khm EdlkacsahavCagsahav .
GgkarCanrNa ? 107

CasrubesckI†mk ®Bwti†karN´_ f©TI17emsa1975enH Ca®Bwti†karNG

_ af·
kMVMgNas' G~kTTYlC&yCMnHVnbn¬Me®bIeQµaHGgkarGnamik . vaelIkbn†¨
b E x µ r e v o t m i jm k b M VM g r Y c v a e ® b I E x µ r r g e ® K a H [E ® sk C e ya m ha G sç a r ¥ mha
elatep¬aHCMnYsva .l. nig .l.
elakKwm-gYn®tacbJÇak'fa – yYnevotmijkI† yYnevotkugkI† eBlEdl
vacUlmkratt∫at®beTskmı¨Ca vaEtgEtPrbEg√gdanfamkCYyExµr . Etkar
Bit KWvacUlmkj¨Hjg'bMEbkbMVk'rujExµr[c∫SgnigExµr rhUt®taEtputBUC
edIm∫IU®sYlvacUlmkelbykTwkdIExµr[Gs'Etm†g . e®JHebIc∫Sgyktam
km¬SgVy vaeXIjfavaminGacnwgykC&yCMnH[VnBIelIExµreT manCaåTa
hrNr_ Yc2elIkmkehIy EdlvaTTYlbraC&yy"agGam"as'CaTIbMput –
- elIkTI1enAkmı¨Cae®kam q~S1945-46
- elIkTI2 enAq~S1954 vacg'BuH®beTskmı¨CaCaBIr .
elakbn†eTAeTotfa – GUn@emIlcuH ! ®beTsExµreyIgVn‰kraC¥tSg
BI´f©TI9/11/53mkem"¬H . k~¨gExemsa1954 eq¬øteBlEdlbUdUytSgmUl
dΩanenAJseBj®sukExµr yYnevotmijEbrCabJÇa[bUdUyB&TÏvaykMeTcmU-
ldΩankgeyaFBlexmrPUminÊenA´b"lin, E®seCsÏ, vWun´s CaedImeTAvij .
kaleNaHyYnevotmijmankm¬Sgy"agx¬Sg edaysMGageTAelIe®KOgGavuF
yuTÏP&NÎEdlvakMBugEtvayVrSgykC&yCMnHenAeDon-ebonPU . EtenAcM-
eJHmuxkgeyaFBlexmrPUminÊ BYkvak*®tUvbg≈Mcit†dkfyeTAvij edayeca-
lexµacCae®cInenAelITwkdIExµr . luHmankarBiesaFnB
_ Irdgy"agenHehIy
BYkvak*yl'fa ebIcg'vatTIykTwkdIExµr min®tUveFI√sÂgamek†AeT Et®tUvbEnƒm
sÂgamcit†saÂs†nigkll∫ic . dUec~Hva®tUvEtGnuvt†eX¬agX¬a « bMEbkbM
Vk'edIm∫I®Kb'®Kg» . KWva´llkj¨Hjg'ExµreTAtamcMNucexßaynana j¨Sg
[ExµrEbkCae®cIn®kum . « ´f©enHvaCYyExµr®kumenH˘˘˘ ´f©e®kayvaCYyExµr®ku
m‰eNaHeTAvij» .
cMENk‰Exµrvij cab'enHcab'enaHmineqıaH®tg'Na . mkBIG~kdwknSx√H
smtƒPaB beN†ay[Exµryl'®cLMvk'vI nigmindwgfanrNaCamit†nrNaCa
s®tUveT .
cugbMputExµrelatsm¬ab'EtK~a‰gTSgmindwgx¬Án .
erOgGgkaredj®bCaCn[fyecjBIlMenA ®tUvecal®TB¥sm∫ti†y"ag
e®cIn≤tKNna nig≤tsmehtuplenH KWs®tUvsYrBUCrbs'ExµrmanKMerag
GgkarCanrNa ? 108

Epnkar®JgTukmkCae®sc –
1- j¨Sg[raÂs†Exµrs¬ab'bn†knʨyK~a «minBiVkvasm¬ab'» dUcCaG~kCm©W
…G~krbYsF©n'@bN†almkBIsÂgam, mnusßcas'Cra, kUnekµge◊TwkedaHeKa
« eBlenaHKµanTwkedaHeKaTal'EtesaH » . CaBiessG~kTI®kugminF¬ab'edIr
edkJsvalJs´®BpÊal'dI, halx¥l'halek†AkN†aleP¬øg nigpwkTwk
GN†ËgbN†al[eTACamaneraKraKmYl «Kµanf~STal'EtesaH» . manmYy
PaKbN†almkBIkarGs'sgÙwm k*sm¬ab'x¬ÁnecaleTA .
2- vacUlmk®bmUlb¬n'®TB¥sm∫ti†k~¨g®beTsExµr dwkCJÇËneTAkan'®b
eTsvaedayesrI nigy"aggaybMput . va®by&t~Nas' vaminbeN†ay[eyI
geXIjvagay@eT . CYnCamanExµrNam~ak'VnCYb®kumvaeday´cdn¥ Exµr
GP&B√enaH®tUvvaecaTfa edIrxusExße®tom GgkareFI√TaruNkmµrhUtdl's¬ab'.
elakKwm-gYn®tacbJÇak'eTotfa – s®tUvsYrBUCrbs'eyIgkMBugEts-
m¬ab'bMputBUCExµr, kMBugEtb¬n'®TB¥sm∫ti†Exµr edaysarEteQµaHGgkarGna
mik vaGaclak'muxVny"agCitdEdl .
elakKwm-gYn®tacCaExµrkmı¨Cae®kam, CaG~kneyaVyd*nwgnrm~ak' Ed
lF¬ab'eFI√karenAe®kambgab'elaksWg-g"ukfaj' . elaksal'®Kb'es~øtni
gkll∫icrbs'evotmij EdlF¬ab'VnelbykTwkdIkmı¨Cae®kam . eBl
enHelakBn¥l'G~kGg¨ys†ab'TSgGs'fa – enAbcç¨b∫n~enH evotkugkMBug®b
mUlkll∫icdEdlenaH mk[GgkarTSgGs' edayEkT®mg'Etbni†cbn†Ác
b"ueNˆaH . ≤LËvGgkarkMBugEtGnuvt†kll∫icenH edIm∫IvatTIelbTwkdIkmı¨Ca
kN†aleTot .
eBlenaHedayGs'sgÙwm elakKwm-gYn®tac®KvIk∫alehIyf©Ërfa – «
ebIelakFM@ExµrVneKcrYceTAkan'breTs minxMeronsU®t[sal'kll∫ic
s®tUv, minxMBn¥l'K~a[yl'fa®beTsExµr®tUvrlay enHKWs~a´dyYnhaNU
y, ebIeyIgecHEtbeN†ay[raÂs†Exµrbn†karyl'®cLM yks®tUveFI√Camit†
m"¥ageToteyIgminecHGb'rMExµr[ecHsamKIK~a˘˘˘ etIkalNaeTAeTIbeyIgGa
crMedaHTwkdIkmı¨CaVn ? » .
elakKwm-gYn®tacTTYlsarPaBfa – elakk*yl'®cLMy"agF©n'Edr .
elakmin®Bmrt'ecalTwkdI ≤LËvP¬at'es~øtF¬ak'x¬Ánk~¨ge®KaHf~ak'y"agF©n'Cag
F©n' . ebIeyIgminVneXIjpÊal'EP~keT nUvåb∫ti†ehtud*cEm¬k@ dUcCasm¬a
b'rgald*Gsçar¥minTMngy"agenH, ebIeyIgminVneXIjGtItemExµrevotmij
GgkarCanrNa ? 109

dUcCataEb"t, taekACaedImecjmuxmkkan'GMNacy"agenHeT eyIgminGac

yl'nigTTYlsal'fa – emdwknSExµrcaj'eVkyYnhaNUyeLIy .
≤LËvenHeTaHeyIgyl'c∫as'y"agenHk*eday k*vacUcCayWteBlNa-
s'eTAehIy . x¬Ánrbs'elak@k*sni~dΩanTukdUcCas¬ab'eTAehIy Ggkarmin
Gnue®KaHTuk[elakenArs'teTAeToteLIy .
elakk*bEnƒmeTotfa munnwgs¬ab'xM∆¨sMuTUnµannwgp†SeTAbÌËn@[ecHeFI√x√ak'
eFI√K eFI√f¬g' nigecHGt'Fµt'eTIbmansgÙwmGaceKcputBIe®KaHf~ak'd*åt∫atenH
Vn . m¥"ageTotebIbÌËn@Naesssl'enArs' ®tUvEteFI√Blikmµtamdan
®sav®CavrkehtuBitnigtamrkmux[eXIjc∫as'fa – etIGgkarCanrNa ?
ebItamrkeXIjdUceyabl'xM∆¨Emn cUrkMu®BegIykenI†y[esaH KW®tUvsresr
TukCa‰ksarCabN†Sdl'kUnExµrCMnan'e®kay[dwg [yl'erOgBitfa « etI
emXatkrCasasnN
_ a ? sMukMu[kUnExµre®kay@caj'eVkyYnhaNUydUc
CaExµrGP&B√ EdlekItmkcMCMnan'sem†csIhnunigexov-sMpn[esaH » .
elakG~kEdlmanvasnaGg¨ys†ab'Jk¥eBcnd
_ *manx¬wmsarrbs'ela
kKim-gYn®taceBlenaHKW –
- elakyW-vij®TI CanaykTIBiesaFn_
- elakfac'-sakan CasaÂs†acar¥
- elakfac'-ekI√g CaGnuesniyeTa
- elakKim-PYg CaGnuesniy‰k
- elaksWn-tun CaP~ak'gar®ksYgrfePI¬g
- elakKim-c&nÊ CasaÂs†acar¥
- yayeTog Canaykariyal&yrebobnigCanaykariyal&y‰ksar
G~kTSgGs'enHelIk´deb†C∆aTTYlbN†Srbs'elakKim-gYn®tac . b"u-
En†elakTSgb"unµanenH ®tUv®kumXatkrGaf·kMVMgcUlmkcab'cgykeTAsm¬a
b'ecalm†gmYy@Cabn†bnÊab'K~a˘˘˘
- elakKim-gYn®tac®tUveKcab'x¬ÁnenAedImExtulaq~S1976 .
- elakKim-c&nÊ ®tUveKcab'x¬ÁnenAl©ac´f©25-10-76 .
- elakyW-vij®TI, fac'-sakan, sWn-tun nigKim-PYg ®tUveKcab'x¬Án
enA´f©TI11-11-76 evlaem"ag8yb' .
- elakfac'-ekI√g ®tUveKcab'x¬ÁnenA´f©TI20-4-78 CamYy®bCaCncMnYn
300nak' rYcbeNI†rnSykeTAsm¬ab'ecalenAxaglicPUmikg˙t .
GgkarCanrNa ? 110

- yayeTog ®tUveKcab'x¬ÁnenA´f©TI2-1-77 nSykeTAdak'Kukk~¨g´®B

taEbn siƒtenAxagekItPUmikg˙t xaglicP~MeCIgeTj Edlsl'enArs'dl'
sB√´f© ˘˘˘Gacsresr‰ksarenHCUnExµrTSgLayedIm∫ICaKtiteTAGnaKt .
elakekItenAq~S1915 enAPUmiÚsßImYyKumı XMuL¨gehob ®suk®takUv ex
t†®tavij kmı¨Cae®kam .
CakUn®busTImYyrbs'taEknigyayFa . elakeronenAmhaviT¥al&y
enATI®kughaNUyEp~khirJÔvtƒ¨ . luHeronecHcb' elakk*vil®tLb'eTAkan'
ext†®tavijvij . elakminGac®TSenAk~¨gnKrkMeNItVn edaysarkareFI√V
bekobsg˚t'BIsMNak'yYnevotmij mkelIExµrG~kecHdwgTUeTA manrUbelak
CaedIm . elakk*cakecalTwkdIkMeNItCamYy®KYsar mktSgTIlMenAenAraC
FanIP~MeBjk~¨gq~S1945 . k~¨graC®BHVTsIhnu elakCaGKelxaFikarenA
rtnaKarCati . enAsm&ysaFarNrdΩ elakCaeTsaPiVl´nFnaKarCatik
mı¨Ca . enAsm&yGgkarq~S1975 eKdak'Tiselak[edIrerIsGacme_ Kayk
mkeFI√CIr . luHq~S1976 elakePosx¬Ánmkext†Vt'dMbg sMNak'enAkg
elx4 PUmi´®Bs√ay enAxagekItshkrNl
_ k'e®Cov . GgkarbMEbkelak
ecjBI®bBnÏkUnEt‰g‰ka enAelIx¬ÁnmanEtexaxI¬dac'dacmYybn¬as' KµanGav
Jk'eLIy . Ggkardak'Tis[elakErkTwke®sacbEn¬ .

❑
GgkarCanrNa ? 111

dMNak'kar®tUvsm¬ab'buKlikeBT¥
P~ak'garrfePI¬g nigCagtm∫aj

enA´f©TI23-4-75 GgkarbJÇa[mnusßeTA®Vb'buKlikrfePI¬gnigCag
tm∫ajenAext†Vt'dMbgTSgGs'fa ®tUvenAsm©Mes©ømeFI√karCaFmµta . cMEN
kmit†sflUeTA®Vb'buKlikeBT¥enAmnIÊreBT¥FMTI®kugVt'dMbgfa ®tUvenAs©b'
es©ømmYykEn¬gsin .
cMeJHerOgd*cEm¬kenH KWBMuEmnmkBIGgkarmancit†sb∫¨rsTukCIvitelak
eT EtenHCakll∫icfiınEP~krbs'Ggkar . vaTukbuKlikTSgbIEp~kenH[CYy
bg˙at'be®goneyaFaekµg@ nig®kum®bCaCncas'rbs'va j¨Sg[®kumenaHy-
l'®cLMsIueCarCYysm¬ab'nigeFI√TaruNkmµ CaBiessCYyesIubkarNe_ pßg
BI®bCaCnfIµp†l'[GgkarCabeN†aHGasn~sin .
emIlcuH ! cugq~S1976 GgkarbJÇa[®kumXatkrGaf·kMVMgcUlmkkan'
kg®Kb'@kgk~¨gext†Vt'dMbg cab'cgbuKlikeBT¥cMnYn25nak' nSykeTA
Vt'x¬ÁnrhUt . k~¨gcMeNambuKlikTSgenaH eyIgsal'elakevCÇbNiÎtBwg
Kwmsfla, Em"n-hYn, GYn-QYt nigelakyW-vij®TI CanaykmnIÊrBiesaFn_ .
k~¨gExkum∏ : q~S1977 ®sab'EteXIjLankam"∆¨g4e®KOgctCak∫ÁnenAmux
sƒaniyrfePI¬gTI®kugVt'dMbg . eBlenaHeKeXIjbuKlik®ksYgrfePI¬gTS
gnayTSgkmµkrcMnYn175nak'kMBugtMerobCYreLIgLan .
eBlenaHeKeXIjnay®ksYgm~ak'E®sklaPriyaBIelILan G~k®sIPri-
yayl'eXIjkarmin®sYledaydwgehtukarNf
_ a Ggkarc∫as'CaykbI†G~
k®sIeTAsm¬ab'ehIy G~k®sIk*etageLIgelILaneTAs¬ab'CamYybI†Edr . Et
GgkarVnkuhkfa ykG~kGs'enaHeTAeronsU®t˘˘˘
´f©dEdlevlaem"ag3resol manLankam"∆¨gcMnYn9e®KOgtMerobCaCYrCa
k∫ÁnenAmuxeragc®ktm∫ajPUmiTYlta‰k TI®kugVt'dMbg . eBlenaHeKeXI
jneyaCiktm∫aj®bus@cMnYn350nak' tMerobCYrK~aeLIgLan . Ggkarku-
hkfa ykG~ktSgenaHeTAeronsU®tEdr . EtCIvit´nneyaCikTSg350nak'
enaH Vnrlt'CamYy®Kab'kSePI¬grbs'GgkareTAehIy˘˘˘
GgkarCanrNa ? 112

cMENk‰®bBnÏnigkUnrbs'CnGP&B√TSgenaHvij Ggkarcab'K~adwktam
reTHeKaykeTAbJçËlKuk®sIemm"ayk~¨g´®BtaEbn EdlCaTIrehasƒan . rYc
ehIyGgkareFI√TaruNkmµedaydak'[eFI√karCaTm©n' bgÌt'VyTwk . em"¬aH
ehIyG~kTSgenaH®tUvs¬ab'nwgkare®skX¬an nigCm©W®Kuncaj'y"agGaeNac
GaFm·Nas'˘˘˘.

dMNak'kar®tUveFI√TaruNkmµlutdMsm¬ab'
eyaFaekµg@nigemkan'k†ab'

cab'tSgBI´f©17-4-75 Ggkarlak'bMBYneyaFay"age®cInenAE®BkTal'
CatMbn'EdlmanpÊHsg'enAelITwk .
®bCaCnfIµ®tUveKhammin[ePosx¬ÁnmktMbn'enHeT . rI‰BYkeyaFaEdl
enAE®BkTal'vijk*KµansiTiÏmkCYbEm"“ …®bCaCnfIµCadac'xat . edaysar
karkat'p†ac'TMnak'TMngnwgBiPBe®kAy"agenH BYkeyaFaTSgGs'enaHminVn
d w g T a l' E t e sa H f a G g  k a r b JÇ a [ sm ¬ a b ' b g b Ì Ë n E x µ r r a b ' la n n a k ' m i n V n d w g
faTI®bCMuCnnanamanrdΩFanIP~MeBj TIrYmext†Vt'dMbg˘˘˘ TSgenaHk¬ayeTACaTI
rehasƒan minVndwgfaBYkevotkuglYcdwkCJÇËn®TB¥sm∫ti†ExµrTSgmYy
nKreTA®beTsvaenaHeLIy .l.
tMbn'E®BkTal'sm∫ËrNe_ TAeday®tI . k~¨gExemsaq~S1978 Ggkarec
jbJÇa[bJÇËnmnusßm~ak'k~¨gmYykgeTAtMbn'enaHCabnÊan'edIm∫ICYyensaT
rYm .
k~¨gkgelx4 enAPUmi´®Bs√ayxagekIt, yuvCn dn ®tUveKcat'bJÇËn[
eTAbMeBjebskkmµenH . 15´f©e®kaymk yuvCndnvil®tLb'mkkan'kg
vij . dnxßwb®Vb'yayeTogfa – dnVneXIjeK®bmUleyaFaekµg@Gayu
cab'bI15eTA17q~S mancMnYn5Jn'nak' CYbCMuK~aenAE®BkTal' . eBlenaHman
mnusßd*cEm¬kcMnYn10nak' Gayu®bEhlBI30eTA40q~S . eBlx¥l'bk'mYk
F¬ak'BIk∫al dneXIjT®mg'muxBYkenaHdUcCayYn . maneyaFaBiesscMnYn
200nak' CaG~kkarJrsni†sux manGavuF®Kb'´d manreboberobryy"ag®bug
®by&t~ G~kx¬Hmanmuxmat'dUcCayYn . eBlenaHdneXIjem@QrxßwbK~am
GgkarCanrNa ? 113

YysnʨH®sab'Etmanm~ak'maDmSsk'rYj edIrecjmkQrcMBImuxeyaFaekµg@
cab'epI†m®bkasCaPasaExµry"agEpÌmEl˙mfa –
« mit†CaTIes~haTSgLay˘˘˘ ®beTseyIgtUcEmnBit b"uEn†eyIgGacsM
ercdeNI†mykVnC&yCMnHd*FMeFg BIc®kBti†GaemrikSgnigbrivarvaCasƒaBr .
C&yCMnHenHVnedaysars~a´d ´neyaFabdivt†nd
_ *k¬ahanrbs'eyIg . ≤LËv
Ò Ë e r o m c ∫ g s µ & ® K c i t † e r o b c M e c j e T A r M e d a H T w k d I k m ı ¨ C a e ® k a m E d l C a e k r † im
_ rtkBI
dUntarbs'eyIg EdlVrSgVn®cLM®bKl'[eTAyYnBIq~S1949 . cMENk
‰bÌËn@ GgkarerobcMkEn¬gsMrab'bg˙at'be®gonGb'rMenAPUmikekaH E®sGUr Ec-
hYy nigcamlÌa edIm∫ICaGnaKtG~kdwknSExµrfIµ . cMENkGavuF®tUvlak'Tuk
mYyGenI¬sin ˘˘˘» .
luHdkGavuFrYce®scVc'ehIy eyaFaTSgGs'k*te®mobCYrK~acuHTUkFM@
seN†agedaysarkaNUt EdlGgkarbJÇa[erobCak∫Ánrg'cSCae®sctam
Ten¬ rYcdwknSecjeTAkan'tI®kugVt'dMbgP¬am . rI‰em@kan'k†ab'eyaFaekµg@
TSg400nak'enaH EdlPaKe®cInCaGtitecar´®B ®tUvVnGgkarbJÇa[bMEb
kecjBIeyaFa rYcdkGavuFTukmYyGenI¬sin ehIyrg'cSs†ab'bJÇarbs'Gg-
karCafIµEdr .
luHk∫ÁnkaNUtseN†agTUkeyaFacakecjputBIE®BkTal'VnmYyem"a
gehIy GgkarecjbJÇa[Vj'sm¬ab'em@eyaFaTSg400nak'enaH rYck*Fa
k'Tm¬ak'TwkTen¬sabCacMNI®tITSgGs' .
cMENk‰eyaFaekµg@ EdleKdwknSykeTAkan'TI®kugVt'dMbg ®tUv
eKykeTAlt'dM eFI√TaruNkmµ bg≈M[eFI√karTSgyb'TSg´f© halek†A hal
eP¬øg KµanTICMrk edkEtJsval hutTwkbbrCamYyGMbil QW≤tf~SB¥aVl .
G~kenAsl'BIs¬ab' manEtEs∫kdN†b'qÌwg .
k~¨gcMeNameyaFaekµg@TSgenH ebImanG~kNam~ak'hflanpßge®Bgrt'
ecalGgPaB minyUrb"unµaneT GgkarbJÇa[Xatkrtamsm¬ab'Tal'EtVn .
åTahrNm
_ Yyy"agCak'Es†gEdlxM∆¨VneXIjpÊal'EP~k –
‹‹‹manmit†narIm~ak'eQµaH kicç, “BukeQµaH Kwm, m†ayeQµaHeb"s . mit†
narIenHekItenAPUmikac'reTH, XMukMBg'®BH, ®suksEg˚, ext†Vt'dMbg . enAq~S
1973 mit†narIkicç manGayu15q~S . nagEtgEtedjeKa[sIuesµAenAtam´®B
rnam siƒtenAxagekItPUmi . ´f©mYy evotkug (e®bIyIehaExµr®khm) ecjBI
´®Bmkb¬n'eKanagGs' rUcbMP&ybn¬acnagtamkll∫icepßg@ eFI√[nagP&y
GgkarCanrNa ? 114

x¬acminhflanvil®tLb'eTACYbEm"“vijeT . dUec~HExµr®khmesIÊrCayYnesIÊr
CaecarenH k*nSnagkicçcUl´®B rYck*bJçËlnageTAk~¨gGgPaBeyaFaekµg@tS
gBIeBlenaHmk . k~¨gq~S1978 mit†narIkicçk*erobkarCamYyeyaFaekµg@dUcK~a
. eBlGgkar®bmUleyaFaekµg@nSykeTAlt'dM . mit†narIkicçk*nSbI†eTA
CamYyeKEdr . enAExkum∏:q~S1979 mit†narIkicçsMralVnkUn®sIm~ak' . eday
minGac®TS®TnwgTaruNkmµd*F©n'F©rrbs'GgkarVn BIrnak'bI†®bBnÏk*sMerc
cit†BrkUnxIçGayu2Exrt'ecjBIGgPaB eTABYn®CkenACamYybÌËn®sIbegI˚t eQµaH
kay Ca®bCaCnfIµ .
enA´f©16-4-79 em"ag®bEhl11CitGa®Fat man®kumBiXatGaf·kMVMg
tamrkeXIj®KYsarmit†kicçk~¨g´®Brnam siƒtenAxagekItPUmi´®C ®sukemagÚ
sßI . ®kumXatkrd*eXareXAenHk*sm¬ab'bI†®bBnÏmit†kicçnigkUnxIç ®BmTSg
®KYsarrbs'bÌËnmit†kicçTSgGs'K~a manbI†nagkay, nagkay, kUn®busGayu
2q~S . minEtb"ueNˆaH Xatkrsm¬ab'®bCaCnfIµcMnYn30nak'eTot edayecaT
faCaG~ksfl˜u®KlMulak'bMBYn®KYsarmit†kicç .

dMNak'karEdl®tUvsm¬ab'GanikCnyYn

e®kayBIdwkCJÇËneyaFaekµg@ecjputGs'BIE®BkTal' nigVj'sm¬ab'
'em@eyaFacMnYnCag400nak'enaHrYcehIy ®BlwmEsÌkeLIg GgkarehA®b
CMu®bCaCnEdlVneTACYyensaT®tITSgGs' rYcbJÇa[vil®tLb'eTAkan'
kgerog@x¬ÁnvijcuH .
®kumyuvCndnmanK~a15nak' tMerobCYrK~acuHkaNUtmYy rYcebIkbrecj
eTAkan'TI®kugVt'dMbg . luHebIkbrmkdl'PUmiVk'GE®gk BYkeK®keLkeXI
jcMkareJtmYy siƒtenAxageq√g´dd*FMl√wgelI√ymansPaBs©at'e®cob ma
nEp¬lµmkac'mkes©arhUbVn . BYkeKe®tkGrNas' k*ebIkkaNUtsMedAcM
kar . ®sab'Et®Kb'K~aP∆ak'j&rrnÏt' tk's¬¨t edayeXIjexµacmYyKMnrFM Edl
eKeTIbsm¬ab'fIµ@ man®sI ®bus ekµg cas' cMnYn®bEhl500nak' . eBl
enaHeXIjyaym~ak'CatiyYn Gayu®bEhl65q~S nigkumarm~ak'Gayu®bEhl
8q~S enArs'sl'BIeKsm¬ab' EtG~kTSgBIrmanrbYsCaTm©n' . yayyYn®t-
GgkarCanrNa ? 115

drniyay®Vb'yuvCndnfa – «˘˘˘XatkrEdlkuhkdwknSyYnykmksm¬a
b'enH minEmnExµr®khmeT !! KWCaCatiyYn vamanK~aTSgGs'25nak' emFMrb
s'vaeQµaH TWVPuk » .
TWVPukbg˚b'x¬ÁnbMerIyYnhaNUyCayUrq~SmkehIy ! ´f©EdlmanGMeBI
å®kidΩkmµenH yYnTSgGs'enAtMbn'Vk'®J TTYlbJÇaBITWVPuk [nSK~amk
®bCMuenAcMkareJtenH . luHCYbCMuehIy ®sab'Etæsem¬g®Kab'kSePI¬ge®sac
mkelIx¬ÁnKat'nigexµacGs'TSgenH ecjmkBI®Kb'Tis !! . x¬ÁnKat'®tUv®Kab'
kSePI¬gmI´®tEy"t Vj'cMVk'eP¬Asn¬b'Vt'sµartI eTIbnwgdwgx¬ÁnmuneBlEd
lBYkyuvCndneTIbnwgmkdl'b"ueNˆaH .
®kumdnminhflankac'eJtenaHeT edayGaNityayyYnx¬SgeBk k*elI
kbIKat'dak'eTAelITUkmYyepßgCamYyekµg®busenaH rYccgExßseN†agCa
mYykaNUtehIyk*brcakecjBITIenaHsMedAeTATI®kugVt'dMbg .
luHebIkcakecjbIcMkareJtenaHVncm©ay®bEhl2K˘m˘ ®sab'Et
eXIjexµacGEN†teBjsÊwg hUrtamTwkcuHeTAkan'Ten¬sab .
®kumdnBinit¥y"aghµt'ct'eTAelIexµacGEN†tTwkenaH KWCaexµacyYnTSg
Gs' . ®kumdnP∆ak'tk's¬¨tm†geTot sm¬wgmuxK~a . dnk*beJçjeyabl'fa
cuHebIGgkarsm¬ab'yYn cMENk‰eyIgEbCaCYyseÂgaHeTAvij ! yIminekIt
eT˘˘˘ eyIg®tUvEtkat'ExßTUkecalyayyYnnigkumarkMst'edkf©Ërk~¨gTUkk-
N†alf¬¨kQam enAelIsÊwgenHeTAcuH˘˘˘ rYcehIydnk*kat'ExßTUkenaHeTA edI
m∫Isni†suxmYy®Kasin .

ehtuy"agdUcem†cVnCaGgkareTIbEtnwkeXIj
sm¬ab'GnikCnyYn?

ebIExµreyIgecHtamdan ehIysal'nUvl∫icklrbs'Ggkar eyIgGac

rkeXIjcemI¬ycMeJHsMnYrenH . GgkarmanKMeragTukmkCayUrehIy KWmin
EmnecHEteFI√tamcit†nwkeXIjP¬am@enaHeT . eKaledArbs'vaKWCal∫ickl
bEg√gdan bg√ilxYrk∫alExµr nigGn†rCati[®cLMvIvk' .
emIlcuHk~¨gq~S1975 GgkarbJÇa[Xatkrsm¬ab'ExµrvIvk' . ExµrEdlmin
GgkarCanrNa ? 116

Tan'dl'evns¬ab'rab'lannak' ®tUvGgkaredj[cakecalTIlMenA beNI†r®KY

saredayeCIgeTAedkJsvalJs´®B Gt'Vy®khayTwk .l.
pʨyeTAvij enAeBlCamYyK~a GgkarEbCamancit†sb∫¨rsseN†as®b
NIdl'GnikCnyYneTAvij˘˘˘ KYr[cEm¬kNas' .
enATI®kugVt'dMbg xageCIgvt†laP manCMrMGnikCnyYnmYyEdlman
yYncMnYn4,600nak' .
enAl©ac´f©TI23-4-75 Ggkarcat'tMNagy"ags©at'bMputeTAxßwb®Vb'
G~kTSgenaHfa – « ®tUvenA[es©ømsin cSTTYlbJÇaCafIµ » .
- enAdMNac'ExåsPa1975 ( BIrExe®kaymk ) GgkarbJÇa[®bmUl
GnikCnyYn EdlsMNak'enAelITUktambeN†aydgsÊwgsEg˚ nigGnikC
nyYnEdlmanTIlMenAenAPUmixßac'eJy ®bmUlK~aTSgGs'VncMnYn11mWun
500nak' .
- k∫ÁnkaNUtelIkTI1enH erobtamdgsÊwgsEg˚ ®tg'PUmix√it XMuE®Bkxıb
rYcdwkCJÇËnyYnTSgGs'enaHeTAkan'®beTsevotNam . enAk~¨gk∫ÁnenH
manyayyYnm~ak'eQµaH eL-FIbIuj Vnvil®tLb'mkkan'GtitCMrMrbs'Kat'
vij KWGtitCMrMGnikCnyYnEk∫rvt†laPk~¨gq~S1979 edIm∫ImkKas'dIrkmas
eB®C Edlkat'Vnlak'kb'enATIenaH .
- enAk~¨gExkk˚da1975 mank∫ÁnkaNUtseN†agTUkFM@CaelIkTI2 .
k∫ÁnenHebIkbrecjBIPUmixi√t XMuE®Bkxıb tamdgsÊwgsEg˚dEdl manGnik
CnyYncMnYn5Jn'nak' ®bmUlmkBI®suk®BHen®t®BH sIusupun mglbUrI nig
fµeKal . enAk~¨gk∫ÁnkaNUtelIkenH manÂsI†Exµrm~ak'eQµaH Nat' manbI†
CatiyYn Vnvil®tLb'mkkan'®sukExµrvij enAedImq~S1980 .
- enAk~¨gExkJÔa1975 mank∫ÁnkaNUtseN†agTUkFM@CaelIkTI3 .
k∫ÁnenHebIkbrecjBIPUmixi√t XMuE®Bkxıb tamdgsÊwgsEg˚dEdl manGnik
CnyYncMnYn7Jn'nak' ®bmUlmkBI®sukk∫aleKal TYl®BM talas' kMBg'
®BH nigxMurSgeksI . enAk~¨gk∫ÁnkaNUtelIkenH manExµrbn¬MeFI√CayYnenACa
mYyx¬H@ . manÂsI†yYnm~ak'eQµaH eg√øg-FILaj nigExµrm~ak'eQµaHyay
saxun EdlmanbI†CatiyYn Vnvil®tLb'mkkan'®beTsExµrvijk~¨gq~S19-
80 .
- enAk~¨gTI®kugP~MeBj ´f©18-4-75 Ggkarcit†eXareXAedj®bCaCn
TSg3lannak' [fyecjcm©ay20K˘m˘BITIlMenA . eq¬øteBlclacl enH
GgkarCanrNa ? 117

GgkarCJÇËnnayTahanevotkugmkP~MeBjvij . vaedIr®bmUlGnikCn
yYnedays©at'@ dak'tam®kum@ mane®cInmWunnak' ehIyxßwbexßøv[sm©MenA
es©ømtamkEn¬gsincSs†ab'bJÇaCafIµ .
- k~¨gExmifuna1975 ®sab'EteXIjLanFM@®Kb'Funy"age®cIn tMerobCYr
Cak∫Án ehIydwkBYkGnikCnyYnTSgLayenaHecjBIP~MeBjtamp¬ËvCatiel
x1 q¬gE®BkG~kelOgnSecjeTAkan'®beTsevotNam .
- enA´f©TI30-6-75 nayTahanevotkugcUlmk®sukcMkarelI CYbpÊal'
Exµr®khm sMu®bmUlGnikCnyYncMnYn5Jn'nak' nSecjeTAkan'®beTsevot
Nam .
- k~¨gExkk˚da1975 manKN®btiPUevotkugcUlmkPUmitaexµA ecjbJÇa
[Exµr®khm®bmUlGnikCnyYn[va . KN®btiPUevotkugenHniyayeTAka
n'Exµr®khmfa – CnCatievotNamEdlenAk~¨g®sukExµr GacmanlTÏPaBnwg
eFI√matuPUminivt†ne_ TAmatu®beTsrbs'eKvij . EsÌkeLIgTUkFM@seN†ageda
ykaNUt te®mobCak∫ÁntamdgsÊwgtaexµA pʨkyYncMnYn1mWun5Jn'nak' nS
ecjeTAkan'®beTsevotNam .
- k~¨gExvicœika1975 enAPUmi®kUcqµa GgkarGnuJÔat[GnikCnyYnCae®cIn
Jn'nak' eFI√matuPUminivt†ne_ dayesrI .
- ´f©TI30-11-75 enAtambeN†ay®BMEdnExµr-yYn mannayTahan
evotkugcUlmkkan'dIExµr rYcecjbJÇak~¨gnamGgkar [Exµr®khm®bmUlG
nikCnyYn[va . vaniyaydEdlfa – CnCatiyYnEdlenA®sukExµr Gacma
nlTÏPaBnwgeFI√matuPUminivt†ne_ TAmatu®beTsrbs'eKvij . eBlenaHExµr®k
hms†ab'bgab'yYn vaedIr®bmUlGnikCnyYnCae®cInmWunnak' ®bKl'[nay
Tahanevotkug . nayTahanevotkugbeNI†rGnikCnyYnedayefIµreCIgeTA
kan'®beTsevotNam .
- enAedImq~S1977 nayTahanevotkugcUlmkkan'PUmim"a´L k~¨gext†ta
Ekv VnecjbJÇadac'Nat'k~¨gnamGgkarbg≈M[Exµr®khm®sav®Cavrkyuv
CnyYn Edl®cLMbl'k~¨gkgcl&t ®tUvnSmk®bKl'[vavij . Exµr®khm
rkVnyuvCnyYncMnYn17nak' EdlmanGayuBI10eTA13q~S elIkElgEtyu
vCnm~ak'eQµaH bflU-faj'mij ecj EdlmanGayu23q~S .
eBleXIjGgkardwkCJÇËnyYny"agenH ExµrEdlF¬ab'Etmancit†emt†akru
Na®Kb'®Kan' k*sMrk'TwkEP~kGaNitGnikCnyYn edayyl'®cLMfaGgkar
GgkarCanrNa ? 118

ykBYkenHeTAsm¬ab'ehIy . KWe®JHEtkaryl'®cLMfaGgkarykeTAsm¬a
b'enHehIy VnCa®beTsExµr®tUvrlayGs'3lannak' !? . tamesckI†ray
karNB
_ IG~k®sINat', BIyayyYneL-FIbIuj, BIG~k®sIyYneg√øg-FILaj
nigbIyaysuxun EdlnS®KYsarePosx¬ÁneTAtamk∫ÁnTUk eqıaHeTA®beTs
evotNamTSgbIelIkenaHfa – GgkarbJÇa[Exµr®khmpʨkes∫øgdak'k∫Án
TUk[Vn®Kb'®Kan' manGg˚r, GMbil nigm˙Ëb eTAtamcMnYnmnusß nigtamry:
eBlEdl®tUveFI√dMeNIr . minEtb"ueNˆaH Exµr®khm®tUvEtCUndMeNIrk∫ÁnTUk
TSg3elIkenaH rhUtdl'ekaHeTov . evotkuge®tomk∫ÁnkaNUtseN†agTUk
FM@enATIenaHrYcCae®sc . dUec~HkicçkarCen¬øsGnikCnyYnecjBI®sukExµr
BMuEmnCaerOg´cdn¥eT ! KWGgkarmanKMeragkarNr_ YcCae®sc edIm∫IeFI√GI√nimY
y@ eTAtamdMNak'karrbs'va ( ≤LËv®tUveFI√enH rYcehIy®tUveFI√enaHeTAeTot)
BIext†Vt'dMbgeTAekaHeTovmancm©ayq©ayEsnq©ay . enAExmkraq~S
1981 enACMrMQunburI´n®beTs´f yayeTogVnCYbyaysuxun . yay
suxunVnerobrab'®Vb'yayeTogfa – Kat'manTIlMenAenAXMuTYl®BMu ®suk
emagÚsßI ext†Vt'dMbg . Kat'manbI†CatiyYn . enAyb'mYy´nExkJÔaq~S
1975 GnikCnyYnenAXMuTYl®BM kMBugte®mobCYrK~aeLIgLan EdlGgkar
erobcMCen¬øsecjeTAkan'PUmix√it .
enAeBlenaH®sab'EteXIjyuvCnyW-®TIKimvNˆ : CakUnc∫grbs'yay
eTogrt'mkeLIgLanGg¨yTnÊwmnwgKat' . vNˆ:CaGnuesniyeTa {nxßwb®V
b'Kat'fa Exµr®khmtamrkcab'x¬ÁnedayecaTfaeKCaTahan . manehtuekIt
eLIgCa´cdn¥y"agenH Kat'k*sMerccit†TTYlvNˆ:faCakUnc∫grbs'Kat'˘˘˘.
®KYsaryaysuxun®tUveKdwktamTUkeTAdl'ekaHeTov . eBleTAdl'TIedA
munnwgeLIgelITUkevotkug B Y k v a V n e F I √ k a r B i e s a F nc
_ MeNHPasayYneTA
elIGnikCnm†gm~ak'@ . dl'evn®KYsaryaysuxun ! {BueTÏaeGIy ! vNˆ:min
ecHyYnmYym"at'esaH evotkugbdiesFminTTYl . eBlenaHyaysuxunxM
tva"y"agsnÏwkNas' viHEtnwg®tUvevotkugedj®KYsarva[cuHBITUkvavij . ni-
yaymkdl'®twmenH yaysuxun{byayeTogehIytÌËjfa « s†ayNa
s'mindwgCavasnarbs'vNˆ:nwgk¬ayeTACay"agNaehIyeT » .
®bCaCnExµrEdlVnePosx¬ÁneTAkan'®beTsevotNam luHdl'q~S19-
79-80 Vnvil®tLb'mkkan'®beTsExµrvij k*niyayEvkEjkfa –
‹‹‹ tameCIgTwk –
GgkarCanrNa ? 119

- KYr[q©l'Ca´®kElg e®JHeBlk∫ÁnkaNUtseN†agTUkFM@TSgsg
xagVnCYbK~a (k∫ÁnBI®sukExµr-k∫Ánevotkug), evotkugQr®ctceg˚H®tYtnig
ecjbJÇaeTAExµr®khm edayemIlgayCagxM∆¨kJÇHvaeTAeTot [Exµr®khm
elIkVvGg˚rBITUkExµreTAdak'k~¨gTUkva .
‹‹‹ tameCIgeKak –
- bflUy-KwmL¨gVnniyayEvkEjkfa eKq©l'Esnq©l'edayF¬ab'Vn
eXIjpÊal'EP~k nUvGMeBIkacsahavrbs'Exµr®khm Edlelatcak'sm¬ab'®b
CaCnExµrK~a‰gdUcP~MePI¬g EtenAeBlEdlBYkExµr®khmTTYlbJÇaBInayTa
hanevotkug [cUnBYkyuvCnyYnTSg17nak'eTAkan'PUmima"´LenA®beTsyYn
Exµr®khmTSgenaHrt'Ex√g´dEx√geCIgrkGg˚rrkm˙Ëb rYcehIyErkCUndMeNIr
BYkevotkug . luHeTAdl'®BMEdnExµr-yYn evotkugecjbJÇabg≈M[Exµr®khm
Gs'tSgenaHkb'GavuFlak'Tukk~¨gdIExµrsin edIm∫IErkGg˚rCUndMeNIrBYkvacUl
eTAkan'®beTsyYn . ehtuGI√VnCacSlak'kb'GavuF rYceTIbcUl®sukyYn Vn
? …mYyyYnx¬acExµr®khmt´d ? …mYyelakbgyYnx¬acelakbÌËnExµr
®khmht'edaylIkSePI¬gpg xMErkGg˚rpg ? .
cMENk‰erOgsm¬ab'GnikCnyYnenAExemsa1978 nigsm¬ab'Cabn†b
nÊab'mkeTotenaH KWCaKMeragkarNr_ bs'GgkarelIeTetI ! Ggkaryl'fa Gni
kCnyYnEdlmin®BmeTAtamevotkugenaH KWCayYnecalemßøt (yYn®sLa
j'Exµr) ebIrkßaTukk*vamincMeNj ehIyebIsm¬ab'ecalvaGacman®beyaCn_
e®cIn –
1- GacbMP&n†mtiExµrx¬H[yl'fa Ggkarsm¬ab'TSgExµr sm¬ab'TSgyYn .
2- enA‰haNUy vatSgE®skeCr®Vb'eK‰gfa Exµr®khmsm¬ab'yYn
åTahrNe_ nAk~¨gExkk˚da1992enH BYkTahan®kumExµr®khmGay"g cab'
epI†msm¬ab'GnikCnyYn rYcehIyE®skfa Exµr®khm@ ! eFI√dUec~H haNUy
GacnwgbJÇËnbUdUymklukluy®sukExµrtamp¬Ëvc∫ab'eTot .
3- edIm∫Inwgsm¬ab'Exµrkmı¨Cae®kam Edlrt'mk®CkekanenAkmı¨CakN†al
GgkareFI√Ca®cLMsm¬ab'TSgekµgTSgcas' rYcE®skecaTfa BYkenHCaBYk yYn
…CaExßbN†ajrbs'yYn .
enHehIyCakll∫icrbs'yYnedIm∫IbMVt'BUCExµr[qab'Gs' . es~øtrb
s'vaEtgEtekg®bv&JçelIExµrCanicç .
enHehIyCakll∫icrbs'yYnedIm∫IbMVt'BUCExµr[qab'Gs' . es~øtrbs'
GgkarCanrNa ? 120

vaEtgEtekg®bv&JçelIExµrCanicç .
d U e c ~ H e b I e y I g e l I k y k ® B w t i † k a r Nn
_ ana dUcVnGtƒaFib∫ayxagelIenH
mk®tiHriHBicarNa eyIgGacyl'Vnfa –
G~kdwknSExµr®Kb'@nin~akarKµansmtƒPaBGI√TSgGs' eT√s®bEhsbeN†a
yx¬Án[caj'eVkyYn caj'eVkciny"agF©n'CagF©n' ! .

sm¬ab'yuvCncl&tedIm∫IbMVt'Ps†¨tag

k~¨gExkJÔa1977 k~¨geBlkMBugclaclsm¬ab'Exµr®khm Edlmannin~aka

ExµrvIvk' ®sab'EtmanKNkmµaFikarCan'xıs'cMnYn12nak' cuHmkBIGgkarelIedIr
®tYtBinit¥nUvkicçkarepßg@ Edl®bCaCnkMBugbeJçjBlikmµrYmenAPUmikg˙t .
enAeBlEdlkMBugBinit¥kargareFI√TMnb'Twkrbs'®kumcl&tdac'xatcMnYn
50nak' manbursmanmaDtUcliÌtecjmuxmksYrBt·manepßg@pÊal'BIBYkc-
l&t . eBlenaHmanx¥l'bk'mky"agx¬Sg bN†al[®CuHmYkBIk∫alburs enaH
j¨Sg[yuvCnTSgGs'P∆ak' edayeXIjmuxbursenaHCayYn k*lan'mat'tic@fa
– {yYneTetI ! .l.
eBlyb'mkdl' manXatkrGaf·kMVMgmYy®kumy"age®cIn kan'GavuF®Kb'
´d ecjmkB&TÏpÊHek∫ØgmYyx~gbIEl√g siƒtenACab'xagt∫Ëgmat'sÊwgkg˙tEd-
lmanyuvCncl&tTSg50nak'enaHsMNak'enA . BYkXatkrcab'cgyuv
CnVn49nak'ehIyykeTAsm¬ab'ecalTSgGs' . yuvCnrMu manP&B√vasna
VneKcx¬ÁnenAeBlenaH ehIyVnGHGag®Vb'yayeTogedaypÊal'mat'BI
erOgenHenAk~¨gExF~Ë1985 enATI®kugV"rIs_ .
k~¨gExkum∏:q~S1978 manyuvCncl&tdac'xatmYy®kumcMnYn200nak' kMBu
gbukEbn®sUvenAE®sval®Ta . ®sab'EtmanKNkmµaFikarCan'xıs'cMnYn14
nak' cuHmkBIGgkarelIedIr®tYtBinit¥®sUv .
enAeBlenaH mnusß3nak'edIrmksaksYrpÊal'mat'cl&tGMBIlTÏpl®sUv.
yuvCnTSgenaHk*lan'mat'dUcK~afa – yYneTetI! . enAeBlyb'mkdl' BYkyuv
Cnkgcl&tTSgenaH®tUveKB&TÏcab'ykeTAsm¬ab'ecalTSgGs'elIkElgEt
yuvCnm~ak'eQµaH f EdlVnrt'eKcrYc ehIyVnCYb®Vb'yayeTogGMBIerOg
IeenHedaypÊal'mat' enAe®kayvt†rMdYl ®kugVt'dMbg enAExåsPaq~S1979 .
GgkarCanrNa ? 121

kll∫icsm¬ab'ExµrmYyEbbeTot

enAeBlEdlGgkarcUlmklukluy®beTsExµrP¬am GgkarecjbJÇa
[®bmUlGtIteCIgQ~ÁlTSgGs' edIm∫IbegI˚tCaXatkrBiess bMJk'GavuF
[P¬am rYcehIyj¨Hjg'[Vj'sm¬ab'GtItecAh√aynay . dUec~HExµrCae®cIn
k*®tUvs¬ab'edaysarkll∫icenH . åTahrN®_ KYsarrbs'yayeTog –
enA´f©TI24-4-75 yayeTognigs√amInigkUn®VMnak'cakecjBITIlMenA
sMedAeTAmat'´®Brnam xagekItPUmikac'reTH k~¨gkgbwgFM shkrN´_ ®BtUc
tMbn'4 ext†Vt'dMbg . yayeTognSG~kbMerI®busm~ak'eQµaH sarYn Gayu13
q~SykeTACamYy .
Exkk˚daq~S1975 GgkarecjbJÇa[bMEbksarYnecjBI®KYsarrbs'ya
yeTog bMJk'GavuF[ rYck*bJçËlk~¨g®kumXatkrBiess . ®kumenHCa®kum
GtItG~kbMerI Edl®tUveKj¨Hjg'[hk'elatsm¬ab'GtItecAh√ay .
yb'´f©TI3-10-75 sarYnnSmit†mYy®kumkan'GavuF®Kb'´d CaXatkrs-
m¬ab'ecAh√ayerog@x¬ÁnrYcehIy mkkan'xÊmyayeTog . sarYnniyayeTA
mit†@rbs'eK ®BmTSgelIk´dcg̨leTAyaytaehIyniyayfa – « sUm
bg˙ajmit†@[sal' enHyayeTog ta®TI sUmmit†@TSgGs'CYykarJrya-
ytarbs'xM∆¨pg ! » . niyayVnEt®twmh~wg sarYnk*layaytabeNI†rmit†
@®tLb'eTAvij . cMENk‰®kumXatkrBiess eTACa®sLSgkSg k*ebIk
EP~kFM@sm¬wgemIlmuxK~a e®JHsµanEtsarYnnSBYkeK[mkCYysm¬ab' ! . kM
BugEtq©l'y"agenH sarYnk*bn¬Wsem¬geLIgfa – « m†ayrbs'xM∆¨eQµaHGaGUn
GayuVn10q~S CIdUnxM∆¨nSykmk[enAbMerIyayeTog Caf~Ërnwg®Vk'kasEd-
lKat'®tUvkar . yayeTogTMnukbMrugEfTSm†ayxM∆¨dUckUnbegI˚t . VnGayu
20q~S Kat'erobcMpßMp˜¨m†ayxM∆¨nig“BukxM∆¨ . xM∆¨ekItmkVnGayu10q~S k*sµ&®Kcit†
mkrs'enACamYyKat'dUcCayaynigtarbs'xM∆¨begI˚t . G~kTSgBIrenHTMnukbM
rugbg˙at'be®gonxM∆¨[ecHemIlsresrGkßr .l. KWe®JHEtehtuenHehIy
VnCaxM∆¨elIk´dsm¬ab'Kat'minrYceT ! » .
erOgsarYnEdlCaGtitG~kbMerIminVnsm¬ab'ecAh√ay j¨Sg[KNkmµa
FikarkgbwgFMTSgmUlp∆ak'epIÌl ebIkGg®bCMuCasm©at'mYyrMeBc . enATI®bCMu
GgkarCanrNa ? 122

eKeXIjmanmit†LS Ca®bFan, mit†Tit, mit†yin nigmit†ehok . G~kTSgbYn

nak'enHCaGtitecar´®BF¬ab'rs'enAEtk~¨g´®Brnam . ≤LËvenHGgkarcat'Etg
tSgCaKNkmµaFikarkgCaQ¬b ehIyCaBiessCatMNagrbs'Ggkar . ®kum
enHehAsarYnmksYrrkehtupl . mit†LSbJÇa[sarYnEf¬gkaresµaH®tg' .
sarYnk*cab'GtƒaFib∫ayCahUrEh rYck*bJçb'esckI†fa – eTaHbIhUbVy
Twkk*xMƬhUbrYmCamYyyaytaEdr . xMƬehAKat'TSgBIrCayayta tSgEtBItUc
mk .
mit†LSbJÇa[sarYnEf¬gbEnƒmBICIv®bvti†rbs'x¬Án[c∫as'las' . luHEf¬
gcb'˘˘˘ mit†Titk*bn¬WeLIgedayP∆ak'fa – Gah_ ! ebIGIcwgmit†‰gCakUnGaGUn
enAPUmi´®BtUcenaH… ? sarYnEbEP~ksm¬wgmit†Titbni†c rYceqI¬yfa – VT ! .
mit†Tityk´dGEgÌlk∫alsarYn rYck*sMubeJçjeyabl'k~¨gGg®bCMufa
karEdlsarYnminVnsm¬ab'mit†®TInigyayeTogenH Cakarsmrm¥Nas'.
xM∆¨sal'mit†®TIc∫as'las' ehIyEdlenArs'dl'sB√´f©enH k*edaysarEt
sb∫¨rsFm·rbs'mit†®TI . mit†Titra"yra"b'eTotfa – enAq~S1965 xM∆¨manGayu
25q~S ehIybMerIbkßk~¨g´®Brnam . enAeBlmYyenaH edaysareJHevonduH
Ex~g xM∆¨QWcukcab'k~¨geJHy"agx¬Sgswgdac'degI˙m . mit†x¬H@k*dwkxM∆¨ykmk
enApÊHkMeNItenA‰´®BtUc . GaGUnCam†ayrbs'sarYn ehIyEdl®tUvCabgCI
dUnmYyrbs'xM∆¨ k*eLIgLanQ~ÁlCa®bjab'sMedAeTAkan'eBT¥FM‰TI®kugVt'
dMbgsMuBwgmit†®TI . mit†®TIk*ebIkLanpÊal'x¬ÁnmkdwkxM∆¨ykeTAkan'mnIÊreBT¥FM
P¬am . evCÇbNiÎtk*sMercvHkat'ykx~ayenaHecjeTA . luHCa®sYlbYlehI
ykalNa mit†®TIk*dwkxM∆¨mkpÊHenAPUmi´®BtUcvij . minEtb"ueNˆaHesat Kat'
[®Vk'xM∆¨cMnYn2000erolCamYyexaGavEdlxM∆¨Jk'Cab'nwgx¬ÁnenH . mit†Titni
yaybeNI†rlat'GavbeNI†redIm∫Ibg˙ajs¬aks~amenAnwgeJHeTAGg®bCMu .
eBlenaHmit†LSEdlkMBugEdlkMBuge®skQam ebIkEP~k®khmEt¬ Ebsm¬w
gmuxXatkrBIrnak'eTotKW mit†yin nigmit†ehok edIm∫IsYreyabl' .
mit†yinEbmuxeKcecjBIEP~kmit†®bFanLS sm¬wg´®BrnammYysnʨHFM
eTIbrkJk¥eXIjeqI¬yTSgrdwbrdubfa – eBT¥®TImancit†sb∫¨rsNas' .
k~¨geBlmansÂgam xM∆¨enAEtk~¨g´®BrnameT . enAeBlEdl®KYsarrbs'xM∆¨ QW
mit†®TIEtgEtCYyB¥aVlCanicç . eBlenaHmit†ehoksm¬wgmuxmit†yin
y"agek†A®khayCaTIbMput rYclan'mat'fa – hiuH ! . rYcehIyenAes©øm .
kal:eeTs:eenaH mit†TSgbYnnak'enHkMBugCk'´dsm¬ab'®bCaCnfIµk~¨gkgbwg
GgkarCanrNa ? 123

FMy"agvIvk' . cMENk‰ta®TInigyayeTogvijVnrYcx¬ÁnmYy®Kaedaysar
sarYn . eBlGgkarbJÇa[®bmUleyaFaekµg@ykeTAlt'dM[s¬ab' yuvCn
sarYnVn®tUvTTYlTaruNkmµnwgeKEdr . eBlyYncUlmkratt∫at®beTs
Exµr vaebIkbrLaneTA®bmUl®kumsarYnEdlesssl'enArs' nSykeTAbM
Jk'GavuF[ rYcbJçËlk~¨gkgkm¬Sgbdivt†nk
_ mı¨Ca˘˘˘.
eq¬øt{kasd*lÌenH sarYnB¥ayamedIrsYrrkyayeTog . sarYnVnCYb
yayeTogenA´f©TI3-3-80 enAe®kayvt†rMdYl´nTI®kugVt'dMbg . yuvCn
sarYnsMrk'TwkEP~kGaNityayeTogrbs'vaNas' ®BmTSgyMesaks†ay ta
EdlminGaceKccakBIkarsm¬ab'rbs'GgkarVn .
Vyl©acrYcehIy sarYn{brYcsMBHlayayeTogcakecalTwkdIkmı¨Ca
eTAkan'®beTs´f edIm∫IeKcminbMerIyYnteTAeTot .

❑ ❑
❑
GgkarCanrNa ? 124

- PaK2 -

etI®TB¥sm∫tie† Bj®sukExµr~ eTANaGs' ?

kll∫icyYnhaNUysm¬ab'kMcayExµr
enAkmıC¨ ae®kam !

CMBUkTI15

‹ dMNak'karEdl®tUvsm¬ab'Exµr®khmnin~akarExµr
‹ dMNak'karEdl®tUvsm¬ab'kmµaPiVlCan'xıs'bkßExµr
®khmnin~akarExµr
‹ dMNak'karEdl®tUvsm¬ab'KNrdΩmÂnI†´nrdΩaPiVl
kmı¨Ca®bCaFibety¥
‹ nrNabegI˚tKukTYlEs¬g

dMNak'karEdl®tUvsm¬ab'
Exµr®khmnin`akarExµr
k~¨gry:eBl27ExGgkar®cank∫alExµr®khmnin~akarExµrnigxIç´d[s-
m¬ab'K~a‰gy"agvk'vI j¨Sg[ExµrEdlminTan'dl'evns¬ab' x¬acVk's∫at Qb'
GgkarCanrNa ? 125

ecHniyay Qb'ecHesIc Qb'ecHyM xM®bwgEtGUsng&l rnas' CMnYs eKa

®kbI kN†aleP¬øg kN†alpr kN†al´f©ek†AesIÊreqH˘˘˘.
®sab'EtenAl©acmYyenaH man®kumXatkrGaf·kMVMgy"age®cInelIs
lb'ecjmkB&TÏVj'sm¬ab'BYkExµr®khmnin~akarExµr®kumTI1 eFI√[clacl
eBj´®B .
k~¨gExkJÔaq~S1977 enA´f©buN¥PÇM¨biNÎ yayeTogVneXIj®Bwti†kar-
Nd
_ *cEm¬kmYyedaypÊal'EP~k . eBlenaH®bCaCnP&y®sLSgkSg eday
eXIjmnusßCae®cIn®kumedjVj'K~a edayTukexµac[s¬ab'JseBj´®B .
e®kaymkbni†ceTIbeKdwgfa man®kumXatkrGaf·kMVMgecjmky"age®cInelI
slb'B&TÏVj'sm¬ab'eyaFaExµr®khm EdlsiƒtenAe®kambJÇakarrbs' da-
h Yn e h A m i t † v a " j E d l t S g m U l d Ï a n e n A x a g e C I g P ~ M F i b t I G s ' c M n Y n ® b E h
l700nak' .
cMENkmit†va"j Ggkar[cab'x¬ÁntSgBI´f©TI4-8-77 nSykeTAdak'Kuk
TYlEs¬g . bnÊab'BIVneFI√TaruNkmµy"ageXareXAeTAelImit†va"jGs'ry :
eBlCagBIrExmk Ggkark*nSykmit†enHeTAsm¬ab'ecalenA´f©TI18-10-77.
mit†va"jCashkarIrbs'exov-sMpn . k~¨geBlCamYyK~aenH mUldΩanExµr®kh
mnin~akarExµrCae®cInkEn¬geTot k*rge®KaHf~ak'dUcmUldΩanmit†va"jEdr . manå-
TahrNd
_ UcCaenAmUldΩanPUmikUne®kol EdlsiƒtenAcm©ay15K˘m˘BIext†®BH
vihar man«®bCaCncas'»cMnYn114nak' nigeyaFaExµr®khmnin~akarExµrcMnYn
202nak' Vnrt'eKccakpute®KaHf~ak'sl'enArs'eTAkan'CMrMlMBuk´n®beTs´f
. enAk~¨gcMeNammit†TSgenaH yayeTogVnCYbmit†m~ak' eQµaHeCt GayuCag
30q~S manedImkMeNItenArdΩFanIP~MeBj . eCtEdlCaG~k eronsU®tecHdwgm~ak'
Vnniyay®Vb'yayeTogedaypÊal'fa – ®kumx¬Ánsµ&®Kcit†bMerIGgkar k~¨geB
lEdlkMBugsÂgamy"agevTna´®kElg. b"uEn†eCOGgkarEdlniyay®cMEdl
@fa eBlNaGgkarVnsMerceCaKC&y Ggkarp†l'esrIPaBy"agrugerOg
nigsuPmgl[mit†TSgGs'sb∫ayrIkray .
luHdl'´f©TI17-4-75 GgkarsMercVn «C&yCMnHd*mhaGsçar¥» ehI
yk*bMeP¬cJk¥sn¥aecal . minEtb"ueNˆaHEfmTSgdak'vin&yy"agtwgrwgCa
geBlkMBugmansÂgameTAeTot . TSg«®bCaCncas'», TSgeyaFa Ggkar
sni~dΩandUcG~keTas KWbJÇa[eFI√BlikmµTSgyb'TSg´f© . rI‰lTÏplEdl
eFI√Vn eXIjEt®bmUldwknSecjeTAkan'TIkEn¬gGaf·kMVMgGs'rlIg . kar
GgkarCanrNa ? 126

Gt'X¬ankan'EtmansPaBF©n'F©rCageBlkMBugmansÂgameTAeTot . CaBi-
essGgkarhamXat' min[mankarCYb®b®s&yTak'Tgnwg « ®bCaCnfIµ »
eLIy .
®sab'EtenAcugExkJÔaq~S1977 man®kumXatkrGaf·kMVMg EdleKmin
dwgecjmkBI®bPBNa mancMnYne®cInelIslb'B&TÏVj'sm¬ab'®kumrbs'
eCt EdlminVndwgx¬ÁnCamun . Kµankar®bug®by&t~®kumeCtk*®tUvs¬ab'eTA
CamYyexµacdYledks†Ëks†wgJseBj´®B .
cMENk‰G~kEdlesssl'enArs'edaysarrt'eKcePosx¬ÁnTan' k*
VncUlmkkan'®beTs´fenH .l.
mit†eCtk*bn†eTotfa – nwk@eTAKYr[s†ayNas' e®JH®KYsarrbs'xM∆¨y
l'®cLMy"agF©n' . “BukxM∆¨CanamWunFMeFI√karenArdΩFanIP~MeBj, bg@rbs'xM∆¨Ca
saÂs†acar¥, CaevCÇbNiÎt . Kat'mankarCinNaynwgsPaBBukrlYy´nrb
bsaFarNrdΩ . enAeBlEdlæsUresckI†GMJvnavrbs'sem†csIhnu “Bu
kxM∆¨k*sMerclHbg'GI√@TSgGs' ehIydwknS®KYsarcUl´®Bsµ&®Kcit†bMerIsem†
c“ ˘˘˘ b"uEn†b"HcMelIExµr®khmEdlmanembJÇakarelIKWGgkarGnamikeTAvij .
GgkarbMEbk®KYsarxM∆¨[®Jt'®Vs'K~aGs'rlIg . cMENk‰xM∆¨EdlX¬atBI
®KYsarenAm~ak'‰g k*minEdlVnænrNaniyayBIeQµaHexov-sMpn sem†c
“eLIy . enAeBlenaHxM∆¨mindwgTal'EtesaHfamanExµr®khmEdlmannin~a
karyYncUlmkbn¬Me®bIyIehaExµr®khmdUc@K~ay"agenHeT .
luHmanåb∫ti†ehtuVj'sm¬ab'Exµr®khmnin~akarExµry"agenHekItman
eLIg e®kaymkbni†ceTIbdwgfa® ®kumXatktGaf·kMVMgenHKWCaExµr®khmni
n~akaryYn EdlmankarKS®Ty"ageBjTMhwgBIbUdUy .
mit†eCtbJÇak'fa k~¨gq~S1978 ®kumXatkrGaf·kMVMgTSgenaH ecjmk
B&TÏVj'sm¬ab'Exµr®khmnin~akarExµrEdlmanexov-sMpnCaemdwknS mancM
nYn2…3elIkeTot . dUec~HExµr®khmesIÊrePI¬genH ®tUvGgkarcat'kar[sm¬a
b'Cabn†@Gs'cMnYn®bmaNCag2mWunnak' . GgkarbJÇa[sm¬ab'TSgKNrdÏ
mÂnI†dUcCa sU-Pwm, jwm-rs', hflU-nwm, eBj-FYk ehAmit†v"n-ev"t CaedIm .
mit†eCtbeNI†rbÌËn®sIrt'eKcePosx¬ÁncUlkan'®beTs´f . cMENk“Bu
km†aynigbg@®tUv®kumXatkrGaf·kMVMgsm¬ab'ecalGs'rlIg . luHecj
putBI®bPBd*qÁtlIlaenH mit†eCtVnCYbbgbÌËnExµrfIµ . enAeBlenaH eCtk*
dwgfa GgkarGnamikcat'karsm¬ab'bgbÌËnExµrrYmQamrbs'x¬Án EdlmanBYk
GgkarCanrNa ? 127

bJÔv&n†CaBiess Gs'cMnYnCit3lannak' . dwgfaTI®bCMuEx®tTSg20Vnk¬a

yeTACarehasƒan rI‰®TB¥sm∫ti†swgeBjmYynKrExµr k*®tUvBYkecarhary
®bmUlykeTA®sukvaGs' . mit†eCtTenÊjfa KYr[QWcab'Ca´®kElg min
KYremdwknSExµrenAsm&yenaH eF√s®bEhscaj'eVkyYnhaNUybN†al
[ExµrF¬ak'dl'nUvvinaskmµ TSg®bCaCnTSg®TB¥sm∫ti† ehIyCaBiesseFI√
[Exµryl'®cLMveg√gbeNI†rK~acakecjBImatuPUmi TukTwkdI´®B®Bwkßa[yYn
haNUynigGay"grbs'va®tYt®ta ehIyminEtb"ueNˆaHesat Exµrx¬HEfmTS
gEf¬gGMNrKuNyYnEfmeTotpg EdlCakarmYyKYr[eGonxµas'y"ag´®k
Elg . CaTIbJçb' eCtk*bEnƒmfa « s†ayeGIyEsns†ayTwkdIkmı¨Ca » .
eCtmkdl'saFarNrdΩVrSgenA´f© 7/10/81 . cMENk‰bÌËn®sIk*ta
mbI†eTArs'enA‰®beTskaNada .

dMNak'karEdl®tUvsm¬ab'kmµaPiVlCan'xıs'
bkßExµr®khmnin`akarExµr
k~¨gq~S1977-78 KukTYlEs¬gCakEn¬gEdlGgkareFI√TaruNkmµ nigsm¬a
b'kmµaPiVlCan'xıs'bkßExµr®khmnin~akarExµrGs'cMnYny"age®cIn . manPs†¨
tagx¬H@dUcteTA –
‹ enA´f©TI25-1-77 GgkarecjbJÇa[cab'x¬Ánmit†kuy-FYn kmµaPiV-
lCan'xıs' nSykeTAdak'KukTYlEs¬g . bnÊab'BIVneFI√TaruNkmµGs'cMnYn
eBl3Exmk Ggkarcat'EcgftrUbTuk rYck*sm¬ab'ecaleTA .
‹ enAExminaq~S1977 GgkarecjbJÇa[cab'x¬ÁnExµr®khmnin~akarExµr
enAPUmiPaKbUJ· mancMnYn400nak' nSykeTAbJçËlKukTYlEs¬g . DucCaem
Kukcat'kareFI√TaruNkmµy"ageXareXA bg≈M[sresrsarPaBTTYlkMhusfa
®kumx¬ÁnCaP~ak'garevotkug ehIycuHhtƒelxay"ag®twm®tUv ftrUbTukCa‰k
sar rYceTIbsm¬ab'ecal .
‹ enA´f©TI21-6-77 GgkarecjbJÇa[cab'x¬ÁnExk-Eb"n ehAmit†sflU
CaKN:tMbn'4 nSykeTAdak'KukTYlEs¬g . ‰®bBnÏrbs'mit†sflUenH ®tUveK
cab'x¬ÁnenA´f©8-9-77 . Duccat'kareFI√TaruNkmµy"ag´®B´pß rYcehIysm¬a
b'TSgBIrnak'bI†®bBnÏecalenA´f©18-10-77 .
‹ enA´f©TI4-8-77 GgkarecjbJÇa[cab'x¬ÁnCa-hUn ehAmit†va"j Caem
GgkarCanrNa ? 128

kan'k†ab'eyaFaExµr®khmnin~akarExµr manmUldΩansiƒtenAP~MFibtI nSykeTAb-

JçËlKukTYlEs¬g . Duccat'kareFI√TaruNkmµGs'ry:eBl2Ex rYceTIbbJÇa[
eKsm¬ab'ecalenA´f©TI18-10-77 .
‹ cMENkhflU-yn' emExµr®khmnin~akarExµrd*l∫Il∫aj Vn®tUvGg- kar-
cab'x¬Án tSgBIq~S1975em"¬H . mit†Ekv-masnigmit†y"a ®tUvGgkarecjb
JÇa[cab'x¬ÁnenA´f©20-9-76 . mit†TSg3nak'enHk*®tUveKykeTAbJçËlKuk
TYlEs¬g ehIyk*®tUveKsm¬ab'ecalEdr .
‹ ePaK-qay ®tUvGgkarcab'x¬ÁnbJçËlKukTYlEs¬genA´f©13-3-77
®tUveKsm¬ab'ecalenA´f©6-7-77 .

❑ ❑
❑

dMNak'karEdl®tUvsm¬ab'KN:rdΩmRnI†
´nrdΩaPiVlkmı¨Ca®bCaFibety¥
enA´f© 10-4-77, GgkarecjbJÇa[cab'hflU-nwm rdΩmÂnI†®ksYgeXas
nakar´nrdΩaPiVlkmı¨Ca®bCaFibety¥ nSykeTAbJçËlKukTYlEs¬g . Duc
cat'kareFI√TaruNkmµy"ageXareXA . k~¨gry:eeBl3Ex eKbg≈M[CnCab'eTa
senHsresrsarPaBfaCaesGIuGa edaymancuHhtƒelxay"ag®twm®tUv . mu
nnwgsm¬ab'enA´f©TI 6-7-77 eKftrUbTukCa‰ksarsin . cMENk‰®bBnÏ
hflU-nwmvij eKcab'x¬ÁnenA´f©TI14-4-77 rYcsm¬ab'ecalenA´f©12-5-77 .
CMnan'enaHExµrPaKe®cInsal'nigdwgfa hflU-nwmCashkarIrbs'exov-sMpn ni
ghflU-yn' .
enA´f©TI2-11-78 GgkarecjbJÇa[cab'x¬Án eBj-FYk ehAmit†vn-ev"t
GnurdΩmÂnI†TI1TTYlbnʨkxagEp~kesdΩkicçnigåsßahkmµ´nrdΩaPiVlkmı¨
Ca®bCaFibety¥ . ®bBnÏvn-ev"t®tUveKcab'x¬ÁnenA´f©6-12-78 G~kTSgBIr
®tUveKbJçËlKukTYlEs¬g˘˘˘ Vt'x¬ÁnrhUt .
k~¨geBlCamYyK~aenHGgkarecjbJÇa[cab'x¬Án®bFaneragc®k®Kb'®b-
ePT bJçËlKukTYlEs¬g rYcsm¬ab'ecalGs' dUcmanCaåTahrNx
_ ¬H@enA
k~¨gtaragxage®kamenH –
GgkarCanrNa ? 129

eQµaH ®bFaneragc®k ´f©cUlKuk ´f©sm¬ab'

y"an-kn emßAmI 21/11/78 31/12/78
em"A-Em"®t d-2 30/11/78 31/12/78
cwb-eqg d-1 30/12/78 31/12/78
xan'-tSg d-9 30/11/78 31/12/78
Gwum-xn k-10 30/11/78 31/12/78
sflun-esok EdkeKald-4 30/11/78 31/12/78
sflun-edat k†arbnÊH 02/12/78 31/12/78
hflun-Xn cMhuy®sa 30/11/78 31/12/78
Ek-´p ekAsflUkg' 06/12/78 31/12/78
Nub-Kg e®bgknÊk' 06/12/78 31/12/78
eTB-saj b"Hkg'Lan 07/12/78 31/12/78
Edk-b"ug Twk 10/12/78 31/12/78
Gwum-sMGul GKIsnI 15/12/78 31/12/78
ys'-esg hIèbUsIum"g't_ 20/12/78 31/12/78
®Vk'-emOg EdkeKalg-5 21/12/78 31/12/78
Esm-Kg' V¬sIÊkb-3 12/12/78 31/12/78
eBC-miuj VrIb-4 21/12/78 31/12/78
vg'-QMu Twk®kUcT-3 24/12/78 31/12/78
m"k'-qay TwkedaHeKaq 24/12/78 31/12/78
yU-Tuy Gd
i Ω 24/12/78 31/12/78
say-Fim Vv 24/12/78 31/12/78

GgkarecjbJÇa[cab'®bFaneragc®ksIum"g't,_ eragc®ktm∫aj nigGPi

VlrfePI¬g ®bmUlbJçËlKukTYlEs¬gTSgGs' . Duccat'kareFI√TaruNkmµ
bg≈M[sresrsarPaBTTYleTasfa ®kumx¬ÁnCaesGIuGaCag10q~SmkehIy.
sresrTTYleTas cuHhtƒelxa®twm®tUv ftrUbTukCa‰ksar rYceTIbsm¬ab'
ecalenA´f©TI31-12-78 .
sUmbJÇak'fa ®bFaneragc®kTSgGs'enH KWCakmµaPiVlCan'xıs'TSg
Gs'rbs'bkßExµr®khmnin~akarExµr . cMENknieyaCikeragc®kTSgGs' enaH
GgkarecjbJÇa[bMEbkCaBIrBYk KW®bCaCnfIµnig®bCaCncas' .
GgkarCanrNa ? 130

- nieyaCikCa®bCaCnfIµ – GgkarecjbJÇaehACabn†bnÊab' PrfanSyk

eTAeronsU®t . karBitGgkarnSykeTAsm¬ab'ecalTSgGs' ehIyEtgtSg
®bCaCncas'CMnYs .
- nieyaCikCa®bCaCncas' – GgkarecjbJÇaehACabn†bnÊab' nSyk
eTAdak'KukTYlEs¬gx¬H ehIymanmYyPaKfMbJÇa[sm¬ab'ecalP¬am enAk~¨g
ExviciœkanigF~Ëq~S1978 . luHdl'´f©31-12-78 edIm∫IbJçb'ebskkmµrbs'
x¬ÁnmYyvK GgkarbJÇa[sm¬ab'G~keTasTYlEs¬gTSgGs' .
dUec~H®bFannignieyaCikeragc®k®Kb'®bePTk~¨g®beTskmı¨Ca TSg®bCa
CnfIµTSg®bCaCncas' ®tUvGgkarecjbJÇa[sm¬ab'ecalGs'cMnYn6mWun1
Jn' (61,000) nak' .
ehtuy"agdUcem†cVnCaKukTYlEs¬gmanlMnSerobcMy"aghµt'ct'®twm
®tUvem"¬H ? .
emIlcuH ! G~keTasCab'KukTYlEs¬g ®tUvEtsresrsarPaBTTYleTas
cuHhtƒelxa®twm®tUv ftrUbTukCa‰ksar EdlmanCae®cInmWunTMB&r munnwg
®tUveKsm¬ab'ecal .
KukenH®tUveKbegI˚teLIgsMrab'eFI√TaruNkmµ nigsm¬ab'bMputBUCExµrG~k
ecHdwg manbJÔv&n†®Kb'®bePT smaCikCan'xıs' nigkmµaPiVlExµr®khmni
n~akarExµrCaedIm .
dUec~HebIExµreyIgecHtamdan®Kb'@GB∏Ëtehtu ®Kb'åbkrN_ cab'tSgBI
´f©TI17-4-75t@mk eyIgGacyl'P¬amVnfa KW®kumExµrGay"gyYnCaG~k
begI˚tKukTYlEs¬g . e®JHCaerogral'q~SenA´f©TI17emsa bYkvaEtgelIktMk
l'temI˚gbuN¥GnusßavrIye_ nHCanicç .
enA{kasebIkBiFIbuN¥m†g@ ehg-sMrin®bFan®kum®bwkßardΩ nigCaGK
elxaFikarKNkmµaFikarmCŒwmbkß eLIgEf¬gsunÊrkfay"agEvg GYtGageP¬
cx¬Án TTYlsarPaBfa bkßrbs'x¬ÁnVnkMeTcExµrln'-nl' rhUtVnC&yCM
nHelIkTI1enA´f©TI17-4-75 nigelIkTI2´f©TI7-1-79 EdlVnkMeTcExµr
®khm .
enAcugq~S1978 GgkarbJÇa[sm¬ab'mit† sU-Pwm rYc[dwkexµaceTAbg˙a-
j®Kb'@shkrNe_ nACit@enaH . ´f©kb'exµacsU-Pwm GgkarecjbJÇa[ca
b'cgTSg®bBnÏ TSgkUnykeTAsm¬ab' rYckb'rYmp~ËrCamYy .
nrNaCasU-Pwm ?
GgkarCanrNa ? 131

sU-PwmCaGnu®bFanrbs'exov-sMpn k~¨gCYrrdΩaPiVlkmı¨Ca®bCaFibet-
y¥ ehIyenAeBlenaH sU-PwmCa´ds†Srbs'b"ul-Bt, CaXatkry"agsahav
KWrUbenHehIyEdlnS®kumXatkrGaf·kMVMgeTAtamB&TÏVj'Exµr Edlvil®tL-
b'mkBIeb"kSgnighaNUyenAq~S1973 enAk~¨gext†mNÎlKIrI .
enAq~S1977-1978 kicçkareFI√TaruNkmµy"agsahaveXareXA nigkar
sm¬ab'G~keTask~¨gKukTYlEs¬gPaKe®cIn KWsmaCiknigkmµaPiVlCan'xıs'
rbs'bkßExµr®khmEdlmannin~akarExµreTAvij .
mkdl'q~S1978 ExµrEdlesssl'enArs' k*k¬ayeTACae®KOgm"asIun
rbs'Ggkar . eTaHCayYnhanUyTTYlC&yCMnHy"agFMeFgy"agenHk*eday
k*vaenAEtlak'muxdEdl vaenAEte®bIyIehaExµr®khmbn†eTAeTot edIm∫Icat'
karsm¬ab'kMcat'Exµr®khmnin~akarExµr[Gs'sin .

❑ ❑

❑
GgkarCanrNa ? 132

CMBUkTI16

‹ dMNak'karEdlGgkar®tUvbeJçj®kumXatkrTI5
‹ ehtuem†c®kumExµr®khmnirtIminkan'GavuFCakSePI¬g ?
‹ dMNak'karEdl®tUvsm¬ab'KNkmµkarkgnigQ¬bCa
Gtitecar
‹ dMNak'karEdl®tUvsm¬ab'ExµredayGavuFFmµCati
‹ dMNak'karEdl®tUvsm¬ab'yuvCncl&t

dN
M akk
' arEdlGgk
 ar®tvU beJj
ç
Xatkr®km
u T®I VM

k~¨gExsIhaq~S1978 ®sab'EteXIj®kumExµr®khmnirtI bEnƒmmky"ag

e®cIn®Kb'kg man®sI man®bus GayuBI20dl'45q~S . ®kumenHKµaneXIj
kan'kSePI¬geT Etkan'Ex√v®Kb'@K~aCaGavuF . mkdl'mundMbUg BYkenHbg˙aj
ÚkJsuPaBrabsarTn'P¬n' beNI†rK~aeTAbg˙ajx¬Ándl'KN:k
kmµkarkg Edl
CaGtItecar . Ef¬gbnÊabx¬Ánfa – « GgkarbJÇËn®kumx¬Án[mksMueronsU®tBI
mit†bg@ edIm∫Idk®sg'karBiesaFn_ ykmkeKarBGnuvt†ksag®beTsCati»
®kumenHbg˙aj[eXIjdUcCamanlak'karbiun®bsb'Nas' e®JHebIeK®keL
kxage®kAeTA mansPaBxage®kAdUcCamnusß´®B mnusßl©g' manPaKe®cIn
minTSgsal'q~SgGflut m"asIunedr …sabflUpg . cMENk‰BYk®sI@ Gg¨y≤t
sN†ab'F~ab' bbUrmat'exµA®BIkedayTMJrs¬aminQb' es†aHTwkmat'Jsval
Jskal .
GgkarCanrNa ? 133

b"uEn†pʨyeTAvij k~¨gGg®bCMunimYy@ TSg®busTSg®sIbN†ak'K~ae®kak

eLIgniyayBI®TwsI†es~haCati manvKmanX¬anigTMnak'TMnghak'dUcCaG~k
ecHdwgy"age®CA®CHd*Gsçar¥ edaymkBIkarniyayKµanrGak'rGYl KµaneTIs
KµanTal' . EtebIeKs†ab'yUr@eTA BYkenHsU®tdUcst√esktammças'vaniyay
Pasarbs'vaenAEtdEdl@dUcCa –
- G~kNahUb G~kenaHecjBlikmµ !
- TukmincMeNj dkecjminxat !
®kumenHbbYlK~aecjeFI√BlikmµrYmCamYy®bCaCnfIµy"ags√ahab' ecAer" A
rYsray rak'Tak' Tn'P¬n' niyaylYgelam elatelgsb∫ay esIckÌakkÌay
niyayrMÆkesaks†ayfa –
- BICMnan'sem†c“ eyIgsMbUrsb∫ay manesrIPaBeBjelj˘˘˘ edIrel
grSErk e®cog emIlkunel≈an briePaKq©aj' .
cMENk®bCaCnfIµkMBugTTYlTaruNkmµ kMBugeFI√karTSgyb'TSg´f©
kN†aleP¬øg nig´f©ek†A hutEtbbrswgEtrkGMbilKµanpg edkJsvalJ
s´®B ykemXCadMbUl P¬WE®sCaexI~y k¬ayeTACamnusßf¬g'K eTAehIy .
mit†‰gniyaysIÌk*niyaycuH KµannrNaeqI¬ytbeT .
m"¥agvijeTot ®bCaCnExµrVneXIjpÊal'EP~k Vns†ab'pÊal'®tecoknUvGa
kb∫kiriya nUvsMdIEdlKµanTMnak'TMng . s†ab'@eTAKYr[cEm¬kNas' . ehtu
y"agdUcem†ck*p¬as'b†ËrP¬am@y"agh~wg ?
ebIGgkarGnamikenAEtCaGgkarGnamikdEdl˘˘˘ ®kumExµr®khmekItec
jmkBIGtItExµrevotmij EdlGgkarcat'EtgtSgCa®bFanshkrN_ Ca
KN:t
tMbn' nigCatMNagraÂs† k*enAEtdEdl .
« yI ! Ggkar G~k‰ge®bIåVyklcucrkmuxedIm∫I[dwgfa etIenAsl'
Exµrb"unµannak'eTotEdl®sLaj'sem†c“ edIm∫Inwgsm¬ab'ecaleTetI ! » .

eyIgExµrKYrnwkeLIgvijfa cab'tSgBIq~S1975dl'cugq~S1977 bkßExµr

®khmrbs'exov-sMpn eF√s®bEhscaj'eVkGgkar edayVnrYmsh-
®btibti†karCamYyExµr®khmEdlekItecjBIGtItExµrevotmij hk'keÂJÇal
elatsm¬ab'®bCaCnExµrvk'vI . enAeBlenaHebImanG~kNam~ak'hflanrMÆk
eQµaHsem†csIhnu …mYyhflanrMlwkfa BIedImF¬ab'sMbUrsb∫ay manGI√@
briePaKsB√®Kb'y"agq©aj'Bisar G~kenaH‰g®tUvGgkarecjbJÇa[sm¬ab'eca-
GgkarCanrNa ? 134
'
lP¬am .
bnÊab'e®kaymkbni†c eTIbdwgc∫as'fa®kumExµr®khmnirtIenHecjBI®b
PBExµrevotmij EdlCakgkm¬Sg®bdab'GavuFbdivt†n‰
_ kPaBrbs'kmı¨Ca Ed-
lbegI˚teLIgedaysWg-g"ukmij e®kambJÇakarrbs'hU-CImij begI˚teLIg
BI´f©19-6-51 ehIybg˚b'lakj'TukJseBj´®B´n®beTskmı¨Ca .
dUec~H®kumExµr®khmnirtI mankarGb'rMbMJk'eKalCMhry"agqÌineqÌA EN
nS[edIrtamExßbnÊat'y"ag®twm®tUv manKUsEpnkar®JgTuk[Cae®sc@ KW
´f©enH®kum®tUveFI√GI√ ehIy´f©e®kay®tUveFI√GI√eTot .l.

ehty
u a" gdc
U emc
† VnCa®km
u Exrµ ®khm
nri tm
I n
i kank
' SePg
¬I CaGavF
u ?

Ggkarcg'bMP&n†mtiExµredayGnuvt†sMrbEpnkarEdlvaVn®JgTuk ec-
jbJÇa[dkGavuFBIQ¬bCaGtItecar .
srubesckI†mk s®tUvsYrBUCrbs'eyIgecH´q~®bDitExµrCa®kum@ tamFun
j¨Hjg'eTAtamcMNucexßayrbs'mnusßm~ak'@ rYceTIbbeJçjtam
kalevlay"ag®twm®tUv [hk'elatsm¬ab'bMputBUCExµrCadMNak'@ . ®Kb'@
Gg®bCMu ®kumExµr®khmnirtIniyay®cMEdl@fa kgkm¬Sg®bdab'GavuFes~ha
Catikmı¨Carbs'eyIgkMBugl∫Il∫ajmhaGsçar¥eBjBiPBelak e®JHeya-
FaeyIgGacdeNI†mykC&yCMnHBIGaemrikSgCamhaGMNac . ≤LËvenHGg-
karkMBugerobcMT&BEdlmaneyaFacMnYnbYnmWunnak' sµ&®Kcit†eTAvaykMeTcyY
nedIm∫IrMedaHTwkdIkmı¨Cae®kam EdlVrSg®cLM®bKl'eTA[yYnBIq~S1949 enaH
ykmkrYbrYmbJçËlCamYykmı¨CaeyIgvij . eyaFad*k¬ahanrbs'eyIg
ticBitEmn b"uEn†m~ak'@GackMeTcbUdUyBI5eTA10nak'Vny"aggay .l.
ral'@l©aceKvayCYgehA®bCMu rYccab'sU®tX¬adEdl@cSrt'mat'fa – «
etAvayyYnedIm∫IrMedaHTwkdIkmı¨Cae®kam@@@ » .
b"uEn†bgbÌËnExµreGIy ! X¬aenHminEmnGgkareFI√edayggitggl'eT Gg-
GgkarCanrNa ? 135

karbJÇa[Exµr®khmnirtIniyayrevIrvayesIÊrqÁtlIlamYyGenI¬sin eday
TukEpnkarrbs'vamYyeTotEdlkMBugEtdak'Tis[K~avamYy®kumeTotsm¬ab'
bMVt'BUCExµr®khmnirtInin~akarExµrmYyEp~k@ Cabn†eTAeTot .

dN
M akk
' arEdlGgk
 ar®tvU sma¬ bK
' N:
kmk
µ arkgng
i Qb
¬ CaGtt
I ecar

edImExtulaq~S1978 GgkarecjbJÇa[dkGavuFBIQ¬bedayeVkb-
eJœatfa ®beTseyIgVnsni†PaBehIy mit†eyIgminVc'kan'kSePI¬g®ceg"g
®cg"ag nS[®bCaCnP&yx¬aceLIy .
enAyb'´f©TI20-10-78 em"ag®bEhl8yb' man®kumXatkrGaf·kMVM-
gecjmkkan'®Kb'@kg E®skehAcM@eQµaH emkgnigQ¬b [ecjmkCYb
rYcvavaysm¬ab'ecalP¬amKµansYrGI√mYym"at'eT ! . åTahrNm
_ Yyy"agCak'
Es†gmandUcteTA –
- ®bFanshkrNl
_ k'e®Cov tMbn'1 ext†Vt'dMbg eQµaHmit†lI CatiyYn
bn¬MyksJÇatiCaExµr CaGtItsmaCikbkß®bCaCnbdivt†nE_ xµr KWCaGtIt
Exµrevotmij . ®bFanshkrNe_ nHmanQ¬bBIrnak' KWmit†ekadi nigmit†er"t .
- mit†ekadirs'enAEtk~¨g´®B xagt∫ËgPUmikg˙t tSgEtBIekµgmk mancrik
Caecarpg CaExµr®khmpg .
enAeBlEdlGgkardeNI†mVn®kugP~MeBjP¬am GgkarbJÇËnmit†ekadi
mkkan'shkrNl
_ k'e®Cov cat'EtgtSgCae®scCaQ¬bEb"kxageCIg ®Bm
TSg®bKl'GP&y‰ksiTiÏ GacesI~nigsm¬ab'ExµredayesrI .
dUec~HenAeBlenaH mit†ekadiCakeÂJÇagGt'X¬anEdlcUlcM®Tugman' .
ekadik¬ayeTACaXatkrd*sahavGsçar¥m~ak' . ®bCaCnExµrNaEdllYcdUr
rbs'epßg@edIm∫Irkm˙ËbGaharTb'karGt'X¬an ®tUvVnekadinSykeTAsm¬ab'
ecalP¬am@edayKµansYreyabl'G~kNam~ak'eLIy . esckI†sMercrbs'va
manEtJk¥mYym"at' – « TukmincMeNj dkecjk*minxat » .
GgkarCanrNa ? 136

edIm∫ICaKMrU ekadihflaneFI√Blikmµ[XatkrcUlcab'“Bukekµktaj" ykeTA

sm¬ab' nigm†ayekµkrbs'x¬ÁnykeTAdak'Kuk®sIemm"ayenA´®BtaEbn .
® b C a C n e n A s h k r Nl
_ k'e®CovTSgmUlVk's∫at x¬acekadiesIÊrVk'
elag dUckUnesHeXIjx¬a˘˘˘.
mit†ekadirs'enACamYy®KYsarmit†Jc k~¨gpÊHmYysiƒtenAkgelx3 PUmi
´®Bs√ayxaglic k~¨gshkrNl
_ k'e®CovtMbn'1 .
enAyb'´f©TI20-10-78 ®Bwti†karNm
_ Yyk*ekItmaneLIgenApÊHmit†ekadi .
em"ag8yb' ®sab'Etmanmnusß®kumcMnYn5nak' kan'GavuF®Kb'´dedIrmk
Qb'enAmuxkSCeNI†rpÊH . mnusßm~ak'E®skehAmit†ekadi . ædUec~Hmit†ekadi
®bjab'®bjal'cuHmkTTYleP∆øvTSgjjwmjEjm . EtGnicçamit†ekadiNas'!
cuHminTan'dl'dIpg enAsl'BIrkSeTot mnusßm~ak'maDmSeVH®kmaTak'
kmit†ekadi GUsTajTm¬ak'dIrYcTat'Fak'Kµan®bNIeday≤tehtu .
mit†JcCa®bBnÏP&ys¬n'es¬a niyayeTAkan'XatkrbeNI†ryMbeNI†rfa
mit†eGIy ! vaysm¬ab'®KYsarxM∆¨dUec~H®cLMxusehIy ®KYsarxM∆¨enHeQµaHekadi
Na± ! Kat'CaQ¬bk~¨gshkrNl
_ k'e®Cov ! Kat'CakUnbegI˚trbs'mit†ekIt .
TSg“BukTSgkUn bMerIGgkareBj5q~S1ExehIy . Xatkrvaysm¬ab'ekadi
beNI†r eqI¬ytbeTAmit†JcbeNI†ry"agkMbutkMbuyfa – ≤LËvenHdl'evnmit†
ekadiehIy ! .
vaysm¬ab'mit†ekadirYcehIy Xatkrk*kb'enAeCIgCeNI†rpÊH edayTuk
bnßl'eCIgm≈agenAelIdI ehIyedIrecjeTA˘˘˘
k~¨gyb'EtmYy evlaem"agdEdl k~¨gkgEcP¬y siƒtenAxagt∫Ëgsh-
krNl
_ k'e®CovdEdl manmnusßmYy®kumcMnYn5nak'dUcK~a kan'GavuF®Kb'´d
sMedAeTAkan'pÊHmit†er"t . mças'pÊHk*ecjmkCYb®kumenH . BYkXatkrvay
®bharmit†er"tP¬amedayKµanniyaymYym"at'eT . sm¬ab'rYcehIy Xatkrk*
ykGnÊak'cgkexµac rYcGUsdUcexµacEq˚ykeTAkb'enAcMp¬ËvbMEbkCa4 Edlsiƒ
tenAxaglicPUmiEcP¬y . m†genHvakb'exµacTuk®twmk∫al sMrab'bg˙aj®bCa
Cn .
tSgBIedImmk mit†er"tCaecard*sahaveXareXA manTIlMenAenAP~Mvaycab.
enAeBlEdlGgkardeNI†mVn®kugP~MeBjP¬am GgkarbJÇËnmit†er"tmk
kan'shkrNl
_ k'e®Cov cat'EtgtSgCae®scCaQ¬bEb"kxagt∫Ëg ®BmTS
g®bKl'GP&y‰ksiTiÏ GacesI~nigsm¬ab'ExµredayesrI . mit†er"tsMerckat'
GgkarCanrNa ? 137

eTas®bCaCnfIµmanPaBsahavCagmit†ekadieTAeTot . esckI†sMercrbs'va
manEtmat'TeTfa – TukmincMeNj dkecjk*minxat !
kalBIenArs' mit†er"tVnbeJçjcm©l'rbs'x¬Án[eyIgdwgfa ExµreyIg
Edlmças'´®Bd*FMeFgTSgenH minEdlVnsal'®Kb'®Cuge®CayeLIy . rI‰
BYkbUdUyvij m~ak'@manEpnTI®sukeyIg®Kb'´d EdlCaehtu[BYkvasal'
´®B®Bwkßa®sukExµrKµancen¬aH .
BIq~S1963eTA1973 k~¨gry:eevla10q~SenH mit†er"trs'enACamYybUdUy
ehIyCaBiesssMNak'enAelIP~M7Can'Gs'ry:eBl7q~S . mit†er"teXIjbU
dUys¬ab'y"age®cInbN†almkBICm©W®Kuncaj' pwkTwke®CaHminsÌat edayKµa
nGnam&y®Kb'®Kan' nigs¬ab'edaysarcMVMgedIm∫ICYyExµr®khmvayT&B
ln'-nl' .
luHdl'cugq~S1973 ®sab'EtVt'muxbUdUyGs'rlIg EbrCaecjeQµaH
GgkarGnamikCaembJÇakareTAvij . dUec~Hcab'tSgBIeBlenaHmk Ggkar
Gnamiksn¥aCaåLarwk®cMEdl@fa –
« eBlNaGgkarVnTTYlC&yCMnHelIrbbln'-nl'ehIy Ggkarnw
gp†l'suPmgl esrIPaB karsb∫ayrugerOgdl'mit†TSgGs' » .
q~S1975 GgkardeNI†mVn «eCaKC&y» ehIy . EtsƒankarNk
_ an'
EttantwgeLIg@ TurPwkßGt'X¬ankan'Etx¬Sg CaBiesssÂgamkan'Etvay
®bharF©n'F©rCagmuneTAeTot . KYr[cEm¬kNas' GgkarEbrCabJÇa[eFI√Ta
ruNkmµeTAelIraÂs†Exµry"aggitGnÏkareTAvij .
enHCasMdIrbs'mit†er"tEdlVnEf¬g®Vb'eTAelak®KUeBT¥®TI enAeBl
EdlKat'eTAB¥aVlCm©W[®KYsarrbs'mit†er"tm†g@ . minEtb"ueNˆaH mit†er"t
EfmTSgTUnµan[®KUeBT¥®bug®by&t~x¬ÁneTotpg .
åTahrNy
_ "agCak'Es†gmYyeTotmandUcteTA –
- enAshkrN´_ ®BtUc tMbn'4 ext†Vt'dMbg manQ¬b2nak'CaXatkr
y"ageXareXAnigsahacGsçar¥ . m~ak'eQµaHmit†yin mit†m~ak'eToteQµaH
hflak . mit†TSgBIrenHekItenAPUmikac'reTH ®suksEg˚ ext†Vt'dMbg “Bukm†a
yrbs'mit†TSgBIrnak'enHCaExµrkmı¨Cae®kam . yinnighflakCaecarrs'enAEt
k~¨g´®BrnamsiƒtenAxagekItPUmikac'reTH . vaEtgEtcUlmkb¬n'raÂs†ExµrenA
PUmikac'reTHCaerOy@ CamYynigBYkecarK~avacMnYnBI10eTA15nak'kSePI¬g®Kb' ´d
. vab¬n'eKareTH ®bmUl®TB¥sm∫ti†erobdak'reTHehIyvadutpÊHG~k®suk ecal
GgkarCanrNa ? 138

CaTIbJçb'vak*Vj'sm¬ab'mças'pÊHecalKµan®ta®bNIeT . CYnkal va®bmUl

mças'pÊHVnmYycMnYn ehIyvak*eVH®Kab'Ebk´deTAelI®kummnusßGP&B√TSg
enaHEtm†g .
enAeBlEdlGgkardeNI†mVn®kugP~MeBjP¬am Ggkarcat'EtgtSgmit†
yinnigmit†hflakCae®sc CaQ¬brYcbJÇËnmkkan'shkrN´_ ®BtUc tMbn'4
ext†Vt'dMbg ®BmTSg®bKl'GP&y‰ksiTiÏ [«esI~r»nigsm¬ab'raÂs†Exµr
edayesrItamsal®kmEtJk¥mYyX¬adEdl – «TukmincMeNj dkecj
k*minxat » .
mit†TSgBIrnak'enHmantSgTIlMenAenAPUmikac'reTHvij . edayVnTTYl
GP&y‰ksiTiÏBIGgkarelId*mhima XatkrTSgBIrnak'enHk*tSgsMEdgÚTiÏ
y"agsahavcab'cg®bCaCnExµr CaBiessePT®bus@ nSykeTAsm¬ab'eca
lCahUrEh . sUm∫IEtbgbÌËnbegI˚t bgbÌËnCIdUnmYy kµÁy@begI˚trbs'va k*
vasm¬ab'≤tjejIt´deT . edaysarGMeBIyg'X~grbs'emXatkrTSgBIrna
k'enH PUmikac'reTHTSgmUlk*ekItclaclCax¬Sg ®bCaCnfIµePT®bus@k*nS
K~apßge®Bgrt'ecalPUmi ®Jt'®Vs'niras®KYsarswgGs'rlIg . G~kPUmikac'
reTHEdlenArs'dl'sB√´f©mkBIVneKcx¬ÁnrYceTAPUmiq©ay@ ehIydUreQµaH
epßgeTAvij .
enAyb'´f©TI20-10-78 man®kumXatkrGaf·kMVMgy"age®cInelIsl b'
ecjBI´®Brnamkan'GavuF®Kb'´d sMedAmkshkrN´_ ®BtUc edIm∫Ism¬ab'
KNkmµkarkgnigQ¬bCaGtItecar EdlKµaneBlnwgerIx¬ÁnrMedaHrYcVneLIy
. ®kumXatkrTSgenHmineP¬cmit†hflaknigmit†yineT, BYkvacUlPUmikac'reTH
cab'mit†hflaksm¬ab'ecalP¬ammYyrMeBc . ®kumXatkrGaf·kMVMgmYy
eTotcab'mit†yincg rYcvHfıal'TSgsgxag kat'®mam´d®mameCIg nSykeTA
XMuTukk~¨g®BHviharkac'reTH bgÌt'VyTwk ruyBgdak'dMe◊ ehIyk¬ayeTACa
dg˚Ëvruk j¨Sg[mit†yinQWcab'E®skeraTimunnwgs¬ab'y"agevTna nigKYr[c
Em¬kNas' ! .
c M E N k ‰ ® b C a C n f I µ k ~ ¨ g s h k r NT
_ SgBIrenaH luHVneXIjpÊal'EP~k
nUvTaruNkmµnigXatkmµy"agcEm¬kdUec~H ehIynSK~arkEtBueTÏab"ueNˆaH ehI
yxSmat'sm©Mes©ømxMsMrukeFI√karb†ËrCIvit . ®Kb'@K~aKµanGarmµNf
_ anwg®tUvGr
…®tUvP&yGI√enaHeT e®JHmindwgfa GgkarbeJçjEpnkarGI√teTAmuxeToty"a
gdUcem†c . cMENk‰mit†lI GtItExµrevotmijehIyCabcç¨b∫n~®bFansh-
GgkarCanrNa ? 139

krNl
_ k'e®Cov eFI√®BegIyKµanbeJçjskmµPaBP∆ak'epIÌl…®btikmµGI√esaH
eLIy . rI‰bkßExµr®khmnirtI vaecjeFI√BlikmµrYmeFI√®BegIy . Ggkarcat'
karsm¬ab'rebobenHGs'mYyry:y
y"agxI¬ . lTÏplKW®kumGtItecarEdlGg
kar´q~®bDitCaExµr®khmenaH ®tUvs¬ab'swgputBUCGs'BI®beTsExµr . rYcehI
ymit†lI®bFanshkrNb
_ cç¨b∫n~ k*cab'e®CIserIsKNkmµkarkgfIµk~¨gcM-
eNam®bCaCnfIµ edIm∫Icat'kareKobsg˚t'®bCaCn[GUsng&l GUsrnas' d
ksÊËg®cUtkat' kMu[rGak'rGYlkargar .
k~¨gExviciœka1978 man®kumXatkrGaf·kMVMgecjmksm¬ab'KN:k
kmµkar
kgEdleTIbnwge®CIserIsenaHGs'mYyelIkeTot .
k∫ÁnLank*dwknSCen¬øs®bCaCnecjBIsmrPUmi «´q~®bDit» enHeTAman
cm©ayy"agtic20K˘m˘ edIm∫ITuk{kas[bUdUyerobcMGnÊak'y"aghµt'ct'ni
g®twm®tUv manp¬ËvecjcUl rYcGacbiTmkvijtamcit†cg'˘˘˘.
cugq~S1978 eyaFaExµr®khmbeNI†rK~aedIrcUlcMkN†alGnÊak'Exße®to
mrbs'bUdUyCahUrEhr . GgkarelIVn{kasehIy k*bJÇa[bUdUyVj'
c®muHTSg10Tise®sacmkelIeyaFaExµr®khm . enACMuvijExße®tommanrf
e®kaHB&TÏCMuCit . enABIelIk∫al kV"l'ehaHcSTm¬ak'®Kab'EbknigVj'rHdUc
rnÊHmkBIxagelI . ®keLkemIlmkeyaFaExµr®khmvij m~ak'@sıaykSePI¬g
mYykUnedIm CamYyEx߮Kab'mYykUnCYr edIredayeCIgTeT . etIBYkenHman
km¬Sg‰NanwgTb'Tl'CamYyBYkbUdUy Edlmankm¬SgsJ√vuFdUcEdlVn
erobrab'mkBIxagelIenH ? . eg"a-van'DwkbJÇak'fa kaleNaHx¬ÁnvaenHCabU-
dUym~ak' k~¨gcMeNambUdUy‰eTotEdlVnVj'rHeTAelIeyaFaExµr®khm
enAsmrPUmimILay . eBlenaHeyaFaExµr®khm®tUvs¬ab'KreCIgelIK~a .
enA´f©TI5-1-79 ®kumDwk®tUvGgkarelIbJÇËneTAkan'®beTskmı¨Cavij .
®kumDwkedIrcUlmk®beTskmı¨Ca vagtam®beTslav-®beTsesom tamp¬Ëv
sm©at'k~¨grUgP~MdgErk rYckat'tam®suksirIesaP&N (…sIusupun) ext†Vt'dM
bg edIm∫IcUlmk®sukExµr .
edayFuj®Tan'nwgvin&yy"agtwgrwugrbs'GgkarelI EdlecjbJÇay"a-
gbg≈M[eronGkßrExµredIm∫Ibn¬MeFI√CaExµr, sIuVyval'canEck[EtCamYypIÊr…
®tkYnes©ar bg'EtGMbily"agenH˘˘˘ Dwkk*sMerccit†rt'eKcx¬ÁncUlkan'CMrM N.W.9
´n®beTs´f mkcgG®gwgedkEk∫rG®gwgyayeTog ( kkn: kaleNaHya-
yeTog®Vb'kakVT®khmGn†rCatifaKat'CaCatiyYn . CMrM NW-9 CaCMrMsMrab'
GgkarCanrNa ? 140

dak'CnePosx¬ÁnCatiyYneT) . yuvCn bfluy-KwmL¨g CatiyYnekItenATI®kugta

Ekv Gayu14q~S niyay®Vb'yayeTogfa vaVneXIjpÊal'EP~krbs'va
enAcugExF~Ë1978 eyaFaExµr®khmbeNI†rK~acUleTAQ¬anJnPUmimILay
edIrcUlcMkN†alGnÊak'Exße®tomrbs'bUdUy . eyaFaTSg7,000nak'enaH
®tUvbUdUysm¬ab'ecalGs' . eQµaHkut CaeyaFaExµr®khm Gayu®bEhl
25q~S Edlsµ&®Kcit†eTAvayyYnrMedaHTwkdIkmı¨Cae®kam Vn®Vb'yayeTog fa
– enAcugq~S1978 GgkarbJÇËneyaFa®kumx¬ÁneTAvayyYn . eyaFacMnYn
rab'Jn'nak'edIrsMedAeTAsmrPUmiedayeCIg . tSgBI®Blb'rhUtTl'P¬W eTIb
VneTAdl'E®BkmYyy"agFM EdlmanTwkeCarCn'hUry"agx¬Sg . kMBugEtrk
meF¥aVyq¬gE®Bk ®sab'Et®Kab'kSePI¬grbs'bUdUylan'ædUcrnÊHecjmkBI
®Kb'TisTI e®saceTAelIeyaFarbs'kut rk®ckecjBMurYcnwgeTAmuxk*BMuekIt
nwgfye®kayk*BMuVn e®JH®tUvbUdUyxÊb'p¬Ëv®Kb'®ckl˙k . enAelIGakas
kV"l'ehaHcab'Tm¬ak'®Kab'Ebk . kut®tUv®Kab'kSePI¬gcMeP¬A rh&sdUceP¬kb-
enÊar ®KEvgkSePI¬gnigExß®Kab'ecaleTAdI kutk*elatcuHTwk®bUgbEN†tx¬Án
tamsMNagk~¨gTwk . ´cdn¥kutbEN†tx¬ÁneTAb"HcMelITUkmYyEdlG~ken-
saTkMBugEtensaT®tI eKk*elIkkutdak'elITUk . kutecHniyayPasayYn
y"agc∫as' ecHEhlTwky"agsÊat'CMnaj e®JHkutF¬ab'eFI√KUlIcab'®tI[yYn
enAE®BkTal'kalBIedIm . kutPrevotkugfax¬ÁnCaCnCatiyYn edIm∫I[eKdwk
x¬ÁneTAkan'mnIÊreBT¥´®BnKr . eBT¥yYnkat'eCIgs†SEdlrbYsenaHecaleTA
edaymkBIdMe◊varelHrlYyB¥aVlElgekIteTAehIy . enATIbJçb' kut
niyay®Vb'yayeTogeday®KvIk∫alfa xM∆¨mindwgCaeyaFaEdlrge®KaHenA
k~¨g®kumCamYyx¬ÁnenaHmancMnYnBit®Vkdb"unµaneLIy . b"uEn†tSgBI´f©enaHmk
Tl'nwg´f©EdlkutVnCYbnwgyayeTog bursenHminVnCYb…eXIjmit†rYm
GavuFrbs'x¬ÁnNam~ak'eT .
cuHenAGgkarsh®bCaCativij˘˘˘ manGI√Eb¬k ?
G~ktMNagyYnenAGgkarsh®bCaCatieqI¬y®Vb'sklelakfa – « T&B
rbs'x¬ÁneFI√karVnlÌNas' k~¨gnaTIrbs'x¬ÁnCaG~kTb'Tl' b"uEn†enAcMmuxs
®tUvd*cecss√its√aj T&Brbs'evotNamKµanmeF¥aVyNae®kABICan'QI¬
km¬SgQ¬anJnnigkMeTcmUldΩanT&Brbs's®tUveLIy » .

