CHAPTER 2

1.1 Integration of Natural Logarithmic Functions

1.2 Integration of Exponential Functions
1.3 Integration of Inverse Trigonometric Functions
1.4 Integration of Hyperbolic Functions

At the end of the chapter, students are expected to

 evaluate the integral of exponential, logarithmic and hyperbolic functions;
 evaluate the functions yielding the natural logarithmic functions and inverse trigonometric
functions;
 evaluate other exponential functions to the base 𝑎 .

2.1 Integration of Natural Logarithmic Functions

Recall: The Differentiation Rules
𝑑 1 𝑑 𝑢′
[𝑙𝑛|𝑥|] = 𝑎𝑛𝑑 [𝑙𝑛|𝑢|] =
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑢

TEHOREM 2.1 LOG RULE FOR INTEGRATION

Let 𝑢 be a differentiable function of 𝑥.

1 1
1. ∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ln|𝑥 | + 𝐶 2. ∫ 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = ln|𝑢| + 𝐶

Because 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑢′ 𝑑𝑥 , the second formula can be written as

𝑢′
∫ 𝑢 𝑑𝑥 = ln|𝑢| + 𝐶 Alternative form of Log Rule

Recall: LOGARITHMIC PROPERTIES

If 𝑎 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑏 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟𝑠, 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑛 𝑖𝑠 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙, 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑒𝑠 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑡𝑟𝑢𝑒:
1. ln(1) = 0
2. ln(𝑎𝑏) = ln 𝑎 + ln 𝑏
3. ln 𝑎𝑛 = 𝑛 ln 𝑎
𝑎
4. ln 𝑏 = ln 𝑎 − ln 𝑏

1
 5
EXAMPLE 1. Evaluate ∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑥

Solution: Remove out 5 first so that we could attain formula (1) of theorem 2.1
1
Now we have, = 5 ∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 integrate using formula (1)

= 𝟓 𝐥𝐧|𝒙| + 𝑪

1
EXAMPLE 2. Evaluate ∫ 5𝑥−1 𝑑𝑥

Solution: The denominator is a function, so we consider formula (2)

𝑑𝑢
We let 𝑢 = 5𝑥 − 1 𝑠𝑜 𝑑𝑢 = 5𝑑𝑥 𝑎𝑛𝑑 = 𝑑𝑥
5

1 𝑑𝑢
Now we have, ∫𝑢 ∙ 5
1 1 1
Remove out , = 5 ∫ 𝑢 𝑑𝑢
5

1
Integrate, = 5 ln 𝑢 + 𝐶
𝟏
By back substitution, = 𝟓 𝐥𝐧|𝟓𝒙 − 𝟏| + 𝑪

𝑥2
EXAMPLE 3. Evaluate ∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 3 +1

Solution: Since the denominator is a function, consider formula (2)

1
We can rewrite the given integral to this form ∫ 𝑥 3 +1 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑢
Let 𝑢 = 𝑥3 + 1 𝑠𝑜 𝑑𝑢 = 3𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 𝑎𝑛𝑑 = 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
3

1 𝑑𝑢
Now we have, =∫ ∙
𝑢 3
1 1 1
Remove out = ∫ 𝑑𝑢
3 3 𝑢
1
Integrate = 3 ln 𝑢 + 𝐶

𝟏
By back substitution = 𝟑 𝐥𝐧|𝒙𝟑 + 𝟏| + 𝑪

2
 5 5
EXAMPLE 4. Evaluate ∫0 𝑑𝑥
3𝑥+1

Solution: First, we remove out 5 and follow the process of integration

5 1
= 5 ∫0 𝑑𝑥
3𝑥+1

𝑑𝑢
Let 𝑢 = 3𝑥 + 1 𝑠𝑜 𝑑𝑢 = 3𝑑𝑥 𝑎𝑛𝑑 = 𝑑𝑥
3

5 1 𝑑𝑢
Now we have, = 5 ∫0 ∙
𝑢 3

1 5 5 1
Remove out = 3 ∫0 𝑑𝑢
3 𝑢

5
Integrate = 3 [ln 𝑢] 50
5
Back substitution = 3 [ln(3𝑥 + 1)] 50
5 5
= [ln 3(5) + 1] − [ln 3(0) + 1]
3 3

= 𝟒. 𝟔𝟐

𝑥 2 +𝑥+1
EXAMPLE 5. Evaluate ∫ 𝑑𝑥 >Using long division method before integrating
𝑥 2 +1

