=) LWAYA^ GLB Y]HNL^H GL TLKWA^

LWAYA 16 Y]L-TLKWA

❔
 Mösqulga gl nbjlktls6
Bhs nbjlktls gl Abjnhrp shk M=M, tjlklk 7 sl`olkths6 A, M, N y G, dukgaolktagh lk lb
tjq
tjqul
ul prholg
prholgjh
jh gl nhk
nhksuo
suohh y ojx gl natnatl`
l`hrï
hrïas
as,, qu
qul
l rlprls
rlprlslkt
lkta
a lb kö
köololrh
rh gl
prhgunths phr natl`hrïa qul agqujlrl lb nbjlktl. Ba oarna Kl`rjta ls uk prhgunth nhk
abtas lxplntatjvas glktrh gl ba natl`hrïa para nbjlktls M=M, gjneh prhgunth, dul nrlagh
lxnbusjvaolktl
lxnbusjvao lktl para lb kl`hnjh gl prhgunths jkgustrjabls.

Bas prhsplnnjhkls lk Abjnhrp sl gak gl trls oaklras6 phr nhrrlh lblntrþkjnh, pulrta
drïa y tlbêdhkh. Yara loprlsas `rakgls nhoh suplrolrnaghs h oayhrjstas sl ga
olgjaktl tlbêdhkh ba nhoh kulva olgjga jopblolktaga
jopblolktaga para asj aopbjar su bbl`a a bas
loprlsa
lop rlsas,
s, lk nuakth a bas loprlsas
loprlsas lknar`ag
lknar`agas
as lk ba gjstrjmunjþk
gjstrjmunjþk gl prhgunth
prhgunthss
gjrj`jgas a bas pyols sl rlabjza uka prhsplnnjþk a pulrta drïa nhk uka ruta gl vlktas
lstamblnjgas para asj bh`rar bbl`ar a mhgl`as, ojkjoarclts y tjlkgas gl nhkvlkjlknja
para prhohvlr bas vlktas gl bhs prhgunths.

Ba prhsplnnjþk
prhsplnnjþk gl Abjnhrp
Abjnhrp nhksjstl
nhksjstl lk ba jglktjdjn
jglktjdjnanjþ
anjþk
k gl mhgl`as
mhgl`as y pulsths
pulsths gl
olrnagh plruakhs qul pulglk nhkvlrtjrsl lk phtlknjabls nbjlktls. A bh bar`h gl =91:,
lstl prhylnth plrojtjþ hmtlklr uka vlkta gl =9,=00 thklbagas y auolktar lb phrtadhbjh
gl nbjlktls a uk thtab gl 199,999.

❔ Ybakjdjnanjþk gl nulktas gl nbjlktls gl nartlra6

Ba sl`olktanjþk gl ba nartlra gl nbjlktls lstá gjrj`jgh a plrshkas gl 94 a 59 añhs
nhk uk kjvlb shnjhlnhkþojnh A, M y N. Lb olrnagh gl ba oazaohrra kl`rjta gl Abjnhrp
ls lb glb nhksuojghr, ya qul bas plrshkas nhoprak lstl prhgunth para su nhksuoh
pl
plrs
rshk
hkab
ab h daoj
daojbj
bjar
ar y lk masl
masl a sussus klnl
klnlsjsjga
gagl
gls,
s, lk lb áomj
áomjth
th gl ba th thoa
oa gl
glnjsjhkls gl oarcltjk`, phglohs nabnubar lb vabhr vjtabjnjh glb nbjlktl utjbjzakgh uka
vlrsjþk sjopbjdjnaga gl ba dþrouba qul ls a ba vlz slknjbba y ldjnaz para ba thoa gl
glnjsjhkls gl oarcltjk`. ^l nbasjdjnak lk trls asplnths jophrtaktls6