❑
GgkarCanrNa ? 141

k~¨gry:eeBl44Ex KWcab'tSgBI´f©17-4-75 rhUtmkTl'nwgbMNac'q~S

1978 GgkarGnamikcat'karsm¬ab'®bCaCnExµrenAelITwkdIExµrCadMNak'@
y"agsÌatCaTIbMput .
enAExkk˚daq~S1979 bUdUy®bmUlex~aHBI®Kb'TisTIenAk~¨g®sukExµrmk
kan'ext†Vt'dMbg . KWCaex~aHEdlGgkardwkcUlmktSgBIq~S1978 sMrab'eFI√
TaruNkmµelI®bCaCnExµr . ex~aHTSgenaHmancMnYn5Lankam"∆¨g Edl®tUvBYk
bUdUytSgdMkl'Tukbg˙ajsaFarNCn ®BmCamYykareXasnafa – « ebI
sinCayYncUlmkCYy®sukExµrminTan'eT raÂs†ExµrmuxEts¬ab'k~¨gex~aHTSg
enHCaminxan » .
m"¥ageTotGgkarmanKMeragkarsm¬ab'Exµredaydak'f~SbMBulk~¨gTwksm¬
nMbJç¨k . EtKMeragkarenH®tUvVnpÌaksin edayvaykkarNV
_ nfa elak
sWn-sanbMrugbegI˚tsmaKmmYyeQµaH « smaKmExµrenAbreTs » eday
mankaråbtƒm∏BIraCrdΩaPiVl´fnigGg'eK¬s ehIybnÊab'mkeTotbMrugbegI˚t
« rNsirßCatirMedaH®bCaBlrdΩExµr (rCrbx) » .
dUec~HGgkar®tUvp¬as'b†ËrEpnkarP¬am . enA‰®sukE®s‰eNaH bkßExµr
®khmnirtICaGtItExµrevotmij®kumTI2 e®kakeLIge®Jg®Jt edaye®bIyI-
ehaExµr®khmdEdl va®bkasEtgtSg®kumrbs'vaCatMNagGgkardEdl
EtÚkJrlak'Butd*s¬ËtbUtrbs'va®tUvdUreTACakacsahavtamkMeNItvij .
vacab'epI†mcab'cgraÂs†TSgekµgTSgcas'ykeTAsm¬ab'ecal TSg®kum@ eda
ye®bIEtdavnigEx√vCaGavuF . karsm¬ab'mnusßrbs'®kumecarenH KWkat'kTm¬a
k'k∫alBIelIsµa . enAeBlenaH ®Kb'@K~arnÏt'cit† s¬¨tsµartICa´®kElg eda
ysarGMeBIsahavyg'X~grbs'BYk®kumExµr®khmnirtIenH . ®bus@Edl
enAsl'BIs¬ab'k*pßge®Bgrt'cUl´®B dgx¬ÁnTeT KµanGI√eTAtamx¬ÁnesaHeLI
y . cMENk‰®sI@vij Gg¨yrg'cSeBls¬ab'TSgP&yrnÏt'jab'j&r .
cuHenAeBlenaH GtItsmaCikbkß®bCaCnbdivt†nE_ xµrEdlCaGtItExµr
evotmij®kumTI1Edlman – taEb"t, taekA, mit†lI, mit†´l, mit†erOn ehIyEd
lsuTÏCa®bFanshkrN_ CaKN:tMbn' nigCatMNagraÂs†˘˘˘ etIGgkarda
k'TiseTANaGs'ehIy ?
s©at'Qwg ! Vt'Gs'dUceKsnµt' !?!? .
GgkarCanrNa ? 142

dN
M akk
' arEdlGgk  ar®tvU sma¬ b®' bCaCnExrµ
edayGavF
u FmC µ atm
i g
† eTot

k~¨gExmkra1979 bkßExµr®khmnirtIkan'GMNacVnTSg®sug . vabg≈M

Exµr[®cUtkat' eVkEbn bJÇan'TSgyb'TSg´f© ®bmUl®sUv®ckVv rYcdwkeTA
kan'TIGaf·kMVMgGs'rlIg . rYcehIyvadutcMebIgecalP¬am . luHvadwk®sUv
nigdutcMebIgrYcral'e®scVc'ehIy eTIbvacab'ekor®bCaCnfIµCae®cInEsnna
k'[edIrtamva . ®bCaCnTSgenaH®tUvvaekormkBItMbn'shkrNn
_ anadUcCa –
shkrN´_ ®BtUc, kMBg'®BH, rSgeksI, GUr®seLA, GUrdMbg, Gacme_ sH, lk'
e®Cov, P~MFibtI .l. vaekoreTAsMNak'enA –
- PUmiEchUy cMnYn12yb'
- P~MeCIgeTj cMnYn15´f©
- bwgCImk' cMnYn10´f©
- PUmiQ¬av cMnYn10´f©
- ®tLb'mkPUmiEchUy cMnYn6´f©
- PUmicamlÌa cMnYn9´f©
- k∫alsay cMnYn3´f©
rYcehIyvaekor®tLb'fye®kayvij edIrTSgyb'TSg´f© tat'tamPUmica-
mlÌanigEchUy ehIyvaekormksMNak'enAPUmiE®sGUrGs'cMnYn7´f© . sUm
bJÇak'fa PUmiTSgGs'enH siƒtenAxaglicp¬ËvCatielx5 . enA´f©5-4-79
eBl´f©®tg' vaekor®bCaCnmkdl'p¬ËvCatielx5 sMedAeTAPUmikekaH PUmiGUr
taemov rYcvaekorbn†eTAkan'XMuTYl®BMu, XMu´®C nigmat'´®Brnam EdlsiƒtenA
cm©ayCae®cInKILËEm"®txagekItp¬ËvCatielx5 . vaekoreTAekormktambeN†a
y´®BrnamGs'ry:eBl10´f©eTot . rYcehIy®sab'Etvaekor®tLb'mkp¬Ëv
Catielx5vij . lTÏplKWenAeBlenaH mnusßcas'Cra G~kmanCm©WF©n' nig
kUnekµgGayue®kam3q~S ®tUvs¬ab'Cabn†bnÊab'K~a . sUmbgbÌËnExµremt†aBicar-
NaemIlfa etIk~¨gry:eBl3Ex EdlBYkvaeKob®bCaCn m†g[eTAmux m†g
[fye®kayenaH etIG~krge®KaHVnGI√briePaK ? etIVnePI¬g‰NamkdutkM-
GgkarCanrNa ? 143

edAx¬ÁnedIm∫ITb'Tl'nwgFatuGakasrgarj&rjak'enAeBlyb' ? {eTvtaeGIy
ehtuGI√k*eyIgevTnaem"¬H ?
enAeBlenaHG~kNaEdlrkVn®sUvbni†cbn†Ác k*CIkdIeFI√t∫al'edIm∫Ibuk
®sUvykGg˚r edayp¬M¨Gg˚ambegI˙recjBIrnÏdI rYcerIsykGg˚rmYycib@enaH
mkdSbbrsab ≤tGMbil EckK~abriePaK .
eBleP¬øgF¬ak'mkm†g@ nSK~aGg¨y®teVmk∫alCgg'kMe®Vn@kN†al
val kN†al´®B halx¥l' . luHdl'eP¬øgF¬ak'rYcehIy eTIbnSK~aedIrrk
Gusdut edIm∫IeqIÌrexaGav[®sJb's©Át edIm∫IedIrtam[eKekorteTAeTot . ≤
LËvkMENnmnusßVnmkdl'®sukemagÚsßI Ek∫rp¬ËvCatielx5m†geTot .
®bCaCnx¬H@EdlKµanreTHeKaCaCMnYykm¬Sg ehIyEdlxMErksMbuksm∫ti†
bni†cbn†ÁcelIsµa k*dYledkenAelIdIy"agex¬acpßa . G~kEdlenAQrVn k*
®tUveKekorbn†eTAeTotCahUrEhr . luHedIrfye®kaymkdl'ÚsßI®kSgnig
PUmi´®Bx¬Ët eTIb®Kb'@K~aP∆ak'dwgfa –
{ ! GgkarnSeyIgmk[s¬ab'edayGavuFFmµCatieTetI ! ehtuGI√ ? e®JH
PUmienHCarehasƒan Kµan®sUv KµanTwkTal'EtesaH ! ®bCaCnx¬H®tUvs¬ab'eda
yexßaHCatiTwkGs'BIx¬Án rkTwkminVn . manG~kx¬H®bfuypwkTwkenam G~k
x¬HeTot®tgTwkenameKaykmkpwk ! KWevTnaGsçar¥Nas' .l. cuHGs'mit†
@bkßExµr®khmnirtI GtItExµrevotmij®kumTI2 EdlCaG~kdwknSvij enAeBl
Edl®bCaCnkMBugEtclaclrkBueTÏay"agenH etIeKeFI√GI√ ?
‹ Vt'®semal ! eKmindwgfaenAeBlNaeTEdlBYkvaeKcx¬ÁneVHbg'
BYk®bCaCnTSgenaH k*nSK~abkvil®tLb'mkkan'p¬ËvCatielx5enAvt†s√ay
vij .
‹ nw k@e TA KY r [Ga sU r dl' ® bCa CnE xµ r Ca ´ ® kE lg kM Bu gEtrgTu k≈ ev Tna
edIrtamkMENnJsvalJskal eBj´®By"agdUec~H˘˘˘ G~kx¬H®tUvCYbbg
CYbbÌËn mamIgeday´cdn¥ k*elat{bK~ay"ags©Át mindwgfa®tUvesIc…®tUv yM
. eBlCYbK~aenHk*r"ayr"ab'®Vb'bgbÌËnfa ®kumx¬ÁnCae®cInmWunnak'®tUvGg-
karCen¬øsecjBIext†nana manext†kMBg'esam kMBg'sıW mNÎlKIrI rtnKIrI
CaedIm tSgBIExviciœka1978 ®Vb'fa[mkkan'ext†Vt'dMbg . enAtamp¬Ëvrab'
Ex G~kedIr®tUvs¬ab'edaykarGt'Vy Gt'Twk edaysarCm©W®Kuncaj'. ®KYsar
x¬H®tUvs¬ab'putBUC ®KYsarx¬HenAsl'EtbI† ®KYsarx¬HenAsl'Et®bBnÏ …kUn.
manbursx¬H®sab'EtVnCYbGtIt®bBnÏrbs'x¬Án Et! GgkarVn «pßMpM¨» ®b
GgkarCanrNa ? 144

BnÏrbs'x¬Án[eTAbursm~ak'eTotrYceTAehIy . ‰ÂsI†x¬HeTot k*GgkarVn

cab'bI†CaTI®sLaj'rbs'x¬Án erobkareTAnarIepßgeToteTAvijehIy . etITuk≈
esak´nCnTSgenaHmanTMhMb"unNa ? lTÏpl˘˘˘G~kx¬Hk*eFI√XateTA !
e T a H C a V n C Y b K ~ a y " a g Na k * e d a y G g  k a r e n a E t b n † k M E Nn m n u s ß [ e T A
tamkgerog@x¬ÁnteTAeTot .

❑ ❑
❑

dMNak'karEdl®tUvsm¬ab'yuvCncl&t

yayeTog®tUveKekorenAk~¨gkgmYyCamYyG~k‰eTot . Kat'edIrtameK
tam‰g Gs'bgbÌËn kUnecA…kµÁy rlIgBIx¬ÁnehIy˘˘˘.
enAem"ag1resol´n´f©13-2-79 Kat'®keLkeXIjdMbUkFMmYy Edl
emIlBIcm©ayeTAmanm¬b'®t´Q KYrVnCaTIkEn¬gmYysMrab'eFI√TIsMrak®CkkM
edA´f©d*ek†A . Kat'k*edIrsMedAeTA«rmNIydΩan»enaH edIm∫IsMrakykkm¬Sg
munnwgbn†dMeNIreTAmuxeTot .
eTAdl'dMbUk ! BueTÏa ! exµacyuvCnmYyKMnrs¬ab'KreCIgelIK~a manTSgdM
bgmYyKMnrFM®bLak'QamenA®ss'@enAeLIy˘˘˘. Kat'P&yrnÏt'≤tåbma
edayeXIjexµac CaBiessedayeXIjdMbgEdlCaGavuFrbs'xµSgsMrab'va
ykJçg'ksm¬ab'exµacTSgenaH .
kMBugEts¬n'es¬aEbbenH sem¬gekµg®sIm~ak'k*bnW¬eLIgenAe®kayx~gKa
t' – « m"ak'@ » . narIk*sʨHmk{bm†ayedaykI†nwkrÆk . KWyW®TIra"da kUn®sI
TI2rbs'yayeTogEdlGgkarbMEbkecjBIKat'eTA tSgBIExåsPa1975
em"¬H . ra"dak*beNI†rm†aycuHBIsƒannrkenH ehIyåTaneLIgfa – m"ak'eGIy!
exµacTSgenHKWCaexµacBYkcl&tEdlGgkar®bmUl mkvaysm¬ab'enAyb'
mijenH‰g .
yayeTogKitfa – k~¨gry:eBlbIExEdlGgkareFI√TaruNkmµ eday
ekor®bCaCn[edIreTAmux rYcfye®kay rYceTAmuxEbbenH, ®kumXatkrGaf·
GgkarCanrNa ? 145

kMVMgmYy®kum k*kMBugEtsm¬ab'yuvCncl&tEdr . ( enAeBlenaH yayeTo

gVt'kUnkem¬aHTI4rbs'Kat'eQµaH yW®TIPUma"ra" . kµÁykem¬aHbegI˚trbs'Kat'
®tUvvavaysm¬ab'ecal ) . EtenAk~¨geBld*EsnevTnaEbbenH ®Kb'@K~axM®t
dreyagGatµaeTAmux KµanVnæ KµanVndwg GMBIkll∫icd*efakTabnig´®B
´pßrbs'Ggkarcit†eXareXA Edlcat'karsm¬ab'yuvCncl&tCacuge®kay
enaHeLIy .
ra"dak*kat'GarmµNr_ bs'm†ayedayniyaybn†fa – cMENkxM∆¨˘˘˘ xM∆¨rt'ec-
jmkBIGgPaBenAyb'mijenH VnCYbmIgPWnenH˘˘˘ rYcnagk*cg̨lmk®sI
m~ak'Gayu®bEhl37q~S EdlQrenAEk∫renaH . mIgPWn®Vb'xM∆¨faEm"edIrmk
kan'TIenH ehtuenHehIyVnCaxM∆¨mkeXIjm"ak'˘˘˘. Em" nigkUn®BmTSgPWn k*
beNI†rK~aeTAtamkMENnteTAeTot .
enA´f©TI18-3-79 enAeBlEdleKekorBYkeyIgmkdl'k∫alsay
yayeTogVneXIjkUn®busTI5 EdlGgkarbMEbkecjtSgEtBIExåsPa
1975Edr . enAeBlEdlVneXIjK~a TSgBIrnak'Em"kUn KSgmat'rkniyay
minecj Vn®twmEtsm¬wgmuxK~a rYcehIykUn®busnigm†ay k*®tUv®Jt'K~at
eTAeTottamkMENnrbs'®kumerog@x¬Án .
ena´f©TI16-4-79 em"ag®bEhlmYyresol ®sab'EtæsUrkSePI¬gFM
Vj'p†k'CMuTis mindwgCanrNaVj'nrNa ehIymaneKaledAeFI√GI√eT . luH
man®Bwti†karNc
_ Em¬ky"agenH ®bCaCnx¬HEdlsMNak'enAk~¨gvt†s√ay ®su
kemagÚsßI ext†Vt'dMbg edayFuj®Tan'Elgcg'rs'teTotehIy k*E®sk
eLIgfa –
- mit†eGIy Vj'eTA ! Vj'eTA ! kMusMrak ! Vj'eToeTA ! xM∆¨evTnaNas'
Vj'eToteTA ! ebIs¬ab'k*s¬ab'[ehIyeTA˘˘˘ kMu[xM∆¨rs'y"agenHeTot ! .
s~ËrkSePI¬gt∫al'lan'æbn†eTAeTot m†gjab'renIƒn m†gregI√l m†gsƒat'
Qwg rYcehIyk*E®sk®KhwmteTAeTot Gs'ry:eBl2´f©2yb' edaymin
dwgCamanehtuGI√ .
enAeBlenaH bkßExµr®khmnirtIEdlCaGtItExµrevotmij®kumTI2 ehIy
EdlCatMNagGgkarGnamikcuge®kaybgÌs' Vnrt'eKcmuxVt'Gs'rlIg
eTAehIy .

❑ ❑
❑
GgkarCanrNa ? 146

CMBUkTI17
‹ ®bCaCnExµrVnrYcx¬n
Á BIkN†ab'´dGgkar
‹ vt†man´nbUdy
U 17nak'
‹ ehtuy"agdUcem†cVnCahU-CImijbegI˚tbkßkumµ¨ynis†
≤NÎc
Ë n
i ?

®bCaCnExµrVnrYcx¬ÁnBIkN†ab'´dGgkar

enAl©ac´f©TI18-4-79 evlaem"ag5resol ®sab'EteXIjmnusßm~ak'

maDmS muxFamx¬a es¬økJk'exµA ®kmav&NÎk Gayu®bEhl35q~S payelIx~g
esHy"agelOn E®sk®bkasrammI®kU®Vb'®bCaCnfa –
- sÂgamcb'ehIy˘˘˘ eyIgrYcx¬ÁnehIy eyIgGaccUlTI®kugVt'dMbgV
n !˘˘˘ b"uEn† ! mnusßd*cEm¬kenH hammin[edIrtamp¬ËvCatielx5eT . vabJÇa
[edIrevogeTAkan'PUmiGn¬g'kUb . eyIg®tUvcMNayeBlGs'mYyyb'nigkn¬H
´f© KWenA´f©TI19-4-79 eBl´f©®tg' eTIbeyIgedIreTAdl' .
eTAdl'®sukGn¬g'kUb eXIjmnusß4nak' es¬økJk'exµA ®kmav&Nˆk dUc
EtExµr®khmdEdl QrecjbJÇay"agdac'Nat' [cuHq¬gsÊwgEttamkEn¬g
mYy Edlman®bEvgp¬ËvTTwg®bEhlCa5Em"®tb"ueNˆaH . ®bCaCnrab'mWunnak'
®tUvQrcSevnedIm∫Iq¬g enAe®kamkMedA´f©´nExemsa EdlCaExek†AhYtEhg
x¬SgbMputenA®sukExµr˘˘˘.
rYcehIy®tUvq¬gsÊwg BIe®tIyxagekIteTAe®tIyxaglic edIm∫IsMedAeTATI
®bCMuCn®sukemagÚsßI edayedIrtamp¬Ëvf~l'®sbbeN†aymat'sÊwg .

❑
GgkarCanrNa ? 147

vt†manrbs'bUdUy17nak'

enAeBlEdleyIgcuHeTAdl'kN†alsÊwg ExµrTSgGs'P∆ak'e®BIt eday

eXIjLan GMC mYye®KOgEdlCab'pugenAkN†alsÊwg . enAEk∫renaH eK
eXIjkUnyYnhaNUycMnYn17nak' manGayuminelIsBI20q~S manGavuFmin
®Kb'K~aeT . ekµg@yYnTSgenHE®skeckcacdUcst√s√a sYrrkG~kecHpasa
yYn sMuCYyGMJvnavrkmnusßCYyrujLansMedAeTAe®tIyxagekIt .
cMENk®bCaCnExµrEdlVneXIjbUdUyTSg17nak' k*QremIlP¬wk m~a
k'@maneyabl'xusK~a –
‹ ®kumTI1 – CamnusßEdlminVn®twHriHBicarNa[Vnditdl' k*jjw
me®tkGr manmenaseJçtnasresIrekatE®kgbUdUyd*k¬ahan Edlsµ&®Kci
t†mkCYyExµr [cakputBIcg˚Ëmmcç¨raCKWGgkar .
‹ ®kumTI2 – CamnusßEdlVk's∫at k*P&ys¬n'es¬ax¬acE®kgGgkad*m
hima manbg˚b'Gaf·kMVMgGI√eTot edIm∫Ism¬ab'®bCaCn ehIyekorBYkx¬Án[®t
Lb'fye®kayeTot .
‹ ®kumTI3 – ekHK~aQrsm¬wgkUnyYnhaNUyTSg17nak' Edkhflanmk
CYyrMedaHExµrenaH nwkk~¨gcit†erog@x¬Ánfa cuHhtuem†cVnCaGgkarminecjmk
eFI√Gn†raKmne_ djkMcat'kUnyYn EdlCabreTsenH[ecjBI®sukExµreTA ? etI
GgkarGgkarrvl'eFI√GI√enAeBlenH ?
k~¨gcMeNammnusß®kumTI3enH man®sIemm"aycMnYn14nak' bbYlK~asm¬w
gkUnyYnhaNUyy"agykcit†Tukdak' . mYy®sbk'eTIbnSK~aq¬gsÊwgeTAka
n'e®tIyxaglic rYcehIyeTIbbbYlK~aQb'sMrak . ®sI@x¬HGg¨y{bk∫al
Cgg' x¬HTe®mtx¬Ányk´d®Tk∫al x¬HedkpÊal'dIekIy´d nSK~aGs'sgÙwm
e®JHeTIbnwgVnecjputBIkN†ab'´dGgkar ®sab'Et≤LËvmkcUlsflgcMk-
N†ab'´dyYnhaNUyeTot. em"ag®bEhlbYnresol ®sI@TSgenaHk*bbYl
K~abMrugnwgeFI√dMeNIreTAmuxeTot . yayeTogEdlmanGayuCag50enAeBl
enaH Kat'manGayue®cInCageKenAk~¨gcMeNamk*®KvIk∫al ®BmTSgeqI¬yfa cS
Kat'KitemIlsin . Kat'Kitfa – cMeJHekµg@yYnTSg17nak' EdlmanGavuF
min®Kb'K~apgenH ehIyvahflanmk«GugGat'» enA®sukExµrkN†al´®Bdac'®s
GgkarCanrNa ? 148

y"aledayesrI dUcCamimsmTMngTal'EtesaH . enHKWCakJçk'TiB√mYyEd-

lGaccg̨l[eyIgeXIjnUv®Bwti†karNn
_ ana EdlbN†al[®sukExµrvinas
hinehacTSg®bCaCn TSg®TB¥sm∫ti†dl'f~ak'enH .
Kat'k*nwkeTAdl'esckI†®bkasCap¬Ëvkarrbs'hU-CImij EdlVnEf¬gka-
lBI´f©20-9-52fa «®tUvEtvatTwkdI ykåbTI√b≤NÎËcin cab'tSgBImat'T√ar
´n®beTscinPaKxagt∫Ëg rhUteTAdl'e®CayTwkexµA cab'tSgBICYrP~M≤NÎcin
Eb"kxagekIt rhUteTATl'nwge®tIyTen¬emKg˘˘˘ rYc®tUvEk´q~®beTsTSgbI´n
åbTI√benH[eTACakumµ¨ynis†≤NÎËcinCasƒaBr .l.» .
yayeTotKitmkdl'®twmeNH Kat'mankarQWcab'Ca´®kElg Kat'xkxU
ccit† eTAmuxElgrYc eTAe®kayElgekIt . Kat'Gg¨y{bk∫alCgg' xMnwk
eLIgvij nUvTaruNkmµTSgLayEdl®bCaBlrdΩExµr ®tUvTTYlrge®KaHk~¨g
ry:eeBl4q~SKt' e®JHtSgBIdUntamk ExµrmancariksuPaB Tn'P¬n' s¬ËtbUt su
crit . CaBiessmansIlFm· emt†aFm· nigsb∫¨rsFm· edaymkBIExµrCaG~k
kan'BuTÏsasnay"agxÇab'xÇÁn . Etehtuy"agdUcem†cVnCak~¨gkML¨gbYnq~SenH
ExµrEdl®Kan'EtJk'yIehaExµr®khm ®Kan'EtCatMNagrbs'Ggkar k*k¬ay
eTAXatkry"agsahav hflansm¬ab'Em"“‰g bgbegI˚t bÌËnbegI˚trbs'x¬Án‰g
rhUtdl'sasnE_ xµrK~a‰gTSgmUldUec~HeTAvij ? minsmeT@ ! . Kat'Bicar-
NateTAeTotfa – G~kEdlrge®KaHf~ak's¬ab'enaH KWG~kecHdwg manKtibNiÎ
tes~haCatiy"agemaHmut KWCaG~k®VC∆ TSg®BHsgÙTSg®Khsƒ rYmesckI†
mk KWCamnusßEdlCaEP~k®cmuHrbs'Exµr . vaTuk[enArs' ehIyelIkbn†b'
EtBYkex¬A edIm∫I®sYljak'Exß . Kat'nwkeTAdl'q~S1945 EdlKat'VneXIj
pÊal'EP~kenAkmı¨Cae®kam EdlenAeBlenaHyYnhaNUyCaevotmij Vnj¨H
jg'xIç´dyYnxagt∫Ëg [sm¬ab'bMputBUCExµrkmı¨Cae®kamnigb¬n'®TB¥sm∫ti†dut
pÊHecalvIvk' .
≤LËvenH, ´f©TI19-4-79 em"ag®bEhl4resol, vt†manrbs'kUnyYnTS
g17nak'enH Gacq¬¨HbMVt'cm©l'rbs'yayeTogBIGm∏ËtehtuTSgLayEdl
ekIteLIgenA®sukExµr tSgBIbYnq~SmkehIy ehIyKat'yl'fa tSgenHminEm
nekIteLIgeday´cdn¥eT muxCamanGaf·kMVMgGI√mYyrbs'yYnhaNUy
Edllak'bg˚b'enAk~¨genaHCaminxan . åTahrNE_ dlVnerobrab'rYcehIy
enAtMbn'1 ´next†Vt'dMbg kalBIq~S1976 CaPs†¨tag®sab' . KWyayeTog
VneXIjpÊal'EP~knUvGtItExµrevotmij EdlmantaEb"t taekA mit†lICaedIm
GgkarCanrNa ? 149

Edlecjmuxmkkan'tMENgCa®bFanshkrN_ CaKN:t
tMbn' rYcbn†mkeTo
tCatMNagra®s†˘˘˘. Kat'KiteTAdl'bN†Scuge®kayrbs'elakKwm-gYn®tac
EdlCaehtueFI√[Kat'duHKMnit ®tUvEt®sav®CavEvkEjkrkmuxGgkarGnamik[
eXIj . Kat'nwkeXIjdl'ExµrmYynKr Edl®tUvrge®KaHf~ak'TSg®KY@ ehIy
EdlPaKe®cInVneXIjedaypÊal'EP~k nUvXatkrEdlcab'cg“Bukm†ay kUn
kµÁy ®bBnÏ bI†rbs'x¬Án edayKµanCMnMuCMrHGI√TSgGs' e®kAEtBIJk¥mYym"at'fa
eKeFI√tambJÇaGgkar …TukmincMeNj˘˘˘. rYmesckI†mk ExµrEdl®tUveKsm¬a
b'Gs'Cit3lannak' minTan'Vndwgfa x¬ÁnmankMhusGI√enAeLIyeT .
Gsçar¥Nas'@ GgkarKµanrUbKµanrageT Etehtuem"ck*GgkarbeJçjK~a
vaCa®kum@ CadMNak'@ Gacsm¬ab'ExµrVnedayesrI tameBlevla tamkMN
t'Vny"agenH ? GgkarGacdwgfaetI®kumNa®tUvsm¬ab'ExµreyaFa®sLaj'
sem†c“ etI®kumNa®tUvsm¬ab'Exµr®khmEdlekItmkBIecar, etI®kumNa®tUv
sm¬ab'Exµr®khmrbs'exov-sMpn, etI®kumNa®tUvnSeyaFaekµg@eTAlt'dM ?
.l. TIbMputetIGgkar®tUvdak'G~kNa[kan'kab'®sukExµr enAk~¨gkal:eeTs:
Cabn†mkeTot ? etIExµr®khmnirtIEdlsm¬ab'Exµr®khmCMnan'munenaH minEm
nCaKMeragrbs'GgkareT…GI√ ? bnÊab'BIvt†manrbs'Exµr®khmnirtImk ehtuGI√
k*manyYncUlmkCYyrMedaHExµrBIExµr®khm ? . vaykelsfacUlmkCYy
ExµrCaelIkTI3 . EtTIbJçb'Kat'yl'fa enHCakll∫icrbs'yYnhaNUyTS
g®sug EdlvaeKarBeFI√tambJÇahU-CImij edIm∫IB®gwgB®gIke®CayåbTI√b≤
NÎËcin [k¬ayeTACakm¬SgGmt: manGnuPaBx¬Sgk¬aenAtMbn'GasIuGeK~y_ .
yayeTognwkeXIjmkdl'®tg'eNH k*ecalEp~ksm¬wgrkemIlkUnyYnTSg
17nak'm†geTot Et ! Vt'®semal, BYkvaq¬gsÊwghYseTAehIy . dUcP∆ak'BI
ylsbi† Kat'k*E®skeLIgfa xM∆¨yl'ehIy ! xM∆¨yl'ehIy ! .
mit†®sIemm"ay@emIlmuxyayeTog ehIykat'yl'fa Kat'c∫as'Cay
l'BIerOgvt†manrbs'kUnyYnenaHehIy. eKmineqI¬ytbGI√eT. EtenAEk∫renaH
Pink*RGflUeLIgfa – «etIGgkarkI†, Exµr®khmCaXatkrd(sahavyg'X~gkI† va
gab'´tehageTANaGs'ehIy VnCavaminmkykefI¬mGakUnyYnTSg17nak'
enAeTAsIueTA ?» .
- PineGIy ! sMnYrenHeBjcit†bgNas' ! yayeTogtbeTAnagPinvij
. dUec~HenAyb'enH eyIg®tUvEtsMrakenATIenHsin ehIyedIm∫InwgtamdanBYk
kUnyYnTSgenHemIlfa etIvamkeFI√GI√enA®sukeyIg . etIvamanCYbåbs&KGI√eT
GgkarCanrNa ? 150

faebIvaKµanåbs&KGI√eTenaH eyIgGacsnidΩanfa GgkarGnamikCayYnhaNU

yy"agBit®Vkd .
yb'enaHyayeTogedkpÊal'dI k∫alekIyelIbg√icEdlCa®TB¥sm∫ti†
sMNl'cuge®kayrbs'Kat' . Kat'yk´dKgf©assm¬wgemIlemXnara®tI
edaybEN†tGarmµNr_ bs'Kat'q©ayeTA@ Edlmindwgfa etIEsÌkenHKat'®tUv
edIreTATINavijeT ebIeBlenH ecjBImat'Ggkar EtEbrCacUlmkCab'GnÊak'
yYnhaNUyeTAvij .

❑ ❑
❑

bkßkumµ¨ynis†≤NÎËcin

enAeBlenaHmanmit†rbs'Kat'm~ak'k*sYreLIgfa – bg ! ehtuem"cVnCa
hU-CImijbegI˚tbkßkumµ¨ynis†≤NÎËcin ?
‹ yYnhaNUyCasasn´_ ®B´pß vaEtgEtedIrrMelaPratt∫atlukluy
®beTsCitxag Cae®cInstvtßmkehIy . vabegI˚tbkßenHedIm∫IrkTwkdI[
kUnecAvaenA . hU-CImijdwgfa enAk~¨gq~S2000 ®beTsyYnmancMnYn®bCaCn
Cag60lannak' . ´pÊdITSgGs'man330,000KILËEm"®t®kLa Et´pÊdIEdlGa
crs'enAedIm∫I®bkbGaCIvkmµVnKWmanEt20%Etb"ueNˆaH Edl®tUvnwgTMhM
66,000Km2 . 60lannak' enAelI´pÊdI66,000Km2 VnesckI†fa man®b
CaCnyYn910nak' k~¨g1Km2 . cMENkenA®sukExµrvij 1Km2manExµrCag
30nak' (30dgticCag) . ´pÊdIenAsl'e®cInNas'enA®sukExµr . mUlehtu
enHeTIbenA´f©TI3-2-30 hU-CImijsMercbegI˚tbkßkumµ¨ynis†≤NÎËcin k~¨g
eKalKMnitd*elaPln'Gsçar¥ Edlva®s´mfa eBlNaeKalbMNgrbs'va
VnsMercCasƒaBr yYnhaNUyEdlmanx¬ÁnvaCaemdwknS nwgk¬ayeTACasa
snm
_ Yyd*x¬SgBUEkdac'eKenAGasIuGaeK~ye_ nH . kaleNaH®bCaCnenAk~¨g«
EdndIrMedaH» ®tUvEtE®skbn†fa – hU-CImijnwgmanGayumYymWunq~S ! « Hô
GgkarCanrNa ? 151

».
Chi Minh sông muôn nam !»
dUec~HehIy edIm∫IGnuvt†KMeragkarrbs'va[qab'VnsMerc nigedIm∫IsMra-
lGMErkrbs'yYnhaNUy hU-CImijk*bJÇËnyYnm~ak'EdlmaneQµaH eg√øg-
yuSgemon eTA®k´L[bYseronenAvt†mYy´nTI®kugP~MeBj dak'eQµaHExµrfa –
Gacar¥emon .
bnÊab'mkeTot vak*dak'eQµaHyYnenHCaExµre®kam – sWg-g"ukmij edIm∫I
bn¬MeFI√bÌËnelaksWg-g"ukfaj' . sWg-g"ukmij ®tUvhU-CImijEtgtSgCa ®bFa
nExµrtsflU TTYlbnʨkCanaykrdΩmÂnI† [cUlkan'®beTskmı¨CaCamYy TU-sa
mut .
enA´f©TI19-6-51 eg√øg-yuSgemonbegI˚tVnkgkm¬Sg®bdab'GavuFbdiv
t†n‰
_ kPaBrbs'kmı¨Ca . enA´f©TI28-6-51 CnenHbegI˚tbkß®bCaCnbdivt†
nE_ xµr EdltSgBIenaHmkeKehAfa «Exµrevotmij» ehIyEdlenABIdMbUgTI
smaCikrbs'bkßPaKe®cInCa CnCatiyYnbn¬MeFI√Exµr . bn†bnÊab'mkeTIbvaTak'
Tgj¨Hjg'Exµr@EdlenAcugkat'mat'jk Edl®tUvraCrdΩaPiVlbMeP¬cecal
[cUlmkeFI√karCamYyva edayeXasnaeTAtamcMNucexßaynanarbs'mnu
sßm~ak'@ . mundMbUgvabg˚begI˚tsÂgamvNˆ: vaeFI√[ExµrTSgenaHrvatcit†q©ay
BIsgmExµr . rYcehIy enAeBlEdlExµrTSgenaHcUlk~¨gGnÊak'vaehIy vak*
®bmUlbJçËlk~¨gsalaneyaVy edIm∫IGb'rMbMJk'eKalCMhrbEnƒmfa – ®tUv
EtkMeTcski†PUmi c®kBti† nignayTun . eX¬agX¬aEdlvabg≈M[eronsÊat'cSma
t'manx¬H@dUcteTA –
- manbdivt†ne_ kIteLIg eTIbeCOnelOn
- bdivt†nm
_ †g eCOnelOnm†g
- bMEbkbMVk'edIm∫I®Kb'®Kg
- Q~HVn®Kb'®Kg (…eFI√es†c) caj'eFI√esdIΩ . ( eX¬agX¬aenH®kumExµrGa
y"gyYnehg-sMrin, hflun-Esn, Ca-sIum kMBugGnuvt†y"aghµt'ct') .
- sm¬ab'mnusßsucrit ®besIrCagTuks®tUv[enArs' .
- ®tUveFI√[Gs'sgÙwm rYcswmCYy[mansgÙwmmkvij .
G~ks†ab'TSgb"unµanlan'mat'®Kb'@K~a Gah_ Gah˘_ ˘˘. eBlenaHG~ksupanI
niyaykat'eLIgfa – KYr[cEm¬kEmn@ eX¬agX¬aenHCaJk¥j¨Hjg'bMpusbM
pulrbs'bkßkumµ¨ynis†≤NÎËcin ehtuem"ck*GgkarGnamikGnuvt†Vnhµt'ct'
®twm®tUvGI√em"¬H ?
GgkarCanrNa ? 152

- GUn@emIlcuH, yayeTogbn†, dUcCaX¬aEdlfa «bdivt†nm

_ †g, eCOnelO
nm†g» bdivt†nT
_ I1enA®sukExµreyIg´f©TI18-3-70, elIkTI2 eKeFI√bdivt†n´_ f©
TI17-4-75, elIkTI3´f©TI7-1-79 CaTIbMputbkß®bCaCnbdivt†nE_ xµr Ed-
lCaGtItExµrevotmij ehIy≤LËvenHE®beQµaHCa bkß®bCaCnbdivt†nk
_ mı¨Ca
Edlmanehg-sMrinCaGKelxaKN:k
kmµaFikarmCŒwmbkß nigCa®bFan ehI
yEdlmanBYkbUdUyCae®cInEsnnak'KS®T VnTTYlC&yCMnHCasƒaBrEmn .
‹ dUcX¬aEdlfa «bMEbkbMVk'edIm∫I®Kb'®Kg» GUn@KitemIlcuH, Ggkar
bMEbkExµrCae®cIn®kum edaye®bIyIehaExµr®khmEtmYy . Xatkr®kumTI1,
TI2 TTYlParkicçsm¬ab'®bCaBlrdΩExµr . Xatkr®kumTI3, TI4, TI5 TTYlbnʨk
sm¬ab'®kumXatkrmun KW®kumTI1, TI2[Gs' edIm∫IbMVt'Ps†¨tag .
cMENkerOgeyaFa, GgkarbMEbkeyaFaCa3®kum –
®kumyaFaTI1 – eyaFaekµg@EdlmanGayuminelIsBI15q~SeT CadMbUg
GgkarbeJçjeyaFa®kumenH[®tYt®ta®beTsExµr tamrbbecar edaye®bIJ
k¥esI~ edIm∫Ib¬n'®TB¥sm∫ti†ExµreBjnKr . rYcb¬n'Gs'cit†Vn3q~SrYcehIy
Ggkark*cat'kar®bmUlykeTAlt'dM[s¬ab' .
®kumeyaFaTI2 – CaeyaFaEdl®sLaj'sem†c“ sµ&®Kcit†kMeTceyaFa
Exµrln'-nl', luHGgkarTTYlC&yCMnHehIy vaEbrCa®bmUleyaFa®kumenH
[edIrcUlExßGnÊak'e®tomrbs'va Tuk[bUdUyVj'rHsm¬ab'ecalTSgGs'cug
q~S1978 .
®kumeyaFaTI3 – CaeyaFaEf¬gkaresµaH®tg'cMeJHGgkar sµ&®Kcit†kMeTc
ski†PUminigc®kBti† . ®kumenHGgkarykeTAlak'Tukk~¨gTIGaf·kMVMg sMrab'bM
erIvaeday®bkarNamYyepßgeTot …edaybMJk'yIehaCaExµr®khmdEdl
enA´f©e®kay mindwgcMnYn .
‹ dUcCaX¬aEdlfa «sm¬ab'mnusßsucrit ®besIrCagTuks®tUv[enArs'
» GUn@TSgGs'K~adwg®sab'ehIyfa Ggkarsm¬ab'Exµrs¬Ët®tg'Gs'rab'lan
nak' edayKµanCMnMuCMrHmYym"at'eT ehIyenAk~¨genaH manedayTSg®kumExµr®k
hmnin~akarExµrCag2mWunnak'pg EdlmanhflU-yn', hflU-nwm, mit†sflU CaedIm .
srubesckI†eTA GgkarGnamiksni~dΩanfa ExµrEdlCamças'TwkdIkmı¨CaBit@ fa
Cas®tUvrbs'va .
‹ dUcCaX¬aEdlfa «Q~H®kb'®Kg…eFI√es†c, caj'eFI√G~kman…esdΩI» GUn
@emIlcuH GgkarGnamikQ~HExµrln'-nl' bnÊab'mkeVkes†csIhnuVn
GgkarCanrNa ? 153

Q~HeTot, GgkarVn®Kb'®Kg®beTsExµr . luHdl'evnhaNUyecjluklu

yratt∫at®beTsExµredayesrIehIy, Ggkark*rlayVt'eQµaHeTA‰g@ KW
eFI√Cacaj'sin b"uEn†®TB¥sm∫ti†k~¨gmYynKrExµr k*®tUvGgkar®bmUldwknSyk
eTAeFI√esdΩIenA®sukyYnGs'eTAehIy .
‹ dUcX¬aEdlfa «®tUveFI√[Gs'sgÙwm rYmswmCYymansgÙwmeLIgvij»
yYnhaNUye®bIeQµaHGgkarGnamik edIm∫I®Kb'®Kg®beTsExµrGs'ry:4
4q~S
Kt' (KWry:EEBlEdlxM∆¨®tUvrge®KaHCamYybgbÌËnExµrTSgGs'EdlenAsl'BI
s¬ab') . Ggkare®bI®Kb'meF¥aVy edIm∫IeFI√y"agNa[EtExµrs¬ab' . G~kEdl
esssl'enArs' k*edkGs'sgÙwmrg'cSesckI†s¬ab' Edlyl'fadl'eBl
enHeTAehIy s¬ab'®besIrCagrs'enAk~¨gkI†evTna .
®sab'EtelcmuxyYncUlmk «e®sac®sg'» Exµrc∫as'®kELteTAvij .
enHehIyeKehAfa CYy[mansgÙwmeLIgvij .
dUec~HcMeJHG~kNaEdlminVnKitditdl' Gacyl'®cLMfayYnmanKuN
Emn ! .
G~ksupanITHsµayayeTogtic@ rYcniyayfa – xM∆¨yl'ehIy@fanrNa
CaGgkar EdlvaVt'Jk¥mYyX¬ad*l∫I «Tukk*mincMeNj dkecjminxat» .
X¬aenHGgkareTIbnwgbegI˚teLIgenAsm&y1970enHeT .
cuHehtuy"agdUcem†cVnCam"ak'dwgKMeragEpnkarrbs'hU-CImij ? r"adasYr
m†ay .
edIm∫InwgBn¥l'kUn®sI[yl' Em"nwgniTan®bvti†yYnvaykMcay sm¬ab'
ExµrenAkmı¨Cae®kam [kUnnigGUn@Vndwg˘˘˘

❑ ❑

❑
GgkarCanrNa ? 154

CMBUkTI18
‹ kll∫icevotmijsm¬ab'kc
M ayExµrkmıC
¨ ae®kam
‹ evotmij®bmUlExµrkmıC
¨ ae®kamdutsm¬ab'kg
¨~ C®guk®sUv
‹ karcakecjBI®sukkMeNIteday´cdn¥enAq~S1948

evotmj
i sma¬ bk
' c
M ayExrµ kmC
¨ ı ae®kam

yayeTogniTan®bvti†d*QWcab'ex¬acpßarbs'Kat' k~¨gcen¬aHq~S1946dl'
q~S1954 . Kat'sMGageTAelIkareXIj®bt¥kßnwgEP~kKat' EdlsI†BIkarVt'
bg'TwkdIkmı¨Cae®kamenaelIkTI2 . q~Ssikßa1945-1946 nageTogeronenA
salaKruekasl¥®kug®tavijkmı¨Cae®kam .
enA´f©TI9-3-1945 Cb"uncUlQ¬anJnlukluyåbTI√b≤NÎËcinmYy
ry:, VrSg®tUvdkfy˘˘˘.
enAExtula1945 Cb"un®tUvbraC&y˘˘˘ VrSgcUlmkkan'kab'≤NÎËcineLI
gvij˘˘˘.
eq¬øt{kasd*claclenH hU-CImij®bFan´nbkßkumµ¨ynis†≤NÎËcin
®bkasevotNam‰kraC¥enA´f©TI2-9-1945 rYcsMercbegI˚trNsir¥evot-
Nam‰kraC¥smınÏPaB ehA[xI¬mkfa «evotmij» .
sÂgamkan'EtrIkFMeLIg@enAåbTI√b≤NÎËcin . hU-CImijmanKMeragkar
TukrYcCae®scfa ebIeBlNaVrSg®tUvbraC&y ®tUvdkfyecjBI≤NÎËcin
yYn®tUvEtvatykTwkdIkmı¨Cae®kam[VnP¬am . dUec~HyYnhaNUyk*j¨Hj
g'xIç´dtYnxagt∫Ëg[sm¬ab'kMcayCnCatiExµrenAkmı¨Cae®kam « CaBiessG~k
ecHdwg » y"ageXareXA .
G~kmanmeF¥aVyk*rt'ePosx¬Án nS®KYsarcakecjBITwkdIkmı¨Cae®kamCa
hUrEhrenAelIkTI1 . es~øtenH®besIrNas' eKehAfa « es~øtvayTwkbegIÌ
GgkarCanrNa ? 155

l®tI» .
es~øtsm¬ab'y"åg´®B´pß y"ageXareXAmanx¬H@dUcteTA –
- evotmijEtgEtmkGeJIÇjraÂs†Exµrkmı¨Cae®kamG~kecHdwg [eTACYy
eFI√karGgkarelI . EtG~kNaEdlVneTACYyeFI√karGgkarelI minEdlVn
vil®tLb'mkCYb®KYsarvijeLIy . yUr@m†geTIb®kum®KYsarVnTTYlsMbu
®trbs'Cnrge®KaHenaHEdlepI∆mksYrsuxTuk≈ . EttYGkßrEdlsresrenaH
minEmnCarbs'samIx¬ÁneT .
enAedImExF~Ëq~S1945 tMNagGgkarelImkGeJIÇjelakKwm-eha eTA
CYyeFI√karCamYyGgkarelI . elakKwm-ehamanTIlMenAenAXMuePOkhwg ®su
k®takUv ext†®tavij kmı¨Cae®kam . luHvanSmkdl'mat'JmxaglicPUmiebn
eyO CakEn¬gEdlBYkvaEtgkab'k∫alraÂs†Exµrkmı¨Cae®kamTm¬ak'TwkTen¬ eTI
bXatkrBIrnak'cab'elakcgs¬abesk bMrugnwgbJçËleTAk~¨gpÊHTwkedIm∫Ika
t'k∫al . EtenAeBlenaHeBCŒXateP¬cykGavuFeTAtamx¬Án . Xatkrm~ak'
k*vil®tLb'eTAykGavuFenA‰PUmivij .
cMENkelakKwm-ehadwgdUec~H k*xM®bwgpßge®BgerIbMrHcMNgluH®taEt
VnrYcx¬Án . elak®saycMNgrYcEP¬t ehIyk*vaysm¬ab'XatkrEdlenA
cSyam[s¬ab'enAnwgkEn¬gmYyrMeBc . rYcehIyelakk*elatcuHTen¬bEN†
tx¬ÁntamExßTwk rhUtVnCYbTUkG~kensaTmYy . mças'TUkk*CYycm¬gelak
rhUtdl'e®tIyTen¬Eb"kxaglic .l.
elakKwm-ehak*cab'pßaydMNwgenH [®CYt®Cabdl'bgbÌËnExµrkmı¨Ca
e®kam [dwgnUvButt∫¨tkMhUcrbs'yYnevotmij EdlCaXatkrd*eXareXAkM
NacefakTabenH . dUec~H sÂgamrvagExµrkmı¨Cae®kamnigyYnevotmijk*pʨH
eLIgy"agsahavGsçar¥ .
enAeBlenaH enAtamdgTen¬ tamE®Bknana eKeXIjEtexµac≤tk∫al
GEN†teTAmk@tamTwkeCarnaC KYr[s¬¨tcit†Nas' .
nwkeTAKYr[GaeNacGFm·dl'bgbÌËnExµrkmı¨Cae®kamk~¨g®KaGasn~enaH
Nas' . xagyYnevotmij vamankSePI¬gmUsW˚tug CaGavuF . cMENkxagExµr
BYkeKnSK~adutEdkeFI√dav kSbit Ex√vCaGavuF . CaGP&B√Nas'eTAeTot enAeB
ld*manGasn~enaH bgbÌËnExµrkmı¨Cae®kamKµanG~kdwknSeT . ®Kb'@K~aeKarB
Vnhµt'ct'tamdMbUnµanelaktaåkj"asWg-Kuy EdlmanlMnSy"ag®besIr
fa –
GgkarCanrNa ? 156

1- GavuFd*mut d*x¬Sgk¬anigd*s&ki†siTiÏGackarJrCatiVn KWExµreyIg®tUv

EtecHrYbrYmsamKIBit@[VnsÌitlµÁt .
2- KµanCatiNa®sLaj'CatiExµrCagExµreLIy .
3- ebIExµrminecHCYyExµr KµansasnN
_ aGacCYyExµrCagExµreLIy .
dUec~aHeBlEdl®tUvrge®KaHd*åt∫atenaH bgbÌËnExµrkmı¨Cae®kamVnrYb
rYmsamKIK~aBit@ eKbMeBjkrNiykicç Par:k
kicçy"ag®twm®tUvhµt'ct' CaBies
seKsal'c∫as'Nas' fasasnN
_ aCas®tUvnigCaXatkrmkelIsasn_
Exµr . eTaHyYnevotmijeFI√GI√@k*eday bgbÌËnExµrkmı¨Cae®kammincuHj"mCa
dac'xat . enAeBlenaH®BHsgÙdak'Fm·V"NacuH cgk∫in TTUrEs∫keKaTTw
kedIm∫IkarJrx¬ÁnTb'Tl'nwg®Kab'kSePI¬grbs's®tUv kan'davrt'sMrukcUled-
jkMeTckMcat'yYnevotmij EdlelIkK~acUlmkb¬n' dutpÊH dutvt†GaramExµr .
bgbÌËnExµrtsflU edIm∫IkarJrCatinigsasna .
enAext†X¬SnigBllav manPUmiExµrx¬HEdlenAq©aydac'®syal dUcCa
PUmiekaH®bhat y"ar"ay eB~AGEN†t dSKin dSeyIy nigE®BkhUrpugCaedIm
ehIyminTan'Vndwg®Bwti†karN´_ nkartsflUrbs'bgbÌËnExµrenAext†®tavijenA
eLIy . yYnevotmijyl'fa Bn¥aeBlTukyUreTAeTotminVneT GacbN†a
l[mane®KaHf~ak'dl'vaF©n'Nas' m"¥ageTotVrSgkMBugvayluksegI≈jcU-
lkan'kab'ykTI®kugnanaswgTSgGs'eLIgvijehIy . yYnevotmijGnuvt†
es~øtmYyy"agTMenIbCabnÊan'edaycat'kar[GeJIÇjraÂs†Exµrkmı¨Cae®kameP
T®buseTArYm®bCMumiTijk~¨gC®guk®sUv .
C®guk®sUvnimYy@Gacdak'mnusßVnBI170eTA200nak' . luHraÂs†Exµr
kmı¨Cae®kamcUlCYbCMuK~aehIy evotmijxÊas'C®guk®sUv[Cab'BIxage®kA rYc
ehIyk*dutcMebIgEdlBYkvaVnerayenACMuvijC®guknimYy@ ®BmTSgVnbg˚
b'FugsSgCae®scenaH [eqHsenÏarsenÏAdUcP~MePI¬g . dUec~HbgbÌËnExµreyIg
rge®KaHs¬ab'y"agEsnevTna .
k~¨gExkum∏:q~S1946 edaymanExµrkmı¨Cae®kamsµ&®Kcit†bUCaCIvitcUleFI√Ta
hanCMnYybMerIVrSg EdlmanesckI†k¬ahand*s√its√aj d*rwgbwug d*esµaH®t
g'cMeJHVrSg « sUmVrSg®Cab » rdΩVlVrSgk*GacTTYlC&yCMnHcUlkan'
ext†®tavijTSgmUleLIgvij .
eBlenaHkgT&BEp~kvayswkk*®bmUlTahanCMnYyCaCatiExµrkmı¨Cae®ka
meTACYyeVssMGatyYnevotmijenAext†epßg@eTot . rdΩVrSg®tUvbJÇËn
GgkarCanrNa ? 157

Ep~kerobcMrdΩaPiVlnigEp~kcit†saÂs†cUlmkkan'ext†®tavijCMnYsvij .
dUec~HVrSgecj®bkaspßayGMJvnavrkExµrkmı¨Cae®kamcUlCYyeFI√kar
b"uEn†KYr[s†ayNas' raÂs®Exµrkmı¨Cae®kamEdlecHdwgehIysl'BIs¬ab'
Vnrt'ePosx¬ÁneTAkmı¨CakN†alswgGs'eTAehIy . G~kEdlsl'enArs'
KWe®cInEt®KUbe®gonb"ueNˆaH .
edaysarkarx√HbuKliky"agenH rdΩaPiVlVrSgVnbwT®bkaspßay
®Kb'TIkEn¬g GMJvnavrkG~keFI√karEdlmanesckI†CaGaTifa –
« VrSgelIkElgeTas[yYn®Kb'@vNˆ: Edlef¬aHeF¬ayVneTAbMerI
evotmij . ≤LËvenHGacvil®tLb'cUlmkkan'TIlMenAerog@x¬ÁnvijVneda-
yesrI . cMENkGtItG~krdΩkarGaccUlmksMuGnukUlPaB rYcGacsMucUleFI√
kartam®ksYgedImnanaerog@x¬ÁnvijVn cab'tSgBI´f©biT®bkaspßayenH
eTA » .
BYkevotmijVneXIj®bkasenHrYck*p¬as'b†ËrEpnkarrbs'vaP¬am . vasM
erccit†e®bIGavuFcit†saÂs†nigkll∫ic®tCak'm†gvij . vak*´llkj¨Hjg'
bMEbkbMVk'ExµrTahanCMnYy [EbkecjBIVrSgsin . e®JHtSgBI3-4Ex
Edlkn¬gputmkehIyenH evotmije®bIEtGavuFCakSePI¬g EdleFI√[BYkbUdU
ys¬ab'y"age®cIn edayehtufaBYkTahanExµrCMnYyVrSgGs'TSgenaHman
kartsflUsi√ts√aj ehIymane®bobxagkm¬SgswkelIsbUdUye®cInNas' .
dUec~HBYkevotmijbJÇa[K~avarMlay®kum rMlaykg ehIylak'GavuFTukmYy
kEn¬gsin .
eq¬øteBlEdlVrSgeVHxitb&NˆGMJvnavehAyYn[eFI√kareLIgvijeda-
yesrIenH evotmijcab'epI†mbJÇËncarkicçrbs'vaEdlsuTÏEtCaG~kecHdwg
e®CA®CH Edlx¬HCaGtItG~krdΩkar [mksMucUleFI√karCamYyVrSgeLIgvij
tammuxgarrbs'x¬ÁnBIedIm .
nwkeTAKYrGasUrTahanExµrkmı¨Cae®kamCMnYyVrSg EdleFI√BlikmµbUCa
CIvitedIm∫IbMerIVrSgCMnan'enaHNas' . G~kTSgenaHminecHniyaynigGanG-
kßryYn minecHniyayPasaVrSg . em"¬aHehIyebIniyayeqI¬yq¬gCamYy
ecAh√ay KWK~aeFI√Vn®twmkayvikar . BYkeKecHBit®VkdEterOgvaykMcat'ed
jevotmijQ¬anJn EtminVndwgfasƒankarNE_ ®b®bYlP¬am@y"agenH
eLIy .
q~S1946, Exemsa, CaTivabuN¥cUlq~SExµr . TahanCMnYyExµrkmı¨Cae®ka
GgkarCanrNa ? 158

mmYycMnYnVnc∫ab'GnuJÔat[Qb'sMrak ehIyk*eFI√dMeNIrvil®tLb'cUl
kan'TI®kugvij . ®sab'EtP∆ak'edayeXIjem@evotmijEdlEtgEtcab'cg
Exµrkmı¨Cae®kamnSykeTAsm¬ab' EdlEtgEtcUlmkb¬n'yk®TB¥sm∫ti†nig
dutpÊHExµr EbrCaedIe®Jg®JtkN†alTI®kugeFI√®BegIy .edaymanbMNg
cg'pab'cit†ecAh√ayVrSgpg nigedaycg'sgswk[bgbÌËnExµrEdl®tUvBY
kvasm¬ab'BImun@mkpg TahanCMnYyTSgenaHk*vaysm¬ab'BYkevotmijeca-
lkN†alTI®kugP¬am@KµanraErk . erOgEdlmanbwT®bkasfa elIkElg
eTas[BYkevotmijy"agNa@enaH BYkTahanCMnYyGs'TSgenaHminTan'
cg'dwgenAeLIyeT .
karvaysm¬ab'rebobenHmanekIteLIgCajwkjab' EdleBlx¬HnageTo
gVneXIjpÊal'nwgEP~k .
enA´f©TI12-4-46 evlaem"ag11kn¬H nageTogbeNI†rkg'ecjBIsala
Kruekasl¥ . enAp¬ËvxaglicCab'salaeron manBYkTahanCMnYyExµrkmı¨Ca
e®kamcMnYn10nak' ´dCab'ex~aHmYyKU@ ®tUveKbeNI†recjBIKukFMEdlsiƒtenA
e®kaysalaext†®tavij . CnCab'ex~aHTSgenaH®tUveKrujbg≈M[eLIgLan
GMC mYye®KOgEdlmanLanhßI¨bmYyeTotctenABImux . k~¨gcMeNamCn
Cab'ex~aH´denaH mnusßm~ak'eQµaHExm EdlnageTogVnsal'c∫as' Vn
E®skEp†p†SmknageTogfa –
« GaeTogGah± enAeBlEsÌkEdlGUn‰gVnQb'sMrakenAeBlbuN¥
cUlq~SenH dl'eBlEdlGUn‰gvileTAkan'PUmieyIg cUrGUn‰g®Vb'®bBnÏ
rbs'bgpgfa kMu[cSemIlp¬ËvbgGI e®JHbgCab'XMuNa± ! » .
nageTogs†ab'æVnEt®twmh~wg k∫ÁnLanTSgBIrk*dwkG~kCab'eTasTSg
10nak'enaHecjVt'eTA .
EsÌkeLIgeBl®Blwm nageTogeFI√dMeNIrecjBITI®kug®tavijeTAkan'PU
micug´®B Ca®sukkMeNItEdlmancm©ay20K˘m˘BITI®kug®tavij . nageTog
CiHkg'kat'tamPUmikMBg'TUke®Kat XMutwgmIu siƒtenAcm©ay7K˘m˘xagt∫ËgTI®ku
g®tavij . enAeBlEdlnageTogCiHkg'mkdl'lanTat'Vl'mYyxagt∫Ëg
pßarkMBg'TUke®Kat nagk*cuHBIelIkg'beNI†rkat'h√Ëg®bCaCnExµry"age®cIn
kkkujEdlmanTwkmux®sgUt®sgat' rebobPitP&ytk's¬¨t G~kx¬HmanTwk
EP~krham˘˘˘.
nageTogk*®keLkeTAtamExßEP~k®bCaCnTSgenaHEdr . BueTÏa ! nageTo
GgkarCanrNa ? 159

gesIÊrdYlsn¬b' edayeXIjCnCab'ex~aH´dTSg10nak'BImßilmij®tUveKcg
Vj'sm¬ab'ecal x¬ÁnenACab'nwgbegalssrelITIlanTat'Vl'enaH . na
geTogsm¬wgrk «bgExm» rbs'nag . ebIrab'BIeq√g´d exµacbgExmenACab'
begalTI5 s¬ab'Tn'kregokKYr[GnicçaNas' . eKcgB¥Árk†arbnÊHmYyBN·
exµAsresrGkßryYnFM@enAnwgkrbs'exµacbgExm EdlmanesckI†fa – ®tUv
Etsm¬ab'mnusßFunenHCaKMrU . exµacTSg10enH ®tUveKtSgTuk[bN†aCnemI
lcMnYn4´f©eTIbeKykeTAbJç¨H .
l∫icklrbs'yYnsm¬ab'Exµrkmı¨Cae®kam®sbc∫ab'enHmane®cInkEn¬g
. sm¬ab'beNI†recaTbeNI†rfa ®bCaCnExµrkmı¨Cae®kamCaG~kdwknSbHeVr
j¨Sg[manclacleBj®suk . ecaTfaCaXatkr ecaTCaecar .l. eBl
enaHyYnCaGtItevotmij bcç¨b∫n~bMerIVrSg TTYlGMNacy"ag®Kb'®Kan'k*b-
eJçjÚTiÏdUcGay"tykß EdlVnTTYlsilBI®BH≤sUr . vabeJçjskmµ
PaBkMcayExµrkmı¨Cae®kamedaypßayxßwbexßøvfa ®tUvsm¬ab'[Gs'nUvExµr
NaEdlF¬ab'Vnsm¬ab'yYn ExµrNaEdlF¬ab'Vnb¬n'®TB¥sm∫ti†yYn . va
cat'®ksYgmansmtƒkicç [edIrEqkeqrpÊHExµrtamGMeBIcit† . etIvasnaExµrkmı¨
Cae®kameTACay"agNaeTA ebIG~krdΩkarfIbkPasak*CayYn BYkevotmijk*Ca
yYn ? . eBlenaHExµrkmı¨Cae®kamedIrdl'®ckTal' « cuHTwk®keBIeLIgelIx¬a
» . dUec~HG~kEdlmanmeF¥aVy®Kb'®Kan' k*dwkkUnCJÇËnecAeKcecjBI
®sukPUmim†geTotCaelIkTI2 .
mansMnYrfa « ehtuy"agdUcem†cVnCaVrSgEbrCabeN†ay[®kumyYn
CaGtItevotmijEdlsMucMNuHTSgLayenaH manGMNacsm¬ab'BYkTahan
CMnYyExµre®kam EdlF¬ab'EtesµaH®tg'nwgVrSgenaHeTAvij ? » .
sUmeqI¬yy"agxI¬fa – enHCakarx√HsmtƒPaBrbs'VrSgTSg®sug . V-
rSgminVnsal'kll∫ic®kLic®kL¨crbs'yYnEdlEtgEtmanCabÂJças
CabeN†ayenaHeLIy . VrSgminVndwgTal'EtesaHfa k~¨gcMeNamBYk
yYnEdlbMerIVrSgenaH mYycMnYnFMCacarbursrbs'yYnevotmijenaHeT . V
rSgeCOvaNas' e®JHvabiun®bsb'EGbGb . bN†almkBIcarkicçenH VrSg
®Kan'Eterx¬Án yYnevotmijcat'karkMeTcTan'eBlevlaKµanxuscMNuc . mUl
ehtuenHehIyVnCaVrSg®tUvbraC&yrt'ecalåbTI√b≤NÎËcin .
cMENkExµrkmı¨Cae®kam, eKarB ®sLaj'nigesµaH®tg'cMeJHVrSgmYy
ryPaKry . e®JHExµrCasasns
_ al'KuN KWedaysarVrSgcUlmk®Kb'
GgkarCanrNa ? 160

®KgkarJråbtƒm∏ eTIbExµrkmı¨Cae®kamVnTTYlesckI†sux VnenACaCati

ExµrenAkmı¨Cae®kamdEdlCitmYystvtß .
edIm∫Itbs~gsgKuNVrSg T&BCMnYyTSgenaHdwgEtbMeBjkrNIyki
cçkMeTcevotmij edIm∫IkarJrVrSgnigbgbÌËnExµrkmı¨Cae®kamEtb"ueNˆaH .
m"¥ageTotBYkT&BCMnYyTSgLayenaH rvl'Cab'bMeBjebskkmµCYyVrSg
eVssMGatevotmijenAtamCnbTnana minVndwgfa enAtamTI®kugVrSg
EbrCaEcgc∫ab'elIkElgeTasevotmijy"agenaHeLIy . minVndwgfaV
rSgeF√s®bEhs[caj'eVkyYnevotmijy"agenaHeLIy .l.
edaymkBI «bgExm» sal'em@evotmijd*eXareXAc∫as', m"¥ageTot
edaymkBIKat'cg'pab'cit†VrSg eTIbKat'nSK~avaysm¬ab'em@evotmijsMucM-
NuHbMerIVrSgenaH . VnelsenH yYneq¬øt{kassm¬ab'T&BCMnYy®sb
c∫ab'rbs'VrSgvij˘˘˘.l.
kaleNaHmansl'Exµrkmı¨Cae®kamG~kecHdwgtsflUenACYyeFI√karVrSg
Edr . b"uEn†®tUvyYnCaGtItevotmijsMucMNuHbMerIVrSge®bI®Kb'meF¥aVys
m¬ab'Cabn†bnÊab' manåTahrNx
_ ¬H@dUcteTA –
k~¨gq~S1947 elakKwm-ehIs CaecAtMbn'enAb"usv†i_ t†FM ®sukkUvg"ag ext†
®tavij . man´f©mYyevotmijB&TÏVj'b"us†ei_ nH . elakKwm-ehIs®tUvrbYs
cMeP¬A . ®ksYgkgT&Bk*dwknSelakeTAcUlB¥aVlk~¨gmnIÊreBT¥FMTI®kug®ta
vij . eBlenaHmanevCÇbNiÎtCaCatiyYnm~ak'Qrsm¬k'sm¬wgelakKwm-ehI
sy"agyUr bnÊab'mkvak*cak'f~Ssm¬ab'G~krbYsenaHenAcMeJHmux®bBnÏ KWG~k
®sIkwm .
G~k®sIkwmQWcit†Nas' kat'k*cUlkan'EdndIrMedaHEdlmanyYnCaevot
mij .l.
« nwkeTAKYr[s†ayNas' ! k~¨gry:eeBlCit100q~SEdlVrSgVn®Kb'
®Kgkmı¨Cae®kam eKminEdleXIjmankarekItvivaTrvagVrSgnigExµrTal'Et
esaH . pʨyeTAvijyYnnigVrSgsm¬ab'K~aeTAvijeTAmkdUcsm¬ab'mUs . ma
nåTahrNC
_ a®bvti†saÂs†enAedonebonPU Edls¬ab'KreCIgelIK~aCaPs†¨ta
g®sab' . minKYrVrSgfycakecjBIkmı¨Cae®kam ehIyEbrCa®bKl'TwkdI
enH[yYneTAvijeT » .
eq¬øt{kasyYnCaGtItevotmijsMucMNuHbMerIVrSgkMBugcat'karsm¬a-
b'Exµrkmı¨Cae®kam®sbc∫ab'y"agenaH˘˘˘ cMENkyYnCaevotmijEbrCab†Ërneya
GgkarCanrNa ? 161

Vy®tCak'eTAvij˘˘˘. vak*ecj®bkasbiTe®Jg®JtmanesckI†CaGaTifa –
ebIbgbÌËnExµrNaVnCa®Culx¬ÁneTAbMerIVrSg ≤LËvenHsMuvil®tLb'mkkan'TI
lMenAerog@x¬ÁnvijcuH rdΩaPiVle®sac®sg'CatiQb'®bkan'ykeTas cab'
tSgBI´f©ecj®bkasenHeTA .
manCaåTahrNm
_ Yyd*Gsçar¥, yayeTogVncSCanicçdUcteTA –
- ´f©EdlG~k®sIkwmcUldl'EdndIrMedaH yYnevotmijEbrCacab'x¬ÁnKat'
nSykeTAXMuXSgeTAvij . luH´f©tulakarrbs'evotmijnSx¬ÁnKat'mkkat'
eTas Kat'minecHPasayYn evotmijk*ehAnageTogcUleTAbkE®b . TIbMput
tulakarkat'esckI†fa – Tu Hin sm¬ab'ecal ! . nageTogæJk¥enHj&rja
k'bkE®bminekIt˘˘˘
®sab'Etelakcagh√agEbrEP~ksm¬wgnageTog ®BmTSgåTanfa – «sMu
eyabl'mit†eTog ! Xin y Kien don chi Tien ! » . eBlenaHnageTogxM®bmU-
lGarmµN[
_ Vnnwgnr rYcniyayEvkEjkrdibrdubfa – « tameyabl'rb
s'xM∆¨ ebIbkßsm¬ab'bgkwmk*Kµan®beyaCnG
_ I√dl'bkßTal'EtesaH ! EtebIeyI
gelIkElgeTas[Kat'rYcx¬Ánvij karenHnwgman®beyaCne_ ®cIndl'bkß KW
eyIg[t´m¬dl'®bkasEdleyIgkMBugbiTe®Jg®Jt GMJvnavelIkElg
eTasExµrEdlyl'®cLMeTAbMerIVrSgenaH˘˘˘ » . eBlenaHtulakark*pÌakdk
fyeTACMnMuK~ay"ags©at'mYysnʨHFM eTIbecjmkvij . elakcagh√agjjw
mEbrEP~ksm¬wgnageTog®BmTSgniyayfa – « ®tUv ! eyabl'rbs'smmit†
eTogBitCa®tUv ebIeyIgsm¬ab'mit†kwm ®bkasEdleyIgecjpßayenaHBit
Ca≤t®beyaCn_ .l. eBlenHeyIgsMerc[mit†kwmrYcx¬Án ! » .
b"uEn†tulakarbg≈M[nageTogcuHhtƒelxaFanamit†kwmy"ags©at'bMput ebI
bgkwmEbrCak∫t'evotmij nageTog®tUvTTYleTass¬ab'CMnYs .
cab'tSgBI´f©®bkaselIkElgeTasExµrenaHmk evotmijbegI˚tbegI˚n
P~ak'garcit†saÂs†Gb'rMy"aghµt'ct'tamEpnkarfIµ rYcbJÇa[edIreXasnaenA
®Kb'@PUmiEdlExµrkmı¨Cae®kamkMBugGg¨yGs'sgÙwm, va´leFI√[mansgÙwm
eLIgvij .
P~ak'garTSgLayenaH eBlyb'EtgEtcUleTAkan'PUmiExµr…CMrMuExµrsiƒt
enAEk∫r@b"us†V
i_ rSg xMeXasnaniyayy"agTn'P¬n' EpÌmEl˙m EvkEjkj¨H
jg'Bn¥l'nUvvibti†d*BitCak'Es†gEdlkMBugekItmaneLIgral'´f©enaHfa – mit†
@eXIjeT ! mit†@rt'ecalpÊHsMEbg rt'ecalE®scMkar lHbg'ecal®TB¥
GgkarCanrNa ? 162

sm∫ti†, manG~kx¬HlHbg'ecal®KYsar sµ&®Kcit†bUCaCIvitcUleFI√T&BCMnYybMerI

VrSgkMeTcevotmij˘˘˘ pʨyeTAvijeBlVrSgTTYlC&yCMnHenAq~S1946 V
rSgEbrCa®bKl'GMNac[®kum Viet Gian yYnk∫t', ecaTsm¬ab'bgbÌËnExµrvIr
vk'eTAvij .l. cMENkP~ak'garevotmij®kummunenaH x√HkarGb'rMminecHeFI√kar
minecHdwknS beN†ay[ekItvivaTrvagbgbÌËnExµrnigyYnkab'sm¬ab'K~a . GB∏Ë
tehtuenHbN†al[Vt'bg'eBlevlanignS[eyIgxat®beyaCny
_ "age®cI
n . kMhusd*F©n'@enH P~ak'garmun®tUvTTYl . dUec~HGgkarelIecjbJÇa[
cab'®bmUlP~ak'garEdl®b®Bwt†xusenaHnSykeTAlt'dM .
GgkarelIbJÇËnmit†fIµ@ EdlVnTTYlkarGb'rM®twm®tUv [sal'nigsni~
dΩanraÂs†Exµrkmı¨Cae®kamTukdUcCabgbÌËnmkCMnYs . e®JHyYnnigExµreyIg
mankMeNItelIdI≤NÎËcin, eyIgCamças'TwkdI≤NÎËcin˘˘˘ erOgGI√eyIgTas'ET
gK~a ? EbrCaTukeBl[VrSgCaCatibreTscUlmkratt∫atCiHCan', ≤LËvCit
100q~SeTAehIyeyIgCab'nwmVrSgenH . mUlehtuenH Vk'hU (Jk¥yYn
ehAhU-CImijfa Gfl˜uhU ) Ca®bFanbkßkumµ¨ynis†≤NÎËcinsMercbegI˚tsmaKm
mit†PaByYn-Exµr-lav edIm∫IrYbrYmsamKI[VnmSrwgbwug rYckMeTcedjVrSg
EdlCas®tUvrYmrbs'mit†eyIgedIm∫IrMedaH®beTserog@x¬Án .l. nig .l.
manbgbÌËnExµreyIgx¬Hminsal'kll∫icyYnk*sYrfa « ehtuy"agdUc
em†cVnCayYnevotmijmineq¬øt{kasenaHsm¬ab'bMputBUCExµr[Gs'eTA ? …
mYyk*vamankll∫icy"agdUcem†ceTAeTot ? » .
cemI¬y – yYnevotmijEdlmankarBiesaFnC
_ ae®cInq~SminjejItnwgeFI√
sÂgamCamYyVrSgeT . yYnsal'cMNucexßayrbs'VrSgEdlCaCnCati
caj'GakasFatuek†AenAåbTI√b≤NÎËcin minGacFn'®TSnigcMNIGahar, Twk ni
geraKepßg@VneT . yYnbk®sayBn¥l'smaCikbkßrbs'vafa « ebIs
ÂgamBn¥aeBlyUrvarwtEt®besIrsMrab'nKryYn e®JHVrSgnSGavuFmk[
nKryYneTetI ! » .
yYnevotmijTTYlsal'KuNsm∫ti†rbs'Exµrkmı¨Cae®kam EdlCaCnCa
timancrikrwgbwug Gt'Fµt' tsflU si√ts√aj ecHFn'®TSnUvkarlMVk®Kb'Ebby"a
g ehIyEdlPaKe®cInCaG~kefI√E®scMkar, ciJçwmst√, ensaT®tI, bg˚g, bgar
eTAlk'enAtamTIpßarnigTI®bCMuCnnana EdlmanBYkCnCatiyYnCaG~krs'enA
®bkbrbrCaG~krdΩkar .
luHdl'eBlExµrcUlx¬ÁneTAeFI√CaTahanCMnYyVrSgGs'eTA yYnevotmij
GgkarCanrNa ? 163

®tUvTTYlvibti†y"agF©n'2y"ag –
vibti†TI1 – yYnevotmij®tUvcMNayCIvitbUdUyGs'Cae®cIn edIm∫ITb'Tl'
sÂgamnwgVrSg .
vibti†TI2 – yYnevotmij®tUvx√HG~keFI√E®scMkar, ensaT edIm∫Ip†l'ePaKp
l[®bCaCnvaenATI®kug .
yl'dUec~HP¬am yYnevotmij®tUvEtcat'viFankarbMEbkbMVk', BYkTahan
CMnYyExµrkmı¨Cae®kamecjBIVrSg . vak*kb'lak'GavuFQb'eFI√sÂgammYy
y:s
ry sinedIm∫Ip¬as'b†ËrneyaVy nigrkkll∫icfIµeVkExµrkmı¨Cae®kamteTA
eTot .
Emn ! hU-CImijecjbJÇa[begI˚tsmaKmmit†PaByYn-Exµr-lav edIm∫I
bJÇaelIkTwkcit†Exµrkmı¨Cae®kamP¬am . karBitenaHvae®bI®Kb'meF¥aVy´nGM
eBI´®B´pßedIm∫Ism¬ab'Exµrkmı¨Cae®kam EdlCaG~kecHdwgexÊcxÊIGs'eTAehIy
TukEtExµrEdll©g'ex¬AedIm∫I®sYlvae®bIeFI√xM∆¨kJÇHvaEtb"ueNˆaH . rI‰yYnevot
mijEdlsMucMNuHbMerIVrSg‰eNaHvij vak*beJçjcg˚Ëmy"agsahavbEnƒm
eTotedIm∫I[VrSgCYykMcat'ExµrTahanCMnYyecjBIx¬Án .
kll∫icd*cEm¬kGsçar¥mYymandUcteTA –
- k~¨gExmifuna1946, ®sab'EteXIjeKcab'®sI@Exµrkmı¨Cae®kam14nak'
EdlCaG~klk'Gg˚r ehIy®tUveKbeNI†rCaCYrykeTAXMuk~¨gKukFM siƒtenAxag
e®kaysalaext†®tavij . bnÊab'mkeTIbdwgfa yYnEdlCaxM∆¨bMerIVrSgVn
ecaT®sI@TSgenaHfa lk'Gg˚rmanGMEbgdbgmEbgEkv . luHTahanCMnYy
Exµrkmı¨Cae®kamTijGg˚renaHykeTAdN†SVybriePaK k*bN†al[G~kbri-
ePaKtSgenaH®tUvrbYsdac'®kBHs¬ab'y"agevTnaCaTIbMput .
cuHehtuy"agem"cVnCaGg˚rmanGMEbgdbGMEbgEkv ? luHyUrlg'mk
eTIbeyIgExµrkmı¨Cae®kamdwgfaerOgd*cEm¬kenHCakll∫icrbs'®kumyYnGtI
tevotmijEdlsMucMNuHbMerIVrSg . viecœtkmµenHman®beyaCnB
_ Iry"agdl'
yYn –
1- vaeFI√[manclacledIm∫Ibn¬ac®sI@ExµrG~klk'Gg˚r[Qb'®bkb
rbrenH .
2- ebIKµanG~klk'ehIy Gg˚r®tUvx√Hxat dUec~HTahanCMnYyEdlbMerIV
rSgTSgenaH ®tUvEtnSK~avil®tLb'mkeFI√E®scMkarvij . sUmCMrabfa enAk~¨g
kal:eeTs:eenaH enAkmı¨Cae®kamminTan'manm"asIunkin®sUv [Vn®Kb'®Kan'
GgkarCanrNa ? 164

enAeLIyeT . ®sI@nSK~akin®sUveday´d Can'Gg˚redayeCIg rYcErgerIsy"a

gsÌatdak'k~¨gkeJIÇFM@ ErkykeTAlk'[TahanCMnYyenAk~¨gbnÊay . enA
tamdgp¬Ëvman®sI@yYneFI√viecœTkmµeFI√ButsMuTijGg˚r edaylYcbn¬Mdak'GMEb
gdbGMEbgEkvcUlk~¨gGg˚renaH . xM∆¨sUmelIkerOgmYyykmkCUnbgbÌËnExµr
BicarNaBIkll∫icyYnhaNUyCaevotNamCaGtItevotmij CaGtItevot
kugEdlnSykmksab®BYsk~¨g®beTskmı¨CakalBIq~S1982 edIm∫IkMcay
ExµrdUcteTA –
tamesckI†rayr"ab'rbs'yaypun Edlmkdl'®beTsVrSg kalBI´f©
2-11-85 VnbJÇak'®Vb'yayeTogpÊal'fa Kat'k*yl'®cLMdUcbgbÌËnExµr
d´TeTotEdr EdlsµanfayYncUlmkCYyExµr . ®sab'Etq~S1982man®Bwti†
karNd
_ *cEm¬kmYyVnekIteLIgkYr[tk's¬¨t . yYnVnbJÇËn®sIyYnekµg@
Tuk®kckEvg@labf~S®kckBN·®khmcas' EdlenAk~¨g®kckenaHmanbg˚
b'lak'f~SbMBuly"agsahav . k~¨gExemsa1982 enArdΩFanIP~MeBjmanekIt
clacly"agx¬Sg EdlbN†almkBIGg˚r nMbJç¨k nMeJt bEn¬ Ep¬eQIepßg
@ manCatiBulEdlsm¬ab'G~kbriePaK[s¬ab'CahUrEh . man®sIyYnmYy
®kumeTotnSEp¬®tEbkbI®sukyYn Edlmanbg˚b'CatiBulenAxagk~¨g ehIy
ykmklk'enAP~MeBj . G~kbriePaK®tUvs¬ab'Cabn†@ . yaypunbJÇak'fa
VneXIjpÊal'EP~knUvCnCatibreTsBIrnak' EdlmanlMenAenAEk∫rpÊHKat'
ehIyEdlVnbriePaKEp¬®tEbkenaH®bkac's¬ab'enAnwgkEn¬gmYyrMeBcy"ag
EsnevTna . Kat'bn†eTAeTotfa Kat'manGayu71q~SehIy Kat'minEdlnwk
nafanwgcakecal®sukeT EtedaysarkareXIjnwgEP~kKat'y"ag®bt¥kß
EbbenH ®BmTSgeXIjbgbÌËnExµry"age®cInelIslb' Edlx¬acf~SBulkMBug
EtdwkkUnCJÇËnecAePosx¬ÁnCahUrEh Kat'k*ekItesckI†tk's¬¨tCax¬Sg k*sMer
ccit†kan'eQI®ct'Tb'x¬Áncakecal®sukExµrmktameK‰gEdreTA .
cMENk‰Exµrkmı¨Cae®kamvijeKVnsal'kll∫icGmnusßFm·rbs'evo
tmijenHc∫as'Nas' . b"uEn† « cuHTwk®keBI, eLIgelIx¬a » Exµrkmı¨Cae®kam
enAeBlenaHCakUmkM®JEdle®bobbIdUcCa®tIEdleKcab'b®JçkJgTukrYc
eTAehIy˘˘˘ minecHPasayYn PasaVrSg KµanmeF¥aVycakecjBI®sukrk
sni†PaB esrIPaBnwgeK em"¬aHehIyk*sm©Mes©ømbiTmat'eFI√E®scMkarCaFmµta
eTA . cMENk‰GgkarelIrbs'evotmijvij k*bJÇËnP~ak'garfIµmkCMnYs®Kb'
TIkEn¬gTSgGs' edaye®bIGakb∫kiriyaTn'P¬n' sMdIEpÌm®tCak'cUlmkTak'
GgkarCanrNa ? 165

Tgmit†PaBCamYyExµry"agCits~iTÏenAtamTIlMenA . vaehAmnusßcas'fa Em"

…GMu, ehAekµg@fasmmit† .
enAeBlebIkGg®bCMum†g@ ®bFanEtgEtedIrsÊabGEgÌlcas'TMuExµreFI√
hak'dUcCa®sLaj'Nas' . vaj¨Hjg'edayniyay®cMEdl@fa VrSgCa
s®tUvrYmrbs'eyIg eyIgCab'nwmGaNaniKmVrSgCit100q~SeTAehIy . eB
lenHeyIg®tUvEterIbMrHecjBInwmenHedIm∫IesrIPaB ‰Par:kicçEdl®tUvvaykM
eTcVrSgKW®kumxM∆¨bUdUyCaG~keFI√ . smmit†ExµrminVc'ht'enOyedaykan'
GavuFeT . GgkarelIsUmsmmit†tSgcit†[nwgnrbn†kicçkareFI√E®s eFI√cMkar
ciJçwmst√ ensaT®tIbg˚geTAVnehIy . GgkarelIsMuGMJvnavdl'sm-
mit† [CYybricaçKeFI√viPaKTan edaybg'®Vk'k~¨gm~ak'@cMnYn 0,50 Piastre ®Bm
TSgGg˚r20lI®t (KW1etA) .