Solution: Here, we need divide this first using the long division

So we can write it this way, 𝑥 2 + 1 √𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + 1

x
1
We divide, our answer will be, x 1 2

x 1 x  x 1
2 2

Now our given will become,

𝑥
∫ (1 + 𝑥 2 +1) 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 1
= ∫ 1 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 2 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 1 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 2 𝑥𝑑𝑥
𝑥 +1 𝑥 +1
𝑑𝑢
For the second integral, we let 𝑢 = 𝑥2 + 1 𝑠𝑜 𝑑𝑢 = 2𝑥𝑑𝑥 𝑎𝑛𝑑 = 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
2

1 1 1
Now we have, = ∫ 1 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 we remove out
2 2

𝟏
We integrate, and by back substitution, = 𝒙 + 𝟐 𝐥𝐧|𝒙𝟐 + 𝟏| + 𝒄

3
EXAMPLE 6. Evaluate ∫ tan 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
sin 𝑥
Solution: From the trigonometric identity, tan 𝑥 =
cos 𝑥
sin 𝑥 1
Now we can write the given as, ∫ cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ cos 𝑥 sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Letting 𝑢 = cos 𝑥 𝑠𝑜 𝑑𝑢 = − sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑎𝑛𝑑 − 𝑑𝑢 = sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
1
We have, ∫ 𝑢 (−𝑑𝑢)
1
Remove out the negative sign, = − ∫ 𝑢 𝑑𝑢

Integrate = − ln 𝑢 + 𝐶

By back substitution = − 𝐥𝐧|𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙| + 𝑪

INTEGRALS OF THE SIX BASIC TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS

 ∫ sin 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = − cos 𝑢 + 𝐶

 ∫ cos 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = sin 𝑢 + 𝐶

 ∫ tan 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = − ln|cos 𝑢| + 𝐶

 ∫ cot 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = ln|sin 𝑢| + 𝐶

 ∫ sec 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = ln|sec 𝑢 + tan 𝑢| + 𝐶

 ∫ csc 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = −𝑙𝑛|csc 𝑢 + cot 𝑢| + 𝐶

4
Try this!

Evaluate the following.

1
1. ∫ 𝑑𝑥
3−2𝑥

𝑥
2. ∫ 𝑑𝑥
2−𝑥 2

4𝑥 3 +3
3. ∫ 4 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 +3𝑥

𝑥 2 −3𝑥+2
4. ∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑥+1

5
 Activity 2.1 Integration of Natural Logarithmic Functions

NAME SCORE
COURSE&SECTION DATE

Evaluate the following.

3𝑥 2
1. ∫ 𝑑𝑥
5𝑥 3 −1

𝑥 2 −4
2. ∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑥

1
3. ∫ 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦

𝑣+3
4. ∫ 𝑑𝑣
𝑣−1

1 1
5. ∫−1 𝑑𝑥
2𝑥+3

6
 2.2 Integration of Exponential Functions
In this section, we will study on how to integrate the inverse of logarithmic functions which is called, the
natural exponential function.
Recall: Derivative of Exponential Functions
𝑑 𝑑 𝑑𝑢
1. [𝑒 𝑥 ] = 𝑒 𝑥 2. [𝑒 𝑢 ] = 𝑒 𝑢
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

THEOREM 2.2
Let 𝑢 be a differentiable function of 𝑥

1. ∫ 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝐶 2. ∫ 𝑒 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑒 𝑢 + 𝐶

EXAMPLE 1. Find the indefinite integral of ∫ 𝑒 2𝑥+1 𝑑𝑥

Solution: Since the exponent is a function, we consider formula (2)
𝑑𝑢
We let 𝑢 = 2𝑥 + 1 𝑠𝑜 𝑑𝑢 = 2𝑑𝑥 𝑖𝑡 𝑓𝑜𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 = 𝑑𝑥
2