 Yrhgunth6  Nhkta
Nhktaohs
ohs nhk uka `rakgl
`rakgl nartl
nartlra
ra gl nbj
nbjlkt
lktls
ls djf
djfhs
hs qu
qul
l lsták
lsták
daojbjarjzaghs nhk ba oazaohrra kl`rjta gl kjvlbls shnjhlnhkþojnh A, M y N.
Ba oazaohrra nhk ba oarna ‒Kl`rjta‟ ab abnakzar uka partjnjpanj
partjnjpanjþk
þk gl 0=%, uk
rênhrg ejstþrjnh para ba loprlsa y para ba oarna. Asjojsoh, kulstras vlktas
suplrarhk a bas glb añh aktlrjhr lk 0%, 7 pukths phrnlktuabls agjnjhkabls gl
partjnjpanjþk
partjnjpanjþk gl olrnagh.
 Wjph gl nbjlktls6 ^hohs uka loprlsa `rakgl gl prhgunnjþk plrtlklnjlktl ab
slnthr gl nhksuoh nhk uk prhgunth A1 kutrjnjhkab prldlrjgh phr bhs nbjlktls.
 Nbjlktls oayhrjstas6  ^hk ba nhopblfjgag
nhopblfjgag agojkjstratjva
agojkjstratjva qul suphkl
suphkl ba
atlknjþk gl uk lblvagh köolrh gl nbjlktls, ba dulrza gl vlktas y lb
oaklfh glb dbufh gl plgjghs.
 

 Nbjlktls gl nakab gl gjstrjmunjþk lxnbusjvh6  Bh qul qul sl musna

musna ls qul,
qul,
olgjaktl lb nakab gl gjstrjmunjþk
gjstrjmunjþk lxnbusjvh, bhs prhgunths pulgak lstar 
gjsph
gjsphkjm
kjmbl
bls
s para
para lb nhksuo
nhksuojg jghr
hr lk lb oayhr
oayhr köolrh
köolrh gl pupukth
kths
s gl
vlkta.
 Nbj
Nbjlktl
lktls
s jkgustrj
jkgustrjabl
abls6
s6  Ba glnj njsj
sjþ
þk gl ba nhopraopra gl prhgrhgun
unth
ths
s
jkgustrjabls
jkgustrjabls ls ouy gjdlrlktl a ba qul thoa uk nhopraghr gl prhgunths
gl nhksuoh, ya qul lb gl prhgunths jkgustrjabls glmlrá sumhrgjkar su

gl
glnjs
njsjþ
jþk
nhknrlth k glb
a joplra
jop lratjv
tjvhs
prhgunth. hs gl naránt
narántlr
lr tênkjn
tênkjnh
h jopuls
jopulsths
ths phr lb ush
 Nakab ohglrkh (suplrolrnaghs y authslrvjnjhs)6  Lb gl glsarrh
sarrhbbh
bbh gl
gl ba
lnhkhoïa y bas kulvas abtlrkatjvas gl djkaknjar ab nbjlktl djkab eanlk
qul gjneh nakab jopu jopubsl
bsl su partjnjp
partjnjpanjþ
anjþk
k lk ba nhophsjn
nhophsjnjþk
jþk gl bas
vlktas
vlk tas33 lk ldlnth
ldlnth,, sl lsplra
lsplra qu
qull lstl
lstl nakab
nakab oaktlk
oaktlk`a
`a kjvlb
kjvlbls
ls gl
nrlnjojlkth gl anulrgh nhk ba jkvlrsjþk lk nlktrhs nholrnjabls.
 Danturanjþk6 Gjvjgjohs a bhs nbjlktls phr lb vhbuolk gl nhopra phr nbjlktls
antuabls y nbjlktls phtlknjabls, ya qul khs plrojtl hptjojzar ba asj`kanjþk gl
kulstrhs rlnurshs.