❑ ❑
❑

k~¨gExkJÔa1946 rdΩmÂnI†®ksYgsikßaFikarnigGb'rMenA´®BnKr Vnec-

j®bkasEtgtSgkJÔaeTogCa®KUbe®gon ®BmTSgbJÇËnnagmkkan'ext†®ta
vij . tSgBIedImmkminEdlmanÂsI†ExµrCa®KUbe®goneLIy . enAq~Ssikßa19
46-47 manÂsI†Exµrkmı¨Cae®kam2nak' Vn®tUveKEtgtSgCa®KUbe®gon . eK
bJÇËnnageTogeTAkan'b"us†g
i_ a"V ®suk®takUv edIm∫Ibe®gonmuxviCÇaPasaVrSg
-Exµrdl'kUnsisßExµr . ®suk®takUvmansuTÏEtExµrkmı¨Cae®kam EdltSgTI
lMenAJseBjtSgBIe®cInstvsßmkehIy . eKseg˚teXIjmanCnCati
yYnbni†cbn†Ác EdlmanmuxrbrCaG~krdΩkar nigCaG~klk'dUrx¬H@EdltSgTI
lMenAenAtamTIpßarEtb"ueNˆaH .
raÂs†Exµrkmı¨Cae®kamenA®suk®takUv ®bkan'min[kUneronsU®teT e®JH
tamkarkt'sMKal' kalNakUnecHdwgEtgEtmanvibti†epßg@ ®tUvEtrt'eca-
l®sukecalEm"“ swgKµannrNaGacVnrs'enACYbCMu®KYsareLIy . cMEN
k‰kUn®sI m†ay“Bukmin[eTAeronsU®tCadac'xat e®JHyl'fakalNa
eronsU®tecHdwgehIy muxEtsresrsMbu®tes~haeTA[®bus@˘˘˘
elak V"n-LËv CaGFikarbzmsikßaCatiExµr®bcSenAk~¨gGFikarkicçcMruH
ext†®tavij elakecjlixitbJÇa ( Ordre de Service ) [nageTogeTAkan'TI
enaHedIm∫Ibg˙ajCaKMrU˘˘˘. eBlenaHmankarepIÌlrMeCIbrMCYl raÂs†Exµrkmı¨Ca
GgkarCanrNa ? 166

e®kamenA®suk®takUvQUrqrcg'eXIjmuxG~k®KUCaÂsI†Exµrkmı¨Cae®kam .
cMENkyYnCaeyokmijmankarcab'GarmµNm
_ kBIva®tUvkarÂsI†Exµrkmı¨Ca
e®kamrebobenHCayUrehIy .
cugExF~Ëq~S1946 kgT&BCMnYyExµr®bcSb"usg
†i_ a"V rt'cakecjBIbnÊayCi
tGs'˘˘˘
{kasmkdl'y"agenH yYnevotmijsʨHsÊae®kakeLIgkMeTcVrSgsar
CafIµ . dUcenAyb'´f©TI31-12-46 evotmijcab'B&TÏvaykMeTcb"us†g
i_ a"V .
cMENkyYnG~krdΩkarnigG~klk'dUr vacat'kMeTces∫øgGaharecalTSgGs'
rYcva®bmUlK~aeTArYm´dCamYyevotmijP¬am .
dUec~HenA´f©TI4-1-47 nayEsh√b"us†C
i_ atiVrSgGayu®bEhl33q~S ma
nG~kenAe®kambgab'TI1CaCatiyYnGayu®bEhl50q~SeQµaHGugVv . G~k
enAe®kambgab'TI2CaCatiExµrGayu®bEhl35q~S eQµaHKwm-saj' ®bCMuK~a
sMercCabnÊan'fa®tUvEtnsK~adkfyeVHbg'b"us†ig
_ a"Vecal ehIyrt'eTA
kan'TIrYmext†®tavij Edlmancm©ayCag37K˘m˘ . e®JHb"us†g
i_ a"V®tUvevotmi
jkat'p†ac'karTak'Tg TSgBt·man TSges∫øgGahar TSg®Kab'rMesv . k~¨g
®KaGasn~enaH elakG~kEdlb†Ërs¬ab'rs'rt'tamVrSgKW – GugVv, Kwm-sa
j', ®KUbe®gonCatiExµr3nak'KW elakKwm-dak', fac'-efan nigkJÔaeTog ®Bm
tSg®KYsarTahanCMnYyExµrkmı¨Cae®kamTSgcas'TSgekµg®sI®busmancMnYn2
00nak' .
enAeBlenaH enAtamp¬ËveTAkan'TIrYmext†®tavij manåbs&KCae®cInnig
y"agF©n' . e®JHBIb"us†V
i_ "gaeTATIrYmext†®tavijmanE®BkFMbInigE®BktUcbI .
edIm∫Inwgq¬gE®BknimYy@ eK®tUvkat'tamsıan .
k~¨gExF~Ënigmkra TwkkMBugeCarCn'licmanCMerABI2˘50meLIgeTA TwkhUr
®tVj' «Ebkk∫alE®tg» evotmijdutbMp¬ajsıanecalexÊcxIÊGs' . enAcug
sıanm≈ag@ evotmijbJÇa[bUdUyCIkreN†Abg˚b'x¬ÁnvacSlbVj'G~kdMeNIr
Cae®sc .
enA®Blwm´f©TI5-1-47 eBlBYkeyIgbeNI†rK~aecjBIb"us†g
i_ "aV Vnc
m©ay®bEhlEtmYyKILËEm"®tb"ueNˆaH k*CYbåbs&KeTAehIy KWKSgdMeNIr
eTAmuxminrYc fye®kayk*minekIt e®JHmanE®BkmYyy"agFMTwkkMBughUr®t
Vj'kat'p¬Ëvf~l' sıanEdlsMrab'edIrq¬gkat'E®BkenaHman®bEvg50Em"®t ®tU
vbUdUyduteQIbMp¬ajexÊcenAsl'Ets~ÁEdk . eBlenaHmanT&BCMnYyExµrx¬H
GgkarCanrNa ? 167

EdlenAlIvpßge®BgedIrtams~ÁEdk k*®tUvbUdUyVj'Tm¬ak'Twk®bUg@ . enA

®KaGasn~F©n'F©ry"agenH Esh√b"usC
†i_ atiVrSg elak®KUKwm-dak' nigT&BCMnY
yExµrkem¬aH@cMnYn20nak' pßge®BglblUncuHk~¨gE®Bk bEN†tx¬ÁntamExß
TwkhUrrYcq¬geTAkan'e®tIym≈ag cakpute®KaHf~ak'enAelIkTI1 . bn†dMeNIreTA
muxeTot ! b"uEn†Gs'elakTSgLayenaH edayX¬anVypg edaye®skTwk
pg k*nSK~acUleTATak'TgnwgraÂs†Exµrkmı¨Cae®kamenAtamPUmidUcCa PUmi´cDI,
PUmicug´®B, PUmikMBg'TUke®takCaedIm k*dUcCabeNI†rK~acUlGnÊak'rbs'bUdUy
eTAvij . e®JHenAtamdgp¬Ëv evotmijbJÇa[bUdUycat'karerobcMdak'GnÊak'
BYnsÊak'tamPUmiExµrtSgTIlMenA . ebIG~kePosx¬ÁnTSgLayenaHedIrcUlrk
sMuVyTwk ®tUvbUdUyVj'sm¬ab'ecalP¬am . dUec~H®kumenaH®tUvbUdUyVj'
sm¬ab'ecalCahUrEhr . luHmkdl'®kug®tavij sl'enArs'EtEsh√b"us†i_
CatiVrSgnigelak®KUKwm-dak'BIrnak'b"ueNˆaH . cMENkG~kePosx¬ÁnEdl
Cab'kunenAmat'E®BkTI1enaH ®tUvevotmijcab'cgEP~kcg´d beNI†rnSeTAkan'
mat'Ten¬xaglicPUmiebneyO . evotmijecjbJÇa[TahanCMnYyExµrkmı¨Ca
e®kamQrmYy®kum@CamYy®bBnÏkUncMnYn150nak' TSgcMNgenAEP~knig´d
rYcvarHmI´®tEy"tmke®sacelICnGP&B√TSgenaHs¬ab'y"agGaeNacGFmCaTI
bMput . cMENkGugVv nigKwm-saj' vabgab'[CIkreN†Ax¬Án‰glµmGg¨y
®twmk rYccuHeTAGg¨yk~¨greN†AenaH [bUdUysm¬ab'ecalexµack~¨greN†Abg˙a
jsaFarNCnemIledayesrI eTIbykeTAbJç¨H4´f©e®kay .

kMENnevotmij

enAeBl®Blwm´n´f©TI6-1-47 bUdUycab'elak®KUfac'-efan nigG~k®KU

eTogcgEP~kCiterog@x¬Án ehIycg´dG~kTSgBIrk~¨gcMNgEtmYy nSyk
eTAkan'PUmiebneyOvij .
mkdl'PUmiebneyO elakfac'-EknG~ksµ&®Kcit†bMerIevotmijCayUrmk
ehIy@Edl®tUvCa“Bukekµkelak®KUfac'-efan VnsMuFanakUn®bsarKat'bM
EbkecjBIG~k®KUeTogVt'eTA˘˘˘. rI‰nagkJÔaeTog®tUvevotmijbg≈SgTukTSg
EP~kCab'cMNgenAkEn¬gmYy . 11´f©e®kaymk KWenAeBl®Blwm´n´f©TI17
-1-47 nageTogdwgfa manmnusßm~ak'cUlmk®saycMNgecjBIEP~k .
cMNgrebIk nageXIjmnusßm~ak'CatiyYn maDsmxıs' sk'rYjGgadI man
GgkarCanrNa ? 168

Gayu®bEhl32q~S . bursenHbeNI†rnageTog (´dnigEP~k®saycMNg

Gs'ehIy) kat'valE®sFMl√wgelI√yq©aydac'knʨyEP~k . enAtamp¬ËveKeXI
jEtexµackMbutk∫al˘˘˘. KYr[tk's¬¨tx¬SgNas'eTAeTot bnÊab'BIVnBinit¥
sMelokbMJk'rbs'exµacmk eKdwgfaexµacTSgenaHCaExµrTSgGs' . nageTo
g®salx¬ÁndUcsMLI GarmµNE_ lgenAnwgx¬ÁneTAehIy eTaHeCIgCMBb'nwgdMu
fµhUrQamy"agNak*ElgQWcab'GI√eTAehIy . nagyk´dsÊabk∫alm†g
@ehIyKitfa – « { ! k∫alxM∆¨muxCadac'ecalCamYynwgeKenATIenHEdr…y"ag
Na ? » .
em"ag®bEhl12, emevotmijenHk*Ebre®kaymk®Vb'nageTogfa –
enHKWPUmibwg ! . kJÔaP∆ak'ehIylan'mat'fa˘˘{ ! . e®JHnagdwgfa – cab'BI
PUmibwgenHeTA enAxagekItKWPUmi´cDI rYcehIyKWPUmiEs¬g bnÊab'eTAKWPUmicug
´®BEdlCa®sukkMeNIt . ®bEhlenAem"ag1resol yYnd*Gaf·kMVMgenH
nSnageTogcUleTAkan'xÊms¬wkmYysiƒtenAe®kayvt†´cDI EdlmaneKerobcM
VyTwkcSTTYlrYcCae®sc . G~kTSgBIrbriePaKTl'muxK~a . eTaHP&yVrm∏
y"agNak*eday enAeBlenaHkJÔaGayu19q~SelbVyCamYynwgxbg˚g
elIkecjBIq~SgP¬am@ y"agek†Anigy"agq©aj'Bisar˘˘˘. nageTogdwgfaevot
mijenHlbemIlmuxnagm†g@y"agykcit†Tukdak' . luHbriePaKGaharcb'
sB√®Kb'ehIykalNa evotmijk*niyaymkkan'nageTogfa – smmit†eTo
gmanÚkJrs¬Ët®tg'Nas' Kµankll∫icGI√eT etImit†sal'xM∆¨…eT ? nag
eTog®KvIk∫albg˙ajkayvikarfa – eT .
yYnenHk*bn†eTAeTotfa – xM∆¨eQµaH pam-va"n'sIuv CaemKijsm©at'Qan
mux®bcS®suk®takUv . GgkarelI ( Câp Trên ) bJÇa[xM∆¨cUlb"usc
†i_ ab'smmit†
‰gCae®cInelIk b"uEn†minVnsMerc . dUec~HcMeJH®Bwti†karN´_ f©TI5-1-47
xM∆¨Vncat'Ecg®Vb'eK[karJrsmmit†Camun ehtudUec~HehIyVnCaeKmin
sm¬ab'smmit† . GgkarelInwgGb'rMsmmit†[CYyefI√karrdΩaPiVlrMedaHCati .
smmit†VnrYcCIvitenH edaysarEtGgkarelI˘˘˘˘ dUec~Hsmmit†®tUvEtdwgKu
NGgkarelI . ≤LËvcUrsmmit†elIk´ds†SscçaedayesµaH®tg' ehIyeqI¬y
nwgsMnYrEdlGgkarelIdak'Tismk[xM∆¨sYr –
« ehtuy"agdUcem†cVnCasmmit†rt'tamVrSg ? » .
« xM∆¨minEmnrt'tamVrSgeT, xM∆¨®tUvCiHkg'tamp¬ËvenHeTApÊHrbs'xM∆¨enAXMu
ePOkhwug . xM∆¨minGacq¬gE®Bkd*FMenHVneT e®JHsıanVneqHGs'rlIg
GgkarCanrNa ? 169

eTAehIy . enAeBlEdlxM∆¨kMBugEtsʨHsÊarrkmeF¥aVyq¬gE®Bk ®sab'Et

BYkePosx¬ÁnGs'TSgenaHmkdl'®sbp¬ËvK~aCamYyxM∆¨Etm†geTA » .
« etIsmmit†eTogsal'nrNaCamit† nrNaCas®tUveT ? » .
eBlenaHkJÔaeTogGg¨yKity"agyUreTIbnageqI¬yfa –
« evotNamnigExµrCamit† CaBiessdUcbgdUcbÌËn e®JHeyIgmanedImkM
eNItk~¨g≤NÎËcinCamYyK~a xusK~aEtPasab"ueNˆaH . s®tUvrbs'eyIgKWVrS
g e®JHBYkenHcUlmkQ¬anJn®beTseyIg » .
« etIsmmit†sµ&®Kcit†lHbg'®KYsarcUlbMerIrbbrYm cUlbMerIrdΩaPiVlrM-
edaHCati…eT ? » .
« xM∆¨Esnsµ&®Kcit† ! » .
G~kTSgBIrnak'esIcedaye®tkGr nigeBjcit†erogx¬Án . b"uEn†esckI†e®t
kGrenaHmanKMnitepßg@K~a®sLH . pam-va"n'sIuve®tkGre®JHrYcCIvit ´f©
NamYyman{kasnagnwgrt'cUlxagVrSgvij . yb'enaH pam-va"n'sIuvk*
CUnnageTogeTAkan'PUmiePOkhwug edIm∫ICYb“Bukm†aynagvij .
´f©TI18-1-47em"ag2Ga®Fat eyIgTSgBIrnak'VneTAdl'muxpÊH . Et !
T√arrbgecjcUl®tUvsÊHbiTCit˘˘˘ e®JHk~¨gkal:eTs:enaH Exµrkmı¨Cae®kam
Edlnwk@eTAKYr[GasUr ®tUvVnVrSgrt'ecalm†geTot . ExµrGP&B√TSgenaH
k*nSK~akab'ÚsßIbn¬aeFI√sMras'T√arrbgy"agmS edayP&ytk's¬¨tx¬acecarevot
mijmkeFI√Vb˘˘˘.
eyIgTSgBIrnak'QrerraenAelIf~l'cm©ay®bEhl30Em"®tBIpÊH . nag
eTogk*E®skehA“BuktambJÇarbs'pam-va"n'sIuv˘˘˘ ehAehIyehAeTot Et
KµancemI¬y˘˘˘ mYy®sbk'®sab'EteXIjePI¬gceg˚øgenAk~¨gpÊH . nageToge®t
kGrNas'k*E®skehAm†geTot . yay-tae®tkGrNas'edaysal'sem¬
gkUn®sI . Kat'mkCitT√arrbgpÊH ehIyk*sYrbJÇak'Gs'kicçkary"agyUrTMrS
nwgebIkT√arrbg[eyIgTSgBIr .yaytaniyay®Vb'eyIgfa Kat'lg'lk'
k~¨gdMeNk minVnæsem¬geKehAKat'P¬am@eT edaymkBIkarGt'gguyGs'
eBlCae®cInyb'mkehIy k~¨gkarrukrknigesaks†aykUn®sI .
enA´f©dEdl eBlVy®BwkrYc pam-va"n'sIuv ®bkasebIkGg®bCMumYy
y"agåLarikenAPUmicug´®BkEn¬gTIlanTat'Vl' . pam-va"n'sIuveXasnaB-
n¥l'EvkEjkFanaGHGagkarJrCIvitExµrkmı¨Cae®kam EdlmanTIlMenAenAXMu
ePOkhwugenH . Kat'bJÇak'fa GgkarelIcab'epI†mbJÇËnP~ak'garfIµ EdlVn
GgkarCanrNa ? 170

TTYlkarGb'rMy"ag®twm®tUv TTYlsal'Exµrkmı¨Cae®kamCamit† CabgbÌËn eyIg

®tUvrYbrYmsamKIK~akMeTcedjVrSgCas®tUvrYm p¬as'cUlmkdwknSbgbÌËns-
mmit†CMnYsP~ak'garBImun .
pam-va"n'sIuvkan'sµanageTogbg˙ajdl'Gg®bCMuehIyniyayEf¬gfa –
smmit†eTogBIedImF¬ab'VneFI√karbMerIVrSg Et≤LËvenHsmmit†eTogVnP∆ak'
rlwksµ&®Kcit†cUlbMerIrbbrYmvijehIy GgkarelIk*elIkElgeTas[sm-
mit†eTogP¬am . rdΩaPiVlrMedaHCatiecj®bkaselIkElgQb'®bkan'eTas
bgbÌËnExµrcab'tSgBIeBlenHeTA . cMENkP~ak'garevotmijBImunenaHmankM-
husF©n'Nas' ≤LËvenHGgkarelI®bmUlnSykeTA «lt'dM» TukCaKMrU . sU
msmmit†TSgGs'Qb'P&yrt'eKcteTAeTot sMurkßaesckI†s©b'es©øm cUr
ecj®bkbkargarterogeTA e®JH®tUvrdUv®cUtmkdl'ehIy˘˘. ebImit†@mankar
GI√KYr[esAhµg cUrmkraykarN®_ Vb'smmit†eTogenHcuH smmit†eTogGac
JMnaMJk¥rbs'smmit†TSgGs'eTAdl'xM∆¨ xM∆¨nwgedaH®sayCUnP¬am . cab'tSg
BI´f©enHeTA xM∆¨GnuJÔat[smmit†eTogecjcUlCYbxM∆¨Vn®Kb'eBlevla . ni-
yayrYcehIy pam-va"n'sIuvelIk´ds†STHsµanageTog®BmTSgsYrbJÇak'fa
«etIsmmit†yl'®BmeT?» . nageToggk'k∫alyl'®BmCMnYscemI¬y . mun
nwglaecjBInageTogeTA pam-va"n'sIuvVncuHhtƒelxaelI®kdas'mYysn¬w
ktUc rYchuc[nag®BmTSgniyayxßib@eTAkan'nagfa – G~kNakan'lixit
enH KWCaP~ak'garKijsm©at'Biess (Trinh xat giên)) . ebIcg'CYbxM∆¨ ®Kan'Etb
g˙ajlixitenHdl'G~knSp¬Ëv (giao thon)) eTA eKnwgnSsmmit†eTACYbxM∆¨P¬am .
luHpam-va"n'sIuvlaecjputeTA nageTogBinit¥emIllixitenaH mansresr
elx 36X nigGkßrbIbYnm"at'eTotCaJk¥kat'sJÔasMKal' EdlnageTogmin
yl'famann&yy"agem"ceT .
tSgBI´f©enaHmk nageTogmankatB√kicçcSVc'bMput KW®tUvCYbpam-va"n'sIuv
Cas©at'bMput edIm∫IeFI√esckI†raykarN_ m†gk~¨gmYyEx . nageTog®tUvedIrm†g
@cm©ayy"agtic20K˘m˘ edIm∫IeTACYbemKijsm©at'enH . kEn¬gEdlCYbnig
G~knSp¬Ëv®tUvb†ËrCaerogral'eBl edayedIrtamekµg@ EdlmanGayuy"age®cIn
13q~S EdlCaG~knSp¬Ëv . eBlCYbK~am†g@ pam-va"n'sIuvCCIkedjedalsYr
nageTogBIGakb∫kiriyarbs'ExµrenAXMu ePOkhwug enH .
dUec~HCIvitExµrkmı¨Cae®kamenAXMuePOkhwug siƒtenAk~¨gkN†ab'´dnageTog
ehIyCIvitnageTogk*siƒtenAk~¨gkN†ab'´dExµrTSgenaHEdr . e®JHåbmafa
GgkarCanrNa ? 171

enAeVlenaHnageTogniyay®Vb'emKijfa ExµrenHeTog®tg'nwgvaeT EtenA

´f©e®kay G~kenaHE®bCak∫t'vaeTAvij nageTog®tUvCab'ecaTBIbTXb'Xitsfl˜u
®KlMuCamYyG~kenaH etInageTog®tUveFI√dUcem†c ? nageTog®tUvEts¬ab' ! . eda
y≤ttk's¬¨tx√l'x√aycMeJHerOgenH nageTogk*Gg√r“Buk sMurt'cakecjBITI
enaH . b"uEn†taKwm-vNˆ: Ca“BukxMBn¥l'kUn®sICae®cIn ehIyenATIbJçb'Kat'
niyayfa –
«ebIkUnrt'rYcm~ak' ®KYsareyIgTSgGs'®tUvs¬ab'!» .
enA´f©TI27-1-47 nageTogVnTTYlsMbu®tBI®ksYgGb'rM edIm∫IehA[cU
leronsalaKruekasl¥tamrebobfIµ EdlsiƒtenAPUmi Vk'®tag . ry:eeBl
Edl®tUveronmancMnYn1ExKt' TSgyb'TSg´f© .
rYcehIyvabJÇËnnagmkeFI√®KUbe®gonenAsalabzmsikßak~¨gXMuePOkhwu
g vt†®bTkßsilanie®KaFvij . muxviCÇaEdl®tUvbe®gonKWPasaExµr-yYndl'
kUnsisßCatiExµr. ®Vk'ExEdlevotmijebIk[mancMnYn10$ bUkrYmTSgGg˚r
20lI®t nigGMbil1lI®t . luHdl'ExåsPa1947 evotmijecjbJÇaCafIµ
[nagbe®gonEteBl®Bwk, eBll©ac®tUvecjCYyeXasnaCamYyP~ak'gar
eXasnaQanmux .
eBlenaHCaeBlEdlmane®KaHf~ak'y"agF©n'mYyelIkeTot . e®JHenA
eBlyb' ®tUveTAeXasnaBn¥l'raÂs†ExµrEdlmanTIlMenAenAEk∫rb"us†V
i_ rS
g[rt'fyecj[Gs' .
edIm∫IqıinEP~kExµrkmı¨Cae®kam[eKarBnigeCOnUvX¬a « mit†PaBExµr-yYn-
lav » faminEmnCakareVk®Vs', enAeBlenaHKWk~¨gq~S1947 evotmijk~¨g
ext†®tavijsMrSge®CIserIsVnExµrkmı¨Cae®kamCaG~kecHdwg edIm∫Icat'Etg
tSgeTAtam®ksYgnanadUcCa –
- ®ksYgeXasnakar – vadak'elakswn-ePOkrdΩ CaGtItemFavI, elak
LS-´f ( Cabg´f¬rbs'elaksWg-g"ukfaj' ) nigelaksWn-g"ukePOk .
- ®ksYgsni†sux «Kij» vacat'EtgtSgelak sWg-g"uksYr nigG~k®sI
pak .
- ®ksYgGb'rMnigsikßaFikar vacat'EtgtSgelakfac'-efan, Gacar¥Eck
nignagkJÔaeTogCa®KUbe®gonkUnsisßCatiExµr be®gonmuxviCÇaPasaExµr-yY
n.
❑
GgkarCanrNa ? 172

enAeBlenaHmanyYnm~ak'eQµaH eg√øg-yMuagemog ehAGacar¥emon lYc

bn¬Mdak'eQµaHCaExµrkmı¨Cae®kam swg-g"ukmij ehIyPrbEnƒmfaCabÌËnrbs'
sWg-g"ukfaj' .
EtExµrenAkmı¨Cae®kamsal'Gacar¥emonc∫as'Nas' . mnusßenHman
edImkMeNItCayYnsuTÏ Edl®tUvevotmijcat'EtgtSg ehIybJÇËn[eTAbYs
eronenAraCFanIP~MeBj sMNak'enAvt†esamePOk . elaksgÙEk¬gk¬ayenH
xMe®kbCJÇk'eronxagEp~kBuTÏsasnarebobExµr xMeronerobÚkJreTAtamTM-
enomTMlab'nig®b´BNIExµr . enAq~S1947 eg√øg-yuSgemog k*®tUvevotmij
ekaHehA[cUleTAkmı¨Cae®kamvij ®Kvat's∫g'cIBrecal ehIyk*cUlbMerI
bkßkmµ¨ynis†≤NÎËcin Ca®bFanEp~kxagExµr « génial » .
enAkmı¨Cae®kamCMnan'enaH evotkugEtgEtbegI˚tbuN¥saFarN:C
CaerOy
@ vacat'CagKMnUr[KUrrUb®sI®kmMuyYnd*ekµgm~ak'eQµaH eL-FIFij ekokkkJÔa
eTogedaydak'cMNgeCIgfa – mit†PaByYn-Exµr . enA®Kb'BiFIbuN¥saFar
N:eeKEtgEteXIjrUbKMnUrCanicç .
Extulaq~S1947 evotmijbegI˚tKN:k
kmµkarsm©at'nigBiessmYy e®CI
serIsyuvCnnigyuvnarIyYn-Exµr EdlmanGayue®kam20q~S edIm∫IbJÇËneTA
kmı¨CakN†al . Ete®kaymkvab†ËrEpnkaredayerobcMyuvCn-yuvnarITSg
enaH [eTAeFI√kmµsikßaenAeb"kSgeTAvij . CMnan'TI1 manebk≈CncMnYn29nak'
KW –
- Ep~kxagyYnmanyuvCncMnYn21nak' yuvnarIcMnYn2nak'eQµaH eL-FI
sg nigegÿg-FIhYg .
- Ep~kxagExµrmanyuvCncMnYn5nak' yuvnarIm~ak'KWkJÔaeTog .
munnwgecjdMeNIreTAeb"kSg ebk≈CnTSgenaH®tUvcUleronsalaneya
VyCan'mF¥mEdlbegI˚teLIgedayevotmijenAPUmibwg, ®suk®takUv . ry:
eBleronk~¨gsalaenHmancMnYn4ExKt' KWcab'epI†menA´f©1-11-47 cb'enA
´f©28-2-48 . ®bFanFMenAk~¨gsalaneyaVyenHeQµaHeg√øg-va"n'Tij ma
nsJÇatiCayYn´®BnKr . ®KUbe®gonman3nak'CaCatiyYnhaNUy .
kmµviFIsikßaCadMbUg KWvaniyay®cMEdl@[ebk≈CnTSgGs'enaHsal'
krNiykicçrbs'BlrdΩ[Vnc∫as'las' . åTahrN_ – ebIeyIgCaExµr
eyIg®tUvEtecH®sLaj'nigkarJrGI√EdlCaExµr .
Caerogral'eBl enAmuneBlVy®Bwk-l©ac ebk≈CnTSgGs'®tUvEtecH
GgkarCanrNa ? 173

sYrnigecHeqI¬y .
- etInrNaCamit† ?
- yYn-Exµr-lav .
- etInrNaCas®tUv ?
- VrSg nigCb"un .
elak®KUsU®temeronbn†eTAeTotfa – edIm∫InwgkMeTcxµSgVn eyIg®tUv
manbkßCaG~kdwknS . e®JHehtuenHehIyVnCaGMuhU EdlCamnusßTI1 sM
ercbegI˚tbkßkumµ¨ynis†≤NÎËcin . GMuhUmanbMNgEtmYyKt' KWb®gYbb®gYm
®bCaCnTSg3´nåbTI√b≤NÎËcin [k¬ayeTACaCatiEtmYy nwgGacVneTACa
km¬SgGmt: . dUec~HeyIg (yYn-Exµr-lav) ®tUvEteFI√BlikmµlHbg'Em"“ bg
bÌËn lHbg'kicçkar‰kCn eyIg®tUvEtKitCanicçnUv®beyaCnr_ Ymrbs'bkß . Ca
Biess eyIg®tUvQb'®bkan'BUCsasn_ KWeyIg®tUverobkarbI†®bBnÏCamYyK~a
cab'BIeBlenHeTA˘˘˘.
cab'BIeBl≤LËvenHeTA “BukrYmrbs'eyIgmanEtmYyKt' KWGMuhU˘˘˘

❑ ❑
❑

edIm∫IsMercnUvKMeragEpnkard*elaPln'enH yYnhaNUyEdlmanhU-
CImijCaemdwknS k*dak'Tisy"agrevIrvayedaye®KagbJÇËnyuvCnExµrcMnYn
mYymWunnak' (®bus5Jn'-®sI5Jn') nigyuvCnCatiyYncMnYn2mWunnak' (®bus
1mWun-®sI1mWun) nSykeTAGb'rMenAeb"kSg . eBlevlaeTAeronsU®tenAmin
Tan'kMNt'enAeLIyeT . EtenAeBlenaHeKbJÇak'fa kalNaebk≈CnTSg4
mWunnak'enHeronecHcb' eKnwg®tUvvil®tLb'mk≤NÎËcinvij ehIycMeJHyYn
haNUy eKsni~dΩanCamune®sceTAehIyfa KWBYkGs'enHehIyEdlCaG-
naKtG~kdwknSbkßkumµ¨ynis†≤NÎËciny"agExgErg EdlmanGMuhUCa®bFan.
rI‰rdΩFanIfIµeKbMrugsƒabnaeLIgenA®tg'PUmicMBuHTa . « yuvCnExµrniglav ®tUv
EterobkarCamYyyuvCnCatiyYnCadac'xat ! » .
etIehtuy"agdUcem†cVnCayYnhaNUybg≈MExµrExµrniglav [erobkarbI†
GgkarCanrNa ? 174

®bBnÏCamYysasny
_ Yn ?
KMnityYnhaNUy®kLic®kL¨cCanicç . eKe®bobKMnitBYkvaenHeTAnwg
mnusßEdlxMGEgÌlx~geKaedIm∫IykmkbJçËlnwm ! . e®JHBYkvadwgfa kUn
EdlekItmkBI“Bukm†ayCatiyYn vanwgniyayPasayYn ®bkan'TMenomTMla
b'p~t'KMnitrebobyYn dUec~HCas√&y®bvti†G~kEdlekItenAtMNe®kay muxEt
k¬ayeTACayYny"ag®sYlminVc'xM˘˘˘. cMeJHmtisklelak ®beTsExµr
lav enAEtExµr lav EtenAxagk~¨g®beTs suTÏEtmanQamC&rCaCatiyYn
niyayPasayYn .
edaysarExµrenAkmı¨Cae®kamyl'eXIjEbbenHehIy VnCa“Bukm†ay
EtgEthamkUn®bus®sImin[erobkarCamYyyYnCadac'xat .

❑ ❑
❑

eBlnageTogeroncb'salaneyaVyCan'mF¥m evotmij®VrB√eFI√BiFI
bJçb'vKsikßa . vabJÇa[mansunÊrkfabJÇak'karrwtcMNgmit†PaByYn-Exµr
CaPasaTSgBIrsasn_ EdlmankJÔaeTogCaG~ktak'EtgnigeLIgEf¬gsunÊr
kfaCaPasaExµr . enAeBlbJçb'BiFIbuN¥ ebk≈Cn®Kb'@rUb®tUvEteLIgelI
evTika rYcelIk´ds†Scg̨lemXeFI√scça®bNiFan –
-TI1 – ®tUvdwgKuN eKarBnigesµaH®tg'cMeJHGMuhU .
-TI2 – ®tUvB®gwgeKalCMhrKit®beyaCnr_ Ymbkß .
-TI3 – ®tUvecHlak'karNG
_ af·kMVMgTSgGs' EdlVneronsU®tecHdwg
BIsalaneyaVyenH .
luHcb'BiFIbJçb'vKsikßaenHehIy manebIkGg®bCMumYyCasm©at'P¬am
edIm∫Ip¬as'eQµaHebk≈CnTSgGs' . eBlenaHpam-va"n'sIuv k*enATIenaHEdr .
emKijsm©at'nigBiessenH e®kakeLIg®bkasdak'eQµaHnagkJÔaKim-FI
GflUy CaVeTog EdlE®becjBIPasayYnmkfa «eTvta» .
karb†ËreQµaHenH yYnevotmijEtgEteFI√CaerogrhUtmk . åTahrNe_ nA
q~S1953 saL¨t-srVncUlmkbMerIbkßkumµ¨ynis†≤NÎËcin eg√øg-yuSg-
GgkarCanrNa ? 175

emog …Gacar¥emon …sWg-g"ukmij k*dUreQµaHCnenaHfa b"ul-Bt Edls

kelakTSgmUlsal' rYcehIyenAeBlfIµ@enH b"ul-Bt k*Vnp¬as'eQµaH
eTACa «lµ¨t» rYceTAehIy .
eyIgnwgtamemIlteTAeTotfa ebIlµ¨tminTan'dl'eBleKsm¬ab'eT
eQµaHenHnwgc∫as'CanwgdUreTACasIÌmYyeTotCaminxan .l.

❑ ❑
❑

enAyb'´f©TI28-2-48 evotmijerobcMBiFICb'elogmYyd*åLarik edIm∫I

CUndMeNIrebk≈CnTSg29nak' eTAeronenAeb"kSgCaelIkTI1 . eBlTTYlTa
nePaCnaharmkdl' pS-yuSgeGog yYnhaNUyGayu25q~S Ca®KUbg˙at'sa
laneyaVyenH cab'epI†meFI√sMnYredIm∫IbMP¬WnUvEpnkarFM@x¬HnigCasm©at'bM-
put . yYneGogsYrta®bFan eg√øg-va"n'Tijfa –
« dMNak'karCadMbUgrbs'bkßkumµ¨ynis†≤NÎËcin EdlGMuhUVnbegI˚t
mkehIyenH KW®tUvkMeTcski†PUminigc®kBti† . etIeyIg®tUvedaH®saydUcem†
ccMeJHraCaNac®kkmı¨Caniglav Edlmanes†c®Kb'®Kg ? » .
taTije®kakQreLIg jjwm®BmTSgEvkEjkBn¥l'fa –
« Vk'hU (Jk¥yYnE®bfaGMuhU) manEpnkare®KagTukrYcCae®sc . enH
Cakarsm©at'mYyEdlxM∆¨eTIbnwgVnc∫ab'Bn¥l'G~kTSgGs'enAeBlenH .
Vk'hUe®KagbegI˚tExµrfIµ lavfIµ nSykeTACMnYsExµrniglavenAk~¨g®sukTSg
Gs' . G~kTSg29nak'enHCaåTahrN®_ sab' KWCaGnaKtemdwknS≤NÎËcin fIµ
m"¥ageTotVk'hUmancat'bJÇËnbUdUy[cUleTAkan'kmı¨Ca tSgmUldΩanJ-
seBj´®B rYcehIytSgBIq~S1945mkem"¬H edayeyIgykelsfa CYyExµr
vaykMeTcedjVrSg . eq¬øt{kasd*lÌenH bUdUyGacmaneBleronsU®t[
sal'PUmisaÂs†´n®beTsExµr[Vn®Kb'®Cuge®Cay . cMENk‰P~ak'garcit†
saÂs†k*xMeronsU®t[sal'cit†KMnit crik CaBiesscMNucexßayrbs'®bCa
CnExµr[Vnc∫as'las' .
®bCaCnExµrEdlenAcugkat'mat'jk G~kE®scMkarEdlenAq©aydac'®s-
GgkarCanrNa ? 176

yal G~k´®BP~M CaBiess®kumecar´®B KWBYkTSgGs'enaHehIy EdlCaG~k

rge®KaHedaysarGMeBIGyuti†Fm·bN†almkBIkarCiHCan'rbs'raCkarBukrlY-
ynignamWunsIusMNUk .
kalebIP~ak'garcarkicçrbs'eyIg[dMNwg®Vb'TIkEn¬gehIy eyIgnwg
bJÇËnP~ak'garcit†saÂs†eTABn¥l'rMedaHykBYkenaHmkP¬am . KWeyIg®tUvcUl
eTAj¨Hjg'edIm∫IGnuvt†tameX¬agX¬arbs'Vk'hU«bMEbkbMVk'edIm∫I®Kb'®Kg»
rYcehIyeyIgnwgeq¬øtbMJk'nUveKalCMhrlTiÏkumµ¨ynis†≤NÎËcinEdlsÌat
sÌM Edlyuti†Fm· EdlxMrkesrIPaB[®bCaCn®kI®kEdl®tUveKemIlgay .
enAtamTI®kug eyIgVnbJÇËncarbursnigcarnarI EdlmankarGb'rMy"ag®twm
®tUvhµt'ct' mantSgBIdukT&r, GSehß∆j&r, Gg'®tW®bWn&r, G~kraCkar, Tahan, G~k
lk'dUr, CagCYsCulLan, G~kb"Hkg' nigG~klk'®tICaedIm . carbursnigcar
narITSgenaHxMeronsU®t[sal'®Kb'cMNucexßayrbs'®bCaBlrdΩExµrenA®K
b'mCŒdΩan . eyIg®tUvecHGt'Fµt' QanmYyCMhanm†g@eday®bug®by&t~ rg'
cS{kaslÌswmeyIgkMeTctamcMNucexßayTSgLayenaH˘˘˘ eyIg®tUvEt
lakkarNe_ nH[VnCitCadrab . sB√´f©enH bIExm†g mit†@rbs'eyIgray
karNm
_ kbkßCaeTogTat' . lTÏplVnmkCaTIKab'cit† KWKµankarGI√KYr[®BY
yVrm∏eT ! » .
taTijbn†eTAeTotfa –
« s®tUvTI1rbs'eyIgKWVrSgEdlmanGavuFd*x¬Sgk¬a EtVrSgnSGavuFTS
genaHmk[eyIgkarJr®beTseTetI ! . bUdUyenAEtmanlTÏPaBGackMeTc
s®tUvVnCaerogral'eBlEdlGaceFI√eTAVn . bkßeyIgenAEtsgÙwmCa
nicçfa GacdeNI†mC&yCMnHVnenA´f©NamYyxagmuxCaminxan ! . ≤LËvenH
eyIg®tUvEt´llkbegI˚tExµrfIµ lavfIµbeNI†r@ . enAeBlEdleyIgQ~HGa
cedjkMcat'VrSgBI≤NÎËcinVnehIy bkßrbs'eyIg®tUvEtbJçËlnKrExµr -
lav mkk~¨gbkßkumµ¨ynis†≤NÎËcin[VnTan'eBl edayminVc'cMNay
GavuFnigT&BeT . b"uEn†eyIg®tUv®by&t~cMeJHExµr . eyIg®tUve®bIGavuFcit†sa-
Âs†[x¬Sg e®JHeyIgminGacykC&yCMnHedayGavuFeTAelIkgT&BExµrVn
eT . BitEmnEt®bCaBlrdΩExµrmancriks¬ËtbUt b"uEn†ebIeFI√sÂgam ExµrCamnu
sßsi√ts√aj rwgbwug Fn'®TSnUvcMeJHmuxkarGt'X¬an FatuGakasek†A®tCak',
eP¬øgprnigkarlMVk®Kb'Ebby"ag . dUec~HeyIg®tUvEtGnuvt†tameX¬agX¬a
sMxan'@EdleyIgVneronrYcmkehIy –
GgkarCanrNa ? 177

- bMEbkbMVk'edIm∫I®Kb'®Kg ( Chia rê dê cai tri ) .

- manbdivt†ne_ kIteLIgeTIbeCOnelOn .
( Môt lân cach man môt lam tiên hoa ) .
- ®tUveFI√[sgÙwm rYcswmCYy[mansgÙwmeLIgvij .
- sm¬ab'mnusßsucçrit ®besIrCagTuks®tUv[enArs' .
- Q~HVn®Kb'®Kg caj'VneFI√CaesdÏI .
( an lam vua thua lam giau ) » .
eBlenaHyYneGoglan'mat'fa – « dUcCa®sYleBk ! » .
taTijbn†eTotfa –
« eyIgsni~dΩanraÂs†ExµrsB√´f© (1947) dUckUnBEBEdlkMBugedklk'
BMuEdlsal'sÂgameT, cSemIldl'eBlmansÂgampʨHeLIg Kat'muxEtela
tdUc®tIk~¨g®Tug Edlrkp¬ËvecjmineXIjeLIy . cMENk‰BYkemExµrG~kdwk
vij bkßeyIgmanbg˚b'G~kesIubkarN[
_ enAeFI√karCamYyehIy . ebIsÂga
mrvagExµrnigeyIgbn†eTAeTot VnyUrrwtEt®besIr ! KWeyIgmaneBlnwg
begI˚tExµrfIµeTACMnYs . e®JHehtuenHehIyVnCabkßcab'epI†me®CIserIs
yuvCnnigyuvnarIExµr[eTAeronenAeb"kSgenH » .l.
taTijniyaymkdl'®twmeNH k*®keLkmknageTognigyuvCnExµr5
nak' EdlCaebk≈CnelIkTI1 ehIyjjwmeBjcit† .
- etIraÂs†ExµrKitTl'nwgeyIg… ? smmit†eL-FIsgsYr .
- KµanGI√CakarBiVkeLIy . taTijeqI¬y®BmTSgeBbmat' edaybJÇak'
nUvkar®bmafraÂs†ExµrCaBn'eBk, ehIybn†eTAeTotfa –
« b"uEn†eyIge®bIeBlyUrbni†c edayeyIg®tUvecHe®bIkarGt'Fµt'enH‰g
edIm∫Irg'cScarCnrbs'eyIg eFI√karCamYyemdwknSExµr . G~kTSgenaHmanPar
kicçnwgeTAEGbGbbJç¨kbnßI edIm∫Ieq¬øte®bIkll∫iceFI√[Gs'sgÙwm rYcswm
CYy[mansgÙwmvij . b"uEn†ebImanbuKlNarwgTTwgmuxmat' eyIg®tUvEtkM
cat'G~kenaHecalP¬am edIm∫IkMu[mane®KaHf~ak' . sm¬ab'mnusßsucrit
®besIrCagTuks®tUv[enArs' » .
eBlevlakan'EtxI¬Nas'eTAehIyenAeBlenaH yYneGogeFI√sMnYrCacug
e®kayeTAtaTijfa –
« bkßeyIgeFI√sÂgamedjVrSg bUdUyeyIgs¬ab'y"age®cIn cMENk
®TB¥sm∫ti†®tUvrlayexÊcxIÊswgGs'rlIg . cMENkExµr eKenAsl'TSg®T-
GgkarCanrNa ? 178

B¥sm∫ti† TSg®bCaBlrdΩ . m"¥ageTotExµrCaG~kkan'BuTÏsasna nigeKarB

es†c . minTMngfaeyIgGacekor®bCaBlrdΩeK[cUlbkßkumµ¨ynis†≤NÎËci
n EdlCabkß®bqSgnwges†c nigBuTÏsasnaesaH .
« manbdivt†ne_ kIteLIgeTIbeCOnelOn . VnesckI†fa eyIg®tUv´lbnM¬
eFI√[Exµrmanbdivt†ne_ kIteLIge®Jg®Jt rYceTIbeyIgeq¬øtbn¬MkMeTc . bUdU-
yEdlenArs' F¬ab'mankarBiesaFn_ manbecçkeTsEp~ksÂgamy"ag®twm
®tUv sal'®Kb'®Cuge®Cay´n´®B®BwkßaExµr . dUec~Hmit†bg@ Gacbe®gonkar
dk®sg'BiesaFnT
_ SgenaHdl'mit†bÌËn@CMnan'e®kay@ . cMENkxagcit†sa
Âs†k*dUec~aHEdr mit†bg@Gacdk®sg'karBiesaFnr_ bs'x¬Án mkbe®gondl'
mit†bÌËn@ BIcarkicçEdleKVnsal'BIcarikTMenomTMlab'nig®b´BNIExµr . cM
ENk‰®TB¥sm∫ti†vij eyIgxatbg'Gs'1PaK EteyIgGacrkmkvijVn5
PaK . KWenAeBlNa®beTsExµrmansÂgampʨHeLIg ®TB¥sm∫ti†®beTs
enHKWCarbs'eyIg . Q~HVn®Kb'®Kg caj'VnCaesdIÏ . b"uEn†eyIg®tUvEt
lak'mux[CitedaybeJçjExµrfIµCMnYseyIg ecosvagkMu[xusc∫ab'Gn†rCati
≤LËvenH®TB¥sm∫ti†kMuGalKit eyIgTuk[ExµrEfrkßa[eyIgsincuH . m"¥ag
eTotCaerOgsm©at'bMput eyIg®tUvTak'Tg®beTs´f sMu[emdwknS´frkßaes
ckI†s©b'es©øm . sMukMu[´flUk´dk~¨gbJ˙aExµrnigyYn[esaH . Vk'hUsn¥a
fa eBlNakumµ¨ynis†≤NÎËcinVnsMerceKalbMNgCasƒaBr Vk'hUnwg
sgKuN´f[eBjcit† eday®bKl'ext†ExµrEdl´fF¬ab'Vnkan'kab'[eTA
´fvij » .l.
ebk≈CnTSg29nak'EdlGg¨ys†ab'cMhmat' bJŒrcegI˚HnigcanVy
Kµanyl'n&ynUvJk¥e®Jk®VC∆rbs'ta®bFaneg√øg-va"n'TijeLIy˘˘˘ Jk¥
«eb"kSg» k*eTIbEtæenAeBlenHeT .
cMENkkJÔaeTogenAeBlenaH Jk¥EdltaTijfa manbJÇËnbUdUynig
carburs carnarI [eTAeFI√skmµPaBenA®beTsExµrenaH nagKµaneCOTal'Et
esaH . rI‰Jk¥5X¬aEdlGgkarelIkbJÇa[TenÊjcSmat'enaH nageTog
TenÊjcSmat'dUcsarika EtKµanyl'n&yGI√TSgGs' . EtCag27q~Skn¬gmk !
q~S1975 yayeTogk*VnP¬kßrbbGgkarenA®sukExµr VneXIjkarsab®BY
senHedaypÊal'EP~k EdleFI√[®sukExµrrlayTSg®TB¥sm∫ti† TSgCIvit®b
CaCn˘˘˘ yayeTogeTIbyl'enAeBlenH !˘˘˘
cugbJçb' taTijelIk´dcg̨lnageTog . nageToge®kakQreLIgb-
GgkarCanrNa ? 179

eJçj®kdas'mYysn¬wk rYcGan[ebk≈CnTSgGs'niyaytam –
« eyIgxM∆¨sUmelIk´ds†SeLIg sUmscça®bNiFanCaelIkTI2 eyIgxM∆¨
sUmlak'Gaf·kMVMgenHluH®taCIvitkß&y » .
munnwgEbklaK~a yYnhaNUyeQµaHeGoge®kakQrrMlwkfa GgkarelI
hamdac'xatmin[manes~haCaesrIeLIy . eBlNacb'karsikßa ebk≈Cn
TSg29nak' ®tUvvilmkkan'matuPUmivij edIm∫InwgerobkarKU®skrCamYyebk≈-
CnyYnCadac'xat .
yYneGogEf¬g®BmanteTAeTotfa –
« smmit†TSgGs'VneronsU®tdwgEpnkarGaf·kMVMgTSgGs'ehIy ebI
mansmmit†Nam~ak'k∫t'lYcrt'ecjBIExßry : G g  k a r e l I ® t U v E t c a t ' k a r t a m
sm¬ab'luH®taEtVn ! » .
®Bwk´f©TI1-3-48 nagkJÔaeTogsMulaKNkmµkarnigmit† eFI√dMeNIreda
yeCIg eTAkan'PUmicug´®BCaPUmikMeNIt edIm∫IsMula“Bukm†ay bgbÌËn edIm∫I
ecjdMeNIreTAeb"kSg EdleKe®KagTukenA´f©TI3-3-48 . eBlVyl©ac
mkdl' eyIgCYbCMuK~aTTYlTanGahar . nageTogmanTwkmuxs©Át Gaf·kMVMg
EdleronecHcSBIsalaneyaVymk nagminhflan®Vb'nrNaeLIy . nag
eTognwkeXIjeLIgvijnUvGnusßavrIyc
_ as'@TSgb"unµan kalBInagenAtUcF¬a
b'Vntam“BukeTAvt† . nagecHsU®tFm·f√aybgM®BHcSmat'tSgBIGayu6-7
q~S . nagnwkeXIjenA´f©mYyenaH eBlEdltam“BukeTAvt† VneXIjkUn
sisßelak®bus@GansaÂs†asw¬krwt – erOgecA®sTbeck EdleFI√[nag
Gg¨ys†ab'y"agCk'cit† . nagcg'GandUceKEdr . enAeBlenaHnagk*cUleTA
f√aybgMelak®KUsgÙraC®BHnam raC sYrfaetIeFI√y"agem†ceTIbGansaÂs†a
enHekIt ? ®BH®KUsgÛraC®Tg'®BHsMrYl rYcehIy®BHGg®Tg'mansgÙdIkar
fa eK®tUveron k x n ema sin etInagcg'eron…eT ? .
- xM∆¨®BHkruNacg'eron, nageTogeqI¬yKµanraErk .
®BH®KU®Tg'P∆ak'edayæcemI¬yenH e®JHtSgBIedImmk minEdlmannarI
Exµrkmı¨Cae®kamNaeronGkßreT . ®BH®KUk*mansgÙdIkarsYreyabl'eTAta
Kim-vNˆ:Ca“Buk . Kat'mancit†e®tkGrCa´®kElg k*sMerc®beKnkUn®sICa
kUnsisßelak®KUsgÙraC .
nageTogkat'sk'Lu¨gsugbn¬MeFI√®bus edIm∫IsMrYlkarcUleron . k~¨g
ry:eBlmYyq~SKt' nageTogeronecHGan ecHsresr ecHeFI√elxnB√nÏ .
GgkarCanrNa ? 180

elak®KUTteXIjdUec~Hk*bJÇËn[nageTAeronenAsalardΩ teTAeTotk~¨gq~S
1938 .
enAq~S1940 nag®bLgcUleronsalabzmsikßa≤NÎËcin-VrSgCab'
Vnelx2 .
yayeLIyCam†aymankg√l'®Kb'cMBUk Kat'k*cg'[nagQb'eron Et“Bu
kminyl'®Bmedayp†Ërp†ac'®tUvEtbJÇËnkUn®sIeTA®tavij edIm∫Ibn†karsikßa
Edlmancm©ay20K˘m˘BITIlMenA KWq©ayEsnq©ayenAeBlenaH . dUec~HenA
q~SenaH nageTog®tUvEtcakecjBI“Bukm†ayedIm∫Ibn†karsikßa . CadMbUg kUn
sisßk~¨gf~ak'CamYyK~asµanfayayeTogCa®bus˘˘˘ EtKYr[q©l'Edr e®JHma
neQµaHCa®sI . e®kaymkyUrbni†ceTIbnageToges¬økJk'nigTuksk'Evg
et∫øteTAe®kayCa®sIeTAvij .l. cMENkG~k®sukCitxagnigjatisar
elahitx¬H@ lYceBb®Caysm¬k'sm¬wg®KYsartaKwm-vNˆ: EdlbeN†ay
[kUn®sI®kmMueronsU®ty"agenH . m†aynageTogsMrk'TwkEP~kCajwkjab'
eday®TSminVncMeJHJk¥edomdamnig®bmafBIsMNak'G~kpgTSgBYg .
Et“Buknagminrvl'cMeJHerOgenHeT Kat'EfmTSgCYl®KUyYnmkbe®gonPa-
sadl'kUn®sIKat'enA®Kb'eBlvisßmkaleTotpg . lTÏplVnsMerc
edayKat'eXIjkUn®sIVnecjeFI√®KUbe®gonenAq~S1946 .l.
erobEbkK~aenH nageTognwkeXIjGnusßavrIyd
_ *CUrct' . nagnwkGaNit
“Bukm†aynagx¬SgeBk BIe®JH“Buknagcg'[nageronecHdwg eTIbnag®tUv
®Jt'ecjBI®KYsarq©ayEsnq©ay ®BmTSgKµansgÙwmCYbK~avijeT . bN†a
BIGs'sgÙwm nagk*{b“BukyMehIyyMeTot . eBlenaHnagdwgfa“Buknag
k*twg®TUgcMeJHnagEdr . Kat'Camnusßnwgnr niyaytic b"uEn†mann&yTUlM
TUlay . Kat'sJÇwgKitmYysnʨH eTIbKat'niyaylYgelamkUn®sIrbs'
Kat'fa – GaeTogeGIy, kMuekItTuk≈GI eBlNakUneronecHcb' kUnnwgvil®tL
b'mkCYb“vijeTetI ! .
edayGaNit“Bukx¬SgeBk nagkJÔaeTogk*E®skyMreg√gsflugeP¬cKit
dl'Jk¥®Bmanrbs'taeg√øg-va"n'Tij nigyYnpS-va"n'eGog k*P¬at'mat'f©Ërfa –
« { ! “eGIy ! eBlcb'kmµsikßa xM∆¨minGacmkCYbEm"“bgbÌËneLIy Ca
BiessxM∆¨®tUverobkarKU®skrCamYyyYnCadac'xat . erOgelakekog-≤ÂnÊ
CaKUdN†wgrbs'xM∆¨enaH ®tUvpÌakQb'Et®twmenHcuH » .
æJk¥erobkarKU®skrCamYyyYnP¬am dUckSePI¬gFMVj'cMk∫al ®Kb'@K~a
GgkarCanrNa ? 181

Em"“ bgbÌËn jatisarelahit®CYl®cbl' k†ab'´d xSeFµj mankMhwgCay"a

gx¬Sg cMeJHc∫ab'yYnevotmijEdlecjbg≈MminTMngy"agenH . dUec~H®KYsa
rtaKwm-vNˆ:k*sMerccit†CabnÊan'fa ®tUvEtbJÇËnnageTogecjBI «EdndIrM-
edaH» cUleTAkan'TI®kug®tavij EdlmanrdΩkarVrSg®Kb'®Kg .

❑ ❑
❑

kareKcecjBIkN†ab'´devotmij

em"ag®bEhl9yb' bg®busTI2k*beNI†rbÌËn®sIpßge®BgedIrkat'val
mYyy"agFMdac'knʨyEP~k eTAkan'PUmiV®tac' . dl'ehIyk*®bKl'bÌËn®sIeTA
[narIm~ak'eQµaHmwug edIm∫ICUndMeNIrteTAeTot . rI‰bg®busG~kCUndMeNIrk*
vil®tLb'eTAkan'PUmicug´®BvijP¬am . em"ag12Ga®FateTAdl'vt†V®tac'
rYcedIrkat'valtUcmYyenAxagekItvt† edIm∫IeTAkan'PUmip~ËrGMBUg . narImwugk*®b
Kl'nageTogbn†eTA[taCasnigyaykwm edIm∫IsMedAeTAPUmidMbUkbI . em"ag
®bEhl2P¬W tayaycit†Fm·enHk*(beNI†rnagedIrkat'valkat'PUmi eTaHht'
KXUry"agNak*eday k*minhflansMrakQb'eLIy . enAem"ag®bEhl4P¬W
eTIbVneTAdl'PUmidMbUkbI KWCaeBlEdlG~k®sukPUmienHkMBugerobcMecjdM
eNIr Erkman'Ta®tIGg˚rnigbEn¬®Kb'mux nSykeTAlk'[TahanCMnYyVrSg
enApßarkMBg'xÊwg . taCasyaykwmk*{blanageTog®tLb'fye®kayvij
TSgTwkEP~ks®sak'edaykI†GaNitcMeJHnarI˘˘˘.
nageTogedIrpßge®BgtamG~klk'dUrt®mg'cUleTAkan'b"us†ik
_ MBg'xÊwg .
k~¨geBleFI√dMeNIrEt‰k‰genH nageTogKSgmat'rkJk¥GI√niyayElgec-
j e®kABIsMrk'TwkEP~kedaymindwgx¬Án minKYrNaenAeBlenHEbrCa®Jt'®V
s'®KYsary"agenHeTAvij . nagnwkGaNitbgbegI˚tTI2, nagmwug, taCas
yaykwm EdlxMCUnnagedIm∫IeKcecjBI®kjSevotmij˘˘˘. ≤LËvenH manEt
GgkarCanrNa ? 182

TwkEP~kenHeT EdlCasakßIbg˙ajfa nagmankarQWcab'Nas'˘˘˘.

enA´f©TI2-3-48 nageTogcUleTACYbelakEsh√kugv&r edIm∫IsMuLan
CiHeTAkan'®kug®tavij . Esh√b"us†ei_ nHCaCatiyYn´®BnKr Gayu®bEhl30
q~S ragxıs'esI†g ®smuH®sYc sk'rYjGgardI . eBleXIjnageTogP¬am va
ebIkEP~kFM@ sm¬wgmYysnʨHrYck*ebIkesovePAmYyEdlmanrUbfteBj . va
epÊøgpÊat'ebIkTMB&rcuHeLIg rYcbwTeTAvij . vaemIlmuxnageTogm†geTotrYc
sYrfa –
- kUcg'eTAkan'TI®kug®tavij… ? » .
« ca±s ! » .
KµansMnYredjedalGI√teTAeToteT vak*cuHhtƒelxaelIlixitCiHLanmY
ysn¬wk≤tbg'´f¬ hucmk[nageTog ®BmTSgniyayfa ®BwkEsÌkenHxM∆¨eTA
CYbkUenAkEn¬geLIgCiHLan . yb'enaHnageTogedkpÊal'dI KµanGI√®kal Kµan
GI√dN†b'eLIy CamYyG~kdMeNIrCae®cInrynak'mkBI®Kb'TisTI Edlrg'cS
kugv&rmYyGaTit¥m†g . nageTogdwgfa enHCasMNagrbs'nagEdr edayV
nmkCYbevnkugv&rk~¨g´f©enH .
®Blwm´f©TI3-3-48 manLan®bEhl50e®KOgerobk∫ÁnCae®scenAta
mbeN†aydgp¬Ëv Edlmank∫alLanEbrmuxeqıaHeTAkan'ext†®tavijrYcCa
e®sc . em"ag8®Bwk kMBugEteq¬q¬arkLanCiH ®sab'EteXIjyYnBImßilmij
edIrt®mg'mk muxjjwm rYcnSnageTAbg˙ajLanEdl®tUveLIgCiH . mank-
En¬gCiHy"ag®sYlbYl nageTogmanmenaseJçtnanwkGrKuNyYn d*man
cit†lÌd*cEm¬kenHCa´®kElg . k∫ÁnLank*eFI√dMeNIrmkdl'®tavijenAem"ag
®bEhl4resol . nageTogmancit†rMePIbCa´®kElg edayVnmkdl'TI
edAedaysuvtƒiPaB˘˘˘
edIrVn®bEhl10CMhan mnusßm~ak'cab'´dnagTajBIe®kayCab' . na
ggake®kay eXIjyYnm~ak'es¬økJk'Cab"UlIs Gayu®bEhl27q~S cab'na
gdwk´dbeNI†reTAkan'LanhßIbmYyEdlQb'sMctenAEk∫renaHe®sc . d
l'LanhßIbehIy vak*bJÇa[nageLIgLanxage®kay EdlenAelIBUkLa
nenaHmanb"UlIsm~ak'eTotGg¨yrg'cSnageTogCayUrmkehIy . b"UlIsenH
k*PÇg'kSePI¬gxI¬mkelInag ehIyk*bJÇa[G~kebIkbrbeJœHLanebIkt®mg'eTA
kan'®ksYgsni†suxCati edaysresortammat'Ten¬˘˘˘.
nageTog®salx¬ÁndUcsMLI s©ÁtbMBg'k cg'dYlsn¬b' . kMBugEtP&y
GgkarCanrNa ? 183

tk˚mak~¨gcit† ®sab'Etæsem¬gmYyBIcm©ayCaPasaExµr – « xM∆¨mineCOTal'Et

esaH caman®sIExµrCaemevotmij » .
nageTogEbrEP~keTArkmças'sem¬g nageXIjbursGayu®bEhl34q~S
maDFMxıs' sk'rYjGg˚aj' muxEvg ®cmuH®sYc sm∫¨rExµr . elakenHcg̨l
mknageTogrYcniyayEbbkMEb¬gCamYyb"UlIsExµrm~ak'EdledIrCamYyfa –
nagenH…Caemevotmij ? . elakQr®ct'ceg˚Hsm¬wgnageToty"agyUr rYc
k*ehAnagcUleTAkariyal&yrbs'Kat' . elakcab'epI†msYr –
- nageQµaHGI ? .
- Kwm-FIGflUy .
- eQµaH“Buk ? .
- Kwm-vNˆ: .
- eQµaHm†ay ? .
- fac'-FIeLIy .
elaksm¬wgmuxnageTog .
- ®sukkMeNIt ? .
- PUmicug´®B .
®sab'EtelakenHdak's¬abV"k˚acuH rt'mk{bCnCab'ecaTtSgTwkEP~ks-
®sak'®BmTSgniyayfa – { ! GaeTogeGIy ‰gFMb"uNˆwgeTAehIy ! ma®tUv
CabÌËnCIdUnmYyrbs'm†ay‰g fac'-FIeLIy . maEbkecjBIKat'Gs'ry:eeB
l14q~SehIy .
elakenHeQµaH fac'-TIhug VncakecjBI®sukcug´®B tSgBIKat'man
Gayu20q~Smkem"¬H edIm∫IcUleFI√TahanVrSgvaykMeTckugsag . enAq~S19-
47 VrSgcat'EtgtSgelakCaP~ak'garsni†suxenAext†®tavij . ®BwkmijenH
elakVnTTYlTUrelxmYyc∫ab'BIEsh√kugv&renAb"us†k
i_ MBg'xÊwgmanesckI†Ca
GaTifa –
« mannarIExµrevotmijm~ak'eFI√dMeNIrcUlkan'TI®kug®tavij » . elakfac'
TIhugk*cat'P~ak'eTArg'cScab' . kMBugEtCECksYrsuxTuk≈®KYsar ®sab'Etman
eKnSsMbu®tmYymkCUnelak . G~kepI∆KWEsh√b"usk
†i_ MBg'xÊwgdEdl . elak
fac'-TIhugEhke®samsMbu®t rUbKMnUrmYysn¬wkk*®CuHenAelItu . elakfac'
TIhugerIsrUbenHmkemIl rYchuc[nageTog . nageXIjrUbsMbu®tyMhflU KW
rUbnageTogftekokkCamYy®sIyYn EdlmancMNgeCIgCaPasayYn – «
GgkarCanrNa ? 184

mit†PaByYn-Exµr » . nageTogyMbeNI†rerobrab'®Vb'“BukmabeNI†rBIkarEd
levotmijbg≈M[nageFI√kar[va ®Vb'BIKMeragkarEdlvacg'erobkarCamYyyY
n bIkarEdlnag®tUvEtEbkBI“Bukm†ayrhUtVnmkCYbrUbKat'enAeBlenH .
elakfac'-TIhugs†ab'kµÁy®sIyMerobrab' yl'ehIy k*Gs'karsgß&y . Ka
t'yl'BIkarEdlkµÁyxMrt'rkTICMrk . Kat'yl'dl'kll∫icyYnTSgenaH
eTaHCaevotmijkI† eTaHCayYnrdΩkarVrSgkI† EdlvaeFI√VbExµr CMrujG~kecHdwg
[edIrdl'sPaBT&l®ck rhUtdl'rt'ecalmatuPUmiTukTwkdI[vaenA˘˘˘.
yb'enaH ®ksYgsni†suxCati®tUvEtXat'nageTogTuktamc∫ab' . elak
fac'-TIhugenACamYykµÁyTl'PW¬ . EsÌkeLIgelakfac'-TIhugbeNI†relak
V"n'-LËv GFikar®ksYgsikßaFikarbzmsikßaExµrmkCYbnageTog . elak
GFikar{bnageTogbJÇak'nUvesckI†GaNitGasUr . rYcehIyKat'k*nSnageTo
gCamYyelakfac'-TIhugbeNI†reLIgLanhßIbdEdl EdlebIkbreday
yYnBImßilmijdEdl eTACYbelakembJÇakarCatiVrSg edIm∫IsMuFananag[
cakputBIkI†ecaT®bkan'rbs'yYnbMerIVrSg . VnGnuJÔatBIelakembJÇakar
ehIy elakfac'-TIhugk*nSnageTogeTAsMNak'enApÊHKat' .

❑ ❑
❑
GgkarCanrNa ? 185

kartamB¥aVTrbs'evotmij

bnÊab'BIVnrt'ecjBI®kjSevotmijmk nageTogsMNak'enApÊHelak
fac'-TIhugCa“BukmaGs'mYyry: . eBlmYyenaH elaksgÙmYyGg®BH
nam gin Vnsakl∫gsm¬ab'nageTog . e®kaymkeTIbeKdwgfa elaks
gÙEk¬gk¬ayenH®tUvevotmijbMbYsedIm∫I[mkkMcat' . edayminGaceFI√GI√nag
eTogekIt edaysarkaryaml∫aty"agtwgrwugrbs'elakfac'-TIhug elak
sgÙenHk*Vt'x¬ÁneTA . rab'yb'nageTogEtgEteKgenAEk∫rm†aybegI†trb-
s'elakfac'-TIhug . Kat'CamnusßBikarEP~k EtmanGarmµNr_ h&srhYn
Nas' kalNaæsUrsMrwbsem¬gGI√mYyekIteLIg .
enAyb'mYy˘˘˘ evlaem"ag®bEhl2eTobP¬W nageTogkMBugEteKglg'l
k's˚b's˚l' CIdUnBikarEP~k®sab'Et…sUrsMrwbeCIgeLIgelICeNI†rpÊH . ya-
ysYrtic@fa – nrNa ? nrNa ? . minæeqI¬y yayk*bn†wgsem¬gE®sk
minæeqI¬y yayk*bnw†gsem¬gE®sky"agx¬Sg « CYypg@ ! evotmij ! »
e®JHenAkas:eeTs:eenaH evotmijEtgEtcUlmkcab'cgExµrbMerIVrSgCaerog
ral'yb' . elakfac'-TIhugP∆ak'edayæsUrsem¬gE®skrbs'm†ay k*rt'sM
edAmkkEn¬gekItehtumYyrMeBc . mkdl'P¬am Kat'k*vUmvak'CamYyXatkrm~a
k'EdlCa®sIyYn ! ®sIyYnd*sahavenHk*cak'Kat'®tUvF¬¨HVt´dBIm≈ageTAm≈ag
KWKµannrNae®kABIkUn®sIrbs'®bFanevotmij TIv-kwg ehIyEdlCa´cdn¥
®tUvCa®bBnÏcugrbs'elakfac'-TIhugenaHeT ! .
e®kaymkeTotKat'dwgfa ®sIyYnenH®tUvbn†ebskkmµCMnYselaksgÙ
Ek¬gk¬ayBImun .
' e®kayeXIj®Bwti†karNm
_ in®sYl eTaHbICaCIdUnnig“BukmaXat'XSg
y"agNak*eday nageTogsMerccit†®tUvcakecjBIpÊH“BukmaCadac'xat .
edIrbeNI†ryMbeNI†r nageTogecjBIpÊHeTACYbelakV"n'-LËv ra"yra"b'BIkar
B¥aVTEdlekIteLIgpÊÁnK~aenH . kMBugEtniyay®sab'EteXIjelakfac'-
TIhugedIcUlmkedaynSTSgFM eV"-Es®t mkCamYypg . ®bBnÏrbs'Kat'
eQµaHFMsM TSgBIrnak'manGayuCag60ehIy . Kat'mkFananageTogeTA
pt'pg'VyTwk [sMNak'enAeBl´f© EteBlyb'Kat'minhflanFanaeT eda-
GgkarCanrNa ? 186

ymkBIpÊHrbs'Kat'enAq©aydac'®syalBITI®bCMuCneBk . eTaHbIx¬ÁnKat'pÊa
l'nig®bBnÏ EtgEtnSK~aeTA®CkekanBYnedkenAk~¨gvt†eJFisalraC Caerog
ral'yb'Edr .
k~¨gkal:eeTs:eenaH ®Kb'@Exµrkmı¨Cae®kamEdlCaG~kbMerIVrSg EtgEt
lak'x¬ÁnBYnGatµaenAeBlyb'dUcst√kN†¨r . ®BwkeLIgeTIbe®kakeTAeFI√kar
CaFmµta . enA®kug®tavijeBlenaH manEtnageTogm~ak'‰gKt'EdlCaG~k
rdΩkar®sI . etI[nageTA®CkenA‰NaebIenAekµgeTIbEtVn20q~S ? .
eBlelakTSgbInak'kMBugedIrp¬ËvTal'®ck sem¬gÂh√SgVnlan'ægWut
enAmuxpÊH . eyIgsm¬wgeTAeXIjmnusßm~ak'maDmSsg˙ar sk's¬Ët kat'L¨g
sug muxEvg ®cmuH®sYc ÚkJresIÊr®sIesIÊr®bus es¬økJk'Tahan . mnu-
sßcEm¬kEpÌkkg'minTan'®sYlbYlpgk*sʨHmk{bnageTogTwkEP~khUrs-
®sak' ®BmTSgniyayfa – GaeTogeGIy ! xM∆¨minnwksµanfa‰gVneKcputBI
e®KaHf~ak'y"agenH ehIyVnmkCYbxM∆¨eT . nageTogk*{bmnusßenaHvij®Bm
TSgniyaytic@eLIgfa – bgV@ !˘˘˘
eBlenaHelakTSgbInak'eTACa®sLSgkSg edayeXIjkayvikard*c-
Em¬k´nyuvCn-yuvnarIExµrkmı¨Cae®kamekµg@ Edlelat{bK~ay"agenH .
e®JHkalenACMnan'enaH kUnExµrenAkmı¨Cae®kamTSg®busTSg®sI man®kit¥
vin&ytwgrwgNas' sUm∫IEtniyayK~ak~¨gTIs©at'k*®tUvhamXat'Edr . luHæ
nageTogehAfa bgV@ ! dUec~HeTIbelakTSgGs'sal'fa mnusßd*cEm¬k
enHKW j"ag-FIV .
j"ag-FIV CamnusßmanePTesIÊr®busesIÊr®sI . tSgBItUcmk es¬økJ
k'Ca®sI edIrelgnigrs'enAEtCamYy®sI . enAq~S1940 enAeBlEdlnag
eTogmkeronenATI®kug®tavij nageTogenApÊHCamYynwg j"ag-FIV enAPUmi
®may . q~S1946 nageTog®tUvecjeTAeFI√®KUbe®gonenAb"us†g
i_ "aV TSgBIr
nak'k*®tUvEbbkK~atSgBIenaHrhUtmk eTIbEtVnCYbenA´f©enH .
nageTogkan'´dj"ag-FIVCab' sYrbeNI†ryMbeNI†rfa –
- bgV‰geFI√GI√sB√´f©enH ?
-kalBI2-3´f©enH xM∆¨sMerccit†cUleFI√Tahan, CaG~kbkE®bPasaenAb"u-
s†P
i_ Umi®may xageCIgpÊHFMeV"-Es®t . xM∆¨manzann†rs&ki†CaBleTa . sB√´f©
enHxM∆¨dak'eQµaHCa®busvijfaj"a-V .
nageTogVns†ab'sB√®Kb' k*dk´decj Qrsm¬wgja"g-V®sLSgkS
GgkarCanrNa ? 187

g KSgmat'mYysnʨHnwkk~¨gcit†fa – « yI ! GjqÁtehIyetI ! elat{®bu-

skN†alval, cMeJHmux“BukmanigecAh√aynay ®tUvbg'vin&y®sIGs'rlI
g » . nagnwkKYr[xµas'eGonCa´®kElg nagk*elateTA[{b“BukmayMs-
®sak' ®BmTSgsMBHsMueTasnUvkayvikarEdlnagVneFI√xusenH . elak
fac'-TIhug ´ds†Skan'´dnageTog ´deq√gkan'sµaj"ag-Vy"age®tkGr ®Bm
TSgniyayfa – ®besIrNas' ! ®besIrNas' ! . eyIgGacedaH®sayb
J˙aGaeTogVnmYyry:y"aggay . erOgGaeTog‰g{bj"ag-VGm∫aj'mij
enH KµaneTasKµanbg'®kit¥vin&yGI√eT . ≤LËvenHxM∆¨sMercCabnÊan' KWeBl®B
lb'emIlmnusßminsal' GaeTog®tUvEtes¬økJk'CaTahanrg'cSj"ag-V .
cMENk‰j"ag-V ®tUvEtmkTTYlGaeTognSykeTAenAk~¨gb"us†C
i_ amYypg .
enAeBl®BlwmeLIg muneBl®bCaCne®kak GaeTog®tUvEte®kakeLIgeTAsM
Nak'enA‰pÊHFMeV"-Es®tvij . etIeyabl'xM∆¨enH j"ag-V‰gyl'y"agem"
cEdr ? .
- xM∆¨sµ&®Kcit†CYyåbtƒm∏GaeTog®Kb'@meF¥aVy EdlxM∆¨GaceFI√eTAekIt .
cMENk‰elakV"n'-LËv k*Fanara"b'rgcat'EtgtSgnageTogCa®KUbe®go
neLIgvij .
k~¨gExåsPa1945 G~k®KUeTogbe®gonkUnsisßExµrGMBImuxviCÇaExµr-VrS
genAsalabzmsikßa EdltSgenATI®kug®tavij . cMENk‰evotmijvij va
ek†A®khayNas'edayminKYrP¬at'es~øt[mnusßEdlvaTukcit† ehIyEdl
dwgviFankarNs
_ m©at'rbs'vaGs'eTAehIyenaH eKcecjBIExßry:rbs'va
y"agenHeT . dUec~HvaKitfa ®tUvEttamsm¬ab'nageTogluH®taEtVn edIm∫ITu
kCaKMrU .
´f©mYy elakfac'-TIhugTTYlsMbu®tBIrc∫ab'rbs'taKwm-vNˆ:BI®BHh
sƒ®BHsgÙmYyGg®BHnam LS-erOg .
sMbu®tTI1, sMrab'elakfac'-TIhug EdlbJÇak'®Vb'BIGs&ydΩanrbs'
KUdN†wgnageTog, elakekog-≤ÂnÊ . minbgÌg'yUrKat'k*vayTUrelxmYyc∫a
b'P¬am . Et4´f©e®kaymk ®ksYgsni†suxenA´®BnKrVnvayTUrelxtbmk
vijfa elakekog-≤ÂnÊVnp¬as'eTAeFI√karenA®ksYgsni†suxenAkmı¨CakN†a
l ext†Vt'dMbgVt'eTAehIy˘˘˘.
sMbu®tTI2, sMrab'nageTog . sMbu®tVnerobrab'BIkartamqaeqArbs'
evotmij . tSgBInageTogeKcecjmk taKwm-vNˆ:m
minsUvVneFI√kargarGI√
GgkarCanrNa ? 188

eT e®JHevotmijEtgEtehAKat'[mkemIlkarkab'sm¬ab'rbs'BYkva eTAelI
®bCaBlrdΩExµrs¬Ët®tg'EdlvaecaTfaCamnusßk∫t' . Caerogral'eBlsm¬a
b' evotkugEtgEtniyayfa ebIEm"-GMu´llkeTAykGaeTogvilcUlEdndIrM
edaHvijk~¨geBlqab'@enH vanwgelIkElgeTas[rYcx¬Án EtebImindUec~aHeT
enAeBlNaEdl®ksYgmansmtƒkicçeTAtamcab'Vn bkß®tUvEtsm¬ab'Eck
K~aemIlnigTukCaKMrU .l. edaysarEtkarsm¬ab'mnusßedIm∫Ibn¬acCapÊÁn@
y"agenH yaytaP&ytk's¬¨tCaE®kElg . Kat'p†SkUnKat'fa dac'xat®tUvEt
rt'ePosx¬ÁneTAkmı¨CakN†alCadac'xat e®JHevotmijminbJŒb'karB¥aVT
rbs'vaeT .l.
nageTogk*epI∆sMbu®tmYyeToteTAKUdN†wg tamGs&ydΩanfIµ erobrab'BI
Tuk≈evTnanigkarPitP&yGs'ry:eeBl19ExmkehIy .
enA´f©TI17-7-48 Ca´f©bJçb'karsikßarbs'kUnsisß . enAsalaeron
eK®VrB√eFI√BiFIEckrg√an'dl'G~keronBUEk . G~k®KUeTogcUlpÊHenAem"ag1reso
lyWtCagFmµta . eTAdl'pÊH nagP∆ak'e®BItP&yrnÏt'dUceXIjexµaclg
e®JHeXIjmnusßcEm¬km~ak'Gg¨yk~¨gbnÊb'TTYleP∆øv . bursenaHmaDFMmS
xıs'dUctahßg' muxmUl Bukmat'nigBukcg˚a®smUm, sm∫¨rexµAX¬Ic es¬økJk'
Tahan . burscEm¬kjjwmeXIjEteFµjss¨H EtnageTogedIrhYscUl
eTAk~¨gbnÊb'Vt'edaynwkKitfa – yI ! ebIGjmanbI†rebobenH s¬ab'eTAvij
®besIrCag ! .
luHp¬as'sMelokbMJk'rYcehIy nagk*edIreTAbnÊb'cÂg˚anVybMrugj¨S
Vy . ®sab'EtFMsMedIrmkkan'sµanageTog®BmTSgniyayfa – GaeTogGa±
´f©enHGMueFI√VyTTYleP∆øvBiessm~ak' nigmit†P&Âk†rbs'taBIrbInak'eTot man
j"ag-FIVmkrYmCamYypg .
nageTogsm¬wgmuxFMsM ehIysYrfa –
- etInrNaCaeP∆øvBiessenaH ?
FMsMsm¬wgmuxnageTogy"agyUr eTIbeqI¬yfa –
- KWelakekog-≤ÂnÊenaHNa± !
- m~ak'exµAKX¬IcenaH… ?
- h~wgehIy !
nageTogedIreTAekonCJÇSg Gg¨yyMbg˙ËrTwkEP~kdUcTwknwkGaNitx¬Án.
EtenAk~¨gbnÊb'TTYleP∆øv‰eNaHvij eKæsUrEtsMeNIcelakmafac'-TIhug
GgkarCanrNa ? 189

kÌakkÌayCageK‰g . Kat'sb∫ayedayeXIjkµÁyKat'manvasnalÌ sgÙw

mfanwgVneKcrYcBIe®KaHf~ak'eLIy . cMENkFMeV"-Es®tk*e®tkGrNas'
Edr . Kat'edIrsMedAmk elIk´dGEgÌlk∫alkµÁy®sICaTI®sLaj' ®BmTSg
niyayfa –
- kµÁysm¬aj' ! EsÌkenHkµÁycakputBITuk≈P&y ElgedIr®CkedkdUcst√
kN†¨rteTAeTotehIy . FMe®tkGrNas'edayVneXIjkµÁyrYcBIP&y EtFM
k*s†ayNas'EdredayeXIjkµÁy®tUvX¬ateTAq©ayEsnq©ayy"agenH .
nageTog{bFMEs®tehIy®TeharyMeLIgfa –
- FMeGIy ! vasnaxM∆¨GIk*GP&B√em"¬H ? eTAmuxminrYc fye®kayk*minekIt .
rYcehIyk*yMteTAeTot˘˘˘ FMEs®t®sLSgkSgsµanfakµÁyc∫as'CaVn
sb∫ay edaymanKUdN†wgmknSeTArksni†sux . eBlenaH®bBnÏKat'cab'
´deTABn¥l'fa GaeTogminEdleXIjmuxKUdN†wgvaeT ´f©enHvaeTIbEteXIj
CaelIkTI1 vaKµancit†®btiB&TÏeT .
FMEs®tyk´dTHf©asehIyniyayeLIgtic@fa –
- vIvrehIy@ ! eFI√em"ceTA yWteBleTAehIy !˘˘˘
em"ag4resol eP∆øvTSgGs'®tLb'eTAvij . elakekog-≤ÂnÊEf¬gGMNr
KuNmças'pÊH CaBiessj"ag-FIV . Kat'niyayeTAFMEs®tfa – EsÌkenH
Kat'nwgmknSGaeTogecjdMeNIreTAehIy . kV"l'kugv&recjeTAenAevla
em"ag3resol ebIxkxan®tUvEtcSmYyGaTit¥eToteTIbVn .
EsÌkeLIg Gs'elak@dEdlmkdl'pÊHFMeV"-Es®t edIm∫ICUndMeNIr
G~kTSgBIr . ®sab'EtVt'nageTog˘˘˘ TSgGs'K~a®cYl®cbl'edIrrk . elak
fac'-TIhugxMedIrrkkµÁy . FMEs®txßib®Vb'Kat'fa GaeTogmin®sLaj'ela
kekog-≤ÂnÊeT .
- vIvrehIy ! eFI√em"ceTA ? elakfac'-TIhugniyayeLIg, cuHebIelak
ekog-≤ÂnÊCaKUdN†wgtam®b´BNI xMkat'TwkdI´®BTen¬ kat'®Kab'rMesv mk
tamrk ehIy≤LËvEbrCadUec~HeTAvij ? .
Gs'mYysnʨHFM elakk*rkeXIjnageTogenAk~¨gbnÊb'Twk . Kat'cUleTA
dl' cab'´dkµÁymkdak'elI®TUg rYcniyayBn¥l'y"age®cIn TIbMputKat'®Vb'
nageTogfa ebIsinCaevotmijcab'nagVn CIvitrbs'nagnwg®tUvputrlt'ehI
y dUec~Hnag®tUvEtcakecjBITIenHCadac'xatkMubgÌg' .
TIbMputnageTog®tUvEteFI√tambJÇarbs'bgbÌËncas'TMuTSgeTIsTal'˘˘˘
GgkarCanrNa ? 190

kV"l'bnW¬sem¬gkEJçmYyy"agEvg TUt !˘˘˘˘ enAelIkTI1 . elakfac'-

tIhugdwk´dnageTogecjBITIBYn edIm∫ImkCYbecAh√ay KWelakV"n'-LËv .
elakGEgÌlk∫alnageTogedaykI†GasUr ®BmTSg®bKl'lixitepßg@mk
nag dUcCasMbu®tGnuJÔatc∫ab'CaedIm . elakBn¥l'fa – eBlNanageTo
geTAdl'Vt'dMbg nag®tUvEtepI∆sMbu®tmYyc∫ab'mkTIsI†karrdΩmÂnI†®ksYgsi
kßaFikarCatienA´®BnKrCacSVc' edIm∫IsMulaBImuxtMENg®KUbe®gon . elak
ekog-≤ÂnÊetOnnageTog[®bjab'eKarBlabgbÌËnjatisn†ane®JHeBlev
lamkdl'ehIy . nageTogk*elIk´dsMBHlaGs'elakTSgGs' . nag
{bj"ag-FIVEdlCamit†Pki†d*kMst'kMrnwgK~atSgBItUc@ ehIyEf¬gGMNrKu-
Ny"ag®Cale®CA EdlVnCYye®CamE®CgedayGs'BIcit†efI¬m . nageKa
rB{blaFMEs®tnigFMsM GrKuNelakmanKuNTSgBIry"agx¬Sg . nagsM-
BHlaelakmafac'-TIhug nigelakV"n'-LËvedayeKarB .
TUt !˘˘˘ kV"l'bnW¬sJÔam†geTotCaelIkTI2 . elakfac'-TIhugk*GeJIÇ
jG~kTSgGs'K~aedIrsMedAeTAkMBg'Ep . ´dm≈ag elakmahugkan'kabUbexa
Gav ´dm≈ageTotdwk´dkµÁy®sIeLIgkV"l' . dl'ehIyelakk*{blakµÁyTS
gBIredayGaeLaHGal&y rYcelakk*cuHBIkV"l'eTACYbG~kenAelIEpvij .
TUt !˘˘˘ kV"l'bnW¬sJÔam†geTotCaelIkTI3 rYck*eFI√dMeNIrcakecjBIkMB
g'Epsnßwm@ edayTukG~kCUndMeNIr[elIk´dbk'rvic@mkG~kTSgBIrTSgGa
eLaHGal&y . nageTogeXIjelakmahugyk´d{bk∫alyMdUckUnekµg
Elgxµas'eGonG~kCitxag . elakyMe®JHtUccit†nwgx¬Án‰gEdlKµansmtƒ
PaBkarJrkµÁy®sI EbrCabeN†ay[nagEbkecjBIx¬ÁneTAtam®busm~ak'Ed
lnagminEdlsal'nigKµancit†®sLaj'bni†cesaH .
®keLkemIlmkxagk~¨gkV"l' mansuTÏEtTahanCatiVrSg-ExµrEtBIr
nak'm"g'@˘˘˘ eXIjdUec~H, G~kTSgGs'K~aKµanGI√niyayeTote®kABIs®mk'TwkEP~
kEtb"ueNˆaH˘˘˘
kV"l'brmkdl'mat'Jm kUeLAkUecog rYcehIy ®tUvbt'xageq√gedIm∫I
sMedAeTAext†E®BkÚsßI . ®sab'EtCYbBYkevotmijdak'GnÊak'rg'cSVj'dUc
laCpʨH . TahanVrSg®kabs∫ab®Kb'@K~a EtnageTogmin®kabeT e®JHnwk
k~¨gcit†fa ebIs¬ab'eBlenHeTA va®besIrCagrs'enA ehIy®bEhlCaVnsu
xsan†eTotpg . EtenAxagmuxkV"l'FM mankV"l'tUcebIkBImuxpʨkGg˚reB-
j . enAsgxag manTUkb"ukcayFM@p†¨kGg˚reBjEdr . Gg˚renHCaes∫øg
GgkarCanrNa ? 191

pg Etk*Cae®KOgsMrab'karJrx¬Ánnwg®Kab'rMesvpgEdr . kSePI¬gevotmijmin
GaceFI√GI√BYkeyIgekIteT fI√t∫itEtkV"l'ebIkminelOnedayseN†agTUknig
Gg˚ry"agF©n' . enAtamp¬ËveyIgCYb®bTHkarVj'rMxanrbs'BYkevotmijCajw
kjab' EtKµane®KaHf~ak'GI√eT e®JHkSePI¬gvaCakSePI¬gFunmUs˚Wtug EdlVj'
minGacF¬ayrhUtdl'kV"l'eyIgVneLIy . maneBlx¬HTahanVrSgFuj
®Tan'k*Vj'tTl'vijmYyr"avedaykSePI¬gmI´®tEy"t bN†al[bUdUys¬ab'
nig®bkac's¬ab'bHeCIg®cUg˘˘˘
´f©TI3, em"ag®bEhl11®Bwk, k∫ÁnkV"lbrmkdl'ext†E®BkÚsßI . na
yEsh√kugv&rsMerc[G~kdMeNIrTSgGs'cuHBIkV"l'eLIgrfePI¬gvij edIm∫I
sMralkV"l'Edl®tUvdwkGg˚reTA´®BnKrenH .
elakekog-≤ÂnÊk*beNI†rnageTogeTAkan'sƒaniyrfePI¬gE®BkÚsßI .
luHTahanVrSgeLIgelIrfePI¬grYcral'ehIy rfePI¬gkugv&rk*ebIkbrcak
ecjBIsƒaniyP¬amsMedAeTAkan'rdΩFanI´®BnKr .
enAem"ag5resol eyIgTSgBIrnak'eFI√dMeNIrmkdl'´®BnKr®bkbeda
yesckI†sux . elakekog-≤ÂnÊyknageTogeTAepI∆nwgyayCIenAvt†cnÊ-
rgßIsin . rYcehIyelakedIresIubsYrrkLankugv&redIm∫IeFI√dMeNIrbn†eTAraC
FanIP~MeBjeTot .
enA´f©TI30-7-45 evlaem"ag®bEhl10®Bwk elakekog-≤ÂnÊmkTTY
lnageTogecjBIvt† beNI†reTAkan'k∫ÁnLankugv&rEdlsiƒtenAcm©ay®b-
Ehl500Em"®tBIvt† . elakbg˙ajnageTogdl'Esh√kugv&rfa nagCabÌËnCI
dUnmYy kM®J“Bukm†ay elak®tUvnSnageTAbn†karsikßaeTotenAP~MeBj .
elakEsh√kugv&rCatiVrSgraErkbni†c EtelakCamnusßcit†Fm· k*yl'®Bm
ehIybgab'[nageToges¬økJk'CaTahandUceK‰gEdr e®JHLankugv&r
enHsMrab'dwkEtTahaneT .
enAeBlEdlTahaneLIgelILanrYce®scVc'ehIy k∫ÁnLank*eFI√dM-
eNIrecjBITIenaH .