𝑑𝑢
From the given, we now have ∫ 𝑒𝑢 2
1 1
Remove out , = 2 ∫ 𝑒 𝑢 𝑑𝑢
2
1
Integrate = 2 ∙ 𝑒𝑢 + 𝐶
𝟏
By back substitution = 𝟐 𝒆𝟐𝒙+𝟏 + 𝑪

EXAMPLE 2. Evaluate ∫ 𝑒 1−3𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑢
Solution: Let 𝑢 = 1 − 3𝑥 𝑠𝑜 𝑑𝑢 = −3𝑑𝑥 𝑖𝑡 𝑓𝑜𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 − = 𝑑𝑥
3

𝑑𝑢
By substitution, the given will become ∫ 𝑒𝑢 ∙ − 3
1 1
Remove out − , = − ∫ 𝑒 𝑢 𝑑𝑢
3 3
1
Integrate = − 3 𝑒𝑢 + 𝐶
𝟏
By back substitution = − 𝟑 𝒆𝟏−𝟑𝒙 + 𝑪

7
 2
EXAMPLE 3. Evaluate ∫ 5𝑥 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑑𝑥
2
Solution: We rewrite it first to this form 5 ∫ 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑢
Let 𝑢 = −𝑥 2 𝑠𝑜 𝑑𝑢 = −2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑖𝑡 𝑓𝑜𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 − = 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
2

𝑑𝑢
The given integral will become 5 ∫ 𝑒𝑢 ∙ − 2
1 5
Remove out − 2 , = − 2 ∫ 𝑒 𝑢 𝑑𝑢
5
Integrate = − 2 𝑒𝑢 + 𝐶

𝟓 𝟐
By back substitution = − 𝒆−𝒙 + 𝑪
𝟐

EXAMPLE 4. Evaluate ∫ 𝑒 cos 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥

Solution: Let 𝑢 = cos 𝑥 𝑠𝑜 𝑑𝑢 = − sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑖𝑡 𝑓𝑜𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 − 𝑑𝑢 = sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

Now we have ∫ 𝑒 𝑢 ∙ −𝑑𝑢

Remove out −1 = − ∫ 𝑒 𝑢 𝑑𝑢

Integrate = −𝑒 𝑢 + 𝐶
By back substitution = − 𝒆𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 + 𝑪

1⁄
𝑒 𝑥
EXAMPLE 5. Evaluate ∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑥2
1⁄ 1
Solution: Rewrite it first to ∫𝑒 𝑥 ∙ 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
1 1 1
Let 𝑢 = = 𝑥 −1 𝑠𝑜 𝑑𝑢 = −𝑥 −2𝑑𝑥 = − 𝑑𝑥 𝑎𝑛𝑑 − 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 𝑥2 𝑥2

By substitution, the given integral becomes ∫ 𝑒 𝑢 ∙ −𝑑𝑢

Remove out negative sign = −𝑒 𝑢 𝑑𝑢
Integrate = −𝑒 𝑢 + 𝐶
𝟏⁄
By back substitution = −𝒆 𝒙 +𝑪

8
Try this!!!
Evaluate the following.

1. ∫ 𝑒 5𝑥 5𝑑𝑥

𝑒 √𝑥
2. ∫ 𝑑𝑥
√𝑥

1+𝑒 2𝑥
3. ∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑒𝑥

4. ∫(𝑒 𝑥 + 1)2 𝑑𝑥

1
5. ∫0 𝑒 −2𝑥 𝑑𝑥

9
We now discuss exponential functions with other bases.

THEOREM 2.2.1 BASES OTHER THAN 𝒆

If 𝑎 is any positive number and 𝑢 is a differentiable function of 𝑥

𝑥
𝑎𝑥 𝑢
𝑎𝑢
1. ∫ 𝑎 𝑑𝑥 = +𝐶 2. ∫ 𝑎 𝑑𝑢 = +𝐶
ln 𝑎 ln 𝑎

EXAMPLE 1. Evaluate ∫ 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Solution: 𝑎 = 2 and the exponent is only x, so consider formula (1)
𝟐𝒙
So we now have, ∫ 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝐥𝐧 𝟐
+𝑪