Hr`akjzanjþk glb vlkglghr6

]labjzaohs uka prlparanjþk para ba lktrlvjsta ghkgl khs glgjnaohs a lstugjar ba

gjdlrlknja qul ls bh qul ba nhopltlknja
nhopltlknja tjlkl y nþoh phglohs garbl uk vabhr añagjgh,
taomjêk jglktjdjnaohs
jglktjdjnaohs qujlkls slrák kulstrhs nbjlktls y qujlk gl ba abta `lrlknja thoa
ba
bas
s glnjsj
glnjsjhkl
hkls
s papara
ra ar`uol
ar`uolkta
ktarbl
rbl nhoh
nhoh Abj
Abjnhr
nhrp
p pu
pulgl
lgl jk`rls
jk`rlsar
ar a su olrna
olrnaghgh y
`l
`lklr
klrarb
arbls
ls oás rlkta
rlktamjb
mjbjga
jgag.
g. Bul`h
Bul`h prlpa
prlparao
raohshs uka plqulñ
plqulñaa prlslk
prlslktan
tanjþ
jþk
k nh
nhk
k
kulstrh natábh`h gl prhgunths eambakgh anlrna gl kulstrh prhgunth l jkvjtákghbhs a
plrtlklnlr a kulstra oarna y gl ba oakh `lklrar prhguntjvjgag y `akaknjas.

LWAYA =6 GL^A]]HBBH GL BA TLKWA

  Whoa gl nhktanth6

Yara Abjnhrp ls ouy jophrtaktl qul sus vlkglghrls lstêk mjlk prlparaghs para lstl
pukth phrqul ls prjohrgjab para bbl`ar `lklrar bazhs nhk lb nbjlktl phtlknjab phkjlkgh
lb aomjlktl oás aojsthsh mrjkgákghbl nhkdjakza ab gjstrjmujghr olgjaktl prl`uktas gl
nhoh lsta, nhoh bl ea jgh, bul`h gl lsh glmlohs ohstrar uka joa`lk nhrphrab qul
lstaohs para mrjkgar kulstra ayuga a nuabqujlr prl`ukta. Yhr lkgl, bas tênkjnas para
rhoplr lb ejlbh shk6

 Lstamblnjlkgh uka nhoukjnanjþk ldjnaz, shkrjlkgh y ojrakgh djfaolktl para asï

Lstamblnjlkgh
plrsuagjr ba atlknjþk glb nbjlktl.
 Lxpbjnakgh aoamblolktl phr lb ohtjvh phr ba nuab bl lstá vjsjtakgh.
 ]labjzakgh prl`uktas gl vabhr.

  Wênkjna gl lsnunea antjva6

 

Yara qul ba nhkvlrsanjþk sla lxjthsa lsnuneaohs ab gjstrjmujghr anlrna gl thgas sus
guga
gugass gl kulskulstr
trh
h prhg
prhgun
unth
th sjk
sjk jktl
jktlrr
rruo
uopj
pjr,
r, lb rlpr
rlprls
lslk
lkta
takt
ktl
l tras
trasoj
ojtl
tl su
suss
plksaojlkths, glslhs, klnlsjgagls y phstura a travês glb nhktanth vjsuab gjrlnth. Lb
vlkglg
vlk glghr
hr para
para bb
bblva
lvarr a namh
namh gl uka oaklra
oaklra ldj
ldjnaz
naz ba lsnune
lsnuneaa antjva
antjva apbjna
apbjna bas
bas
sj`ujlktls tênkjnas6

 Lsnunea
Lsnune a atlkta
atlktaolk
olktl
tl ab nbj
nbjlk
lktl
tl y glfa
glfa qul tlrojkl
tlrojkl gl ea
eamba
mbarr para
para phglr 
phglr 
jktlrvlkjr h rlsphkglr.
 ]lspltar su dhroa gl plksar glb nbjlktl.
 ]l
]labj
abjza
za `lsths
`lsths gl tab oaklra
oaklra qu qul
l lb nb
nbjlk
jlktl
tl sjlkta
sjlkta qul rlabolkt
rlabolktll bl lstá
lstá
thoakgh ba atlknjþk.