❑ ❑
❑
GgkarCanrNa ? 192

matuPUmiTI2

bnÊab'BIq¬gkat'®BMEdnExµr-yYnehIy eyIgmkdl'k∫alsıan®BHmunI-
vgß . Lankugv&r®tUvQb'edIm∫I[BYkGavuFhtƒ Eqk®tYtBinit¥ . eKBinit¥®K
b'@Lan˘˘˘ luHdl'LanmYyeKeKeXIjTahan®sIm~ak' eKk*ehA[cuHBILan
ykeTAXMuTukedayKµansYrnSGI√mYym"at'esaH .
edayeXIjehtumin®sYldUec~H elakekog-≤ÂnÊBwgelakEsh√kugv&r
ecjmuxtva"sMuFana edaysMGagfanageTogCa®bBnÏrbs'elak .
enAeBlenaHmankarCECkK~aeLIgtwgsr´sk EtTIbMputeKk*edaHElg
nageTogBITIXMuXSgmkvij .
manbgbÌËnExµrx¬HsYrfa – ehtuem"cbg@ExµrefI¬mexµAem"¬H ? . cemI¬y –
e®JHnamWunExµrsIuq©aj' edklk'®sYl edIrelgsb∫ay minF¬ab'TTYlkar
CiHCan'BIsasnb
_ reTsNaeT . em@nwknSminecHGb'rMkUnecA KµanduHmena
seJçtnaGaNit…®sLaj'CatieT . manmYyPaKEtgEtCiHCan'eK duHKMnit
Etk~¨gkardeNI†mGMNac cg'eFI√FM cg'eFI√esdÏIEtb"ueNˆaH˘˘˘. elak@mineGI
TTYldwgTTYlæBITuk≈evTnarbs'bgbÌËnExµrkmı¨Cae®kam Edl®tUvyYnkMBug
EtCiHCan' sm¬ab' nigkMcaybMputBUCenaHeLIy˘˘˘.
k∫ÁnLankugv&rmkdl'xaglicvt†P~M . G~kTSgBIrnak'cuHBIelILan ehIy
k*edIreTAEf¬gGMNrKuNnigcMrablaelakEsh√kugv&r edIm∫IeTArkTIsMNak'
. em"ag8yb' eyIgVnmkdl'pÊHmYy . elakekog-≤ÂnÊeKaHT√artuk@ T√ar
ebIkeLIgelcyuvCnm~ak'Gayu17q~S kMBugEtTTYlTanVy KWyuvCn yW-
vij®TI .
G~kkem¬aHenHrsab'rsl'eq¬q¬a rkEtJk¥sYrsuxTuk≈mineXIj e®JHka
lBImunecjeTArknageTog elakekog-≤ÂnÊVnmksMusMNak'enApÊHyuv-
Cn®TImYyyb' . EsÌkeLIg enAeBlEdlKat'layuvCn®TIedIm∫IeTAext†®ta
vij Kat'niyayhak'dUcCaelgk¬ayEmn®Vb'yuvCn®TIfa Kat'nwgeTAyk
nageTogmkerobkarCamYy˘˘˘ eKminnwksµanfaelakekog-≤ÂnÊnSnageTog
mkEmnETneT .
yb'enaHyuvCnvij®TInigelakekog-≤ÂnÊTTYlTandMeNkelIkenÊl
GgkarCanrNa ? 193

kalpÊal'k†ark~¨gbnÊb'TTYleP∆øv . nageTogeKgk~¨gbnÊb'elIE®KsMBt'mYy
tUc . ´f©bnÊab'mk elakekog-≤ÂnÊecjeTAVt' . rI‰yuvCnvij®TI k*eTAero
nenAsalaKilanub∫dÏakCaral'´f© . ´f©x¬HminVncUlpÊHeT e®JH®tUvenAya
meBT¥sMrab'evnx¬Án‰gpg CYnkaledIm∫I[Vnluykak'x¬HpßMpg k*suxcit†
yamCMnYseKp†Ërnwg®Vk'Q~Ál . nageTogsMrakenApÊHy"ags©b's©at'dUec~H
Vn®bEhlmYyGaTit¥ . l©acmYyyuvCn®TIbeNI†relakekog-≤ÂnÊmkpÊH
yYrTSgkJçb'bIbYnmkCamYypg . mkdl'bnÊb'TTYleP∆øv TSgBIrnak'Tm¬ak'
KJçb'cuHelIk†ar . yuvCn®TIcUleTAk~¨gp¬as'sMelokbMJk'gUtTwk . elak
ekog-≤ÂnÊE®skehA –
- GaeTogGa± ! ecjmkerobVyj¨S .
nageToglakJçb'm˙Ëb®BmTSgdYsVydak'can . G~kTSgbInak'TTYl
TanVyCMuK~aCaelIkTImYy . elakekog-≤ÂnÊcak'®saeborbg≈M[yuvCn®TI
pwk . mYyEkvehIymYyEkveTot ! ®TS‰Namin®svwg ! ®sab'EtyuvCn®TI
ecHe®Jk®VC∆ mindwgCaecjsMdIEbkCaGUrhUrCasÊwgBINaBINImkeT !˘˘˘
GMNac®saeboreFI√[yuvCn®TIhflanTHsµaeromc∫g ®BmTSgniyayfa –
- yI ! bg‰gxilNas' ! eTIberobkar®bBnÏrYcfIµ@ ®sab'EteTAnSbg
eTogykmkeTot .
elakekog-≤ÂnÊP∆ak'e®BIt Tm¬ak'Twkmux s©ÁtbbUrmat'rkniyayGI√minrYc .
eXIjsƒankarNE_ bbenH G~kTSgGs'enAes©ømElgniyayerog@x¬Án .
nageTogcab'GarmµNn
_ wgJk¥yuvCn®TINas' k*cab'epI†msYreLIgfa –
- En ! bÌËn®TI erOgenHBitEmn… ? .
®TIEbrmuxeTArkelakekog-≤ÂnÊCMnYscemI¬y . elak≤ÂnÊsm¬wgmuxnag
eTog manGarmµNP
_ ∆ak'epIÌledayeXIjnageTogEbrCajjwmjEjmeTAvij
. Kat'eXIjnageTogjjwmCaelIkTImYytSgBIVnCYbK~amk . Kat'k*eqI¬y
eLIgfa –
- BitEmnehIyGaeTog, bgerobkar®BnÏrYcehIyEmn . rYcehIyKat'k*
ebIkkabUbykrUbftmYysn¬wkhucmk[nageTog . nagemIlrUbfty"ag
ykcit†Tukdak' . KWrUbelakGg¨ypÊwmk~¨gsMelokbMJk'®b´BNIGaJhB
_ i-
JhC
_ amYy®sIyYn hU-Kwmy"ug . enAEk∫rkUnkem¬aH®kmMueXIjrUbG~kEcksM
bu®t´®bsNIyhucTUrelxmYyc∫ab'mk[Kat'˘˘˘.
nageToghucrUbfteTAelakekog-≤ÂnÊvij bnÊab'BIVnBinit¥m†geTot .
GgkarCanrNa ? 194

nagcEm¬kk~¨gcit† ehIyk*dN†wgsYrx¬Án‰gfa ehtuem†ck*nag®sIyYnd*lÌ

®bwm®biyenHsuxcit†erobkarCamYyelak≤ÂnÊ EdlmanrUbragexµAX¬IkdUcC&r
mak'eX¬ØeTAvij ? nagminEmnxwgeT Etnagmancm©l'E®kgelaenHCaGaf·kM
VMgGI√mYyk*mindwg ? .
enAeBlenaHelakekog-≤ÂnÊniyayeLIgfa –
- enAeBlEdlevotmijcab'bÌËn‰geTAVt' bgeFI√karenA®ksYgsni†su
xenA´®BnKr . bgsMuc∫ab'eTArkbÌËn‰g®Kb'TIkEn¬genA®tavij KµanelcædM
NwgGI√TSgGs' . TIbMputbgVnCYbelak Kwm-dak' (®tUvCabÌËnbegI˚trbs'
elakKwm-gYn®tac) Edlrt'rYcmkdl'®tavijvij . Kat'®Vb'bgfa Kat'Kµan
sgÙwmfabÌËn‰genArs'eT . e®JHBYkTahanCMnYyTSg20nak' Edlrt'rYc
enAelIkTI1CamYyKat'enaH VnVt'bg'CIvitedaysarevotmijGs'eTAehIy
. G~kEdlmkdl'®tavijenH manEtKat'nigelakEsh√b"us†b
i_ "ueNˆaH . Kat'
niyayfa Kat'VneXIjbÌËn‰gCab'kun tSgBIenA®tg'mM†¨k∫alsıanEdkTI1
mkem"¬H . bgGs'sgÙwmnwgrkbÌËn‰gehIy . Kab'CYneBlenaHrdΩkarVrSg
®tUvkarmnusßm~ak'EdlecHPasabI edIm∫ImkeFI√karenAext†Vt'dMbgenH bgk*
sµ&®Kcit†p¬as'mkeFI√karenATIenHeTA . enA´f©Edlbgerobkar bgVnTTYl
TUrelxmYyc∫ab'fa bÌËn‰gVnrt'eKcrYcBIkN†ab'´devotmijehIy . 3Ex
e®kaymk bgk*VnTTYlsMbu®tbÌËn EdlEf¬gfamanTuk≈®BYyCax¬Sgeday
x¬acvatamB¥aVT . bgk*®bjib®bjab'eTAykbÌËn‰genHmk .
- xM∆¨sUmGrKuNcMeJHkarykcit†Tukdak'rbs'bgmkelIxM∆¨, nageTogeqI¬
yedaymanGarmµNF
_ Ur®sal . erOgxM∆¨nigxM∆¨GacedaH®sayVnehIy .
elak≤ÂnÊjjwmedaydwgfa nagmin®sLaj'elakeT . rI‰yuvCn®TI
vijeFI√EP~kLwkLk' q©l'faehtuGI√k*G~kTSgBIrEbrCaesIcsb∫ayeTAvij ebI
kalBImunenHbni†c m~ak'@muxs©ÁtemIlEt®tIyavhWue®kom ?
kMBugEtq©l' ®sab'Etelak≤ÂnÊniyayeLIgfa –
- bgsUmGrKuNbÌËn®TIehIy ´f©EsÌkenHem"ag®VM®Bwk bg®tUveLIg
reTHePI¬geTAext†Vt'dMbgvij . bgsUmepI∆GaeTogCamYybÌËn‰gsin . ´f©
NamYybgnwgvilmkerobcMpßMp˜¨G~kTSgBIr .
®TI®KvIk∫alj&rttat' ehIyeqI¬yeLIgfa –
- eT ! eT ! minekIteT ! xMƬmanGayuticCagbgeTogdl'eTA3q~S . xMƬ
ehAKat'fabg@eBjmat'tSgBItUcmk . eFI√dUec~Hem†cekIt ? .
GgkarCanrNa ? 195

nageTogeXIj®TIP&y®CYl®cbl'y"agenH k*cab'´dyuvCnkan'ehIyni
yayeLIgfa –
- cUrbÌËnkMuVrm∏ ! bgk*®bEkkdUcbÌËnGJçwgEdr . bgsUmTukGUnCabÌËn
begI˚trbs'bg . eyIgTSgBIrnak'®tUvEteKarBbg≤ÂnÊ ehIyTukKat'Cabg
begI˚trbs'eyIg . enAeBlenH bg®tUvEteTAtambg≤ÂnÊ edIm∫IeTAsYrsux
Tuk≈“BukFMbegI˚trbs'bgenAXMurSgeksIsin . bgnwgsMNak'enATIenaHmYy
ry: ehIyedIm∫Ibg˙ajesckI†esµaH®tg'cMeJHbg≤ÂnÊ bgsMercfa minTan'
ykbI†eT .
EsÌkeLIg em"agbYnkn¬H®Bwk yuvCn®TICUndMeNIrelak≤ÂnÊnignageTog
eLIgrfePI¬gkugv&r . munEbkK~a elak≤ÂnÊGEgÌlk∫alyuvCn®TI ®BmTSgni
yaybJÇak'fa xM∆¨®sLaj'®TI‰gnigGaeTogdUcbÌËnbegI˚t . xM∆¨®tUvEtpßMp˜¨bÌËn
@TSgBIr[VnK~aCabI†®bBnÏCadac'xat˘˘˘
em"ag5Kt' rfePI¬gbnW¬sJÔaviut@ rYcebIkbrecjBIsƒaniyP~MeBj . rfePI¬
grt'elOneTAmux nagmancit†rIkraybni†cedayVnmkGg¨yk~¨grfePI¬gemI-
leTsPaBtamsgxagp¬Ëv . nagmanGarmµNr_ Ikrayedayyl'fa´f©enHna
gma nv a sna lÌ VneKcecjr Y cBI kN† a b' ´ de vo tmi j e bI BM u dU e c~ a He T e bI ka l
Naevotmijcab'Vn nagc∫as'Ca®tUvs¬ab'y"agevTna . nagsb∫aym"¥ag
eTotedayVnmkeXIjmatuPUmiTI2 Edlnag®Vf~amkTsßnaCayUrehIy .
enAtamdgp¬ËvrfePI¬g nageXIjcMkarEp¬eQI®Kb'CMBUk mantSgBIs√ay, dUg,
lµ¨t, emon, x~¨r, Ep¬TwkedaHeKa, ®tEbk, ®kUceJFisat', ®kUcf¬¨g, ®kUcqµa nigEp¬
eQIepßg@eToty"age®cIn≤tKNna . rfePI¬gbrmkdl'cMkaret~atEdlduH
Cae®cInJn'edIm ehIyEdlCaelIkTImYyEdlnageTogVneXIjpÊal'EP~k
. bnÊab'mkeTotnageXIjedImeQIFM@e®sag®sagxıs'sn¬wmesIÊrkb'BBk .
minx√HeQIeFI√pÊH minx√HGusduteLIy . bnÊab'mkeTotnageXIjvalE®s
d*FMl√wgelI√yq©aydac'knʨyEP~k man®sUvduHBN·´btgxIç . mkdl'sıan
s√aydUnEkv nageTogemIleTAk~¨gsÊwg eXIjG~kensaT®tIpʨk®tIeBj@TUk
. mkdl'P~MFibtI enA®sbbeN†aytameCIgP~M mandMufµtUc@KrCaKMnrd*FMs˚wm
´s˚ sMrab'ykeTA®kalf~l'˘˘˘
{ ! ®beTsExµrsMbUredayFnFanFmµCatiswgKµanGI√x√H . pʨYyeTAvijenA
nKryYn manPaBx√Hmuxx√He®kay . G~kE®scMkarswgEtykedImÚsIß…edIm
GgardImkeFI√CassrpÊH . edIm∫IdN†Ss¬ G~k®sukswgEtykcMebIgmkdut
GgkarCanrNa ? 196

edayx√HGus . { ! e®JHEtehtuenHehIyVnCataTijniyay®Vb'BIeKal
bMNgvatTwkdIrbs'yYnhaNUy fa®tUvEtyk[Tal'EtVn eTaHyUkI†qab'
kI† .
kMBugEt®s´msB√®Kb' elakekog-≤ÂnÊk*mkGg¨yEk∫r ehIy®Vb'nag
eTogfa – enAxagmuxenHKWsƒaniyrSgeksI rYcbnÊab'mkKWTI®kugVt'dMbgehI
y . nageToge®tkGrCa´®kElg e®kakQrerobcMva"lIs bMrugsMulaelak
ekog-≤ÂnÊcuHkan'sƒaniyeTArk“BukFMbegI˚t . elak≤ÂnÊyl'dUec~Hk*niya-
yeLIgfa – enATIenHBYkevotmijeFI√skmµPaBx¬Sgk¬aNas' swgral'@yb'
vacUlmkcab'kUnekµg nigyuvCn eTAkan'TIGaf·kMVMg vakab'sm¬ab'G~k®suk
≤tQb'Qr . dUec~HGaeTog‰gkMGalcuHenArSgeksIenHGI ®tUveTA[dl'V
t'dMbgsinrYcswmKitteTAeTot .
KµantbtGI√mYym"at' nageTogTn'´dTn'eCIg ®salx¬ÁndUcsMLI nwkeXI-
jeLIgvijCafIµnUvJk¥taTijEdlfa evotmijVnbJÇËnbUdUynigcarCnedI
m∫ImkeFI√skmµPaBenAelITwkdIExµr . { ! s†ayesckI†sb∫ayEdlmancMnY
nkn¬H´f©mkehIy ®tUvrlayGs'eTAvijCamYynwgJk¥elak≤ÂnÊb"unµanm"at'
enH . { ! Jk¥taTijCaJk¥BiteTetI !˘˘˘
em"ag2kn¬Hresol rfePI¬gVnmkdl'sƒaniyVt'dMbg . eyIgTSgBIr
nak'edIrsMedAeTArkp¬ËvecjenAxagmuxsƒaniy . elak≤ÂnÊbg˙ajnageTog
dl'mit†VrSgrbs'Kat'm~ak' EdlmanG~kebIkbrCUnKat'mkQb'Lanrg'cS
eyIgenATIenaH . VrSgjjwmTTYleyIgTSgBIredayhuc´d Bonjour pg .
G~kebIkbrnSeyIgq¬gsıancas' eTAkan'e®tIysÊwgxagekIt . VrSgbJÇa[
G~kebIkbrbt'LaneTAeq√g rYck*Qb'enATIenaH xag®Cugvt†sEg˚rCab'mat'
sÊwg . eyIgcuHBILanehIyk*edIrtamVrSgeTAkan'bnÊb'mYy manTMhMbIEm"®t
kn¬HbYn®Cug Edlelak≤ÂnÊVnp†S[Kat'CYlTuk[nageTog .
tSgBIeBlenaHmk elakekog-≤ÂnÊEtgEtnS®bBnÏmksYrsuxTuk≈nag
eTogCaerogral'eBl ®BmTSgCYyTMnukbMrugluykak'x¬H@eTotpg . nag
eTogEtgEteCosvagmincg'CYbelak≤ÂnÊeT edIm∫IkMu[mankaryl'®cLMBI
sMNak'PriyaefµagfIµrbs'Kat' .
VnkEn¬gsMNak'®sYlbYlehIy nageTogk*epI∆sMbu®tsMulaElgBI
muxdMENg®KUbe®gonenA®ksYgsikßaFikar´®BnKr ®BmTSgsMudksMNMulixi
tx¬HeTotsMrab'e®bIkarenA´f©e®kay . enAExkJÔaq~S1948 nageTogTTYl
GgkarCanrNa ? 197

VnsMNMuerOgTSgGs'BI®ksYgGb'rMCatiepI∆mkBI´®BnKr . VnsMNMulixit
TSgGs'enHehIy nageTogk*cUleTAbg˙ajx¬ÁnenAGFikardΩan®ksYgGb'rMCa
tiext†Vt'dMbg edIm∫IsMueFI√Ca®KUbe®goneLIgvij . ´f©TI12-9-48 nageTog
®tUvcUleTACYbelakGFikarbzmsikßatamkMNt' . elakGFikar®tkUl eg"a
Gg¨ycSnageTogk~¨gkariyal&y . eBlcUleTAdl' elakGFikaredaHEvn-
ta ecj®keLkemIlnageTogtSgBIk∫aldl'cugeCIg ehIyniyayy"agKM
eraHKMerIyfa –
- nag‰gniyayExµrminc∫as' maneQµaHnigrUbragdUcyYn Et®ksYg
Gb'rMCatienAP~MeBjVnyl'®Bme®CIserIsnagehIy . xM∆¨sMerccit†fanwgb
JÇËnnageTAbe®gonenAsala « JmsIma » e®JHenATIenaHmanyYne®cIn .
elakJk'EvntaeLIgvij sresrelI®kdas'mYyman®bEvg2-3bnÊat'CaPa
saVrSg rYck*eVHeTA[esµønedIm∫IeFI√sMbu®tCap¬Ëvkar .
enHCaesckI†sMerccit†rbs'mÂnI†Exµrm~ak' EdlminxIçsYrnSsamIx¬ÁnsUm∫I
mYym"at'k*Kµanpg . esckI†sMerccit†enHCaGMNacp†ac'karmYyk~¨gcMeNam
GMNacp†ac'karepßg@eTotCaTUeTAenAk~¨g®sukExµrsm&yski†PUmi . elIsBI
enHeTAeTot eKseg˚teXIjsPaBl©g'ex¬A≤tecHBicarNa karx√HFm·emt†a
rbs'G~kEdlmanmuxgarsMxan'@k~¨gkarTTYlxus®tUv nigsMerccit†BIerOgGI√
mYy . ebIBMudUec~aHeT kalNasamIx¬ÁnmanlTÏPaBGacykdg√aymkf√ay
Vn enHCameF¥aVyd*ski†siTiÏmYyedIm∫IrkfvikabEnƒm ! .
nageTogsMulaelakGFikarecjmke®kArg'cSsMbu®tbJÇa . em"ag®b-
Ehl11 elakesµønk*ehAnageTAkan'kariyal&yrbs'elak edIm∫IcuHhtƒ
elxaTTYllixit . elakesµønxßwb®Vb'nagfa salaeronenAJmsIma
sg'elITwk . edIm∫IeFI√dMeNIreTAkan'TIenaH eK®tUvCiHTUkseN†agCamYyka
NUt . enATIenaHmanExµrJk'kN†al yYnJk'kN†al . G~k®KU®tUv®by&t~x¬Á
n e®JHmanmUldΩanevotmijmYyy"agFMenATIenaH . ®KUbe®gonenAJmsIma
®tUvEt « KitKUr » CamYyecAh√ay edIm∫IVnvilmkkEn¬g®sYlvij .l.
nageTog®tUvvil®tLb'mkTIlMenAvijEdlmancm©ay3K˘m˘edayeCIg
TeT . nagminhflanCiHrWum"keT e®JHbJ˙afvika . enAtamp¬Ëv nagedIrbeNI†r
yMbeNI†rnwkeXIjGakb∫kiriyaelakGFikar nwkeXIjsMdIelakesµøn Ed-
lbg˙ajp¬ËvedIm∫Iem†c[Vnmkkan'Vt'dMbgvij . nwkeXIjkar®Jt'®Vs'
rt'ecal“Bukm†ay edIm∫IeKcx¬ÁnBIevotmij ehIy≤LËv®tUveKbJÇËnx¬Án[eTA
GgkarCanrNa ? 198

tMbn'evotmijdEdl . { ! xM∆¨eGIy CatienHekItmkCaExµrkmı¨Cae®kam GI√k*evT

naem"¬H ? . enAkmı¨Cae®kam evotmijtamrkcab'edayecaTfak∫t'va ˘˘˘mkdl'
kmı¨CakN†al eKfaxM∆¨CayYn etIxM∆¨mansJÇatiCaGI√ ? .
nagedIrtamp¬Ëvelx1®sbmat'sÊwgsEg˚r . luHmkdl'b"us†i_ nagk*cUl
eTATijEtm®bm
_ Yysn¬wk edIm∫IepI∆sMbu®teTAelakmafac'-TIhug . nag®k-
eLkeTAxags†SbJÇrkariyal&yb"us†i_ eXIjman®bkasmYybwTenACJÇSg
manesckI†CaGaTifa –
« salaext†Vt'dMbg®tUvkare®CIserIsesµøn®bcS´f©m~ak' ( sUmbJÇak'
faenACMnan'enaH muxgaresµøn®sIminTan'mansiTiÏeBjeljcUlk~¨g®kbx&-
NÎk~¨graCrdΩaPiVlenAeLIy ) k~¨gcMeNamnarIenAlIv EdlmanGayuBI20
eTA25q~S . ®tUvecHniyaynigsresrPasa Exµr-yYn-VrSg ehIy®tUvman
sJÔab&®t Certificat d'Etudes Primaires Complémentaires Franco-
Indochinois » .
enAeBlkMBugykcit†Tukdak'emIl®kdas'enH mnusßm~ak'edIrmkekHsµa
nagtic@ehIysYrfa –
- nag ! nagCaExµrkmı¨Cae®kam… ? .
- ca±H elak .
- nagecHPasayYn…eT ? .
- ca±H xM∆¨ecHelak ! .
- etInagecHGkßrVrSg-Exµrc∫as'las'…eT ? .
nageTogk*bg˙ajlixitbJÇa ®BmTSgbJÇak'sB√®Kb'BICIvitrbs'nagCMrab
elakkug®tUl&rb"us†i_ EdlkMBugEtniyayCamYynag . elakF¬ab'eTAeFI√kar
k~¨g®ksYg´®bsNIyenA´®BnKrcMnYn3q~S elaksal'Exµrkmı¨Cae®kamc∫a-
s'las'Nas' . elakeFI√muxs©ÁtbnÊab'BIVns†ab'karra"yra"b'rbs'nagmk
elakmancit†GaNitnageTogCaBn'eBk . elakcab'´dnageTog ehIyk*b
JÇiHnagxage®kaysULicrbs'Kat' edIm∫IeTAkan'salaext†Vt'dMbg . eTA
dl'ehIy elakb"k'-saem"t k*nSnageTACYbelakcMerIn-bflunerOn EdlCa
PUQYyext†TI1enAsalaext†Vt'dMbg . elakTSgBIrniyayK~amYysnʨH
rYcehIyelakbflunerOnk*edIrmkniyayCamYynageTogedayemt†aFm·fa –
EsÌkenH nagmkeFI√ «ets» CamYyeKcuH . nageTogdwgfa elakyl'®Bm
T S g e T I s T S g T a l ' e d a y s a r E t G n † r a K m nB
_ Ielakb"k'-saem"tEtb"ueNˆaH
GgkarCanrNa ? 199

e®JHelakminEdlsal'Exµrkmı¨Cae®kameT elakk*sµandUcG~k‰eTotEdr
fanagCayYn˘˘˘
´f©EsÌkeLIg TI13-9-48 eBlnageTogedIreTAdl'muxkariyal&y
elakPUQYy nageXIjmanyuvnarI5nak'Gg¨ycSenATIenaHrYcCae®sc . na
rITSgenaHes¬økJk'sÌatVttamrebobExµrniyayxßibexßøvK~aBIenHBIenaH .
cMENknageToges¬økexaexµA Jk'GavskmUl´dEvg Tuksk'ekobeTAe®kay
tamrebobExµrkmı¨Cae®kam . buKlikeFI√karenAsalaext†sm¬wgnag®Kb'@K~a
edayminEdleXIjTSgsMelokbMJk' TSgrUbrag TSgsk'minEmnyYnmin
Emncin ÚkJrsmrm¥dUcCaExµr . nagminhflancUleTACiteKeT edayQr
enAEk∫rmat'T√arbnÊb'elakPUQYyTI1 EpÌkx~gnwgCJÇSg˘˘˘
eBlem"ageFI√ «ets» mkdl' KNkmµaFikarehAebk≈narITSg6nak'cUl
eTAkan'bnÊb'elakPUQYyTI1 . elakcMerIn-bflunerOndak'ekAGIBiessmYy
enAxageq√gKat'sMrab'nageTog . viJÔasarmanbImuxKW – sresrtamsU®t
Exµr, sresrtamsU®tVrSg nigkarsnÊnapÊal'mat'CaPasayYn . rYcehIy
ebk≈narITSgGs'®tUvenAGg¨ys†ab'lTÏpl . ®bEhlmYyem"age®kaymk
elakbflunerOnedIrecjBIbnÊb' jjwm huc´ds†Skan'nageTog ´deq√gkan'sM
NMulixit ehIynSnageTACYb‰kåt†m eTB-pn ecAh√ayext†Vt'dMbg .
elaksm¬wgemIlmuxnageTogedayegOgq©l' EtelakbflunerOnk*eFI√es-
ckI†raykarNB
_ ICIv®bvti†nigbJ˙aepßg@ rYcmkk*bg˙ajlTÏpl «ets» rb
s'nag –
- sresrtamsU®tExµr KµankMhus .
- sresrtamsU®tVrSg KµankMhus .
- PasayYnlÌbgÁr .
elakecAh√ayext†gk'k∫aljjwmeBjcit†nwglTÏplenH . elak
e®kakeLIgdwk´dnageTogeTACYbCMuelxaFikarTSgGs' edIm∫IsYreyabl' .
eBlenaHelakb"k'-saem"tk*mkdl'lµm e®JHelakk*cg'dwgBIlTÏpl´n
kar®bLge®CIserIsenHEdr . enAeBlenaHelakb"k'-saem"tk*elIk´dFana
GHGagfa nageTogBitCakUnExµrkmı¨Cae®kamBit@ . cMENkbuKliksala
ext†enAeBlenaHman – elakva"-sMpun, elakBt-saGwum ( elakBt-saGwu
m®tUvCa“Bukekµkrbs'elaklI-eDob cagh√agsarBt·manGgrbUrI- e®kay
mkVncUleTAbMerIk~¨gkgeyaFBlexmrPUminÊ ), elakeTB-sarim nigelak
GgkarCanrNa ? 200

GflU-CMnit k*elIk´dsMuTTYlsal'nigFanaGHGagEdr .
‰kåt†meTB-pn k*sMercEtgtSgnageTogCaelxaFikar®bcS´f© ( Sé-
cretaire journalière ) TTYlbnʨkxagkicçkarrebob ( Service d'Ordre ) .elak
GflU-CMnitCaG~kcat'EcgeFI√sMNMuerOgenH edIm∫IepI∆eTAsMukaryl'®BmBI®ksYg
mha´pÊ . ‰kåt†meTB-pn eFI√GMeNay100$dl'nag edIm∫ITijsMelok
bMJk'CaExµr . elakV"l'-sMGul PUQYyext†TI2eFI√GMeNay30$ edIm∫I[
nagTijEs∫keCIgfIµmYyKUCMnYsEs∫keCIgeQIkJças'EdlenACab'nwgeCIg
nag . ´f©TI11-11-48 nageTogVncUleFI√karenAsalaext†Vt'dMbgtSg
BIenaHerogrhUtmk .
enA´f©TI20-4-50 elakekog-≤ÂnÊ®tUvp¬as'eTAkan'raCFanIP~MeBj . enA
´f©TI26-7-51 elakekog-≤ÂnÊmanebskkmµmkkan'TI®kugVt'dMbg .
elakcUlsMrakedkpÊH“BukekµkeQµaH hU-faj'suk Hô Thanh Sôc mYy
yb' . ®BwkeLIgem"ag10 elak®tUveFI√dMeNIrecjBIext†Vt'dMbgcUleTAka
n'ext†eJFisat' dUcmanlixitbJÇak' ( Attestation ) CUnPÇab'mkCamYyenH –

SERVICE CENTRAL DE L'ETAT CIVIL

DES SUCCESSIONS ET DES SEPULTU-
RES MILITAIRES
----------------
139 rue de BERCY 139
PARIS XIIo

ACTE DE DISPARITION
-------------
GROUPE DES UNITES DE GARNISON DE PHNOM PENH
( Compagnie de Garnison )

Nous soussignés Lieutenant FERMET Honoré, Officier d'Etat-Civil du

Groupe des Unités de Garnison de PHNOM PENH, certifions que le nommé
KIEN-INH, fils de KIEN-SREY et de THACH-THI-NHIEU, né le 15 Février
1925 à THION LOI, Canton de TRAVINH, province de TRAVINH, départe-
ment de Cochinchine,
Adjudant-Chef Interprête inscrit sous le no 303 au régistre matricule, disparu
le 27 Juillet 1951 au kilomètre 16 sur la route de PURSAT à LEACH, province
de PURSAT (Cambodge), et que depuis cette époque toutes les recherches aux-
quelles il a été procédé pour découvrir son sort sont demeurées infructueuses.

CIRCONSTANCES DE LA DISPARITION
GgkarCanrNa ? 201

Le 27 Juillet 1951, l'Adjudant-Chef Interprête KIEN-INH était désigné

pour se rendre à LEACH, province de PURSAT pour y effectuer une séance de
propagande. Le convoi qui l'escortait quitta PURSAT à 14 heures at arrivé à
LEACH à 15 heures. Il en repart à 17 heures, et à 17 heures 30 au kilomètre 16
de la route de PURSAT - LEACH, il tombe dans une embuscade de Viêt-Minh.
A l'issue du combat qui s'est déroulé entre les Viêt-Minh et l'escorte, l'Adjudent-
Chef KIEN-INH n'a pas reparu; aucun témoignage sur sa mort n'a pu être
recueilli. En conséquence, l'Adjudent-Chef KIEN-INH est porté disparu (suite
combat) à compter du 28 Juillet 1951 à o heure 1 minute ./.

Vu : Pour la légalisation Fait à PHNOM PENH le 10 AOUT 1951

de la signature du Lieutenant Le Lieutenant FERMET, Officier
d'Etat-
FERMET Officier d'Etat-Civil Civil du Groupe des Unités de Garnison
PHNOM PENH, le Août 1951 Caché et Signé le Lieutenent FERMET
Intendant Militaire de 3o Classe
es TC, Chef de Service de l'Intendance
de Phnôm Penh,
Caché et Signé

« ´f©27-7-51 elakekog-≤ÂnÊ nayrgGt†elx303, elxaFikarbk

E®b Vn®tUvbJÇËneTAkan'®suklac ext†eJFisat' edIm∫IeFI√kareXasnaBn¥
l'®bCaCn . k∫ÁnLancakecjBIext†eJFisat'enAem"ag2resol eTAdl'
lacenAem"ag3resol . elakcakecjBIlacmkvij enAem"ag5resol
ehIyenAem"ag5kn¬H enA®tg'KILËEm"®telx16 elak®tUvCab'k~¨gkareLam
B&TÏrbs'BYkevotmij˘˘˘˘ » .
eBlc∫SgtTl'K~aenH evotmijcab'elakekog-≤ÂnÊcg rYcnSykeTA
Vt' .
VrSgs†ayelakekog-≤ÂnÊNas' e®JHelakCamnusßesµaH®tg'nwg
ecAh√aynay ecHniyaynigsresrbIPasa . ®ksYgmansmtƒkicçVnca
t'elak ecg Edlmanzann†rs&ki†Ca Aspirant nigCashkarIrbs'elak≤ÂnÊ
[tamesIubGeg˚terOgenH . elak ecg tamdanrkGs'3q~S KµanlTÏplGI√
esaH . enAq~S1954 VrSg®tUvdkfyBI≤NÎËcin elak ecg k*cUleTAbMerI
k~¨gkgeyaFBlexmrPUminÊ k~¨gzann†rs&ki†CaGnuesniyeTa enAEp~kswkrg
GgkarCanrNa ? 202

®ksYgnKrVlCatiext†Vt'dMbg . ´f©mYyelakecg®bTHeXIjemExµrevot
mijm~ak'eQµaH ekIt edIrkN†alTI®kugVt'dMbg enA´dmanJk'naLikaelak
≤ÂnÊ .
elakecgk*sMuGeJIÇjelakekIteTAkariyal&y edIm∫IsaksYrBt·man
epßg@ . eQµaHekItVnra"yra"b'y"agek∫aHk∫aydUcteTA –
« ehtuEdlevotmijcat'kardak'GnÊak'Exße®tomrg'cSvaykMeTck∫Ánkug
v&rVrSgVnTan'eBlevla KWedaysarevotmijVnbN†¨HcarkicçCaExßbN†a
jsm©at'mYyenAkN†alTI®kugVt'dMbg . ®kumcarkicçenHman –
- eQµaHeg√øg-van'va"g CaevCÇbNiÎt manlMenAenAp¬Ëvelx2 1/2 .
- eQµaHeg√øg-van'V Canaysh®Kin ( entrepreneur ) .
- eQµaHeg√øg-van'dav CaesµønenAsalaext†Vt'dMbg . eQµaHenHVn
ebIksalaeronQ~ÁlmYyCaPasayYn Edlman®bBnÏCa®KUbe®gon . sa-
laenHCaTI®bCMuy"ages©øms©at'rbs'carCnevotmij .
- eQµaHhU-faj'suk Cab¬g'tug kan'kab'lixitecjenAsalaext†Vt'dM
bg . kUn®sIrbs'yYnenH eQµaHhU-Kwmy"ug Ca®bBnÏrbs'elakekog-≤ÂnÊ
. hU-faj'sukmanPar:k
kicçraykarNe_ pßg@eTA®Vb'evotmij[Tan'eBlev
la . enAyb'Edlevotmijcab'elakekog-≤ÂnÊ nigkMeTck∫Ánkugv&rVrSg
enaH e®JHhU-faj'sukCaG~k[karN_ ehIyEdlmaneQµaHekItenH Caem
bJÇakarkgkm¬Sg®bdab'GavuFbdivt†n‰
_ kPaBrbs'®beTskmı¨Ca®bcSenAPUmi
lac » .
ekItVneJlbn†eTAeTotfa –
« eBlEdlbUdUycab'elakekog-≤ÂnÊVn vacg´d cgEP~k rYcbeNI†r
cUleTAkan'´®BxaglicPUmilac . vavayeFI√VbsYrcemI¬yy"age®cIn˘˘˘ TIbMpu
tvasYrrkTIlMenAyuvnarIExµrm~ak'eQµaHnageTog Edlelakekog-≤ÂnÊCYy
rMedaHecjBIkmı¨Cae®kam tSgBIExkk˚daq~S1948 . eBlenaH elakekog-≤
ÂnÊxwgy"agx¬Sgk*eqI¬yy"agkMbutkMbuyfa mindwgminGIeT . emevotmijk*vay
eFI√TaruNkmµelIrUbelakluH®taEts¬ab'eTA . emevotmijk*edaHnaLika´drb
s'exµacelakekog-≤ÂnÊhucmk[eQµaHekIt CaGnusßavrIy´_ nmhaeCaKC&-
yenH˘˘˘ » .
elakGnuesniyeTaecg TMrSEtdwgfamanExßbN†ajevotmijenAVt'dM
bg vahYseBleTAehIy. evotmijcakecjputBITI®kugVt'eTAehIy . enA
GgkarCanrNa ? 203

sl'EthU-faj'sukm~ak'Kt' EdlenAeBlenaHsalaext†k*VnbeN†jec
jBImuxgar ehIynireTsBIext†Vt'dMbgrhUt . mansMnYrsYreLIgfa –
- ehtuem†celakekog-≤ÂnÊsuxcit†s¬ab'karJrnageTog ?
- elakekog-≤ÂnÊ CaExµrkmı¨Cae®kamm~ak' Edlsal'®keyAyYnc∫as'
las'Nas' . bg®busrbs'elakm~ak'®tUvevotmijsm¬ab' . elakdwgfa
eTaHbIelak®Vb'BITIkEn¬gnageTog…min®Vb' vaenAEtsm¬ab'elakdEdl
e®JHevotmijmanKMeragsm¬ab'G~kecHdwgExµr[Gs'putBUC .
elakekog-≤ÂnÊCakUn®busTI2rbs'elaktaekog-®sI nigyayfac'-FI
jIv . ekItenA´f©TI15-2-25 enAPUmik~¨g®suk-XMuF√wgeLIy, ®sukcUvfaj',
ext†®tavij . e®kayBI®bLgCab'DIb¬ËmenAsalan&rm"al'®kugP~MeBjq~S1945
elaksµ&®Kcit†eTAeFI√®KUbe®gonenAsalavt†®bTkßiNnie®Katk~¨gq~S1945-
46 . k~¨gExkJÔa1946 evotmijcab'cgbg®busbegI˚trbs'elakCa®KUb-
e®gon nSykeTAVt'˘˘˘. bnÊab'mk evotkugtamdancab'x¬ÁnelakeTot . eda
ydwgx¬ÁnTan' elakk*sMerccit†rt'ecaltMENg®KU cUleFI√TahanVrSgenA
´f©TI16-10-46 manzann†rs&ki†CaBlVleTa ( Sergent Chef ) nigCael
xaFikarG~kbkE®benA®ksYgsni†suxCati´nTI®kug´®BnKr .
cMENknageTog nagF¬ab'Vk's∫atx¬acevotmij . naghflanCYlpÊHmY-
yt´m¬ 200$ (k~¨g®Vk'ExTSgGs'500$) siƒtenAmuxbnÊayTahaneCIg®k
hm « TahanVrSg » edIm∫IkarJrGayuCIvit e®JHenAeBlenaH evotmijb-
eJçjskmµPaBx¬Sgk¬anigeXareXANas' .
k~¨gry:eBlEdlevotmijcab'x¬Ánelakekog-≤ÂnÊ nageTog≤tVndwg
erOgenHeT e®JHmanTUrelxmYyc∫ab'BI“Buknag [eFI√dMeNIreTAext†®tavij
Ca®bjab' edIm∫InwgeTAykbÌËnbegI˚t Kwm-c&nÊ Gayu14q~S Edl®tUvevotkugbM
rugcab'bJÇËneTAeb"kSg nigkµÁyrbs'nageQµaHKwm-vNˆa GayueTIbVn6q~S
kM®J“Bukm†ay . “Bukrbs'nagVnlYcbeN†aHG~kTSgBIrenHecjBIEdndI
rMedaHeTATI®kug®tavij ehIy[nageTAykG~kTSgBIrenATIenaH . nageTog
eTAdl'CYbCMubÌËnnigkµÁyenApÊHelakmafac'-TIhug . kMBugEtmanesckI†e®tk
GrnwgkarCYbCMuK~a ®sab'EtTTYldMNwgmkfa elaktaKwm-vNˆ: Vncgk
sm¬ab'x¬ÁnVt'eTAehIy edaymkBIevotkugbJÇa[Kat'eTACYbnwgvaenAyb'TI
bYn e®kayeBlEdlKat'beN†aHG~kTSgBIrecjeTA®tavij . Kat'eFI√Gt†Xat
enH edaymkBIKat'dwgx¬ÁnCamunfa evotmijmuxEtnwgsm¬ab'Kat'CaBMuxan˘˘˘.
GgkarCanrNa ? 204

enA´f©TI2-8-51 nageTognSbÌËnnigkµÁymkdl'ext†Vt'dMbg . enAeB

lenaHelakecgk*®Vb'fa evotmijVncab'x¬Ánelakekog-≤ÂnÊeTAVt'ehI-
y . nageTogesIÊrqÁtveg√g mindwgKity"agNa . Tuk≈®tYtelITuk≈ minxus
K~aBIsm&y17-4-75 mk24-4-79 ( 4q~S7´f© ) enHb"unµaneLIy .
elIsBIenHeTAeTot nageTog®tUvciJçwmbÌËn®busnigkµÁyeTIbnwgmkdl'
. q~S1951-52 Kwm-c&nÊ®tUvcUleronenAviT¥al&y®BHmunIvgß . Kwm-vNˆacU-
leronenAsalabzmsikßaenApßarelI . ExkJÔaCaeBlcUlkg . kMBugEt
x√l'x√ay®BYyVrm∏BIerOgTijesovePAnig®bdab'®bdar sMrab'bÌËnnigkµÁy
®sab'Et ! manb"UlIsmkdl'pÊH ! bg˙ajdIkarcab'x¬ÁnnageTog . b"UlIsb
eNI†rnageTogeTACUnelak®BHraCGaC∆ar edaymanG~kedImecaTb†wg®bkan'fa
« naglYce®samexI~yeK ! » .
®sLSgkSg Elgyl'GI√TSgGs'ehIy ! . eBleTAdl'elakKU-run
Ca®BHraCGaC∆ar k*ehAG~kedImecaTmktTl'enAcMeJHmuxG~kcugecaT .
enAeBleXIjmuxG~kedImecaT nageTogP∆ak'sʨHeTAsMBHsYredayKYrs
m rYc{bkyMdMGUjfa – yIbg®kUceTetI ! {bgeGIy eyIgCaG~kkmı¨Cae®kam
dUcK~a ehtuem†ck*bgminemt†axM∆¨EdlkM®JEtletalEtm~ak'‰gy"agenH ?
bgeGIy ! ebIxM∆¨®tUvCab'Kuk …ebIraCkaredjbJŒb'xM∆¨[Qb'eFI√kar bÌËn®bus
nigkµÁyxM∆¨®tUvdac'eJHs¬ab'˘˘˘ ehtuem†ck*bgeFI√VbxM∆¨y"agenH ? . erOge®sa
mex~Iyrbs'bgenaH xM∆¨minVndwgTal'EtesaH xM∆¨mindwglYcykmkeFI√GI√ ebI
xM∆¨KµanTSgexI~yekIypgenaH . m"¥agvijeTot xM∆¨minEdlsal'pÊHrbs'bg pg
etIbgVt'vaenAkEn¬gNa ? . niyaybeNI†ryMbeNI†r EP~ksm¬wgela
k®BHraCGaC∆arCab'Canicç .
elak®BHraCGaC∆arenAeBlenaHmanyuti†Fm· minVnsYrG~kcugecaTeT
EtEbrCasYrBITIlMenArbs'G~kedImecaTeTAvij . luHsYrnSrYcehIy eTIbeK
dwgfa G~k®kUcCa®sI «bn» EdlmanlMenAenAmuxsƒaniyrfePI¬gVt'dMbg
ehIyEdlmanemCa®sIyYnm~ak'eQµaH «eg√øg-FImWuy» . ®sIyYnenHVnrt'
eq√cq√ac KitKUrsUkV"n'eKeFI√em†cedIm∫I[nageTog®tUvCab'Kuk edIm∫IsMercta
mbMNg .
cMENk‰G~k®kUcrkJk¥eqI¬ynwg®BHraCGaC∆arminrYc rdibrdub k*®tUv®BH
raCGaC∆aredjecjBITIkEn¬gkat'eTasenaHeTA . elakEbrmkrknageTog
ehIyniyayfa – ebItamc∫ab' karEdlmandIkarcab'x¬Ány"agenH tulakr
GgkarCanrNa ? 205

®tUvEtXMunagTuksin . EtebImanG~kNam~ak'cUlmksMuFananag xM∆¨[nagenA

e®kAXMuCabeN†aHGasn~Vn .
kMBugEtx√l'x√ayy"agenH ®sab'EteXIjelakb"k'-saem"tedIrcUlmk
CamYynigelaks~gkarb"UlIs tan'-GukNSeGog . nageTogrt'®tVj'eCIg
eTArkelakTSgBIrCMrabBIerOgGkuslenH . elakTSgBIrVns†ab'cb'sB√
®Kb'ehIyk*jjwmedIrcUlmkkan'bnÊb'elak®BHraCGaC∆a . elakm"k'-saem"
tk*cuHhtƒelxaFananageTog[VnrYcx¬ÁnenAe®kAXMuCabeN†aHGasn~sin .
nageToge®tkGrNas'k*sMBHlaelakTSgGs' vilcUlkan'salaext†
edIm∫IeFI√kareLIgvij . b"uEn† ! BueTÏaeGIy ! raCkarecj®bkasbJŒb'nagBI
kEn¬geFI√kar rg'cSkarCMnMuCMrHBItulakarsin .
enAeBlenaH nag®tUvGs'Gg˚rrlIg . ´f©enaHCa´f©esAr,_ Kwm-c&nÊkan'kU
nVvkJças'mYyedIredayeCIgeTAkan'PUmikac'reTH Edlmancm©ay25K˘m˘
BIVt'dMbg edIm∫IeTAsMuTanGg˚rBImamIgkmı¨Cae®kamenATIenaH . EsÌkeLIg´f©
GaTit¥ em"ag®bEhl9®Bwk vNˆaedIr{bkmIgeTogBIe®kayyMhiu@ .
- mIgeGIy xM∆¨X¬anVyNas' ! .
eBlenaHnageTogedIrdl'®ckTal'ehIy luyEdlenAsl'bni†cbn†Ác
bg'Q~ÁlpÊHGs'rlIg etIeFI√y"agem"ceTA ?
nageTogeGHx~gkµÁylYgelam[eKgluH®taedklk'˘˘˘ mYysnʨHnag
nwkeXIjmeF¥aVymYy k*das'kµÁy[e®kak .
- vNˆaGah_ !
kµÁykMst'æm†aymIgehA GrNas'e®kakeLIgesIgmemIugedaysµanfa
c∫as'CamanGIj¨SehIy . vNˆaemIlmuxm†aymIg .
- cUrkµÁyes¬økJk'ehIyedIreTApÊHBUbwum mIgGWyeTA ( Kat'TSgBIrnak'bI†
®bBnÏenAPUmirMdYl mancm©ay4K˘m˘BIkEn¬gnageTogenA, e®kaymkKat'k¬a-
yCa“Bukm†ayekµkrbs'Kwm-c&nÊ ) . eBlKat'erobVy[kUn@Kat'j¨ScUrkµÁ
yedIrcUleTA kMuxµas'eGon . vNˆaraErkehIyk*sYrfa –
- etImIgVnGIBisar ?
- mIgGacGt'Fµt'karGt'X¬anVn, nageTogGEgÌlk∫alkµÁyehIyjjw
m lYgcit†kµÁyd*kMst' . mIgpwkEtTwk®sHk*GacEqÌtVnmYyeBl@Edr .
vNˆaGl'EGkCax¬Sg EtmYysnʨHk*suxcit†edIrecjeTA˘˘˘
❑
GgkarCanrNa ? 206

dac'ExkJÔa, nageTogKµanluy200$bg'Q~ÁlpÊHeT . nag®tUvEtkat'

kareGonxµas'eTAf√aybgMelak®KU Ekv-sag sgÙraCvt†kMEpgnigCaGnuK-
Next†Vt'dMbg ehIyEdl®tUvCabgciJçwmrbs'nag . nagTUlerobrab'GM
BIkarB¥aVTminsmTMng˘˘˘ EtCaBiessKWnagcg'mksMuluy200$edIm∫I
bg'Q~ÁlpÊH .
elak®KUEkv-saghucluy[nag ®BmTSgbgab'[eKsg'kUnxÊmmYy
siƒtenAxagliceqogxageCIgvt†kMEpg Cab'rbbbnÊayTahaneCIgexµA (Ta-
hanexmrPUminÊ) edIm∫I[CIvitd*kMst'TSgbIrs'enACabeN†aHGasn~sin .
enA´f©TI10-10-51, em"ag®bEhl2resol, ®sab'Etmanb"UlIs®kug
2nak'cUlmkkan'kUnxÊmnageTog ehIyk*cab'nagTSgbg≈MnSeTAkariyal&y
´ns~gkarb"UlIs®kug . eTAdl's~gkardΩan ®sab'EteXIjbg®kUcnigG~k
eg√øg-FImWuyjjwmepInmkrknag . P~ak'garb"UlIsKµansYredjedalGI√BI
nageT, ®sab'Etsm¬wgmuxbg®kUc G~kmWuy jak'muxdak'K~a rYccab'´dnagTa-
jbeNI†reTAXMu .
luHeXIjmanGMeBIGyuti†Fm·y"agdUec~H nageTogE®skLËLasYrrkxus
®tUv˘˘˘ b"UlIs®cannagbJçËlk~¨gbnÊb'XMuXSg . ®TSElgVn nageTogk*t
´d edaysMBgP~ak'garb"UlIsenaH2-3q&®t . P~ak'garb"UlIsxwgx¬SgNas'
k*yar´dTHkMeP¬øgnageTog . b"uEn† ! sem¬gmYyE®skKMhkKMram BIe®kAs~g
kardΩanmkfa –
- Qb'sin ! Qb'sin !
nageTogemIltamsem¬g KWelaktan'-GukNSeGog . elakE®skb-
eNI†r®BmTSgcuHBIelILanhßI¨bbeNI†r . elakbk'´dehAP~ak'garb"UlIscU-
lkan'kariyal&y . mYysnʨHFM elakk*ecjmkCYbbg®kUcnigG~kmWuy .
elakcg̨lmux®sITSgBIrnak'rYcniyaysML¨tfa – G~k‰gTSgBIrnak'®tUvec
jBITIenHP¬am ebImindUec~aHeT xM∆¨XMuG~k‰gvijehIy .
elaknays~gkardΩanedIrmkkan'´dnageTog nSeTAeLIgLan ehIyk*
brecjeTA . elakniyayfa elakb"k'-saem"tVnCMrabelakBIerOgr"avd*
kMst'rbs'nageTogehIy . elakmanesckI†GaNitmkelInagCaBn'eBk
. cMENkerOgEdlekItmaneLIgGm∫aj'mijenH KWvaxusc∫ab'TSg®sugehI
y . e®JHsMNMuerOgEdlG~k®kUcbw†gecaTnagenaH kMBugEtbn†enAsaladM
bUg‰eNaH . dUec~HerOgGm∫aj'mijenH P~ak'garkMhUcrbs'xM∆¨va®tUvr"UvK~aCamY-
GgkarCanrNa ? 207

yG~k®kUc-G~kmWuy edayeq¬øteBlEdlxM∆¨ecjeTAbMeBjebskkmµenAP~MeB
j edIm∫IbMrugrMelaPeFI√Vbnag .
nageTogelIk´dsMBHelakNSeGogsMueTasehIysYrfa – ehtuem"†c
elakmkTan'eBlEdleKbMrugeFI√Vbnag ? .
elakNSeGogemIlmuxnagrYcman®bsasnf
_ a–
- nagmanbuN¥kuslxıs'Nas' ! enAeBlEdlxM∆¨eTAdl'b"usb
†i_ "UlIs
®sukemagÚsßI eKhucTUrelxmYyc∫ab'mkxM∆¨ [vilmkCYbelakext†vijCa
bnÊan' . eBlxM∆¨cUlmks~gkardΩan xM∆¨k*eXIj®Bwti†karNe_ nH ehIyk*E®sk
bJŒb'P~ak'garenaHeTA . ≤LËvenHxM∆¨®tUveTACYbelakext† EtxM∆¨eq¬øteBl2-3
naTICUnnageTACYb®BHraCGaC∆ar edIm∫I[elakCYyedaH®sayerOgbN†wgG~k
®kUc-G~kmWuy [Vndac'®sLHBIkarecaT®bkan'TTwgTisenH .
BIrGaTit¥e®kaymk nageTogTTYldIkarekaHehABIsaladMbUg [cUl
s†ab'karCMnMuCMrH . tulakarkat'esckI†sMercfa –
- TI1 nageTog®tUvrYcx¬Án . TI2 nagmansiTiÏb†wgtbtTamTarCm©Wcit†BIG~
kedImecaTvij .
nageTogsMubdiesFP¬am minb†wgtva"GI√eLIy . nag®bjab'®bjal'sM-
BHsMuGrKuNelak®BHraCGaC∆ar nigsMulaeTAkan'kUnxÊm JMnSBt·manenHeTA
®Vb'bÌËnnigkµÁy . mkdl'P¬am vNˆaelatmk{bkm†aymIg –
- tulakarkat'esckI†[mIgVnrYcx¬ÁnehIy .
vNˆajjwme®tkGrNas' EtrYcmkk*E®beFI√muxs©ÁtrYcxßib®Vb'mIgfa –
- mIgeGIy, eyIgCitGs'Gg˚reTotehIy .
- minGIeT, cSmIgeTAsMuTanBU-mIgeyIgenAPUmikac'reTHedayx¬Án‰g .
nageTogGEgÌlk∫alkµÁyd*kMst' lYgelamkMu[Vrm∏ .
®BlwmEsÌkeLIg nageTogmUrVvkJças'mYycgkan'enA´d ehIyecj
dMeNIreTAPUmikac'reTH . eTAdl'P¬am bgbÌËnrt'QUrqrmkTTYlsaksYrsux
Tuk≈ CaBiesscg'dwglTÏpl´nkarb†wgecaT®bkan'rbs'G~k®kUc . nagVn
erobrab'®Vb'bgbÌËnsB√®Kb'˘˘˘˘
eXIjVvkJças'enA´d ®Kb'@K~ayl'BIerOgenH k*nSK~aekIb®sUvCan'Gg˚r
edIm∫I®ckVv .
kMBugEtrvIrvl'buk®sUv ®sab'EteXIjG~kbrLanQ~ÁlyksMbu®tBIrs
n¬wkmk[nag . nageTogebIksMbu®tTI1 Carbs'Kwm-c&nÊ –
GgkarCanrNa ? 208

- mkdl'bgCaTIeKarB,
bgeGIy ! manP~ak'garb"UlIs®kugmkrkbgeTotehIy . {bgeGIy !
kmµeyIgGIk*®kas'em"¬H > {eTvtaeGIy ! elakman®BHen®tTiB√ ehtuem†ck*
elakminCYykarJrbgbÌËnxM∆¨ CaCnsucritpg ? .
sMbu®tTI2 CadIkarekaHehArbs'®ksYgb"UlIs®kug .
bgbÌËnP&yeqaeLa ´rluyK~arkLanCUnnageTogeTAkan'®kugVt'dMbg
CabnÊan' . eTAdl's~gkardΩan nagrt'jab'eCIgTSgP&yTSgq©l'˘˘˘ ®sab'Et
nageXIjelakNSeGogecjmkTTYl ehIyman®bsasnf
_ a–
- salaext†Vt'dMbgehAnag[cUleFI√karvijehIy ! .

❑ ❑
❑

enAeBlEdlGt'®Vk'Exy"agenH etIG~kTSgbInak'VnGI√briePaK ?
CIvitTSgbIenH CaCIvitEdl®kxßt'swgrkG~k®bdUcKµan . EtenA®sukExµr
eyIgenAeBlenaH eKGacBwgJk'K~aeTAvijeTAmkVn . elIsBIkarBwgJk'
enH m~ak'@s√HEs√grksIuQ~ÁlnayTunedIm∫IbÂgb'karx√Hxat . enAeBlenaH
ral'@yb' Kwm-c&nÊeTAsIuQ~ÁlefAEkEk-Kwmsflan mças'eragc®kGareQIenA
pßarelI . nageTogbe®gonPasayYndl'kUnyYnx¬H . vNˆaedIrtam“Bukma
erIssMbkeQI eTAsÊËc®tI cab'k†amx¥g ebHEp¬GMBil .l.
luykak'rkVnbni†cbn†ÁcsMrab'Tb'Tl'karx√HxatcSVc' dUec~HeyIgTSg
bInak' minGacbriePaK[Vn®Kb'®Kan' nigq©aj'BisartamcMNg'VneT . eB
lVy G~kTSgbIGg¨ypÊal'dImuxkUnxÊm˘˘˘ m˙ËbmanEt®tIGSgTTYlTanpÊab'
CamYyGMBilxIçbukCamYyGMbilemÊs ( kaleNaHminx√HGMBileT ) .
mansMnYrsYrfa nageTogmanTuk≈evTnay"agNaeTA ?
- TI1 eBlTTYldMNwgfa “BukeFI√Gt†XatedIm∫IrMedaHkUnnigecABI®kj¨S
evotmij .
- TI2 eBlTTYldMNwgfa elakekog-≤ÂnÊ®tUvevotmijcab'eTAehIy .
Tuk≈®tYtelITuk≈ ! kMBugEtKSgedIm®TUgyMminecj˘˘˘ ®sab'EtG~k®kUc®BYt
´dCamYy®sIyYneg√øg-FImWuy b†wgecaT®bkan'BIerOgkMbiukkMb"ukedIm∫ItamB¥a
VT [Vt'bg'kargar [dac'eJHs¬ab'Etb"ueNˆaH . enAeBlenaH nageTog
GgkarCanrNa ? 209

Gs'meF¥aVy KWKiteFI√em"c[EtVnGg˚r®ckq~Sg edIm∫IciJçwmbÌËnnigkµÁy .

❑ ❑
❑

enAcugExtula1951 yayeLIyVnmktamkUn®sIenAext†Vt'dMbg .
mkdl'P¬am yayeLIyhuckJçb'mYyy"agFM[kUn®sI . nageTogebIkkJç
b'eXIjluy850$ ! .
BueTÏa ! nagEsnrIkray≤tåbma yk´dGEgÌlluy GEgÌlehIyGEgÌ
leTot ®sab'EtTwkEP~kmindwgmkBINahUreCaKCS !!!
nagsMBHm†aysYrfa – etIEm"VnluyBINamke®cInem"¬H ?
- kUn®sIeGIy ! e®kayeBlEdl“Buk‰gcgksm¬ab'x¬ÁnehIy ! evot
mijEtgEtekaHehAm†ay [eTAemIlK~avasm¬ab'mnusßEdlvaecaTfa «k∫t'»
swgEtral'´f© . bnÊab'mkeTot vaeFI√[Em"dwgfa vaVndak'EpnkartameFI√Vb
kUn‰gtamry:®sIxUc . Em"P&yNas'mindwgeFI√y"agNaeT . TTYleBl
enaHm†ayVnTTYlsMbu®telak≤ÂnÊmYyc∫ab' [erobcMpßMpM¨kUn‰gCamYyyI
-vij®TI . e®kaymkeTotEm"Vndwgfa elak≤ÂnÊ®tUveKcab'Vt'eTAehIy .
eBlEm"kMBugEtP&y®BYy ®sab'Etelakfac'-TIhugsresrmk®Vb'm†ayfa
[eTACYbelakGFikarV"n'-LËv . eBlm†ayeTAdl' Kat'k*Bn¥l'®Vb'bIerOg
®Vk'bMNac' « ra"b'Eb"l » rbs'kUn‰g EdlrdΩaPiVlVrSgVnebIk[k~¨g
cen¬aHeBlExF~Ëq~S1946dl'Exkk˚da1948 . ehtudUec~HehIyeTIbEm"sMer
ccit†mktamkUnenAVt'dMbgenH .
nageTog{bm†ayedIm∫IEf¬gGMNrKuN . Gg¨yKitmYy®sbk' nagk*
rlIk´dsMBH ehIyhucluy7000$ CUneTAm†ay®BmTSgniyayfa –
- Em" ! ®Vk'4000$enH sUmEm"cat'EcgeFI√ectiyTUkCUnexµacelak“Buk
enAvt†®bTkßiNnie®Kat . ®Vk'3000$eTotsUmEm"CUneTAelakyayfac'-
FIjIv (m†ayrbs'elakekog-≤ÂnÊenAemm"ay bI†s¬ab'ecaltSgBIekµg ‰kUn@
k*®tUvevotmijtameFI√VbTSgbgTSgbÌËn ) . cMENkxM∆¨˘˘˘ xM∆¨Tuk1500$sMrab'
cayvay nig´llkTijkg'mYyCiHeTAeFI√kar .
´f©TI11-11-51 yayeLIyk*erobGaJhB
_ iJhk
_ Un®sIKat'CamYynig
yuvCnyI-vij®TI tamTMenomTMlab'®b´BNIExµr enApÊHBUbwm-mIgeGIy siƒt
GgkarCanrNa ? 210

munnwgecjeTAbMeB
jebskkmµenAPUmila
c elak≤ÂnÊVnsr-
esrsMbu®tbIc∫ab' . mY
yepI∆eTAyayeLIy mY
yeTotsMrab'elak®KU
eBT¥yI-vij®TI Edl
Kat'ykeTA[pÊal'´d
enAkEn¬geFI√karenAmnIÊr
eBT¥®BHektumala Ed
lp†S[erobkarCamYy
nageTog . mYyc∫ab'
eTot sMrab'nageTog
pÊal' EdlepI∆Tuktam
ry:®BH®KUEkv-sag
enAeBlEdlnageTog
eFI√dMeNIreTAykbÌËnni
gkµÁy‰ext†®tavij .
sMbu®tmanesckI†CaGa
Tifa –
« mkdl'GaeTogCa
TIesaks†ay !
ectiyelakKwm-vNˆ: enAPUmicug´®B ext†®tvij
GaeTogeGIy, KµanGI√
( kmı¨Cae®kam ) ftenA´f©TI7-6-93
esaks†ayCagbgs†a
yGUneT . mYyCIvitbgenH ekItTuk≈Cab'Canic碢˘. ebHdUgbgQWcab'ex¬acpßa
edaykaresaks†aynUvesckI†es~haGs'BIdYgcit†rbs'bgmkelIGUn Edl
bgyl'faKµan®sINa®bdUcVn . b"uEn†vasnaGa®kk'Vnt®mUvbEg√gdan
[bgCYbnig®sIEdlmanQamC&rCas®tUvnwgsasne_ yIg . eNI˙ycuH enH
CaerOgGP&B√rbs'bg . b"uEn†bgKitrUbGUn bgKitdl'GUnCanicç . dUec~HbgsU
mGg√r cUrGUn®BmerobkarCamYyGUnyI-vij®TIeTANa±GUnNa± . sUmGUnkMu®b=
GgkarCanrNa ? 211

qSgnwgbN†S rbs'bgenH . efI√dUec~H ebIbgs¬ab'eTA bgnwgbiTEP~kCit˘˘˘

htƒelxa
≤ÂnÊ » .

elakyI-vij®TI CakUn®busTI4rbs'elakta yI-tam nigyaytSg-FI

lIv . ekItenAq~S1931 enAXMu´g"esog ®suk®takUv ext†®tavij kmı¨Cae®kam .
elak®bLgCab' CEPFI q~S1946 . enAq~S1948 evotmijerobcMbJÇËn
elakeTAkan'eb"kSg (CMnan'CamYynageTog) . “Bukm†ayelakVnbeN†aH
eTAraCFanIP~MeBj . elakmanvasna®bLgcUleronenAsalaKilanub∫dΩak
Cab' rYcelakbn†viCÇabecçkeTsEp~kTIBiesaFn_ .
e r o b G a J hB
_ iJhr_ Yc KUs√amIPriyaefµagfIµmanEthibeQInigE®KsM-
Bt'm~ak'mYyEtb"ueNˆaH . ®kEsn®k ! .

Exemsaq~S1953 ®KYsard*kMst'enHVnTTYlsMbu®tmYyc∫ab'BIelak
tayI-tam EdlmanesckI†CaGaTifa –
- evotmijsm¬ab'kµÁy®busbegI˚trbs'Kat'eQµaH yI-vijNam . evot
mijkat'k∫al kat'´d kat'eCIg CakMNat'@ ecalTukenAmuxpÊH . KµanbgbÌËn
Em"“…G~kNam~ak'hflanyM…emIlmuxexµaceT . luHyb'ggitmkdl' eTIbta
tamhflanedIreTA®bmUlkMNat'exµacykmkbJç¨HenAe®kaypÊH . ´f©bnÊab'mk
eTot evotmijcUlmkcab'kUn®busbegI˚tTI5rbs'Kat'eQµaH yI-faj'etak .
rebobvasm¬ab' KWcab'cg´dPÇab'CamYyeCIgdUccg®CUk . rYcvacgPÇab'eTAnwg
begalkMBs'®bEhl10Em"®t . rUtExßBIelITm¬ak'Cnrge®KaHmke®kam
rYcTajeLIgTm¬ak'cuH, TajeLIgTm¬ak'cuHCae®cInsar . munnwgs¬ab'
faj'etakevTnaVk'qÌwg Vk'´d Vk'eCIg s¬ab'k~¨gKMnrQamEsnex¬acpßark
Jk¥sresrmin®tUveT .
ehtudUcem†cVnCaevotmijsm¬ab'yI-vijNam nigyI-faj'etaksa-
havem"¬H ? .
- yYnGtItevotmijEdlbMerIVrSgenAeBlenaH Cacarbursrbs'evot-
mij . vaEtgEtnSkgT&BedIrkat'tamcMkardUgrbs'tatam siƒtenAPUmie®Cay
GgkarCanrNa ? 212

Tnßa XMu´g"esog . eBlvaedIrkat'cMkarm†g@ vaEtgEtsIuEp¬dUgxIçCanicç . edI

m∫I[VnsIuEp¬ vaykBUefAkab'bMp¬ajedIm p†ÁlmkdI rYceTIbsIuEp¬ hutTwky"a
gefakTabCaTIbMput . ´f©mYyBYkvaedIrmkkat'cMkar . kMBugEteq¬q¬arkkab'
edImdUg eXIjdUec~aH yI-vijNamnigyI-faj'etak k*eLIgebHdUgTm¬ak'[
BYkvasIu . sIuEqÌts˚b's˚l'ehIy BYkym∏ËVlGs'enaHk*edIrecjeTA˘˘˘®sa
b'mYyrMeBCe®kaymk BYkevotmijk*cUlmkdl' ehIyk*ecaTfaTSgBIrnak'
enHk∫t'nwgva . bn†bnÊab'mk evotmijk*ykerOgenHmkeFI√CaelsedIm∫Is-
m¬ab'bMputBUCyI . tatamk*sMerccit†cakecalTIlMenA E®scMkar mk®CksM
Nak'CabeN†aHGasn~k~¨gvt†ExµreQµaH « eJFisalraC …vt†kMBg' » Edl
siƒtenAkN†alTI®kug®tavij . elaktanSkUn®busTI7eQµaHyI-faj'TIGayu
13q~S nigecA®buseQµaH LS-k√anVn Gayu4q~S Edl®tUvevotmijnS“BukeTA
Vt'≤tdMNwg .
elak®KUeBT¥®TInig®bBnÏTTYlsMbu®tenHP¬am k*sMuc∫ab'Qb'sMrak sMu
sMbu®tedIrp¬Ëv rYcecjdMeNIreTAext†®tavijP¬am . eBleTAdl'ehIyk*VnCY
b“Buk bÌËn nigkµÁydUcesckI†®Vf~a . enATIenaH mankumarm~ak'eQµaHKwm-bU
Gayu12q~S ®tUvCakµÁyCIdUnmYyG~k®sIeTog nigyuvCnm~ak'eToteQµaHKim-
sug®Tij ehAKwm-Er"n Gg√rsMuCYyGnue®KaHpg e®JHBYkx¬Án®tUvevotmijbMrug
bJÇËneTAeb"kSgqab'@enHehIy . elak®KUeBT¥®TIk*sMercnSykmkkan'
ext†Vt'dMbgTSgGs' . nwk@eTAKYr[GasUrtatamNas' enAeBlEdlKat'
eKcecjputBIe®KaHf~ak'mkdl'Vt'dMbgehIy eTIbKat'nwkeXIj «yM» . Ka
t'yMehIyyMeTotedIm∫IbnÏËr®TUg . e®JHKat'eXIjpÊal'EP~k nUvkarkab'sm¬a
b'rbs'evotmijeTAelIkUnnigkµÁyKat'y"agsahav´®B´pßCaTIbMput . enAeB
lenaHKat'P&ys¬n'es¬a eP¬cKityM KaMgmat' KSgk niyaysI†Elgecj .
man®sI@Cae®cInenAeBlenaH Edl®tUvevotmijsm¬ab'bI† kUn k*siƒtenAk~¨g
lk≈N:dUcK~anigtatamenHEdr .
cMENkyayeTogk*GJçwgEdr bnÊab'BITTYlkarrukKYnrbs'evotmijmk
rt'mk®CkekanenAkmı¨CakN†alevotmij cat'K~atamB¥aVTrhUtmkdl'sm&
yGgkar nigrbbGay"gyYn, k~¨gkML¨geBl4q~SKt', Kat'TTYlTuk≈Efm®tYt
elITuk≈ral'´f© . kartk'sl¨t s¬n'es¬a eFI√[Kat'KµaneBkyM eFI√[Kat'Qb'
ecHyM . luHmanvasnaVnmkdl'®beTsTI3 Kat'man{kassresr®bvti†
sa®s†d*CUrct'nigBitCak'Es†g≤tbMepI¬senH . enA®tg'vKenHKat'®tUvQb'
GgkarCanrNa ? 213

Gg¨yyMsin yMTal'EtGs'cit† eTIbKat'cab'sresrteTAeTot .

❑ ❑
❑

yYnevotmijeVkExµrkmı¨Cae®kam

´fT
© 2
I 1-5-49, VrSgseM rc®bKlT
' k
w dEI xrµ kmC
¨ı ae®kam[maç se' dm
I vj
i .
Exrµ kmC
¨ı ae®kamKaµ nGk
~ ecHdg
w dk
w nStvan
" g
w eK deU cH~ Tk
w dk
I mC
¨ı ae®kam®tvU Fa¬ kk
' ¨~
gkNa† b´' dyn
Y eday®sbc∫abC
' aelk
I T2
I .
erOgenHVrSgKaµ nkh
M s
u eT e®JHkaleNaHebrI aCkarExrµ VnTk
w dk
I mC
¨ı a
e®kamBV
I rSg eKGace®bobVneTAng
w sts
√ a√ EdlVnEpd
¬ g
U GJg
wç Edr . Tk
w
dk
I mC
¨ı ae®kamst
ƒi enAe®kamkar®tt
Y ®tarbsV
' rSg Gsr' y:eeBlCt
i my
Y st-
vtß . EtraCkarExrµ esaHGegy
I mn
i rvlx
' l
√ n
' g
w erobcK
M eM ragEpnkaredm
I ∫®I Kb
®KgTalE' tesaH .
py
¨Ê eTAvj
i yn
Y manEpnkarrbsv' a edaye®KagTk
u tSgBq
I S~ 1945mkemH¬"
‹ mn
u db
M g
U vacatk
' arsma¬ b' ng
i kc
M ayra®sE† xrµ kmC
¨ı ae®kam CaBei ssGk
~
ecHdg
w [sa¬ bG
' s' . Gk
~ EdlenAslB
' s
I a¬ b' kr* tx
' aç tx
' aç yecal®sk
u rVt
" '
rVy
" exa¬ cpßa .
‹ bnaÊ bm
' k vaerobcrM ebob®Kb®' KgedaybEM bkCa®km
u @ . vadg
w fa®km
u
enH®tvU eFe√I nH ®km
u enaH®tvU eFe√I naH .
e®JHehtd
u c
U enHehy
I VnCaenAeBlEdlVrSgdkfyBk
I mC
¨ ı ae®kam
Pa¬ m vamanKa~ vaeBj®Kb®' ksg
Y . rc
Y ehy
I vakG
* nvu tE† pnkarkeM TcExrµ kmC
¨ı a
e®kamteTAeTot .
edm
I ∫«
I tbsg
~ sgKN
u » EdlExrµ VnCy
Y vakeM TcedjVrSg yn
Y evotmi
jk®* bml
U Exrµ kmC
¨ı ae®kamEdlCasmaCk
i smaKmmt
i P
† aBExrµ -yn
Y TSgGs'
rc
Y nSykeTATk
u [sa¬ be' calqg
wÌ enAhaNy
U manelaksg
W -ePOkrtn_ ng
i
elakLS-´fCaedm
I . rc
Y ehy
I valbb
' V
M tX
' a¬ «smaKmmt
i P
† aBExrµ -evot
Nam»Pa¬ mk[
uM EbkkarN_ . EtvarkßaXa¬ enHTk
u nSykmke®bI edm
I ∫eI VkExrµ
enAkmC
¨ı akNa† lmy
Y elk
I eTot .
GgkarCanrNa ? 214

‹ dUceyIgeXIj®sab'ehIyfa bnÊab'BIVncUlmkratt∫atk~¨g®sukExµr
edaydak'bn†¨bGay"gvarYce®scVc'k~¨g´f©7-1-79, enA´f©18-2-79 yYn
haNUykumµ¨ynis†k*nSX¬a«mit†PaBevotNam-kmı¨Ca» mkeLIgvijP¬am edI-
m∫IeVkExµrmYyk†areTot . Eb¬kEtJk¥mYym"at'KWvafa «kmı¨Ca» CMnYs «Exµr»
Etb"ueNˆaH .
edIm∫I «tbs~gsgKuN» ra®s†Exµrkmı¨Cae®kamEdlxMeFI√E®s eFI√cMkar ci
Jçwmst√ rYcbg'BnÏ (Ngugêt Phi)) [vaenaH, vabiTsalaeronCaPasaExµrP¬am.
bnÊab'mkeTot vaecj®bkasbit®Kb'TIkEn¬gfa CnCatiExµrTSgGs' CaCnCa
tiyYn eTaHbIG~kNaecH…minecHPasayYnk*eday . erOgenH®BHsgÙExµrk
mı¨Cae®kam VneFI√Vtukmµ®bqSgy"agx¬Sgk¬aNas' .
EpnkarTI1rbs'vaVnsMercdUcbMNg . rYcehIyenAExmina1958 vak*
E®beQµaHBIevotmijfaCaevotkugeTAvij EtvaCa®kumdEdl CayYnhaNUyd
Edl EdleFI√tambJÇaEpnkarrbs'hU-CImijTSgGs' edIm∫InigvatTIykTwk
dIkmı¨CakN†alteTAeTot .
e®kayBIsWg-g"ukmijbegI˚tVnExµrevotmijenA´f©TI19 nigTI28 Exmifu-
na 1951mk, enA´f©20-9-52 hU-CImijVn®bkasCaåLariknigdac'Nat'
edIm∫ICabN†Sfa –
eKalCMhryuTÏsa®s†rbs'eyIg KW®tUvykevotNam[VnTSgmUl ®Bm
TSg®beTslav nig®beTsExµr cab'tSgBImat'T√ar´n®beTscinPaKxagt∫Ëg
rhUteTAdl'e®CayTwkexµA, BICYrP~M≤NÎËcinEb"kxagekIt rhUteTATl'e®tIy
Ten¬emKg ( Notre objectif stratégique est de reprendre tout le Viêt Nam,
le Laos et le Cambodge, de la porte de la Chine à la pointe de Camau,
de la côte de l'indochine aux rives de Méking ) .
e®JHehtuenHehIyVnCaTSgevotmij TSgevotkug TSgExµrGay"gEd-
lCaGtItExµrevotmij vaxM®bwgE®bgGnuvt†tambN†SenH . k~¨gkML¨g20q~S
vabegI˚tVneQµaH «GgkarGnamik» EdlmansPaBexµAggitGnÏkaCaemb-
JÇakarrbs'va . Ggkar≤trUbrageT EtGgkarman≤TiÏBly"agx¬Sgk¬a Gac
®bmUlkll∫icrbs'yYnevotmij EdlvaVnsab®BYs edIm∫Ism¬ab'nigkM-
cayExµrenAkmı¨Cae®kamBIq~S1945dl'1954 enaHykmkGnuvt†enAkmı¨Cak-
N†aleTot eday®Kan'EtEkT®mg'bni†cbn†Ácb"ueNˆaH . vaGacsm¬ab'ExµrG~k
ecHdwgswgEtGs'rlIgeTAehIy cMENk‰G~kenArs'k*rs'TSgveg√grg√an'
GgkarCanrNa ? 215

PSgP&n†sµartI .
®sab'Et≤LËvenH vaelcecjmuxyYnhaNUyCabUdUyc∫as'®kELt
edIredayesrI eFI√®BegIykN†al´®B´n®beTsExµrdUceyIgVneXIjpÊal'
EP~kenH .
yayeTogGFib∫aymkdl'®twmh~wg Kat'k*f©ËrdMGUjfa – bN†almkBI
yUnhaNUyCaevotmijrkerOgsm¬ab'kMcayExµrkmı¨Cae®kamenHehIy Edl
xM∆¨minGac®TSenA®sukkMeNItVn . xM∆¨®tUvEtnSbÌËn@nigkµÁy@ cakecalTwkdI
kmı¨Cae®kamEdlCaekr†m
i_ rtkBIdUnta Tuk[vakan'kab' . xM∆¨®tUvEteKcx¬Ánmk
sMNak'enAkmı¨CakN†aledayVt´dTeT . ®Vk'ebovtßbni†cbn†ÁceyIgxM
snßMsM´cedIm∫Ibg'Q~ÁlpÊHnig´f¬m˙ËbEtb"ueNˆaH . e®kAem"ageronnigeFI√kar
eyIgnSK~aedIrrkrbre®kAEpßpßMbEnƒmelI®Vk'Ex . lTÏplVnmkCaTIKab'
®besIr EdlKYr[sresIrdl'kUnExµrkmı¨Cae®kamTSgenaHNas' . K~axMtsflU
eronsU®tluH®taEtVnmuxgard*smrm¥erog@x¬Án .
- Kwm-c&nÊ CasaÂs†acar¥be®gonPasaVrSg (®tUvGgkarsm¬ab') .
- Kwm-sug®Tij ehAKwm-Er"n CasaÂs†acar¥Can'xıs' nigCaelxaFikar
TUtTI2 enAsƒanTUtGar"ab' ( ®tUvGgkarcab'x¬ÁnTSgbI†TSg®bBnÏ bJçËlKukTYl
Es¬genA´f©TI15-6-77 rYcVt'x¬ÁnrhUtmk ) .
- yI-faj'TI Cavis√krxagelahFatu Vnbn†viCÇaenAshrdΩGaemriknig
®beTsCb"un (Vt'x¬Án) .
- Kwm-vNˆa CaG~kbecçkeTsxagftrUbTUrTsßnn
_ igPaByn† eFI√karenA
kariyal&yG~knSJk¥´nrdΩaPiVl ( Porte-parole du gouvernement ) .
- Kwm-bU CaGnuesniy‰k eFI√karenAext†ekaHkug ( ®tUvGgkarsm¬ab' ) .
- LS-k√anVn CaGnuesniyeTakgT&Bm"arInenAmUldΩane®Caycg√ar (
Vt'x¬Án ) .
cMENk‰®KYsarxM∆¨ eyIgmin®BegIykenI†yeLIy . eyIgsnßM®Vk'Ti
jE®scMkar TijdIPUmi dSdMNS dSedImeQIsIuEp¬ . eyIgciJçwmman'Ta®CUk .
eyIgmanCIk®sHFMciJçwm®tI . ral'@eBleyIgxM®bwgeFI√kar . eBlyb'eyI
gbUmTwke®sacdMNSnigedImeQI, eBl®BwkmunnwgecjeTAeFI√karxM∆¨[cMNI
man'Ta®CUk . eq¬øteBlva"kg xM∆¨eTArkmnusßeFI√E®s . k~¨gry:eeBl20q~S
®KYsareyIgman®TB¥sm∫ti†d*s†¨ks†m∏ ≤tmanx√HxatGI√eLIy .
≤LËvenHq~S1979 yYnhaNUydEdlCaevotkug lYcbn¬M®Ckk~¨gTIggi
GgkarCanrNa ? 216

te®bIeQµaHGgkar, xM∆¨®tUvrge®KaHm†geToty"agF©n' . xM∆¨®tUv®Jt'bI† ®Jt'kUn@

®Jt'kµÁy@ .l.
emIlcuH ! Kwm-c&nÊCasmaCikbkßExµr®khmrbs'exov-sMpn, Cashka
rIrbs'mit†sflU ®tUvGgkarsm¬ab'enAExtula1976 . ebIsmaCikExµr®khmEd-
lKµankMhusGI√esaHenaH ®tUvGgkarsm¬ab'eTAehIy cuHTMrSEtG~kEdlmin
EmnCaExµr®khmvij etIvasnaG~kTSgenaHnwgeTACay"agNaeTAvij ? .
- cMENk‰®TB¥sm∫ti†rbs'xM∆¨EdlxMksagsnßMmktSgBI20q~SenaH k*
®tUvm"dΩGs'rlIgCaelIkTI2 . ≤LËvenHxM∆¨enAsl'EtVt´dTeTm†geTotehI
y cuHebIxM∆¨GayuCag50q~SeTAehIy etI[xM∆¨eFI√y"agem"ceTA ? .
niTandl'®twmh~wg yayeTogtwgebHdUg KSgbMBg'kedayQWcab' xwg
nwgyYnhaNUy Kat'dYl®bUseTAelIdI edks†Ëks†wgenAmYykEn¬g .
eBlenaH nagyI-®TIra"daP&ys¬n'es¬art'eTA{bm†ayTSgyMhWu˘˘˘hWu ! .
q~SenHra"daGayuVn24q~SehIy . nagCaGtItnisßitevCÇbNiÎt . tSgBIdwg
kI†kalNamk nagEtgEteXIj“Bukm†aysMNak'enAxage®kayvt†rMdYl ®ku
gVt'dMbg k~¨gPUmi®KwHd*FMs˚wm´s˚mYy Edlsm©MenAkN†alcMkarEp¬eQI®Kb'
mux . xage®kaypÊH man®sHbIFM@ . mankEn¬gciJçwmst√ nigmanE®scM-
karCae®cIneTot . Kat'mankargareFI√d*smrm¥ manrfyn† Peugot 404 elx
P˘B˘8292 sMrab'CiHeTAeFI√kary"agmenarm¥ .
ra"daminEdlæm†ay…“BuknagniTanerOgd*kMst'QWcab'enHTal'EtesaH
. nagk*{bm†ayyMehIyyMeTot nwkGaNitm†ayminKYrGImkF¬ak'x¬Ándl'f~ak'
h~wgesaH . eBlenaH´f©k*rHlµm !

❑ ❑
❑
GgkarCanrNa ? 217

CMBUkTI19
yayeTogk*elIkGMErk®TB¥sm∫ti† EdlKat'xMb†ËrCIvitlYclak'Tuky"ag
lMVk ( ®TB¥enHebIGaTmiLeXIj vasm¬ab'Kat'ecalP¬am ) dak'elIsµa rYc
beN†Irmit†Pki†tamp¬Ëv®sbmat'sÊwg cUlkan'TI®bCMuCn®sukemagÚsßI . edIr
beNI†ryayeTogKyKn'beNI†remIleTsPaB´ncMkarEp¬eQI®Kb'CMBUkman
dUg s√ay lµ¨t x~¨r emon edImTwkedaHeKa ®kUc®Kb'Fun EdlduHenACab'Citmat'
sÊwg Edl®tUveqHex¬acsl'EtedIm vinashinehacedaycMVMgKYr[s†ay .
pÊHnigPUmi®KwHFM@ ®tUvBYkGaTmiLruHerIdwknSecjGs'rlIg . sl'EtCeNI†r
eFI√BIGidΩnigkMeTcGidΩ . yayeTogmanGarmµNn
_ wkeXIjbkßExµr®khmrb-
s'exov-sMpn eF√s®bEhs®tUvcaj'eVkGgkarGnamikF©n'EsnF©n' Kµank
sagCatiGI√Tal'EtesaH KitEtBIbMp¬ajnigsm¬ab'Catix¬Án TIbJçb'®kumExµr®k
hmd*qÁtlIlaenH ®tUvGgkarbJÇa[sm¬ab'ecalexÊc . cMENk®bCaBl
rdΩExµrk~¨gmYynKr Edlesssl'enArs'®tUvGgkarc∫Ëtyk®TB¥sm∫ti†
Gs'rlIg ®Kb'@K~asl'EtVt´dTeT TIbJçb'®tUvGgkarekoredIrJs´®B
esIÊrs¬ab'esIÊrveg√g .
yayeTogrevIrvaynwkdl'®twmh~wg ®sab'Et…kUn®sIrbs'Kat'E®sk
®Vb'fa – m"ak'eGIy ! eyIgcUlsMrakk~¨gcMkarEp¬eQIxageq√g´d eyIgbbr
hUbsin . ®sI@TSg15nak'k*beNI†rK~acUlkan'cMkard*FMl√wgelI√y manedIm
eQIsIuEp¬®Kb'muxb"uEn†sl'EtedIm Emknigs¬wks√it®kjg'@ . eBlenaHra"da
val'Gg˚rBIrkMb"ugkn¬HbbrEckK~ahUb . ®sI@TSg15nak'kMBughutTwkbbr
®sab'Etæmnusße®cogbThU-CImij®tg'X¬a « GUn@sgÙwmfaGMuhUGayumYy
mWunq~S » .
yayeTogEbrEP~ksm¬wgmit†@rbs'Kat'mYysnʨH rYck*dak'canbbrcuH
®BmTSgniyayfa – « xM∆¨eTAemIlnrNae®cogbTh~wg » . yayeTogedIrt
®mg'sem¬genaH . GujKat'P∆ak'®sLSgkSg edayeXIjbUdUyekµg@bInak'
enAelIedImeQI bInak'epßgeTotQrenAnwgdIkMBugbeJçjskmµPaBbn†Exß
lYs . bUdUyTSgenaHmanGayuy"age®cIn18q~Sb"ueNˆaH . yayeTogniya
yeTAkan'bUdUyfa –
GgkarCanrNa ? 218

- eKarBkUn@ kUn@suxsb∫ayeT… ? kUn@eFI√GIh~wg ? .

bUdUybg˙ajGakb∫kiriyaP∆ak'q©l'k*sYrrebobxusTMngfa –
- Em" ! Em"eFI√em"cgakputBIs¬ab' ? BIe®JHGgkar®tUvEtsm¬ab'yYnEdl
ekItenA®sukExµr ehIyEdlmin®BmeTAtamevotkug[Gs' . bUdUym~ak'enA
Ek∫renaHF¬ak'Twkmux k*eqI¬yEkt®mUvfa –
- BYkkUnminsµanTal'EtesaHfamanyYnsl'enArs'˘˘˘
yayeTogmanGarmµNs
_ gß&ynUvGakb∫kiriyaenH Kat'sgß&yk*bEg√g
dansYrfa –
-etIkUn@eFI√GI√ ? .
- ®kumeyIgkMBugbn†ExßlYs BITI®bCMuCn®sukemag…sßIeTAkan'PUminana
dUcCaE®sGYr camlÌa CaedIm .
yayeTogQrsm¬wgkayvikarrbs'kUnyYnhaNUyTSg6nak'ekµg@
mankSePI¬g´dEt3edIm kMBugbMeBjebskkmµbn†ExßlYsedayesrIkN†al
´®Bs©at'k~¨g®beTskmı¨CaminTMngy"agenH Kat'cg'E®sksYr[EbkemXEb
kdI Ebk´®B®Bwkßafa etIGgkarrvl'eTANa ? etIExµr®khm®Kb'@®kums¬ab'´t
ehagGs'eTAehIy… ? ehtuem"ck*caj'≤TiÏBlGakUnyYnhaNUyEt6nak'
ekµg@minTMngy"agenH ? . yayeTog®KvIk∫alrYcsMulabUdUyvil®tLb'
eTACYbmit†@rbs'Kat' .
eBlenaHk*eXIjG~k®sIbUrIedIrt®mg'mkrkKat' ®BmTSgelIk´dcg̨l .
yayeTog®keLkEP~ksm¬wgtam´dcg̨lenaH Kat'eXIjenAelIf~l'man
reTHeKa2pʨksuTÏEtlYs manbUdUy4nak'mankSePI¬g´d2edImkMBugbrreTH
ecosecjBIp¬Ëv edIm∫I[LanmYye®KOgebIkbrq¬gkat' . KWLanEdlCab'pug
kN†alsÊwgenAPUmiGn¬g'kUb BImßilmijenaH‰g . ´f©enHLanenH®tLb'vil
mkvijmanExµr®khmnirtIcMnYn30nak' man®sIman®busCiHCamYybUdUymux
jjwmrIkray .
eBlenaHraÂs†ExµrVneXIjExµrnirtICiHLanCamYybUdUy k*manKMnity
l'epßg@xusK~a .
- manraÂs†ExµrmYyPaKEdlBicarNaminditdl' k*THKUfE®skeday
e®tkGr . BIe®JHyl'®cLMy"agF©n'sµanEtExµr®khmnirtI30nak'enH®tUvbU
dUycab' .
- manmYyPaKeTotdUc®kumyayeTogCaedIm ekHK~aQrsm¬wg®Kb'@K~a
GgkarCanrNa ? 219

tUccit†eFI√muxs©Át BIe®JHyl'faCakll∫icfIµmYyeTot rbs'yYnhaNUy

vaebIkbrLan®bmUlExµrnirtInSykeTAciJçwmbMJk'eKalCMhrtamEpnkarfIµ
bMJk'GavuF[eLIgvij E®beQµaHfIµrYcbeJçj[sIusac'hutQamraÂs†ExµrCM
nYsvateTAeTot . ´f©22emsa1979 em"ag2resol ®kumyayeTogbeNI†r
K~abn†dMeNIrcUlkan'TI®bCMuCn®sukemagÚsßI . yayeTogEtgEtKyKn'
emIleTsPaB®sbbeN†aydgp¬Ëv eXIjcMkarEp¬eQI®Kb'FunEdlecalKµa
nnrNaEfTSk~¨gry :eeBlbYnq~Sk*si√t®seJnCSJseBj . cMENkpÊH
kEn¬gNak*dUckEn¬gNa eXIjsl'EtkMeTc≤dΩnigepHKYr[s†ayEsn
s†ay˘˘˘
yayeTogk*revIrvaynwkeXIjBIyb'´f©TI28 kum∏: 1948 Kat'eTIbGayu
20q~S Kat'VnGg¨ys†ab'eg√øg-van'TijCaemevotmijBn¥l'fa ebIeFI√sÂga-
mCamYyExµr KWyYn®tUve®bImeF¥aVyeTIbQ~H . eyIg®tUve®bIkll∫icbMEb
kbMVk'j¨Sg[yl'®cLMkab'cak'sm¬ab'K~a eFI√[Gs'sgÙwm rYcswmeyIgec
jmuxbg˙ajfa eyIgmkCYyeFI√[mansgÙwmeLIgvij .
bcç¨b∫n~enH®tUvEmn dUec~HyYnhaNUymingayeVHbg'ecalKMnitelb
ykkmı¨CaeLIy . yYnhaNUy®tUvEtBn¥aeBl[yUr edayxIç´dGay"gBImY
yeTAmYyeTot [Vj'kab'sm¬ab'EtK~a‰gvk'vIteTAeTot .
enAeBlEdlnageTogrt'mkdl'®beTskmı¨Ca nagEtgEtEvkEjk®V
b'eromc∫gGMBIåVyklrbs'yYnevotmij EdlnagVnGg¨ys†ab'eday
pÊal'®tecok nUvGtƒaFib∫ayrbs'eg√øg-van'Tij tSgBIq~S1948mkem"¬H . b"u
En†Kµanbg@Nam~ak'ykcit†Tukdak's†ab'eLIy . nageTogxMBn¥l'bg˙aj
GkßrBiessEdlevotmij´q~®bDitdak'eQµaHPUmi, XMu, ®suk, ext†, nKr´n®b
eTsExµr sMrab'carkicçrbs'vae®bI . åTahrN_ –
A -> kmı¨Ca, A+B -> P~MeBj, A+B1 -> Vt'dMbg, A+B1+A -> ®suksEg˚
A+B1+A1 -> XMus√ayeV", A+B1+A2 -> XMuGn¬g'vil .l.
k~¨gq~S1973 Ep~kswkext†Vt'dMbgcab'VnbUdUyCayYnhaNUym~ak'
Gayu18q~S Ca®kumkSePI¬gFM . eBlenaHelakvr:eesniy‰k v&n-s√ag CaG~k
TTYlxus®tUvsYrcemI¬ybU dUyenH VnsMuBwgyayeTogCYyBinit¥esovePA
EdlenACab'nwgx¬Ánva ( enAk~¨gesovePAenaHmanGkßrsm©at'dUcEdlVnerob
rab'enAxagxagelI®sab' ) . eq¬øteBld*lÌenaH yayeTogxMEvkEjknUv
kll∫icnigEpnkarrbs'yYnhaNUyCaevotmijdak'Tis ®tUvEtvatTIyk
GgkarCanrNa ? 220

TwkdIkmı¨Ca[VnbJçËlk~¨gshB&nÏ≤NÎËcin . b"uEn†eBlNak*dUceBlNa
Edr enAeBlEdlyayeTogxMBn¥l'BIerOgenH Gs'elakTSgenaHEtgEt
esIckac'kkac'®sg'rYceqI¬yfa –
« yYnhaNUyCaevotmijkI†CaevotkugkI† vaylsbi†eTetI ! etIvaeFI√GIeyI
gekIt ebIsB√´f©varkEtVysIuKµanpg ! » .
manelakx¬HeFI√Úk®kGWtsMLk'sMLwgyayeTog BIk∫aldl'cugeCIg
emIlgayeBb®CayeqI¬yrebobsI†benÊasfa –
« hIu ! bg‰g[t´m¬yYnhaNUyNas' ! » .
KYr[s†ayGs'elakTSgenaHNas' edaymindwgTal'EtesaHfa yYn
haNUymanJk¥mYyX¬aEcgfa –
« ebIsinCaG~kmineTAvayswkenAkmı¨Ca G~knwgdac'eJHs¬ab' - EtebIG~k
eTAykVyrbs'kmı¨Ca G~knwgmanP&B√vasna Gacrs'enACabn†eTAeTot ! »
( Si tu ne va pas te battre au Kampuchea, tu mourras de faim ! Si tu y va
prendre son riz, tu auras de chance de survivre ) .
cMENkyayeTogKat'yl'fa bg@Exµrcit†raymayNas' ExµremIlga
ys®tUv emIlgayG~kraykarNh
_ Ysehtuy"agenH Kat'k*eVHbg'Qb'nw
knarhUtmk .
≤LËvmaneQµaHGgkarGnamik Gac®cank∫alExµr®khm®Kb'nin~akar[
nSkll∫icrbs'hU-CImij ykmksab®BYsJseBj®beTsExµr k~¨gry:
eBlEtbYnq~S j¨Sg[nKrExµrTSgmUlEdlsMbUredaysuPmgl eday®T-
B¥FnFan [rlayeTACaepH . ExµrkMBugGs'sgÙwm ®sab'EtyYnhaNUy
CaevotNamcUlmkCYy[mansgÙwmeLIgvij .
kMBugrevIrvaynwkeXIjerOgGtItkal ®sab'EtmanG~kE®skeLIgfa –
« eyIgmkdl'pßar®sukemagÚsßIehIy » .
yayeTogæsMdIenH k*®keLkEP~ksm¬wgmYy®tYs Kat'lan'mat'f©Ërfa –
« {eTvtaeGIy ! emIlcuHTI®bCMuCn®sukmYyTSgmUl sl'EtkMeTcGidΩ
nigepH eXIjEtemXnigdI . yayeTogbeNI†rmit†@rbs'Kat'edIrkat'sƒani
yrfePI¬g k*eXIjTUrreTHePI¬gCae®cIn≤tKNna®tUvGgkardutbMp¬ajecal .
q©ayBITIenaHbni†c xags†S´dmanvt†buraNmYy ®tUvGgkarvaybMp¬ajecal
xUcxatexÊcxÊI . enAk~¨gbrievNvt†enaH eXIjsuTÏEtexµacLanKµanm"asIun®K
b'FunCae®cInJn'e®KOgrV"t'rV"yJseBj .
GgkarCanrNa ? 221

®sI@emm"ayTSg15nak' k*beNI†rK~aedIrevogTIenaHmkkan'p¬ËvCatielx5
. ´f©TI22-4-79 em"ag®bEhl10yb' eyIgedksMrakelIcieJIçmf~l'p¬Ëv
elx5xags†S´deTAkan'TI®kugVt'dMbg . edkpÊal'dI BwgdICakenÊl Bwgem
XCadMbUl k∫alekIy®TB¥sMNl'Cacuge®kaybgÌs' . yayeTogsm¬w
gemIlraÂs†ExµrCae®cInEsnnak'edIreBjf~l' Vt´dTeTdUceKeTIbecjBI
eragkun . edIrKµanTisedATSgyb'TSg´f©BIemagÚsßIeTAVt'dMbg Edlman
cm©ayCag50K˘m˘ . KWmYyCYrxags†S edIrcUlkan'TI®kugVt'dMbg mYyCYr
xageq√gedIrecjBIVt'dMbgeTAemagÚsßIvij .
®Blwm´f©TI23-4-79 yayeTogbbYlmit†@rbs'Kat'bn†dMeNIrtamp¬Ëv
Catielx5eTAkan'TI®kugVt'dMbg . em"ag®bEhl10®Bwk ®kumyayeTog
mkdl'PUmi kekaH Kat'VneXIjbUdUy3nak'kMBugetagebHEp¬s√ay . xag
eCIgbni†c 3nak'eTotenAe®kamedIm®ksSg muxjjwm QrpÊwmceg˚HemIlExµr
«rt'swk» . bUdUyCayYnhaNUyekµg@TSgenHKµanGavuFeT .
nwkKYr[esIceKakEmn ! ehtuem"ckUnyYnhaNUymanvasnamkpÊwm
ceg˚HemIlExµrCamças'®suk Cae®cInEsnnak'kMBugs¬n'es¬aePosx¬Ánrt'ecj
BI´®B rt'ecjBIkN†ab'´dExµr®khm Vt´dTeT®Kb'@K~ay"agenHeTAvij ? .
yayeTogk*bbYlK~acuHeTAsMrake®kamedIm®ksSgenaHEdr . bUdUyk*
sYrfa – etImanEm"NaecHniyayPasayYneT ? . eBlenaHyayeTogKat'
GHGagfa Kat'ecHniyayyYn ! Kat'CaCatiyYn !
bUdUysMEdgÚkJrdUcCaP∆ak' vasm¬wgmuxK~amYysnʨHrYcvaniyaydUc®ku
mbUdUymunEdr . vasYryayeTogfa –
- ehtuem"cEm"‰gsl'enArs' ? BIe®JHGgkar®tUvsm¬ab'GaNikCnyY
n[Gs'Na± ! .
yayeTogmanGarmµNq
_ ©l'Esnq©l' nUvÚkJrbUdUyTSgenH . b"uEn†Ka
t'eFI√dUcCae®tkGrCa´®kElg EdlVnCYbyYnsasnC
_ amYyK~a Kat'sMusYr
esckI†suxTuk≈BIenHBIenaHbn†ic rYc®bjab'sMulabUdUybn†dMeNIreTAmuxeTot
. enAeBlenaHKat'eXIj GabUdUym~ak'eKceTACYbK~avaEdlkMBugebHs√ay
QrxßibK~amYysnʨH rYck*beNI†rK~aTSgbYnnak'eTACYbCMuK~ae®kamedIm®ksSg
. manbUdUym~ak'niyayTn'P¬n'lYgelamyayeTognigyI-®TIra"da [enAsM
rakCamYyBYkvamYyyb'sin . yayeTogyl'famin®sYleT BIe®JHÚkJr
bUdUyTSg6nak'enHKYr[sgß&yNas' . minbgÌg'Kat'k*sMula®kumvaecjdM-
GgkarCanrNa ? 222

eNIrP¬am .
em"ag®bEhl6l©ac ®kumyayeTogmkdl'KILËEm"®telx30 KWPUmi´®B
dMrI cMk∫alE®srbs'Kat'EdlmanTMhM200m˘X1
1000m˘ . eBlenaHyay
eTogKat'E®skyMdUckUnekµg yMhUrTwkEP~keCakfıal' Kat'yMehIyyMeTot
BIe®JHtSgBIbIq~SmkehIyKat'eP¬cyM KWcab'tSgBIEBlEdlGgkarbJÇa[
Exµr®khmcUlmkcab'cgelakyI-vij®TI CabI†rbs'Kat'nSykeTAsm¬ab'
esckI†tk's¬t'rnÏt'd*hYsehtuenHj¨Sg[yayeTogdYlsn¬b'Vt'sµartICa
e®cInem"ag luHKat'P∆ak'dwgx¬ÁneLIgvij Kat'eP¬cyMrhUt . eTIb´f©TI23-4-
79 enH®sab'EtKat'nwkeXIjecHyM Kat'yMecjTwkEP~k Kat'yMbeNI†rKat'
niyaybeNI†rra"yra"b'®Vb'mit†@rbs'Kat'beNI†rfa dIE®senHmanTMhM20
hikta Ca®TB¥d*sMLaj'rbs'Kat' . Kat'rksIulUtlas'edaysardIE®s
enH . BIskraCsem†cnigelakln'-nl' Kat'nigbI†EtgEtnSkUnTSg6nak'
CiHLanpÊal'x¬Ánmkkan'E®senHswgral'´f©GaTit¥ nS®KYsarj¨SVy . kUn
TSg6nak'E®ske®cogelatrSelgkN†alvall˙el˙v mhaEsnsb∫ayrI
kraymenarm¥ ®bkbedaysuPmgld*bribUN· . Kat'minsµanTal'EtesaH
fanwgmane®KaHf~ak'dl'nUvvinashinehacCaelIkTI2dUec~HeLIy. eBlenaH
yayeTogelIk´dcg̨lvalE®sd*FMl√wgelI√yCab'tambeN†ayp¬ËvCatiel
x5 ®BmTSgeFI√GtƒaFib∫ayfa –
- GUn@emIlcuH®beTskmı¨CaeyIg minx√HvalE®sTal'EtesaH man®sa
b'@ emIldac'knʨyEP~k ehtuem†cGgkarTukecal[esµAduH®Tub®Tuly"ag
enH ? ehtuem"c GgkarEbrCadak'kMENn[ExµreTAlubbwg eTAkab'q˚arbMp¬a-
j´®BeQIlÌ@edayykelsfa ykdIeFI√E®seTAvij ? CaBiesseTAeTot
kEn¬gTSgLayenaHPaKe®cInCakEn¬g®Kuncaj' ®tUvQWs¬ab'y"agsahav
e®JHKµanf~SkarJrTal'EtesaH .
yayeTogbbYlmit†@rbs'Kat'edksMrakenAelIvalE®sd*kMst'rbs'
Kat'mYyyb'sin . yayeTogedkpÊal'dI k∫alekIyP¬WE®s sMLwgemIlem
XExEc®t xıs'®tEdtexov®sgat'KµanBBk . cit†rbs'Kat'nwkeTAdl'bI†Ed-
lF¬ab'kMst'kMrCamYyK~a .
Kat'nwkeXIjfa T®mSnwgeronVnCanaymnIÊrBiesaFn_ bg®TI®tUveronG
s'Cae®cInq~S . bg®TIminEdlkan'kSePI¬gtTl'cMeJHKUbdibk≈NaTal'Et
esaH . bg®TIEfTSEtG~kCm©WenAmnIÊreBT¥FMVt'dMbgtSgBIq~S1951dl'19
GgkarCanrNa ? 223

75 .
G~k®sukenA®kugVt'dMbg PaKe®cInTSgExµrTSgbreTsTTYlsal'bg
®TICaeBT¥manbecçkeTsd*®twm®tUv mancit†ecHCYyG~k®kxßt'Edlrge®KaH
f~ak' CYyåbtƒm∏G~kCm©WF©n'@EdlKµanbgbÌËn erIsekµgkM®JykmkciJçwm .
cMENkbgbÌËnExµrkmı¨Cae®kam bg®TICYyemIlCm©Weday≤tKit´f¬ CYyciJçwm
[eronsU®t .
ral'@eBlmkkan'PUmi´®BdMrIenH bg®TIEtgEtnSykmknUvf~SdUcCa Gani
dans, Aspirines, Pénicillines CaedIm ®BmTSgnMcMNInigsMBt'exaGav dak'Ta
n[G~k®suk . bg®TImancit†sb∫¨rsy"agenH ehtuem†cVnCaGgkarsm¬a
b'bg®TI ? erOgKYr[cEm¬k ®bCaCnenAkg´®Bs√ay TSg®bCaCnfIµTSg®bCa
Cncas' TSgKN:k
kmµkarkg TSgQ¬b manmit†ekadi mit†er"tCaedIm eBldwg
faman®kumXatkrGaf·kMVMg cUlmkcab'cgbg®TInSykeTAsm¬ab' k*yM
esaks†ay®Kb'@K~a . mit†ekadiniyay®Vb'mit†er"tenAcMeJHmuxyayeTog
fa x¬ÁnKat'cg'rMedaHmit†®TIEdr EtKYr[s†ayNas' Kat'´llkeFI√minTan' .
mit†ekadibJÇak'fa mit†®TIecHksagx¬ÁnlÌNas' Kat'®Kan'EtCaeBT¥ ehtu
em†ck*GgkarbJÇa[sm¬ab'Kat'GJçwg ?˘˘˘
yb'enaHyayeTogedkminlk'Tal'EtesaH Kat'nwkdl'esaknadkmµ
EdlGgkareFI√mkelIbI†Kat' . Kat'nwkdl'kar®Bat'BIbI† EdlsiƒtenACab'Ca
nicçk~¨gebHdUgrbs'Kat' .
®Blwm´f©TI24-7-1979 yayeTogbbYlmit†@rbs'Kat'bn†dMeNIreTA
muxeTot . Kat'manvicarNJÔaNnwkGaeNacGFm·GasUrdl'raÂs†ExµrEdl
Casasns
_ ¬ËtbUt sucrit suPaBTn'P¬n' ®Kb'@rUbman®TB¥sm∫ti†mF¥m .
®Kb'@®KYsarrs'enAsuxekßmkßan†y"ag®sYl edaymanvtƒ¨FmµCatisiƒtenACMu
vijTIlMenAKµanx√HGI√eLIy . CaBiessminEdlGt'X¬an minEdllMVkevT
naeLIy .
mkEtBI®bmuxrdΩ TSgski†PUmi TSgExµr®khm x√HsmtƒPaB eF√s®bEh
sbeN†ayx¬Án[caj'klåVyrbs'GgkarGnamik j¨Sg[®bCaCnExµr
mYynKr Edlesssl'BIs¬ab' eTACa®krehmrhamVt´dTeT manEtGav
examYybn¬as'Cab'nwgx¬Án beNI†rK~aedIreTA KµanTis KµanedA BwgdICaE®K Ca
kenÊl BwgemXCadMbUl rs'enAe®kamek†A kN†aleP¬øg kN†alx¥l' .
yayeTogkMBugrevIrvaynwkeXIjesckI†rgTuk≈evTna´nraÂs†Exµr ®sab'
GgkarCanrNa ? 224

Etæra"da kUn®sIrbs'Kat'E®skehAfa – m"ak'eGIy ! eyIgmkdl'PUmikac'

reTHehIy .
yayeTogQb'Qr®TwgmYysnʨH Kat'®keLkEP~kKyKn'emIlPUmienH
mYy®tYs eBlenaHebHdUgKat'keÂJÇalE®skyMTb'minQ~H . yayeTog
yMdUcmnusßqÁt yMehIyyMeTot BIe®JHPUmikac'reTHenH Kat'sni~dΩanTukCa
®sukkMeNItrbs'Kat' . raÂs†ExµrenAPUmienHKWExµrkmı¨Cae®kamTSgGs' Edl
nS®KYsarrt'eKcBIGMeBI´®B´pßrbs'evotmij rkerOgsm¬ab'bMputBUC mk®Ck
enAsuxsan†CayUrq~SmkehIy . yayeTogeKarB®sLaj'rab'GanG~k®suk
PUmienHdUcbgbÌËnbegI˚t . PUmienHsiƒtenA®sbbeN†ayp¬ËvCatielx5 man
cm©ayBI®kugVt'dMbg®bEhl25K˘m˘ .
BImunq~S1975 PUmienHmanpÊHvILalÌ@Cae®cIne®KOg PaKe®cIneFI√GMBIeQI
manedImeQIsIuEp¬®Kb'Fun dSCaCYr@B&TÏCMuvijpÊHTSgenaH .
enA´f©enH PUmikac'reTHk¬ayeTACa´®Bvli¬B&TÏ . vILaTSgLayenHeXIj
EtkMeTc≤dΩ . cMENkedImeQIsIuEp¬®Kb'@Funsi√t®kjg' ePI¬geqHex¬acKYr[
esaks†ayNas' . G~k®sukePT®busenAPUmienH ®tUvGgkarsm¬ab'ecal
Cae®cInJn'nak' e®JHEtK~amanedImkMeNItCaExµrkmı¨Cae®kam . yayeTog
nwkeXIjkalBIbYnq~Skn¬gputeTA eBlEdlGgkarecjbJÇaedj®bCaCn
[fyecjBITIlMenA eBlenaHyayeTog-ta®TI nSkUntUc@®VMnak'ePos
x¬Ánmkkan'PUmienHenAem"ag®bEhl10 ´f©TI24 emsa 1975 .
mkdl'dMbUgKat'P&ttk's¬¨tswgsn¬b' e®JHKµaneXIjnrNaTTYlxus
®tUvTal'EtesaH . Kat'edkyMesaks†ay®TB¥sm∫ti† . b"uEn†kaleNaH
yayeTogenAsl'®TB¥d*sMxan' KWkUn®VMnak'nigbI† . ≤LËv´f©enH em"agdEd
l ´f©dEdl xusEtq~S Kat'mkdl'PUmidEdl EtKat'enAsl'EtkUn®sITI2
m~ak'Etb"ueNˆaH . eBlenaHyayeTogE®skyMm†geTot edIm∫IbnÏËr®TUgEdl
kMBugQWcab'ex¬acpßa . manEtTwkEP~keTEdlCYylYgelamKat'[eP¬cnUv
GnusßavrIyn
_ anaEdlkn¬ghYseTA . yayeTogyMbeNI†r®BmTSgbbYl
mit†@xM®sUtdMeNIreTAkan'TI®kugVt'dMbg Edlmancm©ayEt23K˘m˘eTot
Etb"ueNˆaH .
yayeTogminhflansMrakeT Kat'xM®sUtdMeNIr BIe®JHKat'®s´mfal©a
cenH Kat'nwgeXIjpÊHvILanigcMkarEp¬eQI®Kb'muxrbs'Kat' .
yayeTogmanTwkEP~kCab'Canicç BIe®JHp¬ËvCatielx5 manGnusßavrIy_
GgkarCanrNa ? 225

y"age®cIn≤tKNna . kalBIedIm®KYsarrbs'Kat'EtgEtnSkUn@CiHLan
edIrelgkMsan†tamp¬ËvenHral'@´f©GaTit¥ .