2
EXAMPLE 2. Evaluate ∫ 6(𝑥+4) (𝑥 + 4)𝑑𝑥
𝒅𝒖
Solution : let 𝒖 = (𝒙 + 𝟒)𝟐 𝒅𝒖 = 𝟐(𝒙 + 𝟒)𝒅𝒙 𝒂𝒏𝒅 = (𝒙 + 𝟒) 𝒅𝒙
𝟐

Our 𝑎 = 6
𝑑𝑢
Now the given becomes ∫ 6𝑢 2
𝑑𝑢 1
Remove out
2 2
∫ 6𝑢 𝑑𝑢
1 6𝑢
Integrate ∙ +𝐶
2 ln 6
𝟐
𝟔(𝒙+𝟒)
Simplify +𝑪
𝟐 𝐥𝐧 𝟔

10
 2.3 Integration of Inverse Trigonometric Functions

Theorem 2.3
Let 𝑢 be a differentiable function of x, and let 𝑎 > 0 .

𝑑𝑢 𝑢
1. ∫ 2 2 = arcsin + 𝐶
√𝑎 −𝑢 𝑎

𝑑𝑢 1 𝑢
2. ∫ 2 2 = 𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛 + 𝐶
𝑎 +𝑢 𝑎 𝑎

𝑑𝑢 1 |𝑢|
3. ∫ = 𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑠𝑒𝑐 +𝐶
𝑢√𝑢2 −𝑎2 𝑎 𝑎

𝒅𝒙
Example 1: Evaluate ∫
√ 𝟒−𝒙𝟐

Solution: This integral is in the form of formula no. 1 of theorem 2.3

𝑎2 = 4 𝑖𝑡 𝑓𝑜𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑎 = 2 𝑢2 = 𝑥 2 𝑠𝑜 𝑢=𝑥

𝒙
Substitute the values of 𝑎 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑢 = 𝒂𝒓𝒄 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝟐 + 𝑪

𝑑𝑥
Example 2: Evaluate ∫ 2 + 9𝑥 2

Solution: This is in the form of formula no. 2 of theorem 2.3

𝑑𝑢
𝑎 = √2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑢 = 3𝑥 𝑠𝑜 𝑑𝑢 = 3𝑑𝑥 𝑎𝑛𝑑 = 𝑑𝑥
3

𝑑𝑢⁄
3
Now, the given integral is ∫ 2
(√2) +(3𝑥)2

1 1 𝑑𝑢
Remove out 3 3
∫ 2
(√2) +(3𝑥)2
1 1 3𝑥
Substitute the values of 𝑎 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑢 = 3∙ 𝑎𝑟𝑐 tan +𝐶
√2 √2

𝟏 𝟑𝒙
Simplify = 𝟑√𝟐 𝒂𝒓𝒄 𝐭𝐚𝐧 +𝑪
√𝟐

11
 𝑥+2
Example 3. Evaluate ∫ 𝑑𝑥
√4 − 𝑥 2

Solution: We need to split this as the sum of two quotients

𝑥 2
The given integral becomes ∫ √4− 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ √4− 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥

The second integral is an inverse sine function form while the first is a power rule.
1⁄ 1
We rewrite ∫(4 − 𝑥 2 )− 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 2 ∫ √4− 2 𝑑𝑥
𝑥

𝑑𝑢
For the first integral 𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝑢 = 4 − 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑢 = −2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑎𝑛𝑑 − = 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
2

For the second integral 𝑎=2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑢=𝑥 use formula no. 2
1⁄ 𝑑𝑢 𝑥
Now we have, ∫ 𝑢− 2 ∙−
2
+ 2 𝑎𝑟𝑐 sin + 𝐶
2
1
Remove out − 2 from the first integral
1 1⁄ 𝑥
− 2 ∫ 𝑢− 2 𝑑𝑢 + 2 𝑎𝑟𝑐 sin 2 + 𝐶
1
1 𝑢 ⁄2 𝑥
Integrate the first integral −2 ∙ 1⁄ + 2 𝑎𝑟𝑐 sin 2 + 𝐶
2
1⁄ 𝑥
Simplify the first integral −𝑢 2 + 2 𝑎𝑟𝑐 sin 2 + 𝐶
1⁄ 𝑥
By Back substitution − (4 − 𝑥 2 ) 2 + 2 𝑎𝑟𝑐 sin 2 + 𝐶
𝒙
Or −√𝟒 − 𝒙𝟐 + 𝟐 𝒂𝒓𝒄 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟐 + 𝑪

Try This!
Evaluate the following.
𝑑𝑥
1. ∫
√1−4𝑥2

12
2. ∫ 𝑑𝑥
1+9𝑥 2

12
EXERCISES: Evaluate the following.

𝑑𝑥
1. ∫
√9− 𝑥2

1
2. ∫ (𝑥−3)2 𝑑𝑥
4+

2
3. ∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 √9𝑥 2 − 25

𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥
4. ∫ 𝑑𝑥
√25− 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝑥

𝑥−3
5. ∫ 2 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 +1

13
 2.4 Integration of Hyperbolic Functions

Theorem.
Let 𝒖 be a differentiable function of 𝒙 .
∫ cosh 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = sinh 𝑢 + 𝐶

∫ sinh 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = cosh 𝑢 + 𝐶

∫ 𝑠𝑒𝑐ℎ2 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = tanh 𝑢 + 𝐶

∫ 𝑐𝑠𝑐ℎ2 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = − coth 𝑢 + 𝐶

∫ sech 𝑢 tanh 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = − sech 𝑢 + 𝐶

∫ csch 𝑢 coth 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = − csch 𝑢 + 𝐶

EXAMPLE 1. Evaluate cosh 2𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ2 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 .

Solution: Since 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ2 2𝑥 = (sinh 2𝑥 )2 , we can rewrite the given as

∫(sinh 2𝑥)2 cosh 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑢
let 𝑢 = sinh 2𝑥 𝑠𝑜 𝑑𝑢 = cosh 2𝑥 2𝑑𝑥 𝑎𝑛𝑑 = cosh 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥
2
𝑑𝑢
now we have, ∫ 𝑢2 2
1 1
remove out 2
, 2
∫ 𝑢2 𝑑𝑢
1 𝑢3
integrate ∙ +𝐶
2 3
1
simplify 𝑢3 + 𝐶
6

𝟏
by back substitution (𝐬𝐢𝐧𝐡 𝟐𝒙)𝟑 + 𝑪
𝟔

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EXAMPLE 2. Evaluate ∫ cosh 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 .
𝑑𝑢
Solution: let 𝑢 = 2𝑥 𝑑𝑢 = 2 𝑑𝑥 𝑎𝑛𝑑 = 𝑑𝑥
2

𝑑𝑢
Now we have, ∫ cosh 𝑢 2
1 1
Remove out 2
, 2
∫ cosh 𝑢 𝑑𝑢
1
Integrate sinh 𝑢 + 𝐶
2
𝟏
By back substitution, 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝐡 𝟐𝒙 + 𝑪
𝟐

cosh √𝑥
EXAMPLE 3. Evaluate ∫ 𝑑𝑥 .
√𝑥

1 1⁄ 1
Solution: we rewrite, ∫ cosh √𝑥 ∙ 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ cosh (𝑥 2) ∙ 1 𝑑𝑥
√𝑥 𝑥 ⁄2
1⁄ 1 1⁄ 1
Let 𝑢 = √𝑥 = 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑢 = 2 𝑥 − 2 𝑑𝑥 𝑠𝑜 2 𝑑𝑢 = 1 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 ⁄2

No we have, ∫ cosh 𝑢 2 𝑑𝑢
Remove out 2 , 2 ∫ cosh 𝑢 𝑑𝑢
Integrate, 2 sinh 𝑢 + 𝐶

By back substitution, 𝟐 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝐡 √𝒙 + 𝑪

TRY THIS!
Evaluate the following.
1. ∫ 𝑠𝑒𝑐ℎ2 3𝑥 𝑑𝑥

2. ∫ sinh(1 − 2𝑥) 𝑑𝑥

3. ∫ 𝑥 2 𝑐𝑠𝑐ℎ2 𝑥 3 𝑑𝑥

4. ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ4 𝑥 cosh 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

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