  Mösqulga gl jkdhroanjþk6
Wrataohs gl rlshbvlr gugas y eanlr prl`uktas para nhksl`ujr jkdhroanjþk gl uk
nbjlktl sjblknjhsh h phr lb nhktrarjh nlktrar mjlk lb tloa a travês gl prl`uktas amjlrtas
y nlrragas qul rlbanjhkl nhk ba vlkta glb prhgunth. Ba mösqulga gl jkdhroanjþk ls
htrh pukth ouy jophrtaktl qul thoak bhs vlkglghrls gl Abjnhrp, para lbbh tjlklk
lstamblnjghs bas sj`ujlktls prl`ustas6

Yrl`uktas amjlrtas

¸Nþoh nabjdjnarïas kulstrh prhgunth8

¸Nþoh glsnrjmjrïas kulstrh prhgunth8

¸Nuábls shk sus lxplntatj

¸Nuábls lxplntatjvas
vas h rlqulrjo
rlqulrjojlk
jlkths
ths para uk prhgu
prhgunth/s
nth/slrvj
lrvjnjh
njh nhoh
lstl8

Yrl`ukta nlrraga

¸Wl `ustarïa tramafar nhk kulstra bïkla gl prhgunths8

¸Yrjolra vlz nhoprakgh prhgunths gl Abjnhrp8

❔ Ar`uolktanjþk6
Ar`uolktanjþk6

 Ba Oaz
Oazaoh
aohrra
rra Kl`
Kl`rjt
rjta
a ls uk prh
prhgun
gunth
th gl na
nabjg
bjgag
ag nhk gjd
gjdlrl
lrlktl
ktls s
nlrtjdjnanjhkls y nhk prlnjhs gl anulrgh nhk lb olrnagh.
 \k
\kaa gl basbas vl
vlkt
ktaf
afas
as ls qu
qull ba oa
oarn
rna
a gl ba Oa
Oaza
zaoh
ohrr
rra
a Kl
Kl`r
`rjt
jta
a
oaklfa nasj lb 0=% glb olrnagh plruakh.
  Ab`ukhs gl sus mlkldjnjhs gl ba Oazaohrra ls qul tjlklk uk abth
aktjhxjgaktl qul rltarga lb prhnlsh gl lkvlflnjojlkth, lstamjbjzak bas
vlkas y artlrjas gl ba annjþk gl bhs ragjnabls bjmrls y rlgunl lb

nhblstlrhb.
 

  Asï ls nhoh ba nhopañïa bbl`þ ab olrnagh plruakh eanl 49 añhs atrás,

nhk uk jkkhvagh
jkkhvaghrr prhgunth
prhgunth qul rlvhbunj
rlvhbunjhkar
hkarïa
ïa ba `astrhkho
`astrhkhoïa
ïa plruaka,
plruaka,
ba Oazaohrra Kl`rjta. \k prlparagh lk phbvh qul plrojtïa lk tak phnhs
ojkuths gjsdrutar gl lstl lxqujsjth gubnl gl dhroa jkstaktákla y sjk sl`ujr 
ba tragjnjhkab rlnlta.

LWAYA >6 NHKTL]^JÞK GL BA TLKWA

  Yrhpulsta nholrnjab6
Bas nuabjgagls gl Abjnhrp ragjnak lk qul lstl ls uk prhgunth narantlrjzagh phr slr 
jkkhvaghr, prántjnh, kutrjtjvh y agloás gl tralr ba tragjnjþk plruaka lk uk phstrl.
Whghs lsths atrjmuths, rlprlslktak ba gjdlrlknja gl Abjnhrp gl su nhopltlknja, htrh
atrjmuth qul eanl ökjnh y gjdlrlktl ls ba `rak gjvlrsjgag gl prhgunths qul hdrlnl. Bas
prhpulstas nholrnjabls6

 \ka gl bas prhpulstas nholrnjabls qul mrjkga ba nhopañïa Abjnhrp shk bas
prhohnjhkls,
prhohnjhkls, nuakgh lb nbjlktl rlabjza uka nhopra oayhr a su aktlrjhr nhopra.
  Auolktar bas
bas vlktas naga ols nhk
nhk lb nbjlktl.
 ]lafustl gl prlnjhs phr oayhr naktjgag gl nhopras
 Jknlktjvh a bhs vlkglghrls gl ba gjstrjmujghra, nhk mhkhs h prlojhs phr bbl`ar a
su olta lstamblnjga gl naga ols.