❑ ❑
❑

CMBUkTI20

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´f©TI24-4-79 em"ag®bEhl7l©ac ®kum®sIemm"ayeyIgTSg14nak'k*

mkdl'PUmivt†rMdYl EdlsiƒtenAxagekItTI®kugVt'dMbg .
yayeToge®tkGrNas' Kat'GnÊHsareq¬q¬a rkp¬ËvcUleTAkan'cMkarnig
pÊHrbs'Kat' . yayeTogveg√g®cLMrkp¬ËvcUlmineXIj BIe®JHGgkarGna-
mikEk´q~vt†rMdYl [xussƒanPaBBIbYnq~Smun .
kalBIbYnq~Smun PUmie®kayvt†rMdYlmansg'pÊHvILalÌ@y"agsmrm¥ KYr
[KyKn' KYr[sb∫ayrIkray . Ep~kCab'nwgdIeFI√GMBI≤dΩ Can'TImYyeFI√GMBI
eQI . B&TÏCMuvij´nvILaTSgenH KWedImeQIsIuEp¬dUcCa dUg, s√ay, x~¨r, lµ¨t
emon, sUkULa, Ep¬TwkedaHeKa, ®kUc®Kb'Fun nigs√aycnIÊCaedIm . ≤LËvedIm
eQIsIuEp¬TSgenHsi√tgab'JseBj ePI¬geqHex¬ac . e®JHtMNagrbs'Gg
GgkarCanrNa ? 226

kar ebIeKcg'hUbEp¬dUg ®tUvEtkab'edImdUg ebIcg'hUbEp¬eQIepßg@ eK®tUv

Etkab'Emk .
enAmuxpÊHvILarbs'yayeTogmanp¬Ëvf~l'mYy xagt∫Ëgf~l'enHcm©ay
®bEhl50Em"®t manf~l'mYyeTot . p¬Ëvf~l'TSgenH PÇab'BIp¬Ëvf~l'mat'sÊwg
sEg˚ q¬gkat'Tm¬¨HcMkarEp¬eQInigpÊHvILanana rhUtdl'p¬ËvCatielx5 .
≤LËvenH GgkarbJÇa[CIkbMp¬ajp¬Ëvf~l'TSgBIrcMkN†al edayyk
elsfaeFI√p¬ËvTwk . Gmsg≈agp¬ËvTSgBIrenHmanpÊHvILacMnYn300x~g Ggkar
bJÇa[ruHerInSecjGs'rlIgeXIjenAsl'EtkMeTc≤dΩnigCeNI†r .
xagt∫Ëgvt†rMdYl Ek∫rvt†labmanpßarmYyeQµaHpßarvt†lab Ggkarb-
JÇa[ruHerIdwknSecjGs'rlIg k¬ayeTACavalesµA®Tub®Tul dUec~HPUmivt†rMdYl
k¬ayeTACaPUmimYyEdlman´®BB&TÏ KµanGI√CasMKal' . yayeTogbeNI†rmit†
rbs'Kat'edIrcuHedIreLIg TTIsTTasy"agyUr ´cdn¥VnCYbnag f . nag
sal'p¬Ëv k*nS®sI@emm"ayTSg14nak'enaHcUleTAkan'cMkaryayeTog . eTA
dl'P¬am yayeTogs¬¨tcit† mat'E®skfa – BueTÏa@ ! rYcdYl®bUselIKMnr≤dÏ

exµacPUmi®KwH (vILa) rbs'yayeTog (ftenA´f©TI1-1-1993)

GgkarCanrNa ? 227

EdlVk'EbkexÊcxIÊenaH . Kat'KSgmat'sƒÁtbMBg'k niyayminecj . BI-

e®JHpÊHvILarbs'Kat'sl'EtkMeTc≤dΩ nigbnÊb'bgn'mYyTMhM3Em"®tbYn®Cu g
. pÊHvILaenHman2Can' TTwg10,50m˘ beN†ay16m˘ . Can'e®kameFI√GMBI ≤dΩ
CJÇSgfµduHfµlag . Can'elIeFI√BIeQIkekaHnigsu®km sƒabnaBIrq~SeTIb
rYce®scenAcugq~S1970 . cMENkedImdUg®tUveKkab'rMlMexÊcxIÊ . edImeQI
sIuEp¬epßg@eTot ®tUvkab'EmkGs'enAsl'EtedImsi√t®kjg' .
mYysnʨHyayeToge®kakedIreTAGg¨yelICeNI†rVk'Ebk®teVmk∫a-
lCgg' Kat'nwkeXIjKYrq©l'Esnq©l' BIe®JH®TB¥sm∫ti†´n®beTsExµr®tUv
hinehaceBlcb'sÂgameTAvij eBlGgkarGnamikTTYlC&yCMnHeTAvij
GgkarbMp¬ajexÊcbMp¬ajxIÊTSgGs' .
yayeTogkMBugGs'sgÙwm x¬ÁnKat'®saldUcsMLI mindwgCa´f©EsÌk
enH Kat'®tUvedIreTAkan'TINavij . ®sab'Etsem¬gBIrVnbnW¬eLIgfa – «
bg! » nig « m"ak' ! » .
yayeTogEbrEP~ksm¬wgeTAtamsUrs&BÊenaH yayeTogk*elateTA{b
elaktam~ak'Gayu®bEhl50q~S EdlKat'ehAfa bg! KWelakta Gag Ca´d
KUrbs'elak®KUyI-vij®TI F¬ab'eFI√karEp~k FULRO rYcKat'elateTA{bnarIm~a
k'Gayu14q~SKW yI-®TIGgra" kUn®sIeBArbs'Kat' . eBlenaHyayeTogbg˙a
jkUn®sId*kMst'enHdl'mit†@ ®BmTSgyMbeNI†rGFib∫ayfa –
- xM∆¨minsµanTal'EtesaHfa nwgmanvasnaVnCYbkUn®sIenHeT ! . e®JH
enA´f©TI15-3-1978 Ggra"nwkxM∆¨eBk k*rt'ecjBIGgkarcl&tmkrkxM∆¨enAPUmi
´®Bs√ay . GgkarbJÇa[XatkrmYy®kumcMnYn7nak' GavuF®Kb'´dmktam
cab'nagykeTAsm¬ab' bg˙ajCaKMrUdl'narIepßg@eTot . yayeTogbn†eTot
fa –
- eBlenaHxM∆¨Cab'BlikmµeTAErgknÊk'enAkgTYls~Ël . eBlxM∆¨TTYldM
NwgGkuslenHP¬am xM∆¨rt'kat'´®BBIkgTYls~Ël eTAkan'kg´®Bs√ay man
cm©ay®bmaN4K˘m˘ . eTAdl'®sbeBllµmVnCYb®kumXatkrkMBugb-
eNI†rGgra" ecjBIkg´®Bs√ay . xM∆¨k*elat{bemXatkrsuMGg√rfa –
« sMukUnsm¬ab'Em"CamYykUn®sIenHcuH ! . {kUn@eGIy ! Ggra"enHCakUn
®sIeBA nagEbkecjBIEm"tSgBIGayu10q~S . {kUn@eGIy ! GI√@GaclHbg'
VnTSgGs' cMENkkUnekµgGayub"ueNˆHminGaclHbg'minnwkm†ayVneLI-
y . mkBInwkm†ayx¬SgeBk®TSminVn eTIbnagb†ËrCIvitrt'mkrkEm" eTaHCa®tU
GgkarCanrNa ? 228

vs¬ab'k*eday . cMENkEm" Em"Cab'BlikmµenA‰kgTYls~Ël‰eNaH . tSg

BIkUn®sIenHmkdl'kg´®Bs√ay Em"eTIbCYbnageBlenH . dUec~HebIkUn@min
GacGnue®KaHTukCIvit[nageT edaysarnag®b®Bit†xus Em"sMuesI~[kUn@s
m¬ab'Em"CamYykUn®sIenHcuH . Em"sMus¬ab'CamYykUnenHehIy ! Em"sMus¬ab'Ca
mYykUnenHehIy ! .
®kumXatkrenHCabkßExµr®khmnirtI ®Kb'@K~aeFI√muxs©Át bg˙aj≤riya
bfGaNitxM∆¨Edr . luHeKbeNI†rxM∆¨nigGgra"eTAdl'kgTYls~Ël xM∆¨®tUvEbkec
jBI®kumXatkr xM∆¨®tUvEbkecjBIkUn®sIeTAkan'kEn¬gErgknÊk' . xM∆¨QanV
nEt2-3CMhanb"ueNˆaH xM∆¨dYlsn¬b's†ËkeTA . l©aceTIbdwgx¬ÁneLIgvij em
kan'k†ab'Ep~kkin®sUv®Vb'xM∆¨fa ®kumXatkryl'®BmelIkElgeTas[Ggra"
ehIy . tSgBIeBlenaHmkVt'dMNwgrhUt » .
yayeTog{bkUn®sIyMbn†eTAeTot . cMENkGgra"k*{bm†ayyMhIu@
®BmTSgGFib∫ayerOgd*kMst'rbs'nagdUcteTA –
- ´f©l©acenaH ®kumXatkrbeNI†rxM∆¨ ehIysYredjedalfa etICag2q~S
mkehIy mit†minEdlCYbEm"eT… ?
- xMƬeTIbCYbGMVj'mijenH .
®kumenHbeNI†rxM∆¨eTAdl'mUldΩan bwgkI eKk*eTACYbCMuBiPakßaK~ay"agyUr
®sab'EtehAbeNI†rxM∆¨cUleTAkan'´®Be®CA edIreTA@tSgyb'KµansMrakeLIy.
CitP¬Wk*eTAdl'eCIgP~MmYy rYceK®bKl'xM∆¨[®kumeyaFadak'Tis[xM∆¨Esgexµac .
xMƬenACab'CamYyeyaFarhUt .
eq¬øteBleyaFaVj'sm¬ab'K~a eXIjEtexµacJs´®B xM∆¨k*pßge®Bgrt'
cakecjBITIenaH . xM∆¨rt'kat'´®BCae®cInyb'e®cIn´f© eTIbmkdl'TI®kugVt'dM
bgenA´f©TI23-3-1979 .
Em"nigkUn®sI2nak'VnmkCYbCMuK~aelIkMeTc≤dΩ TSgGs'K~amanEtTwkEP~
k bg˙ajfa «kMst'Nas'@» . Ggra"manEtexanigGavdac'dacmYybn¬HCab'
tamx¬Án .
taGageXIjbriyakasEsnGab'GYrdUec~H Kat'k*edIrmkGEgÌlx~gyay
eTog EP~ksm¬wgkµÁy®sITSgBIrEdlkMBuge®tkGrmanvasnaVnCYbbgbÌËn
vij. edIm∫IelIkTwkcit†yayeTog elaktaGagcab'epI†mniyaylYgelamfa–
- bgmanP&B√vasnaxıs'Nas' EdlGacrYccakputBIe®KaHc´®gGs'enH
GgkarCanrNa ? 229

minEtb"ueNˆaHesat bgVnCYbkUn®sITSgBIrnak'eTot . elaktaGEgÌlx~g

yayeTogm†geTot rYcniyaybn†fa –
- kalBI´f©TI24-4-1975 em"ag®bEhl10 manXatkrd*cEm¬kmYy
®kumK~a10nak' manGavuF®Kb'´d cUlmkrksm¬ab'®KYsarrbs'bg . vasna lÌ
bgnS®KYsarcakecjputeTAehIy . ®kumXatkrd*cEm¬kenHbeNI†rK~a
vil®tLb'eTAvij edaykat'tamvt†rMdYl . BYkvaVnCYbnwgxM∆¨kMBug®sg'Twk
xagt∫Ëg®BHvihar ( kaleNaHtaGagenACa®BHsgÙenAeLIy ) Cab'p¬ËvedIr
ecjBIvt† . mit†CaemsYrxM∆¨fa etIeXIj®KYsareBT¥®TI…eT ? enAeBlEdlem
vakMBugsYrxM∆¨enaH K~avam~ak'EdledIrCamYyniyayeLIgfa ®tUvtamsm¬ab'®KY-
sareBT¥®TIecalTSgGs' e®JHCabMerIln'-nl' CaemerIsT&BkEnßgs Ca
emerIsTahanln'-nl' . kUnc∫grbs'vaCaTahanJk's&ki†BIr .
eBlCamYyK~aenH æsMnYrrbs'emeKpg ! ækarCECkK~adUec~Hpg ! xM∆¨k*
´llkeqI¬ybEg√gdanfa GatµaeXIjeyaFamYy®kumcUlmknSykecjeTA
tSgBI®Blwm . GatµaVneXIjBit@ Etfaelak®TICaeBT¥ EbbeKnSelak
ykeTAeBT¥eTdwg ! . eBlenaHKµannrNaeqI¬y …EvkEjkGI√eT eK®Kan'Et
sm¬wgxM∆¨dUccg'elbTSgrs' . mit†emdEdlenaHniyayfa ®tUvEtkMeTcpÊHvI-
LaenH » . elaktaniyaydl'®twmenH k*elIk´dcg̨lkMeTc≤dΩ .

❑ ❑
❑

eBlenaHbriyakass©at'e®cobmYyelIkeTot mYysnʨHæG~k®sIbUrIsYr
fa –
- bgeTogGa± ! etIkgT&BkEnßgsCakgT&BsIÌ ?
yayeTogelIk´dcg̨lelaktaGag ®BmTSgniyay®Vb'mit†@rbs'
Kat'fa elaktabYsCa®BHsgÙtSgBIekµg elakCa®BHsgÙBiessd*Gsça-
r¥ . elaktamanstism∫CJÔ:es~hanigGaNitExµrkmı¨Cae®kam . elakta
hflaneFI√Blikmµ®Kb'Ebby"agCYyåbtƒm∏dl'kgT&BkEnßgs . dUec~HxM∆¨Tuk
ParkicçenHCUnelaktaCYyBn¥l'bÌËn®sI@nigkUnTSgGs' [sal'krNiy-
kicç nig®bvti†kgT&BkEnßgs . cMENkxM∆¨ xM∆¨sMusMrakbni†c . elaktaGag
cab'epI†mGFib∫ayra"yra"b'fa –
GgkarCanrNa ? 230

- e®kayBIsni~siT≤NÎËcinenAP~MeBjq~S1965rYcmk ®bCaCnPaKticEd
l®tUveKCiHCan' k*e®kakeLIgb®gYbb®gYmK~abegI˚tCarNsirßmYyEdlman
eQµaHfa – h√¨fllr"U ( FULRO: Front Uni de Libération des Races Oprimées )
. Exµrkmı¨Cae®kameyIgk*sµ®Kcit†cUlCasmaCikhfl√¨lr"UenHEdr . ®bCaCnExµr
kmı¨Cae®kamEdlrt'eKcBIGMeBI´®B´pß´nyYnsm¬ab'kMcay mk®CksMNak'
enAk~¨gext†Vt'dMbg EdlmanxM∆¨CaG~kdwknS k*eVHeq~ate®CIserIsEtgtSg
bgeTogCaGnu®bFan ( EdlmanelakraC-xUn Ca®bFanenAeBlenaH ) . TI
s~ak'karsiƒtenAk~¨gvILabgeTogenH .
bg®TI bgeTog eFI√Blikmµ®Kb'Ebby"ag eq¬øt´f©GaTit¥bMeBjkrNiy
kicç ecjeTAkan'PUminanaEdlmanExµrkmı¨Cae®kamrt'mk®CksMNak'enA Kat'
xMBn¥l'ENnS[sal'[yl'nUveKalbMNg´nrNsirß KWdMNak'karCadM
bUg ®tUvkarJr®bCaCnPaKticEdl®tUveKCiHCan' . dUec~HExµrkmı¨Cae®kam Ed
lkMBug®tUvyYnCiHCan'bMVt'BUCsasn_ eyIg®tUvEtsµ&®Kcit†cUlCasmaCik
edIm∫IkarJrBUCsasnE_ xµrkmı¨Cae®kam[Kg'vg' eyIg®tUvEtxMpßay[BiPB-
elakdwgsal'tamrNsirßhfl√¨lr"UenHfa Exµrkmı¨Cae®kamKWCamças'TwkdIkmı¨-
CaBit@ minEmnyYneT . BIq~S1949 VrSgyl'®cLM®bKl'[eTAyYn . yY
nvatTIykdac'e®scenAq~S1954 e®kayBIVrSgcakecjBI≤NÎËcin vabMVt'
BUCExµrkmı¨Cae®kam KWvabwTsalaeronCaPasaExµr vaecj®bkasbg≈MraÂs†Exµr
kmı¨Cae®kamcMnYn4lannak' EdlCamças'TwkdIkmı¨Cae®kamBit@ [kan'katCa
CatiyYnTSgGs' . karBitExµrkmı¨Cae®kamTSgenHmanmYyPaKe®cInkan'kat
yYn b"uEn†minecHPasayYnTal'EtesaH . dUec~HedIm∫IKS®Thfl√¨lr"U eyIgk*Vn
begI˚tkgT&BenHeLIg . mUlehtuenHeTIbGgkarbJÇa[kMeTcpÊHvILaenH .
yuvCnsµ&®Kcit†cUlbMerIkgT&BkEnßgs PaKe®cInKWExµrkmı¨Cae®kam . meF¥a
Vye®CIserIs nigbJÇËneTAkan'mUldΩanrMedaHenAext†Vt'dMbgenH KWenAelI
smaKmExµrkmı¨Cae®kam nigrNsirßhfl√¨lr"U®bcSext†Vt'dMbg EdlmanxM∆¨
bg®TI nigbgeTogCaG~kTTYlxus®tUv .
k~¨gq~S1970 ®beTskmı¨Ca®tUvrge®KaH sÂgampʨHeLIg kgT&BkEnßg
sdwgc∫as'fa bN†almkBIsem†cn˘sIhnu®tUvcaj'eVkyYnhaNUy Ca
evotkug kgT&BkEnßgsk*sµ&®Kcit†rMlayCYrk~¨gExåsPaq~S1970 rYccUl
mkrYbrYmbMerIkgT&BCatisaFarNrdΩ Edlmanelakln'-nl'CaemdwknS .
GgkarCanrNa ? 231

k~¨gq~S1972 GtItkgT&BkEnßgs manPaKe®cInrt'ecjBIkgT&BrdΩaPiVl

rYcmkCYbxM∆¨ bg®TI bgeTog Ef¬gesckI†esµaH®tg'esaks†aynigsarPaBfa
k~¨gkgT&BrdΩaPiVlrjI¨r´j"®bkan'bkßBYk . mYykgvr:esnatUc eXIjEt
nSK~aJk's&ki† x¬HCaGtItemXMu CasaÂs†acar¥ manx¬HCatMNagraÂs† .l.
Gs'elakTSgenaH ®sLaj's&ki†Nas' Jk's&ki†eBj@elIsµa . b"uEn†min
sUvmanelakNak¬ahanhflanbUCaCIvitnST&BecjeTAbÂg˚abxµSgedIm∫IkarJr
TwkdIeLIy . BYkeKe®cInrynak'Edlrt'ecalCYrkgT&B bN†almkBIGMeBI
Gyuti†Fm·nana . b"uEn†®kumeKenAEtKS®T TTYlsal' eKarB®sLaj'elak
esna®bmuxln'-nl'dEdl . ®kumeKmanbMNgd*emaHmutsµ&®Kcit†bUCaCIvit
karJr®beTskmı¨Ca Edlmanelakesna®bmuxCaG~kdwknS .

❑ ❑
❑

enAeBlenaH®kumGtItkgT&BkEnßgs EdlmanelakKwm-gYn®tac nig

fac'-Ca CaGtItemT&BkEnßgs Vn®suH®sYlKMnitK~aeFI√Jk¥mYymancuH
htƒelxaKS®T epI∆eTAsMuGnuJÔatBIelakln'-nl' cat'EtgtSgbg®TICavr:
esniy®tI edIm∫ITTYlxus®tUvelIkgvr:esnatUc Edl®kumGtItkgT&BkEnß
gssµ&®Kcit†bMerI .
kn¬gputEtCagkn¬HEx bg®TITTYlTUrelxmYyBI®ksYge®CIserIskg
T&B GeJIÇjbg®TI bgeTogeTAsYreyabl' .
eBlenaHelakKwm-gYn®tacCUneTACamYyEdr . bg®TI bgeTogeqI¬y
edaysmrm¥fa Kat'minhflanTTYlbuN¥s&ki†d*FMsMebImenHeT BIe®JHKat'
x√HsmtƒPaB . b"uEn†erOgCYyCati minEmnrt'cUlmkJk's&ki† eTIbehAfaCYy
CatienaHeT ! .
bg®TI bgeTogsµ&®Kcit†CYyCatitamsmtƒPaB nigbecçkeTsEdlKat'
manBit®Vkd ®besIrNas'eTAehIy eTaHKat'minJk's&ki†dUceKk*eday k*
Kat'sn¥afa Kat'enAEtbn†karåbtƒm∏TMnukbMrugGtItkgT&BkEnßgsCanicç ta
msmtƒPaBEdlKat'GaceTAeFI√eTAVn . e®JHJk¥ «kgT&BkEnßsnigJ-
kßExµrkmı¨Cae®kam»Vncarkb'enAk~¨gebHdUgrbs'Kat' Kat'minGaclHbg'…bM
eP¬cVneLIy . kn¬gput®bEhlmYyEx bg®TI bgeTogTTYlVnesckI†
GgkarCanrNa ? 232

bJÇaebskkmµsm©at'mYy cuHhtƒelxapÊal'´drbs'elakln'-nl' cat'Et

gtSgbg®TI Ca®bFane®CIserIskgT&Bk~¨gcMeNamGtItkgT&BkEnßgs KW
EtGtItkgT&BkEnßgs . manesckI†bJÇamYyeTot cat'tSgGnuesniy‰k
BIrnak'KW elakfac'-Cug nigfac'-eGog nig®BinÊVleTam~ak'eTotKW fac'-rg'
mkCYyefI√karGmbg®TI . TIcat'karnigsMNak'enA enAk~¨gpÊHvILabgeTog
enH . cMENkkUnTahan sMNak'enAk~¨gvt†rMdYlnigvt†lab . TahanTSg
LayenH®tUvbJÇËnbJçËlk~¨gkgEm"kh√&kß ( Mike's Force ) EdleTIbbegI˚t
kgvr:esnatUcfIµ@bEnƒm . k~¨gExemsaq~S1975 TahanEdlbg®TIe®CIs
erIsfIµsMNak'enAvt†labcMnYn300nak' sMNak'enAvt†rMdYlCag300nak' .
mUlehtuenHeTIbGgkar[Xatkrtamsm¬ab'bMputBUCbg®TI . eBlenH
G~k®sIPin sMusYrelaktaGagfa –
- kgT&BEm"kh√&kßl∫Il∫ajBUEks√its√ajEp~kvayswk ehtuem†ck*b-
eN†ay[®beTsExµrvinashinehacdl'f~ak'enH ? .
elaktaGagGFib∫aybn† – kgT&BEm"kh√&kß KWGtItkgT&BExµresrI KW
suTÏEtExµrkmı¨Cae®kam KWCakUnecArbs'elaksWn-g"ukfaj' . elaksWn-g"u
kfaj'Bn¥l'[sal'krNiykicç KWkMeTcs®tUvedIm∫IkarJrCatinigTwkdI
elakBn¥l'[sal'c∫as' yYnhaNUyCas®tUvsYrBUCrbs'CatiExµr .
elakGb'rMbN†¨Hstism∫CJÔ:es~haCatiy"agmut . elaklt'dMdl'kMBUl
j¨Sg[kgT&BEm"kh√&kßmancritrwgbwug s√ahab'k¬ahan CaBiessbMputman
cit†tsflUs√its√aj ecHGt'Fµt'nUvkarlMVk®Kb'y"ag . ®Kb'@rUblHbg'ecal
®KYsareTAenA´®B minEdlsal'sIuq©aj'-edk®sYleT .
k~¨gq~S1970 ®beTsExµrF¬ak'cUlk~¨gP~k'ePI¬gsÂgam ®sab'EtelaksWn
g"ukfaj'TTYldMNwgfa enA´f©TI27emsa1970 bUdUyecjmuxvaykMeTc
Exµrln'-nl'vij . dUec~HelakeFI√BlikmµsMerclb'kgT&BExµresrI elak[
eQµaHCakgT&BEm"kh√&kß rYcelakbJÇËnmkkan'®beTskmı¨CaCaelIkTI1enA
´f©TI30emsa1970 . k~¨gExmifuna1970 elakVnTTYldMNwgeTotfa bU
dUyCae®cInmWunk∫alecjmuxvaykMeTcext†kMBg'FM c∫Sgx¬ÁnTl'nwgx¬ÁnCamY
ykgT&BCatiExµr . mUlehtuenHelaksMercbJÇËnkgT&BEm"kh√&kßcUlmk
CYyExµrenA´f©TI30mifuna1970 .
CaelIkTI3enA´f©TI19kJÔa1970 . TIbMputelakbJÇËnTSgGs' ®bKl'
CUnelakln'-nl' . elaksWn-g"ukfaj'mandMbUnµanbni†cbn†Ácp†STukfa kUn
GgkarCanrNa ? 233

ecArbs'xM∆¨enHsal'krNiykicç nigParkicçy"agc∫as'Nas' . b"uEn†®kumenH

åbmadUcst√x¬aminEdlsal'sac'eT . sMukMubgab'[vaecHsIusac'[esaH.
mundMbUgCakgT&BsÌatsÌM mYykgvr:esnatUc manTahan®Kb'cMnYny"ag®tw
m®tUv y"agerobry CaBiesssal'krNiykicçk~¨gsmrPUminimYy@ kMeTc
xµSg[braC&y [Vk'mux . T&BenHk*cab'l∫IeQµaHeBj®beTsExµr j¨Sg[
emT&Bepßg@x¬HeTotEdlx¬ÁnJk'Ets&ki† Gg¨yEtk~¨gkariyal&y ekItman
esckI†®cENn . maneBlx¬H kgT&BkMBugCab'´d®byuTÏCamYyxµSgCitGs'
®Kab'rMesv cat'tMNagcUlkan'rdΩFanIP~MeBjsMuCMnYy elakEdlTTYlxus
®tUve®KOgsm∏ar:EbrCaTar «´f¬TwkEt» eTAvij .
manemT&Bcit†Ga®kk'x¬H EbrCa[Jk¥sm©at' ( Mot de passe ou Pass-
word ) eTAxµSg bN†al[kgT&BEm"kh√&kß®tUvrge®KaHs¬ab'y"age®cIn . ma
neBlx¬Hkar®cENnenHekItCavivaTvaytb'K~aJseBjrdΩFanIP~MeBj .
bnÊab'mk manecjbJÇabg≈M[begI˚tkgvr:esnatUcbEnƒm . b"uEn†elx
kgvr:esnatUcnimYy@t´m¬50mWuneroly"agtic . etIluyd*FMeFgenH emb
JÇakarkgvr:esnatUcTSgLayenaHeTArk‰Na ? . mUlehtuenH kgT&B
Em"kh√&kß®tUvbg≈Meron®b®Bwt†GMeBIBukrlYytameromc∫g . enHehIybgab'[
x¬aecHsIusac' dUcJk¥bN†SelaksWn-g"ukfaj'Emn .
luHkgT&BEm"kh√&kßecHBukrlYy ®sab'EtecHCag®KUeTAeTot KWq¬atCag
eromc∫gq©ayNas' KWBukrlYyCaGn†rCati . ®kumenHcab'epI†mrksIum†g .
erOgvayswk®tUvpÌaksin . ®kumenHcab'epI†mbJÇËnecar®sbc∫ab'eTAkan'®su
kyYn rYclYcLanhßIb JEEP A1 BI´®BnKr ebIkbrcUlmkkan'®beTsExµr
eFI√®BegIy j¨Sg[epIÌleqaeLadl'GaemrikSg . cMENkenA®BMEdnExµr-´f
®sab'Etmank∫ÁnLan GMC 5…6e®KOgte®mobCYrecjBIrdΩFanIP~MeBj man
lixitbJÇa Ordre de Mission ®twm®tUveTAdwkGtItkgT&BkEnßgs . b"uEn†
k∫ÁnLanTSgenaH brrhUteTAdl'®sukGUre®CAvij sIuQ~ÁkdwknSTMnijrt'BnÏ
. luHk∫ÁnLanvil®tLb'mkBIGUre®CAvij k*brcUlmkQb'enAvt†labx¬H cU
lmkQb'enAvt†rMdYlx¬H .
Gs'elakemT&Brt'sʨHsÊamkCYbbgeTogbg˙ajlixitbJÇasMudwkTaha
n . eKerIsmYycMnYntUc te®mobCYreLIgLan cMENkTahanEdlenAsl'
e®cInrynak'enH eKsMuftykEtrUbeTAbg˙ajf~ak'elI KitluyEckK~asin .
TahflanEdldwknSykeTAenaH luHdl'P~MeBjk*ehAcuHBILan ecalrayma
GgkarCanrNa ? 234

yKµanerobcMbN†¨HbN†albg˙at'h√wkh√WnGI√eT . e®JHem@rvl'EteTAKit´f¬
Q~Álrt'BnÏ edIm∫IykluyeTAsg´f¬Tijelxkgvr:eesnatUc .
dUec~HTahanTSgenH ®tUvvil®tLb'mkkan'ext†Vt'dMbgvij rYcvileTA
CYbelakfac'-Cug, fac'-eGogsMucuHeQµaHeFI√Tahanm†geTot EtlYcEkeQµaH
epßg .
kgT&BEm"kh√&kßeTACaraymay manem@x¬Hman®bBnÏBIr ®bBnÏnimYy@
®tUvmanvILa ®tUvmanLan manG~kebIkbr .
maneBlmYyenaH kgvr:esnatUcmYy « elxcug49 » x√HkUnTahan
e®cIneBk ®sab'EteXIjem@ dUcCavr:esniyeTa vr:esniy®tI manExµrkmı¨
CakN†allayCamYy ebIkbrLanhßIbmkctQb'e®Jg®JtenAmuxpÊH
viLabgeTogenH . sʨHsÊarmkrkbg®TI bgeTog sMukEn¬g®bCMunieyaCikerag
m"asIunkin®sUvenAEx®tVt'dMbg . eKsMuftykEtrUbeT . nieyaCikm~ak'@
®tUv[Q~Ál500erol . ´f©enaH ftcuHfteLIgk*ftTSgkUn®busTI3nigTI4
rbs'bgeTogykeTApg .
luHKNkmµkarBinit¥emIlrUbft eKcab'GarmµNn
_ UvrUbftkUn®busrbs'
bgeTog2nak'enAekµgNas' eKehAK~aBinit¥cuHBinit¥eLIg eBlenaHelak
fac'-CaenAkEn¬genaHEdr elak®keLkeXIjsal'c∫as'CakUn®busrbs'
bgeTog elaklUk´ddkykrUbftTSg8sn¬wkepI∆mkbgeTogvij . dUec~H
kgvr:esnatUcnimYy@k~¨gbJIÇmanrUbft maneQµaH®Kb'cMnYn®twm®tUv b"uEn†
KµanTahantambJÇIenaHeLIy . dUcmanCaåTahrNm
_ Yy enA´f©TI29kum∏:
1974 enAPUmi®bsU®t cm©ay10K˘m˘ BITI®kugs√ayerog yYnhaNUyebIk
karvay®bhary"agFMmYy . vabJÇËnbUdUyy"age®cIn[cUlmkB&tÏvaykMeTc
kgT&BCatienAelIedIm®TUgmanJk'rUbsem†c®Kb'@K~a . eBlenaHmanelak
embJÇakarkgvr:esnatUck~¨gkgvr:esnaFMEm"kh√&kß nam®tkUlfac' TTYl
bJÇa®tUvnSTahanecjeTAtTl'cMeJHxµSg . kgvr:esnatUcGP&B√enH man
TahanEt60nak' . luHeTAdl'smrPUmieXIjxµSgsuTÏEtbUdUyy"age®cIn
elIslb'k*sMerccit†P¬am bJÇa[kUnTahanrt'eKccakecjecalsmrPUmi
eTAcuH . cMENkembJÇakarfac'k*Vj'sm¬ab'x¬ÁnenAnwgkEn¬gedIm∫IsgGMeBI
BukrlYyenH .
eBlenaH®sI@emm"ayTSgGs'k*lan'mat'fa – { ! ebIdUec~HsÂgamenA
k~¨g®sukExµr yYnhaNUyeq¬øteBle®bIyIehasem†c“ rYcbJÇa[bUdUyva-
GgkarCanrNa ? 235

ykMeTcExµrln'-nl' Camças'TwkdIkmı¨CaBit@eTetI ! . elaktaGaggk'k∫a

l®BmTSgbJÇak'fa yYnhaNUybJÇa[bUdUyvaykMeTcExµrcab'tSgBIq~S
1970 nigbn†@mk .
nagGgra"sMusYrelaktaGagfa ehtuem"†cmanExµrx¬HelIktMekIgyYnha-
NUy TukCaG~kmanåbkarKuNGJçwg ? .
elaktadkdegI˙mFMe®JHæfa ExµrGrKuNemXatkr emecar˘˘˘ elakta
twg®TUgNas' . cMENkelaktak*yl'c∫as'Nas' fa®beTsExµrvinas
hinehac ®tUvrlayeTACaepHenH KWbN†almkBIyYnhaNUyTSgGs' .
elaktak*GFib∫ayEvkEjkfa yYnhaNUymankarBiesaFn_ vac∫SgCamYy
ExµrBIrelIkrYcmkehIyBIq~S1945 enAkmı¨Cae®kam enAq~S1954 enAkmı¨Cak-
N†al . vae®bIkm¬SgVy vae®bIkm¬SgGavuFCakSePI¬g va®tUvs¬ab'´tehag ®tU
vcaj'ExµreVrmux vak*dkT&Bfy vayl'faebIeFI√sÂgamCamYyExµr cg'deNI†
meCaKC&yBIExµr ®tUvEte®bIkll∫ic ®tUvEte®bIGavuFcit†saÂs† CaBiess®tUv
Gnuvt†[Vn®twm®tUvnUvJk¥mYyX¬a –
- bMEbkbMVk'edIm∫I®Kb'®Kg !
vak*cab'epI†mGb'rMcarkicçrbs'va rYcbJÇËnbJçËl®Kb'sr´s®Kb'®sTab'
´n®bCaBlrdΩExµr tSgBIraÂs†´®BP~MrhUtnamWunk~¨gvSg rhUtdl'emdwknSExµr
[sm©MeronsU®t [sal'critnigcMNucexßaynana . vaecHsMrbx¬Án[®tUv
cit†namWunExµr [®tUvcit†emdwknSExµr .
emIlPaBxage®kAeXIjfa yYnTn'P¬n'eKarBExµrNas' . mUlehtuenH
VnCaemdwknSExµr TSgski†PUmiTSgExµr®khm®tUvcaj'eVkyYnhaNUyF©n'
EsnF©n' . BIe®JHeCOEttam®tecok eCOEttamEP~k minecHe®bIxYrk∫ale®bo
beFobrkehtupl . minecHxMeronsU®t[saleKaledA nigCMerAåVy-
klrbs'yYnhaNUy edIm∫InSykmkBn¥l'bMP¬Wdl'raÂs†Exµr EbrCabeN†a
y[raÂs†yl'®cLMkan'Ete®CAeTA@ . elIktMekIgs®tUvsYrBUCEdlCaem
Xatkr EdlCaecarhary TukCaG~kmanKuNeTAvij .
etImanGI√KYr[xµas'eGonCagenHeTAeTot ? ebIeyIgbeN†ay[raÂs†Exµr
bn†karyl'®cLMenH etIraÂs†Exµrmankm¬Sgkaykm¬Sgcit†‰NakMeTcyYn
haNUynigExµrGay"g edIm∫IrMedaHTwkdIkmı¨Ca ? . yYnhaNUyvaecHbiun®b
sb'lak'But e®bIåVyklbg˙aj[raÂs†Exµr…BiPBelakeXIjfa vasm¬ab'
Exµr…eFI√sÂgamCamYyExµreT va´llkbMEbkbMVk'ExµrCa®kum@ rYce®bI´dExµr
GgkarCanrNa ? 236

Gay"gBI®kummYyrYcp¬as'eTA®kummYyeTot bN†ak'K~asm¬ab'bMputBUCExµrCadM
Nak'@Vny"agsÊat'CMnYsva . yYnhaNUyeFI√®BegIysMraksm©Mrg'cS{-
kaslÌeTIbvaQanmYyCMhan@ y"agGaf·kMVMghk'e®kakeLIg kJœk'yk
eCaKC&yEtm†g . dUcCa´f©TI17emsa1975CaedIm KWyYnhaNUyCaevotku
geTetI CaG~kTTYlC&yCMnHd*mhaGsçar¥mhaelatep¬aHenaH . b"uEn†vae®bI
eQµaHGgkarGnamikCaembJÇakary"aggitGnÏkaCasƒaBr .
GgkarKitEtBIsm¬ab'bMputBUCExµr ehIyenAeBlCamYyK~aenHEdr Gg-
karEbrCabJçËlevotkugmkkan'®beTsExµrTSg®kum@ . ®kumx¬HedIr®bmUl
GNikCnyYn dwknSykeTATukenA®sukyYn Tuk´q~®bDitbn¬MeFI√CaExµreTAGna
Kt ®kumepßgeTotedIr®bmUl®TB¥sm∫ti† k~¨gmYynKrExµr b¬n'dwknSecj
edayesrI . TIbMputGgkarbMp¬aj®beTsExµr[rlayeTACaepH . vabegI˚t
XatkrCae®cIn®kum dac'@edayELkBIK~a . vamanbegI˚t®kumXatkrGaf·kM-
VMg rYceTIbvabeJçjCalMdab'lMeday kMNt'´f©Exq~Sy"ag®twm®tUv .
‹ dUcCaXatkr®kumTI1 – ®tUvsm¬ab'Exµrln'-nl', ExµrsIhnu CaBies-
ssm¬ab'GtItG~krdΩkar®Kb'Ep~k ®Kb'Can'f~ak' G~kecHdwg nisßit bJÔv&n† nig
®BHsgÙCaedIm .
‹ Xatkr®kumTI2 – manParkicç®tUvsm¬ab'Xatkr®kumTI1vij KWsm¬ab'
bkßExµr®khmnin~akarExµr manExµr®khm®kumexov-sMpn nig®kumExµr®khm
ekItmkBIecar´®B . dUec~Hk~¨gry:eeBl44Ex Ggkarcat'karsm¬ab'bMputBUC
Exµr CadMNak'@manlMnSy"agsÌat .
luHdl'q~S1978 ®beTsExµrcMhF¬¨g . {kaslÌmkdl'y"agenH yYn
haNUyCaevotNamQanCMhanTI2 vak*bJÇa[bUdUyecjBI´®B cUlmk
ratt∫atlukluyJseBjTI®kug´n®beTskmı¨Ca edayykelsfa cUl
mkkMeTcExµr®khm edIm∫IrMedaHExµr j¨Sg[raÂs†ExµrEdlminVnsikßaneya
Vy minVntamdankll∫icxµSg minecH®tiHriHBicarNa k*eCOyYn yl'®c
LMy"agF©n'EsnF©n'k*sni~dΩanfa yYnsµ&®Kcit†mks¬ab' nigmkCYyExµrCaelI
kTI3 . ExµrTSgenHk*dMkl'dMekIgyYnhaNUyCaevotkug EdlCaemXatkr
EdlCaecar TukCaG~kmanåbkarKuNeTAvij .
- { ! bgbÌËnExµreGIy ! ehtuGI√k*s¬Ëts¬ab'em"¬H ?
- { ! emdwknSExµreGIy ! ®tUvecHP∆ak'rlwkeLIg !
- ebIbeN†ay[raÂs†Exµryl'®cLMy"agenH etIeFI√em"†craÂs†ExµrecH®bug
GgkarCanrNa ? 237

®by&t~ ?
- etIeFI√em†craÂs†Exµrmankm¬Sgkay km¬Sgcit† elIk´dkMeTcxµSg kMeTc
ecar edIm∫IrMedaHmatuPUmikmı¨Ca ?
elaktaGagniyaydl'®twmh~wg ra"dak*sMusYreyabl'elaktaGagfa
ehtuem†cVnCaGgkaredj®bCaCn k~¨gmYynKrCae®cInlannak' [ecj
ecalTIlMenAq©ayBIp¬ËvCati BIdgsÊwg mancm©ayy"agtic2K˘m˘ ? .
æsMnYrd*manxw¬msarenH elaktaGagmankarQWcab'y"ag´®kElg .
elaktaeFI√muxs©Át eTIbEvkEjkBn¥l'dUcteTA –
erOgenHGsçar¥Nas', kaleNaHGaNikCnyYnvaEbrCabJÇËnmnusß
Gaf·kMVMgeTA®Vb'fa cUrenA[es©øm tamTIkEn¬gerog@x¬Ánsin . vaCen¬øs
Et®bCaBlrdΩExµreT . dUec~HerOgminsmTMngEbbenH KWGgkarGnamikman
e®BogKMeragkarNC
_ ae®sc .
TI1- sm¬ab'®bCaBlrdΩExµredayminVc'e®bIGavuF .
TI2- bJçËlevotkugmkkan'®beTsExµr®bmUlGaNikCnyYnrMedaH nSy
keTAlak'Tuk‰®beTsyYn .
TI3- b¬n'®TB¥sm∫ti†rbs'Exµr dwknSykeTAkan'®sukyYn .
emIlcuH ! ®bCaBlrdΩExµrk~¨gmYynKrEdlminTan'dl'evns¬ab' ®tUvEt
ecjecalTIlMenA ®tUvecal®TB¥sm∫ti†y"age®cIn≤tKNna . kMBugdwk´d
kUnecA Esgmnusßcas'Cra EsgG~kCm©WF©n' Esg®bBnÏeTIbekItkUnrYc edIr
edayeCIgnS®KYsareTAedkJs´®B BwgdICaE®K BwgemXCadMbUl kMBugbn†
knʨyK~as¬ab' bN†almkBIQWKµanf~S bN†almkBIdac'eJH bN†almkBI
Gs'sgÙwmk*sm¬ab'x¬Án .
eq¬øteBlclaclenH GgkarEbrCabJÇËnevotkugEdlecHPasaExµr Ca
®kum@cUlmkkan'®sukExµr . ®kumx¬HedIr®bmUlGaNikCnyYn EdlmanTI
lMenAenA®sukExµr [te®mobCYreLIgLannigcuHTUk manTMnukbMrugVyTwk
y"ag®Kb'®Kan' rYcdwknSykeTAlak'Tuk‰®sukyYn mancMnYnCag2Esnnak'
TuksMrab'vaEk´q~bn¬MeFI√CaExµreTAGnaKt .
cMENk‰®kumepßgeTotedIr®bmUlLanFM@ TUkFM@ seN†agCamYyka
NUt rYc®bmUl®TB¥sm∫ti†nKrExµrTSgGs' erobeLIgLan erobcuHTUk dwk
nSecjCahUrEhreTAkan'®beTsyYn .
k∫ÁnLanTSgLayenaHdwkEteBlyb' cMENkk∫ÁnTUkFM@ seN†agCa
GgkarCanrNa ? 238

mYykaNUtebIkbr TSg´f©TSgyb' .
k~¨gry :eeBl3q~S ®TB¥sm∫ti†®beTsExµr®tUvyYnhaNUyCaevotkug
®bmUldwkb¬n'dwknSecjGs'rlIg . cUlq~S1978 GgkarbJÇa[ruHerIvILaeFI√
BIe®KOgeQI . elaktaniyaydl'®twmenH k*elIk´dcg̨lkMeTc≤dΩpÊHvILa
rbs'yayeTog ®BmTSgeFI√GtƒaFib∫aybg˙ajCaåTahrN_ fadUcCapÊHvILa
rbs'bgeTogCaedIm nigpÊHvILae®KOgeQIsg'siƒtenAPUmie®kayvt†rMdYlCa
e®cInrye®KOg ®tUvruHerI rYc®bmUlbJç¨HTUkEdlQb'ctCahUrEhrenAdgsÊw
gsEg˚rmuxvt†rMdYl cab'tSgBIExkum∏:q~S1978nigbn†@mk . ®kumruHerIpÊHTSg
enaH nigG~kTTYlxus®tUvk∫ÁnTUk KWyYnTSgGs' .
cugq~S1977 nigk~¨gq~S1978 GgkarbJÇa[®bCaCnExµr edIr®bmUltu
eCIgm"a nigTUrk~¨gsalaeronnana bJç¨Hk~¨gTUkFM@seN†agCamYykaNUtEd
lQb'ctCahUrEhrmuxmnIÊreBT¥FMVt'dMbg dwknSecjCacugbegI˙y G~k
TTYlxus®tUvk∫ÁnTSgenaH k*suTÏEtyYnTSgGs'Edr .
elaktaGagbJÇak'fa manerOgmYyKYr[cEm¬kNas' KWk~¨gExemsaq~S
1978 bgkarbJÇa[®kumXatkrGaf·kMVMgsm¬ab'GaNikCnyYn EdlBYn
lak'x¬ÁnenAk~¨g®sukExµrvij . ædUec~HyayKk'sMusYrkat'elaktaGagfa –
- ehtuem†ck*sm¬ab'yYn ebIeyIgsni~dΩanfa GgkarGnamikCayYnenaH ?
- enHCakll∫icqıinEP~kbiun®bsb'y"agGsçar¥ . GgkareKarBtamJ-
k¥mYyX¬a KWTukmincMeNjdkecjminxat BIe®JHyYnFunenHCayYnecal
emßøt min®BmeTAtamevotkug . dUec~HGgkar®tUvEtsm¬ab'ecal edIm∫IbEg√g
niglb'dan bMP&n†mtiraÂs†Exµr Ggkarsm¬ab'TSgExµr sm¬ab'TSgyYn . m"¥ag
eTotykelsedIm∫IyYnhaNUybJÇËnbUdUycUlmklukluy®beTskmı¨
Ca . eBlsm¬ab'GaNikCnyYnenH Ggkar´lbn¬Msm¬ab'TSgExµrkmı¨Cae®ka
mTSgcas'TSgekµgTSg®sI ecaTfaCabN†ajrbs'yYn .
karBitGgkarykcit†Tukdak'tamdanExµrkmı¨Cae®kamCanicç BIe®JHGg-
karsal'CMerAcit†´nraÂs†Exµrkmı¨Cae®kam EdlnS®KYsarrt'ecalTwkdIkmı¨Ca
e®kamTuk[yYn ehIymk®CksMNak'enAkmı¨CakN†al . ®Kb'@rUbnSmk
nUvesckI†QWcab'KMnMusgswkcMeJHyYn EdlCasasn´_ ®B´pß CaemXatkr
Caecarb¬n'TwkdI Caecarsm¬ab'Catisasn_ dUcCatSgBI´f©TI21åsPa1949
yYnelbTwkdIkmı¨Cae®kamCaelIkTI2 . yYnhflanbMJnc∫ab'Gn†rCati yYn
®bkasfa Exµrkmı¨Cae®kamcMnYn4lannak'EdlCamças'TwkdI CaCatiyYnTSg
GgkarCanrNa ? 239

Gs' eTaHK~aminecHPasayYnmYym"at'k*eday . GMeBIGyuti†Fm·enHj¨Sg[ra-

Âs†Exµrkmı¨Cae®kamEdlmanmeF¥aVyrt' k*nS®KYsarrt'eKccakecjBIk-
N†ab'´decarb¬n'TwkdI ecarb¬n'Catisasn_ yk®Ckrs'enAkmı¨CakN†al edI
m∫Irkßa[Kg'vg'BUCGMbUrCaCatiExµrdEdl .
Ggkaryl'CMerAcit†raÂs†Exµrkmı¨Cae®kam EdlePosx¬Ánmk®CkenAkmı¨-
CakN†al ebIeBlNaeXIjyYnhaNUyCaevotkug cUlmklukluy®b
eTskmı¨Ca muxCaExµre®kamTSgenaHe®kAeLIgcg̨lmuxyYnhaNUyCaevot
kug E®skecaTP¬am enHCaGgkarGnamik enHCaemXatkr . muxCaExµrkmı¨Ca
e®kamyl'fa vibti†k~¨g®beTsExµr bN†al[raÂs†Exµr®tUvs¬ab'Cae®cInlan
nak'minTMngenH KWyYnhaNUybn¬MEk´q~edIm∫Ielb®beTskmı¨Ca bJçËlk~¨g
sgB&nÏ≤NÎËcineTetI ! . BIe®JHraÂs†Exµrkmı¨Cae®kamsal'c∫as'es~øtrb-
s'yYnhaNUy vabiun®bsb'e®bIl∫ickl manCabÂJças'manCabeN†ay
KW´dmYyGEgÌl ´dmYyeTotsMBg swgKµansasnN
_ aenAelIBiPBelakeFI√
VndUcvaeLIy . e®JHExµrkmı¨Cae®kam®tUvTTYlrge®KaHCae®cInelIke®cIn
sardUcCaCMnan' « kMBb'EtGug », CMnan' « elakåkj"asWn-Kuy », CMnan' «
yYnevotmij®bmUlExµrkmı¨Cae®kamdutk~¨gC®guk®sUv » dUec~HExµrkmı¨Cae®kam
mineCOdac'xatfa « bUdUycit†lÌsµ&®Kcit†mkgab'CYyExµreLIy » .
Ggkaryl'fa Exµrkmı¨Cae®kamTSgLayenaH muxCamin{b´denAes©øm
minE®skGrKuNyYndUcbgbÌËnExµrx¬HenAkmı¨CakN†aleLIy . mUlehtu
enH edIm∫IecosvagkMu[manåbs&KrarSgdl'yYnhaNUyCaevotkug Ggkar
eFI√Ca®cLMsm¬ab'raÂs†Exµrkmı¨Cae®kamvIvk' ecaTfaCayYn ecaTfaCabN†aj
rbs'yYn .
ehtukarNE_ dlelaktaGagxM®sav®Cav rYceFI√GtƒaFib∫ayEvkEjkCa
hUrEhrmkenH GacbJÇak'bg˙aj[ExµreyIgyl'fa GgkarGnamiknigyYn
haNUymanEpnkar®JgTukCae®sc@ KWk~¨grbbrbs'Ggkar etIyYn®tUv
eFI√GI√bn†eTAeTot ? . minEmnåb∫ti†ehtu´n®beTsExµrekItmaneLIgeday´c
dn¥eLIy .
elaktaGagbJÇak'eTotfa yYnhaNUycUlmklukluy®beTsExµr
CaelIkTI3 enA´f©TI7mkra1979 KWvamkCMnYsGgkarGnamiky"agBit®Vkd
. emIlcuH ! bUdUykMBugebIkbrLanedIr®bmUleyaFaExµr®khmekµg@ Edl
Ggkarlt'dMdl'kMBUlrYcehIy nig®bmUl®kumExµr®khmnirtI nSykmkbM-
GgkarCanrNa ? 240

Jk'GavuF[eLIgvij . b"uEn†minTan'[®Vk'ExenAeLIyeT KW´q~®bDit®kumenH

[eTACaecarsin BIe®JHeBlenaHmaseB®Cmant´m¬eLIgvij TMnijnanak*
lk'TijedayesrIeLIgvij KWTijEtnwgmas . dUec~HCMruj®kumenH[k¬ay
eTACaXatkrmYyelIkeTot . es~øtenHKWCaes~øtvayTwkkMcay®tI . es~øt
enH®besIrNas' yYnhaNUyCaevotmije®bIes~øtenHkMcayExµrkmı¨Ca-
e®kammYyelIkehIy cab'BIq~S1945dl'q~S1954 . kaleNaHyYnhaNU
yCaevotmijxIç´dyYnxagt∫Ëg [sm¬ab'kMcay b¬n'dutpÊH j¨Sg[raÂs†Exµrk
mı¨Cae®kamG~kecHdwg G~kmanmeF¥aVy ®tUvEtbg≈Mcit†nS®KYsarrt'ecalTwkdI
Caekr†m
i_ rtkTuk[yYn@enAKreTAehIy .
≤LËves~øtdEdlenH KWyYnhaNUyCaevotNamdEdlkMBugnSyk
mksab®BYsJseBjk~¨g®beTsExµr . b"uEn†vae®bIkll∫ic®beyal KWta
mExßry:GtItExµr®khmCaExµrGay"grbs'vae®bIes~øtecar . mUlehtuenH
®bCaBlrdΩExµrCamças'TwkdIkmı¨CaBit@ Gs'sgÙwmKµanTIBwg ®tUvEtbg≈Mcit†nS
®KYsarEdlesssl'enArs'bn†icbn†Ác edIrecjecal®beTskmı¨CaCahUr
Ehr eVHbg'dICaekr†m
i_ rtkTuk[yYnenAmYynKreTot . cMENkyYnhaNU
yvasm©Mes©øm vaxIç´dExµrGay"gCaecar[kMeTcExµrsincuH . eq¬øteBlenH va
Caecary"agecjmux .
- emIlcuH ! vakMBug®bmUl®TB¥sm∫ti†Exµr elIkdak'LandwknSecjeTA
kan'®beTsyYnCahUrEhredayesrI . srubesckI† yYnhaNUyCas®tUv
sYrBUC´nCatiExµreyIg Cae®cInstvtßmkehIy . vae®bI®Kb'kll∫icsm¬a
b'bMputBUCExµr ! vae®bI®Kb'kll∫icedIm∫IkMcayExµr[rt'ecalTwkdI ! b"uEn†ma
t'rbs'vaE®skbEg√gdan bMP&n†mtiraÂs†Exµr bMP&n†mtiGn†rCatifa bUdUysµ&®K
cit†bUCaQam®ss'sac'®ss'cUlmkCYyExµr . karBitvacUlmkmYyelIk @
vaxMj¨Hjg'bMEbkbMVk'Exµr vabegI˚tExµrfIµ KWExµrGay"grbs'vadUcCa –
- sWn-g"ukmij
- TU-samut
- b"ul-Bt
- ehg-sMrin
- Ca-sIumCaedIm nSykmkCMnYsExµreyIgCamças'TwkdIkmı¨CaBit@ . ®K
b'@åbkrNv_ asm©Mlak'Bute®kayx~gExµrGay"grbs'va rg'cS{kaslÌmkd-

l' eTIbvaQanmYyCMhan@e®kakeLIgkMeTcExµrVny"agsÌatvalak'muxVn
GgkarCanrNa ? 241

y"agCitdEdl . åTahrNd
_ UcCa vae®bIEteQµaHGgkar vaGacsm¬ab'®bCa-
BlrdΩExµrs¬Ët®tg' CaBiessG~kecHdwgcMnYn3lannak' .
luHcUlq~S1979 ®beTskmı¨CacMhF¬¨g yYnhaNUyedIrr"uycUlmklu
kluyratt∫at®beTskmı¨Cay"ageBjmuxeFI√®BegIy .
cMENkemdwknSExµr®Kb'@bkßbHknʨy®cUg eVlrt'ykrYcx¬Án b"uNˆwg
eTAehIyminTan'P∆ak'rlwkeTot . cMENkraÂs†Exµrrt'eKcbIkN†ab'´drbs'
Ggkar EbrCacUlcMkN†ab'´dbUdUy®tUvbUdUycg̨lmuxsML¨t sYrrkb"ul-
Bt EdlraÂs†ExµrminEdlsal'Tal'EtesaHenaHeTAvij . emIlcuH ! sÂga
mk~¨g®beTskmı¨CaEsnggitGnÏka j¨Sg[®beTskmı¨CarlayeTACaepHeTA
ehIy minTan'dwgfaG~kNac∫SgCamYyG~kNa ? . mUlehtuenH eTIbxM∆¨xM
®sav®CavTal'EtrkeXIjGMBIlk≈N:´nsÂgamk~¨g®beTskmı¨Ca . KWsÂga
mrvagyYnnigExµr ! .
eBlenaHra"dasMusYrbJÇak'elaktaGagfa –
- ebIGJçwgGgkar KWyYnhaNUy… ?
elaktagk'k∫albg˙ajkayvikarfa GJçwgEmn ! .
ra"dasMusYrelaktaeTotfa –
- cuHerOgyYnykk∫alExµreFI√CaeCIg®kandSEt[GugenaH etICaerOgBit…
elakta ? .
- sMnYrenH®tUvcit†Kat'Nas' e®JHKat'cg'pßay[kUnecAExµrCMnan'e®ka
ydwgnigsal' nUvGMeBIeXareXArbs'yYncMeJHExµr EdlmansPaBsahav
CagsahaveTAeTot . elaktaelIk´ds†SGEgÌlk∫alra"da ®BmTSgeqI¬yfa
- erOgenHCaerOgBitNas' ! .
Kat'eFI√GtƒaFib∫ayBI®bvti† «kMBubEtGug» [G~kTSgGs'K~as†ab' .
eBlenaH®sI@emm"ayTSgGs'EdlGg¨ys†ab' k*lan'mat'fa –
- { ! BueTÏa@ yYnsm¬ab'ExµrsahavEmn@ ! .
elaktaGagniTanbn†eTAeTotfa luHcugstvtßTI19 KWk~¨gq~S1871 k~¨g
rbbVrSg®Kb'®Kg≤NÎËcin ®sab'EtmanGugyYnm~ak'ecj®bkas3x bg≈M[
Exµrkmı¨Cae®kameKarBtamvaCadac'xat –
xTI1- bg≈M[Exµrkmı¨Cae®kamniyayPasayYn
xTI2- bg≈M[Exµrkmı¨Cae®kames¬økJk'rebobyYn
xTI3- bg≈M[®BHsgÙExµrkmı¨Cae®kamedaHs∫g'cIBrecal ®tUvEtes¬øk
GgkarCanrNa ? 242

exaJk'GavdUcelakyYn . eBlsU®tFm·®tUvvay®tedakk∫al®tIm"uk@ dUc

elakyYn .
kaleNaHraÂs†Exµrkmı¨Cae®kam k*claclek†A®khay nwg®bkasCa
c∫ab'´®B´pßrMelaPsiTiÏmnusßenH . kMBugGs'sgÙwm ®sab'EtTTYldMNwg
fa manvir:bursExµrm~ak' eQµaHåkj"asWn-Kuy CaecAh√ayext†ext†®tavij-
®BH®tJMg kMBugcUleTAtva"®bqSgCMTas'CamYyGugyYnd*G®biy Edlecj
®bkasenH .
k~¨geBlelakåkj"asWn-KuycUleTAtva"nwgva GugyYnG®biyesIcr-
lak'dUcykß ®BmtSgsYrtby"ag®BehInfa –
- etIelakåkj"asµ&®Kcit†ykCIvitrbs'elak eTAb†Ërnwglk≈&NTSgbI
enH…eT ? .
vir:bursExµreyIgk*esIc esIcehIyesIceTot KWesIccMGktb[GugyY
nenaHvij rYcelIk´dTH®TUgeqI¬ytby"agxI¬fa –
- suxcit† ! .
GugyYnP∆ak' ! vak*niyayTUrelxeTAsMueyabl'BIGKeTsaPiVl≤NÎË
cin®bcSkarenAhaNUy CaBiessvasMuGnuJÔatkat'k∫alelakåkj"asWn-
Kuy .
elakåkj"asWn-Kuy Cavir:bursExµrd*k¬ahaneFI√Blikmµb†ËrCIvitrbs'
elaknwglk≈&NTSgbIxrbs'yYn edIm∫IrkßaExµrkmı¨Cae®kam[enACaExµr TSg
Pasa TSgTMenomTMlab' TSgvb∫Fm· CaBiess®BHBuTÏsasna .
eBlenaHmhavir:bursExµreyIg sMuGnuJÔatBIGugyYnerobcMVy nMcMNI
nigEp¬eQI®Kb'mux mancMnYn5sık dMkl'f√ay®Kb'TisTSg8 rYcelakcab'
epI†mBiFIbYgsYg åTiÊsf√aydl'eTvta sMuelakeFI√CasakßIdl'x¬Ánrbs'ela
khflaneFI√Blikmµ ykCIvitrbs'elakdUrnwgxTSgbIrbs'GugyYnenaH . b"uEn†
munnwg®VrB√BiFIbYgsYg elakE®sk®bkashamkUnecAExµrkmı¨Cae®kam min
[erobkarCamYyyYnCadac'xat . elakTUnµankUnecAExµrCMnan'e®kay –
- [xMksagvt† .
- ®tUveKarBs†ab'bgab'®BHsgÙ EdlCa®KUedIm .
elaksal'c∫as'nUvÚsKl'Exµr TMenomTMlab' Gar¥Fm· nigvb∫Fm·Exµr.
- ®BHsgÙ®tUvxMeKarBvin&y .
- ®sI@®tUvecHeKarB®kit¥®km®b´BNIExµr .
GgkarCanrNa ? 243

elakåkj"arMlwkTUnµandas'etOnkUnecAExµrkmı¨Cae®kamfa –
- GavuFd*muts&ki†siTiÏEdlGackarJrCatiVn KWExµr®tUvecHsamKIK~aBit @
®tUvecHrYbrYmcgVc'K~a[VnsÌit BYt´dK~aCaF¬¨gmYy ®tUvecHGt'{nK~a eTI
bExµrGacrkßaCatiExµrVnKg'vg'eTAGnaKt .
- KµansasnN
_ a®sLaj'CatiExµrCagExµrx¬Án‰geT ! .
- ebIExµrminecHCYyExµr k*mindwgCasgÙwmelIsasnN
_ a[eKmkCYy
ExµrVneLIy .
- cUrkMueCO kMuTukcit†sasnd
_ ´T[esaH .
luHmhavir:burssWn-KuyTUnµanEp†p†SkUnecAExµrkmı¨Cae®kamrYc elakk*
®bkasbYgsYgdl'eTvtaTSg8Tis elakGMJvnavsMup†SepI∆nUvvasnaGnaKt
´nkUnecAExµrkmı¨Cae®kam . elaksMueTvtaCYyEfrkßakarJrkUnecAExµrkmı¨Ca
e®kamNaEdlesµaH®tg'cMeJHCati ecHes~haCati ecHCYyTuk≈Fur:Exµr sUm
kUnecAexµATSgenaHcakputBIe®KaHf~ak'®Kb'Ebby"ag sUm®bkbEtesckI†sux
cMerIn nigGacQ~Hs®tUvTSg8Tis . pʨyeTAvij sUmeTvtap†nÊaeTasy"ag
ƒ©n'dl'ExµrNaEdlk∫t'Exµr .
luH®VrB√BiFIbYgsYgcb'sB√®Kb'ehIy mhavIr :b
burseyIgnwgeXIj
QWcit† GMBIbJ˙akMBb'EtGug GMBIbJ˙ayYnelbTwkdIkmı¨Cae®kamk~¨gq~S1840
enAek†Ahuy@ . ≤LËvx¬Ánrbs'elak®tUvcMNayCIvitdUrnwgc∫ab'´®B´pßrbs'
yYnG®biybIxenHeTot . elakåkj"axwgnwgyYnNas' k*eCrdak'bN†a-
sary"agF©n'@dl'GaecaryYnb¬n'TwkdI CaBiesseCrGaGugyYnG®biyEdl
CaG~kecj®bkasenaH . æeCry"agdUec~aH GugyYnk*edIreTAemIlelakåk-
j"a ®sab'EtsıkTSg8ehaHvwg@®Vv@mkrkk∫alva . GugyYnxwgdac'k∫al
dac'knʨy k*bJÇa[kUnecArbs'vacab'elakåkj"asWn-Kuy®cancUlk~¨gm"a
sIunkat'k ( kalxM∆¨enAtUc CItarbs'xM∆¨EdlCanamWunbMerIpÊal'elakåkj"aEtg
Et®Vb'xM∆¨fa m"asIunkat'kenaHtSgenAe®kamedImet~atk~¨gPUmibnÊay®k . b"uEn†
elaktaGagVnGHGagfa m"asIunenaHtSgenAmuxsalaXMuL¨gDwkvij ) Edl
vatSgenAmuxsalaXMuL¨gDwk kN†alTI®kug®BH®tJMg .
e®kayeBlEdlmhavIr:bursExµrkmı¨Cae®kamcaksƒanecaleyIgeTA
®sab'EtmanTUrelxBIGKeTsaPiVl≤NÎËcin eqI¬ytbmkBIhaNUyfa –
- esckI†tva"rbs'elakåkj"asWn-Kuy KWsmrm¥®twm®tUvtamlMnSc∫a
b' dUec~H®tUvEtyl'®BmtamsMu .
GgkarCanrNa ? 244

eBlenaH®sI@TSgGs'lan'mat'fa –
- etIeFI√em†ceTA? ebIGugyYnG®biysm¬ab'elakåkj"aputeTAehIyenaH?
elaktaGagniTanbn† –
- elakGKeTsaPiVl≤NÎËcinmin®BegIykenI†yeT elakrkyuti†Fm·
[Exµrkmı¨Cae®kamEdr KWelaksMerc[cab'GugyYnenaH ®cancUleTAk~¨gm"asIu
ndEdl edIm∫IbUCaviJÔaNk≈nÏvIr:b
bursExµreyIgvij .
GKeTsaPiVl≤NÎËcinGnuJÔat[raÂs†Exµrkmı¨Cae®kam EdlmanlMenA
enAext†®BH®tJMg sƒabnaectiymYymanragbYn®CugesIµ ®CugnimYy@man®b
Evg15Em"®t kMBs'2Em"®t CJÇSgeFI√GMBIfµP~MsiƒtenAk~¨gvt†eJFisalraCkMBg'
®tg'p¬ËvcUlxags†S´d kN†alTI®kug®BH®tJMg edIm∫IdMkl'saksBmhavIr:
bursExµrkmı¨Cae®kameyIg .
enAelIF¬aenaH BuTÏbris&TÏExµrkmı¨Cae®kamEtgEtmkCYbCMuk~¨gmYyq~S2dg
KW´f©Pǘ¨biNÎEsndUnta nigBiFIbuN¥cUlq~SfIµ edIm∫IeKarBBiFIbgߨkUlåTiÊscM
eJHviJÔaNk≈nÏelakåkj"asWn-Kuy .
cab'tSgBIeBlenaHmk Exµrkmı¨Cae®kameKarB®sLaj'nigGrKuNVrSg
y"ag®Cale®CA nigesµaH®tg'´®kElg .
KYrrMlwkeLIgvij emIlcuHCit100q~S Exµrkmı¨Cae®kamenAKg'vg'CaCatiExµr
®BmTSgTTYlesckI†suxsan† KWedaysarVrSgåbtƒm∏karJrk~¨gry:V
VrSg
®Kb'®Kg≤NÎËcin k*dUcCa®h√SgTiB√GacTb'Tl'nUvGMeBI´®B´pßrbs'yYnEdl
B¥ayambMVt'BUCExµrkmı¨Cae®kam . VrSgbegI˚tsalaeronbe®gonPasaExµr
GkßrExµr®Kb'@ext† EdlExµrkmı¨Cae®kamtSgTIlMenA . manbegI˚tGnuviT¥al&
ymYyenAext†kan'efI sMrab'EtkUnExµr .
edIm∫IrMlwknUvåbkarKuNVrSg sisßExµrkmı¨Cae®kamEtgEteronemsU
®tcSmat'dUcteTA –

« kJçaj'eckeGIy elatTMucugs√ay
®sukeyIgsb∫ay edaysarVrSg .
kaledImBiVk e®JHmancMVMg
G~k®sukP&yx¬Sg rt'cUlEt´®B .
tSgBIVnelak cUlmkGa®s&y
Tuk≈esakeraKP&y vinasxçat'xçay .
GgkarCanrNa ? 245

manp¬Ëvmansıan manyanTSgLay
ecjcUlsB√say TSgsB√TMnij .
ykmklk'dUr hUrEhrJseBj
tamcUlcit†Tij sIucukes¬økJk' .
®bdab'®bdar Kµanx√HKµanGak'
TSgmasTSg®Vk' sMbUre®cIneGIy » .
emeronsU®tcSmat'enH mann&yTUlMTUlay CasakßIrMlwkdas'etOnBn¥
l'bg˙aj[kUnecAExµrTUeTAecHP∆ak'rlwk[dwgfa kalBIedImyYne®bI®Kb'm-
eF¥aVysm¬ab'bMputBUCExµry"agsahav . kaleNaHExµreyIgrvl'Etrt'cU
l´®B . bcç¨b∫n~enHenA®beTskmı¨Ca ®tUvrlayeTACaepH ®bCaBlrdΩExµr
rvl'Etrt'ecal®suk rvl'Etrt'ecal´®B bN†almkBIs®tUv . ‰eNHyYn
‰eNaHcin . ≤LËvq~S1992 esom…´fcab'epI†mCas®tUvnwgExµreyIgeTot .
BIe®JHExµreyIgsuPaBsb∫¨rs cUlcit†rs'enAedays©b'es©øm eyIg
minecHelaPln' eyIgminecHbg˚erOgehtunwg®beTsCitxageLIy sUm∫I
EteyIgCaBiessExµrkmı¨Cae®kam rYmrs'CamYyVrSgCit100q~S eyIgminEd
lvivaTCamYyVrSgeLIy GacrkßaTukCamit†lÌeTAvijeTAmkk~¨g®bvti†saÂs†.
pʨyeTAvijyYnQ¬anJn KWyYnvaminenAes©ømeT vaerobcMEpnkar man
TMrg'CardΩaPiVl TukbMrugCae®sc@ cab'tSgBIq~S1945 vadak'KMeragkary"ag
mS ebIeBlNaVrSg®tUvcaj'dkfyecjBI≤NÎËcin yYn®tUvEtelbTwkdI
kmı¨Cae®kamCaelIkTI2P¬am ehIy®sbc∫ab'Gn†rCatieTotpg .
kalenaHyYnevotmijkMBugvayedjVrSg eq¬øteBlclaclenaH va
eq˚øtsm¬ab'kMeTcraÂs†Exµrkmı¨Cae®kam CaBiessG~kecHdwg KWvae®bIes~øtva
yTwkkMcay®tI . ®tUvEmn ! VrSg®tUvcaj' ®tUvdkfyecjBI≤NÎËcinenAEx
sIhaq~S1954 yYnelbTwkdIkmı¨Cae®kamVt'®semal˘˘˘
yYnecjbJÇa[bwTT√arsalaeronCaPasaExµrP¬am . va´llkbMVt'BUC
Exµrkmı¨Cae®kamCadMNak'@ . mundMbUgvabg≈MExµrkmı¨Cae®kamkan'katdak's-
JÇatiCayYnedImkMeNItExµr . k~¨grbbeg√øg-van'FIv rdΩFmµnuJÔ´nsaFarN
rdΩevotNam ®tg'ma®taTI2, 22, 24 nig30 cuH´f©TI1-4-67 sMercTukExµrk
mı¨Cae®kam CaCnCatiPaKtick~¨gshKmevotNam . luHdl'´f©TI8-10-69
rdΩsPa´nsaFarNrdΩevotNamsMercCafIµbMVt'CatiExµr .
vasni`dΩanfaExµrkmı¨Cae®kamTaMgGs'CaCatiyYn !
GgkarCanrNa ? 246

nwkKYr[s†ayTwkdIkmı¨Cae®kamCa´®kElg . nwkKYr[s†ay®bCaBlrdΩ
Exµrkmı¨Cae®kamCa´®kElg . BIq~S1969 tamesckI†®bkaspÊal'mat'rb -
s'eg√øg-van'FIvVn[dwgfa raÂs†Exµrkmı¨Cae®kammancMnYn4,047,500nak' .
esovePAmYymancMNgeCIgfa « Le Viet Nam » sresredayelak
Pierre Richard Feray bJÇak'[dwgfak~¨gq~S1945 raÂs†Exµrkmı¨Cae®kammancM
nYn6,720,000nak' rs'enACMuvijvt†mancMnYn556 . ®BHsgÙmancMnYn25,
000Gg .
nwkeTAKYr[GaeNacGFm·bgbÌËnExµrkmı¨Cae®kamNas' yYnbg≈M[kan'
katCaCatiyYn b"uEn†manmYyPaKe®cInminecHGkßryYn minecHPasayYnTa-
l'EtesaH .
eBlVrSgdkfyecjecalExµrkmı¨Cae®kamBIq~S1954 bgbÌËnExµrkmı¨-
Cae®kameyIgmYyPaKe®cIn yMesaks†ayVrSgCa´®kElg BIe®JHdwgCamu
nfa muxCa®tUvrge®KaH ®tUvyYnsm¬ab'bMputBUC ®tUvyYneFI√TaruNkmµ dUcBI
stvtßTI19sareLIgvijCaminxan .
Emn ! yYncat'karsm¬ab'eFI√TaruNkmµExµrsahavCagBIstvtßTI19 sa
havCagBICMnan' « ®by&t~kMBb'EtGug » eTAeTot .
åTahrNv_ ae®bIEteQµaHGgkarGnamik va´q~®beTskmı¨CamYyTSgmUl
[k¬ayeTACaKMnrqÌwgCaKMnrepH eyIgVneXIjpÊal'nwgEP~k .
cMENkbgbÌËnExµrkmı¨Cae®kam ®tUvVt'sJÇati eTaHyYnmane®boby"a
gNak*eday bgbÌËnExµrkmı¨Cae®kamenAEteKarBtambN†Srbs'vir:burssWn
KuyCanicç . eKsamKIy"agrmYt eKkan'VnxÇab'xÇÁnnUvTMenomTMlab'Exµr nig
®BHBuTÏsasna . ®Kb'@BiFIbuN¥®b´BNI eKnS®KYsareTACYbCMuK~ak~¨gvt†TSg
®busTSg®sI TSgcas'TSgekµg rYmK~asU®tFm·rYcs†ab'Fm·eTsna . ral'@
´f©sil cas'@TSgtaTSgyay eTACYbCMuK~ak~¨gvt† sU®tFm·sMusil rYcsMran
k~¨gvt†mYyyb' . yuvCnExµrkmı¨Cae®kamPaKe®cIn munnwgerobGaJhB
_ iJh_
EtgEtbYsCa®BHsgÙy"agticmYyvsßasin edIm∫IeronGkßr ®b´BNITMeno
mTMlab'ExµrBI®BHsgÙcas'TMu . åTahrNb
_ g®TI nigbÌËnKwm-c&nÊ munnwg
bn†viCÇa k*VnbYsCasgÙm~ak'@Vn2vsßaEdr . raÂs†Exµrkmı¨Cae®kamniya-
yEtPasaExµr PaKe®cInerobkarbI†®bBnÏEtCamYyExµrtam®b´BNITMenomTM-
lab'ExµrCanicç .
elaktaGagniTandl'vKenH ®sI@TSg14nak'k*lan'mat'®Kb'K~a®besIr
GgkarCanrNa ? 247

Emn@ . emIlcuH ! yYnekobsg˚t'Cit200q~SeTAehIy edaysarExµrkmı¨Ca

e®kamecHsamKI k*GacrkßaPasanigTMenomTMlab'VnKg'vg'dEdl . cMEN
kbgbÌËnExµrkmı¨CakN†aleyIgdUcCa®CayTn'lÌËkem"¬H . man®bus@x¬HlH
bg'®bBnÏCatiExµrrbs'x¬Án eTAyk®sIyYn - ehIycMENk‰®sI@Exµrx¬Hk*
®sab'Etelatep¬aHeTAykbI†yYneTAvijk*manEdr manåTahrN_ ®bBnÏGtIt
tMNagraÂs†m~ak'CaedIm˘˘˘
etIGnaKtExµrFunenaHnwgk¬ayeTACaCatiGI√eTA ?
Ggra"sMusYrelaktaGagfa –
- ehtuem†cyYnhaNUy®bmUlekµg@e®cInem¬"H ? xM∆¨dwgfavadwknSyk
eTAhaNUye®cInmWunrYcehIy .
elaktaeFI√muxs©ÁteqI¬yfa –
- xM∆¨VneXIjpÊal'EP~k eXIjbUdUyebIkbrLan edIr®bmUlkUnExµrkM®J
GayuBI8dl'14q~S dak'eQµaHfa « ®kumkumarsgQam » ( e®kaymkE®b
eQµaHfa « ®kumkumarQanmux » eTAvij . enA´f©TI24-11-84 hflun-Esn
®bkas®Vb'G~kkaEstbreTsfa ®kumkumarQanmuxmanTSgGs'BIrEsn
nak' . sUmbJÇak'fa mkdl'sB√´f©enH BYkekµg@TSgGs'enaHmanGayuc-
en¬aHBI35eTA50q~SehIy ehIymYyPaKFMkMBugeFI√karenAk~¨gCYrraCrdΩaPiVl
Exµr nigenAk~¨gCYrkgeyaFBlexmrPUmi ) dwknSecjBI®beTsExµr ykeTA
kan'haNUy . sB√´f©®KUbg˙at'be®gon®kumkumarsgQamBIsUn¥eLIgeTA
KWsuTÏeTCayYnhaNUyTSgGs' . CaBiessvaxMbMeJkeKalCMhr dMNak'
karCadMbUg®tUvsgswkcMeJHExµr®khm vabiun®bsb'j¨Hjg'bg˙ajPaBCak'
Es†g EdlkumarTSgenaH®tUvTTYlTaruNkmµrYcehIy . yYnhaNUyrMÆk
hUrEhrbN†¨HKMnitsgswkenH[kb'cUly"age®CA[Cab'Canicçk~¨gebHdUg .
ral'@eBlVy®Bwk-l©ac vabegI˚tsMnYrfa –
- etInrNaCamit† ?
- etInrNaCas®tUvsm¬ab'“Em"va ? .
dUec~HkumarsgQamTSgenaH®tUvEtyl'®cLMy"agF©n' muxEtdMkl'dMekI
gnigeKarByYnCamit† CaG~kmanKuN ehIyc∫as'CasgswkExµr®khmCMnY
syYnhaNUyCaminxan .
vabegI˚tkll∫icj¨Hjg' manCaåTahrNd
_ UcteTA –
- ®Kb'@eBl yYnhaNUysMrSge®CIserIskumarkM®J EdlmanmUl-
GgkarCanrNa ? 248

dΩansiƒtenAk~¨gbrievNGtItviT¥al&y®BHmunIvgß (Vt'dMbg) Vn®twm®tUvta

mlk≈N:eehIy k*bgab'[t®mobCYreLIgLan .
k∫ÁnLankam"∆¨gTSgenaH man5…6e®KOg Qb'sMctenAtambeN†ayp¬Ëv
elx2 xagekItviT¥al&y rYcebIkbreTAkan'p¬ËvCatielx5 q¬gtamsıanfµfIµ .
luHk∫ÁnLanTSgenaHbreTAdl'valEbkcan yYnhaNUybJŒb'k∫ÁnLan
rYcbJÇa[kumarkMst'TSgGs'cuHBILan rYcte®mobCYredIrtamvaeTAkan'valmY-
y siƒtenAxagekItcMNtGakasyan Edlmanm¬b'edImeQIBIredImFM@ KW
edImGMBilxaglic edImBu®TaxagekIt . enAcMcen¬aHedImeQITSgBIredImenaH
manp~ËrexµacbITnÊwmK~a . ral'@eBl manyYnhaNUym~ak' Gayu®bEhl40
q~S muxsMEb"t ®cmuHkMBit mat'®cbUj Famx¬a sk'kat'xI¬ TabetO mankSePI¬g
xI¬mYyedImenAceg˚H Qrrg'cSenATIenaHCae®sc . eBlkumarQanmuxCae®cI
nrynak'beNI†rK~aeTAdl' yYnenHesIcTTYly"agrak'Tak' niyayeTAkan'
kumarTSgGs'enaHCaPasaExµredaye®bIvak¥s&BÊtamlMnSsm&yGgkarGna
mik . vacab'epI†mj¨Hjg'edayelIk´dcg̨lp~ËrexµacTSg3enaHfa –
- enHCap~Ër®BHsgÙbIGg Edl®tUvExµr®khmvaysm¬ab'kalBI´f©24-
4-75 enAem"ag2resol . ´f©vaysm¬ab'enaH Exµr®khmCIkreN†AbIenH rYc
emFMbJÇadl'mit†Tuyfa –
- cUr‰geTAkan'xÊmxaglic . yYnniyaybeNI†relIk´dcg̨lbeNI†r
eTAkan'xÊm˘˘˘ rYcbn† –
- edIm∫IdwkGaeKabIk∫alykmkcat'kar . eBlenaHmit†Tuyharmat'cMh
ebIkEP~kFM@ q©l'Esnq©l' e®JHx¬ÁnenATIenHminEdl®bTHeXIjeKaTal'Et
esaH . b"uEn†minhflansYredjedalnUvbJ˙adac'Nat'enH .
luHeTAdl' mit†Tuyk*ebIkT√arxÊm . {BueTÏaeGIy ! minEmneKaeT ! KW®BH
sgÙbIGgEdlraÂs†ExµrenAext†Vt'dMbgsal'c∫as' EtgEteKarB®bNib
ti†sni~dΩanTukdUcCa®BHBuTÏ . ®BHsgÙTI1®BHnam b"un-sMPaC Ca®BHemKN
ext†Vt'dMbg . ®BHsgÙTI2man®BHnam Ekv-san CaGnuKNext†Vt'dM-
bg nigCaecAGFikarvt†kMEpg . ®BHsgÙTI3minsal'®BHnam CaGnuKN®su
ksEg˚r . ®BHsgÙCan'xıs'TSgbIGg Cab'cMNgCae®sc . mit†Tuyk*dwk
®BHsgÙTSgbIGgdUcdwkeKaEmn nSmkkan'reN†A . emXatkrsYr®BHsgÙ
tSgbIGgfa –
- etIcgniyaysÌI…eT munnwgs¬ab' ? .
GgkarCanrNa ? 249

eBlenaHmanEt®BHemKNeTEdlenAsl'viJÔaN nigsµartIrwgbwug
elakeqI¬yeFI√®BegIyfa –
- GatµaeCOkmµnigpl G~kNa®b®Bwt† G~kenaH®tUvEtTTYl . EtsMuEtm"¥a
g KWdl'eBlsm¬ab'GatµarYc sMubt's∫g'cIBrdak'elIp~ËrtamsmKYrpg .
emXatkrcit†ykßk*sMrats∫g'BI®BHsgÙTSgbIGg vaysMBgnwgdMbg
sEg˚rTSgbn¬a rYcFak'Tm¬ak'reN†Aerog@x¬Án . s¬ab'…mins¬ab'mindwgeT rYc
ehIyExµr®khmk*kaydIlb'ecaleTA˘˘˘
yYnhaNUyken†Øniyaydl'vKenH k*elIk´dcg̨ledImGMBilnigBu®Ta
®BmTSgbn†karj¨Hjg'fa –
-Exµr®khmk*cgs∫g'cIBrTSgbIPÇab'K~aeFI√CaExß ehIycgTajBIEmkGM-
BileTAEmkBu®Ta Tukecal[x¥l'bk'rMePIyCaEl∫g˘˘˘
luHj¨Hjg'cb'ehIy yYnenHk*sm¬wgkumarG~ks†ab' edayjjwmy"ag
eBjcit†nUvkll∫icj¨Hjg'rbs'va Edlvayl'fasmehtusmpl man
Ps†¨tagCak'Es†g Gacdutcit†kumarkM®JTSgLayenaH [eqHek†AgMCanicç ®tUv
EtsgswkcMeJHExµr®khmCadac'xat .
eBlenaH®kumkumarQanmuxmanTwkmux®bJb'®seJn manx¬HecjTwk
EP~krlIgrelag edaykarQWcab'ex¬acpßa nwkeXIjGMeBIeXareXArbs'Exµr
®khmcab'cg“Em"rbs'x¬ÁnnSykeTAsm¬ab'GJçwgEdr .
KYr[cEm¬kEdr ! cuHehtuy"agdUcem†cVnCayYnhaNUyenHdwgerOgExµr
®khmsm¬ab'®BHsgÙTSgbIGgc∫as'las'em"¬H ? karGFib∫ay®BmTSgka
yvikarEdlvabeJçjmkenH eFI√[eyIgnwksgß&yfa enAeBleFI√Xat®BH
sgÙTSgbIGg c∫as'CamanvaenATIenaHEdrehIyemIleTA ? e®JHenA´f©TI24
-4-75 Kµan®bCaCnfIµNaGacedIrkat'valcMNtGakasyanvalEbkcan
VneT ! dUec~HExµreyIg®tUvEtelIkykmk®tiHriHrkehtupl .
es~øtenHCaFatuePI¬g man≤TiÏBld*s&ki†siTiÏ GacdutkMedA[eqHgMCanicç
kb'y"age®CAk~¨gebHdUgkumakM®J . dUec~HBI´f©enHeTA [EtæeQµaHExµr®khm
kumarQanmux®tUvEtkMeTcecalP¬am .
maneBlx¬HvadwkkumarTSgenaHeTAbg˙ajk∫alexµacrab'Jn'…dl'mWun Ed
lvaKas'erobtSgCae®sc . luHbg˙ajnigj¨Hjg'rYcehIy vak*dwkekµgTSg
enaHeTAkan'TIGaf·kMVMgedayniyayfa vanSykeTAeronenAhaNUy ?!?!
cUlq~S1979P¬am yYnhaNUycab'epI†mbJÇËneyaFaExµr®khm®kumTI3
GgkarCanrNa ? 250

[vil®tLb'mktammUldΩancas'@CahUrEhr JseBj´®B´n®beTsExµr
eLIgvij . eyaFaExµr®khm®kumTI3enH KWCaBYkEdlyYnhaNUyerIssMrS
gecjmkBIBYksÌb'ski†PUminigc®kBti† e®JH®kumTSgenHmankarQWcab' eda
yVneXIjpÊal'EP~k EdlbN†almkBIes†cnigc®kBti† c∫SgdeNI†mGM-
NacK~a eTIb®kumva®tUvkM®J ®tUv®Jt'®Vs'Em"“ x√HTIlMenA . ®kumenHk*dUc
CakUnsisßyYnhaNUyEdr manyYnbeg˙at'be®gonBIsUn¥eLIgeTA eq¬øt{
kasj¨Hjg'EhkhYrbMJk'eKalCMhry"agmutfa ®tUvEtkMeTcski†PUminigc
®kBti† . pʨyeTAvij ®kumeyaFaExµr®khmTI3enH ®tUvEtdwgKuNyYnhaNU
y dUc®kumkumarQanmuxEdr . emdwknS®kumenHsuTÏEtmansJÇatiCayYn
EtvaykeQµaHExµrdak'bn¬MTSgGs' . s†ab'dl'®twmh~wg yayeTogsMusYr
elaktaGagfa –
- ebIGJçwgyYnhaNUy´llk[Exµrmans®tUvrvagK~anigK~a . Vnes
ckI†fa ®kumkumarQanmuxCaG~kkMeTcExµr®khm rI‰®kumExµr®khmTI3 CaG~k
kMeTcExµrski†PUminigExµrc®kBti† [yYnhaNUy .
elaktaGaggk'k∫albJÇak'faBitCaGJçwgEmn . elaktabn†eTAeTot
fa –
- ebIExµreyIgedaH®sayminTan'eBlevlaeT edaybeN†ay[sÂgam
rvag®kumTSgBIrenHpʨHeLIg s®tUvTSgsg≈agmuxCaVj'sm¬ab'K~aTSgggitg
gl' KµanGaNitGasUr edaysarkMhwgeTas:´nkarsgswkpÊal'x¬Ánpg
edayyl'fa®tUvEtkMeTcxµSg edIm∫IrMedaHmatuPUmipg . taGagbn†eTAeTotfa
- bg@eXIjeT yYnhaNUyvaykX¬a bMEbkbMVk'edIm∫I®Kb'®Kg
mkGnuvt†eTotehIy . cUec~HcMeJHvibti†´n®beTskmı¨Ca sUmkMueCOEt®tecok
nigEP~k . eyIg®tUve®bIxYrk∫al®tiHriHBicarNa[Vnditdl' . sPaBxag
e®kArbs'yYnmanlk≈N:Tn'P¬n'eFI√ButcMeJHExµrCanicç . Jk¥buraNmYy
X¬amanEcgmkehIyfa – « esomminecalk∫Án yYnminecalBut Exµrsflut
®TuDminecalEccUv » . edaysarmUlehtuenH eTIbxM∆¨xM®sav®CavedIm∫Idas'
stikUnExµr[P∆ak'rlwkeLIgvij Qb'edklk' Qb'k∫t'K~aeTAvijeTAmk
e®JHxµSgvamuxEtykeBlEdleyIgeQ¬aHkab'cak'K~aenHehIy eq¬øtd-
eNI†mdIkmı¨CakN†al[Gs' . xM∆¨sUmrMlwkbg@eLIgvijfa –
- enAq~S1945 yYnCaevotmijvabJÇËnbUdUycUlmktSgmUldΩanJseB
j´pÊdI´n®beTskmı¨Ca edayykelsfa vasµ&®Kcit†cUlmks¬ab'CYyExµr
GgkarCanrNa ? 251

edjVrSg . EttamkarBit vacUlmkj¨Hjg'bMEbkbMVk'Exµr edIm∫IbegI˚tExµr

evotmij‰eNaHeTAvijeT . etIyYn‰NaEdlsµ&®Kcit†s¬ab'CYsExµrenaH ?
e®JHenA‰kmı¨Cae®kam‰eNaH k~¨geBlEdlvafacUlmkCYyExµr (q~S1945)
K~ava®kumepßg@eTotkMBugEtcat'karvaykab'sm¬ab'bMputBUCExµr[Gs' . Exµr
e®kakeLIgtsflUkab'cak'vavij eFI√[vas¬ab'Vt'bg'CIvity"age®cIn . Exµrkmı¨Ca
e®kamQb'lk'Gg˚r m˙ËbbEn¬ nige®KOgåbePaKnana[evotmij . eXIjdU-
ec~Hvak*p¬as'neyaVy edaye®bIes~øteVk®Vs'vijm†g .
- enAq~S1946 vacab'epI†mbEnƒmGavuFcit†sa®s† KWPaBxage®kAvae®bI≤ri-
yabflÌTn'P¬n' EpÌm®tCak'rvagExµrkmı¨Cae®kam .
- enAedImq~S1947 vasMercbegI˚tsmaKmmit†PaByYn-Exµr-lav . b"uEn†
emdwknSEp~kxagExµrKWyYneg√øg-yuSgemog …sWg-g"ukmij …Gacar¥emon .
elaktaGagniyaymkdl'®twmenH k*Ebrmuxsm¬wgyayeTog®BmTSgniya
yfa sUmbgeTogeFI√CasakßIniyaybn†cuH e®JHkaleNaHKat'CasmaCik
CamYynwgeKEdr .
yayeTogk*cab'EvkEjkbn†fa –
- ExµeenAkmı¨Cae®kamdwgnigyl'fa enHCakll∫iceVk®Vs'rbs'evo
tmijEdr b"uEn†mindwgCaeFI√y"agdUcem†c ebIExµrkmı¨Cae®kamdUcCakUnkM®J ®tUv
Etpßge®Bgsm©Mes©ømeTA . manbgbÌËnG~kecHdwgx¬HhflaneFI√BlikmµcUlCa
smaCiksmaKmmit†PaBExµr-yYn-lavenH edIm∫IrkßaesckI†s©b'es©ømnig
esckI†suxsan†CUnbgbÌËnExµrkmı¨Cae®kam tameBlevlaenaHeTA . b"uEn†®tUv
ecH®bug®by&t~ e®JHebIvaseg˚teXIjsmaCikExµrNa manstism∫CJÔ:
es~haCatiBit@®tUvyYnhaNUyGeJIÇj[eTA «CYyeFI√kar» GgkarelI .
ExµrGP&B√TSgenaH ®tUvVt'x¬ÁnrhUt .
luH´f©TI21-5-49 yYnTTYlC&yCMnHmhaGsçar¥ yYnelbnKrkmı¨Ca
e®kamCaelIkTI2Vt'®semal . cMENk‰smaKmmit†PaByYn-Exµr-lavvi
j k*®tUvrlayedays√&y®bvti† . rI‰Exµrkmı¨Cae®kam EdlCasmaCikrbs'
smaKm EdlVnrYbrYmCamYyevotmijedIm∫IedjVrSg k*®tUvyYnhaNUy
®bmUlnignSeTATuk[s¬ab'ecalqÌwgenA‰haNUy‰eNaHrhUt .
cMENkenA‰kmı¨CakN†al‰eNaHvij hU-CImijk*EbrCabJÇËneg√øg-
yuSgemog Ek¬gCasWg-g"ukmij cat'EtgtSgCae®sc edIm∫Ibn¬MeFI√Ca®bFan
ExµrtsflU . varkßaX¬a smaKmmit†PaByYn-Exµr TukykmkeVkExµrkN†al
GgkarCanrNa ? 252

mYyelIkeTot .
yayeTogniyaymkdl'®twmh~wg k*EbrmktaGagsMu[Kat'bn†karGFi
b∫ayrbs'Kat'teTAeTot . elaktaGagniTanbn† –
- bcç¨b∫n~enHyYnhaNUydEdlE®beQµaHCaevotNam cUlmkluklu
y®beTskmı¨Ca edaycat'karbegI˚tCabnÊan'nUvsmaKmmYyEdlmaneQµaH
fa smaKmmit†PaBkmı¨Ca-evotNam enA´f©TI18-2-79 edIm∫IeVkExµrEmn .
emIlcuH ! k~¨gkaEstnigesckI†Ef¬gkarNn
_ ana vaEtgEte®bIX¬amit†PaB
kmı¨Ca-evotNam@@®cMEdl@ . b"uEn†rebob®Kb'®Kg®tYt®ta yYnhaNUy
minEdleP¬cX¬a «bMEbkbMVk'edIm∫I®Kb'®Kg»enaHeT . vaGnuvt†Vn®twm®tUv
tamX¬aenH edaybMEbkExµrVnCae®cIn®kum vacat'EtgtSgExµrEdlsIueCar
[eLIgCaQ¬bCacarCn edIm∫IesIubykkarN[
_ va . ≤LËvenHmanExµrx¬H@
kMBugEtedIresIubkarNB
_ IExµrK~a‰g eTA[yYnhaNUyeTAvijehIy . BI®kum
mYyeTA®kummYyk*dUec~HEdr ®tUvEtesIubkarNk
_ ~¨g®kump†l'eTA[yYnhaNU-
y˘˘˘
dUec~HX¬aEdlEcgfa «mit†PaBkmı¨Ca-evotNam» enAq~S1979enH k*va
minxusK~aBIX¬a «mit†PaBExµr-yYn-lav» enAq~S1947enaHeT . enH®Kan'Et
CakarlYgelameVkbeJœat EdleKGace®bob®bdUceTAnwgkarGEgÌlx~g
st√Jhn:bJçËlnwmEtb"ueNˆaH .
cab'tSgBI´f©EsÌkenHeTA ExµreyIg®tUvEttamdanseg˚temIlnUvkll∫i
crbs'yYnhaNUy edIm∫I[dwgfa etImanes~øtGIeTotnwgbeJçjmkeVk
Exµr nigmtisklelak edIm∫IelbykTwkdIkmı¨CakN†aleyIgenH [Vn
®sbc∫ab'Gn†rCati . e®JHTwkdI®beTskmı¨Carbs'Exµr mtiBiPBelakTTYl
sal'enAelIEpnTIrYceTAe®sceTAehIy . yYnx¬Ánvak*VnTTYlsal'eday
cuHhtƒelxaelIkicçsn¥asniÏsJÔa®kughßWENv tSgBIExkk˚daq~S1954
mkem"¬H . dUec~HvaminGacelbTwkdIkmı¨CakN†alVngay@dUcnKrkmı¨Ca
e®kameLIy .
≤LËvenH yYnhaNUykMBugEte®bIes~øtecar edaysm¬ab' nigkMcay
ExµrCamças'TwkdIBit@ . es~øtecarenH®besIrNas' e®JHeTaHbIbgbÌËnExµr
NaEdlmincg'rt'ecalTwkdIk*eday k*eBlenH®tUvEtrt'˘˘˘ y"agehacNa
s'k*mYy®KasinEdr˘˘˘
ehIyeyIgk*min®tUveP¬cfa ®BmeBlCamYyK~aenH vakMBugEteq¬q¬abegI˚t
GgkarCanrNa ? 253