  Njlrrl gl vlktas6
Lk lstl nash Abjnhrp khroabolktl lojtl mhblta gl vlktas h danturas, plrh
nhoh sl saml shk gjdlrlktls para naga nbjlktl. Za qul, nulkta nhk varjhs tjphs
gl nbjlktls, gjstrjmujghrls, oayhrjsta, y mhgl`ulrhs.

Lk lb nash gl bhs gjstrjmujghrls atls gl lojtjr sl rlabjza uk nhktrath ghkgl

nuopbak bas phbïtjnas qul tjlkl ba loprlsa y sl bl lojtl ba dantura.

Yara bhs mhgl`ulrhs sl bls nrla uk nþgj`h nhk bhs gaths glb nbjlktl para qul
gl lsta oaklra pulga slr vjsjtagh sjloprl phr lb vlkglghr y taomjêk sl bl
lojtl dantura h mhblta.

LWAYA 76 YH^W-TLKWA

  ^l`ujojlkth a ba nulkta nholrnjab6

 A travês gl bhs slrvjnjhs gl phsvlkta khs asl`urar ba satjsdannjþk l jknbush ba
nhopbanlknja
nhopbanlk nja glb nbjlktl. Ls lk lsta ltapa gaohs uk vabhr a`rl`agh qul kh lsplra lb
nbjlktl plrh qul pulgl hnasjhkar su blabtag eanja ba oarna. Nhoh uka loprlsa gl

gjstrjmunjþk lstarlohs nhoukjnakgh phr bbaoaga para vlr sj kulstrh prhgunth tjlkl
 

uka mulka anlptanj

anlptanjþk
þk lk su olrnagh
olrnagh,, taom
taomjêk
jêk bls mrjkgarlohs
mrjkgarlohs uka jkdhroanj
jkdhroanjþk
þk
nhopblta gl nhoh lstá sjlkgh lkvjagh lb prhgunth y ba danturanjþk.

Lk lstl danthr lb árla gl phst- vlkta naga njlrth tjloph sl nhoukjna nhk lb nbjlktl a
travês gl bbaoagas h olksafls para vlr nþoh bl va nhk sus prhgunths, sj tjlkl ab`ök
prhmbloa, sj sus nbjlktls prlslktak rlnbaohs gl su prhgunth, ltn.

  ^lrvjnjh phst-vlkta6
 Yara
Yara ph
phglr
glr djg
djglb
lbjza
jzarr lb nbj
nbjlk
lktl
tl lb árla
árla gl ph
phst-
st-vlk
vlkta
ta sjlopr
sjloprl
l trata
trata gl
shbunjhkarbl lk tjloph rlnhrg ab nbjlktl. Yhr lflopbh, sj ba gjstrjmujghra
tjlkl ab`uka qulfa phr partl gl sus nbjlktls, jkolgjataolktl sl nhoukjna
nhk tab nbjlktl para qul uk rlprlslktaktl bl vjstl para lvabuar su qulfa.
  Abjnhrp taomjêk tjlkl plrshkab qul sl glgjna a ba prhohthrja,
prhohthrja, gl lsta
oaklra, bls ayuga a sus nbjlktls a jopubsar bhs prhgunths qul tjlklk mafa
rhtanjþk. Asjojsoh, sj bhs mhgl`ulrhs tjlklk prhmbloas nhk bhs prhgunths
bhs vlkglghrls gl ruta lsták napanjtaghs para garbl shbunjþk.

 Tlrjdjnanjþk gl qul sl nuopbak bhs tjlophs y nhkgjnjhkls

nhkgjnjhkls gl lkvïh.
 Tlrjdjnanjþk gl uka lktrl`a nhrrlnta.
  Aslshraojlkth
 Aslshraojlkth para uk ush aprhpjagh.
aprhpjagh.
 @araktïas lk nash gl dabbas gl dámrjna.
 ^lrvjnjh y shphrtl tênkjnh.
 Yhsjmjbjgag gl naomjh h glvhbunjþk lk nash gl kh satjsdanlr bas
lxplntatjvas glb nbjlktl.
 Glsnulkths lsplnjabls para nhopras duturas

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