ExµrfIµ nSykmkCMnYsExµreyIgEdlcakecal®sukenaHeLIy . karbegI˚t

ExµrfIµEdlyYnhaNUykMBugEteFI√sB√´f©enH manCaPs†¨tagdUcteTA –
®kumTI1- vaebIkLanedIr®bmUlkumarExµrkM®J EdlmanGayucab'BI8eTA
14q~S edIm∫I®bmUldwknSecjBI®beTsExµr eday®Vb'fa nSykeTAeronenA
haNUy .
®kumTI2- KWGaNikCnyYnEdlekItnigmanlMenAenA®beTsExµrBIq~S19
70dl'1971 nig1975 . vaeFI√matuPUminivt†nc
_ Ulmk®sukExµrvijehIy Ed
lmancMnYn3Esnnak' . ekµgEdlekItenACMnan'enaH nwgnSykmkCamYyva
nUvKMnMusgswkcMeJHExµr . e®JHenAsm&yrdΩaPiVlsaFarNrdΩ manVtu-
kmµmYyEdleFI√eLIgedIm∫IvayBYkyYn KWEm"“va . etInrNaCaG~kbegI˚tVtu-
kmµenH ? eyIgKYrEt®tiHriHBicarNaEdr . e®JHfaenA®sukExµreyIg Vtukmµ
mYy@suTÏEtmanG~kdwknScat'EcgeFI√TSgGs' . rI‰G~kEdledIrtamVtukmµ
enaH minTSgdwgfax¬ÁneTANa …eTAeFI√GI√pg˘˘˘
≤LËvGaNikCnyYnTSgenaHbn¬Mdak'eQµaHCaExµr yksJÇatibn¬MCaExµr
TSgGs' ehIyEdlmanmYyPaKsµ&®Kcit†kan'k†ab'eyaFaExµr®khm®kumTI3
EdlsB√´f©enHmantSgmUldΩanenAkEn¬gcas'eLIgvij .
®kumTI3- KW®kumbUdUyEdlmanParkicçmkbMeBjebskkmµenA®sukExµr
®tUveKarBvin&ytamlk≈&Nd*®twm®tUv. m~ak'@®tUveFI√karenA®sukExµrk~¨gry:®®VM
q~S . ebIk~¨gry:®VMq~SenH vaeKarBvin&yminVn®twm®tUveT va®tUvEtenA®suk
Exµrdl'eTA10q~S .ebIk~¨gry:10q~S F¬ak'elxm†geTot BYkbUdUyTSgenaH®tUv
EtenA®sukExµrrhUt˘˘˘ KWvasni~dΩanTukdUcCaExµr . ≤LËvenHyYnhaNUybg≈M
BYkbUdUyGs'TSgenaH [eronsU®tGkßrExµrCadac'xat . BYkbUdUym~ak'@TTY
lkUnesovePAmYyBIGgkarelI man®bEvgbeN†ay13sg'TIEm"®t nigTTwg
9sg'TIEm"®t man104TMB&rTSg®kb . enAelI®kbmanGkßryYn3m"at' –
- eronpÊal'x¬Án ( Hoc ca nhan ) .
k~¨gry:eeBl2´f© ®tUveron®s:nigB¥JÇn:ExµrmYyTMB&r . k~¨gry:®®VM´f©
®tUveron[ecHPasaExµrmYyTMB&r . k~¨gry:b
b"unµan@Ex ®tUveron[cb'mYyesov
ePA100TMB&renH . eroncb'rYcehIy®tUveTAkan'GgkarelI TTYlykkUnesov
ePAfIµ cab'eronsU®tbn†eTAeTot .l.
eBlenaHelaktaGagf©Ërfa –
- bgbÌËnExµreGIy edIm∫IvatTIykTwkdIExµr yYnhaNUye®bIkll∫ic
GgkarCanrNa ? 254

y"aglÌitlÌn' . vamanKuNsm∫ti†®Kb'vis&y vaeKarBvin&yVny"aghµt'ct'

vaeFI√kartamExßry:y
y"ag®twm®tUv vabiunlak'karNV
_ ny"agCit . Ep~kneya
VyvaecHe®bIkll∫icd*eqI~m manbÂJças'manbeN†ay vaniyay®kLic®k
L¨c≤teGonxµas'KµansasnN
_ aenAelIBiPBelakGaceFI√VndUcvaeLIy .
Ep~kkgT&BvamanCag1lank∫al becçkeTsEp~keFI√sÂgam vabiunGb'rM
[Gt'®TS sIuVyrYmval'EckCamYypIÊrnig®tkYnes©arbg'EtGMbil .
Ep~ke®KOgGavuF k~¨gq~S1975 cb'sÂgamP¬am ®beTsyYnmane®KOgs
m∏ar:y
y"age®cInsMebIm –
- kSePI¬g mancMnYn1lan6EsnedIm
- es∫øgGahar mancMnYn13mWunetan
- Lankam"Ƭg mancMnYn4mWun2Jn'
- LandwkT&B mancMnYn1mWun2Jn'
- GavuFkarJrreTHtg' mancMnYn6mWun2Jn'e®KOg
- navacMVMg mancMnYnrab'Jn'e®KOg
- ®BmTSgkV"l'ehaHcMVMgmYycMnYn EdlPaKe®cInCakV"l'ehaH®b-
edjFun®btikmµ .
emIlcuH ! yYnmane®KOgcMVMgd*e®cInelIslb' k~¨gcMeNam®beTsTS
gbIenAe®Cay≤NÎËcink~¨gGasIuPaKGeK~ye_ nH . vaman®bCaCne®cInkuHkr
siƒtenAelI´pÊdId*cegÌøtcgÌl' e®kome®kaH≤tCIrCati . mUlehtuenH vamin
Tuk[eyIgVnsuxeLIy .
yYnhaNUyminEmn®Kan'EteVkes†csIhnub"ueNˆaHeT vaGacbEg√g
danbMP&n†mtiBiPBelak mtiGn†rCati[yl'®cLMfa sÂgamk~¨g®beTsExµr KW
Exµr®khmsm¬ab'Exµr . cMENkraÂs†ExµrEdl®tUvTTYlrge®KaH k*VneXI
jnwgEP~kdUec~HEdr . yayeTogsMubJÇak'fa Kat'VneXIjpÊal'nwgEP~k Exµr
®khmnS®kumXatkrGaf·kMVMgcUlmkcab'cgbI†rbs'Kat' nigbgbÌËnExµrenA
kg´®Bs√ay nSykeTAsm¬ab'Cabn†bnÊab' luHCitcb'ebskkmµ Ggkarcat'
karsm¬ab'Exµr®khmTSgenaHvijecalexÊc enHCaerOgd*cEm¬kNas' eyIg
CaExµrKYrEtelIkykmk®tiHriHBicarNa .
dUec~H®Kb'@GB∏Ëtehtu ®Kb'@åbkrNn
_ ana ekItmaneLIgminTMngk~¨g®b
eTsExµrenH ebIeyIgExµrecHtamdan rYce®bIxYrk∫al®tiHriHBicarNae®bobeFo
b eyIgGacrkeXIjmuxGgkarGnamikenAkN†alval®sLHeFg KWyYnha
GgkarCanrNa ? 255

NUy .
elaktaGagbJÇak'fa BimßilmijeyIgeF√s®bEhs eyIg®tUvVt'bg'
TwkdIkmı¨Cae®kammYynKreTAehIy . ´f©EsÌkenHebIExµreyIgminecHBn¥l'
K~a[sal'kll∫icyYnhaNUy ebIeyIgminP∆ak'rlwksʨHe®kakeLIgrYbrYm
samKIcgVc'K~aCaF¬¨gmYy [Vnrh&sTan'eBlevlaeTenaH ®by&t~ ! eyI
gnwgVt'bg'TwkdIkmı¨CakN†almYynKreTotCaminxan . sB√´f©EdleyIg
enAsl'degI˙mp†wk@ KWedaysarBiPBelakCYykarJreyIg . cuHebIeyIgb
EN†tbeN†ay[Gn†rCati …BiPBelakyl'®cLMTTYlsal'ExµrEk¬gk¬ay
EdlyYnhaNUykMBugbegI˚tenaH eBlenaHeyIgExµrBit@®tUvEtputBUC
ehIy˘˘˘

❑ ❑
❑

enAyb'´f©TI24 emsa 1979, enAk~¨g®kumyayeTogKµannrNam~ak'edk

lk'eT . ®Kb'@rUbeTIbnwgmanvasnaVns†ab' VndwgfayYnvae®bIEtkl
l∫i c vaGacelbnKrkmı ¨ Cae®kammY yVny" aggay ≤LË vyY ndEdlkM Bu g
®bmUllkl∫icenaHykmkGnuvt† edIm∫IvatTIyknKrkmı¨CakN†almYyeTo
t . BYkeyIgeTIbEtyl'GMBIlk≈N:sÂgamk~¨g®sukExµrenAeBlenHeT . KW
sÂgamrvagyYnnigExµr .
em"ag9 ´f©TI25 emsa 1979 elaktaGagsMulayayeTogeTAkan'bnÊa
yGMBil . elaktacg'bMerIrNsirßNamYyedIm∫IkMeTcyYnrMedaHmatuPUmik-
mı¨Ca . eBlenaH®sI@emm"ayTSgGs' k*bbYlyayeTogeTAtamelaktaGa
g . BIe®JHeBlenaHeKcayEtmasnigeB®C ebI®sI@TSgGs'enHmanEtexa
GavmYybn¬as'dac'dacCab'nwgx¬Ány"agenH etImanGI√eTATijGg˚r ? .
k~¨gq~S1979 ®bCaBlrdΩExµrkMBugGt'Vy Gt'CMrk ®sab'Etæfa Ggkar
mnusßFm·Gn†rCatiTTUcGg√ryYnnigExµrGay"g sMudwkCMnYyCaes∫øgeTACYy
Exµr b"uEn†yYnvabdiesFmin®BmTTYl erOgenHGsçar¥Nas' . dUec~H®bCaCn
Exµr®tUvEtedIrefIµreCIg BITI®kugVt'dMbgeTAkan'CMrMnanasiƒtenAtambeN†ay
®BMEdnExµr-´f edaymancm©ay100K˘m˘ edIm∫IsMuGg˚rEdlGgkarmnusß
GgkarCanrNa ? 256

Fm·Gn†rCatidak'Tan[ExµrenATIenaH rYcErkmkkan'TI®kugVt'dMbgvij . b"uEn†

BueTÏaeGIy ! manvibti†mYyy"agF©n'eTot KWeBlErkcUlCitdl'PUminimit† k*®tUv
bUdUyEdlQrcSenATIenaHsÊak'b¬n'ykGs'rlIg .
®bCaCnExµrkMBugGs'sgÙwm ®sab'Etæxßwb@K~afa –
- ®tUvEtErkq~SgeTArkGg˚r minVc'eTAErkGg˚rmkrkq~SgeLIy˘˘˘ X¬aenH
KWs®tUvvabegI˚teLIgedIm∫IkMcayExµr . Exµrk*beNI†rK~adUcEhrkzin Erkq~Sg
eTArkGg˚rEmn ! .
cMENkyayeTog eBlmit†@rbs'Kat'bbYlcakecjecalTwkdIkmı¨Ca
Kat'KSgmat'rkJk¥eqI¬ytbswgKµan . Kat'®tUvEt®Jt'®Vs'EbkecjBImit†
@d*kMst'enHCadac'xat . Kat'yMbeNI†r Kat'niyaynUveKalbMNgrbs'
Kat'beNI†r –
TI1- Kat'®tUvenArg'cSdMNwgkUn®bus4nak'eTot tambN†SbI†rbs'Kat'
EdlVnp†SmunnwgGgkarnSykeTAsm¬ab' faebInrNaVnrYcecjBInwmEdk
enH ®tUvEtmkrg'cSCYbCMuK~aenApÊHrbs'eyIgenH .
TI2- xM∆¨VnTTYlbN†SBIbgKwm-gYn®tacfa ebIxM∆¨sl'enArs' ®tUvEttam
danrkesIub[eXIjGMBIlk≈N:´nvibti† EdlekItmaneLIgk~¨g®beTskmı¨Ca
bN†al[vinashinehacex¬acpßaminTMngy"agenH . ebIxM∆¨®sav®CaveTA
rkeXIjdUceyabl'rbs'elak xM∆¨®tUvsresrTukCa®bvti†saÂs† CaemeronsM
rab'kUnExµr CaBiessemdwknSExµrenACMnan'e®kay [Vndwgy"agc∫as'la-
s'fa –
- GgkarGnamikCanrNa ?
- etI®kumXatkrGaf·kMVMgCasasnN
_ a?
mUlehtuenH yayeTogk*sMerccit†®tUvEt®TSenAk~¨g®sukExµr tsflU®sav
®Cav[Vndwgc∫as'CagenHteTAeTot BIåVyklrbs'yYnhaNUy Edl
®sab'EtbeNI†rK~aedIrr"uycUlmkratt∫at®beTsExµry"ag®sYlKµanht'enO
y KµanBiVkeFI√sÂgamy"agenH .
KMeragkarTI1rbs'hU-CImijVnsMercCasƒaBrehIy KW®tUvtamlMnSJ-
k¥TUnµanrbs'ta®bFanTij EdlVnniyayBIyb'´f©TI28 kum∏: 1948fa –
- c∫SgCamYyExµr ebIQ~HVn®Kb'®Kg ebIcaj'eFI√esdΩI EdlkaleNaH
yayeTogGg¨ys†ab'CamYynwgeKEdr . m"¥ageTot®tUvtamlMnSJk¥xßib
exßøvrbs'yYnEdlfa –
GgkarCanrNa ? 257

- ebI‰gmineTAtTl'eFI√cMVMgenAkmı¨CaeT ‰gnwgs¬ab'edaykarGt'X¬an
EtebI‰geTAykVyvasuI ‰gGacenAmansMNagnwgenArs'teTAeTot˘˘˘
yayeTognwkeXIjsB√®Kb'k*®sk'TwkEP~ke®cak@ ®BmTSgra"yrab'®V
b'mit†@rbs'Kat'fa –
-k~¨gmYyCIvitenH xM∆¨®tUvvinas®Jt'®Vs'bgbÌËn®KYsar rgTuk≈evTnarhUt
tSgBIGayu20q~SrhUtmkdl'´f©enH edaysarEtyYnhaNUytamrksm¬ab'
BIe®JHxM∆¨eKcminbMerIva . kaleNaHPaKe®cIn®Jt'rs' .
Et≤LËvenHbN†almkEtBIyYnhaNUydEdl EdllYcbn¬Me®bIeQµaH
GgkarGnamik xM∆¨®tUv®Jt'®Vs'bI†kUn@bÌËn@kµÁy@ ehIyEdlPaKe®cInKW®J
t's¬ab' .
- Kµankartk's¬¨tQWcab'ex¬acpßaGI√CagkareXIjpÊal'EP~k nUv®kumXat-
krEdlmkcab'cgbI†rbs'x¬Án nSykeTAsm¬ab'eLIy ! cMENk®TB¥sm∫ti†
®tUvrlayGs'rlIg xM∆¨sl'EtVt´dTeTCaelIkTI2 .
yayeTogelIk´dbn'®sn'Gs'vtƒ¨s&ki†siTiÏTSgLay sUmCYyENnS
kar®sav®Cavrbs'Kat'[qab'VnsMerc .
Kat'nwkeTAdl'skmµPaBrbs'hIuEt¬ EdleKsal'eBjBiPBelak˘˘˘ Et
hIuEt¬sm¬ab'breTsedIm∫IB®gIk®beTsrbs'x¬Án edIm∫I®tYt®taBiPBelak .
cMENk‰Exµrvij k*®sab'EteKepIÌleBjBiPBelakEdrfa ExµrkacsahavCa
ghIuEt¬eTAeTot .
b"uEn†ebIeyIgBinit¥[hµt'ct'eTA G~kEdlsm¬ab'Exµr CaGgkarGnamik Ca
Exµrl©g'ex¬A Caecar´®B EdlekIteLIgBIkarj¨Hjg' ehIyEdl®tUvXatkr
Gaf·kMVMgsm¬ab'bn†eTAeTot rhUtdl'Gs'sasnE_ xµr enA´f©NamYyCamin
xan . XatkrCaGgkarGnamik KµanrUbKµanrag e®bIyIehaExµr®khm GYtekÌ
gkÌag tSgx¬ÁnCatMNagrbs'Ggkar edIrGeJIÇjPUtkuhk cuc[cM@cMNuc
exßay´nnamWunG~krdΩkarExµr rYc®bmUldwknSykeTAcUlcMkN†alGnÊak'Exß
e®tom´n®kumXatkrGaf·kMVMg [®kumenHVj'sm¬ab'ecalelg@ KµanBiVk
bg≈M KµanBiVkcg˘˘˘ ®Kb'@rUbes¬økJk'‰ksNÏantamyss&ki†sÌat@ « mi
nEmn®satexa edaHGav rYcbÂJçkcUlk~¨gbnÊb'åsµ&n nS[lMVkevTna dUc
hIuEt¬sm¬ab'CatihÇIveLIy » .
k~¨gry:4q~SKt' yayeTogTTYlTaruNkmµk~¨gsƒannrkelakiy . Kat'
q©l'Esnq©l'fa ehtuy"agdUcem†cVanCaExµrEdlCaG~kkan'®BHBuTÏsasna
GgkarCanrNa ? 258

EdlF¬ab'Ets¬Ët®tg' swgminhflanTHmUs…ruypgenaH ®Kan'EtCatMNagGg

karGnamik k*k¬ayeTACaXatkry"agsahavå®kidΩem"¬H ? ehtuy"agdUcem†c
VnCaEbreTAsm¬ab'®BHsgÙEdlx¬ÁnF¬ab'EteKarBesIµ®BHsmµasmı¨TÏ ? eh
tuy"agdUcem†cVnCasm¬ab'bJÔv&n† rYceTAelIkbn†¨bBYkecar´®BeTAvij (?!) .
eKsMKal'eXIjfa enAk~¨gry:eeBl4q~SenaH Ggkarsm¬ab' –
- ExµrsaFarNrdΩ
- Exµr®sLaj'sem†c“ EdlenAk~¨genaHmaneyaFacMnYn4mWunnak',
- Exµr®khm®kumexov-sMpn, enATIbJçb'
- Exµr®khmEdlekItmkBIecar edayKµanCMnMuCMrHGI√eLIy .
« ebIminVneXIjpÊal'EP~k swgmineCO » .
CaTIbJçb' elataGagk*bJÇak'fa GgkarKWyYnhaNUy . yayeTog
nwkeXIjeLIgvij enAeBlEdlKat'eFI√dMeNIrBIvt†s√aymkPUmiGn¬g'kUb bn†
mkdl'Vt'dMbg edaykat'tam®sukemagÚsßI Edlmancm©ay120KILËEm"
®t . Kat'VneXIjekµg@bUdUycMnYn33nak' EdlCakUnyYnhaNUy man
GavuFswgmin®Kb'´d kMBugbeJçjskmµPaBedayesrI . man®kumx¬H®ct'c-
eg˚HQremIlesIccMGk®bmafExµrCae®cInEsnnak' EdledIreTAedIrmkKµan
TisedA manEtexaGavdac'dacmYybn¬as'Cab'nwgx¬Án Vt´dTeT . mUlehtu
TSgGs'enHCaBnW¬GacbJçSgelcecjnUvkll∫icnigneyaVyrbs'yYn
haNUy EdlvatTIykTwkdIkmı¨Ca˘˘˘
luHmanBnW¬x¬H@y"agenH yayeTogk*®Vb'mit†@rbs'Kat'fa –
« xM∆¨mincakecjecal®sukExµrCadac'xat xM∆¨b†ËrCIvitenA®sukExµr xMB¥aya
m®sav®Cav[Vndwgc∫as'elIsBIenHeTAeTot » . enAeBlxM∆¨rkeXIj xM∆¨nwg
sresrTukCa‰ksar CaBiessTukCabN†Sdl'ExµrCMnan'e®kay®Kb'@®s-
Tab' tSgBIemdwknSrhUtdl'kUnExµrTUeTA [VndwgehIynSK~ariHrkmeF¥aV-
yedaH®saye®sac®sg'CatieyIgeLIgvij .
- ®tUvbbYlK~asikßaGMBIneyaVy
- ®tUvbbYlK~a®tiHriHBicarNa edayminbEN†tbeN†ay[caj'eVk≤TiÏ
BlneyaVybreTs mancinnigyYnCaedIm .
- ®tUvecHxµas'eGoncMeJHGMeBIefakTabTSgLay Qb'yl'®cLMeday
≤tBicarNa dUcExµrEdlekIteLIgcMCMnan'es†csIhnu nigemExµr®khmexov
sMpn .
GgkarCanrNa ? 259

- ®tUvyl'fa KµansasnN
_ a®sLaj'ExµrCagExµreLIy .
- ebIExµrminecHCYyExµreT Kµansasnd
_ ´TNaGacmkCYyExµrVneLI-
y (x¬ÁnTIBwgx¬Án …Gt†ahiGt†enanaefa) .
- GavuFd*s&ki†siTiÏx¬Sgk¬aGackarJrCatiVn KWExµr®Kb'rUb ®Kb'mCŒdΩan
®tUvP∆ak'rlwke®kakeLIg rYbrYmK~aedayesµaH®tg' CaBiess®tUvecHlHbg'
ecal[Gs'nUvKMnMupÊal'x¬Án min®tUvniyayrMlwk®cMEdl@ nUvkMhusTSgLa-
yEdlvrCnExµrVn®b®Bwt†xusBImun@enaHeLIy .l.
enAeBlEdlelaktaGags†ab'sMdIGHGagrbs'yayeTogVnmkdl'
®twmh~wg Kat'mankarrMePIbcit†y"agx¬Sg k*elIk´dGEgÌlsµayayeTog ®Bm
TSgniyayfa –
- ®besIrNas' ! ®besIrNas' ! enHCakMnitd*l̉k . xM∆¨sMuKS®Tnig
CUnBrdl'bg sUmeTvtaCYybg[VnsMercnUveKalbMNgd*eqI~menH˘˘˘ xM∆¨
sMuFanaCUn®sI@TSg13nak' ecjdMeNIreTAkan'bnÊayGMBil .
k~¨g{kasEbkK~aCacuge®kayenH ®Kb'@rUbtwg®TUgesIÊre®bH k†¨kk†Álk~¨g
cit† BMuGacrkJk¥eBcn‰
_ NamkBN·na[Gs'esckI†VneLIy . TSgGs'
K~amanEtTwkEP~kCMnYssMdI EdlCasakßI´nesckI†QWcab'ex¬acpßaesaks
e®gg . mit†@d*kMst'TSgGs'k*EbkK~arhUt tSgBIeBlenaHmk .

❑ ❑
❑
GgkarCanrNa ? 260

CMBUkTI21

‹ karrse' nAkg
¨~ rbbyn
Y km
u y
¨µ ns
i †
‹ karcatE' tgtSgCaKj
i sma© t'
‹ edm
I ∫b
I egt
˚I Exrµ fµI bd
U y
U ®tvU eronGkßrExrµ
‹ ecarbn
¬ C
' aelk
I Tm
I y
Y
‹ Cb
Y embd
U y
U eQaµ Hvj
i -Km
i elog ng
i lk
w
‹ CrM «
M km
u arsgQam»
‹ ecarbn
¬ C
' aelk
I TB
I rI
‹ Cb
Y elak fac-' e®TOg ng
i elak Km
w -hrYfl
‹ ecarbn
¬ C
' aelk
I Tb
I I

karrse' nAkg
¨~ rbbyn
Y km
u y
¨µ ns
i †
BI´f©TI25-4-79 dl'´f©TI16-6-80

´f©bn†bnÊab' yayeTogedIremIlcMkarEp¬eQIsiƒtenAPUmie®kayvt†rMdYl
mYy®tYs . Kat'edIrBIvt†rMdYlrhUtdl'vt†eJFivgß Kat'eXIjedImeQIsIuEp¬
®Kb'Funsi√t®kjg'@ ®tUvepI¬geqHex¬acJseBj . cMENkpÊHvILae®KOgeQI
cMnYn300x~g ®tUvruHerIdwknSecjGs'rlIg sl'EtkMeTc≤dÏnigCeNI†rEdl
eFI√BIfµ .
GgkarCanrNa ? 261

eBlenaHyayeTogVnCYbEt®sIemm"aydUcx¬ÁnKat' Edl®tUv®Jt'®V
s'bI†kUn «KW®Jt's¬ab'» sMNak'enAk~¨gkUnxÊmtUc@®bk's¬wkdUg KµanCJÇSg
KµanE®K Gg¨y…edkpÊal'dI . eBlCYbK~aeday´cdn¥enH k*elat{bK~aKSg
mat' harniyayswgminrYc ®Kb'@K~a®KvIk∫almanEtTwkEP~keTCasMnYrnigCa
cemI¬y .
yayeTogsYrsuxTuk≈epßg@k*dwgfa «®KYsarnimYy@mansmaCik10na
k'®tUvs¬ab'y"agtic4nak' . man®KYsarx¬Hsl'enArs'Etm~ak' man®KYsarx¬H
®tUvs¬ab'putBUC . eBlenaHyayeTogk*GYtnwgeKEdr . emIlcuH ! ®KYsarrb
s'xM∆¨8nak' sl'enArs'Et5nak' . ®KYsarbÌËnbegI˚trbs'xM∆¨13nak' sl'enA
rs'7nak' . ®KYsarkµÁyrbs'xM∆¨9nak' sl'enArs'Etm~ak'Kt' . ®KYsarrbs'
bÌËn´f¬xM∆¨4nak' ®tUvs¬ab'putBUC . « xM∆¨sresrCaåTahrNe_ nHcg'bg˙ajfa
ExµreyIg®tUvs¬ab'CagJk'kN†al » . m"¥ageTot G~kesssl'enArs'k*
ePosx¬ÁneTAkan'®beTsTI3 dUcCa®KYsaryayeTogCaedIm Kµansl'nrNa
m~ak'enA®sukExµreT .l. nig .l.
´f©bnÊab'mk yayeTogedIremIlTI®kugVt'dMbgmYy®tYs . Kat'ecjdM
eNIrBIpßarvt†lab edIrvagmnIÊreBT¥FMeTAkan'p¬Ëvelx1 ®sbtambeN†ay
dgsÊwgsEg˚r eTAkan'pßarelI Edlmancm©ayCa4KILËEm"®t rYcKat'®tLb'
vilvij edIrtamp¬Ëvelx3 .
{BueTÏaeGIy ! TI®kugmYyTSgmUlsl'EtsMbk . TI®kugVt'dMbgCaTI
®kugTI2´n®beTskmı¨Ca manbeN†ay®bEvg6KILËEm"®t . cugxageCIgman
pßarmYy KWpßarvt†lab . cugxageCIgmanpßarmYyeTotKWpßarelI . pßarTSg
BIrenH®tUvruHerIGs'rlIg . enAkN†alTI®kug manpÊHpßarsaFarN:mYyy"ag
FM beN†ay®bEvg100Em"®t TTwg®bEhl40Em"®t manf~l'B&TÏCMuvij . ®s
bbeN†ayf~l'enH manhaglk'TMnij®Kb'mux manTSgeragkun nig{sf
dΩanCaedIm . xagt∫ËgpßarFM ®sbtambeN†ayp¬Ëvelx1 elx2 elx2k-
n¬H nigelx3 manhaglk'TMnij®Kb'mux6CYr beN†ay®bEhl500Em"®t
manTSgeragkun eragel≈an nig{sfdΩanCaedImpg . xageCIgpßarmanhag
lk'TMnij®Kb'mux4CYr manTSgeragkun eragel≈an nig{sfdΩanpgEdr .
´f©TI17-4-75 hagTSgenHmanTMnij®Kb'muxeBj@ . ≤LËv´f©TI28-
4-79 em"ag®bEhl11 TI®kugVt'dMbgsl'EtsMbk sUm∫IEtT√arbgÌËc ®tUv
edaHdwknSecjGs'rlIg GacemIleXIjk~¨ghagTSgenaHTeTsÌat . dUec~H
GgkarCanrNa ? 262

bg˙aj[eXIjCak'Es†gfa ®beTsExµr®tUvvinashinehack~¨gry:eBlGg
karTTYlC&yCMnH KWGgkarbMp¬ajexÊcbMp¬ajxIÊTSgGs' . yayeTogedIremI
lbeNI†rrYceFI√sMnYrsYredayq©l'fa etIGgkarGt'rUbGt'ragenHeFI√em†cGacdw
kTMnij®Kb'muxnig®TB¥sm∫ti†epßg@d*e®cInmhima ®BmTSgT√arbgÌÁc tu TU
eCIgm"a E®K CaedImeTAkan'TINa ? .
yayeTogedIreTAdl'pßarFM k*bt'eq√gedItamp¬ËvLaeG ( La Haye ) ®sa
b'EteXIjyaycas'@bYnnak'Gg¨ypÊal'dI {bk∫alCgg'rebobGs'sgÙwm
yayeTogedIrcUleTACYb CMrabsYrsuxTuk≈ .
Y yaym~ak'r"ayr"ab'fa –
- ®kumKat'TSgbYnnak'enH®tUv®Jt'®Vs'®KYsarGs'rlIg k*bbYlK~amk
sMNak'enATIenHCagmYyExehIy e®JHeFI√dMeNIreTAmuxeTotElgrYc . ya
yeTogsYrfa –
etImças'hagTSgLayenaHmanmkkan'TIlMenA…eT ? . yaydEdleqI¬
yeLIgfa –
- manx¬H@Edr PaKe®cIn®sI@˘˘˘ b"uEn†mkdl'eXIjeFI√muxs©Át®KvIk∫al
rYcedIrecjVt'eTA . manG~kx¬HedIrmkdl'P¬am k*cUlk~¨ghagedIm∫ICIkKas'
rkmaseB®CEdlx¬ÁnVnkb'lak'Tuk . cMENkbUdUyvatamX¬SemIlCanicç
eBlG~kTSgenaHecjBIhagmkvij vab¬n'ykGs'rlIg rYcVj'sm¬ab'eca-
lenATIenaHeTA . maneBlx¬Hvacab'cg rYcGarkm†gbni†c@ kMejIjrkmas
eB®C .
åTahrNd
_ Uc®kumrbs'Kat'bYnnak'enH ®tUvbUdUycUlmkcab'cgTSg´f©
vavayeFI√Vby"agTaruN . yaym~ak'xagenHmanmaseB®CmYykJçb'[va
eTIbBYkxM∆¨VnrYcx¬Án b"uEn†CaGkusl vaGarkyaym~ak'‰eNaHmanrbYsy"ag
F©n' niyayminekItedIrminrYc .
m"¥ageTotk~¨gTI®kugKµanGI√TSgGs' KµanGg˚r KµanGus KµanTwk . yay
enHelIk´dcg̨l®BmTSg®Vb'yayeTogfa – « eBldN†Ss¬®tUvEtBuHT√ar
bgÌÁcVk'EbkenaHdut˘˘˘ ®tUvkarTwkk*yYrkUnLSgtUcmYyenaHeTAdgTwksÊwg»
. dUec~H®kumrbs'Kat'TSgbYnnak' Gg¨yrg'cSeBls¬ab'Etb"ueNˆaH .l. nig
.l.
yayeTog®sk'TwkEP~ke®cak@ GaNitdl'yayTSgenaHNas' . Ka
t'nwkf©Ërk~¨gcit†fa – {ExµreGIy ! minkYrF¬ak'dundabdl'f~ak'enHesaH . ®k
GgkarCanrNa ? 263

ehIyT&leTot . KµannrNaGacCYynrNaVneLIy . yayeTogk*sMBH

sMulayayTSgbYnnak'enaH rYcKat'edIreTAemIleragel≈anVk'esg siƒtenA
xageCIgpßarFM EdlevotkugbJÇa[bg˙at'el≈an . eK[eQµaHfa el≈anCati.
®kumenHsMNak'enAEsnrehmrham edkpÊal'fµ KµankenÊl Kµanmug eB-
ldN†Ss¬ ®tUvEtBuHT√ar bgÌÁc tu TUVk'Ebk ®tUvkarTwkk*yYrLSgeTAdgTwk
sÊwgGJçwgEdr . KµannrNaeTAsMNak'enACan'TI2 …TI3eLIy e®JHCakEn¬
gEdleKTuksMrab'CuHenameTAvij . yayeTogedIreTAkan'salEdleKkMBu
gbg˙at'el≈an . Kat'P∆ak'rMePIbP¬wk e®JHenAmuxsalbg˙at'el≈an Kat'eXIj
GMbilEdlhUrehorecjBIe®cInryVvBukkJças' EdlbJÇak'[dwgfa eKV
nlak'TukCayUrq~SmkehIy . yayeTogsYr®sIyYnhaNUyd*ekµgm~ak'
EdlCaG~kTTYlxus®tUv®kumel≈anfa –
- etIVnGMbilBINae®cInem"¬H ?
®sIyYnenaHesIckac'k ®BmTSgeqI¬yEvkEjkfa –
- ®beTsExµrminx√HGMbileT KWExµr®khm®bmUlykmklak'min[®bCa
CnExµrhUbeTetI ! . sB√´f©enH GMbilmane®cInryVv Edlvalak'Tukk~¨g
eragkuneGEdn nigk~¨gC®guksƒitenAEk∫rsƒaniyrfePI¬gCaedIm˘˘˘.

❑ ❑

´f©TI30-4-79 em"ag®bEhl9®Bwk yayeTogeFI√dMeNIreTAeragkuneG

Ednm†geTot . GMbilEdlGgkarcit†eXareXAlak'Tukk~¨gry:eeBl44Ex
bgÌt'min[ExµrsIu k*Vn®tUvyYnhaNUykab'T√ar bg˙ËrecjBIVvkMBukrab'ry
TSgenaHdUcTwkVk'TMnb' [ExµrekIbedayesrI .
« enHCaåTahrNm
_ YyeTot smeTAtamJk¥rbs'taeg√øg-va"n'Tij Ed
lVnBn¥l'nisßitCMnan'TImYy kalBIyb'´f©TI28-2-48 EdleKehAfa
eFI√[Gs'sgÙwmrYcCYy[mansgÙwmeLIgvij ! » .
´f©TI2-5-79 em"ag®bEhl9®Bwk yayeTogcUlkan'salaext†Vt'dM
bgesIubsÊg'rkkareFI√ . eBlenaHelaksWn-daj' ( elaksWn-daj'®tUvyY
ncab'x¬ÁnenAq~S1984 ) CaG~kbkE®bPasayYn-Exµr ®keLkeXIjKat' k*eFI√
GgkarCanrNa ? 264

kayvikar®Vb'yayeTogfa «elaksMuCYbsin» . yayeTogk*edIrecjBICYr

eTAQrEk∫rCJÇSgcSelak . mYysnʨH elakswn-daj'k*edIrmkCYb{bya
yeTogbg˙ËrTwkEP~krlIgrelag rYcxßib®Vb'Kat'fa –
- sUmbgkMudak'Jk¥eFI√kar[esaHNa± ! evotkugkMBugEtesIubrkmuxGtI
tG~krdΩkar ! .
rYcehIyk*ekokkyayeTogbeNI†reTAkan'KMnrGMbil . elakekIbGMbi-
lBIrlI®t®ckfghuc[yayeTog ehIyxßib®Vb'm†geTotfa –
- edIm∫IkMu[yYnvasgß&y sUmbgykGMbilenHeTApÊHvij xM∆¨nwgPrvafa
bg®sIxM∆¨mkrksMuGMbil . niyayVn®twmh~wg elaksWn-daj'k*sMulaya
yeTogecjeTA . eBlenaHyayeTogP∆ak'rMePIbP¬wkm†geTot e®JHeXIj®b
CaraÂs†ExµrCae®cInes¬økJk'dac'r´y"Qrbn†knʨyK~amuxjjwmcSTTYlGM-
eNayGMbilBIyYn .
kll∫icenH®besIrNas' emIlcuH®bCaraÂs†ExµrkMBugEtGs'sgÙwmrg'
cSeBls¬ab' ®sab'EteXIjyYnhaNUymk«CYy»Emn . ®bCaraÂs†ExµrkM
BugEtGt'GMbilsIu ®sab'EtyYnhaNUyykGMbilmkEck[ ?!?! .
mUlehtuenH ®bCaraÂs†ExµrEdlx√HkarBicarNa minVnsikßaneyaV
y[Vnc∫as'las' EbrCaTHKUfGrKuNyYnhaNUyEdlCaemXatkr ni
gCaecarQ¬anJnb¬n'®TB¥sm∫ti†nigTwkdIExµreTAvij . yayeTogQremI-
lkayvikarrbs'yYnlYcGMbilrbs'Exµr ehIykMBugEtykmkEck[Exµr «
dUrykKuN» y"agQWcab' . Kat'®KvIk∫alrYck*vil®tLb'eTAkan'kUnxÊmenA
e®kayvt†rMdYlvij . Kat'tSgcit†nwgnrrwgbwugGt'Fµt' nSkUnTSgBIrnak'kab'Ka
s'dIdSdMNStamFmµta eTaHCaeXIjG~k®sukepIÌlQUqrbbYlK~aedIrcakec-
jecal®sukdUceKEhrkfin KW «Erkq~SgeTArkGg˚r» k*eday .

❑ ❑

enA´f©TI3-5-79 em"ag®bEhl9 manbUdUyekµg@3nak'CayYneh√ kan'

GavuF®Kb'´dedIrBInit¥emIlPUmivt†rMdYl va®keLkeXIjyayeTognigkUn@rb
GgkarCanrNa ? 265

s'Kat'kMBugdSeJt vasgß&yCamças'PUmienH KWCamças'pÊHeTIbmkdl' .

bUdUyTSg3nak'enHk*beNI†rK~aeTABinit¥emIlCeNI†r sÊabGEgÌlCJÇSg
Cafµdusrelag®sil Edlsl'CÂgwgkN†alval manExßepI¬gCab'x√at'Ex√
genAeLIy . vasm¬k'sm¬wgyayeTog®BmTSgniyayK~avafa –
- yayenHmans†¨ks†m∏Nas' Ba nay giau sang lam pÊHenHEbblÌsÌa
tNas' Nha nay tôt dep lam . yayeTogs†ab'ædUec~aH Kat'k*edIreTACYbbU
dUyTSgenaH . Kat'´llkertamx¥l'mYyry:sin rYcehIyk*niyayfa –
- eKarBkUn@, kUn@suxsb∫ayeT… chao con ! con manh gioi ha ? bUdU
ytSgbInak'manGarmµNd
_ UcCaP∆ak' vaebIkEP~kFM@sm¬wgmuxK~amYysnʨH rYcva
sMuGeJIÇjyayeTogeTAGg¨yelICeNI†r . vak*sYrsuxTuk≈ ®BmTSgsYr®bv
ti†rbs'yayeTog CaBiessvacg'dwgfa ehtuem"cyayeTogecHniyayPa
sayYn .
eBlenaHyayeTog´llkPrfa “BukCayYn m†ayCaExµr ( e®JHBIeBl
mun@ Kat'®Vb'bUdUyfaKat'CaCatiyYn, bUdUyTSgLayenHEtgEtbg˙ajGar
mµNc
_ Em¬k@Nas') cMENkbI†rbs'Kat'eQµaHyI-vij®TI CaCatiyYn eTIbG
gkarsm¬ab'ecal . bUdUyæeQµaHenHvaeCO100PaKry eTIbvaniyay®tg'@
Kµanlak'elomfa –
- KYr[s†ayNas'@ ehtuem"†cEm"min®bmUl®KYsarnivt†eTAkan'®beTs
evotNam ? kalBIq~S1975 bUdUy®bmUlGaNikCnyYnVncMnYn2Esnna
k' dwknSeKcykeTATuk®sukyYn .
embU dU yenHeQµ aHeg√ øg-v" an' Ti j Jk' s& ki † 3CaG~ kTTY lxu s®tU venAPU mi
vt†rMdYlenH . vabJÇak'fa eBlNax¬H@EdlbUdUycUlmk®bmUlGaNikCn
yYncMnYnb"unµan@ dwknSykeTAsMNak'enA®beTsevotNam CaBiessext†
Vt'dMbg manbJÇËnGaNikCnyYneTAkan'®beTsevotNamcMnYn3elIk .
k∫ÁnkaNUtseN†agTUkFM@tMerobCYrtamdgsÊwgsEg˚r ®tg'PUmixi√t XMuE®Bk
xÊb' . eg√øg-va"n'Tijsm¬wgmuxyayeTog®BmTSgbJÇak'eTotfa –
- kaleNaHebIEm"nS®KYsarnivt†eTAkan'®beTsevotNam Em"KµanVrm∏
P&yx¬acGI√eT . tamTUktamk∫Án mancat'EcgKNkmµkarerobcMVyTwkCUn .
luHdl'®beTsevotNam GgkarelImancat'EcgTIlMenA[sMNak'CalMda
b'lMeday . cMENkkUn@rbs'Em" GgkarelIbJÇËn[cUleronedayesrItam
Ep~k@ . luHeronecHcb' GgkarelIbJÇËn[mkkan'®beTskmı¨Cavij b"uEn†®tUv
GgkarCanrNa ? 266

E®beQµaHCaExµrTSgGs' .
luHs†ab'eg√øg-va"n'TijBN·nasB√®Kb'cEm¬ky"agenH Kat'k*sYrbJÇak'
fa –
- kUnTij, erOgenHBit… ? .
TijesIcy"agrIkrayehIyk*eqI¬yfa –
- BitNas'Em" ! .
yayeTogk*eqI¬yeLIgfa –
- s†ayNas'@ ! xM∆¨xusGs'rlIg . b"uEn†k~¨gebHdUgKat'QWcab'≤tåb
ma . Kat'nwkk~¨gcit†fa k~¨gry:4
4q~SKt' Kat'eXIjpÊal'EP~k Kat'VnTTYlTaru
KkmµpÊal'x¬Án Ggkarcat'karsm¬ab'ecalP¬am@G~kecHdwg bJÔv&n† ®BHsgÙ
CaCatiExµr . raÂs†ExµrNaEdlminTan'dl'evns¬ab' GgkareFI√TaruNkmµem"c
@k*eday[Etdl's¬ab', raÂs†Exµresssl'enArs' Ggkarc∫ËtykGs'BI
x¬Án m~ak'@sl'EtVt´dTeT .l. nig .l. EtenAeBlenH ! ehtuem"†cGg
karEbrCabJÇËnbUdUymkkan'®beTskmı¨Ca ®bmUlGaNikCnyYndwknSyk
eTAlak'Tuk‰®sukyYnGJçwg ? . GaNikCnyYnTSgLayenaH manLan ma
nTUk mankaNUtCiHy"ag®sYl ®BmTSgmanm˙Ëb Twk sIupwky"ag®Kb'®Kan' .
GJçwgerOgenHcEm¬kNas' enHCaBnW¬elcecjy"agc∫as'fa GgkarKWyYn
haNUyy"agBit®Vkd .
cab'tSgBI´f©enaHmk eg√øg-va"n'TijEtgEtcUlmkkan'kUnxÊmrbs'yay
eTog sMusYresckI†suxTuk≈epßg@ . ´f©mYyTijsMuEtgtSgyayeTogCaKij
Q¬bykkarN_ . eBlenaHyayeTogeFI√Cal©g'sYrvafa etIKijQ¬benHeK
eFI√GI√eTA ? . eg√øg-va"n'TijeBjcit†eqI¬ynwgsMnYrenHNas' . vajjwm®Bm
TSgBn¥l'fa –
- Em"®tUvBinit¥seg˚tykkarN_ rYcp†l'Bt·man[BYkxM∆¨ . GgkarelIrb
s'evotkugcg'dwgfa etI®bCaCnExµrEdlsMNak'enAvt†rMdYl PUmivt†lab etI
BIedImCasIÌ@ CaBiessBYkxM∆¨cg'dwgfa nrNaeFI√karCMnan'es†csIhnu CMnan'
ln'-nl' CaExµr®khm .
Tijsn¥ap†l'eJt Gg˚r [yayeTog . enAeBlenaHKat'mankarVrm∏
Cax¬Sg edayx¬ÁnKat'h~wg‰gk*Camnusßm~ak'EdlGgkarkMBugEtrkmuxEdr .
edIm∫Ipab'cit†yayeTog ski†3evotkugTijykkaEstyYneQµaH «jagywug
» (E®bmkfa ®bCaCn) sresrCaPasayYnmk[Kat'GanCaerogral'eBl .
GgkarCanrNa ? 267

edaysarkaEstenH yayeTogVndwgfa –
- rdΩaPiVl®bCamanitukmı¨CaEdlyYnhaNUy´q~®bDitbegI˚teLIg rYc
cat'EtgtSgehg-sMrin (CaExµrevotmij˘˘˘ BIq~S1970dl'q~S1978 Caemb
JÇakarenAkgBlelx6) CaGKelxaFikarmCŒwmbkßVMgBImuxva EtgEt®V
rB√eFI√mITijd*mehaLarik GbGrsarTrxYbGnusßavrIy´_ f©TI17-4-75 . rdΩa
PiVlGay"gyYnhaNUydMkl'dMekIg´f©TI17-4-75enHfa –
- Ca´f©d*mhaeCaKC&y
- Ca´f©mhaelatep¬aH
- C&yCMnHenA´f©17-4-75 KWCa «bMNg®Vf~ad*TTUc®bkbedayesc
kI†sgÙwm EdleyIgxitxMBuHJredayp†Ërp†ac' pßaCab'y"ags~iTÏsiÌtlµÁtCamY-
yevotNam » .
- buN¥Catirbs'rdΩaPiVlsaFarNrdΩ®bCamanitukmı¨Ca KWbuN¥xYbG
nusßavrIy´_ f©TI3-2-30 KWCa´f©kMeNItrbs'bkßkumµ¨ynis†≤NÎËcin Edlb
egI˚teLIgedayhU-CImij . buN¥enHrdΩaPiVl®bCamanitukmı¨Ca®VrB√eFI√Ca
erogral'q~S .
- mhavifIenAk~¨grdΩFanIP~MeBj EbrCaEkE®bykeQµaHemExµrevotmijmk
dak'eTAvij –
- mhavifInerat†m EkeQµaHCamhavifITU-samut .
- mhavifI®BHmunIvgß EkeQµaHmkCamhavifIGacar¥emon .
- eKeXIjmanp¬ËvhU-CImij, p¬ËveLnIn ekIteLIge®Jg®Jt .
yayeTogGankaEstrYc Kat'Gg¨ysJÇb'sJÇwgnwkeXIjeLIgvijnUv
Jk¥eBcnr_ bs'elakKwm-gYn®tac EdlVnKUsedAbJÇak'fa C&yCMnH´f©TI
17-4-75 KWCaC&yCMnHrbs'GtItExµrevotmij bcç¨b∫n~lYce®bIyIehaExµr®k
hm˘˘˘ minEmnC&yCMnHrbs'bkßExµr®khmExov-sMpneT .
≤LËvenHkaEstja"gywugCaPs†¨tagy"agCak'Es†g EdlbJÇak'nUvJk¥
Bitrbs'eromc∫gm~ak'enH .

❑ ❑
❑

enAeBlenaHs&ki†3yYnhaNUyeg√øg-va"n'TijedIrcUlmkkan'kUnxÊmrb
GgkarCanrNa ? 268

s'yayeTogy"agelOnTSgTwkmuxjjwm . TijhuckaEstExµrmYyc∫ab'
mk[yayeTog . kaEstenHmaneQµaHfa «kmı¨Ca» . kaEstenHVnGH
GagbJÇak'®Vb'fa –
1- kgkm¬Sg®bdab'GavuFbdivt†n‰
_ kPaBrbs'kmı¨Ca EdlhU-CImijb-
JÇa[sWg-g"ukmijbegI˚tenA´f©TI19-6-51enaH k~¨geBlbn¬MeFI√CaExµr®kh
medIm∫Ibn¬MvaykMeTcExµrln'-nl'BIq~S70-75 VnEkE®beQµaHeTACa « kg
km¬Sg®bdab'GavuFes~haCatikmı¨Ca » . enAk~¨grbbGgkarGnamik kgkm¬Sg
enH‰gk*E®beQµaHeTACa « bkßExµr®khmnirtI » . bcç¨b∫n~enHbkßExµr®kh
mnirtI k*E®beQµaHeTACa « kgkm¬Sg®bdab'GavuF®bCaCnbdivt†nk
_ mı¨Ca » .
2- bkß®bCaCnbdivt†nk
_ mı¨Ca EdlhU-CImijbJÇa[sWg-g"ukmijbegI˚
tkalBI´f©TI28-6-51enaH k~¨grbbGgkarGnamik75-79 GgkarVncat'
tSgsmaCikbkßenH[eFI√Ca®bFanshkrN_ CaKN:t
tMbn' nigCatMNag
raÂs† . bcç¨b∫n~enHE®beQµaHmkCa « bkß®bCaCnbdivt†nk
_ mı¨Ca » EdlyY
nhaNUycat'EtgtSgehg-sMrin CaGKelxaFikarKN:k
kmµaFikarmCŒwm
bkß . rYcehIyyYnhaNUyVncat'EtgtSgCa-sIum, say-PUfg, hflun-
Esn, Ca-suTÏCaedIm [eTACasmaCik´nkariyal&yneyaVyrbs'mCŒwm
bkßenH .
3- kaEstenHhflanGYtbeJçjGaf·kMVMgenAkN†alvalfa – evotNa
mVn®bekoksµaCamYykmı¨Ca ( Jk¥kmı¨Cak~¨gTIenH KWvacg'sMedAeTAelIExµr
evotmij ) eyIg®tUvEteb†C∆aEfrkßabMb"ncMNgmit†PaBEdlhU-CImijVndS
e®CayBUnk~¨gf~alsgmniym BImYy´f©eTAmYy´f© kan'EtpßasÌitlµÁt k¬ay
eTAkm¬Sgd*mhima k¬ayeTAkm¬Sgd*Gmt: . cMNgTMnak'TMng®byuTÏBiess
eJreBjeTAedaysµartIGn†rCatiGFnd*´f¬f¬a GacdeNI†mVnC&yCMnHCasƒa
BrenAq~S1975 . eyIgGacruj®canxµSg[fye®kayCaCMhan@ eyIgGac
p†ÁlrMlMxµSgmYyEp~k@ rYcQaneLIgdeNI†mykC&yCMnHVnCabn†bnÊab'
y"agFMeFg . åTahrNd
_ UcCaeyIgkMeTcExµrln'-nl' eyIgTTYlC&yCMnH
enA´f©TI17emsa1975 . enHKWCaCMhanTI1 . eyIgkMeTcExµrexov-sMpn
eyIgTTYlC&yCMnHenA´f©TI7 mkra 1979 enHKWCaCMhanTI2 .l.
esckI†GYtrbs'yYnhaNUyenHCasakßIbJÇak'fa yYnenH‰gehIyCa
GgkarGnamik . cMENk‰Gay"grbs'va dUcCaehg-sMrin, Ca-sIum, say
-PUfg, Ca-suTÏ, hflun-EsnCaedIm CaXatkrelIraÂs†Exµrs¬Ët®tg'y"agBit
GgkarCanrNa ? 269

®Vkd .
kaEstj"agywugj¨Sg[eyIgeXIjeTotfa k~¨grbbGgkarGnamik yYn
haNUyåbtƒm∏GtItExµrevotmij [tSgmUldΩanJseBj´®B´n®beTs
Exµr EfmTSgmanbUdUyy"age®cInmWunnak'KS®T eq¬øt{kasd*lÌenHe®bIyIeha
Exµr®khm rYccUlmkcab'cgraÂs†Exµrs¬Ët®tg'nSykeTAsm¬ab'ral'@´f© .
4- kaEstenHbJÇak'fa bkß®bCaCnbdivt†nE_ xµr bcç¨b∫n~E®beQµaHCa «
bkß®bCaCnbdivt†nk
_ mı¨Ca »˘˘˘ ehg-sMrin®tUvq¬gkat'dMNak'karBIr –
- dMNak'karbdivt†n®_ bCaFibety¥nayTunEbbfIµ, bcç¨b∫n~enHehAfa –
bdivt†n®_ bCaCati®bCaFibety¥®bCaCn nigdMNak'karbdivt†ns
_ gmniym
Par:kicçCadMbUg®tUvkMeTc®bqSgc®kBti† nigski†PUmi .l.

❑ ❑
❑

eg√øg-va"n'TijEtgEtnSbUdUymksMueronPasaExµrBIyayeTog . bUdUy
m~ak'@mankUnesovePA «eronx¬Án‰g» mYyk∫alCab'tamx¬Án dUctaGagVnGH
GagEmn .
´f©mYyeg√øg-va"n'TijbeNI†rbUdUym~ak'eQµaHTW Gayu®bEhl26q~Smk
layayeTog edIm∫IeTAkan'®sukhaNUyenA´f©EsÌk .
yayeTogsYrfa ehtuy"agdUcem†cVnCaTWGaceTAhaNUyvijVn ?
yYnenaHeqI¬yBn¥l'BIlk≈&N5q~S 10q~S …Gs'rhUtmYyCIvitrbs'bUdUy Ed
l®tUvkan'vin&ydUcEdltaGagVnbJÇak'®Vb'rYcmkehIy . vaeKarBvin&y
Vn®twm®tUv dUec~Hvamanc∫ab'vil®tLb'eTA®sukvavijk~¨gry:eBl5q~S KWenA
´f©EsÌkenH . cMENk‰s&ki†3evotkugeg√øg-va"n'Tij vaVn®Vb'yayeTog
fa vaekItenAext†daNag . yYnhaNUybJÇËnvamkkan'®sukExµrkalBIEx
mIna1972 CamYyBYkyYnK~avaCae®cInJn'nak' . q~S1977 yYnTijF¬ak'vin&y
5q~S dUec~Hva®tUvenA®sukExµr5q~SteTAeTot rhUtdl'q~S1982 .l.

❑ ❑

❑
GgkarCanrNa ? 270

enAExmifunaq~S1979 enAnaykdΩansuxaPiVlext†Vt'dMbg eKmanbiT

®bkaspßayrknisßitEp~keBT¥ edIm∫IbJÇËneTAbn†viCÇaenAshPaBsUevot
.yayeTogk*nSr"ada kUn®sITI2rbs'Kat'eTATIenaH edIm∫IsMucuHeQµaH . ela
kfac'-ekAlI EdlCaG~kTTYlxus®tUvVnxßib®Vb'Kat'fa –
- sMumIgkMucuHeQµaH[esaH e®JHkUnGtItG~krdΩkarEdlVncuHeQµaHBImu
n@mkVn®tUvVt'x¬ÁnrhUt˘˘˘ eKBMudwgCayuvCn yuvnarITSgGs'enaH®tUveKnS
ykeTANaeT . EtedIm∫IkMu[mankarsgß&y elakekAlIk*huc®kdas'mYy
sn¬wkmk[yayeTogdUceK‰gEdr .
sMnYrenAelI®kdas'mandUcteTA –
- eQµaH“Buk˘˘˘˘˘˘˘˘˘ ®sukkMeNIt˘˘˘˘˘˘˘˘˘BIedImeFI√GI˘˘˘˘˘˘˘˘˘˘sB√´f©enA‰Na
≤LËveFI√GI˘˘˘˘˘˘˘˘s¬ab'…rs'˘˘˘˘˘˘˘˘˘˘˘? .
- eQµaHm†ay˘˘˘˘˘˘˘˘˘®sukkMeNIt˘˘˘˘˘˘˘˘BIedImeFI√GI˘˘˘˘˘˘˘˘˘˘sB√´f©enA‰Na
≤LËveFI√GI˘˘˘˘˘˘˘˘s¬ab'…rs'˘˘˘˘˘˘˘˘˘˘˘? .
- manma-mIg-bg-bÌËnenAbreTs…eT ? ebImanetIeQµaHGI˘˘˘˘ enA®beT
sNa˘˘˘˘˘˘˘enA®sukExµreFI√GI˘˘˘˘˘˘˘sB√´f©eFI√GI˘˘˘˘˘˘˘˘˘˘? .
- manmit†P&ki†…sal'G~kenAbreTs…eT ? ebImanEteQµaHGI˘˘˘˘˘˘˘˘enA®b
eTsNa˘˘˘˘˘˘˘enA®sukExµreFI√GI˘˘˘˘˘˘˘˘˘˘˘˘˘˘˘˘sB√´f©eFI√GI˘˘˘˘˘˘˘˘˘˘˘˘˘˘˘? .
enAbnÊat'xage®kameKbgÌs' manGkßrmYyCYrsresrfa –
« ebIEf¬g®Vb'minVn®twm®tUv ebk≈Cn®tUvTTYlxus®tUvpÊal'x¬Án » . ya
yeTogVnGanBinit¥sMnYrd*cEm¬kenHrYc k*nSkUn®sImkxÊmvij .
enAcugExmifuna yayeTogVnCYbyW-®TIviciœka kUn®busTI5rbs'Kat'vij
®KYsard*kMst'enH VnCYbCMum†aynigkUnbInak' eTIbmanBn¬Wsb∫ayrIkray
bni†c .
EtkarrIkrayk~¨gcit†enHminVnsiƒtenAyUrb"unµaneT . e®JHenAeBlenaH
manbJÇamYyBIGgkarelI [bjÇËnviciœkaeTAeFI√E®srYm . ®tUvrkGg˚rm˙ËbnSyk
eTAbriePaKx¬Án‰g . ®tUvedIredayeCIgBITI®kugVt'dMbg etAXMutamWuncm©ay
40K˘m˘ . ®bCaCnExµrTSgGs'Gs'sgÙwm edayeXIjbJ˙adEdl dUcCa
bJ˙asm&yGgkar mankarFuj®Tan'k*bbYlK~acakecalTwkdIkmı¨CaCahUr
Ehr .
cMENkviciœka edayeKarBtambN†S“Buk[enArg'cSdMNwgBIbg@bInak'
eTot k*sµ&®Kcit†ecjeTABlikmµeFI√E®srYmenH . enAeBlmYy ®sab'Etman
GgkarCanrNa ? 271

ecarmYy®kumcUlmkB&TÇcab'cg rYcb¬n'ykeKaGs'rlIg . viciœkak*®tUvGUs

reTHCMnYseKa vil®tLb'mkkan'Vt'dMbgvij rg'cSTTYlbJÇaCafIµ .

❑ ❑

ecarb¬n'CaelIkTIBIr

k~¨gExkk˚da1979 enAext†Vt'dMbgmanekItåb∫ti†ehtud*Gsçar¥ KWekIt

ecarb¬n'kab'sm¬ab'y"agsahavenA®Kb'TIkEn¬g .
enA´f©TI16-7-79 em"ag®bEhl6l©ac manecarmYy®kum ( dl'elIk
e®kaymkeTIbdwgfa ®kumenHCaGtItExµr®khmnirtI ) kan'GavuF®Kb'´d beNI†
rK~acUlmkkan'kUnxÊmrbs'yayeTog . vaE®sksm¬¨tBIcm©ayfa –
- ENG~kmças'xÊm ! maneXIjecarbInak'edIrkat'TIenHeT ? .
eBlenaHyayeTognigkUnbInak'eGItk∫alemIlCMuvijxÊmEdlKµanCJÇS
g®sLHeFgenaH rYck*eqI¬yedayKYrsmnigy"agesµaH®tg'fa –
- mineXIjeT, kµÁy@eGIy . ebImanEmnBYkGMumuxEtnwgeXIjCaminxan
e®JHval®sLHeFg . ®sab'EtGaecarm~ak'b®Jçk®Kab'kSePI¬gPÇg'tMrg'mkvi-
ciœka ®BmTSgkMejIjfa –
- xÊmenHlak'ecar ! xÊmenHlak'ecar !
bnÊab'mkvak*cUlmkcab'EqkeqrkUnxÊmtamGMeBIcit† Bn¥aeBlcSyb'ggi
tmkdl' edIm∫IeFI√TaruNkmµelImças'xÊmTSgbInak'enH . vae®bIl∫icklecaT
faCaecar rYcbeNI†rTSgcMNgecjeTA . ra"daeXIjdUec~aHk*sMuGg√recareTA
CamYybÌËn . cMENkyayeTogveg√gsflug ehIyk*dYlsn¬b'Vt'sµartI eda
yP&ytk's¬¨tnwgGMeBI´®B´pßenH˘˘˘.
kUn®sIeBAenACamYym†ay P&yx¬SgeBkyMbeNI†rdas'm†aybeNI†r .
luHKat'dwgx¬ÁneLIgvij yb'ggitNas'eTAehIy . BYkecarvil®tLb'mk
b¬n'yayeTogvij . Kat'rt'eKceTABYnenAcMkardUgxageCIgxÊm . edayrk
GgkarCanrNa ? 272

Kat'mineXIj vak*E®skLËLaeLIgfa –
- eXIjeT ! sfl˜u®KlMulak'ecar . ≤LËvvart'ecalxÊm ! .
®kumecarTSgenaHk*fyeTAvij rYc®saycMNgElgviciœka [vilmkkan'
kUnxÊm ®BmTSgniyayTn'P¬n'sMueTasfa BYkvacab'®cLM . cMENkyayeTo
g k*rt'eTAb†wg®kukrkßasni†suxsiƒtenAk~¨gvt†rMdYl manbUdUynigQ¬bCati
ExµrEdlCaGtItExµr®khmnirtITSgGs' . ®kumenHeFI√esaHGegIyCitmYy
em"ag eTIbeFI√CanSK~art'eq√cq√acmkkan'kUnxÊmrbs'yayeTog . vaPreday
sMdIlYgelamfa –
- sMuGMukMuP&yVrm∏GI BYk®kumxM∆¨cat'karyaml∫atkarJrGMuehIy .
rYcehIyvak*edIrecjeTAvijVt'Gs' . eXIjGakb∫kiriyaBYkvadUec~H ya
yeTogKµanTukcit†BYkvaTal'EtesaH . Kat'xMkitriHrkkEn¬gedIm∫IeKcBYnBIBY
kh~wg . esckI†x√l'x√aykan'EtEfm®tYteLIg@ edaymindwgCaeKceTANa
NamYyeP¬øgk*cab'F¬ak'eCaKCS NamYyviciœkak*E®skf©ËrdUc®Jbedaycuk
eJHy"agx¬Sg . eNI˙y ! ®TStamyfakmµeTAcuH !˘˘˘˘

Emn ! karsgß&yrbs'yayeTogKµanxus‰Na . enAem"ag12Ga®Fat

®kumecardEdlk*mkdl'lµm . vamanK~a7nak' kan'ExßbYncg√ayenA´drYcCa
e®sc . ®kumecarcab'cgGgranigviciœka ehIyyk®kmajat'mat'G~kTSgBIr .
GaecarCaGtItExµr®khmnirtIcab'yayeTogcgGUsnScUlbgn' vayeFI√Vb
kMejIjrkmaseB®CTal'EtVn . yayeTog[kJçb'mYyeTAva EdlenAk~¨g
enaHman –
- Exß´dmasTwkdb'mYydMLwg
- ExßkV¬TIn3Exß
- cieJçønmYyvg' mant∫ËgeB®CTMhM3lIcMnYn13®Kab'
- nigcieJçønmYyvg' mant∫Ëgb´b"linTMhM6lIcMnYn5®Kab' .
b"uNˆwgehIyvaminTan'eBjcit†enAeLIyeT vaKMramsML¨trkEfmeTot .
®sab'Etæsem¬gE®skenAk~¨gcMkarxageCIgxÊmfa –
- CYypg ! CYypg ! ecarb¬n' !
ædUec~aHGaemecarGtItExµr®khmnirtIk*bÂJçk®Kab'kSePI¬gt®mg'mat'E®tmkrk
yayeTogedIm∫InwgVj'sm¬ab'bMVt'Ps†¨tag munnwgBYkvaecjBITIenHeTA
vij . ®Kab'kSePI¬gk*pʨHeLIglan'æsUrpSg ! pÊat'eTA®tUvCJÇSgbgn' eday
GgkarCanrNa ? 273

sarmindwgCaehtuGIVnCamanGaK~avam~ak'ruj®canmat'E®tkSePI¬gBg√ageTAx¬Á
nyayeTogeTAvij˘˘˘ rYcehIyBYkvak*rt'rV"t'rV"yGs'eTA . yayeTogk*
rt'eTAb†wg®ksYg «sni†sux» dEdlCaelIkTI2 TSgcMNgenA´d . vabEN†
teBlTuk[ecareKcrt'eTAq©aysin sUm∫IEtcMNg´dEdlecarcgKat' k*
KµannrNamYyeGIeBI®say[pg . enAeBlEdlCYbCMuEm"kUneLIgvij eTIb
dwgfa enAeBlEdlGaecarmYy®kumkMBugEtcab'cgyayeTog, ra"danigviciœka
manGaecarcit†Jlm~ak'cab'GUskUn®sIeBArbs'Kat'GayueTIbVn14q~S nS
ykeTAkan'cMkardUgbMrugrMelaP .
nagb†ËrCIviterIbMrHBIkN†ab'´dGaecarG®biye_ nH . vaxwgx¬SgeBk k*eVk
®Kab'Ebk´dmYy®Kab'bMrugsm¬ab'nagecal . vasnalÌNas' ®Kab'Ebk´d
minpʨH nagk*E®skrkeKCYy eFI√[GaecarTSgenaHrt'payecjeTAvijeTA˘˘˘
KYr[GaeNacGFm·dl'yayeTogNas' sflUb†ËrCIvit xMlak'xMEfrkßa®T
B¥sm∫ti†sMxan'@rbs'Kat' dUcCamas eB®C hUl pamYg sMBt'muyGar
nigrUbft®Kb'FunEdlftCamYybI†-kUn@tSgBIekµg@ CaGnusßavrIyd
_ *Esn
menarm¥ . enAk~¨gry:4q~S´nrbbGgkar ebItMNagvadwgfaKat'lak'rbs'
Gs'TSgenH vac∫as'CaminTukCIvit[eTA . EteTaHCaxM®bwglak'y"agNak*
eday TIbMputKWecarvaCMritykTal'EtVn .
kicçkarlak'rbs'TSgenaHmansPaBevTnaNas' . ral'@®Bwkem"agbYn
P¬W ®tUvykkJçb'®TB¥enHeTAkb'k~¨greN†AmYyk~¨g®Tug®CUk ykEdksg˚sImY
ybnÊH®KbBIelI . rYcehIyekIbGacm®_ CUknigs¬wkÚsßIrayBIelIeTot . y
b'eLIgem"ag9eTIbeTAykmkTukCab'nwgx¬Ánk~¨gxÊmvij . enAtamkMENn eTA
NamkNa kat'valcUl´®Brab'ryKILËEm"®t ®tUvlak'Cab'nwgx¬ÁnCanicç . k
n¬gputVn4q~SmkehIy ®sab'Et≤LËvenH®tUv®kumecarCaGay"gyYnhaNU-
y cUlmkb¬n'TSgEP~k®ss' ykGs'rlIgBIx¬Án sUm∫IEtCIvitk*swgminKg'
eTAeTot . m†aynigkUnTSgbIenAsl'EtexaGavmYybn¬as'Cab'nwgx¬ÁnEtb"u-
eNˆaH .
yayeTogE®skyMf©ËrdMGUjfa QWcab'Nas'@ ! CIvitxM∆¨Gs'n&yehIy .
KµanGI√KYr[s†ay®seNaHeToteLIyTwkdIkmı¨Ca !
eBlenaH ra"daniyaymkkan'm†ayfa –
- m"ak'eGIy ®beTsExµrsB√´f© dUcCakV"l'mYyEdlebIkbredaysar
mnusßdEdl ®Kan'Etp¬as'sMelokbMJk'tamkalevlaEtb"ueNˆaH rYcehIy
GgkarCanrNa ? 274

vanSK~aebIkbreTAkan'TisedAEtdEdl . nagk*sMuGg√rm†ayedIm∫InSK~acakec
jBI®sukExµr .
yayeTogKSgmat'rkniyayfaeTA…eTminekIt . e®JHeKalbMNg
®sav®Cavrbs'Kat'minTan'Vncb'cugcb'edImtambMNgenAeLIy .
minyUrb"unµan ®sab'EtmanbJÇaBIGgkarelImkeTot bg≈M[viciœkaecjeFI√
BlikmµrYm edIm∫Ikab'Kas'dIPÇÁrnwgcb CMnYseKa®kbIEdlx√H . TIbMputyay
eTogk*sMercbJÇËnra"da ( yayeTognigra"daEbkK~arhUttSgBIeBlenaHmk )
nigviciœkapßge®BgePosx¬ÁneTA®beTs´f .
enAeBlEbkK~aCaelIkTI2enH Em"kUn@Twg®TUgesIÊre®bHKSgmat' KµanJ
k¥niyay eBlenaHmanEtTwkEP~keTEdlCasakßIbg˙ajfakMst' QWcab'
ex¬acpßa nigek†A®khayNas' . cMENkyayeTogrkßaeKalbMNgmut
dEdl KWCIvitcuge®kayrbs'Kat' Kat'®tUvEteFI√Blikmµ xM®sav®Cavrk[eXI
jGMBIlk≈N:B
Bit´nmhn†rayenAkmı¨Casm&yenH teTAeTotKat'cg'kt'®ta
tamdannUv®Bwti†karNn
_ ana EdlbN†al[®beTsExµr®tUvrlayy"agenH.
BIe®JH®Bwti†karNT
_ SgLayenaHdU cCacEm¬ k manlak' Gaf· kM VM gCa´®kElg
eTaHVneXIjpÊal'EP~kehIyk*eday enAeBlx¬HswgEtmincg'eCO˘˘˘

tSgBIra"danigviciœkaecjputeTA yayeTogrs'enAEsnkMst'evTnaCamY
yGgra e®JHx¬acecarmkeFI√Tuk≈bukem~jeTot . dUec~Hral'@yb' Kat'EtgnS
kUn®sIlblYncUlBYnedkk~¨gbnÊb'bgn'kN†alcMkarrbs'Kat' . luH´f©rH
eTIbEm"kUnlUnecjmkdSnige®sacTwkbEn¬ .
k~¨gbnÊb'bgn'enaH cen¬aHsMrab'GgraedkmanbeN†ay1Em"®t TTwg8twk
. kEn¬gm†ayedkmanbeN†ay1Em"®t TTwgkn¬HEm"®t . edkpÊal'fµ KµankenÊ
l KµanPYy Kµanmug Kµanex~IyeT . m~ak'@edkekIy´d Gg˚¨jeCIg®kevon@ .
Ggraedklk'degI˙mesIµeFg EtyayeTogedkminsUvlk'eT . Kat'nwk
q©l'Cab'Canicç nUv®Bwti†karNn
_ ana´n®beTsExµr BIe®JHsÂgamk~¨g®beTs
ExµrdUceKelg «VyL¨kVyL» .
Kat'rknwkeXIjeLIgvijfa etIBIExemsa1975dl'mkra79 etIGgkar
GnamikeFI√GIx¬H ? Kat'eXIjfa GgkarKitEtBIsm¬ab'bMputBUCExµr GgkareFI√
TaruNkmµ®Kb'Ebb®Kb'y"ag Kity"agNa[EtExµrs¬ab' . luHdl'Citcb'
ebskkmµrbs'va GgkarEbrCabJÇa[sm¬ab'Exµr®khmnin~akarExµr EdlCa
GgkarCanrNa ? 275

Xatkr®kumTI1 ®tUvs¬ab'´tehagGs'CagBIrmWun (20,000) nak' . m"¥ageTo

tGgkarKitEtBIbMp¬aj dUec~H®beTsExµr®tUvvinashinehac k~¨geBlEdl
GgkarmanC&yCMnH ehIyEdlyYnhaNUyvakJœk'Vny"aggay KµancM-
NayGI√TSgGs'BIC&yCMnHenH . Kat'nwkeXIjdl'ExµreyIgx¬HEdl®tLb'
CaGrKuNyYn rhUtdl'eP¬ckarJrTwkdI sgÙwmjjwm[yYnhaNUymk
karJrCMnYs luH®taEtvinashinehac TSg®bCaCn TSg®TB¥sm∫ti†Gs'
rlIgBInKr . revIrvaymkdl'®twmh~wg yayeTogE®sk®TehayMdUcmnusß
qÁt . EtGarmµNe_ nAEtcgcSCanicç Kat'EtgEtelIk´dbn'®sn'vtƒ¨s&ki†siTiÏ
pgTSgBYg ®BmTSgviJÔaNk≈nÏExµrTSgbIlannak' EdlTTYlTaruNkmµrhU
tdl'Vt'bg'CIvit [mkCYyENnSbMP¬Wkar®sav®Cavrbs'Kat' edIm∫I[Vndw
gc∫as'BIåVyklrbs'yYnhaNUy EdlvatTIykTwkdI®beTsCitxag
Vnedaygay@y"agenH ? Kat'cg'dwgedaypÊal'fa etIyYnhanUynwge®bI
kll∫icy"agNaeTAeTot edIm∫Ikan'kab'®tYt®ta®sukExµr[Vn®sbc∫ab'
minxusc∫ab'Gn†rCati ? .

q~Ssikßa1979-80 yayeTognSkUn®sIGgraeTAcuHeQµaHcUleronenA
viT¥al&ys√ayeV" . Kat'rnÏt'cit†≤tåbmaedayeXIjsaÂs†acar¥ nigsi-
sßGg¨ysikßapÊal'dI . saÂs†acar¥Bit®Vkd x¬HEdllak'x¬ÁnenArs' k*
sµ&®Kcit†cUlmkCYybe®gon eTaHman®Vk'ExCaGg˚rkMb"ugGMbilkMb"ugk*eday
enAk~¨gkmµviFIsikßa eKeXIjmankarbJçËl®bvti†saÂs†d*cEm¬k@ eday
bg≈MkUnsisßExµr[dwgKuNyYn BIe®JHyYncUlmk «CYy» ExµrGs'cMnYn3
elIkrYcmkehIy ?!?! . yYnbJçËl®bvti†saÂs†Gacar¥emon[kUnExµrTTYl
sal'favir:bursExµrTI1 EdlVneFI√BlikmµrMedaHTwkdIkmı¨CaBInwmVrSg .l.
kmµviFI®bvti†saÂs†ExµrrebobenH vapʨynwgcMeNHdwgrbs'saÂs†acar¥
nigkarBitTSg®sug . dUec~HehIysaÂs†acar¥Edlsal'kll∫icyYnCa
evotmijkI† CaevotkugkI† minTTYlsal'kmµviFIenHeT . saÂs†acar¥Exµrdwgc∫a
s'faGacar¥emonCayYnbn¬MbYseronenA®sukExµrCacarburs[yYnhaNUy .
sa®s†acar¥Exµrdwgfa KWbN†amkBIGacar¥emonenH‰gehIyEdleFI√[ExµrEb
kVk'K~a ExµrecHc∫SgK~arhUtdl'sB√´f© . eBlenaHeTIbsaÂs†acar¥
ExµrTSgGs'yl'fa ®kumehg-sMrin, hflun-Esn CaExµrGay"gecjBI®bPB
Exµrevotmij eTIbyl'nUvkll∫ic®kLic®kL¨crbs'yYnhaNUyEdlecH
GgkarCanrNa ? 276

sMrb…bnÊabx¬Ántam®Bwti†karNn
_ anarbs'®beTsExµr rYceTIbEk´q~bEg√gdan
m†gbni†c@ j¨Sg[®beTsExµrrlayTSgBUC rlayTSg®bvti†saÂs†˘˘˘
saÂs†acar¥TSgenaHGs'sgÙwmk*xßwbbbYlK~a cakecjecal®beTs
ExµrCahUrEhr ePosx¬ÁneTAkan'®beTs´f .
cMENk‰yYnhaNUy kalebIvadwgfa ExµrG~kecHdwgrt'ecalTwkdITuk
[vay"agenH vae®tkGrCa´®kElg . vaEtgEt´llkykcMeNjBIelIExµr
CanicçCakal .
yayeTogq©l'Nas' edayeXIjsaÂs†acar¥nigkUnsisßExµrGg¨y
eronpÊal'dI . TIbMputeTIbKat'nwkeXIjnUvJk¥mYyX¬aEdlyYnhaNUy
eg√øg-va"n'TijVnBn¥l'BYkKat'kalBI´f©28-2-48 EdleqI¬ynwgsMnYrrb
s'yYneGogfa –
« eBlNaeyIg (KWyYn) Vnkan'kab'nKrExµr ®TB¥sm∫ti†enAnKrExµr
TukdUcCarbs'eyIgTSgGs' » . b"uEn†cemI¬yrbs'taTijkaleNaH nigkicç
karGnuvt†nr_ bs'yYnhaNUyk~¨gbcç¨b∫n~enH vaEkT®mg'bni†c vaEk´q~bEg√g
dan˘˘ emIlcuH ! ®TB¥sm∫ti†k~¨gmYynKrkmı¨Ca ®tUvGgkarKµanrUbKµanrag®bmU
ldwknSecjGs'rlIg eTIbyYnhaNUycUlmklukluyratt∫at®beTsk
mı¨Ca .
dUec~Hs®tUvsYrBUCrbs'Exµr vaecHe®bIkll∫icy"agxUcGsçar¥ vab¬n'®TB¥
sm∫ti†rbs'ExµrVny"agsÌat rkdanswgmineXIj .

❑ ❑

k~¨gExviciœka1979, em"ag®bEhl3resol manbUdUymYy®kumK~a10 nak’

beNI†rK~acUlkan’kUnxÊmrbs’yayeTog . enAeBlenaH®sab’Etman
bUdUysmm~ak’ Gayu®bEhl29q~Selatmk{byayeTog yMhIu@ ®BmTSg
®Vb’fa « kMu[Kat’niyayPasayYn[esaH » . rYcehIyvagakeTAniyay
®Vb’mit†@rbs’vafa –
- xM∆¨minnwksµanfamIgeTogEbrCaF¬ak’x¬Án®krhamdl’f~ak’enHesaH e®JH
GgkarCanrNa ? 277

kalBIedImKat’F¬ab’manmuxgarnig®TB¥sm∫ti†d*s†¨ks†m∏ ®bkbedaycit†s-
b∫¨rs EtgEtCYyTuk≈Fur:G~k®kxßt’ Kat’minecH®bkan’BUCsasn_ . ®KYsar
rbs’xM∆¨EtgEtsMuBwgmIgeTog dUcCasMuxIçluyeFI√edImTun rksIulk’®tI nigsMu
BwgeFI√lixitepßg@sMrab’®KYsar nigsMrab’x¬Ánrbs’xM∆¨pÊal’edIm∫IeronsU®t .
yYnenHbn†eTotfa –
- kalBIq~S1970 xM∆¨GayuVn20q~S eronenAf~ak’TIbJçb’´nviT¥al&y®BH
munIvgß . manVtukmµmYyEdleKfakUnsisßExµrCaG~kbegI˚t . BYkVtukr
vayyYn . kaleNaH“BukxM∆¨P&yNas’ e®JHKat’CayYnhaNUy nigCa
carbursrbs’evotmij ( kaleNaHyayeTogminVndwgTal’EtesaHfa
®KYsaryYnenHCacarCnrbs’evotmijeLIy ) Kat’k*nS®KYsarrt’mk®CkBYn
k~¨g®sHeKakmYyenAxage®kaypÊHmIgeTogenH . BYkeyIgVnmIgeTogcat’
Ecgpt’pg’VyTwkm˙ËbcMNIy”ag®Kb’®Kan’ . rYcBIh~wgmkeTot “BukxM∆¨sMu
BwgmIgeTogCYyeFI√Gn†raKmnC
_ amYytMNagyYnenAext†Vt’dMbg edIm∫IsMueFI√
matuPUminivt†ne_ TAkan’®beTsevotNamvij . edaysarkarCYyx~HEx~gBImIg
eTog ®KYsarrbs’xM∆¨VneTArs’enAext†cUdukrhUtmk . dUec~HxM∆¨eKarBnig®s
Laj’mIgeTogdUcm†ayxM∆¨begI˚t .
kMBugEt®sLSgkSgq©l’fa ehtuGIk*yYnbUdUyenHsal’Kat’c∫as’em"¬H,
ehtuem"ck*vaniyayExµrc∫as'em"¬H ? vak*EbrmksYrKat'fa –
- mIg ! etImIgsal'xM∆¨eT ? xM∆¨eQµaHvij-Kimelog CakUnTImYyrbs'vij -
va"n'Lag nigyayeL-FIj"ag .
eBlenaHvak*hucsMbu®tmYy[yayeTog ®BmTSgniyayfa –
- enHCasMbu®trbs'“Bukm†ayxM∆¨EdlepI∆mkxM∆¨BIcUdukmk . yayeTog
TTYlsMbu®tmkGan –
- taLagsresrmk®Vb'elog cUrkUnxM®sav®Cavrk®KYsaryayeTog
Na± BIe®JHmIgeTogmanåbkarKuNd*xıg'xıs'bMputdl'®KYsarvij˘˘˘
eBlenaHyayeTogk*elat{belog rYccab'epI†msYrsuTTuk≈eTAvijeTA
mky"age®cIn . KWedaysarkarsnÊnaenH yayeTotGacdwgfa BIq~S1970
eTA1971 GaNikCnCatiyYneFI√matuPUminivt†ne_ TA®sukyYn mancMnYnTSgG-
s'mYyEsn (100,000) nak' . eq¬øt{kasenaH evotkugsMrSge®CIserIs
yuvCnyYn ecHPasanigGkßrExµry"age®CA®CHc∫as'las' dwknSykeTAkan'
EdndIrMedaH rYcvabJçËl[cUlsalaeyaFa . eBlenaHmanyuvCnGaNik-
GgkarCanrNa ? 278

CnyYnCae®cInJn'nak'sµ&®Kcit†bMerIevotkug . e®JHevotkugsn¥afa eBl

Nahat'h√wkh√WnecHcb' vabMJk'[eLIgCas&ki†mYy b"uEn†®tUvdak'eQµaHCa
ExµrTSgGs' . vij-Kwmelogk*®tUvdUreQµaHmkmit†L¨cvij . bnÊab'BIVnJ
k's&ki†mYyehIy yYnhaNUyk*bJÇËnyuvCnyYnTSgenaH [mkvayExµrl-
n'-nl' . yuvCnTSgenaHeFI√edaysµ&®Kcit† e®JHva®tUvcMbMNulsgswk Ed
lkalenACMnan'rdΩaPiVlsaFarNrdΩ ln'-nl'VnekNÎkUnsisß[eFI√
VtukmµvayGaNikCnyYnEdlCaEm"“va . mit†L¨cbJÇak'fa enAcugq~S19-
73 yYnhaNUybJÇËnExµrEk¬gk¬ayrebobenHmancMnYnbIJn'nak' cUlkan'
ext†mNÎlKIrI siƒtenAk~¨g´®Be®CA@ rYccat'bJÇËn[eFI√emkan'k†ab'eyaFaExµr
®khmCalMdab'lMeday . VnesckI†famkCMnYsbUdUy kMeTcExµrln'-nl'
teTAeTot . yayeTogniyayeTAkan'elogfa –
- xM∆¨dwgfa k~¨gq~S1973 bUdUysMulaExµr®khmvil®tLb'eTAevotNam
vijehIyetI .
elog®KvIk∫alehIyeqI¬yeLIgfa –
- mIgeGIy ! enHCakll∫icrbs'evotkugeTetI . vadwgcMNucexßay
rbs'®kumxM∆¨ duHcit†KMnitsgswkcMeJHExµr . vak*bMJk's&ki†mYy[ rYcj¨Hjg'
beJÇar®kumxM∆¨eFI√CaExµr edIm∫IbMP&n†mtieyaFaExµr®khml©g'@ rYcbJÇa[®kumxM∆¨
dwknSeyaFaExµr®khm®sLaj'sem†c“kMeTcExµrln'-nl'CMnYsva . elo
gbn†eTotfa –
- manbUdUymYyPaKtUceKarBvin&yVny"ag®twm®tUvtamlk≈N: eTIb
Vnvil®tLb'eTAkan'®beTsevotNam . cMENkbUdUyEdlminTan'VnbM
eBjkrNiykicçtamlk≈&N enAmancMnYn170,000nak'eTot EdlsB√´f©va
®Kan'EtfyeTABYnlak'x¬Án edksIusMrakk~¨g´®Be®CA@ …tambeN†ay®BWEdn
Exµr-yYn-lav . vae®tomx¬ÁnCanicçnigecjbJÇa . elogbn† –
- erOgmYyeTotEdlCaerOgsm©at'KWmanp¬Ëvsm©at'mYysMrab'cUlmk®b-
eTsExµrVny"agelOnTan'cit†kat'tam®beTslavnig®beTs´f tamrUgP~M
dgErk . ebImanCnCatiExµrCabUdUy sal'mUldΩanenH ehIymanGayu36
q~S vasm¬ab'ecalP¬am edaymineF√s®bEhs[EbkkarNv_ aeLIy .l.
elogbn†eTAeTotfa –
- cMENk®kumxM∆¨k*®tUvcaj'eVkevotkugy"agF©n' KW®tUveFI√CaExµr rYcdwknS
eyaFaExµr®khmbn†sÂgamCMnYsva . ≤LËvBYkxM∆¨®tUvs¬ab'swgTSgGs' TMrS
GgkarCanrNa ? 279

dwgx¬Ánfacaj'eVkva yWteBlNas'eTAehIy . mIgemIlcuH s&ki†Jk'elI

sµaVnEtF©n' sB√´f©sIuVyval'EckCamYyEtpIÊr …®tkYnes©arbg'GMbil .
vin&ytwgNas'erIx¬ÁnminrYc . sB√´f©xM∆¨kan'k†ab'mUldΩansm©at'mYyenA´b"lin
manEts√aCamit† .l. nig .l. eBlenaH elog{bsMulayayeTog®Bm
TSg®Vb'fa –
- xM∆¨mankare®cInCMrabmIg EsÌkenHxM∆¨lYcmkCYbmIgEtm~ak'‰g˘˘˘.
eBlelogecjputeTA yayeTogGg¨yjjwme®tkGrCa´®kElg .
Kat'sgÙwmfa eKalbMNgrbs'Kat'muxCamanBnW¬x¬H@Caminxan . EsÌkeLI
geBl®Blwm Kat'erobcMVyTwkcSTTYlelog . em"ag10elogmkdl'lµ
m . eBlVyTl'muxK~aenH elogGFib∫ayEvkEjknUvkll∫icyYnha-
NUy EdlerobcMelbTwkdIkmı¨Ca manlMnSdUcK~anwgGtƒaFib∫ayrbs'taGa
gEdr . yayeTogk*sYreTAelogfa –
- etIGtItExµrevotmijmane®cIn…tic ?
- mancMnYn®bEhl2mWunnak' EdlmanemdwknSCayYnlYcbn¬MeFI√Exµr
ehIyTSgGs'K~ae®bIyIehaExµr®khm dUcman®kumxM∆¨CaåTahrN_ .
- etIExµr®khmTSgenaHdwg…eTfa manbUdUyy"age®cIne®tomx¬ÁnenAJ
seBj´®B´n®beTsExµr ? .
- erOgbUdUysMNak'enAJseBj´®B´n®beTsExµrenaH KWCaerOg®tUvr"Uv
K~aeTetI ! BIe®JHExµr®khmnin~akaryYneFI√kartamyYnTSgGs' elIkElgEt
Exµr®khmEdl®sLaj'sem†c“cMnYn4mWunnak'ecj EdlGgkarlak'min[
dwgCadac'xat . ®Kb'eBl ®kumGtItExµrevotmij man®kumxM∆¨CaedIm ®tUveTA
TTYlbJÇakarBIyYnhaNUy eKniyayfa®tUveTAeronsU®tenAGgkarelI .
dUec~HeyaFaExµr®khmTSgGs'enaHmindwgfaecAh√ayrbs'x¬ÁnCaxM∆¨kJÇHyYn
haNUyeLIy . erOgenH®tUvlak'[Cit åTahrNd
_ UcCaxM∆¨eBlenH ®tUvka
n'k†ab'eyaFa300nak' eK[xM∆¨pwkTwksm∫f xM∆¨®tUvlak'karN[
_ Cit xM∆¨®tUvPr
®Vb'eyaFaTSgenaHfa xM∆¨CaExµreQµaHmit†L¨c .
yayeTogsm¬wgmuxelogmYysnʨH rYck*sYrfa –
- etIbkßExµr®khmrbs'exov-sMpn y"agem"ceTAvij ?
elogQb'®Twgy"agyUrrebobnwkeTIbeqI¬yfa –
- ®kumenHdUcCaKµanbeJçjskmµPaBGI√sMxan'eT . eKxßibexßøvrebob
eBb®Cayfa CabkßExµr®khmbJÔv&n† . e®JHmit†TSgenaHPaKe®cInCaG~kecH
GgkarCanrNa ? 280

dwge®CA®CH . Ggkar®tUvEtelIkdMekIgbkßExµr®khmrbs'exov-sMpn b-
eJÇare®bImYyry:sin GgkarelIkTwkcit† rYcj¨Hjg'BIe®kayx~g bJÇaeyaFa
Exµr®khm[mankm¬SgkMeTcExµrln'-nl' TukeBl[yYnsMraksin . cM-
ENk‰emdwknSExµr®khmEdlCabJÔv&n† mankareF√s®bEhsedayeXIj
maneyaFa®sLaj'sem†c“TSgbYnmWunnak'erobcMVn®twm®tUv s√ahab' k¬a-
han k*manesckI†sgÙwmfa eBlNaExµr®khmdeN†ImVnC&yCMnHBIExµr
ln'-nl' eyaFaTSgenaHGackarJr®beTsCatiVny"aggay . luHdl'´f©
17-4-75 Exµr®khmTTYl «C&yCMnH» d*FMeFg ®sab'EtembJÇakarCaGg
karGnamikeTAvij . enAeBlenaH GgkarecjbJÇaCadac'Nat' hamdl'
eyaFaExµr®khmTSg4mWunnak'enaH ®BmTSg®kumxM∆¨CayYnbn¬MeFI√CaExµr min[
CYb®bCaCnfIµeLIy . Ggkar®Vb'fa ®tUvsMrakykkm¬SgeTAvayyYn edIm∫I «
rMedaHTwkdIkmı¨Cae®kam » . luH®bmUleyaFaTukmYyGenI¬ GgkarbeJçj
XatkrGaf·kMVMgy"age®cInelIslb' mkB&TÏVj'sm¬ab'bkßExµr®khm
nin~akarExµrCae®cInelIke®cInsar eXIjEtexµacedks¬ab'enAJseBj ´®B .
yayeTogsYrfa –
- etIbkßExµr®khmrbs'exov-sMpnKµaneyaFakarJreT… ?
- mit†TSgenaHmaneyaFakarJrtam®kum@Edr b"uEn†Ggkarcat'karsm¬ab'
y"ags©at'bMput minbeN†ay[errx¬ÁnTan'eLIy sUm∫IEtxM∆¨k*xM∆¨mindwgehtu
plTal'EtesaH . manerOgcEm¬kmYyEdlxM∆¨VneXIjpÊal'EP~kBIkarkab'
sm¬ab'enH – enAcugq~S1973 evotkugkMBuge®bIkll∫icsMulaExµr®khmfy
ecjeTAsMrak rYc´q~sÂgamk~¨g®beTsExµr[eTACasÂgamrvagExµrnigExµr .
enAeBlenaHyYnhaNUybJÇËnExµrmYy®kumcMnYn3Jn'nak' mkBIhaNUy
x¬HmkBIeb"kSgx¬H mkbn†sÂgamCMnYsva . yYnhaNUybJÇa[®kumExµreTIb
mkdl'enH dwknSeyaFaExµr®khmkMeTcExµrln'-nl' . ®kumenHtva"®bqSg
Cadac'xatfa – erOgExµrsMuTuk[ExµredaH®say KWExµrsMusMruHsMrYledaykar
crca min®tUvbg˙ËrQamrvagExµrnigExµreLIy .
yYnhaNUyP∆ak'edayeXIj®kumenHk∫alrwg minelattamExßjak'rb
s'va hflan®bqSgnwgbJÇarbs'va va®tUvTal'®ck . vak*p¬as'EpnkarNP
_ ¬am .
e®JHyYnhaNUymanTIGag KWman®kumbI†®bBnÏb"ul-BtCaemdwknS nigman
®kumExµrCae®cInJn'nak'CaCatiyYnEdlecHsresr Gan PasaExµrdUcExµr ®ku
mxM∆¨GacbnM¬eFI√CaExµrKµaneyaFaNaGacsal'fa®kumxM∆¨CayYneT . cMENk‰
GgkarCanrNa ? 281

ExµrEdleTIbnwgmkBIeb"kSgnighaNUyenaH niyayPasaExµrBiVks†ab'
xM∆¨s†ab'swgminVn . mUlehtuenHyYnhaNUyk*Bie®KaHCamYyb"ul-BtpÊa
l' . ®sab'Etb"ul-BtecjbJÇa[sU-Pwm CaXatkr´ds†Srbs'va [dwknS
XatkrGaf·kMVMgmYy®kumedIrtamB&TÏVj'®kumExµr®khm EdlmkBIeb"kSg
nighaNUyenaH sm¬ab'ecalswgGs'rlIg . mIgdwgeT enAkmı¨CakN†al
q~S1954 evotmijnSkUnExµreTAhaNUycMnYn1Jn'nak' . ≤LËvenHenAsl'
Et55nak'Etb"ueNˆaH enAeFI√kark~¨gv®kbx&NÎCasmaCikbkß®bCaCnbdivt†n_
Exµr ( KWGtItExµrevotmij ) .
cMENksU-Pwm e®kayBIcat'karsm¬ab'ExµrmkBIeb"kSgnighaNUyrYc
ehIy k*®tUvGgkarbJÇa[eKsm¬ab'ecal edIm∫IbMVt'Ps†¨tag . yayeTog
s†ab'mkdl'®twmh~wg Kat'f©Ërfa –
- {eTvtaeGIy ! yYnhaNUysni~dΩanCIvitraÂs†ExµrdUcst√kN†¨rkU´b
sMrab'sakl∫gl∫icklrbs'va edIm∫IvatTIelbTwkdIExµr . ebIeXIjExµr
NasIueCar dUcCaehg-sMrin, Ca-swum, hflun-Esn CaedIm˘˘˘ vaTuke®bIsin
ebIeXIjExµrNae®bIkarElgekItehIy vasm¬ab'ecalP¬am . dUcCaenAk~¨g
bcç¨b∫n~rbbrbs'ehg-sMrinGJçwg ebIeXIjfaExµrGay"ge®bIkarElgekIt
…k*edIrp¬ËvxusBIExßjak'rbs'cit†va ExµrtSgenaH®tUvVt'x¬ÁnP¬am manecAh√ay
ext†esomrab nigecAh√ayext†Vt'dMbg Lay-sam"un CaedIm .
- GJçwgEmnehIy mIg !
- em"cVnCakµÁyGacmkdl'TI®kugVt'dMbg ?
elogniyaybn†eLIgfa –
- enAk~¨gExtulaq~S1978, GgkarbMEbkeyaFaecjBIxM∆¨ edIm∫I®bmUlbJÇË
neTA «vayyYnrMedaHTwkdIkmı¨Cae®kam» . cMENkxM∆¨ GgkarbMJk's&ki†bI rYc
bJÇËnxM∆¨mkkan'ext†´b"lin cat'EtgtSgxM∆¨CaembJÇakarelI®kumeyaFaExµr®k
hm sµ&®Kcit†kMeTcs&ki†PUminigc®kBti†vij . k~¨gExmkra1979 xM∆¨k*VnCYb
eyaFaTSgenaH eTIbxM∆¨dwgfaeyaFaExµr®khmEdl®sLaj'sem†c“ Edl
sµ&®Kcit†eTA « rMedaHTwkdIkmı¨Cae®kam » enaH EbrCaedIrcUlGnÊak'Exße®tom
rbs'bUdUy ®tUvbUdUysm¬ab'ecalexÊcenAcugExF~Ëq~S1978 . s†ab'mkdl'
®twmh~wg yayeTogsm¬wgmuxelogmYysnʨHeTIbniyayfa –
- GJçwgkµÁyelogCaemExµr®khmeTetI !
elogjjwmGEgÌlx~gyayeTogehIyeqI¬yfa –
GgkarCanrNa ? 282

- VTmIg ! xM∆¨CaemExµr®khmEmn . BIq~S1973dl'1978 xM∆¨CaemeyaFa

Exµr®khm®sLaj'sem†c“ sµ&®Kcit†kMeTcExµrln'-nl' . ≤LËvenHxM∆¨Caem
kan'k†ab'eyaFaExµr®khmsµ&®Kcit†kMeTcski†PUminigc®kBti†vijenAext†´b"lin
e®kambJÇakarrbs'lµ¨t EdlE®beQµaHBIb"ul-Bt . xM∆¨ekItCm©W®Kuncaj'QW
Cits¬ab' eTIbbUdUydwkxM∆¨mkedkeBT¥enAVt'dMbgenH .
yayeTogs†ab'dl'®twmh~wg Kat'mankarQWcab'swgKSgebHdUg ehI-
ynwkk~¨gcit†fa yYnhaNUyecHe®bIkll∫icedaybMEbkExµrCa®kum@ rYc
j¨Hjg'[hk'elatsm¬ab'EtCatirbs'‰g .
eBlenaHyayeTogrksYrsMnYrteTAeTotElgeXIj, elogGEgÌlx~g
yayeTog®BmTSgniyayfa –
- xM∆¨KµanTukcit†yYnhaNUyeT, xM∆¨mkCYbmIgKWcg'sYrdMNwgBIp¬Ëv edIm∫I
rt'eTAkan'®beTs´f .
yayeTogsÊak'esIÊrmYysnʨH eTIbeqI¬yy"agxI¬fa –
- mIgKµanbMNgrt'ecal®sukeT dUec~HmIgminsal' mindwgTal'EtesaH
- sUmmIgTukcit†xM∆¨cuH BitEmnEtxM∆¨CakUnyYn b"uEn†tSgBIekItmk xM∆¨rs'enA
EtCamYyExµr eronsU®tEtCamYy®KUExµr BYkm"akrbs'xM∆¨k*CaExµr xM∆¨sal'c∫as'
nUvsb∫¨rsFm· sIlFm· suPaBs¬ËtbUt nigPaBs~iTÏs~al´nbgbÌËnExµr dUc
mIgCaKMrU . xM∆¨s†ay®beTsExµrrksIuedayesrI CaBiessEdndITUlMTUlay .
enAeBlxM∆¨minTan'cakecjBI®beTsExµr xM∆¨mindwgminsal't´m¬enHeT .
EtenAeBlEdlxM∆¨eTAdl'®beTsyYn eTIbxM∆¨P¬ak' e®JH®sukyYn –
TI1- EdndIEsncegÌøt
TI2- Ep~kneyaVyEsn®kLic®kL¨ceVk®Vs' ´q~®bDitEtsÂgam
edIm∫Iratt∫at®beTsCitxag . va´q~®bDityuvCnyYn[bn¬MeFI√CaExµr rYcruj
®can[cUlmksm¬ab'bMputBUCExµr . s†ayeGIyEsns†ay ! b"uEn†yWteBl
eTAehIy ! eNI˙ycuH ! sµ&®Kcit†eFI√CaExµr dak'eQµaHExµrbn¬MeFI√CaemeyaFaExµr
®khmnwgeKcuH edIm∫I[Vnvil®tLb'mkkan'®beTsExµrvij . luHcuHCaem
eyaFarYcehIy x¬ÁnxM∆¨dUcCa®tIEdlCab'Cuc BIe®JHvin&ytwgEtgNas' erIx¬Án
minrYceT .
s&ki†Jk'elIsµa®Kan'Et[F©n'eT . k~¨gry:eBlcMnYn7q~S xM∆¨j¨SVyrYm
val'EckCamYyEtpÊIr …®tkYnes©arbg'GMbil enAk~¨g´®B minVndwgfa ®TB¥
sm∫ti†k~¨g®beTsExµr®tUvvinashinehacdl'f~ak'h~wgeT . KWenAeBlEdl
GgkarCanrNa ? 283

xM∆¨QW®Kuncaj'Cits¬ab' eTIbbUdUydwkmkedkB¥aVlenAmnIÊreBT¥FMVt'dM-
bg . luHVnCa®Kan'ebI xM∆¨k*edIremIlTI®kugVt'dMbg . xM∆¨P∆ak's¬¨tcit†m†geTo
t edayeXIjVt'dMbgVnk¬ayeTACa «TI®kugexµac» eTAehIy . dUec~HxM∆¨sM
erccit†edIrrkmIg . eBlmkCYbnwgeXIjsƒanPaBrs'enArbs'mIg xM∆¨rnÏt's¬¨
tcit†d*Gsçar¥ swgmineCOEP~kEdlVneXIj ! minKYrmIgF¬ak'x¬Án®krham
dl'f~ak'h~wgesaH ! minKYr®Jt'®Vs'®KYsarGs'rlIgminTMngy"agh~wgeT !
dUec~HsUmmIgsMerccit†ePosx¬ÁneTAkan'®beTs´fCamYyxM∆¨eTA .
eBlenaHyayeTogmineqI¬ynwgsMeNIrrbs'elogfa y"agem"ceT .
Kat'EbrCasYrelogfa –
- ehtuem"cBImßilmijhammIgmin[niyayPasayYn ?
- erOgenHGaf·kMVMgNas' xM∆¨x¬acbUdUyEdlmkCamYyxM∆¨sgß&yfamIg
CayYn e®JHmanc∫ab'Casm©at'bMputfa – « ®tUvEtsm¬ab'GaNikCnyYn Ed
leKcmin®BmeTAtamevotkugBIq~S1975ecalTSgGs' » .
yayeTog®s´mnwkeXIjKYr[P&yjak'sac'˘˘˘ yIeGI ! ehtuGIVnCa
eTA®Vb'bUdUymun@ fax¬Án‰gCayYnGJçwg ?
yayeTogsYrelogeTotfa –
- nrNadwknSExµr®khmnirtI ?
- KWyYnCaemdwknS . ®kumenHecjmkBI®bPBkgkm¬Sg®bdab'GavuFbdi
vt†n‰
_ kPaBrbs'kmı¨Ca EdlhU-CImijbJÇa[eg√øg-yuSgemogbegI˚tenA´f©
TI19-6-1951 rYccat'EtgtSgTU-samutCaembJÇakar . enAq~S1963 TU-
samut®tUveKsm¬ab' hU-CImijbJÇa[pam-va"n'Vcat'EtgtSgb"ul-Bty"ag
s©at' eLIgCMnYsCaembJÇakarvij . BIq~S1970dl'q~S1975 kgkm¬SgenH
rYbrYmkm¬SgCamYybUdUy vaykMeTcExµrln'-nl' E®beQµaHCakgkm¬Sg®bda
b'GavuFbdivt†ne_ s~haCatikmı¨Ca EdlmanbflU-fgCaembJÇakar . elogbJÇa
k'fa k~¨gry:3q~S Ggkarjak'EtExßExµr®khmEdlCaGtItecar elatsm¬ab'
Exµrvk'vInS[G~kEdlesssl'enArs'Vk's∫atQb'hflankMerIk . enAcugq~S
1977 eTIbGgkarbJÇËnkgkm¬Sg®bdab'GavuFbdivt†n‰
_ kPaBrbs'kmı¨Ca[
ecjmklukluy®beTsExµrvij edaydak'eQµaHfaCa®kumExµr®khmnirtI .

❑ ❑
❑
GgkarCanrNa ? 284

etI®kumExµr®khmnirtI®tUveFIG
√ x
√I H¬ ?

Parkicç®kumenHKW®tUvsm¬ab'Exµr®khm EdlekItmkBIecarEdlGgkarca
t'EtgtSgCaQ¬bnigKNkmµkarkg . ®kumenHmanParkicçCaBiessm"¥ag
eTot KW®tUvdak'f~SbMBulk~¨g « nMbJç¨kTwksm¬Exµr » edIm∫Ism¬ab'bMputBUCExµr
CacugbegI˙y .
EtCa´cdn¥ vaykkarNd
_ wgfa elaksWn-sankMBugTak'Tg®beTs
Gg'eK¬snig´f edIm∫IerobcMbegI˚trN:sirßmYyeQµaHrNsirßCatirMedaH®b-
CaBlrdΩExµr ( r˘C˘r˘b˘x ) .
yYnhaNUydwgfa ebIrN:sirßenHekIteLIgVnCasƒaBr kgT&Bnwg
GacrMedaHTwkdIkmı¨CaVny"aggay . ehtuenHyYnhaNUyk*p¬as'Epnkar
P¬am edaybMVt'eQµaHGgkar ehIybeJçjbUdUysµ&®Kcit†BI´®B[Tan'eBl
evlarYcE®skekÌgkÌagfa bUdUysµ&®Kcit†bUCasac'QammkkMcat'Exµr®khm
edIm∫ICYyExµr .
edIm∫IbMP&n†mtiBiPBelak, mtiGn†rCatinigmtiraÂs†ExµrTUeTA yYnhaNU
yk*bJÇËnb"ul-Bt EdlCacarkicçBiessrbs'va [eTAsMrakenAeb"kSgeFI√
CaG~kcaj'eFI√®BegIy . vaelIkbn†¨b®kumehg-sMrin, hflun-Esn, Ca-swum
eFI√CaG~kQ~H . karBitb"ul-BtkI†, ®kumehg-sMrinkI† CaGay"ghaNUydUc
EtK~a .
emIlcuH ! tSgBIq~S1970dl'q~S1978 TSgGs'K~aenHrYm´dCamYybUdU-
ysm¬ab'ExµrCamças'TwkdIkmı¨CaBit@d*s¬Ët®tg'vIvk' . kaleNaHehg-sMrin
mangarCavr:esniy‰kdwknSkgBlFMelx6enAPUmiPaKbUJ· .
luHVns†ab'Jk¥eBcnr_ bs'h√ij-KimelogEdlCakUnh√ij-va"n'LSg
carCnrbs'yYnhaNUy®bcSext†Vt'dMbgcb'sB√®Kb'mk eTIbyayeTog
sni~dΩanfa bursenH®tUvyYnhaNUybg≈M[bn¬Mx¬ÁnCaExµrdak'eQµaHfa mit†L¨
c Jk's&ki†3 Caemkan'k†ab'eyaFaExµr®khmnin~akaryYn . Kat'Qb'sgß&y
ehIyk*yl'fa – yYnhaNUyCaGgkarGnamiky"agBit®Vkd .
eBlenaHyayeTogmankarQWcab'y"ag´®kElg Kat'®sk'TwkEP~ke®ca
k@ nwks†aybI† bÌËn@ kµÁy@ kUn@ nigbgbÌËnrYmCatiExµrEdl®tUvGgkarsm¬a
GgkarCanrNa ? 285

b'ecalGs'cMnYn3lannak' KµanVnt´dCamYyxµSgTal'EtesaH . s†ay

Nas' ! ebIdwgfayYnhaNUyCaemXatkr em"¬HExµreyIgminenAes©øm{b´d
y"agdUec~HeT ! . kaleNaHraÂs†ExµrPaKe®cInyl'®cLMsµan@faExµr sIh
nuc∫SgCamYyExµrln'-nl' eTIbbbYlK~adak'GavuFcuH edaymincg'bg˙ËrQam
rvagExµrnigExµrCabgbÌËn˘˘˘
h√ij-KImelog EbrmksMBHsMulamIgeTogeTAvij .

❑ ❑
❑

etIGk
~ Na®tUvTTYlkMhs
u enAcMeJH
muxvibtie† nH ?

CvI t
i kn
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GgkarCanrNa ? 286

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GgkarCanrNa ? 287

sn
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w BeI rOgenH ‰kareCO…mn
i eCOenaHvae®scenA
elk
I arvn
i c
i y
&œ rbsG
' k
~ GaneTAcHu .

❑ ❑
❑

yYnhaNUye®bIes~øtvayTwkkMcay®tI

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❑
GgkarCanrNa ? 288

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GgkarCanrNa ? 289

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u EtrkelsbEgg
√ dan ´cdn¥va®keLkeXj
I kn
U ®seI BArbsy
' ayeTog
eTb
I ng
w mkBs
I alaeron vakE* brCasrY yayeTogfa – Em" ! mt
i e† nHeTb
I ng
w
mkBs
I alaeron… ?
- cas± !
GgkarCanrNa ? 290

lk
w VnelsenHke* ®Jk®VCt
∆ eTAeTot –
- Em" ! Emd
" g
w eTfabd
U y
U kB
M g
u EtedrI ®bml
U km
u ark®M JCatEi xrµ edm
I ∫b
I Jn
ËÇ
eTAeronenAhaNy
U ? ®km
u km
u ark®M JTSgenaHva[eQaµ Hfa « ®km
u km
u arsg
Qam » .
- ehteu mc
† kb
* Jn
ËÇ eTAerondlh
' aNy
U ?
- eK®tvU EtbJn
ËÇ [qa© ybp
M t
u edm
I ∫k
I [
uM mankarCabC
' J
M k' k[
u M æJk¥esA
hg
µ Bc
I asT
' uM . e®JHkm
u arTSgenaHCaekg
µ f®µI sLag Edldac®' sLHKaµ nCM
JkG
' e√I Ly
I . Ggk
 armanParkc
i l
ç td
' M « ®km
u km
u arsgQam » [dlk
' B
M l
U
edayBn¥l®' Vb[
' sa lf
' anrNaCamt
i † nrNaCas®tvU . åbmadc
U CaeK
dt
u Edk[dlk
' eM dA rc
Y ehy
I eKGac´qE~ dkenaHeTAeFC
√I aGk
√I V
* n.
bnaÊ bB
' k
I arltd
' eM nHmk tN
M agfrµI bsG
' gk
 arcatT
' k
u ekg
µ TSgenaHfa Ca
GnaKtraÂsE† xrµ fy
µI a" gBt
i ®Vkd . ekg
µ TSgenaHng
w dHu Kn
M t
i sgsk
w ceM JH
s®tvU . vacatE' cgerobceM kg
µ TSgenaHdc
U teTA –
lHu dk
w CJn
ËÇ dlh
' aNy
U ehy
I manKNkmk
µ arrgc
' STTl
Y rc
Y Eckta
mEpk
~ @ tamkare®Cs
I ers
I rbsk
' m
u arTSgenaHedayxn
Á¬ ‰g . åTahrNd
_ c
U
CakgTB
& ®Kb@
' Epk
~ lHu eronhath
' k
w√ hn
W√ ecHcbe' hy
I Ggk
 areln
I g
w bJn
ËÇ
vl
i ®tLbm
' kkanm
' atP
u m
U k
i mC
¨ı avj
i eKng
w erobcG
M naKt®beTssarCafµI Cn
M Y
sGk
~ dk
w nSsB´√ fe© nH . Ggk
 arelQ
I bT
' Tl
Y sa lE' xrµ Naepßge®kAB®I km
u
km
u a r s g Q a m e n H C a d a cx
' at eTaHExrµ enaHeronecHdlf
' a~ kN
' ake* day .
mkdl´' fh
© g
w~ Ggk
 arVnbJn
ËÇ km
u ark®M JeTAdlh
' aNy
U cn
M n
Y bn
Y mn
uW nak'
rc
Y ehy
I . deU cH~ edm
I ∫k
I sagGnaKt[kn
U ®srI bsE' m" EmK
" rY EtbJl
Ëç kn
U kg
¨~
®km
u km
u arsgQam[Tane' Blevla .l.
yayeTogsrY lk
w fa –
- eteI nAextV
† td
' b
M g maneKbegt
˚I CrM ®M km
u km
u arsgQamehy
I …enA ?
- manbegt
˚I rc
Y ehy
I Em" ! lk
w eqy
¬I Pa¬ medayjjm
w ya" geBjct
i † . TI
tSgCrM M KeW nAkg
¨~ brei vNGtt
I vT
i ¥aly
& ®BHmn
u vI gß . sB´√ fm
© anekg
µ k®M JcM
nn
Y 7,000nak' . bd
U y
U kB
M g
u edrI ®bml
U Cabn@
† eTAeTot .
yayeTogædeU cH~ manGarmN
µ t
_ ks
' t
¨¬ edayxa¬ clk
w bEM bkkn
U ® sB
I K
I at'
. { ! yn
Y haNy
U Ggy
¨ rgc
' S{kasenHyrU ehy
I eTetI . ehtd
u eU cH~ ehy
I
VnCavaGacseM rceKalbN
M gdF
* eM Fgrbsv' aya" genHVn ?!?!
{ ! vasnakn
U Exrµ k®M J etG
I k
~ dg
w …eTfa –
GgkarCanrNa ? 291

- Ggk
 arng
w ltd
' d
M lk
' B
M l
U edm
I ∫[
I Gk
~ ka¬ yeTACas®tvU rbsm
' amg
I C-
I
dn
U Ct
I arbsG
' k
~ ?
- Ggk
 arng
w dk
w nSGk
~ [eTACa®bCaCnExrµ my
Y fµI EdlenABeI ®kayman
Bk
Y vaCaGk
~ bJaÇ ?
{ ! Gnc
i aç Exrµ eGy
I ! crU Gk
~ dg
w xn
Á¬ eLg
I Pa∆ kx
' n
Á¬ Bk
I aryl®' cLeM Lg
I mn
i
EdlmanCnCati …Gk
~ Na®sLajG
' k
~ Cagbgbn
ËÌ mamg
I rbsG
' k
~ Edlman
CatC
i aExrµ dc
U Gk
~ eT˘˘˘
eBlenaH lk
w e®kakedrI mk{byayeTog Efg
¬ GN
M rKN
u ®BmTSgsuM
lacakecjBk
I mC
¨ı aeTAkanh
' aNy
U enA´fE© sk
Ì enH .
tSgB´I fe© naHmk yayeTogmanesck®†I By
Y Vrmc
∏ eM JHvasnarbsk
' n
U
®seI BAKatC
' axS¬ g . Kats
' eM rcct
i e† TAeml
I CrM ®M km
u km
u arsgQamedaypaÊ l'
EPk
~ . Katc
' gd
' g
w fa etk
I are®Cs
I ers
I ya" ghg
w~ manlkN
&≈ GE√I bk
¬ …eT ? etI
mane®cn
I …eT ? .

❑ ❑

CMrk
M umarQanmux

enA´fT
© 1
I 7-3-80, yayeTogedrI eTAkanC
' rM k
M m
u ark®M J edayedrI cl
U BI
eCg
I eTAkanC
' rM M . bnHÊ ka† rFEM vgmy
Y cgB¥rÁ Cabn
' g
w eka¬ gTa√ rsresrfa – « CrM M
km
u arQanmx
u ».
enAxageqg
√ ´dmanGaKarmy
Y CakEng
¬ dNS† s¬ . KatV
' nCb
Y ®sy
I n
Y ma~
ke' Qaµ HnI ekt
I enA®sk
u Exrµ EdlCa®bFanTTl
Y xs
u ®tvU erobcV
M yTk
w [ekg
µ
TSgenaH . Gk
~ nT
I Tl
Y yayeTogya" grakT
' ak' rc
Y nSKatb
' eNr†I cl
U eTAeml
I
km
u ak®M JTSg7Jnn
' ake' naH EdlkB
M g
u Ette®mobCrY Ka~ cl
U kant
' j
u S¨ Vy .
ekg
µ TSgenaHmanGayB
u 8
I eTA14qS~ esø¬ kJk‰
' ksNaÏ nBN´· peÊ mX
GgkarCanrNa ? 292

mx
u jjm
w rk
I ray . lHu cl
U Cb
Y CeuM hy
I ®sabE' tæsemg
¬ E®skbJaÇ tammI
®kC
U aPasayn
Y fa –
- Mac niêm chiên si trân giôn
- « eKarBvJ
i aÔ Nkn
≈ y
Ï T
u C
Ï nEdlsa¬ bk
' g
¨~ smrPm
U i».
km
u arTSgGse' ®kakQreLg
I sg
wµ saµ F eKarBvJ
i aÔ Nkn
≈ y
Ï T
u C
Ï nEdl
VnbC
U aCvI t
i kg
¨~ smrPm
U c
i n
M n
Y 30vn
i aTI .
eKEckkm
u artSgenaHCa®km
u @ . kg
¨~ my
Y ®km
u @manKa~ 10nak' . kg
¨~ ®km
u
nm
i y
Y @manma~ ke' ®kakeLg
I eFs
√I n
M rY fa –
- etn
I rNaCamt
i r† bse' yg
I ?
- mt
i r† bse' yg
I KW evotNamng
i lav !
- etn
I rNaCas®tvU rbse' yg
I ?
- s®tvU rbse' yg
I KV
W rSg Cbn
u" Gaemrk
i Sg ng
i Exrµ ®khm˘˘˘ eyg
I ®tvU
EtkeM TcExrµ ®khm .
sn
M rY ng
i cemy
¬I rebobhg
w~ ®tvU EteFe√I nAmn
u e B l V y ® Bk
w la© cCaerogra-
l´' f© . eBlenaHyayeTogQr®Tg
w ®skT
' k
w EPk
~ e®cak@ nk
w sa† yGaNt
i
G a e N a c G F m ·d l 'k um a r k M® J T S g e n a H y "a g ´ ® k E l g x Mr t 'e K c B IE x µr ® k h m
EbrCamkFa¬ kc
' k
M Na† b´' dyn
Y haNy
U eTAvj
i .
eml
I cHu ! vaebk
I LanedrI ®bml
U ykmkeFC
√I aQa~ nm
' y
Y elk
I eTot vae®bI
esø~ tTnP
' n
¬ ' kB
M g
u jH¨ jgb
' J
M ke' KalCh
M r CaBei ssBn¥lE' vkEjkbNH¨†
Kn
M t
i sgsk
w ®sbtambJa˙ CakE' sg
† Edlkm
u arTSgenaHVneXj
I paÊ lE' Pk
~
ng
i ®tvU rge®KaHpaÊ lx
' n
Á¬ KeW Xj
I Exrµ ®khmcl
U mkcabE' m“
" mamg
I bgbn
Ë Ì nS
ykeTAsma¬ be' calBt
i @˘˘˘.
cEM Nkkm
u arTSgenaH ®tvU Exrµ ®khm®bml
U n S y k e T A b g[
M≈ e F k
√I a r T S g
ybT
' Sg´f© halePø¬ ghalx¥l' TSgQW ht
u EtTk
w bbr sg
w Kaµ nGb
M l
i
Kaµ nGav Kaµ nexa manEtmy
Y bna¬ sC
' abn
' g
w xn
Á¬ . vaeFT
√I arN
u kmeµ XareXA≤t
emta† eT .
dle' BleXj
I yn
Y haNy
U mkdl' edrI ®bml
U nSykmkEfrkßa åbtƒ
m∏ [sc
uI k
u ya" g®Kb®' Kan' esø¬ kJk‰
' ksNaÏ nya" gsaÌ t@ ks
M ane† lgya"
gsb∫ay mankEng
¬ edkya" gsmrm¥ Kt
i EtBeI rons®U t˘˘˘ ebeI Xj
I c∫as'
ya" genHehy
I emc
" km
* n
i dg
w KN
u mn
i eKarB mn
i sa† bb
' ga b' mn
i ®sLajy
' Y
nhaNy
U ? emc
" mn
i sa lf
' aExrµ ®khmCas®tvU ? eteI KGacbeM Pc
¬ GeM BeI Xar
GgkarCanrNa ? 293

eXA´®BEpßrbsG
' k
~ EdleKehAfa «Exrµ ®khm» enaHVn…eT ? .
yayeTog®Kvk
I ∫alTSgTk
w EPk
~ rhamTenj
Ê EtJk¥fa –
- KrY [sa† y@ ! eteI Fe√I mc
" eTA edm
I ∫B
I n¥lk
' m
u ark®M JTSgLayenaH[
ylf
' a enHCakll∫c
i rbsy
' n
Y haNy
U eT ! .
Katn
' k
w eXj
I nvU sn
M rY BrI Xa¬ EdlkaleNaHrbbyn
Y evotmj
i Bq
I S~ 19-
47 ng
i 1948 vabg[
M≈ ebkC
≈ nEdlbrM g
u eTAeronenAebk
" SgTenj
Ê cSmat' . bu"
En®† tgs
' n
M rY fa nrNaCas®tvU rbse' yg
I kalenaHcemy
¬I manEtVrSg ng
i
Cbn
u" beu" Naˆ H . kaleNaHyayeTogmanGay1
u 9qS~ ecHsrY ecHeqy
¬I cec
cccacdc
U sts
√ ark
i a ny
i aytamEtevotmj
i bg[
M≈ fa edayKaµ nyln
' y
& ni
gXa¬ TSgBrI enaHeT . py
¨Ê eTAvj
i ®km
u km
u arQammx
u Gacyln
' y
& ng
i t´m´¬ n
Xa¬ fa –
- nrNaCamt
i † ? nrNaCas®tvU ? c∫asl
' asN
' as' .
y a y e T o g nk
w e Xj
I e Lg
I vj
i k a l Bq
I S~ 1948 kg
¨~ C n
M a ny
' n
Y e v o t mj
i
B¥ayambJn
ËÇ kn
U Exrµ eTAeronenAebk
" Sg xG
M br' EM k´q[
~ eTACaExrµ fµI enAkg
¨~ rgg
√ '
GnaÊ kE' xßjakr' bsv' a .
bEu" nk
† n
U Exrµ mn
u @xH√ karltd
' M Kaµ nbNH¨† Kn
M t
i sgsk
w lHu eronecHcbV
'
n vl
i ® t L bm
' k k a nm
' a tP
u m
U vi j
i EbrCadHu sts
i m∫CJ:Ô ecHesh
~ a C a tB
i t
i @
ya" gmt
u e®CA mn
i ®BmelattamExßjakr' bsv' a . Gk
~ TSgenaH®tvU yn
Y haNU
ysma¬ be' calGs' . deU cH~ kc
i k
ç are®Cs
I ers
I kn
U Exrµ nSykeTAGbr' M edm
I ∫EI k
´ qC
~ aExrµ fµI kg
¨~ ry:kalCag30qS~ enH kn
U Exrµ ®tvU sa¬ be' ®cn
I ≤tKNna .
≤LvË yn
Y haNy
U ®bEhlCaVnseM rceKalbN
M gvaehy
I EdlxB
M ¥aya
m EdlxB
M ei saFCae®cn
I qS~ . rarkeXj
I esø~ tmy
Y de* qm
~I KeW ®beI Qaµ HGgk
 ar
Gnamk
i CaembJaÇ karelEI xrµ ®khm rc
Y tN
M agGgk
 aredaye®by
I eI haExrµ ®k
hmCanc
i ç.

❑ ❑

❑
GgkarCanrNa ? 294

km
u ar Ty
u Gay9
u qS~ Cakn
U ®bs
u eBArbs®' Ks
Y army
Y EdlmanKa~ 4nak' .
vaCb
Y yayeTogenAkg
¨~ Exmn
i aqS~ 1980 enA«vte† lakyn
Y » st
ƒi enAEk∫rvt†
lab . km
u arenHny
i aybeNr†I yb
M eNr†I ®Vby
' ayeTogfa –
e n A ´ fm
© y
Y kg
¨ ~ s my
& G gk
 ar ma† yxV
¨∆M nykmaseTAdrU Ggr˚ edm
I ∫d
I NS†
Vyhb
U [mankmS¬ g edm
I ∫eI cjBlk
i mb
µ eM rG
I gk
 ar . Ggk
 arecjbJaÇ [Exrµ
®khmcabc
' gma† yx¨∆M nSykeTAsma¬ be' nA®tgP
' m
U i sala®tav kg
¨ ~ shkr-
N´_ ®Btc
U . Ggk
 arbJaÇ [nS“Bk
u , bg®bs
u x¨∆M ng
i xe¨∆M TAQreml
I . eBl
enaHeBCŒXatvaysB
M gma† yx¨∆M my
Y ®Bnge' dm
I sEgT
˚ Sgbna¬ rc
Y ®canTma¬ k'
Katk
' g
¨~ reNA† EdlmanCeM rAya" ge®CA . bnaÊ bm
' k vakE* ®sksrY “Bk
u xE¨∆M dl
Qreml
I TSgKSgmate' nATeI naHfa –
- Enmt
i † GaNt
i …eT ?
“Bk
u xe¨∆M qy
¬I sg
w mn
i rc
Y . my
Y snH¨Ê FeM Tb
I eqy
¬ I fa –
- GaNt
i !˘˘˘.
eBCŒXateVy´dehA“Bk
u x®¨∆M BmTSgny
i ayfa ebG
I aNt
i mkeNH ! “
Bk
u xk
¨∆M e* drI eTACt
i matr' eNA† EdleBCŒXatcgl
¨Ì edaybrM g
u eQa© keml
I exaµ
cma† yx¨∆M edm
I ∫[
I dg
w faets
I a¬ b…
' rs' ?
eBCŒXatks
* B
M gKatm
' y
Y ®Bngs
' Egd
˚ Edl rc
Y FakK
' atT
' ma¬ kb
' Jl
Ëç k-
¨~
greNA† dEdl Camy
Y exaµ cma† yxV
¨∆M te' TA .
- e B l e Xj
I e B C ΠX a t sB
M g “ Bk
u ma† yx,¨∆M xn
¨∆M g
i b g ® bs
u smg
w ¬ mx
u Ka~ Ca
sJaÔ . eBlenaHeBCŒXatsrY Bk
Y xP
¨∆M a¬ mfa –
- ENmt
i † etG
I aNt
i Gak∫te' nH…eT ?
bgbn
ËÌ xt
¨∆M SgBrI nake' qy
¬I ®BmKa~ TSg®Kvk
I ∫al ®Kv´I dfa eT ! eT ! eT ! eT
mt
i B
† U ! xm
¨∆M n
i GaNt
i mns
u ßk∫tG
' gk
 areT ! .
Bk
Y xk
¨∆M V
* n rc
Y xn
Á ¬ Bs
I a¬ b' enAeBlenHGgk
 a r kb
* Jn
ËÇ bgbn
ËÌ x[
¨ ∆ M cl
U e T A k¨ ~
gkgkm
u arenAPm
U ´i ®Btc
U bg[
M≈ efk
√I arTSgybT
' Sg´f© kNa† lekA† kNa† lePø¬
g ht
u EtTk
w bbrsg
w Kaµ nGb
M l
i manEtexaGavmy
Y bna¬ sd
' acd
' acCabn
' g
w xn
Á¬
eBlybn
' Sbgbn
ËÌ ln
U cl
U edkkg
¨~ ceM bg
I e®JHKaµ nPy
Y dNb
† e' T .
≤LvË enHbd
U y
U nSbg®bs
u xe¨∆M TAeron‰haNy
U CagBrI Exehy
I . cEM N
kbd
U y
U sn¥afa ng
w bJn
ËÇ xe¨∆M TAhaNy
U EdrenAExe®kay@enH . km
u arTy
u
bJaÇ kr' G@
U fl fa –
- KrY [dg
w KN
u bd
U y
U Nas' !
GgkarCanrNa ? 295

eml
I n± ! km
u ark®M JGrKN
u ng
i sresrI haNy
U Emn ! eteI TAGnaKtma
n ® km
u Exrµ NaGacmansmtP
ƒ a B cl
U e T A B n ¥ ld
' k
w n S ® km
u km
u a r Q a n mx
u [ca
kecjBG
I naÊ kE' xßjakr' bsb
' d
U y
U VneT ? .
e B l e n H ® km
u km
u a r Q a n mx
u kB
M g
u Etyl®' cLy
M a" gEsne®CAeTAkg
¨~ s -
PaBkarNe_ nH !˘˘˘
yayeTogQrPk
w¬ Bc
i arNafa – enHCaEpnkarGafk
· V
M g
M KvW adk
w nS[qa©
ypt
u Bc
I asT
' C
uM atEi xrµ edm
I ∫EI k´q®~ k´Lkm
u ark®M J[eTACaExrµ fµI . varkßaTk
u
km
u ak®M JTSgenaHedm
I ∫eI qy
¬I eTAceM JHmx
u Gnr† Catf
i a xC
¨∆M aExrµ Camaç sT
' k
w dk
I
mC
¨ ı a˘˘˘
bEu" nB
† eu TaÏ eGy
I ! etc
I t
i K
† n
M t
i rebobrbb TeM nomTma¬ b' Gar¥Fm· Pasa ng
w
eTACaya" gNaeTAvj
i ?
yn
Y haNy
U cJ
i m
wç km
u arTSgenHTk
u edm
I ∫eI robcG
M naKt[®km
u Exrµ dk
w nS
kmC
¨ı afµI edm
I ∫b
I P
M n
& m
† tB
i P
i Belak[yl®' cLM TTl
Y sa l®' km
u km
u arQanmx
u
faCamaç sT
' k
w dk
I mC
¨ ı a®sbc∫ab' .
e T A G n a K t mx
u E t yn
Y h a Ny
U catE' tgtSg[enA®Kb@
' ® k sg
Y kg
¨~ G n a K
trdaΩ PV
i lkmC
¨ı a . bEu" ne† cA®ksg
Y dk
w nSKB
W t
i Cayn
Y haNy
U TSgGs' . {
erOgenHsk
& b
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´dKatn
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GgkarCanrNa ? 297

ecarb¬n'CaelIkTI2

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GgkarCanrNa ? 299

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xn
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¨ ı ae®kam .
egø√ g-hvU fU emevotkg
u enA®sk
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e®kam®tvU TTl
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nomie ) [Exrµ kmC
¨ ı ae®kam .l.
enA´fT
© 5
I -5-75 elakGnHÊ sarCaya" gxS¬ g e®JHsaƒ nkarNe_ nA®beT
sevotNam E®bCaggt
i Gnk
Ï ar®cbk
U ®cbl' dc
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W
g "uk f a j 'k *y k k ic çs n ¥ a e n a H m k B in it ¥ e m Il r Yc k *b t '® c k k ~¨g e h a e ◊ "G a v
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u pßge®BgeTArkCb
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elakk†I sG
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rc
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µ ˘˘˘k*
Vtx
' n
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U eTAeTot .
b´I fm
© keTot K´W fT
© 1
I 0-5-75 evotkg
u cl
U mkcabx
' ¨∆M nSykeTAdake' xa~ H
enAextd
† aNSg Camy
Y CnCaty
i n
Y mancn
M n
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uW nak' . ny
i aydlv' Ke nH
fac-
' e®TOgkb
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yayeTogeXj
I CaPst
¨† ag . rc
Y ny
i aybne† TAeTot –
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u ke* daHElgGk
~ eTasEdlCabe' xa~ H
e n A e x td
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i ®tLbe' TAkanl
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i
cEM NkGk
~ eTasCt
i my
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uW nakE' dledrI mn
i rc
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u nSykeTAdakk
' g
¨~ CrM M
my
Y eQaµ H Trai Bo KC
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W k
u [sa¬ bk
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¨~ CrM eM naHeTA ! .
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I d
I ake' xa~ HenaHmk eTb
I xd
¨∆M g
w faelaksn
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u" fajs
' a¬ b'
tSgB´I fT
© 8
I -8-77 enAkg
¨~ Kk
u Ch
I a"√ .
®bCaCnyn
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Y ecjBm
I nrÊI XX
uM Sgke* day kK
* aµ nesr-
I
PaBEdr . ®Kb@
' Ka~ mkdlT
' l
I eM nA k®* tvU yn
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U tamdan®Kbd
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˙ I ec-
jcl
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' rb
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Ë kB
M g
u ´llksk
U Vn
" [
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dle' votkg
u rc
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√I k
U dakm
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uI pßge®Bgrtq
' g
¬ mhasm®u TmktamecAha√ y
naycasK
' W VrSgng
i Gaemrk
i Sg . fac-
' e®TOgbne† TAeTotfa –
- yn
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Ë Qc
W t
i N
† as' EdlbeNa† y[xn
Á¬ caje' Vkyn
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yxk
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i Gaemrk
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I ∫m
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GgkarCanrNa ? 302

yn
Y h a Ny
U VnQH~ elV
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I a e m rk
i Sgk†I ke* ®JHEtenAeBlenaH
yn
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ç va .
≤LvË xkxc
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yn
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i .l. eqø¬ t{kasEd
lyn
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¨∆M r* t'
mkkan®' beTskmC
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u ExFq
Ë~ S~ 1979 .
kg
¨~ Exmn
I aqS~ 1980 xV
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gkgTB
& Emk
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¨~ kgTB
& ma" rn
I
Gaemrk
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I ng
w rc
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u enAhaNy
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i
Gneu sny
i eTaBrI nake' Tot ePc
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Tc
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s®' sm
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ene¬ mKg . ®seI mbJaÇ karVnpl
† m
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I cayvayxH¬ @ . enAedm
I Ex
emsaqS~ 1980 elake®TOgTTl
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M g
w B®I BEM dnExrµ -´f . mn
i Tan'
VnVnCb
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& c
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esny
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~
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cEM Nkx@
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w xn
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mkkane' xte† JFs
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© 1
I 4-4-80 manbN
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U beM rrI ˘C˘r˘b˘x˘enATI
enaH .
mkdle' xte† JFs
i at' sa© te' ®cob BeI ®JHrCrbxexte† JFs
i atn
' g
i ext†
kB
M gq
' S~ g manekt
I åb∫te†i htm
u y
Y dc
* Emk
¬ . erOgrav" mandc
U teTAenH –
‹ enAyb´' fc
© l
U qS~ Exrµ T1
I 3-4-80 Gk
~ dk
w nSrCrbx´nextT
† SgBrI Vn
rb
Y rm
Y Ka~ eFB
√I F
i C
I be' logmy
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' eJj
ÇI em@bd
U y
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uI k
w kg
¨~
ny
& ng
w catk
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' k
Y va[Gs' . em@bd
U y
U kc
* l
U mksp
uI k
w tamesckG
†I -
eJj
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I ray .
5naTm
I n
u eBlkN
M t' Edlemdk
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u ng
w catk
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dy
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U y
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I cl
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& c
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M n
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GgkarCanrNa ? 303

ehy
I nSykeTAVtr' ht
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fac-
' e®TOg®Kvk
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i dg
w Caya" gemc
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* d
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U BEU kykkarNe_ mH"¬ ?
xk
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† eM NrI eTAkane' xtV
† td
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M g manbN
M gmkbeM rrI CrbxenAexte† nH .
ybm
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i enH xe¨∆M TACb
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w nSrCrbx EtbnaÊ bB
' V
I nsa† bs
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M G
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M
ngrbsG
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i ?
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¬ my
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Ê g
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u dk
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yb´' fT
© 1
I 3ng
i 14ExemsaqS~ 1980 eqø¬ teBlcl
U qS~ Exrµ elakLay-sa
mn
u" ecAha√ yextE† dlyn
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ËÇ mkBh
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eTAextV
† td
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¨~ BF
i C
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l2ybe' dm
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i P
† aB .
lHu cbB
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u" Efg
¬ CaåLark
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u M ana
dk
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w es∫øg®Kb@
' CB
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& rCrbx ®Kb@
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¬ kg
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bgTSgml
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i @
† em@rCrbx®VbT
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beu" Naˆ H .l. ng
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ny
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lHu æbJa˙ enHehy
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haNy
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w dk
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¨ı a . sB´√ f© bd
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u I yva
lc
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Ë˙ manEtprÊI ng
i ®tkn
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i . cHu ehteu mc
† ecAha√ yext†
Gayg
" yn
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' mx
u dk
w nSykeTApl
† [
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bxmn
i Tn
M gEbbenH ?
‹ kll∫c
i enHevotmj
i e®bm
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† rc
Y ehy
I kalBq
I S~ 1945 enA‰kmC
¨ ı ae®ka
medaysma¬ bE' xrµ ya" gvvI k' . cEM NkenA‰®beTskmC
¨ı a kg
¨~ ry:eeBlEtm-
Y
y bd
U y
U Vncl
U mktSgml
U daΩ nenAJseBjedayykelsfa mkvay
keM TcedjVrSg . EtKeW nAeBkenaHehy
I Edlvabegt
˚I VnGayg
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«Exrµ evotmj
i » . lHu mkdlC
' n
M any
' n
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u vanSkll∫c
i enH
mke®beI Tot .
GgkarCanrNa ? 304

‹ eml
I cHu ! vaxb
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˚I eQaµ HGgk
 arGnamk
i rc
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* egt
˚ I eya
Fa®sLajs
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† “ mancn
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lCamaç sT
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f a c-
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√I aGsaç r¥esaH . ehteu mc
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w fa eyaFaExrµ ®kh
mTSgGse' naH ®tvU bd
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karGnamk
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u EtnSykesø~ tdEdlenHmke®bI edm
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KteTot . deU cH~ ebeI yg
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Ì as' .
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i arNang
i e®bobeFob eyg
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kll∫c
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√ G
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GgkarCanrNa ? 305

nfac-
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mn
u ®Bt
w k
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I 7-4-75cn
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s . ®ksg
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GgkarCanrNa ? 306

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kg
¨~ qS~ 1975 xV
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u cl
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mkkan®' beTskmC
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ral@
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cabt
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g ® K b Ct
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cmg
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w eqaı HeTATs
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enAcg
u qS~ 1977 Caerogral´' f© xE¨∆M tgeXj
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¨∆" Cae®cn
I dk
w eQI
manTa√ r bgc
ÁÌ tu TU ekAGI ka† rexon . LanTSgenaHKaµ nbT
i Vg
M Ge√I T xG
¨ ∆ M acemI
leXj
I c∫as@
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w ykeTACahrU Ehr˘˘˘
eBlenaHyayeTogcab´' dky
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i ayfa –
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 arecjbJaÇ edj®bCaCnExrµ kg
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my
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sg
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†i a" ge®cn
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u
[yn
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GgkarCanrNa ? 307

®bml
U ®TB¥sm∫tn
†i KrExrµ bn
¬ d
' k
w CJn
ËÇ eTAkan®' sk
u yn
Y edayesrI . Epn
karrbsy
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i ®JgTk
u bn
¬ ®' TB¥sm∫t´†i n®beTsExrµ enH mg
I Vndg
w
c∫ast
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i ayfa –
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√I Âga mCamy
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† cajV
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√I aesdIΩ .
bcb
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Gacbn
¬ ®' TB¥sm∫tn
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Ny
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i
GgkarCanrNa ? 308

GaceFk
√I ar®bqSgceM JHyn
Y h a Ny
U enAe®kam®cmHu vagay@ya" genHVneT
e®JHvamankll∫c
i ®kLc
i ®kLc
¨ Nas' . eml
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Camy
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U
lmklk
u ly
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eBlenaHbry
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√I x
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Cn
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karBei saFn_ mn
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i yn
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ya" glt
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GgkarCanrNa ? 309

e®kam®cmHu vagay@VneT . bEu" nm

† g
I eGy
I ! ky
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W t
i N
† as' eBlenHky
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pßge®BgCacg
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y[vavatTy
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yCa´®kElg .
eyg
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I eyg
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eTAehy
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mn
u ng
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uM a elakKm
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¬ seuM Tasma† ymg
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sl
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w eNH .

❑ ❑
❑

enAybe' naH yayeTogTTl

Y TandeM Nkmn
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edkkg
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Na®tvU ecjenAeBlNa ®tvU sma¬ bE' xrµ Fn
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Ggk
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‹ ®km
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GgkarCanrNa ? 310

nEm“
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M al' Ggk
 ark†I yn
Y haNy
U k†I vacl
U ratt∫atlk
u ly
u ®beTs
Exrµ vae®beI sø~ tEtmy
Y Kc
W l
U mkCadb
M g
U vamn
i TanT
' k
u ct
i E† xrµ vaEtgEtelk
I
bnb
¨† Exrµ Bt
i @ EdlseuI Car[eFk
√I arCn
M s
Y Exrµ Gayg
" vasn
i lHu eXj
I faGs'
mane®KaHfa~ ke' hy
I eTb
I vacatk
' eM Tc…dkExrµ seuI CarenaHecj eTb
I vadakE' xrµ
Gayg
" rbsv' avj
i .l.
GgkarCanrNa ? 311

eml
I cHu ! Ggk
 arcl
U lk
u ®beTsExrµ kg
¨~ ry:10Exdb
M g
U vabeJj
ç EtExrµ
® k h m nn
i a~ karExrµ Kb
W kßExrµ ®khmrbse' xov-sp
M n ng
i ® km
u Exrµ ®khmekt
I
mkBeI car Exrµ ®khmenHseuI Carelatsma¬ b®' bCaBlrdEΩ xrµ vvI k' jS¨ g[®bCa
raÂsE† xrµ Vks
' ∫atQbh
' afl nkeM rk
I eTb
I Ggk
 arbeJj
ç gtt
I Exrµ evotmj
i ®km
u
T1
I Ks
W maCk
i bk߮bCaCnbdvi tn
† E_ xrµ . Ggk
 arcatt
' SgCae®sc Ca®bFan
shkrN_ CaKN:t
tbM n' bnm
† kCatN
M agraÂs† . enAcg
u qS~ 1977 Ggk
 ar
e Xj
I raÂsE† xrµ ka¬ yCamns
u ßma" sn
uI Gse' hy
I e Tb
I G gk
 a r b e Jj
ç G tt
I Exrµ
evotmj
i ®km
u T2
I Kk
W gkmS¬ g®bdabG
' avF
u bdvi tn
† ‰
_ kPaBrbsk
' mC
¨ı a . Ggk
 ar
bJaÇ [e®by
I eI haExrµ ®khmnri tI .
- ®km
u enHmanParkc
i rç m
Y Camy
Y ®km
u XatkrGafk
· V
M g
M ®tvU sma¬ bE' xrµ ®kh
mnn
i a~ karExrµ ®tvU sma¬ bK
' N:rrdm
Ω Ân´†I nrdaΩ PV
i lkmC
¨ı a®bCaFb
i ety¥ .l.
≤LvË eyg
I ®tvU KrY ®keLksmg
w¬ eml
I yn
Y haNy
U eBlvacl
U lk
u ly
u
®beTsExrµ vaGnvu te† sø~ trbsG
' gk
 ardEdl Vn®tm
w ®tvU Vnht
µ c
' t' .
enAkg
¨~ qS~ 1979 yn
Y haNy
U cl
U ratt∫at®beTsExrµ Cadb
M g
U mn
i Tan'
Tk
u ct
i e† lEI xrµ vakG
* J
M vnavrkExrµ Gk
~ ecHdg
w sC
uM y
Y eFk
√ I arva . eBlenaHman
saÂsa† car¥Caedm
I s®&µ Kct
i c
† l
U beM rvI a . vakc
* atE' tgtSgCaecA®ksg
Y nana .
enAextV
† td
' b
M g vacatE' tgtSgyvu CnExrµ de* kg
µ ma~ ke' Qaµ H s˘k˘t˘
Gay®u bEhl27qS~ [eFe√I cAha√ yextV
† td
' b
M g . bgbn
ËÌ Exrµ eyg
I eFs
√ ®b-
EhsNas' [EtmanbN
u ¥sk
& e†i hy
I kt
* SgePc
¬ xn
Á¬ Pa¬ m Kaµ necHe®bx
I rY k∫a
lBc
i arNaTalE' tesaH . eBlenaHbry
i akasEsnggt
i Gnk
Ï a eyg
I mn
i
Tane' Xj
I c∫asf
' anrNaTTl
Y Cy
& Cn
M HenHeT ? e®JHeyg
I ecjrc
Y Bk
I Na†
b´' dGgk
 ar eyg
I EbrCacl
U GnaÊ kr' bsy
' n
Y haNy
U eTAvj
i . eyg
I eXj
I paÊ
lE' Pk
~ fa bd
U y
U kB
M g
u Et®bml
U ®TB¥sm∫tE†i xrµ ®KbE' bb®Kby
' a" gdakL
' andw
kecjedayesrI .
e l a k @ E d l yn
Y h a Ny
U e lk
I bnb
¨† [eFC
√ I a e c A ® k sg
Y nana manelak
xH¬ st
ˬ hs
Y manelakxH¬ vayÚkhs
Y xH¬ eLg
I CeM narbN
u ¥sk
& †i ®sabe' rob
kar®bBn2
Ï -3Pa¬ m . eBlerobkar®bBnn
Ï m
i y
Y @ kn
* Smt
i P
† kE†i dldace' JHrS
Cae®cn
I qS~ mkehy
I enaH nSKa~ elatrSTlP
' W ¬ .l.
eBlenaH®VkE' xCaGgr˚ kb
M g
u" Gb
M l
i kb
M g
u" . cEM Nk‰bd
U y
U Cayn
Y ha-
Ny
U sa© te' ®cob . vaeKarBvn
i y
& ng
i Epnkarya" gxaÇ bx
' n
ÁÇ . vabeNa† y[na
mn
uW Exrµ ®VkE' xrµ Ggr˚ kb
M g
u" -Gb
M l
i kb
M g
u" Qk
¬ b
' N
u ¥sn
i cHu .
GgkarCanrNa ? 312

nk
w @eTAKrY [xaµ se' Gonyn
Y haNy
U Ca´®kElg . cEM Nkva@kB
M g
u smM©
eFk
√I arsma© tr' bsv' a EdlvamanKeM ragEpnkarTk
u Cae®scrc
Y mkehy
I .
eml
I cHu ! bd
U y
U kB
M g
u ebk
I brLanedrI ®bml
U Gtt
I Exrµ evotmj
i ®km
u T1
I ma
nehg-srM n
i , hn
ufl -Esn, Ca-sm
uI , taEbt
" Caedm
I nSykeTAbJ
M kb
' N
u ¥sk
& †i
Cald
M abl
' eM day [catk
' arsma¬ bn
' g
i kc
M ayraÂsE† xrµ Camaç sT
' k
w dB
I t
i @teTA
eTot .
bd
U y
U kB
M g
u e bk
I b r L a n ® b ml
U G tt
I Exrµ evotmj
i ® km
u T2
I K®W km
u Exrµ ®khm
nri tI ng
i eyaFaExrµ ®khmekg
µ @Edlesssle' nArs' nSykeTAcJ
i m
wç rc
Y
bJ
M kG
' avF
u [eLg
I vj
i . ®bCaCnxH¬ @xH√ karBc
i arNa EbrCayl®' cLs
M aµ n
Etyn
Y haNy
U cabE' xrµ ®khmTSgenaHnSykmkXX
uM Sg . tamkarBt
i eTA
v a y k Bk
Y e n H m k b Jl
ËÇ kg
¨~ kgkmS¬ g®bdabG
' a vF
u ®bCaCnbdvi tn
† k
_ mC
¨ı a e T A
vj
i eT .
yn
Y haNy
U ´q®~ bDt
i ®km
u enH [eTACaecaredrI bn
¬ V
' js
' ma¬ bk
' c
M ayra-
®sE† xrµ Cafm
µI g
† eTot sahavNas' KvW ae®beI sø~ tvayTk
w kc
M ay®tI Kaµ nesø~
tG®√I besrI Cagesø~ tenHeLy
I .
ebn
I KrExrµ eTACanKrrbse' carya" genH raÂsE† xrµ Gss
' gÙm
w bgc
M≈ t
i ®† tvU
Et®bml
U ®Ks
Y arEdlesssle' nArsb
' nc
†i bnc
Á† enaH beNr†I Ka~ eTAkan®' b-
eTs´f bnßlT
' k
w dT
I k
u [yn
Y haNy
U .
bd
U y
U kB
M g
u ebk
I brLanedrI ®bml
U ekg
µ k®M JExrµ Gay8
u eTA14qS~ EdlGg
karltd
' d
M lk
' B
M l
U rc
Y ehy
I dk
w nSecjB®I beTsExrµ va®Vbf
' a vanSeTAeron
s®U tenAhaNy
U .
enHkC
* aEpnkarGafk
· V
M g
M rbsy
' n
Y haNy
U xr¨∆M ay
" rab
" r' c
Y ehy
I kg
¨ ~ ry :
eBlmy
Y qS~ kll∫c
i e®beI sø~ tecarmanKN
u PaB®besrI Nas' vaeXj
I fa
raÂsE† xrµ Kaµ n®btk
i mµ Kaµ nåbsK
& G
 r√I arSgdlv' aeToteT e®JHeXj
I EtbeNr†I
Ka~ ecjecalTk
w dC
I ahrU Ehr .l.
yn
Y h a Ny
U kc
* abe' pm
† I b e Jj
ç Exrµ Gayg
" rbsv' a ®Kb®' Kg®beTsExrµ
[eBjelj .
kg
¨~ ExemsaqS~ 1980 yn
Y haNy
U Vnebk
I Gg® bCm
uM y
Y ya" gFk
M g
¨~ v t †
rd
M l
Y . Gg® bCeuM nH vacatG
' eJj
ÇI ecA®ksg
Y CaCatEi xrµ Bt
i @kg
¨~ extV
† td
' b
M g
TSgGs' man s˘K˘t˘ km
* krm
Y ®bCEuM dr .
lHu Cb
Y CK
uM a~ e®scVce' hy
I ke* Xj
I yn
Y haNy
U ma~ kt
' c
U TabetO mn
i Fat'
GgkarCanrNa ? 313

mn
i sm
 mx
u F®M cmHu kB
M t
i sks
' t
ˬ katx
' ¬I Gay®u bEhl45qS~ esø¬ kJke' xAµ
Es∫keCg
I kgL
' an ecjmkQrkNa† lGg® bCuM rc
Y cabe' pm
†I Efg
¬ karNC
_ a
PasaExrµ ln
M Svak¥sB
& P
Ê asaExrµ Cn
M anr' bbGgk
 arGnamk
i TSgGs' .
yn
Y haNy
U enH®bkasCaåLark
i ®Vbe' cA®ksg
Y CatEi xrµ TSgLayenaH
®BmTSgecAha√ yext† s˘K˘t˘ fa Gg® bC´uM fe© nHsrM abd
' kgarecA®ksg
Y Na
Edlman®bBnB
Ï rI seM rcbJŒbm
' t
i @
† TSgGse' naH[mn
i [eFk
√I arcabB
' ´I fE© sÌ
kenHeTA .
eBlenaHeXj
I bd
U y
U ma~ kc
' l
U mkxßb
i Camy
Y yn
Y Ca®bFanGg® bCm
uM y
Y
snH¨Ê ®bFanenHk®* keLkEPk
~ smg
w¬ eTAtama~ k' rc
Y elk
I ´dcgl
¨Ì ®BmTSgsrY
fa – yI ! mt
i e† nHdc
U Camn
i EdleXj
I ?.
tamaXEdl®tvU yn
Y cgl
¨Ì km
* anGarmN
µ t
_ ks
' t
¨¬ sn
¬ e' sa¬ Caya" gxS¬ g .
Kate' qy
¬I rdb
i rdb
u V˘˘˘T ! xe¨∆M Tb
I mkBC
I rM eM xAGd
u I ag .
yn
Y ! vaecHGtF
' t
µ l
' akB
' t
u lN
Ì as' . vabga˙ jnvU sb∫r¨ sFmC
· anc
i eç nA
ceM jHmx
u ®bCaCnya" ge®cn
I kHu krenH . vasEM dgTk
w mx
u jjm
w ny
i ayTn'
Pn
¬ e' TAkant
' amaXfa –
- { ! mt
i e† Tb
I vl
i ®tLbm
' k ! etm
I ancHu eQaµ Hkg
¨~ bJeIÇ bk
I Ggr˚ …enA ? .
yn
Y enHeVy´dehAyn
Y ma~ k' CaGk
~ kanb
' JG
ÇI gr˚ vabJaÇ [srY eQaµ H
srY Tl
I eM nA rc
Y ebk
I Ggr˚ [tamaX2KL
I Ë . bEu" ne† ®kaymk2-3´f© tamaXGP&
Be√ nH ®tvU yn
Y ehAeTACb
Y ehy
I TSgBeI naHmk®tvU Vtx
' n
Á¬ rht
U ˘˘˘
®Bk
w Esk
Ì yn
Y haNy
U beJj
ç Exrµ Gayg
" rbsv' acatE' tgtSgCae®sc
CaecA®ksg
Y nana mkCn
M s
Y sg
w ®Kb@
' ®ksg
Y .
yn
Y haNy
U beJj
ç Exrµ Gayg
" rbsv' ama~ ke' Qaµ H Lay-samn
u " EtgtS
gCaecAha√ yextV
† td
' b
M gCn
M s
Y s˘K˘t˘ . yn
Y nSLay-samn
u" eTAGbr' eM nA
haNy
U tSgBq
I S~ 1963 . kg
¨~ ry:17qS~ eTb
I yn
Y bJn
ËÇ [vl
i ®tLbm
' kkan'
®beTskmC
¨ ı a e n A e dm
I ExemsaqS~ 1980 Camy
Y ® b B nC
Ï a ty
i n
Y ® B m T S g kn
U bI
nak' .
t S g BL
I ay-samn
u " e Lg
I CaecAha√ yextm
† k yn
Y h a Ny
U mn
i b e Jj
ç
[edrI ebk
I Gg® bCeuM ps
† pa† seT . kalBI s˘K˘t˘enACaecAha√ yext† eKeXI
jEtedrI ebk
I Gg® bCJ
uM seBjT®I kg
u V td
' b
M gedayesrI Kaµ neXj
I nrNa
yamkarJreLy
I .
cEM NkLay-samn
u" eBlebk
I Gg® bCm
uM g
† @ eKeXj
I bd
U y
U rte' qq
¬ a¬
QryamkarJrya" ght
µ c
' t' . eyg
I EtgEteXj
I yn
Y haNy
U edrI ebk
I Gg
GgkarCanrNa ? 314

®bCuM ®bkastSgxn
Á¬ CatN
M agecAha√ yext† rc
Y vaBn¥lE' vkEjkmankn
M Sva
k¥sB
& d
Ê c
U enAsmy
& Ggk
 ardEdl .
®Kb@
' Gg® bCk
uM g
¨~ rbbnm
i y
Y @ eKbg[
M≈ yayeTogeTAGgy
¨ sa† b' . deU cH~
KatV
' neXj
I paÊ ln
' g
w EPk
~ KatV
' nsa† bp
' aÊ l®' tecokdc
U Ca –
- enA´fT
© 2
I 0-4-75 mt
i s
† n
Ufl g
i mt
i s
† y
ufl CaExrµ ®khmnn
i a~ karExrµ ebk
I m-
hamT
I j
i enAsalaextV
† td
' b
M g.
- enA´fT
© 3
I 1-10-78 taEbt
" ng
i mt
i l
† eI bk
I Gg® bCeuM nAkgelx3 Pm
U i
´®Bsa√ yxaglc
i .
- enA´fm
© y
Y kg
¨~ qS~ 1979 s˘K˘t˘ebk
I Gg® bCeuM nAvtr† d
M l
Y …vtl
† ab .
tamkarBn
i t
i ¥ng
i e®bobeFobrbsx
' ¨∆M esø~ tenHecjmkB®I bPBEtmy
Y .
e®JHGgk
 ark†I yn
Y haNy
U k†I ebvI asgßy
& fakEng
¬ NaenAmane®KaHfa~ k' va
bJ
M kb
' N
u ¥sk
& [
†i Exrµ Bt
i @mn
i dg
w x¥l' seuI Car VkG
' n
M t
Y elaµ PGN
M ac cg'
eFF
√I M vabnb
¨† rc
Y ®cank∫al[claclkEng
¬ enaHsn
i . lHu vaeXj
I fa kEng
¬
enaHVn®sl
Y erobryKaµ nåbsK
&  Kaµ ne®KaHfa~ kG
' e√I T vakc
* atk
' ardkecj …
sma¬ be' calPa¬ m rc
Y vaecaTfaGeJHç …faGeJaç H . åTahrNd
_ c
U CaExk-Ebn
"
ehAmt
i s
† Ufl ng
i s˘K˘t˘CaKrM U .
m¥" ageToteyg
I KrY Ettamdan . eml
I cHu ! eTaHbEI xrµ Gayg
" beM rvI apaÊ lC
' a
Exrµ kg
¨~ Exßry:rbsv' ake* day vabJ
M kb
' N
u ¥sk
& †i catE' tgtSgeFC
√I anamn
u W FM
lHu VnbN
u ¥sk
& †i Pa¬ te' sø~ tePc
¬ eKarBlkN
&≈ …ePc
¬ xn
Á¬ bga˙ [vaeXj
I nvU
sts
i m∫CJ:Ô esh
~ aCatEi xrµ Bt
i @ yn
Y haNy
U bJaÇ [sma¬ be' calPa¬ m va
Kaµ nraErkrkßaTk
u bNa† l[xc
U Epnkarrbsv' aeLy
I . manCaåTahrNx
_ H¬
@CakE' sg
† dc
U teTA –
- ecAha√ yexte† somrab CaExrµ Gayg
" rbsy
' n
Y haNy
U dN
M alKa~ n-
w
gLay-samn
u" EdlvaVnbJn
ËÇ mkehy
I catE' tgtSgrc
Y Cae®sc CaecA-
ha√ yext† . lHu VneFe√I cAha√ yexte† hy
I ®KanE' tPa¬ te' sø~ terobkarCamy
Y
®sEI xrµ kg
¨~ Exmn
I aqS~ 1980 e®kaybnc
†i mk yn
Y haNy
U kc
* abx
' n
Á ¬ ykeTAV
te' dayecaTfak∫tv' a . cEM Nk‰Lay-samn
u" yayeTogVnTTl
Y Btm
· a
ntamelak®Kb
U e®gonma~ k' EdlePosxn
Á¬ mkdl®' beTsVrSgenAcg
u qS~ 19
85fa yn
Y haNy
U cabx
' n
Á¬ enAedm
I qS~ 1984 edayecaTfak∫tv' aEdr . kaEs
teQaµ H«®sk
u Ex»
µ elx15 cHu ´fT
© 1
I -1-86 ke* Xj
I mancHu pßayBeI rOgyn
Y
cabx
' n
Á¬ Lay-samn
u " enHEdr .
GgkarCanrNa ? 315

enAT®I kg
u Vtd
' b
M g yn
Y haNy
U begt
˚I CrM B
M rI F@
M srM abc
' J
i m
wç Exrµ ®khm
nri tI EdlCaGtt
I Exrµ evotmj
i ®km
u T2
I .
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M 1
I st
ƒi enAkg
¨~ brei vNGtt
I FnaKar≤Nc
ËÎ n
i EdltSgenAEk∫rmnrÊI
eBT¥FT
M ®I kg
u Vtd
' b
M g.
- CrM T
M 2
I st
ƒi enAkg
¨~ brei vNkg
u s®uI sa tan-
' Vk
" ' tSgenACt
i pßarelI . mY
y´f@
© manerobVymb
Ë˙ [sB
uI rI eBlya" g®Kb®' Kan' . ral@
' ema" g3resol
Exrµ ®khmTSgLayenaHbeNr†I Ka~ cHu eTAgt
U Tk
w sg
wÊ Ehlelatelgya" g
sb∫ay .
cEM Nk®bCaBlrdEΩ xrµ Camaç sT
' k
w dk
I mC
¨ ı a Bt
i @ Edl®tvU TTl
Y rge®KaH
®tvU ®Vs®' JtG
' s®' Ks
Y ar KP
W aKe®cn
I ®tvU ®Jts
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Gk
~ sma¬ b' . ≤LvË ®Kb@
' rb
U kB
M g
u GtV
' y GtT
' C
I rM k . py
¨Ê eTAvj
i ehteu mc
†
Exrµ ®khmnri tC
I aXatkr EbrCamankaråbtm
ƒ T
∏ n
M k
u brM g
u By
I n
Y haNy
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TTl
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u ®besrI Cagxn
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¬ Nas@
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* bl
Y Ka~ eTAQr
eml
I Exrµ ®khmkB
M g
u sV
uI y kB
M g
u elatelgEhlTk
w sg
wÊ ya" gsb∫ay .
bEu" n®† tvU bd
U y
U CaGk
~ QryamExrµ ®khmenaH edj[fyecj . deU cH~ ra®s†
Exrµ xg
w ng
i ekA† ®khayNas' kC
* naÊ lE®skeCrBc
I ma© y .l. cEM NkExrµ
nri tvI aesc
I eF®√I Begy
I ®BmTSgeqy
¬I cG
M k[fa –
- mt
i e† Gy
I eCrsn
i cHu ! Etdlm
' t
i ®† tLbe' TApHÊ …eTAxm
Ê vj
i keuM Pc
¬ lag
® k L r gc
' S N a ± ! e ® J H e yg
I ®tvU eTAeFp
√I k
Ì s a cm
' ns
u ß my
Y e lk
I eTotNa˘± ˘˘
mt
i @
† eyg
I mksrM ak[mankmS¬ gsn
i eTNa± ! .

kg
¨~ Exkkd
˚ aqS~ 1979 ´fm
© y
Y manbru sma~ kl
' d
I avmy
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u eTABk
Y lb
QrenAe®ty
I sg
wÊ xagekt
I smk
¬ s
' mg
w¬ Exrµ ®khmnri tk
I B
M g
u gt
Y Tk
w sg
w Ê enA
mx
u kg
u s®uI satanV
' k
" ' . my
Y snH¨Ê ke* latcHu eTAkg
¨~ sg
wÊ kabe' mExrµ ®khmni
rtm
I a~ kd
' ack
' ∫alFa¬ kB
' eI ls
I aµ sa¬ bP
' a¬ mmy
Y reM BC BeI ®JHbru senHsa le' mExµ
r®khmenHc∫asf
' aCaXatkrds
* ahaveXareXA EdlVncabc
' g“Bk
u ma† y
bgbn
ËÌ rbsK
' atT
' SgGsn
' SykeTAsma¬ be' cal . kg
¨~ ®Ks
Y arrbsK
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EtKatm
' a~ kK
' tr' te' Kcsle' nArse' nH .
kng
¬ pt
u Etbb
I n
Y ´f© man®sc
I amma~ ke' Qaµ H ya" s . ®seI nHEtgEteTA
Qrlc
Y eml
I Exrµ ®khmgt
U Tk
w enAmx
u CrM G
M tt
I FnaKar≤Nc
ËÎ n
i . nagya" s
VneXj
I emExrµ ®khm ng
i sa lc
' ∫as®' km
u nri tm
I a~ k' CaXatkrya" gsahav
GgkarCanrNa ? 316

Edlcabc
' gb“
†I Emb
" gbn
ËÌ rbsn
' agnSykeTAsma¬ be' calTSgGs' . kg
¨ ~ ®KY
sarrbsn
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Bg
I Bgm
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wÊ e®ty
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msa√ yFB
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u mnrÊI eBT¥FV
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' b
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lHu emExrµ ®khmCaXatkreLg
I Bs
I g
wÊ mkdlk
' Eng
¬ enaH nagya" svay
sB
M gsa¬ bP
' a¬ mmy
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cEM Nkyn
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w erOgenHPa¬ m ke* qq
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CC
uM nPa¬ m . yayeTog®tvU VneKehA[eTAGgy
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uM y
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rd
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®bFanGg® bCC
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u FM ®cmHu kB
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i skk
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Gay®u bEhl45qS~ . vany
i ayEvkEjkCaPasaExrµ ya" gc∫asf
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i b
† C
U aQam®sss
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Cy
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√I nr† aKmn[
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† anbgbn
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mn
i TanC
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uM aÊ lx
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sgsk
w Ka~ eTAeTot KrY [sa† yNas' . eBlenH eyg
I xe¨∆M votNamsG
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ct
i b
† gbn
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i G
† t{
' nKa~ ®tvU ecHlHbgK
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mC
¨ı afµI . ebeI nAEtbnk
† arsma¬ bs
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w Ka~ GJg
wç eTAeTot ˘˘˘Gse' hy
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yn
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w
eTAKrY [xaµ se' GonvaNas' ! . karBt
i vacl
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w B®gk
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hr CrM j
u Gtt
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Tk
w dk
I mC
¨ı aBt
i @eTetI .
lHu manekt
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u abs
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I rI naky
' a" genH yn
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Ny
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U y
U ykma" sn
uI bm
U Tk
w Bs
I g
wÊ mkdlC
' rM M [Exrµ ®khmTSgGs'
enaHe®b®I Vs' gt
U elgsb∫aytamct
i † . bnm
† kyn
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U bJ
M k[
' eLg
I
vj
i TSgGs' rc
Y bJl
Ëç eTAkg
¨~ kgkmS¬ g®bdabG
' avF
u ®bCaCnbdvi tn
† k
_ mC
¨ ı a Ed
lmanb-
Ufl fg CaembJaÇ kar .
deU cH~ sm
U bgbn
ËÌ Exrµ ®Cabfa XatkrenArse' hy
I ka† bG
' N
M acdEdl
rht
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' B´√ fe© nH . embJaÇ karrbsB
' k
Y va Ky
W n
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U
mkCn
M s
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 ar bnaÊ bB
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I ndrU eQaµ HbEgg
√ dan®tLb®' tLn
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u Exrµ
esh
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i ! .
enAbcb
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i ¥k
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GgkarCanrNa ? 317

k
Y vany
i ay®cEM dl@fa Ca®km
u Exrµ esh
~ aCati . bEu" nK
† eM rag®JgEpnkarTk
u
Gnvu tk
† c
M aysma¬ bb
' p
M t
u BC
U Exrµ Camaç sT
' k
w dk
I mC
¨ı aBt
i @ enAEtbne† TAeTotd-
Edl . bEu" nm
† g
† enHeTot vabeJj
ç esø~ t «vayTk
w kc
M ay®t»
I .
vabJ
M kG
' avF
u [®km
u Gtt
I Exrµ ®khmnri teI Lg
I vj
i . mn
u dB
M g
U vamn
i Tan[
'
®VkE' xeT . Tn
M j
i nanalkT
' j
i edayesrI EteKcayCamy
Y mas . deU cH~ ma
senAEtmant´md
¬ Edl .
ml
U ehteu nHkr* j
u ®can®km
u Gtt
I Exrµ ®khmnri tEI dlkanG
' avF
u enaH [ka¬
yeTACaecaredaysy
&√ ®bvt†i .
ybe' naHyayeTogedkmn
i lke' saH Katr' evrI vaymemm
I mayTlP
' W¬ .
®Blm
w ´fT
© 1
I 4-5-80 yayeTogkB
M g
u e®Caydt
I amedm
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K a tP
' a∆ kr' nt
Ï s
' aµ rtI edayeXj
I bgbn
ËÌ Exrµ beNr†I Ka~ Ehrkzn
i ya" ge®cn
I elI
slb' ecjecal®sk
u Exrµ my
Y elk
I eTot .
yayeTogGss
' gÙm
w Katk
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* gy
¨ eld
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M areJtrbsK
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t' fr˩ tc
i @dG
M j
U fa –
- { ! bgbn
ËÌ exmrCatei Gy
I ! eyg
I mx
u ka¬ yCacam edrI s®uM Ckekanmy
Y
kemaı tenAnKrenH my
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I !.
ybe' naHyayeTogrevrI vay ®sem®I s´mdc
U ybm
' j
i GJg
wç eTot Katn
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k e Xj
i k l l ∫c
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i ng
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i r b sy
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®Kbm
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√I a" gemc
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' w
kdB
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u [GsT
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u d[
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cEM NkEPk
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w¬ Pk
w¬ eml
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ËÌ Exrµ kB
M g
u beNr†I Ka~ edrI ecj
ecalTk
w dT
I k
u [yn
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U CahrU Ehr eTAkan®' beTs´f « mn
i Emnrte' Kc
eT KeW drI cakecjedayesrI ! » . deU cH~ bJaÇ k[
' eXj
I fa e®KaHfa~ k´' n®beT
skmC
¨ı a ´n®bCaBlrdEΩ xrµ enAeBlenHfn
© ´' ®kElgFn
© ' els
I lbC
' ageBl
Na@TSgGs' .
eBlenaHyayeTogæs®mb
i eCg
I edrI e®kayxg
~ Kat@
' kE* brEPk
~ smg
w ¬ emI
l . Katk
' e* Xj
I tamk
u" edrI cl
U mkTSgTk
w mx
u ®bJb®' seJn sn
¬ e' sa¬ rxs
u
Ebk
¬ BeI lk
I mn
u @ . CaerOy@tamk
u" cl
U mkrkyayeTog KatE' tgEtny
i ay
rakT
' akB
' c
I ma© ysrY sx
u Tk
u ≈ jjj
w jEjm kEM bg
¬ esc
I elg edm
I ∫eI lk
I Tk
w
ct
i l
† g
Y elamyayeTog EfmTSgTn
U aµ nfa eyg
I CaGk
~ kanB
' T
u s
Ï asna®tvU Et
ykFm®· BHBT
u m
Ï keKarBBc
i arNa KC
W vI t
i mns
u ß…stm
√ n
i eTogTate' Ly
I .
GgkarCanrNa ? 318

ekt
I rc
Y sa¬ b˘' ˘˘®KanE' tmn
u …e®kay˘˘˘
Kats
' y
uM ayeTogrg
M abc
' t
i [
† ng
w nr dc
U eTb
I cabk
' eM Nt
I CafµI ®tvU ®TSenA
kg
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w dk
I mC
¨ı aCamy
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u Kat' edm
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√I amaç sT
' k
w dk
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¨ ı a .l.
KrY [cEmk
¬ Nas' ´fT
© 1
I 4-5-80 enHmx
u tamk
u" st
Á© ®Kvk
I ∫alBc
I ma© y
edrI mkdlk
' c
* ab´' dyayeTog beNr†I eTAGgy
¨ mx
u kn
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Ê rc
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i ayxßb
i @ fa
–
- xm
¨∆M kbbl
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u Exrµ !
yayeTogædeU cH~ ke* bk
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~ ya" gFh
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' t
¨¬ ®salxn
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U
sL
M I Kaµ nsn
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tamk
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- xc
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I
td
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√I eM NrI eTAkanP
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uM ∫abG
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u
JaÔ tcracrB®I ksg
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ƒ c
i ç . eKbdei sFe®JHhammn
i [manLanrt'
sQ
uI l
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i r† bsx
' m
¨∆M a~ ke' Qaµ HtaEbt
" bcb
¨ç ∫nE~ ®b
eQaµ HCa ehg-Tav Canamn
uW F®M bcSkarkg
¨~ rdm
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taEbt
" kn
* Sxe¨∆M TATTl
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Ë˙ dq
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i ®tkn
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nGb
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i bgy
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lHu Vyla© crc
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I xk
¨∆M e* dkenAkEng
¬ taEbt
" my
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u cl
U edk
t a E b "t k *E f ¬g G Yt m h a e C a K C &y E d l b k ß k um µ¨y n is †≤ N ÎËc in x MB ¥ a y a m v a t T I
ykTk
w dk
I mC
¨ı atSgBC
I ag30qS~ mkehy
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I ng
w VnseM rcVnmy
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M and*
FeM FgenAeBlenH .
tamk
u" ny
i aybne† Totfa –
- eBlenaHxP
¨∆M a∆ kk
' s
* rY bJaÇ kt
' aEbt
" fa ebG
I Jg
wç ehg-srM n
i , hn
u fl -Esn,
Ca-sm
uI Caedm
I ˘˘ KC
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i Edr… ? .
taEbt
" esc
I hH@eqy
¬I eLg
I fa –
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~ F@
M eFk
√I arkg
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i lsB´√ fK
© C
W aGtt
I Exrµ evotmj
i TSgGs' .
xæ
¨∆M deU cH~ sg
w KSgebHdg
U sa¬ bE' tmg
† . eNy
˙I cHu QbK
' t
i erOgCati eyI
gKt
i erOgpaÊ lx
' n
Á¬ mg
† vj
i . xs
¨∆M B
uM g
w taEbt
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√I nr† aKmne_ rOgsG
uM nJ
u aÔ -
tcracrLanrksQ
uI l
Á ~ enaH .
taEbt
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w¬ eml
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u x¨∆M ®BmTSgsrY fa –
- LanGm
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u" ? .
GgkarCanrNa ? 319

xk
¨∆M G
* Fb
i ∫ayGB
M eI KalbN
M grbsx
' e¨∆M naH .
taEbt
" eFm
√I x
u st
Á© edayGaNt
i xC
¨∆M amns
u ßeP¬I mn
i dg
w x¥l' mn
i yls
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karN_ . my
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I ! rbbsB´√ fK
© d
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 ardEdl . eK®KanE' tEkT®mg'
bnc
i† @tamkal:eeTs:EEtbeu" Naˆ H .;
eBlenaH xk
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†I SgmatQ
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i ayQbm
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u Vtd
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M gvj
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sa† yeGy
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w enaH ! .
lHu mkdlx
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cl
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¬ G
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eBlenaHyayeTogfrË© –
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eKcatE' tgtSgxC
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i sma© t' K®W tvU edrI ykkarN[
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dg
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u smaCk
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& b
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u garenHya" g
rk
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manmkfa Gtt
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Gtt
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¨∆M eM rcct
i m
† kbbl
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cakecjB®I beTsExrµ enA´fE© sk
Ì enH .
eBlenaHyayeTogdc
U ®tvU eKvaymy
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ldc
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¬I fa eTA…eTmn
i eXj
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tamk
u" ylf
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i ®BmeTACamy
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yeTog®BmTSgpS† fa –
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tamk
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i yayeTogsl
uM aKa~ ®tm
w eNH KEW bkKa~ rht
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eNaHxn
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GgkarCanrNa ? 320

enA´fT
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I vasmg
w¬ mx
u yayeTogya" gmt
u cSsa† bc
' emy
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eTogjjm
w eFC
√I alg
© e' hy
I ks
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- etc
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u gareFG
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√I H¬ ?
sk
& 4
†i evotkg
u eBjct
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EjkBn¥ly
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U fa eteI cAha√ yextV
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M g
enH eFk
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¨∆M eT ? Kc
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vj
i eTot Em®" tvU ykkarN[
_ dg
w fa Gk
~ rdk
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mant
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M gsB´√ f© etB
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cgd
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etn
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Lay-samn
u" VneTAeronenAhaNy
U Gsr' y:eBlcn
M n
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GgkarCanrNa ? 321

yn
Y haNy
U enAEttamdanGayg
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i ç . Tb
I p
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u enAedm
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yn
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lHu sa† bc
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sarfa cSKatK
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I qS~ Nas'
mkehy
I .
sk
& b
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i sk
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Y v a e B j ct
i c
† eM JHyayeTogNas' . mn
u ng
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eTAvj
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U @.
ybe' naHyayeTogedkmn
i l kT
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∏ axS¬ ge®JHmx
u
garCacarnareI nHKatF
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& b
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mkbJ
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eFC
√I aKj
i Qb
¬ ykkarNr_ c
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√ ®bEhsbnc
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sma¬ be' calTeT@ . ®tvU rkmx
u Gtt
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❑

´fT
© 1
I 4-6-80 ema" g®bEhl2resol sk
& b
†i n
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CatEi xrµ e®kamma~ km
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cl
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eBlenaHyayeTog®Kvk
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i .
bd
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uM SVce' cHe®CA®CHeT . Eme" cHGanecHny
i ayevot-
Namdc
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I . CaBei ssBk
Y kn
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u ßdc
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Eme" nH KC
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u ßfm
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M anm
' n
u .
kc
i k
ç arCECkKa~ Ct
i knH¬ ema" g Tb
I p
M t
u yayeTog®bfy
u srY fa –
- ebs
I n
i CaGk
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M anm
' n
u @ eteI mc
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eBlenaHbd
U y
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u yayeTog ®BmTSgeqy
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I g
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GgkarCanrNa ? 322

sk
& b
†i n
Y yn
Y enHbga˙ ≤ry
i abfmn
i eBjct
i n
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M rY enH vakl
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sßFmt
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eFV
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se' yg
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sk
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lHu eTAdlm
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nyn
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karBt
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i .
lHu ®Vbe' rOgrav" sB®√ Kb' elak®Kk
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uM ayayeTogPa¬ m .

❑ ❑
❑

´fd
© Edlema" g6la© c sk
& b
†i T
I j
i mkCb
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Ì
xg
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i ayya" gTnP
' n
¬ f
' a–
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" ah± ! ´f1
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w xm
¨∆M knSEme" TACb
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& b
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nsEme" TAeml
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M n
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M ake' nA .
´fd
© Edlema" g8yb' manGaecarya" gkN
M acmy
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u manKa~ ya" ge®cn
I
kank
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& b
Ï nb
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 E' dlyayeTogEtgEtnSkn
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n®Ckbn
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†I E®skk-
M
e jj
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¬ E ® s k s m¨ ¬
GgkarCanrNa ? 323

t´n®km
u ecar ng
i Jk¥sG
uM gr√ rbsy
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M gCagBrI ema" g dc
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mtc
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i enaHPy
& tks
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Bn
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eBlenaHyayeTogGss
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w Katk
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* rË© ®bkasGJ
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- {eTvtaeGy
I ! manEtelakeTman®BHen®tTB
i √ man®tecokTB
i √ manEt
elakeTCasakßI xK
¨∆M aµ nbN
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i 2
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¨ ∆ M s'
sgÙm
w Gsr' B
M g
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st
ˬ ®tgB
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ehteu mc
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e ® J H K a ts
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¬ rbse' mecareQaµ HL¨
g-jn
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U y
U . eBl´fv© aedrI Camy
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Y ebk
I Gg® bCuM eLI
gevTk
i a®bkasGgr√ ®bCaCnExrµ k[
uM rte' calTk
w dI ®bkasFanafa ®km
u vang
i
bd
U y
U s®&µ Kct
i C
† y
Y karJrrksns
†i x
u [raÂsE† xrµ .
Gsaç r¥ ! ybe' nHLg
¨ -jn
¨ " Caemecar !!!
b N †a l m k B IP &y t k 's ¬¨t x ¬S g e B k y a y e T o g k *d Yl s n ¬b 'V t 's µa r t I
edksk
ˆ sg
w † eTA .
cEM NkGgr a nagPy
& tks
' t
¨¬ xS¬ geBkrkJk¥ny
i ayeTAkan®' km
u ecarKaµ
n nagyeM hy
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u e c a r e FG
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√I n
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Ennag ! eyg
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i bEu" n´† fE© sk
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w xm
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g cl
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¨ ∆ M a± .
´fT
© 1
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¬ mt
U" x
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I kn
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® k e L k E Pk
~ s mg
w¬ e X j
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¨ - jn
¨" n g
i sk
& B
†i rI yn
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I t
U" U
BN®· khm . TSgBrI nakb
' eNr†I Ka~ cl
U mkkank
' n
U xm
Ê rbsy
' ayeTog . va
esc
I esj
∆ sa∆ j man≤ry
i abfrg
w qt
w˚ rebobeGonxaµ s' . Lg
¨ -jn
¨" srY ya-
yeTogfa –
- mg
I ecHPasayn
Y eT ? .
- Gte' cHeT ! .
Lg
¨ -jn
¨" cabe' pm
†I ny
i aylg
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' n
¬ E' pm
Ì Elm
˙ fa –
- sm
U mg
I kruM te' TANa xn
¨∆M g
i mt
i x
† e¨∆M nHsF
uM anaQb[
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√I bmg
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tehy
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u ct
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† k
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GgkarCanrNa ? 324

dG
M j
U fr˩ rbsm
' g
I By
I bm
' j
i Ca´®kElg .
vaxn
M y
i ayehy
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efakTabBy
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i .
cEM NkyayeTogGgy
¨ ® t e V m k ∫ a l C g g
 p
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w¬ C n
eXareXA nk
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w . KrY cEmk
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naGt
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E ® b ® k ´ L xn
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U ® k my
uM keTAreM laP
ya" g´®B´pß . eBlenaHyayeTogKSgbB
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yFg
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nk
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my
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t∫g
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e®tkGrya" ghs
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Gansb
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u Ï ®BHFm· ®BHsgÙ ®BH≤nÊ ®BH®Bhµ ng
i eT
vtapgTSgBg
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˚I mns
u ßelak elakmn
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sßEdl®b®Bt
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u edrI mkdl®' ckTl
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yn
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u .
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GaevOteGy
I ! xK
¨∆M aµ nbN
M grte' calmatP
u m
U T
i 2
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enHedm
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I ∫G
I naKtrbsG
' ga ra x®¨∆M tvU EteTAtam
eCn
I sa Cadacx
' at .
s†ayeGIyEsns†ay TwkdI´®B®Bwkßakmı¨Ca !
eBlenaH®sabE' teXj
I Gk
~ ®KU sp
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¬
edm
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~ ®KG
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GI e®JHKatm
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hßk
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[cl
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yayeToge®tkGrCaGtb
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i a åbmadc
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®bTHeXj
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† a¬ mfa ®tvU EtcakecalmatP
u m
U k
i mC
¨ı a Tk
u
[yn
Y haNy
U my
Y ®Kasn
i cHu .

❑ ❑

❑
GgkarCanrNa ? 326

CMBUkTI22

‹ yayeTogcakecjB®I beTskmC
¨ı a
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yayeTogedIrcakecj
BImatuPUmikmı¨Ca

KrY GasrU yayeTogng

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Y CK
uM a~ enAxaglc
i pßark∫alexaµ c tampvˬ Catei lx5 Edlecar
«dakT
' s
i » [eTAGgy
¨ rgc
' SenATeI naH .
TSg6nakG
' gy
¨ paÊ ld
' ®I teVmk∫alCgg
 k
' eM ®Vn@ rgc
' SGk
~ nSpvˬ dc
* Em¬
k GtV
' y®khayTk
w . EPk
~ smg
w¬ eml
I Exrµ Cae®cn
I Jnn
' akk
' B
M g
u cakecal
matP
u m
U k
i mC
¨ı a CahrU EhedayesreI TAkan®' beTs´f . Kaµ neXj
I nrNanSpvˬ
nrNasrY nrNahamXate' T .
ema" g1resoleTAehy
I mn
i Tane' Xj
I Gk
~ nSpvˬ mkdl' yayeTogman
GarmN
µ s
_ gßy
& Kath
' armatb
' rM g
u ny
i aynvU karsgßy
& rbsK
' at®' VbG
' k
~ ®KU
sp
U anI ®sabE' t…ÂhS√ gkgg
' t
uW !
TSgGsK
' a~ ®keLkEPk
~ smg
w¬ ke* Xj
I yvu CnBrI nakG
' ay®u bEhl20qS~
GgkarCanrNa ? 327

Úk®kGt
W esø¬ kJks
' aÌ tVtsmrm¥ mx
u matd
' c
U yn
Y CHi kgy
' a" gfµI . eCg
I va
ma≈ genAelQ
I a~ nk
' g' eCg
I ma≈ geTotCand
' I . vaebk
I EPk
~ F@
M smk
¬ s
' mg
w ¬ yay
eTogng
i Gga ra . Gama~ km
' aDtc
U elk
I ´dcgl
¨Ì yayeTog®BmTSgsrY rebobmi
neBjct
i f
† a–
- G‰
u M geTAEdr… ? .
eBlenaHGk
~ ®Ks
U p
U aneI qy
¬I Cn
M s
Y –
- caH± ! Kate' TACamy
Y eyg
I Edr .
Gaecarma~ km
' aDFx
M s
ı ' ny
i ayExrµ mn
i svU c∫as' smg
w¬ Gk
~ ®Ky
U a" gmt
u ®Bm
TSgsb
†I enaÊ sfa –
- ehtm
u t
ui Bm
I a" sl
uI mn
ui mn
I ‰nmn
i ®Vbj
' m
¨" famanma" ns
u eTACamy
Y ? ≤
LvË mhe_ drI tamjm
¨ " mk ! .
vaCHi kgy
' t
W @Bm
I x
u Exrµ ePosxn
Á¬ TSg6nake' drI tame®kay . lHu ecjpt
u
Bp
I ßark∫alexaµ cVncma© ymy
Y KL
I EË m®" t kNa† lvalya" gsa© t' vatSgBrI
nakk
' b
* JŒbk
' g' rc
Y ®Vb[
' eyg
I Ggy
¨ cSenATeI naH e®JHBk
Y vaVnerobcrM m
uW k
"
mt
U" rU c
Y ehy
I Bk
Y vang
w mkyk .
ema" gCag2resoleTAehy
I ! yayeTogng
i Gk
~ ®Ks
U p
U anG
I gy
¨ rgc
' SG~
knSpvˬ dc
* Emk
¬ enaHenAelp
I vˬ Catei lx5 . kEng
¬ enaHenAeBlefeµI naHmans-
PaBsa© tE' mnETnNase' TAehy
I . yrU @eTb
I eKeXj
I manrm
uW k
" mt
U" m
U y
Y br
kat' . BeI ®JHBT
I ®I kg
u Vtd
' b
M geTAkanC
' rM N
M gcn
& m
Ê ancma© yCag100K˘m˘ .
deU cH~ ®bCaCnePosxn
Á¬ ®tvU EtecjdeM NrI BT
I ®I kg
u Vtd
' b
M gtSgB®I Blm
w .
y a y e T o g mn
i Tk
u ct
i G
† k
~ nSpvˬ dc
* E mk
¬ e n a H K a ts
' eM rcct
i C
† l
Y mt
U" m
U y
Y CHi
Camy
Y kn
U ®sG
I ga ra ng
i Gahafl jCakn
U ®sc
I ∫grbsG
' k
~ ®Ks
U p
U anI eTAkanT
' ®I b
CC
uM nss
uI p
U n
u mn
u . Kats
' n¥ang
w Gk
~ ®Ks
U p
U anI fang
w Cb
Y Ka~ enATn
M b®' tgp
' vˬ
kacc
' l
U pßarss
uI p
U n
u . yayeTogFanaykmasng
i eB®CrbsG
' k
~ ®Ks
U p
U anI
my
Y kJb
ç m
' ant´m®¬ bEhl20mn
uW Vt nSbeNa† HykeTAmn
u ˘˘˘
lHu eTAdlT
' n
M be' hy
I Gk
~ ebk
I brrm
uW k
" kc
* abÂ' hS√ gQb' . yayeTogk*
[masmy
Y hn
ufl CaQl
Á~ rc
Y kn
* SKa~ cHu BrI m
uW k
" mt
U" U rc
Y beNr†I Ka~ eTAGgy
¨  enAelI
cei Jm
çI fl
~ x
' agsS† ´d GtV
' y GtT
' k
w . Gga rang
i Gahafl jkB
M g
u jS¨ VyTeT
Kaµ nmb
Ë˙ ®sabE' teXj
I GaecarTSgBrI nak' EdlbnC
M¬ aGk
~ nSpvˬ ng
i bd
U y
U
BrI nak' kank
' SePg
¬I AR-15 BrI edm
I CHi rm
uW k
" mt
U" C
U amy
Y Ka~ erobqg
¬ Tn
M b' .
Gahafl jng
i Gga rartt
' amrm
uW k
" mt
U" eU naHPa¬ m edm
I ∫s
I rY Btm
· anBG
I k
~ ®Ks
U p
U anI
GgkarCanrNa ? 328

Gahafl jE®sksrY ®km

u ecarfa –
- BU ! eXj
I Emx
" e¨∆M T ? .
Gaecarsaman¥eqy
¬I kb
M t
u kb
M y
u tbfa –
- Gtd
' g
w GtG
' eI T ! .
rc
Y vakb
* rrm
uW k
" mt
U" q
U g
¬ Tn
M be' TAVte' TA .
Gahafl jsaµ nfa mx
u CaecarVjs
' ma¬ bm
' a† yng
i bn
ËÌ @eTAehy
I kE* ®sk
yT
M ÂnSÊ eCg
I . cEM NkyayeTogkt
* ks
' t
¨¬ sn
¬ e' sa¬ Kt
i GE√I lgeXj
I eTAehI
y . ®sabE' tæÂhS√ gmt
U" g
U t
uW Katk
' E* brEPk
~ smg
w¬ mkke* Xj
I Gk
~ ®Ks
U p
U ann
I g
i
kn
U tc
U @BrI nakC
' Hi kg
¨~ rm
uW k
" enaH . Gk
~ ®Kd
U k
w ´dkn
U cHu BrI m
uW k
" rc
Y elat{byay
eTogTSgTk
w EPk
~ rham .

❑ ❑

ema" g®bEhlCa5resoleTAehy
I CnePosxn
Á¬ dk
* s
M tT
' Sg6nakk
' b
* -
eNr†I Ka~ cl
U mkkanT
' ®I bCC
uM npßarss
uI p
U n
u . edrI beNr†I Gk
~ ®Ks
U p
U anI dN
M a-
lerOgEdlkng
¬ pt
u eTAGV
M jm
' j
i ®Vby
' ayeTogfa –
- eBlbgCHi rm
uW k
" ecjpt
u eTA xn
¨∆M g
i kn
U @Ggy
¨ rgc
' SGk
~ nSpvˬ dc
* Emk
¬ ya"
gGnHÊ sar . pvˬ enAkEng
¬ enaH enAema" gCag3resolmansPaBsa© te' Gy
I
Esnsa© t' . kB
M g
u EtGgy
¨ rgc
' S ®sabE' tGk
~ ebk
I brrm
uW k
" mt
U" EU dlCn
U xm
¨ ∆ M kGM
Vjm
' j
i enHcabÂ' hS√ ggt
uW ! xE¨∆M brEPk
~ smg
w¬ eml
I ks
* a lK
' atC
' amt
i P
† kr†i bs'
bx
†I ¨∆M . KatE' ®sksrY xf
¨∆M a –
bg, etb
I geTANa ?
xk
¨∆M ®* VbK
' at®' ts
Y @BeI rOgGgy
¨ cSGk
~ nSpvˬ dc
* Emk
¬ enaH . Kats
' a† bc
' bk
' *
THedm
I ®Tg
U frË© fa –
- yb
I geGy
I ! kEng
¬ enHcabB
' eI ma" gbrI esoleTA manecarbn
¬ s
' ma¬ bm
'
ns
u ßsg
w ral´' f© . mhb
_ g ! nSkn
U eLg
I rm
uW k
" xm
¨∆M k eyg
I eTAQbr' gc
' SenA
pßarfeµ Kal . eyg
I cgd
' g
w erOgenHya" gemc
" ? . Gk
~ ebk
I rm
uW k
" mt
U" k
U e* bk
I ya" g
elOnrc
Y eTAQbs
' c
M tenAmx
u hagKy
u TavkNa† lpßarfeµ Kal . my
Y snH¨Ê
ke* Xj
I Gk
~ nSpvˬ TSgBrI nakn
' g
i bd
U y
U 2nake' Tot mankSePg
¬I AR-15 BrI edm
I enA
GgkarCanrNa ? 329

Cabn
' g
w xn
Á¬ CHi rm
uW k
" mt
U" C
U amy
Y Ka~ brkatT
' eI naH . deU cH~ Gk
~ ebk
I rm
uW k
" EdlxC
¨∆M Hi k*
edjtamrm
uW k
" ®km
u ecarkt
i @®bpt
i ®bPg
I mkdlT
' eI nH .l.
eBlenaH´fe© roblc
i eTAehy
I ybg
' gt
i erobcl
U mkdl' . { ! ®sd
I k
* M
stT
' SgBrI nake' Gy
I ! etn
I Skn
U eTA®CkedkenA‰Na [cakpt
u Bk
I Na† b´' d
ecar ? . eyg
I TSgGsK
' a~ kG
* gy
¨ Gss
' gÙm
w GtV
' yGtT
' k
w eTAmx
u mn
i rc
Y
fye®kaymn
i ekt
I enA®tgk
' ac®' Cg
u pßarss
uI p
U n
u . cEM NkGk
~ ebk
I brrm
uW k
"
ct
i s
† b∫r¨ svj
i xeM djtamrkecarmy
Y la© crkmn
i eXj
I kb
* rrm
uW k
" vl
i eTAkan'
T®I kg
u Vtd
' b
M gvj
i ®sabE' teXj
I CnePosxn
Á¬ 6nakd
' Edl . Katk
' b
* JŒb'
rm
uW k
" mt
U" rU c
Y kT
* n
U aµ nfa –
- bg@ ! sN
M ake' nATeI nHmn
i VneT ! ®km
u ecar´fm
© j
i mx
u CatammkB¥a
VTbg@ehy
I . eBlybg
' gt
i mkdl' mx
u Camane®KaHfa~ kC
' amn
i xan .
mhG
_ eJj
ÇI eLg
I rm
uW k
" xm
¨∆M k ! eyg
I vl
i ®tLbe' TAT®I kg
u Vtd
' b
M gvj
i ´fe© ®ka
ysm
w xC
¨∆M n
U rht
U eTAdlp
' ßarnm
i t
i †.
ema" gCag6resol Gk
~ ebk
I rm
uW k
" mt
U" k
U d
* k
w Bk
Y eyg
I cakecjBp
I ßarss
uI p
U u
n . lHu rm
uW k
" brCt
i dlP
' m
U b
i naÊ ynag yayeTogcab´' dGk
~ ®Ks
U p
U ank
I an' ®B
mTSgny
i aydG
M j
U frË© fa –
- Gn
U ! bgsa† yNase' dayeyg
I ®tvU EbkKa~ kg
¨ ~ eBlenH e®JHbgVn
sn¥aCamy
Y ng
w sk
& 3
†i -sk
& 4
†i yn
Y fa ng
w Cb
Y vakalBm
I ßl
i mj
i enH . ´fe© NH
hs
Y eBlmy
Y ´fe© TAehy
I . bgmn
i Gacvl
i eTAkank
' n
U xm
Ê rbsb
' gvj
i Vn
eT .
yayeTogny
i aydl®' tm
w hg
w~ rm
uW k
" mt
U" k
U b
* rqg
¬ saı nPm
U b
i naÊ ynaglm
µ
Kat®' VbG
' k
~ ebk
I brct
i F
† m[
· bJŒbr' m
uW k
" ®BmTSgEfg
¬ GN
M rKN
u pg . rc
Y k*
nSkn
U cHu BrI m
uW k
" . kg
¨~ {kasEbkKa~ cg
u e®kayenH ®s@
I TSgBrI nakt
' g
w ®tg
U esÊI
re®bH KSgmatr' kJk¥ny
i ayKaµ n ®tvU EbkKa~ kNa† lsaı nbnaÊ ynag KEW bk
Ka~ rht
U .
y b 'e n a H y a y e T o g n ig k Un ® s Ie d k s Mr a k k ~¨g k Un x Êm r b s 'k µÁy C Id Un m Yy
sgs
' t
iƒ Cabn
' g
w k∫alsaı n . Kate' dkmn
i lkT
' alE' tesaH e®JHsa† yTk
w dI
kmC
¨ ı aCa´®kElg .
cEmk
¬ Nasy
' n
Y haNy
U cl
U mklk
u ly
u ratt∫at®beTsExrµ Pa¬ m va
´q®~ bDt
i Exrµ Gayg
" rbsv' a[ka¬ yeTACaecarya" gsahaveXareXAGsaç r¥ .
deU cH~ esø~ te®b´I decar Ky
W n
Y haNy
U manEpnkar®JgTk
u mkedm
I ∫k
I c
M ay
GgkarCanrNa ? 330

Exrµ . BeI ®JHExrµ st

ˬ ®tgC
' amaç sT
' k
w dB
I t
i @ eTb
I ng
w ecjpt
u Bk
I Na† b´' dGg
karGnamk
i Vt´dTeTVks
' ∫ateTAehy
I . ®sabE' tcl
U mkCb
Y ®bTHrbb
®Kb®' Kgrbsy
' n
Y haNy
U Carbbecar ®Kb@
' Ka~ Gss
' gÙm
w ®tvU Etbbl
Y Ka~
pßge®Bgrte' Posxn
Á¬ eTAkan®' beTs´f Tk
u Tk
w d[
I yn
Y haNy
U eTAcHu .
etm
I anesø~ tG®√I besrI Cagesø~ tecar ?
yayeTognk
w eXj
I ®Kb®' Cg
u e®Cay KatG
' ss
' gÙm
w rlg
I mn
i dg
w fa®B
lm
w Esk
Ì Kat®' tvU edrI eTANavj
i eT ? BeI ®JHebK
I ate' TAkanb
' reTs et®I tvU eF√I
emc
†" cJ
i m
wç CvI t
i ? Kt
i dl®' tm
w hg
w~ Katv' egg
√ sg
ufl esrÊI qt
Á ˘˘˘ Gsm
' eF¥aVy
ehy
I ! enAeBlerobCt
i PK
W¬ atk
' s
* eM rcct
i d
† asb
' n
ËÌ Cd
I n
U my
Y rc
Y pS† fa –
- ky
Áµ eGy
I ! ebG
I tB
' m
I g
I eTA crU ky
Áµ EfTSGga rapgNa± ! .
ky
Áµ enaHsaµ nEtmg
I e kt
I Tk
u xS¬ geBkvegg
√ saµ rtI km
* n
i y k ct
i T
† k
u d a kG
' √I
eT ®KanE' teqy
¬ I fa –
- VT ! . rc
Y smeM© dklke' ToteTA .
´fT
© 1
I 7-6-80 ema" g®bEhl5®Bk
w yayeToge®kakedrI eTAkank
' ∫al
saı n EdlTk
w sg
w Ê kB
M g
u C nh
' rU ®tVj' Katb
' rM g
u elatkg
¨ ~ Tk
w sma¬ bx
' n
Á¬ .
®sabE' t ! semg
¬ my
Y ehrI Bk
I ∫alsaı nma≈ g‰eNaHfa –
- bg@ ! .
yayeTogkE* brEPk
~ smg
w¬ rkmaç ss
' emg
¬ .
{ ! elakeQOteTetI ! .
elakeQOtCaGtt
I elxaFk
i arFnaKar≤NTanCatei xtV
† td
' b
M g . eB-
l Cb
Y Ka~ eday´cdn¥ elakeQOtelat{byayeTogbga˙ jkayvk
i arfa
Katn
' k
w yayeTogNas' . elake®tkGrNas' . yayeToge®tkGrCa
´®kElgEdr . Gk
~ TSgBrI kc
* abs
' rY sx
u Tk
u K
≈ a~ eTAvj
i eTAmk®Kb®' bkar kg
¨~
ry:eBl6qS~ EdlEbkKa~ enH . Tb
I Jb
ç y
' ayeTogsrY elakeQOtfa –
- ets
I B´√ fG
© n
U sN
M ake' nA‰Na ?
elakeQOtmankarraErkbnc
†i my
Y snH¨Ê eTb
I xßb
i ®Vby
' ayeTogfa –
- xe¨∆M nACrM N
M gcn
& C
Ê ab®' B®M bTlE' xrµ ´f ! .
ædeU ca~ HyayeTogreM Pb
I ct
i e† ®tkGrNas' Katk
' e* sr~I seuM TAtamelak
eQOt eTAkanC
' rM N
M gcn
& Ê.
elakeQOtyl®' BmTTl
Y nvU seM NrI rbsy
' ayeTogedayrk
I ray .
yayeTogseM rcCl
Y rm
uW k
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U y
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¬ y
Y Cm
I as CHi Ka~ bn
I ak' Em-
" kn
U ng
i ela
GgkarCanrNa ? 331

keQOt ecjdeM NrI eTAkanP

' m
U n
i m
i t
i † Edlmancma© y®bmaN30K˘m˘ . r-
uW
mk
" ke* raTm
_i a" sn
uI rc
Y eVHBy
Y ya" gelOneTAkanT
' eI dA . rm
uW k
" mt
U" ®U tvU qg
¬ kat®' b
CaCnExrµ ePosxn
Á ¬ C a e ® cn
I J nn
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M g
u EtedrI ecjecal®sk
u e d a y e Cg
I BI
e®JHKaµ nmasCl
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uW k
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U Hi ng
w eK - KrY [segK
√ ng
i GaeNacGFmC
· a´®k
Elg .
BT
I ®I kg
u V td
' b
M g e T A k a nC
' rM N
M g cn
& m
Ê ancma© yCag100K˘m˘ ®bCaCn
Exrµ ePosxn
Á¬ edrI edayeCg
I ®tvU ecjdeM NrI BT
I ®I kg
u Vtd
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w ®tvU ed
ksrM akenAPm
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µi my
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& Ê.
c ME N k ® b C a C n e P o s x ¬Án E x µr E d l m a n m a s e K n S ® K Ys a r C Yl r Wum "k m "Ut U
CHi ecjecal®beTskmC
¨ı aCahrU Ehrdc
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u" beNr†I ®Ks
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edrI lEM hkayExvs
i ßmkalrdvU ekA† deU ca~ HEdr .
BT
I ®I kg
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M gcn
& Ê eyg
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√I eM NrI qg
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pßark∫alexaµ c, feµ Kal, Pt
M~ c
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Kaµ neXj
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ƒ c
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ç amy
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u l …hamXat
'GT
√I alE' tesaH . ®bCaCnExrµ edrI ecjcakecal®beTskmC
¨ı aeBlenaH KeW dI
redayesrI Kaµ nrt' Kaµ neKceT .
deU cH~ bga˙ j[eXj
I fa yn
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u Cae®sc Ca
yrU qS~ Nasm
' kehy
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& Ggk
 arGnamk
i kg
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Kt
i EtBs
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U TalE' tExrµ sa¬ bp
' t
u BC
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ssle' nArs' ®tvU Vks
' ∫at e®JHGgk
 arc∫t
Ë ekobdkht
U ®TB¥sm∫tG
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GgkarCanrNa ? 336

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' x´¨∆M llkCy
Y seÂga Hvc
i k
œ i apg e®JH
vc
i k
œi aCabP
' arkc
i y
ç amenAExße®tomT3
I . enAeBlenaHxk
¨∆M x
* b
ç V
' ymb
Ë˙ my
Y k-
Jb
ç r' c
Y CHi kgy
' keTA[vc
i k
œi a ng
i ®Vb[
' eKkbl
' akG
' avF
u rc
Y rte' KcecjCa®b
jab' .
≤LvË elakml
U -sarF
I j
u ®Tann
' vU qakCvI t
i pßge®BgenH elakks
* eM rc
ct
i n
† S ® Ks
Y arcakecjecal®beTskmC
¨ ı a e T A e n A ‰ V g k k e T A e hy
I . mn
u
elakecjeTA elaknSvc
i k
œi aeTAepC
∆I rM 0
M 07‰eNaHvj
i . Ca{kaslN
Ì as'
EdlFm
M kTane' BldeU cH~ . FK
M rY EtnSvc
i k
œi aecj[pt
u Bc
I gm
Ë˚ mcr¨ç aCenHCa®b
jab' .
sB´√ fK
© aµ nc∫abK
' aµ nvn
i y
& ®bkanb
' k߮bkanB
' k
Y eXj
I Etsma¬ bK
' a~ CahrU
Eh . dc
U CaBy
I bm
' j
i enH manGtt
I vresny
I ®_ tm
I a~ k®' tvU eKkabd
' ack
' ∫alsa¬
be' nACabr' bgxaglc
i CrM eM nH e®JHEtelakng
i ®bBnm
Ï anct
i s
† b∫r¨ s Cy
Y TM
nk
u brM g
u yvu CnxH¬ EdlKaµ nTB
I g
w .
GgkarCanrNa ? 338

e dm
I ∫c
I J
i m
wç CvI t
i ng
i VnCak´M rsrM abp
' t
 p
' g
 G
' k
~ p g T S g Bg
Y e l a k Tj
i drU
rbsr' brB®I sk
u Ec
ƒ l
U mk®sk
u Exrµ . lHu CnJldg
w faelakmanmasbgrÁ
ybe' kt
I e®KaHfa~ ke' naH KvW amkeKaHTa√ rE®sksC
uM b
Y elakdc
U Fmt
µ a . eBl
elakedrI ecjeTACb
Y ecarkk
* abe' lakdack
' ∫alPa¬ m rc
Y vacabc
' g®bBnrÏ bs'
elakkeM jj
I bn
¬ y
' kmasGsr' lg
I .
eGogny
i aydl®' tm
w hg
w~ ®sabE' teXj
I yvu Cnma~ kG
' ay®u bEhl27qS~
Tk
w mx
u kacsahav skk
' ∫al®kjaj®' Vss
' aµ manJke' ®KOgsl
i eBjk
edrI cl
U mkbJaÇ [eGogrk®sa[pk
w .
eGogmanGarmN
µ P
_ y
& tks
' t
¨¬ . Kaµ nhafl nbgn
Ì ' eGogkr* te' TAyk®sa
mk[vapk
w Pa¬ m . eBlvaelk
I ´dsS† TTl
Y Ekv®sa yayeTogPa∆ ks
' mg
w¬ Pk
w¬
e®JHenAk´drbsv' a manExßmasmy
Y Exßya" gFT
M mn
© ®' bEhl3dL
M g
w man
k∫acy
' a" glG
Ì saç r¥ . lHu vapk
w rc
Y ehy
I vake* drI ecjeTAvj
i Vte' TA .
sn
ufl -ehOndkdegm
˙I XrU edm
I ∫b
I nrËÏ edm
I ®Tg
U rc
Y ny
i ayxßb
w @®Vby
' ay
eTogfa –
- bgeGy
I ! GV
M jm
' j
i enHxP
¨∆M y
& sg
w dacd
' egm
˙I sa¬ bB
' eI ®JHmns
u ßenH
kacsahavdm
* haGsaç r¥ vaenAkg
¨~ ®km
u my
Y ya" geXareXA . em®km
u eQaµ H
cn
& -
Ê Pk†I (eQaµ HenHGgk
 arsnt
µ d
' ak[
' ®km
u my
Y enAeBlNaEdlemma~ ks
' a¬
be' TA emfeµI Lg
I mkkank
' abk
' m
* aneQaµ Hcn
& -
Ê Pkd
†I Edl) . ebvI adg
w faman®b
CaCneTb
I mkdlC
' rM N
M gcn
& Ê vaEtgEtmkcaby
' keTAEqkeqrrkmaseB®C .
Exß´dEdlvaJkK
' C
W aExß´drbs®' sm
I a~ ke' nAkg
¨~ ®km
u Camy
Y va . ®seI naH
kacsahavNas' . vaEtgEtedb
I n
¬ s
' ma¬ bm
' ns
u ß ehy
I Gt
Y Gagfaxn
Á¬ vaxS¬ g
BEU k kabm
' n
i mt
u Vjm
' n
i pH¨Ê . ≤LvË ®tvU mns
u ßGV
M jm
' j
i enHsma¬ be' cal
enAevlaf@
µI enH rc
Y vaedaHExß´dykmkJkx
' n
Á¬ vavj
i . sg
ufl -ehOnbne† TAeTo
tfa –
- bgsN
M ake' nATeI nHyrU eTAeTotmn
i VneT . Esk
Ì enHxn
¨∆M g
w Bg
w sn
W -nI
[ e T A k a nC
' rM 0
M 0 7 e h A vc
i k
œ i a m k Cb
Y b g e dm
I ∫[
I b g n S v a c a k e c j [ pt
u Bs
I aƒ
nymraCenHCabnaÊ nb
' p
M t
u kb
uM gg
Ì e' Ly
I .
enA´fT
© 2
I 0-6-80 ema" g2resol yayeTogVnCb
Y vc
i k
œ i a . yayeTo
gkn
* y
i ayBeI KalbN
M grbsK
' at' Edl®tvU EtnSkn
U TSgBrI KG
W ga rng
i vc
i k
œi a
ePosxn
Á¬ eTAtameCn
I -sa enA‰®beTsVrSg .
vc
i k
œi aGgy
¨  Kt
i my
Y snH¨Ê k®* Kvk
I ∫albdei sFmn
i ® B m c a k e c j e c a l Tk
w dI
GgkarCanrNa ? 339

kmC
¨ı aeLy
I . vc
i k
œi armanbN
M gya" gmSmn
i emaHmt
u enAbeM rrI ˘C˘r˘b˘x˘edm
I ∫k
I M
eTcyn
Y haNy
U CaecarQa¬ nJnedm
I ∫rI eM daHTk
w dk
I mC
¨ı a . eBlenaH sn
ufl -
ehOnxB
M n¥ln
' vU e®KaHfa~ ke' pßg@EdlGacbNa† l[sa¬ b' . Tb
I Jb
ç k
' b
* gM≈
fa –
- vc
i k
œi a‰g®tvU EtePosxn
Á¬ tamma† y eTAkan®' beTsT3
I Cadacx
' at .
vc
i k
œi a®Kvk
I ∫aldEdlCasJaÔ fa –
- mn
i eTAeT ! Kaµ ncemy
¬I .
cEM NkyayeTog eBlVnCb
Y kn
U ® bs
u T5
I r b sK
' at' Kate' ®tkGrCa
´®kElg . lHu ækn
U ®bEkkmn
i ®BmePosxn
Á¬ eTAkan®' beTsT3
I deU ca~ H Kat'
®skT
' k
w EPk
~ e®cak@ . my
Y snH¨Ê eTb
I Katc
' abe' pm
†I eFG
√I taƒ Fb
i ∫ay e®bobeFob
Bn¥lk
' n
U ®bs
u dc
U teTA –
- {kn
U eGy
I ! mkBV
I n
" g
i ma" kK
' t
i Catei KarBTk
u ct
i T
† Sg®sg
u eleI mdk
w nS
®beTsExrµ ya" genHehy
I VnCaeyg
I Fa¬ kx
' n
Á¬ Camy
Y Exrµ ‰eTotrabl
' annak'
dc
U eBlenH . Gk
~ NaeTAdk
w faGk
~ dk
w nSExrµ ecalemßøteFs
√ ®bEhshafl n
beNa† yxn
Á¬ [caje' Vkkm
u y
¨µ ns
i G
† Jg
w ç enaH ? .
dc
U Caedm
I ExemsaqS~ 1975 manmt
i P
† kn
†i g
i bn
ËÌ @rbsV
' m
" a" kb
' bl
Y ®Ks
Y ar
e yg
I rte' Posxn
Á¬ e c j e c a l ® s k
u Exrµ bEu" nV
† m
" a" kE' brCaBn¥lX
' a tG
' k
~ TSg
GsK
' a~ fa ®tvU EtenAbeM rC
I atei TAvj
i . ≤LvË kg
¨~ ®Ks
Y arrbse' yg
I ®tvU rge®KaH
Vtb
' gC
' vI t
i sg
w pt
u BC
U ®tvU Ggk
 arsma¬ b' ®tvU Vtx
' n
Á¬ . yayeTogbne† Tot
fa –
- mns
u ßcas' manEtma" km
' a~ kK
' tE' dlsle' nArs' ! cEM Nkyvu Cnekg
µ
@ma" ke' Tb
I EtVnCb
Y kn
U ‰gma~ kK
' t' . deU cH~ CvI t
i rbsk
' n
U mant´mN
¬ ass
' rM a
b®' Ks
Y arrbse' yg
I edm
I ∫b
I nB
† C
U Bgßvgß®tkl
U «y»
I teTAeTot . eBlenHma"
ks
' G
uM gr√ kn
U ®tvU EtePosxn
Á¬ eTA®CksN
M ake' nA®beTsVrSgmy
Y ry:sn
i .
eb´I fe© ®kaykn
U VnCb
Y emdk
w nSExrµ NaEdlmansts
i m∫CJ:Ô mt
u e®CA es-
~
haCatB
i t
i @mn
i Ekg
¬ ka¬ y mn
i ny
i mbkßBk
Y sm
w kn
U cl
U xn
Á¬ eTAbeM rC
I atC
i am-
Y
yeK . Emc
" gN
' ase' hy
I [kn
U VnbeM rC
I ati Et®tvU kn
U eml
I mx
u eml
I e®kay
k[
uM cl
U GnaÊ ks
' ®tvU mg
† eTotNak
± n
U Na± ! ebm
I n
i deU ca~ HeT kn
U mx
u Etsa¬ bx
' n
Á¬
Gasar≤tkarCamn
i xan . yayeTogbne† TAeTotfa –
- ebeI mdk
w nSExrµ NaEdlyln
' g
i sa lc
' ∫asG
' B
M l
I kN
≈ sÂga mBt
:s i @
´n®beTsExrµ fasÂga menHCasÂga mrvagyn
Y ng
i Exrµ .
GgkarCanrNa ? 340

- ebeI mdk
w nSExrµ NaEdlyln
' g
i sa lc
' ∫asG
' B
M l
I kN
≈ :sÂga mBt
i @
´n®beTsExrµ fasÂga menHCasÂga mrvagyn
Y ng
i Exrµ ,
- ebeI mdk
w nSExrµ NaecHBn¥lE' xrµ ylf
' a ®beTsExrµ ®tvU vn
i asGnr† ay
Fa¬ ke' ®kamsn
U ¥ Kb
W Na† lmkBy
I n
Y haNy
U Edle®bEI tkll∫c
i ,
- CaBei ss ebeI mdk
w nSExrµ NamansmtP
ƒ aBya" g®Kb®' Kan' enAeBl
enaHkn
U ®tvU brˆ CvI t
i bC
U ark
U aybeM rc
I Hu ! kn
U Gacvl
i ®tLbc
' l
U kanm
' atP
u m
U ei yg
I
vj
i VneTetI . EtsB´√ fe© nH Eme" ml
I eTAhakd
' c
U CaeBlevlamn
i Tand
' l' eT
. ebk
I n
U cl
U ≤LvË vamn
i xs
u Ka~ Bs
I tm
√ macEdlehrI cl
U ePg
¬ I eTNa± .
- saƒ nkarN≤
_ LvË enH va®cbk
U ®cbld
' c
U smr¬ kkrU …dc
U LanVkc
' gt
Ë˚
GJg
wç . deU cH~ KrY kn
U Qbe' sH¬ Tk
u erOgreM daHCatm
i y
Y Gens
¬I n
i .
y a y e T o g G Fb
i ∫ayEvkEjk nvU l∫c
i k l r b sy
' n
Y h a Ny
U ya" gEvg
ya" glt
Ìi ln
Ì ' ng
i ya" gBs
i a† r Tb
I Jb
ç K
' atb
' JaÇ kf
' a –
- Enkn
U eGy
I ! B´I fm
© n
u yn
Y haNy
U e®bEI tkll∫c
i nKrkmC
¨ ı ae®kam
®tvU Fa¬ kk
' g
¨~ kNa† b´' drbsv' aCasy
&√ ®bvt†i . vaKaµ nenOyhtn
' g
w eFs
√I Âga m
TalE' tesaH . bcb
¨ç ∫ne~ nHvakB
M g
u Et®bml
U kll∫c
i TSgGse' naH nSyk
mksab®Bs
Y JseBj®beTskmC
¨ı a edm
I ∫eI lbTk
w dk
I mC
¨ı amy
Y nKreTot .
va®KanE' tEkT®mgb
' nc
†i @Etbeu" Naˆ H .
åTahrNd
_ c
U Ca vae®beI Qaµ HGgk
 arGnamk
i bEu" nG
† gk
 armanlTP
Ï aBGac
sma¬ bE' xrµ CaBei ssGk
~ ecHdg
w bJvÔ n
& † Gsc
' n
M n
Y rabl
' annak' . cEM Nk‰
®TB¥sm∫tk
†i g
¨~ my
Y nKrExrµ Ggk
 ar®bml
U dk
w nSecjGsr' lg
I esssl'
Etbnc
†i bnc
Á† Ggk
 arbp
M a¬ jecalexc
Ê xG
ÊI s' . kn
U eGy
I , manEtmns
u ßxa√ ke' T
eTb
I mn
i eXj
I GBt
Ë∏ ehteu nH . yayeTogbne† Totfa –
≤LvË yn
Y haNy
U ecjmx
u ya" gc∫as®' kELt cl
U mkratt∫atlk
u l-
u
y edm
I ∫®I tt
Y ®ta®beTskmC
¨ı a[Vn®sbc∫abG
' nr† Cati .
- T1
I vakB
M g
u dt
u ´ddt
u eCg
I begt
˚I Exrµ fµI nSykmkCn
M s
Y eyg
I CaExrµ maç s'
Tk
w dk
I mC
¨ı aBt
i @ EdlkB
M g
u Etbnk
† ny
¨Ê Ka~ sa¬ b' EdlkB
M g
u Etrte' cal®sk
u .
- T2
I edm
I ∫b
I P
M n
& m
† tB
i P
i Belakng
i mtEi xrµ yn
Y haNy
U bEM bkExrµ Gay"
grbsv' aCaGtt
I Exrµ evotmj
i ng
i CaGtt
I Exrµ ®khmEdlmannn
i a~ karyn
Y CaBrI
®km
u –
‹ ®km
u (k) manehg-srM n
i , Ca-sm
uI , hn
ufl -Esn, taEbt
" Caedm
I CaGk
~
QH~ [ecjmx
u bV
M g
M yn
Y CaGk
~ dk
w nSrdaΩ PV
i lsaFarNrd®Ω bCamant
i k
u m¨ı
GgkarCanrNa ? 341

Ca rc
Y ®bkasbP
M n
& f
† a Ca®km
u Exrµ esh
~ aCati .
‹ ®km
u (x) manbl
u" -BtCaemdk
w nS eFC
√I aGk
~ cajb
' gb
˚ x
' n
Á ¬ JseBj´®B
Jky
' eI haExrµ ®khmdEdl mancn
i KS®Tng
i pl
† G
' avF
u dEdl . yn
Y haNU
ymanEpnkarya" gsma© t' begt
˚I Exrµ ®khm rc
Y lc
Y beJj
ç skmP
µ aB®sb@
Camy
Y Exrµ ®khmrbse' xov-sp
M nCanc
i ç edm
I ∫g
I aysma¬ bb
' p
M t
u BC
U Exrµ ng
i
eqø¬ tsma¬ bb
' p
M t
u BC
U Exrµ ®khmnn
i a~ karExrµ .
deU cH~ kn
U ®tvU Etdg
w ng
i ®tvU Et®byt
& [
~ EmnETnceM JH®km
u Exrµ nn
i a~ karyn
Y
enH . e®JHfavabJ
M ke' KalCh
M rya" gmSEdlmandN
M akk
' arCadb
M g
U K®W tvU kM
eTcskP
†i m
U n
i g
i c®kBt†i .
yn
Y h a Ny
U dg
w f a s e mc
† sh
I nn
u g
i e l a k sn
W -san®bFanrNsri ßr˘
C˘r˘b˘x˘ ®BmTSgexov-sp
M nCaemExrµ ®khm rb
Y rm
Y kmS¬ gKa~ keM TcBk
Y vaedm
I ∫I
reM daHTk
w dk
I mC
¨ı a . deU cH~ vakb
* egt
˚I l∫c
i my
Y eTotPa¬ m edm
I ∫n
I SykmkTbT
' l'
ng
w kmS¬ gEdlGk
~ dk
w nSExrµ TSgBb
I egt
˚I . vadg
w fakm
u ark®M JCatEi xrµ sb
Ì e' xm
ıI
ehy
I manKn
M c
uM gs
' gsk
w ceM JHExrµ ®khm . deU cH~ vadt
u ´ddt
u eCg
I ebk
I brLa
nedrI ®bml
U km
u ark®M J rc
Y dk
w nSecjB®I beTskmC
¨ı aCabnb
† naÊ b' . va®Vbf
' a
nSykeTAeronenAhaNy
U edaydake' Qaµ Hfa – «®km
u km
u arQanmx
u » . edI
m∫b
I ga˙ th
' k
w√ hn
W√ tamk∫n
Á yT
u s
Ï aÂsr† bsv' a rc
Y jH¨ jgb
' Enm
ƒ x´çI d®km
u enHedI
m∫k
I eM TcExrµ ®khmnn
i a~ karExrµ ng
i ®km
u Exrµ NaEdlKS®T…smKn
M t
i Camy
Y .
yayeTogsmg
w¬ mx
u kn
U ®bs
u my
Y snH¨Ê ehy
I bne† Totfa –
kll∫c
i yn
Y haNy
U mansPaBlt
iÌ ln
Ì N
' as' . vax´çI dExrµ [elat
sma¬ bE' tExrµ Ka~ ‰g . yn
Y haNy
U Caevotmj
i k†I Caevotkg
u k†I Gt
Y bJ
M neda-
y≤teGonxaµ sf
' a bd
U y
U s®&µ Kct
i b
† C
U asacQ
' amedm
I ∫m
I kCy
Y Exrµ Gsc
' n
M n
Y bI
elk
I rc
Y ehy
I . crU kn
U keuM COva[esaH, mn
i EmneT, vaeVkeyg
I eT ! karBt
i vacU
l m k e dm
I ∫eI ®b®I Kbm
' eF¥aVy jH¨ jgb
' EM bkbV
M kE' xrµ tamcN
M c
u exßayna
na rc
Y bgb
˚ egt
˚I sÂga m Tk
u [Exrµ c∫SgKa~ sma¬ bK
' a~ CahrU Eh . jS¨ g[Exrµ
sa¬ bb
' nc
†i mg
† @ rht
U pt
u BC
U Etbeu" Naˆ H . yayeTogEbrEPk
~ smg
w¬ mx
u kn
U ®bu
sCaelk
I T2
I ®BmTSgbJaÇ kf
' a–
- { ! kn
U ®bs
u dk
* s
M te' Gy
I ! e®KaHfa~ k´' n®beTsng
i ®bCaCnExrµ enAeB
lenHmansPaBFn
© ´' ®kElgels
I sBm
√ y
Y dg . ma† ysgÙm
w fa esck†I
Bn¥le' ®bobeFobrbsm
' a† yenAeBlenH lm
µ ®K
† b®' Kan[
' kn
U dg
w ehy
I . Kaµ
nGK
√I rY [raErksaÊ ke' srÊI Kaµ ngK
√I rY [sgßy
& eToteT .
GgkarCanrNa ? 341

cEM Nkvc
i k
œi alHu Vnsa† bn
' vU Jk¥eBcnd
_ m
* anxm
w¬ sarrbsm
' a† yEvkEjk
e®bobeFobsB®√ Kbe' hy
I ke* nAesø© meday®s´meXj
I fa tSgBeI dm
I mkma†
y r b sx
' n
Á¬ e T a H C a e c a r bn
¬ c
' abv' ayeFV
√I b C a e ® cn
I e lk
I e ® cn
I d g m k e hy
I k*
eday enAeBlEdlkn
U @bbl
Y Katc
' akecjB®I sk
u KatE' tgEtbrˆ pa† cm
' n
i rt'
ecalCadacx
' at . EtenAeBlenH EbrCaKats
' eM rcct
i n
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m enA´dsS† kand
' b
M gmy
Y ya" gFM srM abs
' B
M gExrµ Narg
w TTg
w mn
i vl
i ®tLb'
e®kay .
lHu va®keLkmkcy
M ayeTogEdlkB
M g
u Et®tdrx¥lk
' g
¨~ Tk
w vak®* ctc
' -
egH˚ Qreml
I my
Y snH¨Ê rc
Y ke* drI hs
Y eTA .
eBlenaHvc
i k
œi apßge®BgelatcHu Tk
w kg
¨~ sa~ mePa¬ Hlb@edrI fye®kay
eTAekoksaµ ma† y®sge' Lg
I BT
I k
w rc
Y bnd
† eM NrI vl
i ®tLbe' ®kayvj
i . cEM N
kyayeTog bnaÊ bB
' V
I n®tSkg
¨~ Tk
w mk Katm
' ankmS¬ g®Kane' bb
I nc
†i GacedrI
yt
W @Tbx
' n
Á¬ ng
w eQ®I ctVn .
´fl
© a© cenaHmanLanrbsk
' akVT®khmGnr† Catd
i k
w Cn
M y
Y ®Kbm
' x
u yk
mkdakT
' an[ .
srM akTk
I Eng
¬ mn
i sa le' Qaµ HGsc
' n
M n
Y 2yb' Ky
W b´' fT
© 2
I 4-25 Exmf
i n
u a
q ~S 1 9 8 0 . ® s a b 'E t ® B l wm ´ f ©T I2 6 - 6 - 8 0 ® B H s ur iy a m in T a n 'r H p g
eXj
I manLankamg
¨∆" Cae®cn
I e®KOgmkQbc
' tCak∫n
Á . eBlenaHTahan´f
E®sktamem®k®U bkasbJaÇ [®bCaCnExrµ nSKa~ ®bml
U ® Ks
Y a r e Lg
I Lan .
®Kb@
' Ka~ e®tkGrCaGtb
i rm
i a edayylf
' araCkar´fmanct
i s
† b∫r¨ sCy
Y CvI t
i
Exrµ dk
w nSykeTAkanC
' rM x
M avGd
uI ag . bEu" nm
† n
i EmndeU ca~ HeLy
I KrW aCkar´fct
i †
saman¥ EbrCa®bml
U dk
w nS®bCaCnExrµ rge®KaHykeTAcake' calenAEk∫rCrM M
Ngcn
& eÊ TAvj
i .
la© c´fT
© 2
I 6 - 6 - 8 0 vc
i k
œi a e Xj
I ma† yPy
& jr& jakC
' aya" gxS¬ gKSgmat'
Qbe' cHny
i ayeTAehy
I ke* drI TakT
' gPa~ kg
' arkakVT®khmGnr† Cati rG
M y
Y
frË© bk®sayra" yrab
" n
' vU CvI ®bvtr†i bsm
' a† ysB®√ Kb' . bEu" nk
† akVT®khmV
neqy
¬I eLg
I fa –
- eKpaÌ kQbT
' Tl
Y CnePosxn
Á¬ Exrµ ehy
I EtebC
I nePosxn
Á¬ yn
Y eTb
I
GgkarCanrNa ? 347

eKTTl
Y nSykecjBT
I eI nHPa¬ m ! .
vc
i k
œi avl
i ®tLbm
' kCb
Y ma† y rc
Y ray
" rab
" t
' amdeM NrI edayGss
' gÙm
w .y
be' naHyayeTogng
i kn
U edkpaÊ ld
' I k∫aleky
I PEW¬ ®s kNa† lvalkg
¨ ~ ®beT
s´f . ma~ k@
' manEtexaGavmy
Y bnH¬ dacd
' acCabn
' g
w xn
Á¬ Etbeu" Naˆ H . yay
e T o g e d k mn
i l kT
' alE' tesaH edaymanVrme∏ TAelvI asna´nkn
U ® sy
I a" g
xS¬ g e®JHTahan´fmancrk
i kacsahavCagbd
U y
U eTAeTot . vaedrI Eqkeqr
bn
¬ y
' k®TB¥sm∫t†i ebm
I ankn
U ®kmvuM acaby
' keTAreM laP rc
Y sma¬ be' calya" g
CakE' sg
† . k∫aleky
I PE¬W ®s EPk
~ smg
w¬ eml
I emXEdlmanBBkexAµ mrI edr
das CasJaÔ bJaÇ k[
' dg
w fa ePø¬ gCt
i Fa¬ km
' kehy
I ˘˘˘
yayeTogmanGarmN
µ q
_ l
© E' snql
© ' eTAel®I bCaCn´fEdlCaGk
~ kan'
®BHBT
u s
Ï asnaya" gxaÇ bx
' n
ÁÇ dc
U ®bCaCnExrµ Edr . sasnT
_ SgBrI enHmanT-
M
enomTma¬ b' vb∫Fm· Pasa rb
U ragkay BNs
· m∫r¨ ®bhak®' bEhlKa~ cHu eh
tG
u k
√I T
* ahan´f kacygX
' g
~ dak®' bCaCnExrµ EdlCabgbn
ËÌ ya" genHeTAvj
i ?
eBlenaHyayeTognk
w eXj
I ln
M SJk¥rbsy
' n
Y egø√ g-vanT
' j
i emevotmj
i
EdlCa®bFanGbr' s
M alaneyaVy ny
i ayEvkEjkkalBy
I b´' fT
© 2
I 8-2-
47 EdlmanCaGaTf
i a–
-s[
uM raCkar´frkßaescks
†I b
© e' sø© m kl
uM k
U ´dkg
¨~ erOgExrµ -yn
Y -lav[
esaH eBlNakm
u y
¨µ ns
i ≤
† Nc
ËÎ n
i ( begt
˚I eLg
I edayh-
U Cm
I j
i kalB´I fT
© 3
I
-2-30 ) VnseM rcTTl
Y Cy
& Cn
M H eday®Kb®' Kg≤Nc
ËÎ n
i VnCasaƒ Breh-
I
yyn
Y ng
w ®bKlE' xtE† xrµ Edl´fVnlc
Y ykeTABeI dm
I stvtßeTA[´fvj
i .
Jk¥e®Kagsn¥aenH yayeTogVn®tg®tabs
' a† bk
' ng
¬ pt
u eTACag30qS~ mk
ehy
I ˘˘˘ eTb
I Vn®bTHeXj
I paÊ lE' Pk
~ nvU GeM BeI XareXAKaµ nemta† ´nTahan´f
KrY [cabG
' armN
µ s
_ gßy
& kg
¨~ kal:eeTs:eenHfa –
- Tahanyn
Y ng
i ´f ®tvU rv"U Ka~ eTdg
w ?!?!
yayeTognk
w eXj
I sB®√ Kb' km
* ankarekA† ®khayng
w yn
Y haNy
U Ca
´®kElg . ≤LvË enHyn
Y haNy
U hafl nreM laPc∫abG
' nr† Catei BjTI e®JHb-
U
dy
U rbsv' aVnecjmx
u ya" gCakE' sg
† kB
M g
u tamsma¬ bn
' g
i kc
M ayExrµ [Py
&
xa¬ cng
i Gss
' gÙm
w ehy
I rte' calTk
w dT
I k
u [varatt∫attamGeM Bc
I t
i †.
eteI mdk
w nSExrµ TSgxagskP
†i m
U i TSgxagkm
u y
¨µ ns
i † manVndg
w VnænvU
®Bt
w k
†i arNd
_ c
* Emk
¬ TSgenHEdr…eT ? .
cemy
¬I GacecjCaBrI Ebb –
GgkarCanrNa ? 348

ebeI Kdg
w – Km
W anesckf
†I a Gk
~ Gse' naHcecsman: sx
u ct
i [
† nKrExrµ
rlayeTAcHu e®JHma~ k@
' rvlE' tx®M bg
w elk
I deM kg
I bK
u l
 [els
I B‰
I kPaBCa
ti mn
i hafl nny
i ayBeI rOgBt
i xa¬ cVtb
' gk
' t
i ¥anP
u aB kt
i n
†i am xa¬ cefakTabxn
Á¬
.l.
ebeI Kmn
i dg
w – Km
W anesckf
†I aGk
~ Gse' naHPe¬I Pe¬I lB
I© kfa© s xH√ smtP
ƒ a
BTSg®sg
u . enAeBlenHTahanyn
Y haNy
U cl
U mklk
u ly
u ratt∫atJ
seBj®beTsExrµ vatammkVjs
' ma¬ bE' xrµ rht
U dlT
' k
w d´I feTAehy
I eh
td
u c
U emc
† ke* mdk
w nSExrµ mn
i bg
w† BP
i Belak mn
i bg
w† Gnr† Cat[
i eKrkxs
u ®tvU ? .
bN
u" g
w ˆ @ e T A e hy
I enAsa© te' sø© me®cob beNa† y[®Bt
w k
†i arN®_ beTs
Exrµ enAeBlenaHenAEtmansPaBggt
i Gnk
Ï ar Kaµ nPaBBt
i ®Vkd beNa† y[
Exrµ my
Y PaKya" gFy
M l®' cLy
M a" gFn
© ' . enAeBlEdlyn
Y haNy
U cl
U mk
enAeld
I EI xrµ Cn
M s
Y CnePosxn
Á¬ Exrµ xH¬ EbrCaeFm
√I atC
' b
I Gc
U @ GrKN
u bgevot
NameTAvj
i . etm
I anGK
√I rY [eGonxaµ sC
' agenHeTAeTot ?
emdk
w nSExrµ nm
i y
Y @x®M bg
w E®skdeNm
†I ®tvU Eterog@xn
Á¬ . x®M bg
w begt
˚I
kaEst Tsßnavd†I edm
I ∫EI ®skeCrtHµ tHi edolEtKa~ ‰gEdlesssle' nA
rs' «my
Y db
M rsa√ » Bk
I arsma¬ br' ga lrbss
' ®tvU eTAvj
i .
manmns
u ß «rabm
' n
i ®Kb®' mam´d» eT Edlhafl nfayn
Y haNy
U Caecar
CaemXatkr CaGgk
 arGnamk
i .
yayeTogGHGagCasakßI BeI ®JHkg
¨~ my
Y CvI t
i enH xn
Á¬ rbsK
' atp
' aÊ l®' tvU
TTl
Y rge®KaH esakesA Qc
W ab' sa lE' tvn
i as®Jt®' VsK
' aµ nTb
I p
M t
u Edl
bNa† lmkBy
I n
Y haNy
U .
1) etm
I anTk
u G
≈ E√I dlFn
© C
' agkar®Jt®' Vsm
' a† y“Bk
u bgbn
ËÌ ?
2) etm
I anTk
u G
≈ E√I dlFn
© C
' agkaresaksa† yTl
I eM nArbsx
' n
Á¬ eBlEdl
eKedj[cHu ecj ?
3) etm
I anTk
u G
≈ E√I dlFn
© C
' agkar®seNaHkn
U ®bs
u kn
U ®st
I c
U @ Edl®tvU
eKbgeM≈ bHecjBeI dm
I ®Tg
U [eTAeFk
√I arCaTmn
© '?
4) etm
I ankartks
' t
¨¬ NaEdlxS¬ gCagkareXj
I Xatkr mkcabc
' gbs
†I
ma¬ jr' bsx
' n
Á¬ enAng
w mx
u edm
I ∫y
I keTAsma¬ b' ?
5) etm
I ankartks
' t
¨¬ NaEdl®tvU eKcabc
' gvaydM ykeTAdakK
' k
u eday
≤tdg
w ehtp
u l?.
Tk
u T
≈ Sg5EbbenH yayeTogVnsa lT
' SgGs' Kb
W Na† lmkBy
I n
Y ha
GgkarCanrNa ? 349

Ny
U –
- enaExmn
I a1948 nagGay´u mq
∏ S~ ®tvU ®Jt®' Vsm
' a† y“Bk
u bgbn
Ë Ì TSg
bgM≈ ®tvU rte' calkmC
¨ı ae®kamEdlCamatP
u m
U T
i 1
I e®JHnageTogeKcBb
I eM rvI a .
- enA´fT
© 2
I 4-4-75 yn
Y haNy
U lc
Y bneM¬ ®beI Qaµ HCaGgk
 ar ecjb-
JaÇ [®bCaCnExrµ TSgGse' cjBT
I l
I eM nA lHbge' cal®TB¥sm∫ty
†i a" ge®cI
n≤tKNnaTk
u [va .
- enAkg
¨~ ExåsPa1975 Ggk
 arbEM bkkn
U tc
U @ecjBx
I n
Á¬ . kn
U ®seI BA
enAmanGay1
u 0qS~ enAeLy
I vabEM bk[eTAeFk
√I arCaTmn
© '.
- enAyb´' fT
© 1
I 1-11-76 ema" g8yb' Ggk
 arecjbJaÇ [Xatkrcl
U
mkcabb
' s
†I ma¬ jr' bsx
' n
Á¬ nSykeTAsma¬ b' .
- kg
¨~ Exmkra1977 Ggk
 arbJaÇ [Xatkrmkcabc
' gxn
Á¬ bEnm
ƒ ®tt
Y BI
elT
I k
u ≈ EdlkB
M g
u Etqt
Á vegg
√ [dace' JHsa¬ be' nAkg
¨~ Kk
u ´®BtaEbn …Kk
u ®sI
emma" y Edlst
ƒi enAkNa† l´®Bqa© ydac®' syal .
- enA´f2
© 6-6-80 beNrI† kn
U cakecalmatP
u m
U T
i 2
I bnßlT
' k
u Tk
w d[
I va
eTAehy
I ®sabE' ts®tvU c´®gtammkVjs
' ma¬ be' nAelT
I k
w d´I feTAeTot eda
yvaykelsfa vaeVssG
M atBk
Y Exrµ vegg
√ Cati ng
i Bk
Y bnbl
u" -Bt edm
I ∫I
bP
M n
& E† Pk
~ Gnr† Cati ( sm
U bJaÇ kf
' a enACrM N
M gcn
& n
Ê g
i eKakF¥g
Ë Kaµ nExrµ vegg
√
…bnbl
u" -BtTalE' tesaH ) .
eBlmanåb∫te†i htd
u c
* Emk
¬ enH BP
i Belakke* pl
Ì I eqaeLa, ®beTsEd-
l®sLajs
' nP
†i aBng
i yt
u F
†i m· manbJn
ËÇ tN
M agmkkans
' mrPm
U i VneX-
I
jpaÊ lE' Pk
~ CakE' sg
† Casakßn
I vU GeM BG
I ®by
i rbsy
' n
Y haNy
U EdlKaµ neKa
rBc∫abG
' nr† CatG
i T
√I alE' tesaH . vaGagkmS¬ gTB
& kmS¬ gGavF
u vahafl nVjb
' -
M
epa¬ gkSePg
¬I Fc
M l
U ®beTs´f edm
I ∫s
I ma¬ b®' bCaCnExrµ st
Ë ¬ ®tg' EdlmanEt
´dTeTCae®cn
I mn
uW nak' Edlrtm
' kedkJsvalJs´®B enAelT
I k
w d´I feTA
ehy
I KvW aeFy
√I a" gNak[
uM Exrµ GactseUfl nAelT
I k
w dEI xrµ teTAeTot .
enAeBlenaHGgk
 armns
u ßFmV
· nTTc
U sd
uM k
w nSCn
M y
Y cl
U mkkan®' beT-
sExrµ Etyn
Y haNy
U ng
i Bk
Y Gayg
" EbrCabdei sF . deU cH~ ehy
I VnCaGg
karmns
u ßFmd
· k
w CJn
ËÇ Cn
M y
Y mkkanC
' rM 0
M 07, Ngcn
& Ê ng
i eKakF¥g
Ë . Cn
M y
Y
EdlGgk
 armns
u ßFmG
· nr† Catn
i SykmkenHk®* tvU Bk
Y bd
U y
U mkbn
¬ ' ®BmCamY
yng
w ®TB¥sm∫tn
†i g
i Tn
M j
i ®KbC
' B
M k
U kg
¨~ CrM EM fmeTot . enAeBlenaHGgk
 ar
mns
u ßFmk
· V
* neXj
I edaypaÊ lE' Pk
~ nvU GeM Bd
I ´* ®B´pßrbsy
' n
Y haNy
U .
GgkarCanrNa ? 350

« enHehy
I CalkN
≈ :´´nsÂga mBt
i @enA®beTsExrµ EdlbNa† l[
nKrExrµ my
Y TSgml
U rlayedaysarkNa† b´' dyn
Y ehy
I EdlbJaÇ kf
' a
cm∫SgenHKC
W acm∫SgrvagExrµ ng
i yn
Y ».
yayeTognk
w eLg
I KrY [Qc
W abN
' as' enAeBlEdlKatV
' ndN
M g
w fa
Pa~ kg
' arsa~ kk
' arCanx
' s
ı G
' ˘s˘b˘TTl
Y bnk
¨Ê CnePosxn
Á¬ ( Haut Commissa-
riat des Réfugés - HCR ) TTl
Y CnCaty
i n
Y CaGTP
i aB ( priorité ) nSykec
jBC
I rM C
M abnaÊ n' . py
¨Ê eTAvj
i CnCatEi xrµ Edlrge®KaHedaysarkgTB
& yn
Y
edjVjs
' ma¬ b' EbrCa®tvU QbE' lgTTl
Y eTAvj
i .
yayeTogyb
M eNr†I frË© beNr†I –
- { ! eTvtaelakeGy
I ekt
I mkCaExrµ ehtG
u k
√I G
* PB
& e√ mH¬" ? et´I fE© sk
Ì eTA
Caya" gNaeTAeTot ? etx
I ®¨∆M tvU seM rcya" gdc
U emc
† ? kB
M g
u Et®By
Y xa√ yxl
√ '
®sabE' tePø¬ gmy
Y emya" gFk
M F
* a¬ km
' kdc
U eKcakT
' k
w . etEI xrµ TSgenaHevTna
ya" gNa ? .
®Blm
w Esk
Ì eLg
I ePø¬ gmn
i Tand
' ac®' Kabp
' g ®sabE' t®Kabk
' SePg
¬I FrM bs'
bd
U y
U epa¬ gmkmg
† eTotsarCafeµI l®I bCaCnExrµ enAel´I pd
Ê ´I f lanp
' g
U pSg
eF[
√I Exrµ Gss
' gÙm
w eF[
√I Exrµ Qbs
' a† yQb®' seNaHGaeLaHGaly
& Tk
w dI
kmC
¨ı a ( kN
M tG
' k i n Ï – bgbn
~ nB ËÌ Exrµ eGy
I eml
I cHu ! yn
Y haNy
U tamsma¬
bk
' c
M ayExrµ mn
i Emnbd
U y
U s®&µ Kct
i b
† C
U asac®' ssQ
' am®ssm
' kCy
Y Exrµ eT
sQ
uM by
' l®' cLeM ToteTA sQ
uM bG
' rKN
u yn
Y eTA ! ) .
edm
I ∫c
I akecj[pt
u e®KaHfa~ kd
' c
* ´®genH yayeTogQbr' aErk ehy
I sM
ercct
i P
† a¬ mfa ®tvU EtPrPa~ kg
' ar H.C.R. fa KatC
' ayn
Y EdleTb
I ng
w eKcecj
mkBk
I mC
¨ ı ae®kam .

q q

q
GgkarCanrNa ? 351

CMBUkTI23
‹ yayeTogcl
U CrM M N.W.9
‹ yayeTogCb
Y by
ufl -fajm
' j
i
‹ yn
Y haNy
U manKeM ragkarNp
_ a¬ se' Qaµ HrdF
Ω anP
I eM~ Bj
ng
i extn
† ana

Gsaç r¥Emn, ®KanE' tyayeTogbJaÇ kf

' a KatC
' aCaty
i n
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* anGn-
u
PaBdx
* S¬ gka¬ . ®sabE' tGgk
˚ ar H.C.R. rtE' xg
√ ´dExg
√ eCg
I beJj
ç LanLg'
rEU" vrmy
Y e®KOgbrmkTTl
Y yn
Y Ekg
¬ ka¬ y dk
w nSecjBs
I aƒ nnrkelaky
i eqaı H
eTACrM M N.W.9 CabnaÊ n' . enAelL
I anmanyn
Y Ekg
¬ ka¬ yBrI ®Ks
Y areTotGgy
¨
rgc
' SCae®sc .
eBlenaH®bCaCnExrµ EdlkB
M g
u ®tvU rge®KaHedaybd
U y
U edjVjs
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b' lHu ®keLkeXj
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Á¬ TSg10nak' manvasnamanLanLgr' EU" vrmk
TTl
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· ancgd
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i a" genH ? .
bEu" nB
† eu TaÏ eGy
I ! yn
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¬ ka¬ yTSg10nake' nHQbe' cHny
i ayExrµ eTA
ehy
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¬ I fa –
- hg
u ebok@ ! mn
i dg
w @.
LanenHmanPa~ kg
' ar H.C.R. BrI nak' ebk
I brcakecjBk
I Eng
¬ e®KaHfa~ k'
enHeTA˘˘˘.
LankB
M g
u ebk
I brya" gelOneTAmx
u yayeTogeqø¬ tbe®gonkn
U TSgBrI [
ecHJk¥yn
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GgkarCanrNa ? 352

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GgkarCanrNa ? 353

fa CnCaty
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xs
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nhaNy
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py
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ml
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u enA‰®beTsevot-
Nam manLan mankaNt
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yTk
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PBCamy
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mkdlC
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GgkarCanrNa ? 354

l®tvU yn
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dl®' beTs´f ´fsa† bk
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sma¬ be' cal . eb®I bs
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esc
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w eXj
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ma¬ bE' tCatri bsv' a EteBlCb
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by
ufl -Km
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i anerOgrbsv' abne† TAeTotfa –
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 arTTl
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& Cn
M HPa¬ m Ggk
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[Exrµ ®khmcabE' m“
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i Em“
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Y
ng
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† aEkvya" gvkv' I . by
ufl -Km
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¨ ny
i ayVnEtbeu" NHˆ
GgkarCanrNa ? 355

kE* breTArkbgvaehy
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u ‰gny
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uI .
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kn
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lHu eFd
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vamn
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´®bmk[Bk
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GgkarCanrNa ? 356

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u Exrµ vj
i edm
I ∫s
I gsk
w vayExrµ Edl®tvU eKnS[eFV
√I tk
u mvµ a-
yEm“
" bgbn
ËÌ vakalBq
I S~ 1970enAPeM~ Bj . lHu hate' ronecHcb' ®tvU pk
w Tk
w
sm∫fyksJaÇ tC
i aExrµ . åTahrNc
_ eM JHrb
U xe¨∆M nH eKdake' Qaµ H[xf
¨∆M a
mt
i m
† a" g ehy
I eKbJaÇ k®' VbB
' k
Y xf
¨∆M a KB
W k
Y eyg
I enHehy
I EdlCaExrµ fµI Camaç
sT
' k
w dk
I mC
¨ı aeTAGnaKt . yn
Y haNy
U VnbJ
M ks
' k
& [
†i xC
¨∆M aGneu sny
I ®_ tI
manPar:Caemkank
' a† be' yaFaExrµ ®khmEdls®&µ Kct
i k
† eM TcskP
†i m
U n
i g
i c®kBt†i
Gaemrk
i Sg . ml
U daΩ nya" gFrM bsB
' k
Y enH Ks
W t
ƒi enAEk∫rPm
U m
i L
u I ay . kg
¨ ~ Ex
km
u :∏ qS~ 1979 yn
Y haNy
U bJn
ËÇ Exrµ ®khm®km
u enHcl
U tSgml
U daΩ nJseB
j´®B´n®beTskmC
¨ı a . kg
¨~ ceM NamBk
Y enH manx,¨∆M Pg
Y , Lg
¨ ng
i Lk
¨ Edl
®tvU eKbJn
ËÇ mkkan´' ®BTakF
' m
w~ extV
† td
' b
M g . mj
i bJaÇ kE' fmeTotfa –
- Bk
Y xe¨∆M drI vagtam®beTslav, ®beTs´fLgd
' _ ehy
I cl
U mkkan®' beT
sExrµ edaykatt
' am «pvˬ sma© tK
' rW g
U Pd
M ~ gErk» .
yn
Y h a Ny
U dg
w faxe¨∆M cHGkßrExrµ e®CA®CH vakb
* Jl
Ëç xm
¨∆M kkg
¨~ CrY bJvÔ n
& †
EdlCaGaNk
i Cnyn
Y ekt
I enA®sk
u Exrµ EdlecHsresrng
i ny
i ayExrµ ya"
gc∫asl
' as' .
GgkarCanrNa ? 357

kg
¨~ qS~ 1980 yn
Y haNy
U EtgtSgx[
¨∆M eFC
√I acarbru s[vavj
i . eqø¬ teB
lEdlyn
Y bJn
ËÇ mt
i m
† a" gx¨∆M [eTAeFc
√I arkc
i eç nA®sk
u mgl
 brU I mt
i m
† a" gkl
* c
Y
beNa† HGaPg
u , GaLg
¨ ng
i GaLk
¨ ecjBG
I gk
 areyaFaExrµ ®khm rc
Y ehy
I k*
beNr†I Ka~ cl
U kanC
' rM N
M gcn
& Ê ehy
I Edl®tvU eKbJn
ËÇ cl
U kanC
' rM M NW-9 enH
Etmg
† . mt
i m
† a" gbJaÇ kf
' a vamn
i cl
U ct
i b
† eM ry
I n
Y haNy
U eT e®JHvn
i y
& tg
w
rg
w Nas' . neyaVyrbsv' aEsn®kLc
i ®kLc
¨ ggt
i Gnk
Ï ar . va´q®~ bDt
i
yn
Y [eFC
√I aExrµ cEM NkExrµ vabEM bk[eTACa®km
u @ rc
Y vajH¨ jg®' km
u nm
i y
Y @[
esb
uI karN[
_ va . deU cH~ sB´√ fr© vlE' tesb
uI karNE_ xrµ Ka~ ‰g edm
I ∫p
I a bc
' t
i †
ecAha√ yyn
Y haNy
U . mt
i m
† a" gsnd
~i aΩ nfa Ggk
 arKy
W n
Y haNy
U e®JHva
VneXj
I paÊ lE' Pk
~ fa Exrµ ®khmxa¬ cng
i eKarBbJaÇ yn
Y haNy
U dc
U CaecA-
ha√ ynay . kg
¨~ ExF1
Ë~ 979 bgbn
ËÌ rbsv' aVneXj
I paÊ lE' Pk
~ fa Ggk
 arb-
Jn
ËÇ eyaFaExrµ ®khmcn
M n
Y 7,000nak' [edrI cl
U GnaÊ kE' xße®tomrbsb
' d
U y
U
ehy
I Edl®tvU bd
U y
U Vjs
' ma¬ be' calexc
Ê enAEk∫rPm
U m
i L
u I ay .
mj
i bJaÇ kE' fmCabJb
ç e' Totfa –
- yn
Y h a Ny
U Vne®BogKeM ragkarNE_ ®beQaµ HrdF
Ω a nP
I eM~ Bjng
i ext†
nanaCaPasayn
Y rc
Y ehy
I . mankll∫c
i my
Y Edlyn
Y haNy
U e®bI – åTa
hrNk
_ alNayn
Y cabE' xrµ ma~ kV
' n vaykmksrY cemy
¬I ebC
I nrge®KaHenaH
eqy
¬I eQaµ HextC
† aextE† xrµ CnenaH®tvU eKecaT®bkanf
' aCa «carCn» rbs' xSµ
geTb
I ng
w mkdl' VnCamn
i dg
w faextE† xrµ TSgenaH®tvU eKdrU rc
Y Gse' TAehy
I .
deU ca~ HCnenaH®tvU eKXX
uM SgTk
u sn
i . mg
I eXj
I eT ? esø~ tenHyn
Y haNy
U
eF[
√I Exrµ xa¬ cCabX
' uM ! .
eTaHbC
I acg…
' mn
i cgy
' a" gNake* day Exrµ xa¬ cCabX
' uM ®tvU Etbgc
M≈ t
i e† hA
eQaµ HextE† xrµ enaHtamyn
Y dak˘' ˘˘.

taragE®beQµaHext†BeI QµaHExµreTAeQµaHyYn
eQaµ HextE† xrµ eQaµ Hexty
† n
Y dak '
1- rdF
Ω anP
I eM~ Bj ®kg
u h-
U Cm
I j
i
2- ®kg
u kNa† l ®kg
u ebnE®t
3- ®kg
u sa√ yerog ®kg
u Lg
¨ Gan
4- ®kg
u taEkv ®kg
u Ganya" g
5- ®kg
u esomrab-åtr† manCy
& ®kg
u bj
ui ®TeI Fon
GgkarCanrNa ? 358

6- ®kg
u kB
M gq
' S~ g ®kg
u hvU ya" g
7- ®kg
u ekaHkg
u ®kg
u mj
i hay
8- ®kg
u ®BHvh
i ar ®kg
u Fnh
' ay
9- ®kg
u rtn:KrI I ®kg
u gabj
ui
10- ®kg
u ®kecH ®kg
u sg
ufl Ebrfl
11- ®kg
u kB
M ge' sam ®kg
u ´hhg
¨√
12- ®kg
u kB
M gc
' am ®kg
u ´tnj
i
13- ®kg
u ´®BEvg ®kg
u dg
u cab
14- ®kg
u kB
M gF
' M ®kg
u dg
u Nay
15- ®kg
u Vtd
' b
M g ®kg
u k¥gNam …daNSg
16- ®kg
u eJFs
i at' ®kg
u eTogya" g
17- ®kg
u kB
M t ®kg
u ekonya" g
18- ®kg
u kB
M gs
' Wı ®kg
u KvI Lg
¨
19- ®kg
u sg
w Ê E®tg ®kg
u Px
U aj'
20- ®kg
u mNl
Î KrI I ®kg
u daLat'

manBtm
· anxH¬ @eTotelcæmkfa Ggk
 armanbJn
Ë Ç eyaFaEdl®sLa-
js
' emc
† “nSykeTA[bd
U y
U Vjs
' ma¬ be' cal Cabn@
† enATk
I Eng
¬ epßg@
eTot .
m¥" agvj
i eTot eBlyn
Y haNy
U cl
U mklk
u ly
u ratt∫at®beTsExrµ
Pa¬ m (ExmkraqS~ 1979) vaedrI e®Cs
I ers
I rkExrµ ®khmessslE' dlCaXa
tkrds
* ahaveXareXA Edlmansa~ ´dFa¬ bs
' ma¬ bE' xrµ –
- manGk
~ Fa¬ bs
' ma¬ bE' xrµ kg
¨~ my
Y ´f5
© 0nak'
- manGk
~ Fa¬ bs
' ma¬ bE' xrµ kg
¨~ my
Y ´f1
© 00nak'
- manGk
~ Fa¬ bs
' ma¬ bE' xrµ kg
¨~ my
Y ´f1
© 50nak'
Bk
Y enH®tvU yn
Y haNy
U nSykeTAlakT
' k
u enAPm
U Ei ®BklvI ®sk
u kgma-
s extk
† B
M gc
' am . e®JHyn
Y haNy
U manKeM ragkarNb
_ egt
˚ I XatkrGaf·
kV
M g
M dc
U kalCn
M anG
' gk
 arGnamk
i (qS~ 1970-75) eLg
I vj
i . vadake' Qaµ H
fabEgk
Ì bdvi tn
† _.
enA´fT
© 2
I -11-1985 CnePosxn
Á¬ Exrµ ma~ km
' kdl®' sk
u VrSg . Ky
W a-
ypn
u Gay7
u 1qS~ VnGHGag®Vby
' ayeTogfa –
GgkarCanrNa ? 359

- KatV
' neXj
I paÊ lE' Pk
~ nvU karerobcrM bsy
' n
Y haNy
U BeI rOg®bml
U
Xatkr50, 100, 150nakk
' g
¨~ my
Y ´fe© naH . Kate' Xj
I ng
i sa lX
' atkrxH¬
@Edlsma¬ b®' bCaCnExrµ kalBs
I my
& bl
u" -Bt . ≤LvË enHyn
Y haNy
U dw
kBk
Y TSgenaH rc
Y ehy
I Tn
M k
u brM g
u [edksuI edrI elg srM akenAPm
U Ei ®BklvI TS
gGsm
' ancn
M n
Y 500nak' . bEu" ne† dm
I ∫´I qy
~ keTAeFC
√I aGe√I Tot KatG
' td
' g
w eT .

GgkarCanrNa ? 360

CMBUkTI24
‹ CYbelak®TIv-cUv
‹ kll∫icrbs'yn
Y haNUybegIt
˚ r˘C˘r˘b˘x˘
‹ rNsirßCatireM daH®bCaBlrdΩExµrEk¬gk¬ay

kll∫icrbs'yn
Y haNUybegIt
˚
r≥C≥r≥b≥xEk¬gk¬ay

cg
u Exsh
I aqS~ 1980, elak®TvI -cvU ( elak®TvI -cvU CaGtt
I Gneu sny
I _
‰kkgkmS¬ gma" rn
I Gaemrk
i SgenA´®BnKr ng
i CaesGG
uI a CatEi xrµ kmC
¨ ı ae®kamekI
tenAPm
U k
i B
M gx
' ßay st
ƒi enACay®kg
u ®tavj
i PaKxagt∫g
Ë . Gk
~ nB
i nd
Ï ak'
eQaµ HKatd
' eU cH~ e®JHerOgsns
†i x
u rbsK
' at' ) mkCb
Y yayeTogenAkg
¨~ CrM M
NW-9 . eBlCb
Y Ka~ enHkc
* abe' pm
†I srY sx
u Tk
u K
≈ a~ eTAvj
i eTAmk . elak®TvI -
cvU ray
" rab
" f
' a–
- yn
Y haNy
U cabx
' d
¨∆M akK
' k
u Gsc
' n
M n
Y 3qS~ . cg
u qS~ 1979 xr¨∆M c
Y ecjBI
Bnn
Ï aKar . xk
¨∆M v* l
i ®tLbe' TAkanP
' m
U k
i B
M gx
' ßay EdlCa®sk
u keM Nt
I vj
i .
yn
Y XS¬ eml
I x®¨∆M Kbd
' egm
˙I ecjcl
U . xk
¨∆M c
* eM rcct
i r† te' cjmkkmC
¨ı akNa† l
enAcg
u Exmn
I aqS~ 1980 .
mkdle' xts
† a√ yerog xV
¨∆M nCb
Y elakeKog-e®TOg CaGtt
I vr:eesny
I ‰
_
k (sk
& 5
†i ) kgkmS¬ gEmk
" hk
&√ ß ( Mike's Force ) . bcb
¨ç ∫ne~ lakCaembJaÇ -
karr˘C˘r˘b˘x˘ PaKe®ty
I xagekt
I ´nTene¬ mKg . xk
¨∆M c
* l
U beM rrI Nsri ßenHPa¬ m
edayKaµ nraErk . elakeKog-e®TOgnSxe¨∆M TAkanE' ®Bktamak' edm
I ∫b
I ga˙ js
hkarrI bse' lakbn
I ak' .
elakBrI nakC
' aGtt
I sk
& B
†i rI ePc
¬ eQaµ Hng
i elakma~ ke' ToteQaµ Hfac-
' e®TO
g EdlCaGtt
I Ggr kßrbse' laksg
W -gk
u" fan' . elakfac-
' eTOgeTb
I ng
w
GgkarCanrNa ? 361

rc
Y ecjBeI xa~ Hyn
Y haNy
U enAextd
† aNSg .
yayeTogny
i aykate' Lg
I fa –
- xV
¨∆M nCb
Y elakfac-
' e®TOg kalB´I fT
© 1
I 6-4-80 enAT®I kg
u Vtd
' b
M g.
elakVneTAlaxe¨∆M dm
I ∫eI Posxn
Á ¬ ecjeTA®beTs´f .
l uH d wg f a e l a k e ® T O g m a n v a s n a e K c c a k p ut e ® K a H f ~a k 'y "a g e n a H e h Iy
elakcvU e®tkGrCa´®kElg . elakkc
* abb
' ne† TAeTotfa –
- edayelakeKog-e®TOgdg
w faxe¨∆M cHe®cn
I PasaKEW xrµ , VrSg, Gge' Ks
¬ ,
yn
Y haNy
U , yn
Y eh,√ yn
Y xagt∫g
Ë elakkn
* Sxe¨∆M TAkanr' dF
Ω anP
I eM~ Bj edm
I ∫I
bga˙ jxn
Á¬ dle' mbJaÇ karF´M nrNsri ßr˘C˘r˘b˘x˘ . lHu eTAdlT
' s
I a~ kk
' ar
enaH xn
¨∆M g
i elake®TOgVnCb
Y embJaÇ karrgCa®sc
I N
M asm
' a~ k' Ca®bBnrÏ bs'
Gtt
I vr:eesny
I ‰
_ kEdlGgk
 arVnsma¬ be' caltSgBq
I S~ 1975mkemH¬" . em
bJaÇ kar®Vbe' yg
I fa –
- elakembJaÇ karFeM cjeTAbeM Bjebskkmeµ nAP®M~ bsT
i p
Ïi t
u eTAehy
I .
elakeKog-e®TOgmankarCabnaÊ n®' tvU vl
i eTAkan' E®Bktamakv' j
i . ela
kks
* resrsb
M ®u tmy
Y c∫abT
' k
u Cn
U elakembJaÇ karFM EdlCa®bvtr†i b
U bJaÇ k'
Bs
I mtP
ƒ aBrbsx
' ¨∆M ehy
I ®bKlT
' k
u elx
I n
Á¬ xp
¨∆M aÊ lC
' aGk
~ kan' . enAeBlmk
dlT
' c
I atk
' arrbsr' Nsri ß xs
¨∆M egt
˚ eXj
I ehtk
u arNm
_ n
i Tn
M gEdlKrY [ca
bG
' armN
µ c
_ eM JHvtm
† an´nTs
I a~ kk
' arEdlcabb
' ds
i neÏi nAck
M Na† lT®I kg
u .
bnaÊ bB
' eI lakeKog-e®TOgecjpt
u eTA xk
¨∆M c
* abs
' aksrY saÊ bsg
Ê B
' B
I tm
· a
nng
i saƒ nkarNx
_ H¬ @Bs
I N
M akG
' k
~ ®seI mbJaÇ karrgenaH . yayembJaÇ kar
rgkE* fg
¬ Gt
Y Gagfa –
- ®km
u rbsK
' atV
' nbegt
˚I rNsri ßr˘C˘r˘b˘x˘enAsg
w Et®Kbe' xtk
† g
¨ ~ ®b-
eTskmC
¨ı a . emdk
w nSPaKe®cn
I manePTCa®s˘I ˘˘
Gk
~ ®seI nHerobraby
' a" gEvgnvU skmP
µ aBnana CaTb
I Jb
ç x
' m
¨∆M ankarcabG
' a
r mN
µ n
_ g
i J k ¥ my
Y Xa¬ ya" g®kGt
W rbse' mbJaÇ karrgenaH Edlny
i ayman
kanx
' f
¨∆M a –
- yn
Y haNy
U Kaµ nhafl nkk
Ì eT !˘˘˘
elak®TvI -cvU bne† TAeTotfa –
- xB
¨∆M c
i arNaeml
I eTA eXj
I dc
U Camn
i Tn
M gesaH e®JHeKalbN
M grb-
sr' Nsri ßr˘C˘r˘b˘x˘ Kk
W arvaykeM Tcyn
Y haNy
U edm
I ∫rI eM daHTk
w dk
I mC
¨ı a .
cHu ehtd
u c
U e mc
† VnCamanrNsri ßr˘C˘r˘b˘x˘my
Y enAe®kam®cmHu yn
Y ya" gdU
GgkarCanrNa ? 362

ecH~ eTAvj
i ?
kg
¨~ ry:eeBl2yb3
' ´f´© nkarrgc
' Srbse' lak®TvI -cvU elakVneXj
I
Gse' lakGtt
I sk
& 1
†i , sk
& 2
†i , sk
& 3
†i Cae®cn
I cl
U mkTakT
' gembJaÇ karrgenH
CahrU Eh . elakEfmTSgeXj
I fa Gse' lakGtt
I nayTahanTSgenaHVn
TTl
Y masma~ kb
' nc
†i @BeI mbJaÇ karrgenaHeTotpg srM abk
' arcayvay .
tammatb
' gc
ÁÌ BeI lb
I nb
Ê s
' rM akrbse' lakenACanT
' 2
I elak®TvI -cvU eXj
I
manBk
Y bd
U y
U edrI eTAedrI mkya" ge®Jg®Jt rebobXS¬ eml
I EtelakKaµ neXI
jsJaÔ NaEdlbJaÇ kf
' amankaredjedalsaksrY Gse' laknayTaha-
n EdledrI ecjcl
U cHu eLg
I BG
I aKarTs
I a~ kk
' arenaHeLy
I .
la© c´fT
© 3
I kB
M g
u EtGnHÊ GEng
Ê rgc
' SelakembJaÇ kar ®sabE' tsemg
¬ eKaH
Ta√ rtk
u @kb
* ne¬W Lg
I . elak®TvU -cvU ke* drI eTAebk
I Ta√ r ®sabE' telcmx
u Gk
~ ®sI
embJaÇ karrgenAcB
M m
I x
u . Gk
~ ®seI nHny
i ayeLg
I fa elakembJaÇ karFeM Tb
I
ng
w GeJj
ÇI ®tLbm
' kvj
i ehy
I . elaksG
uM eJj
ÇI elak®TvI -cvU eTACb
Y .
eBleTAdlk
' ary
i aly
& elak®TvI -cvU Pa∆ ke' ®Bt
I edayeXj
I elakem
bJaÇ karenaHCaÂsm
†I a~ kE' dlKats
' a lc
' ∫as' ehy
I Edlxn
Á¬ elakCaPa~ kg
' ar
esGG
uI a man‰ksarng
i rb
U ftsma© tb
' JaÇ kf
' a Âse†I nHCayn
Y bneM¬ FE√I xrµ ng
i
CaGtt
I emExrµ evotmj
i enAPm
U ei mmt' extk
† B
M gc
' am .
enAeBlCb
Y Ka~ Ca´cdn¥ya" genH elakcvU pßge®Bgpa¬ sc
' t
i p
† a¬ se' ya-
bl' . elakkc
* abe' qy
¬I qg
¬ Camy
Y yayyn
Y enaHCaPasayn
Y eh√ . elakni
yay®Vby
' ayyn
Y enaHfa elakeTb
I ng
w ecjBs
I alaneyaVyCanx
' s
ı '
eQaµ H X ( eQaµ HsalaCanx
' s
ı e' nHenAT®I kg
u haNy
U xe¨∆M Pc
¬ eQaµ H ) enA
haNy
U . elakecHPasaExrµ xH¬ @ eTb
I elakpS-vand
' g
u bJn
ËÇ elakmkeF√I
Cacarbru senA®beTskmC
¨ı amy
Y ry: .
®KanE' tæsrU eQaµ HsalaneyaVyCanx
' s
ı e' naHPa¬ m yayyn
Y Caem
bJaÇ karrbsr' Nsri ßEkg
¬ ka¬ yenaH eCOTSg®sg
u Kaµ nsgßy
& eLy
I e®JH
manEtPa~ kg
' arcarkc
i C
ç anx
' s
ı e' TeTb
I sa l' .
yayyn
Y embJaÇ karenHeQaµ H Km
w -elog . kg
¨~ rbbehg-srM n
i yay
Km
w -elogmanmx
u garCaemXS¬ genAT®I kg
u kB
M ge' sam maneQaµ Hfa elog-
ja" n ( Liêng Nhan ) .
yayKm
w -eloge®kakeLg
I edrI eTAbT
w Ta√ r rc
Y vl
i ®tLbm
' kGgy
¨ Tlm
' u
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i ayxßb
i @lm
µ EtæBrI nakf
' a–
GgkarCanrNa ? 363

- elakpS-vand
' g
u Vnsn¥ang
w bJn
ËÇ xe¨∆M TAerons®U tenAsalaneyaV
yCanx
' s
ı e' nA´fN
© amy
Y . xn
Á¬ xn
¨∆M g
i shkareI PT®s@
I cn
M n
Y 35nake' ToteTb
I
ng
w ecjBs
I alaneyaVyCanm
' F¥menAextd
† aNSg . salaenHGbr' ®M km
u
x[
¨∆M ecHdk
w nSrNsri ßr˘C˘r˘b˘x˘Ekg
¬ ka¬ y K®W tvU eFs
√I kmP
µ aBsrM bng
w r˘C˘r˘b
x˘EmnETnrbse' laksn
W -sanEdlkB
M g
u Etbegt
˚I .
enAT®I kg
u PeM~ Bj yn
Y haNy
U catE' tgtSgxC
¨∆M aembJaÇ karFM . r‰
I sh
kar‰
I eTot@ xV
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ËÇ [eTAbegt
˚I kary
i aly
& enAtamextn
† anarc
Y
xH¬ @ehy
I .
yayKm
w -elogyl®' cLf
M a elak®TvI -cvU Cacarbru srbsp
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u .
deU cH~ ehy
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Ekg
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w fa
eTA´fe© ®kay Katm
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u EtqabV
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' s
ı ' X enaHCa
mn
i xan .
bnaÊ bB
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u e®Cayehy
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lng
w EpnkarenH . elakPy
& rnt
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µ n
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nreLg
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kc
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ç g
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˚ Edr .
elakcvU srY yayelogbnb
¬ f
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salaGbr' n
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† aNSg…eT ? .
y a y e l o g ® K vk
I ∫aleqy
¬I faGte' T ehy
I b nf
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u r b sK
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36naks
' T
u EÏ t®sT
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i n
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¬ bny
M¬ ksJaÇ tn
i g
i eQaµ HCaExrµ dc
U
Caxn
Á¬ Kat' ykeQaµ HExrµ kmC
¨ı ae®kam®tkl
U Km
w Caedm
I . e®kABG
I k
~ TSg36na
ke' nH KC
W aGk
~ beM rrI Nsri ßr˘C˘r˘b˘x˘Bt
i @ . yayembJaÇ karrgrbsK
' atm
' n
i
dg
w faKatC
' acarnarrI bsy
' n
Y haNy
U eT . eBlKat®' tLbm
' kBeI rons®U t
enA´®BnKrvj
i KatP
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' atf
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I ng
w mkBb
I eM B
jebskkmeµ nAP®M~ bsT
i Ïi .
kc
i c
ç rcarvagembJaÇ karrNsri ßr˘C˘r˘b˘x˘Ekg
¬ ka¬ y ng
i carbru spaÊ l'
pS-vand
' g
u Ekg
¬ ka¬ y®tvU cbE' tbN
u" g
wˆ sn
i e®JHybe' ®CANase' TAehy
I .
m un n wg T T Yl T a n d Me N k e l a k ® T Uv - c Uv k *d ut s Mb u® t r b s 'e l a k e K o g -
e®TOgecal ehy
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M ®u tEkg
¬ ka¬ yBrI snk
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√I asb
M ®u t
GgkarCanrNa ? 364

ebskkmm
µ y
Y snk
w¬ ng
i sb
M ®u tbJaÇ ebskkmm
µ y
Y snk
w ¬ eTot .
Esk
Ì eLg
I evlaema" g10®Bk
w yayKm
w -elogVneKaHTa√ rGeJj
Ç I elak
®TvI -cvU eTABs
i arVy . elakesø¬ kJkr' c
Y Cae®scehy
I Kt
i fa ebV
I yrc
Y
ehy
I elakng
w sl
uM ayayKm
w -elogeKcecjCa®bjab' edm
I ∫n
I SBtm
· and*
Gks
u lenHeTAe®Vbe' lakeKog-e®TOg . erobcl
U kant
' V
u y ®sabE' tman
®sm
I a~ kG
' ay3
u 5qS~ sm∫r¨ ng
i mx
u matd
' c
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I cl
U mkny
i a
y x ßb
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w - e l o g my
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elak®TvI -cvU rc
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* Hu BG
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I ∫eI TACb
Y KN:k
kmaµ Fk
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essmy
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u .
eBlyayelogcHu dld
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u CECkCamy
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kmaµ Fk
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®TvI -cvU ke* Qa© klblc
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ÁÌ elakeXj
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Y
ye®KOgBNe· xAµ manmns
u ßCHi ®Vn
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u Lanmanmns
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u ß2nakC
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my
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i ardc
* Emk
¬ ks
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M Hsl
uM ayayKm
w -elog brLanca
kecjBT
I eI naH .
y a y K wm - e l o g m ux j j wm v il ® t L b 'e L Ig m k C Yb e l a k ® T Iv - c Uv v ij .
yayelogKaµ ncabG
' a r mN
µ …
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& Gb
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i ecHPa-
sayn
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√ a" gc∫asl
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eBleLg
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i yayelogeXj
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M g
u Eteml
I
lx
i t
i Ekg
¬ ka¬ ysresrCaGkßryn
Y . yayelogks
* rY eTAelakcvU fa etI
elakGansb
M ®u tG√I ? .
elak®TvI -cvU eqy
¬I Pa¬ mfa –
-xk
¨∆M B
M g
u EtBn
i t
i ¥kmvµ F
i eI bskkkmrµ bsx
' ¨∆M e®JH´fe© nHx®¨∆M tvU ecjdeM NrI
eTAkane' xts
† a√ yerog .
enAeBlVy yayelogTajeCg
I ma" mkGgy
¨ Tlm
' x
u elakcvU rc
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k®VCG
∆ t
Y nvU ebskkmB
µ k
Y GV
M jmj
i enH –
- ®km
u GV
M jmj
i enH eTb
I ng
w ecjBs
I alaneyaVyGbr' C
M anm
' F¥menA
daNSgEdr . ®km
u enHeronEpk
~ jH¨ jgb
' EM bkeF[
√I Exrµ yl®' cLs
M ma¬ bE' tKa~
eTA . ≤LvË enHtamry:r˘C˘r˘b˘x˘ (Ekg
¬ ka¬ y) rbse' yg
I eyg
I VnbJn
ËÇ K
Nkmaµ Fk
i army
Y ®km
u manKa~ 4nak' EdlmanembJaÇ kareQaµ H « cn
& -
Ê Pk†I »
GgkarCanrNa ? 365

®tvU eTAbeM Bjebskkmt

µ ambeNa† y®BEM dnExrµ -´f . k∫n
Á GV
M jmj
i enHeF√I
deM NrI eTAkanP
' m
U n
i m
i t
i † . eyg
I man®km
u sma© tr' gc
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I . KN
kmaµ Fk
i arBei ssenH®tvU manPar:kc
i eç Fk
√I arjH¨ jg®' bCle' mdk
w nSExrµ ®Kb@
'
CrM M Edlst
ƒi enAtambeNa† y®BEM dnExrµ -´f [yl®' cLd
M e Nm
†I GN
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QbT
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i sgsk
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u EtCkm
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i yn
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Ny
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enHhc
u sb
M ®u tmy
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w¬ mkyayelog . yayelogGansb
M ®u tmy
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ehy
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u jjm
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u sb
M ®u tenaHmkelakcvU ˘˘˘
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Y ®ts
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& rnt
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¨¬ saµ rtI elakhc
u
sb
M ®u t[yayelogvj
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ets
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M ®u tenHeKsresrBG
I √I ? .
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k®TvI -cvU sa† b' . esckm
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w nSrNsri ßr˘C˘r˘b˘x˘eQaµ HeKo
g-e®TOgCaGtt
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I e_ Ta2nake' Tot ®tvU bd
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U
cabx
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u enHman5nak' 2nake' Totrte' Kcxn
Á¬ rc
Y KW fac-
' e®TOg
ng
i ma~ ke' ToteQaµ H®TvI -cvU !!! sm
U ®km
u yayelogtamdanteTAeTot .l.
eBlenaHelak®TvI -cvU sg
w dace' bHdg
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kxT
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ehty
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u enHCa®km
u r˘C˘r˘b˘x˘ ? .
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w ®BmTSgeqy
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- xC
¨∆M aembJaÇ karr˘C˘r˘b˘x˘Ekg
¬ ka¬ y Par:kc
i rç bsx
' ®¨∆M tvU catk
' artamdan
rNsri ßr˘C˘r˘b˘x˘EmnETn . ebd
I g
w fa®km
u Namy
Y manskmP
µ aBxS¬ gka¬ Ga
cbNa† l[mane®KaHfa~ k' x®¨∆M tvU EtraykarN[
_ bd
U y
U CabnaÊ n' edm
I ∫[
I bd
U y
U
keM Tc[VnTane' Blevla mankrNeI lakeKog-e®TOgenHCaedm
I . elak
e K o g - e ® T O g C a G tt
I Exrµ esrI e®TOgFa¬ bs
' a l®' Kb®' Cg
u e®Cay®beTsevot-
Nam e®TOgCavr:esny
I ‰
_ kkg
¨~ kgTB
& Emk
" hk
&√ ß ( Mike's Force ) . elak
e®TOgTakT
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w r˘C˘r˘b˘x˘st
ƒi enA®BEM dnExrµ -´f eTb
I TTl
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M
Lg
w ng
i eTb
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u ßsx
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CaPa~ kg
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GgkarCanrNa ? 366

lHu Vnsa† b®' Kb®' Cg

u e®CayEbbenHehy
I elak®TvI -cvU ®tvU Et®bjab'
eKcfyecjBy
I ayKm
w -elog . e®JHelak®TvI -cvU cabm
' ankar®By
Y Vrm∏
BeI ®KaHfa~ kr' bse' lakeKog-e®TOg Edlc∫as®' tvU Bk
Y bd
U y
U eFV
√I bCamn
i xan
e h Iy G a c n wg m a n e ® K a H k a c r h Ut d l 'x ¬Án e l a k p g e d a y s a r e l a k e K o g -
e®TOg®TSmn
i VnBk
I areFT
√I arN
u kmeµ nH eqy
¬I ®VbB
' T
I k
I Eng
¬ EdlelakkB
M g
u
Etsa~ ke' nA . elakcvU bga˙ jsb
M ®u tEkg
¬ ka¬ yBrI snk
w¬ eTAyayKm
w -elog
ehy
I ny
i ayfa xm
¨∆M ankarcSVc®' tvU eTA[dle' xts
† a√ yerogenAkg
¨~ eBlla©
cenH .
yayKm
w -elogmn
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† k
u dake' ml
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elak®TvI -cvU eTAvj
i .
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dlC
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PaBVncl
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elak®TvI cvU mansts
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i a" gmt
u e®CA . elakmanct
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GasrU dlb
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I
nSKa~ eVlcl
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my
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mn
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cabt
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i ®kLc
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rg
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Cn
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Exsh
I a1980 elak®TvI cvU Cb
Y yayeTogmanlkN
≈ dc
:d U EdlKatc
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Vn . KatV
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i d
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gaymanExrµ esh
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- yn
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U ∫EI tsasn_
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GgkarCanrNa ? 367

fyB≤
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~ eTAyn
Y xagt∫g
Ë mancn
M n
Y 2Esnna
k' . eBlenaHvartm
' kEGbGbsemc
† sh
I nu edm
I ∫s
I t
uM SgTB
& eld
I EI xrµ rc
Y vab-
Jn
ËÇ bd
U y
U [mancn
M n
Y esn
µI g
w TB
& Gaemrk
i SgEdr . eBlNaGaemrk
i Sgedj®b
kt
i mk vartc
' l
U dEI xrµ . semc
† sh
I nu kaleNaHCamt
i r† bsh
' -
U Cm
I j
i kE* ®s
keCrtamvT
i ¥e¨ pl
ÌI eBjBP
i Belak . e®JHehteu nHehy
I VnCaGaemrk
i SgkM
eTcbd
U y
U mn
i ekt
I esaH . Gaemrk
i SgCamhaGN
M ac eKeKarBc∫aby
' a" g®tm
w
®tvU eKmn
i reM laPc∫abe' T eKmn
i hafl ntamkeM Tcml
U daΩ nbd
U y
U EdltSgenAk¨~
gTk
w dEI xrµ enaHeLy
I .
GgkarCanrNa ? 367

enAedm
I qS~ 1970, semc
† sh
I nru te' caltEM Ng rte' calra®s† rte' cal
®sk
u eTA®CkenA®beTscn
i . eBlenaH C-
U eGnLay (cn
i ) ng
i pS-ySu gdg
u
(yn
Y ) s®u˜fl KlK
uM a~ eVksh
I nu edaycabe' pm
†I begt
˚I rNsri ßrb
Y rm
Y ®bCaCnTSg
b´I nåbTb
√I ≤Nc
ËÎ n
i enA´fT
© 2
I 5-3-70 ykelsedm
I ∫b
I eJj
ç bd
U y
U [vay
keM TcTahanExrµ saFarNrdrΩ bse' lakln-
' nl' EdlCamaç sT
' k
w dk
I mC
¨ ı aBi
t@ rc
Y E®skecaTfa Cabrvi arrbsc
' ®kBtG
†i aemrk
i Sg .
cg
u Exemsa1975, yn
Y haNy
U seM rceCaKCy
& dF
* eM Fg ®tt
Y ®ta®beT-
sevotNamTSgml
U . cEM Nk‰®beTskmC
¨ı a ®tvU yn
Y ®tt
Y ®taya" gGafk
· V
M M
g edayykeQaµ HGgk
 arGnamk
i mkedrI tC
Y n
M s
Y . edm
I ∫«
I sgKN
u » Ggk
 ar
eVksemc
† sh
I n[
u cl
U ®sk
u ehy
I nSykeTAXX
uM Sg rc
Y vaEk´q®~ beTskm¨ı
Ca[ka¬ yeTACanKr®JyseuI xaµ c .l. semc
† sh
I neu qq
¬ a¬ sresrsb
M ®u tbI
c∫abe' TATakT
' gGtt
I mt
i p
† S-ySu gdg
u . Etmt
i k
† ∫te' nH eps
∆I b
M ®u tsemc
† sh
I
n≤
u tebk
I e®sam®tLbt
' bmkvj
i . manGk
~ kaEstxH¬ srY pS-ySu gdg
u BeI rOg
enH pS-ySu gdg
u eqy
¬I tbya" gkb
M t
u kb
M y
u eTAvj
i fa sh
I nK
u aµ n®beyaCnG
_ √I
eT (Sihanouk à rien !)) .
yayeTogsrY elak®TvI cvU bJaÇ kf
' a–
- deU cH~ ceM JHerOgrNsri ßr˘C˘r˘b˘x˘enaH embJaÇ karFC
M anrNa ? ehy
I
Gk
~ enAe®kambga bC
' anrNa ?
elak®tvI cvU eqy
¬I Pa¬ mfa –
- embJaÇ karFK
M c
W arCnrbsy
' n
Y haNy
U TSgGs' . cEM NkGk
~ eFk
√ I ar
Cabnb
† naÊ bK
' s
W maCk
i r˘C˘r˘b˘x˘EmnETn .
eBlenaHyayeTogyk´dTHfa© s ehy
I ny
i ayfa –
- xy
¨∆M l' xG
¨∆M ss
' gßy
& ehy
I krNy
I ayyn
Y Km
w -elog Cacarkc
i rç b-
sy
' n
Y haNy
U lc
Y bneM¬ FC
√I a®bFanrNsri ßr˘C˘r˘b˘x˘Ekg
¬ ka¬ y KC
W akJk
ç '
TB
i G
√ acqH¨¬ eml
I eXj
I esø~ tyn
Y haNy
U tSgBG
I tt
I kalrht
U dlb
' cb
¨ç ∫nk
~ a
lenH . krNeI nH mn
i xs
u Ka~ Bk
I rNG
I acar¥Gnemon ehAsn
W -gk
u" mj
i , …k
rNG
I acar¥sx
u ehAT-
U samt
u , krNs
I aLt
¨ -se ehAbl
u " -BteT .
sPaBxage®kArbsE' xrµ Gayg
" TSgenaH KvW aeqq
¬ a¬ bga˙ j[eXj
I fa vaeF√I
karbeM rEI xrµ karBt
i valc
Y beJj
ç skmP
µ aB®sb@beNa† ybkßExrµ nana smM©
lakB
' t
u saÊ bsg
Ê y
' kkarN_ ebeI Xj
I faman{kaslÌ …manåbsKc
 eM JH
bkßva ®km
u carkc
i eç nH®tvU raykarNC
_ abnaÊ n' ya" gsa© tn
' g
i c∫asl
' asb
' p
M t
u
GgkarCanrNa ? 368

[yn
Y evotmj
i …evotkg
u kJk
œ y
' kCy
& Cn
M H…keM TcExrµ [Tan;eBlevla .
ml
U ehteu nHehy
I e Tb
I yn
Y h a Ny
U Gac´q®~ bDt
i ® Bt
w k
† i a r Nn
_ ana´n®b
eTsExrµ eTACaggt
i Gnk
Ï ar . yn
Y haNl
U lakm
' x
u VnCt
i dEdl r‰
I Exrµ ecH
Etyl®' cLvM vI kt
' eTAeTotKaµ n´fc
© b' .
sm
U rÆ
M keLg
I vj
i xH¬ B®I Bt
w k
†i arNs
_ x
M an@
' –
‹ ®Bt
w k
†i arN´_ fT
© 1
I 8 mn
i a 1970 –
- etn
I rNavaysma¬ bE' xrµ ?
- Ky
W n
Y haNy
U Edle®by
I eI hasemc
† sh
I nu [Bk
Y bd
U y
U elatvay
®bharTahanrbsE' xrµ saFarNrdΩ .
‹ ®Bt
w k
†i arN´_ fT
© 1
I 7 emsa 1975 –
- elakln-
' nlC
' aGk
~ caj,' semc
† sh
I nC
u aGk
~ CabX
' uM .
deU cH~ etn
I rNaQH~ ? enAeBlenaHeKeXj
I fa Gk
~ c∫Sgmn
i QH~ e®JHca
jT
' SgGsK
' a~ . EtGk
~ EdlQH~ KG
W gk
 areTetI . deU cH~ etG
I gk
 arCanrNa ?
‹ ®Bt
w k
†i arN´_ fT
© 7
I mkra 1979 –
≤LvË enHeyg
I eXj
I CakE' sg
† fa XatkrCatN
M agrbsG
' gk
 ar Edls
ma¬ b®' bCaCnExrµ kg
¨~ smy
& Bk
Y bnbl
u" -Bt Bq
I S~ 1975dl1
' 979enaH enArs'
revk
I ehy
I manyn
Y haNy
U ecjmx
u mkCn
M s
Y Ggk
 ar mkCy
Y karJr . mn
i
Etbeu" Naˆ H Bk
Y vaenHEfmTSgVnyn
Y haNy
U bJ
M kb
' N
u ¥sk
& †i kank
' a† bG
' -
M
NacdEdl ehy
I Vnfe¨˚M fg
˚I rg
u erOg sx
u san† ®besrI CagExrµ Camaç sT
' k
w dI
eTAeTot .
deU cH~ ceM JHGk
~ ecHtamdan eKeXj
I kll∫c
i enHelcecjenAkNa† l
val .
cEM Nk®km
u Exrµ Gayg
" yn
Y lHu vaVnkank
' a† bG
' N
M acehy
I Bk
Y vaKt
i EtbM
pc
¬i bp
M a¬ j®TB¥sm∫tr†i dΩ vaKt
i EtBs
I ma¬ bk
' c
M ayExrµ st
ˬ ®tg' tamGeM BeI Prv-
kmn
µ ana manbn
¬ ' lc
Y qk' TSgkNa† l´f®© tgk
' m
* an .
edm
I ∫b
I P
M n
& m
† tG
i nr† Catn
i g
i mtEi xrµ TeU TA[yl®' cLvM vI k' vabJn
ËÇ Gayg
" b-
u"
l-Btrbsv' a eTAeFC
√I aGc
~ aje' nA®beTscn
i rc
Y vaelk
I bnb
¨† hn
u fl -Esn, ehg
srM n
i , Ca-sm
uI eFC
√I aGk
~ QH~ vj
i mg
† . bEu" nk
† g
¨~ ceM NamExrµ TSgenaH TSgGk
~
QH~ TSgGk
~ caj' etn
I rNaCaGk
~ QH~ EmnETn eby
I n
Y haNy
U enABeI ®kay
CaGk
~ bJaÇ ehy
I EfmTSgmancn
i CaGk
~ KS®Tpl
† G
' avF
u ng
i emeronpg .
elak®TvI cvU srY yayeTogfa –
GgkarCanrNa ? 369

- tamBtm
· anya" gc∫ask
' arN_ eyg
I dg
w fakg
¨~ eBlenH cn
i kB
M g
u Etpl
† '
GavF
u [Exrµ ®khmkatt
' am®beTsesom . etEI xrµ ®khmEdlTTl
Y GavF
u enaH
CaExrµ ®khmenAkg
¨~ ®km
u Na ? .
yayeTogeqy
¬I tbeTAelak®TvI cvU fa –
- bJa˙ Exrµ ®khmCaerOgmy
Y sK
¨µ saµ jNas' . xV
¨∆M neXj
I paÊ lE' Pk
~ k¨~
gsmy
& bnbl
u" -Bt eXj
I faBk
Y Exrµ ®khmnn
i a~ karExrµ ®tvU Bk
Y ®km
u XatkrGa
fk
· V
M g
M ecjmkBt
& V
Ï js
' ma¬ be' calGsC
' ae®cn
I elk
I e®cn
I sarmkehy
I .
enAkg
¨~ enaHmanTSgemdk
w nSEdleKehAfa «kmaµ PV
i l» k®* tvU eKsma¬ be' ca
lGse' TAehy
I Edr . ebt
I amxK
¨∆M t
i eml
I eTA Exrµ ®khmEdlesssle' nA
rs' ®tvU EtdacE' xßry:rVt
" r' Vy
" ®tvU rse' nAedaymeF¥aVypaÊ lx
' n
Á ¬ . eda
ysarGsC
' n
M y
Y ng
i Exßry:BeI meky
I xagelI my
Y cn
M n
Y ®tvU EteFe√I caredrI bn
¬ '
Gk
~ ®sk
u edm
I ∫rI sp
' g eFC
√I aExrµ ®khmpg . cEM Nk‰Exrµ ®khmdx
* S¬ gka¬ vj
i
Edlmanemdk
w nSng
i vn
i y
& ya" g®tm
w ®tvU , manExßry:ht
µ c
' t' ng
i manGavF
u KW
Exrµ ®khmnn
i a~ karyn
Y . edm
I ∫s
I ma¬ bb
' p
M t
u BC
U Exrµ yn
Y haNy
U B¥ayambeg˚I
t «Exrµ ®khm» [eFk
√I ar®sbCamy
Y Exrµ ®khmmy
Y ®km
u eTotrbse' xov-sp
M
n dc
U EdlmankrNrI Nsri ßr˘C˘r˘b˘x˘rbse' laksn
W -sanGJg
w ç Edr .
enHKC
W akll∫c
i rbsy
' n
Y haNy
U EdlvaEtgEte®bm
I kel®I Kb@
' ®km
u
ng
i bkßExrµ enA®Kbe' BlevlatSgBy
I rU yarNasm
' kehy
I .
e r O g cn
i e bk
" S g pl
† G
' a vF
u [ ® km
u Exrµ ®khmbl
u" -Bt enaHCaPst
¨† a g C a k '
Esg
† Kc
W n
i s®u˜fl KlC
uM amy
Y yn
Y haNy
U Canc
i ç e®JH®km
u bl
u" -Btkd
* c
U Ca®km
u
yayKm
w -elogEdr Kb
W l
u" -BtCacarbru srbsb
' kßkm
u y
¨µ ns
i ≤
† Nc
ËÎ n
i tSg
Bq
I S~ 1951mkemH¬" .
( sm
U ebk
I rgg
√ ®' kckbP
M b
W¬ gbn
ËÌ Exrµ bnc
†i BeI rOgenH . enAqS~ 1983 enA®sk
u VrS
g xV
¨∆M nGanmesovePAmy
Y EdlmancN
M geCg
I fa – Concerto du Fleuve jaune
r b sG
' k
~ e V H Bm
u ı Robert Laffont.
. esovePAenHVnerobrabB
' I «qSµ ®khm»
rbs®' bFanemA" -esTg
u Cn
M anb
' dvi tn
† v_ b∫Fmc
· n
i qS~ 1966 . kareFT
√I arN
u kmeµ TA
el®I bCaCncn
i manCaåTahrNe_ TAel®I Ks
Y arGk
~ ®seI cA-Cj
i lm
I ansPaB
ng
i esø~ t mn
i xs
u Bk
I areFT
√I arN
u kmeµ TAel®I bCaBlrdEΩ xrµ enAsmy
& bl
u " -BteT
. esovePAmy
Y eToteQaµ H «Pas de larme pour Moa»
» VnerobrabB
' T
I arN
u kmµ
rbsq
' Sµ ®khmeTAel®I Ks
Y arGk
~ ®sI nn
U U eF[
√I xQ
¨∆M c
W ab®' skT
' k
w EPk
~ nk
w eXj
I eTA
dlT
' arN
u kmrµ bst
' mNagGgk
 ar eFm
√I kel®I Ks
Y arxE¨∆M dr . erOgenHcEmk
¬ Na
GgkarCanrNa ? 370

s' emdk
w nSExrµ ®tvU EtxeM rons®U t[dg
w c∫asl
' asB
' eI rOgenH mn
i KrY beNa† yxn
Á¬
[caje' Vkcn
i caje' Vkyn
Y beNa† y[Bk
Y vaeFT
√I arN
u kmeµ TAel®I bCaCnExrµ
I ).
deU cH~ teTAGnaKteToteLy
elak®TvI -cvU srY eTotfa –
- yn
Y haNy
U Caevotmj
i k†I Caevotkg
u k†I vabegt
˚I carkc
i V
ç nya" glt
iÌ
ln
Ì ' rc
Y bJn
ËÇ bJl
Ëç Bn
Y ®Cke®kamsr´s´nbkßneyaVyExrµ nana sml
M© a
kB
' t
u eFs
√ I k mP
µ aB®sb@beNa† y rc
Y lc
Y r a y k a r N[
_ yn
Y h a Ny
U keM Tc
Exrµ ®Kb®' Cg
u e®Cayya" genaH ets
I emc
† neratm
† -sh
I n,u elakexov-sp
M nk†I
dg
w …eT ? .
yayeTogæsn
M rY enH Katm
' ankarQc
W abN
' as' . Katn
' k
w eXj
I sB®√ K
be' TA mankarxaµ se' GonCa´®kElg . my
Y snH¨Ê Katk
' b
* ne† TAeTotfa –
- {elakeGy
I ! Exrµ eyg
I GPB
& N
√ as' . Exrµ ekt
I mk®Kb@
' Cn
M an' Cb
Y ®b
THEtemdk
w nSxH√ smtP
ƒ aB . ma~ k@
' cl
U ct
i E† t[eKbeJaÇ r . ‰gPrGjkP
* r
eTAcHu Etebb
I eJc
çI beJ®Iç tvU ct
i G
† jehy
I GjeBjct
i N
† as' ‰geFG
√I k
I e* F√I
eTA ! .
kg
¨~ ry:b
bnY qS~ yn
Y haNy
U e®bEI teQaµ H «Ggk
 ar» vaGaceF[
√I Exrµ sa¬ b'
rabl
' annak,' Gk
~ Edlsle' nArs' eTACaqt
Á vegg
√ ®TB¥sm∫tr†i layGsm
' Y
ynKrExrµ , GaNk
i Cnyn
Y BrI Esnnak®' tvU Bk
Y va®bml
U ykeTAlakT
' k
u enA
®sk
u yn
Y srM aby
' kmkeFC
√I a «Exrµ f»
µI .
dN
M akk
' ardlb
' N
u" g
wˆ ehy
I emdk
w nSExrµ enAsmeM© sø© msa© t' hakd
' c
U Ca
mn
i dg
w mn
i y lG
' T
√ I S g G s ' . yn
Y h a Ny
U kB
M g
u E t lk
u ly
u e B j ® sk
u Exrµ
ehty
u a" gdc
U emc
† kG
* se' lakGk
~ dk
w nSTSgenH mn
i E®skGJ
M vnavBP
i Belak
[eKCy
Y ? xm
¨∆M n
i EdlæelakNany
i ayEvkEjk[Exrµ ng
i breTsylB
' I
lkN
≈ Bt
:B i ´nsÂga menAkmC
¨ı aenHesaH . ≤LvË enHeTot Exrµ kB
M g
u EtedrI ec-
jecalTk
w d[
I yn
Y eTotehy
I .
deU cH~ sB´√ fe© nHkd
* c
U Ca´fm
© n
u emdk
w nSExrµ TSgGsK
' aµ nGN
M ac …≤TB
Ïi l
Ge√I TAelEI xrµ ®khm EdlkB
M g
u EtbeJj
ç skmP
µ aBJseBj´®B´n®beTs
Exrµ enaHeLy
I .
sB´√ fe© nH, Gk
~ EdlmanlTP
Ï aB GaceFt
√I amGeM Bc
I t
i k
† g
¨~ ®beTsExrµ Ky
W Y
nhaNy
U TSg®sg
u Edlmancn
i s®u˜fl Kly
uM a" gsa© t' vaGacbegt
˚I Gk
~ QH~ va
Gacbegt
˚I Gk
~ caj' vaGacbegt
˚I Exrµ ®khm®sLaje' sc
† vaGacbegt
˚I Exrµ ®bqS
GgkarCanrNa ? 371

gExrµ ®khm .l. ng

i .l.
cEM Nkvavj
i vaBn
Y kg
¨~ Tg
I gt
i cSjakE' xß jS¨ [Exrµ yl®' cLvM vI k' elats
ma¬ bE' tCat‰
i g.
elak®TvI cvU smg
w¬ mx
u yayeTogya" gyrU eTb
I srY fa –
- etc
I abt
' SgBq
I S~ 1975rht
U mk manExrµ NacabG
' armN
µ y
_ lf
' a Ggk
 ar
Gnamk
i Cayn
Y haNy
U …eT ?
yayeTogbJaÇ ke' TAelakcvU fa –
- kg
¨~ kal:eeTs:d
då* b®TBenaH ®bCaCnExrµ TeU TAGss
' gÙm
w ®Kb@
' rb
U
edkcSEt´fs
© a¬ b' e®JHmn
i dg
w faeBlNatN
M agrbsG
' gk
 arng
w cl
U mkcab'
cgykeTAsma¬ b' . Tk
u ®≈ tt
Y elT
I k
u ≈ ral´' fE© xqS~ Kaµ neBl®sak deU cH~ ma~ k@
'
enAslE' trb
U ragkay Et®Blg
w ehaHehrI Bx
I n
Á¬ Gsr' lg
I eTAehy
I . etm
I an
slg
' s
√I rM abe' Fk
√I ar®tHi rHi Bc
i arNa ? .

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